Dominican Republic'' . newsroom.lds.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-03-09 . Retrieved January 9, 2010 . Jump up ^ Haggerty, Richard (1989). `` Dominican Republic -- Religion'' . Dominican Republic: A Country Study . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved May 21, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Harvey, Sean (2006). The Rough Guide to The Dominican Republic . Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-497-5 . Jump up ^ Palo Drum: Afro-Dominican Tradition Jump up ^ `` Liga de Béisbol Profesional de la República Dominicana'' (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2008-06-10 . Retrieved January 20, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marichal, Juan'' . Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 29, 2010 . Jump up ^ Puesan, Antonio (March 2, 2009). `` Dominicana busca corona en el clásico mundial'' . Sobre el Diamante . Archived from the original on January 16, 2013 . Retrieved October 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleischer, Nat; Sam Andre; Don Rafael (2002). An Illustrated History of Boxing . Citadel Press. pp. 324, 362, 428. ISBN 0-8065-2201-1 . Jump up ^ Shanahan, Tom (March 24, 2007). `` San Diego Hall of Champions -- Sports at Lunch, Luis Castillo and Felix Sanchez'' . San Diego Hall of Champions. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007 . Retrieved May 29, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fedujudo comparte con dirigentes provinciales'' . Federación Dominicana de Judo. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010 . Retrieved September 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ Colonial City of Santo Domingo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Jump up ^ Comisiones Nacionales: UNESCO Jump up ^ Cordero, Walter (January-- June 2003). Arthur, Víctor , ed. `` El Bohío Dominicano: de lo Real a lo Simbólico '' . Clío (in Spanish). Imprenta J.R. vda. García , sucs.: Academia Dominicana de la Historia. 71 (165): 105, 126-- 127 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashion: Oscar de la Renta (Dominican Republic) Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine . WCAX.com -- Retrieved October 31, 2012. ^ Jump up to: Oscar de la Renta . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 31, 2012. Jump up ^ Brown, Isabel Zakrzewski (1999). Culture and Customs of the Dominican Republic . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-313-30314-2 . External links ( edit ) Island Thresholds , Peabody Essex Museum's interactive feature, showcases the work of contemporary Caribbean artists and their exploration of identity, culture, and social justice. 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Defined as a semi-autonomous territory. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic&oldid=849071249 '' Categories : Dominican Republic culture Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018, at 09:28 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia"},"id":{"kind":"string","value":"4706910930368853428"}}},{"rowIdx":695,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who invented the first 100 solar powered house"},"long_answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries ."},"short_answers":{"kind":"list like","value":[[]],"string":"[\n []\n]"},"yes_no_answer":{"kind":"list like","value":[-1],"string":"[\n -1\n]"},"candidates":{"kind":"list like","value":["Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , indirectly using concentrated solar power , or a combination . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .","Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium - sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off - grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .","As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid - connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility - scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low - carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .","The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum .","Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels ( see solar power by country ) . Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption . Solar power plants use one of two technologies :","Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power . Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine .","Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power .","Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine .","A solar cell , or photovoltaic cell ( PV ) , is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s . The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery . In 1931 , the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide , although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity . Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954 . These early solar cells cost 286 USD / watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5 -- 6 % .","The array of a photovoltaic power system , or PV system , produces direct current ( DC ) power which fluctuates with the sunlight 's intensity . For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current ( AC ) , through the use of inverters . Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules . Modules are wired together to form arrays , then tied to an inverter , which produces power at the desired voltage , and for AC , the desired frequency / phase .","Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available , especially in developed countries with large markets . In these grid - connected PV systems , use of energy storage is optional . In certain applications such as satellites , lighthouses , or in developing countries , batteries or additional power generators are often added as back - ups . Such stand - alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight .","Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) , also called `` concentrated solar thermal '' , uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Contrary to photovoltaics -- which converts light directly into electricity -- CSP uses the heat of the sun 's radiation to generate electricity from conventional steam - driven turbines .","A wide range of concentrating technologies exists : among the best known are the parabolic trough , the compact linear Fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24 - hour electricity generation .","A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector 's focal line . The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid . The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis . Parabolic trough systems provide the best land - use factor of any solar technology . The SEGS plants in California and Acciona 's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City , Nevada are representatives of this technology .","Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP - plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid . This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors , and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space , allowing more of the available sunlight to be used . Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants .","The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator . The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime . Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies . The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra , Australia is an example of this technology .","A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower . Power towers are more cost effective , offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies . The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology .","A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands .","A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands .","CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .","CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .","CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .","CPV / CSP system","A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal .","The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran .","Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way .","A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector .","PV diesel system","It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines .","PV - thermoelectric system","Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .","Solar PV CSP - Solar thermal","Solar Electricity Generation Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total 2.6 0.01 % 2005 3.7 0.02 % 2006 5.0 0.03 % 2007 6.8 0.03 % 2008 11.4 0.06 % 2009 19.3 0.10 % 31.4 0.15 % 2011 60.6 0.27 % 2012 96.7 0.43 % 2013 134.5 0.58 % 2014 185.9 0.79 % 2015 253.0 1.05 % Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016","Solar Electricity Generation","Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total","2.6 0.01 %","2005 3.7 0.02 %","2006 5.0 0.03 %","2007 6.8 0.03 %","2008 11.4 0.06 %","2009 19.3 0.10 %","31.4 0.15 %","2011 60.6 0.27 %","2012 96.7 0.43 %","2013 134.5 0.58 %","2014 185.9 0.79 %","2015 253.0 1.05 %","Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016","The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . Charles Fritts installed the world 's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array , using 1 % - efficient selenium cells , on a New York City roof in 1884 . However , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems . The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan . Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States ( SERI , now NREL ) , Japan ( NEDO ) , and Germany ( Fraunhofer -- ISE ) . Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly , but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996 .","In the mid-1990s , development of both , residential and commercial rooftop solar as well as utility - scale photovoltaic power stations , began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas , global warming concerns , and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies . In the early 2000s , the adoption of feed - in tariffs -- a policy mechanism , that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity -- lead to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe .","For several years , worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment , but has since shifted to Asia , especially China and Japan , and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world , including , but not limited to , Australia , Canada , Chile , India , Israel , Mexico , South Africa , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States .","Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has averaged 40 % per year from 2000 to 2013 and total installed capacity reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the most cumulative installations ( 78 GW ) and Honduras having the highest theoretical percentage of annual electricity usage which could be generated by solar PV ( 12.5 % ) . The largest manufacturers are located in China .","Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) also started to grow rapidly , increasing its capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013 , albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV . As of the end of 2013 , worldwide cumulative CSP - capacity reached 3,425 MW .","In 2010 , the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11 % of projected global electricity generation by 2050 -- enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity . Four years later , in 2014 , the agency projected that , under its `` high renewables '' scenario , solar power could supply 27 % of global electricity generation by 2050 ( 16 % from PV and 11 % from CSP ) . In 2015 , analysts predicted that one million homes in the U.S. will have solar power by the end of 2016 .","The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW power plant in Riverside County , California , that uses thin - film CdTe - modules made by First Solar . As of November 2014 , the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm was the largest photovoltaic power plant in the world . This was surpassed by the 579 MW Solar Star complex . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Gonghe County , Qinghai , China .","World 's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2015 Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015 Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015 Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015 Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014 Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015 California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013 Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014 Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014 Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012 Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW ) Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011 Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013 Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013 Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article .","Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info","Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015","Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015","Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015","Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014","Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015","California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013","Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014","Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014","Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending","Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012","Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW )","Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011","Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013","Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013","Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article .","Commercial concentrating solar power ( CSP ) plants , also called `` solar thermal power stations '' , were first developed in the 1980s . The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California 's Mojave Desert , is the world 's largest solar thermal power plant project . Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , the Andasol solar power station ( 150 MW ) , and Extresol Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , all in Spain . The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage , allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24 - hour period . Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm , many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage .","Largest operational solar thermal power stations Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas . Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units . Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014 Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014 Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013 Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016 Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010 Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage . Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article .","Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes","Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas .","Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units .","Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014","Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage","Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014","Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013","Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016","Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010","Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage .","Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage","For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article .","Adjusting for inflation , it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s . Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down to 68 cents per watt in February 2016 , according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance . Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar power for 3.7 cents per kilowatt - hour . And in sunny Dubai large - scale solar generated electricity sold in 2016 for just 2.99 cents per kilowatt - hour -- `` competitive with any form of fossil - based electricity -- and cheaper than most . ''","Photovoltaic systems use no fuel , and modules typically last 25 to 40 years . Thus , capital costs make up most of the cost of solar power . Operations and maintenance costs for new utility - scale solar plants in the US are estimated to be 9 percent of the cost of photovoltaic electricity , and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity . Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power , such as feed - in tariff programs . Also , Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs . In most states , RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar , wind , biomass , landfill gas , ocean , geothermal , municipal solid waste , hydroelectric , hydrogen , or fuel cell technologies .","The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of electricity ( LCOE ) as the unit of cost . The electrical energy generated is sold in units of kilowatt - hours ( kWh ) . As a rule of thumb , and depending on the local insolation , 1 watt - peak of installed solar PV capacity generates about 1 to 2 kWh of electricity per year . This corresponds to a capacity factor of around 10 -- 20 % . The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power . The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments , organized by EPIA , has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years . As a result , since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement . Fifty percent of commercial systems in the United States were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90 % by 2009 .","Shi Zhengrong has said that , as of 2012 , unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India , Hawaii , Italy and Spain . He said `` We are at a tipping point . No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich . They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies '' . `` Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015 '' .","In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) published prices for residential , commercial and utility - scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 ( see table below ) . However , DOE 's SunShot Initiative has reported much lower U.S. installation prices . In 2014 , prices continued to decline . The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt . Other sources identify similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S. , and in the highly penetrated German market , prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt ( € 1.24 / W ) by the end of 2014 . In 2015 , Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt . Costs for utility - scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt .","Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries ( USD ) USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5 Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3 Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends","USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States","Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9","Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5","Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3","Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends","Grid parity , the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power , is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan . In 2008 , The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25 / kWh or less in most of the OECD countries . By late 2011 , the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15 / kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $0.10 / kWh in sunnier regions . These cost levels are driving three emerging trends : vertical integration of the supply chain , origination of power purchase agreements ( PPAs ) by solar power companies , and unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies , grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers .","Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013 , Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel ( diesel fuel ) to produce electricity , and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015 .","In 2007 , General Electric 's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015 ; other companies predicted an earlier date : the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10 % of commercial customers in the OECD , as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010 .","The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance , which varies through the day and is influenced by latitude and climate .","The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics . Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds , and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day . These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world . This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in Northern Africa , Southern Africa , Southwest Asia , Middle East , and Australia , as well as the much smaller deserts of North and South America . Africa 's eastern Sahara Desert , also known as the Libyan Desert , has been observed to be the sunniest place on Earth according to NASA .","Different measurements of solar irradiance ( direct normal irradiance , global horizontal irradiance ) are mapped below :","North America South America Europe Africa and Middle East South and South - East Asia Australia World","North America","South America","Europe","Africa and Middle East","Africa and Middle East","South and South - East Asia","South and South - East Asia","Australia","World","In cases of self consumption of the solar energy , the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid . For example , in Germany , with electricity prices of 0.25 € / kWh and insolation of 900 kWh / kW , one kWp will save € 225 per year , and with an installation cost of 1700 € / KWp the system cost will be returned in less than seven years . However , in many cases , the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide , and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid . The electricity is sold , and at other times when energy is taken from the grid , electricity is bought . The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics . In many markets , the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity , which incentivizes self consumption . Moreover , separate self consumption incentives have been used in e.g. Germany and Italy . Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed - in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity . By increasing self consumption , the grid feed - in can be limited without curtailment , which wastes electricity .","A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self consumption , and should be considered when deciding where to install solar power and how to dimension the installation . The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption . However , batteries are expensive and profitability may require provision of other services from them besides self consumption increase . Hot water storage tanks with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low - cost storage for self consumption of solar power . Shiftable loads , such as dishwashers , tumble dryers and washing machines , can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users , but their effect on self consumption of solar power may be limited .","The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small - scale deployment to begin to grow the industry , even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity , to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity . The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence , high tech job creation and reduction of CO emissions . Three incentive mechanisms are often used in combination as investment subsidies : the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system , the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate , and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates ( SRECs )","With investment subsidies , the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer , while with feed - in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities ' customer bases . While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer , the main argument in favour of feed - in tariffs is the encouragement of quality . Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time , thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance . Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers , such as Austin Energy in Texas , which offers $2.50 / watt installed up to $15,000 .","In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer , and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption . Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters , which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference , and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption , effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery . With net metering , deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month . Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits . Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost , or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above , as can be excess annual credits . In New Jersey , annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate , as are left over credits when a customer terminates service .","With feed - in tariffs , the financial burden falls upon the consumer . They reward the number of kilowatt - hours produced over a long period of time , but because the rate is set by the authorities , it may result in perceived overpayment . The price paid per kilowatt - hour under a feed - in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity . Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged .","The complexity of approvals in California , Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better . In some countries , additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV .","France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone ) Italy + EUR 0.04 - 0.09 kWh Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only )","France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone )","Italy + EUR 0.04 - 0.09 kWh","Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only )","Alternatively , SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity . In this mechanism , a renewable energy production or consumption target is set , and the utility ( more technically the Load Serving Entity ) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine ( Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP ) . The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced . If the utility buys this SREC and retires it , they avoid paying the ACP . In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy , since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations . Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long - term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits .","Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries , including Australia , China , Germany , Israel , Japan , and the United States and even across states within the US .","The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003 . By the end of 2004 , Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW .","In 2004 , the German government introduced the first large - scale feed - in tariff system , under the German Renewable Energy Act , which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany . At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price . The principle behind the German system is a 20 - year flat rate contract . The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year , in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users . The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006 , and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers .","Subsequently , Spain , Italy , Greece -- that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar - thermal installations for hot water needs -- and France introduced feed - in tariffs . None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though , making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries . The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium ( EUR 0.55 / kWh ) for building integrated systems . California , Greece , France and Italy have 30 - 50 % more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive . The Greek domestic `` solar roof '' programme ( adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW ) has internal rates of return of 10 - 15 % at current commercial installation costs , which , furthermore , is tax free .","In 2006 California approved the ' California Solar Initiative ' , offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems . The small - system FIT of $0.39 per kWh ( far less than EU countries ) expires in just 5 years , and the alternate `` EPBB '' residential investment incentive is modest , averaging perhaps 20 % of cost . All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed .","At the end of 2006 , the Ontario Power Authority ( OPA , Canada ) began its Standard Offer Program , a precursor to the Green Energy Act , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW . The feed - in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years . Unlike net metering , all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate .","The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately , since storage is usually more expensive and because traditional generators can adapt to demand . However both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy , meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now . Since solar energy is not available at night , storing its energy is potentially an important issue particularly in off - grid and for future 100 % renewable energy scenarios to have continuous electricity availability .","Solar electricity is inherently variable and predictable by time of day , location , and seasons . In addition solar is intermittent due to day / night cycles and unpredictable weather . How much of a special challenge solar power is in any given electric utility varies significantly . In a summer peak utility , solar is well matched to daytime cooling demands . In winter peak utilities , solar displaces other forms of generation , reducing their capacity factors .","In an electricity system without grid energy storage , generation from stored fuels ( coal , biomass , natural gas , nuclear ) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity ( see load following power plant ) . While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather , coal , biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation . Depending on local circumstances , beyond about 20 -- 40 % of total generation , grid - connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections , energy storage or demand side management . Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases . For example , in Germany , California and Hawaii , electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power , displacing existing baseload generation contracts .","Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with solar power , water can be held back or released from a reservoir behind a dam as required . Where a suitable river is not available , pumped - storage hydroelectricity uses solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again . However , this cycle can lose 20 % of the energy to round trip inefficiencies , this plus the construction costs add to the expense of implementing high levels of solar power .","Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy , such as in high - temperature molten salts . These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity , and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . This method of energy storage is used , for example , by the Solar Two power station , allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank , enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours , with an efficiency of about 99 % .","In stand alone PV systems batteries are traditionally used to store excess electricity . With grid - connected photovoltaic power system , excess electricity can be sent to the electrical grid . Net metering and feed - in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce . This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system can not meet demand , effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity . Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually . When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power , other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately , but as these forms of variable power grow , additional balance on the grid is needed . As prices are rapidly declining , PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night . Batteries used for grid - storage stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads usually for several minutes , and in rare cases for hours . In the future , less expensive batteries could play an important role on the electrical grid , as they can charge during periods when generation exceeds demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is higher than generation .","Although not permitted under the US National Electric Code , it is technically possible to have a `` plug and play '' PV microinverter . A recent review article found that careful system design would enable such systems to meet all technical , though not all safety requirements . There are several companies selling plug and play solar systems available on the web , but there is a concern that if people install their own it will reduce the enormous employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels .","Common battery technologies used in today 's home PV systems include , the valve regulated lead - acid battery -- a modified version of the conventional lead -- acid battery , nickel -- cadmium and lithium - ion batteries . Lead - acid batteries are currently the predominant technology used in small - scale , residential PV systems , due to their high reliability , low self discharge and investment and maintenance costs , despite shorter lifetime and lower energy density . However , lithium - ion batteries have the potential to replace lead - acid batteries in the near future , as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to economies of scale provided by large production facilities such as the Gigafactory 1 . In addition , the Li - ion batteries of plug - in electric cars may serve as a future storage devices in a vehicle - to - grid system . Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time , their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back . Other rechargeable batteries used for distributed PV systems include , sodium -- sulfur and vanadium redox batteries , two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery , respectively .","The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year . The power generation of such solar hybrid power systems is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems . Solar power is seasonal , particularly in northern / southern climates , away from the equator , suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric . The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot - tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load - following power from renewable sources .","Research is also undertaken in this field of artificial photosynthesis . It involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds , by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol . Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture , quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions . Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues .","Unlike fossil fuel based technologies , solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation , but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution .","The life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram ( g ) per kilowatt - hour ( kWh ) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed , respectively . With this potentially being decreased to 15 g / kWh in the future . For comparison ( of weighted averages ) , a combined cycle gas - fired power plant emits some 400 -- 599 g / kWh , an oil - fired power plant 893 g / kWh , a coal - fired power plant 915 -- 994 g / kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g / kWh , and a geothermal high - temp . power plant 91 -- 122 g / kWh . The life cycle emission intensity of hydro , wind and nuclear power are lower than solar 's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC , and discussed in the article Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase , the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions . BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex ( one in Maryland , the other in Virginia ) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels . A 1 - kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal , 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere , and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly .","The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) , in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life - cycle GHG emissions for solar PV , found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site : GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation . For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh / m2 / year , typical of southern Europe , NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO e / kWh . Using the same assumptions , at Phoenix , USA , with insolation of 2400 kWh / m2 / year , the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO e / kWh .","The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment found that the solar PV would have little impact on the country 's greenhouse gas emissions . The country already generates 80 percent of its electricity from renewable resources ( primarily hydroelectricity and geothermal ) and national electricity usage peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons , meaning a large uptake of solar PV would end up displacing other renewable generators before fossil - fueled power plants .","The energy payback time ( EPBT ) of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as is consumed during production and lifetime operation of the system . Due to improving production technologies the payback time has been decreasing constantly since the introduction of PV systems in the energy market . In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon silicon PV systems and 1 -- 1.5 years for thin film technologies ( S. Europe ) . These figures fell to 0.75 -- 3.5 years in 2013 , with an average of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems .","Another economic measure , closely related to the energy payback time , is the energy returned on energy invested ( EROEI ) or energy return on investment ( EROI ) , which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment . ( This is not the same as the economic return on investment ( ROI ) , which varies according to local energy prices , subsidies available and metering techniques . ) With expected lifetimes of 30 years , the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30 , thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times ( 6 - 31 reproductions ) depending on what type of material , balance of system ( BOS ) , and the geographic location of the system .","One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium ( Cd ) , a toxic heavy metal that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains . It is used as semiconductor component in CdTe solar cells and as buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of CdS . The amount of cadmium used in thin - film PV modules is relatively small ( 5 -- 10 g / m2 ) and with proper recycling and emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero . Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3 -- 0.9 microgram / kWh over the whole life - cycle . Most of these emissions arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules , and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium . Life - cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram / kWh , lignite 6.2 , and natural gas 0.2 microgram / kWh .","In a life - cycle analysis it has been noted , that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal , cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated .","In the case of crystalline silicon modules , the solder material , that joins together the copper strings of the cells , contains about 36 percent of lead ( Pb ) . Moreover , the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well . It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c - Si solar modules . However , there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy .","Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays . This adverse effect does not apply to PV solar power plants , and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated .","A 2014 - published life - cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large - scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution - related environmental impacts . The study found that the land - use footprint , given in square meter - years per megawatt - hour ( m a / MWh ) , was lowest for wind , natural gas and rooftop PV , with 0.26 , 0.49 and 0.59 , respectively , and followed by utility - scale solar PV with 7.9 . For CSP , the footprint was 9 and 14 , using parabolic troughs and solar towers , respectively . The largest footprint had coal - fired power plants with 18 m a / MWh .","Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically .","Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically .","In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System .","In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System .","Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries .","Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries ."],"string":"[\n \"Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , indirectly using concentrated solar power , or a combination . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .\",\n \"Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium - sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off - grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .\",\n \"As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid - connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility - scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low - carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .\",\n \"The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum .\",\n \"Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels ( see solar power by country ) . Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption . Solar power plants use one of two technologies :\",\n \"Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power . Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine .\",\n \"Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power .\",\n \"Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine .\",\n \"A solar cell , or photovoltaic cell ( PV ) , is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s . The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery . In 1931 , the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide , although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity . Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954 . These early solar cells cost 286 USD / watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5 -- 6 % .\",\n \"The array of a photovoltaic power system , or PV system , produces direct current ( DC ) power which fluctuates with the sunlight 's intensity . For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current ( AC ) , through the use of inverters . Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules . Modules are wired together to form arrays , then tied to an inverter , which produces power at the desired voltage , and for AC , the desired frequency / phase .\",\n \"Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available , especially in developed countries with large markets . In these grid - connected PV systems , use of energy storage is optional . In certain applications such as satellites , lighthouses , or in developing countries , batteries or additional power generators are often added as back - ups . Such stand - alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight .\",\n \"Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) , also called `` concentrated solar thermal '' , uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Contrary to photovoltaics -- which converts light directly into electricity -- CSP uses the heat of the sun 's radiation to generate electricity from conventional steam - driven turbines .\",\n \"A wide range of concentrating technologies exists : among the best known are the parabolic trough , the compact linear Fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24 - hour electricity generation .\",\n \"A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector 's focal line . The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid . The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis . Parabolic trough systems provide the best land - use factor of any solar technology . The SEGS plants in California and Acciona 's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City , Nevada are representatives of this technology .\",\n \"Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP - plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid . This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors , and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space , allowing more of the available sunlight to be used . Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants .\",\n \"The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator . The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime . Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies . The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra , Australia is an example of this technology .\",\n \"A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower . Power towers are more cost effective , offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies . The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology .\",\n \"A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands .\",\n \"A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands .\",\n \"CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .\",\n \"CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .\",\n \"CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .\",\n \"CPV / CSP system\",\n \"A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal .\",\n \"The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran .\",\n \"Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way .\",\n \"A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector .\",\n \"PV diesel system\",\n \"It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines .\",\n \"PV - thermoelectric system\",\n \"Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .\",\n \"Solar PV CSP - Solar thermal\",\n \"Solar Electricity Generation Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total 2.6 0.01 % 2005 3.7 0.02 % 2006 5.0 0.03 % 2007 6.8 0.03 % 2008 11.4 0.06 % 2009 19.3 0.10 % 31.4 0.15 % 2011 60.6 0.27 % 2012 96.7 0.43 % 2013 134.5 0.58 % 2014 185.9 0.79 % 2015 253.0 1.05 % Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016\",\n \"Solar Electricity Generation\",\n \"Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total\",\n \"2.6 0.01 %\",\n \"2005 3.7 0.02 %\",\n \"2006 5.0 0.03 %\",\n \"2007 6.8 0.03 %\",\n \"2008 11.4 0.06 %\",\n \"2009 19.3 0.10 %\",\n \"31.4 0.15 %\",\n \"2011 60.6 0.27 %\",\n \"2012 96.7 0.43 %\",\n \"2013 134.5 0.58 %\",\n \"2014 185.9 0.79 %\",\n \"2015 253.0 1.05 %\",\n \"Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016\",\n \"The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . Charles Fritts installed the world 's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array , using 1 % - efficient selenium cells , on a New York City roof in 1884 . However , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems . The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan . Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States ( SERI , now NREL ) , Japan ( NEDO ) , and Germany ( Fraunhofer -- ISE ) . Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly , but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996 .\",\n \"In the mid-1990s , development of both , residential and commercial rooftop solar as well as utility - scale photovoltaic power stations , began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas , global warming concerns , and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies . In the early 2000s , the adoption of feed - in tariffs -- a policy mechanism , that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity -- lead to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe .\",\n \"For several years , worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment , but has since shifted to Asia , especially China and Japan , and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world , including , but not limited to , Australia , Canada , Chile , India , Israel , Mexico , South Africa , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States .\",\n \"Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has averaged 40 % per year from 2000 to 2013 and total installed capacity reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the most cumulative installations ( 78 GW ) and Honduras having the highest theoretical percentage of annual electricity usage which could be generated by solar PV ( 12.5 % ) . The largest manufacturers are located in China .\",\n \"Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) also started to grow rapidly , increasing its capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013 , albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV . As of the end of 2013 , worldwide cumulative CSP - capacity reached 3,425 MW .\",\n \"In 2010 , the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11 % of projected global electricity generation by 2050 -- enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity . Four years later , in 2014 , the agency projected that , under its `` high renewables '' scenario , solar power could supply 27 % of global electricity generation by 2050 ( 16 % from PV and 11 % from CSP ) . In 2015 , analysts predicted that one million homes in the U.S. will have solar power by the end of 2016 .\",\n \"The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW power plant in Riverside County , California , that uses thin - film CdTe - modules made by First Solar . As of November 2014 , the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm was the largest photovoltaic power plant in the world . This was surpassed by the 579 MW Solar Star complex . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Gonghe County , Qinghai , China .\",\n \"World 's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2015 Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015 Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015 Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015 Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014 Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015 California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013 Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014 Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014 Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012 Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW ) Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011 Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013 Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013 Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article .\",\n \"Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info\",\n \"Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015\",\n \"Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015\",\n \"Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015\",\n \"Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014\",\n \"Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015\",\n \"California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013\",\n \"Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014\",\n \"Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014\",\n \"Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending\",\n \"Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012\",\n \"Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW )\",\n \"Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011\",\n \"Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013\",\n \"Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013\",\n \"Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article .\",\n \"Commercial concentrating solar power ( CSP ) plants , also called `` solar thermal power stations '' , were first developed in the 1980s . The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California 's Mojave Desert , is the world 's largest solar thermal power plant project . Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , the Andasol solar power station ( 150 MW ) , and Extresol Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , all in Spain . The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage , allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24 - hour period . Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm , many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage .\",\n \"Largest operational solar thermal power stations Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas . Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units . Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014 Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014 Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013 Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016 Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010 Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage . Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article .\",\n \"Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes\",\n \"Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas .\",\n \"Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units .\",\n \"Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014\",\n \"Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage\",\n \"Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014\",\n \"Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013\",\n \"Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016\",\n \"Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010\",\n \"Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage .\",\n \"Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage\",\n \"For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article .\",\n \"Adjusting for inflation , it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s . Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down to 68 cents per watt in February 2016 , according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance . Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar power for 3.7 cents per kilowatt - hour . And in sunny Dubai large - scale solar generated electricity sold in 2016 for just 2.99 cents per kilowatt - hour -- `` competitive with any form of fossil - based electricity -- and cheaper than most . ''\",\n \"Photovoltaic systems use no fuel , and modules typically last 25 to 40 years . Thus , capital costs make up most of the cost of solar power . Operations and maintenance costs for new utility - scale solar plants in the US are estimated to be 9 percent of the cost of photovoltaic electricity , and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity . Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power , such as feed - in tariff programs . Also , Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs . In most states , RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar , wind , biomass , landfill gas , ocean , geothermal , municipal solid waste , hydroelectric , hydrogen , or fuel cell technologies .\",\n \"The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of electricity ( LCOE ) as the unit of cost . The electrical energy generated is sold in units of kilowatt - hours ( kWh ) . As a rule of thumb , and depending on the local insolation , 1 watt - peak of installed solar PV capacity generates about 1 to 2 kWh of electricity per year . This corresponds to a capacity factor of around 10 -- 20 % . The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power . The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments , organized by EPIA , has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years . As a result , since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement . Fifty percent of commercial systems in the United States were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90 % by 2009 .\",\n \"Shi Zhengrong has said that , as of 2012 , unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India , Hawaii , Italy and Spain . He said `` We are at a tipping point . No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich . They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies '' . `` Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015 '' .\",\n \"In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) published prices for residential , commercial and utility - scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 ( see table below ) . However , DOE 's SunShot Initiative has reported much lower U.S. installation prices . In 2014 , prices continued to decline . The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt . Other sources identify similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S. , and in the highly penetrated German market , prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt ( € 1.24 / W ) by the end of 2014 . In 2015 , Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt . Costs for utility - scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt .\",\n \"Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries ( USD ) USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5 Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3 Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends\",\n \"USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States\",\n \"Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9\",\n \"Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5\",\n \"Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3\",\n \"Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends\",\n \"Grid parity , the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power , is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan . In 2008 , The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25 / kWh or less in most of the OECD countries . By late 2011 , the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15 / kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $0.10 / kWh in sunnier regions . These cost levels are driving three emerging trends : vertical integration of the supply chain , origination of power purchase agreements ( PPAs ) by solar power companies , and unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies , grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers .\",\n \"Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013 , Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel ( diesel fuel ) to produce electricity , and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015 .\",\n \"In 2007 , General Electric 's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015 ; other companies predicted an earlier date : the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10 % of commercial customers in the OECD , as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010 .\",\n \"The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance , which varies through the day and is influenced by latitude and climate .\",\n \"The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics . Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds , and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day . These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world . This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in Northern Africa , Southern Africa , Southwest Asia , Middle East , and Australia , as well as the much smaller deserts of North and South America . Africa 's eastern Sahara Desert , also known as the Libyan Desert , has been observed to be the sunniest place on Earth according to NASA .\",\n \"Different measurements of solar irradiance ( direct normal irradiance , global horizontal irradiance ) are mapped below :\",\n \"North America South America Europe Africa and Middle East South and South - East Asia Australia World\",\n \"North America\",\n \"South America\",\n \"Europe\",\n \"Africa and Middle East\",\n \"Africa and Middle East\",\n \"South and South - East Asia\",\n \"South and South - East Asia\",\n \"Australia\",\n \"World\",\n \"In cases of self consumption of the solar energy , the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid . For example , in Germany , with electricity prices of 0.25 € / kWh and insolation of 900 kWh / kW , one kWp will save € 225 per year , and with an installation cost of 1700 € / KWp the system cost will be returned in less than seven years . However , in many cases , the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide , and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid . The electricity is sold , and at other times when energy is taken from the grid , electricity is bought . The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics . In many markets , the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity , which incentivizes self consumption . Moreover , separate self consumption incentives have been used in e.g. Germany and Italy . Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed - in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity . By increasing self consumption , the grid feed - in can be limited without curtailment , which wastes electricity .\",\n \"A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self consumption , and should be considered when deciding where to install solar power and how to dimension the installation . The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption . However , batteries are expensive and profitability may require provision of other services from them besides self consumption increase . Hot water storage tanks with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low - cost storage for self consumption of solar power . Shiftable loads , such as dishwashers , tumble dryers and washing machines , can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users , but their effect on self consumption of solar power may be limited .\",\n \"The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small - scale deployment to begin to grow the industry , even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity , to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity . The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence , high tech job creation and reduction of CO emissions . Three incentive mechanisms are often used in combination as investment subsidies : the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system , the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate , and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates ( SRECs )\",\n \"With investment subsidies , the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer , while with feed - in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities ' customer bases . While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer , the main argument in favour of feed - in tariffs is the encouragement of quality . Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time , thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance . Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers , such as Austin Energy in Texas , which offers $2.50 / watt installed up to $15,000 .\",\n \"In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer , and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption . Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters , which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference , and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption , effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery . With net metering , deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month . Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits . Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost , or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above , as can be excess annual credits . In New Jersey , annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate , as are left over credits when a customer terminates service .\",\n \"With feed - in tariffs , the financial burden falls upon the consumer . They reward the number of kilowatt - hours produced over a long period of time , but because the rate is set by the authorities , it may result in perceived overpayment . The price paid per kilowatt - hour under a feed - in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity . Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged .\",\n \"The complexity of approvals in California , Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better . In some countries , additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV .\",\n \"France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone ) Italy + EUR 0.04 - 0.09 kWh Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only )\",\n \"France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone )\",\n \"Italy + EUR 0.04 - 0.09 kWh\",\n \"Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only )\",\n \"Alternatively , SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity . In this mechanism , a renewable energy production or consumption target is set , and the utility ( more technically the Load Serving Entity ) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine ( Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP ) . The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced . If the utility buys this SREC and retires it , they avoid paying the ACP . In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy , since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations . Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long - term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits .\",\n \"Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries , including Australia , China , Germany , Israel , Japan , and the United States and even across states within the US .\",\n \"The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003 . By the end of 2004 , Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW .\",\n \"In 2004 , the German government introduced the first large - scale feed - in tariff system , under the German Renewable Energy Act , which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany . At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price . The principle behind the German system is a 20 - year flat rate contract . The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year , in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users . The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006 , and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers .\",\n \"Subsequently , Spain , Italy , Greece -- that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar - thermal installations for hot water needs -- and France introduced feed - in tariffs . None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though , making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries . The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium ( EUR 0.55 / kWh ) for building integrated systems . California , Greece , France and Italy have 30 - 50 % more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive . The Greek domestic `` solar roof '' programme ( adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW ) has internal rates of return of 10 - 15 % at current commercial installation costs , which , furthermore , is tax free .\",\n \"In 2006 California approved the ' California Solar Initiative ' , offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems . The small - system FIT of $0.39 per kWh ( far less than EU countries ) expires in just 5 years , and the alternate `` EPBB '' residential investment incentive is modest , averaging perhaps 20 % of cost . All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed .\",\n \"At the end of 2006 , the Ontario Power Authority ( OPA , Canada ) began its Standard Offer Program , a precursor to the Green Energy Act , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW . The feed - in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years . Unlike net metering , all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate .\",\n \"The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately , since storage is usually more expensive and because traditional generators can adapt to demand . However both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy , meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now . Since solar energy is not available at night , storing its energy is potentially an important issue particularly in off - grid and for future 100 % renewable energy scenarios to have continuous electricity availability .\",\n \"Solar electricity is inherently variable and predictable by time of day , location , and seasons . In addition solar is intermittent due to day / night cycles and unpredictable weather . How much of a special challenge solar power is in any given electric utility varies significantly . In a summer peak utility , solar is well matched to daytime cooling demands . In winter peak utilities , solar displaces other forms of generation , reducing their capacity factors .\",\n \"In an electricity system without grid energy storage , generation from stored fuels ( coal , biomass , natural gas , nuclear ) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity ( see load following power plant ) . While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather , coal , biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation . Depending on local circumstances , beyond about 20 -- 40 % of total generation , grid - connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections , energy storage or demand side management . Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases . For example , in Germany , California and Hawaii , electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power , displacing existing baseload generation contracts .\",\n \"Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with solar power , water can be held back or released from a reservoir behind a dam as required . Where a suitable river is not available , pumped - storage hydroelectricity uses solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again . However , this cycle can lose 20 % of the energy to round trip inefficiencies , this plus the construction costs add to the expense of implementing high levels of solar power .\",\n \"Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy , such as in high - temperature molten salts . These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity , and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . This method of energy storage is used , for example , by the Solar Two power station , allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank , enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours , with an efficiency of about 99 % .\",\n \"In stand alone PV systems batteries are traditionally used to store excess electricity . With grid - connected photovoltaic power system , excess electricity can be sent to the electrical grid . Net metering and feed - in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce . This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system can not meet demand , effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity . Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually . When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power , other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately , but as these forms of variable power grow , additional balance on the grid is needed . As prices are rapidly declining , PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night . Batteries used for grid - storage stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads usually for several minutes , and in rare cases for hours . In the future , less expensive batteries could play an important role on the electrical grid , as they can charge during periods when generation exceeds demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is higher than generation .\",\n \"Although not permitted under the US National Electric Code , it is technically possible to have a `` plug and play '' PV microinverter . A recent review article found that careful system design would enable such systems to meet all technical , though not all safety requirements . There are several companies selling plug and play solar systems available on the web , but there is a concern that if people install their own it will reduce the enormous employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels .\",\n \"Common battery technologies used in today 's home PV systems include , the valve regulated lead - acid battery -- a modified version of the conventional lead -- acid battery , nickel -- cadmium and lithium - ion batteries . Lead - acid batteries are currently the predominant technology used in small - scale , residential PV systems , due to their high reliability , low self discharge and investment and maintenance costs , despite shorter lifetime and lower energy density . However , lithium - ion batteries have the potential to replace lead - acid batteries in the near future , as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to economies of scale provided by large production facilities such as the Gigafactory 1 . In addition , the Li - ion batteries of plug - in electric cars may serve as a future storage devices in a vehicle - to - grid system . Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time , their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back . Other rechargeable batteries used for distributed PV systems include , sodium -- sulfur and vanadium redox batteries , two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery , respectively .\",\n \"The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year . The power generation of such solar hybrid power systems is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems . Solar power is seasonal , particularly in northern / southern climates , away from the equator , suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric . The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot - tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load - following power from renewable sources .\",\n \"Research is also undertaken in this field of artificial photosynthesis . It involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds , by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol . Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture , quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions . Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues .\",\n \"Unlike fossil fuel based technologies , solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation , but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution .\",\n \"The life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram ( g ) per kilowatt - hour ( kWh ) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed , respectively . With this potentially being decreased to 15 g / kWh in the future . For comparison ( of weighted averages ) , a combined cycle gas - fired power plant emits some 400 -- 599 g / kWh , an oil - fired power plant 893 g / kWh , a coal - fired power plant 915 -- 994 g / kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g / kWh , and a geothermal high - temp . power plant 91 -- 122 g / kWh . The life cycle emission intensity of hydro , wind and nuclear power are lower than solar 's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC , and discussed in the article Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase , the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions . BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex ( one in Maryland , the other in Virginia ) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels . A 1 - kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal , 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere , and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly .\",\n \"The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) , in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life - cycle GHG emissions for solar PV , found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site : GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation . For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh / m2 / year , typical of southern Europe , NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO e / kWh . Using the same assumptions , at Phoenix , USA , with insolation of 2400 kWh / m2 / year , the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO e / kWh .\",\n \"The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment found that the solar PV would have little impact on the country 's greenhouse gas emissions . The country already generates 80 percent of its electricity from renewable resources ( primarily hydroelectricity and geothermal ) and national electricity usage peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons , meaning a large uptake of solar PV would end up displacing other renewable generators before fossil - fueled power plants .\",\n \"The energy payback time ( EPBT ) of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as is consumed during production and lifetime operation of the system . Due to improving production technologies the payback time has been decreasing constantly since the introduction of PV systems in the energy market . In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon silicon PV systems and 1 -- 1.5 years for thin film technologies ( S. Europe ) . These figures fell to 0.75 -- 3.5 years in 2013 , with an average of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems .\",\n \"Another economic measure , closely related to the energy payback time , is the energy returned on energy invested ( EROEI ) or energy return on investment ( EROI ) , which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment . ( This is not the same as the economic return on investment ( ROI ) , which varies according to local energy prices , subsidies available and metering techniques . ) With expected lifetimes of 30 years , the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30 , thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times ( 6 - 31 reproductions ) depending on what type of material , balance of system ( BOS ) , and the geographic location of the system .\",\n \"One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium ( Cd ) , a toxic heavy metal that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains . It is used as semiconductor component in CdTe solar cells and as buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of CdS . The amount of cadmium used in thin - film PV modules is relatively small ( 5 -- 10 g / m2 ) and with proper recycling and emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero . Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3 -- 0.9 microgram / kWh over the whole life - cycle . Most of these emissions arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules , and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium . Life - cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram / kWh , lignite 6.2 , and natural gas 0.2 microgram / kWh .\",\n \"In a life - cycle analysis it has been noted , that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal , cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated .\",\n \"In the case of crystalline silicon modules , the solder material , that joins together the copper strings of the cells , contains about 36 percent of lead ( Pb ) . Moreover , the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well . It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c - Si solar modules . However , there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy .\",\n \"Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays . This adverse effect does not apply to PV solar power plants , and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated .\",\n \"A 2014 - published life - cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large - scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution - related environmental impacts . The study found that the land - use footprint , given in square meter - years per megawatt - hour ( m a / MWh ) , was lowest for wind , natural gas and rooftop PV , with 0.26 , 0.49 and 0.59 , respectively , and followed by utility - scale solar PV with 7.9 . For CSP , the footprint was 9 and 14 , using parabolic troughs and solar towers , respectively . The largest footprint had coal - fired power plants with 18 m a / MWh .\",\n \"Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically .\",\n \"Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically .\",\n \"In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System .\",\n \"In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System .\",\n \"Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries .\",\n \"Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries .\"\n]"},"document":{"kind":"string","value":"Solar power - wikipedia Solar power Jump to: navigation , search This article is about generation of electricity using solar energy. For other uses of solar energy, see Solar energy . Not to be confused with Solar luminosity . A solar photovoltaic system array on a rooftop in Hong Kong The first three concentrated solar power (CSP) units of Spain's Solnova Solar Power Station in the foreground, with the PS10 and PS20 solar power towers in the background Average insolation. Note that this is for a horizontal surface, whereas solar panels are normally propped up at an angle and receive more energy per unit area, especially at high latitudes. Potential of solar energy . The small black dots show land area required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar power. Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power , or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect . Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California . As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built. Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park, in Qinghai , China . The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables'' scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world's largest source of electricity. Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently, as of 2016, solar power provides just 1% of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33% per annum. Contents ( hide ) 1 Mainstream technologies 1.1 Photovoltaics 1.1.1 Conventional PV systems 1.2 Concentrated solar power 1.2.1 Hybrid systems 2 Development and deployment 2.1 Early days 2.2 Mid-1990s to early 2010s 2.3 Current status 2.4 Forecasts 2.5 Photovoltaic power stations 2.6 Concentrating solar power stations 3 Economics 3.1 Cost 3.1.1 Levelized cost of electricity 3.1.2 Current installation prices 3.2 Grid parity 3.3 Productivity by location 3.4 Self consumption 3.5 Energy pricing and incentives 3.5.1 Rebates 3.5.2 Net metering 3.5.3 Feed-in tariffs (FIT) 3.5.4 Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) 4 Grid integration 5 Environmental impacts 5.1 Greenhouse gases 5.2 Energy payback 5.3 Other issues 6 Emerging technologies 6.1 Concentrator photovoltaics 6.2 Floatovoltaics 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading Mainstream technologies Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels (see solar power by country ) . Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies: Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power. Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as `` concentrated solar thermal'' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine. Photovoltaics Main article: Photovoltaics Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system A solar cell , or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery. In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide , although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5-- 6%. Conventional PV systems The array of a photovoltaic power system , or PV system, produces direct current (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters . Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase. Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available, especially in developed countries with large markets. In these grid-connected PV systems , use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight. Concentrated solar power Main article: Concentrated solar power A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. Concentrated solar power (CSP), also called `` concentrated solar thermal'' , uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Contrary to photovoltaics -- which converts light directly into electricity -- CSP uses the heat of the sun's radiation to generate electricity from conventional steam-driven turbines. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists: among the best known are the parabolic trough , the compact linear Fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24-hour electricity generation. A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid. The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Parabolic trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology. The SEGS plants in California and Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada are representatives of this technology. Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP-plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid. This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors, and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space, allowing more of the available sunlight to be used. Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants. The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator. The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime. Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies. The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra , Australia is an example of this technology. A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower. Power towers are more cost effective, offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies. The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology. Hybrid systems A hybrid system combines (C)PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel, wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel. Hybrid systems are most often found on islands. CPV/CSP system A novel solar CPV/CSP hybrid system has been proposed, combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power, or also known as concentrated solar thermal. ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria, is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine, where a 25-megawatt CSP- parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran. PVT system Hybrid PV/T), also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy. Such a system combines a solar (PV) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way. CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid (CPVT) system is similar to a PVT system. It uses concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) instead of conventional PV technology, and combines it with a solar thermal collector. PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV- thermoelectric system Thermoelectric, or `` thermovoltaic'' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current. Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation, while the low frequency heat energy is wasted. Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed. The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar/thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity. Development and deployment See also: Timeline of solar cells , Solar power by country , and Concentrated solar power § Deployment around the world Deployment of Solar Power Capacity in MW by Technology 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 2007 2013 Worldwide deployment of solar power by technology since 2006 Solar PV CSP - Solar thermal Solar Electricity Generation Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total 2.6 0.01% 2005 3.7 0.02% 2006 5.0 0.03% 2007 6.8 0.03% 2008 11.4 0.06% 2009 19.3 0.10% 31.4 0.15% 2011 60.6 0.27% 2012 96.7 0.43% 2013 134.5 0.58% 2014 185.9 0.79% 2015 253.0 1.05% Source : BP -Statistical Review of World Energy, 2016 Early days The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. Charles Fritts installed the world's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array, using 1%-efficient selenium cells, on a New York City roof in 1884. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum . In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States (SERI, now NREL ), Japan ( NEDO ), and Germany ( Fraunhofer-- ISE ). Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly, but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996. Mid-1990s to early 2010s In the mid-1990s, development of both, residential and commercial rooftop solar as well as utility-scale photovoltaic power stations , began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas, global warming concerns , and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies. In the early 2000s, the adoption of feed-in tariffs -- a policy mechanism, that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity-- lead to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe. Current Status Further information: Growth of photovoltaics For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment , but has since shifted to Asia, especially China and Japan , and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world, including, but not limited to, Australia , Canada , Chile , India , Israel , Mexico , South Africa , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States . Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has averaged 40% per year from 2000 to 2013 and total installed capacity reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the most cumulative installations (78 GW) and Honduras having the highest theoretical percentage of annual electricity usage which could be generated by solar PV (12.5%). The largest manufacturers are located in China. Concentrated solar power (CSP) also started to grow rapidly, increasing its capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013, albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV. As of the end of 2013, worldwide cumulative CSP-capacity reached 3,425 MW. Forecasts In 2010, the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11% of projected global electricity generation by 2050-- enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity. Four years later, in 2014, the agency projected that, under its `` high renewables'' scenario, solar power could supply 27% of global electricity generation by 2050 (16% from PV and 11% from CSP). In 2015, analysts predicted that one million homes in the U.S. will have solar power by the end of 2016. Photovoltaic power stations Main article: List of photovoltaic power stations The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW power plant in Riverside County, California , that uses thin-film CdTe-modules made by First Solar . As of November 2014, the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm was the largest photovoltaic power plant in the world. This was surpassed by the 579 MW Solar Star complex. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is Longyangxia Dam Solar Park, in Gonghe County , Qinghai , China . World's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2015 Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013, 2015 Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi, India 2015 Solar Star I and II 579 California, USA 2015 Topaz Solar Farm 550 California, USA 2014 Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California, USA 2015 California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California, USA 2013 Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona, USA 2014 Mount Signal Solar 266 California, USA 2014 Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California, USA pending Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012 Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona, USA pending (planned 700 MW) Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai, China 2011 Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013 Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California, USA 2013 Note : figures rounded. List may change frequently. For more detailed and up to date information see: List of world's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article. Concentrating solar power stations Main article: List of solar thermal power stations Commercial concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, also called `` solar thermal power stations'' , were first developed in the 1980s. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar thermal power plant project. Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW), the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), and Extresol Solar Power Station (150 MW), all in Spain. The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage, allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24-hour period. Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm, many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage. Largest operational solar thermal power stations Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014. Located southwest of Las Vegas . Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991. Collection of 9 units. Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow, California , USA Completed December 2014 Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend, Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe, California , USA Completed April 2014 Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012-- 2013 Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016 Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010 Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011. Includes a 7.5h thermal energy storage. Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010-- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5h thermal energy storage For a more detailed, sourced and complete list, see: List of solar thermal power stations#Operational or corresponding article. Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load during February 2014, with the Clark Mountain Range seen in the distance Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California Economics Cost Swanson's law -- the PV learning curve Solar PV -- LCOE for Europe until 2020 (in euro-cts. per kWh ) Economic photovoltaic capacity vs installation cost, in the United States Adjusting for inflation, it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s. Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down to 68 cents per watt in February 2016, according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar power for 3.7 cents per kilowatt-hour. And in sunny Dubai large-scale solar generated electricity sold in 2016 for just 2.99 cents per kilowatt-hour -- `` competitive with any form of fossil-based electricity -- and cheaper than most.'' Photovoltaic systems use no fuel, and modules typically last 25 to 40 years. Thus, capital costs make up most of the cost of solar power. Operations and maintenance costs for new utility-scale solar plants in the US are estimated to be 9 percent of the cost of photovoltaic electricity, and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity. Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power, such as feed-in tariff programs . Also, Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs. In most states, RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas , ocean, geothermal, municipal solid waste , hydroelectric, hydrogen, or fuel cell technologies. Levelized cost of electricity The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) as the unit of cost. The electrical energy generated is sold in units of kilowatt-hours (kWh). As a rule of thumb, and depending on the local insolation , 1 watt-peak of installed solar PV capacity generates about 1 to 2 kWh of electricity per year. This corresponds to a capacity factor of around 10-- 20%. The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power. The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments, organized by EPIA , has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years. As a result, since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement . Fifty percent of commercial systems in the United States were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90% by 2009. Shi Zhengrong has said that, as of 2012, unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He said `` We are at a tipping point. No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich. They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies'' . `` Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015'' . Current installation prices In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published prices for residential, commercial and utility-scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 (see table below) . However, DOE's SunShot Initiative has reported much lower U.S. installation prices. In 2014, prices continued to decline. The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt. Other sources identify similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S., and in the highly penetrated German market, prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt (€ 1.24/W) by the end of 2014. In 2015, Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt. Costs for utility-scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt. Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries (USD) USD/W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5 Utility-scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3 Source: IEA -- Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, September 2014' U.S figures are lower in DOE's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends Grid parity Main article: Grid parity Grid parity, the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power , is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan . In 2008, The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25/kWh or less in most of the OECD countries. By late 2011, the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15/kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $0.10/kWh in sunnier regions. These cost levels are driving three emerging trends: vertical integration of the supply chain, origination of power purchase agreements (PPAs) by solar power companies, and unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies, grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers . Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013, Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel ( diesel fuel ) to produce electricity, and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015. In 2007, General Electric 's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015; other companies predicted an earlier date: the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10% of commercial customers in the OECD , as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010. Productivity by location See also: Solar irradiance The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance , which varies through the day and is influenced by latitude and climate . The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics. Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds, and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day. These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world. This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in Northern Africa , Southern Africa , Southwest Asia , Middle East , and Australia , as well as the much smaller deserts of North and South America . Africa's eastern Sahara Desert , also known as the Libyan Desert , has been observed to be the sunniest place on Earth according to NASA. Different measurements of solar irradiance (direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance) are mapped below : North America South America Europe Africa and Middle East South and South-East Asia Australia World Self consumption In cases of self consumption of the solar energy, the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid. For example, in Germany, with electricity prices of 0.25 € /kWh and insolation of 900 kWh/kW, one kWp will save € 225 per year, and with an installation cost of 1700 € /KWp the system cost will be returned in less than seven years. However, in many cases, the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide, and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid. The electricity is sold, and at other times when energy is taken from the grid, electricity is bought. The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics. In many markets, the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity, which incentivizes self consumption. Moreover, separate self consumption incentives have been used in e.g. Germany and Italy. Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed-in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity. By increasing self consumption, the grid feed-in can be limited without curtailment, which wastes electricity. A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self consumption, and should be considered when deciding where to install solar power and how to dimension the installation. The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption. However, batteries are expensive and profitability may require provision of other services from them besides self consumption increase. Hot water storage tanks with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low-cost storage for self consumption of solar power. Shiftable loads, such as dishwashers, tumble dryers and washing machines, can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users, but their effect on self consumption of solar power may be limited. Energy Pricing and incentives Main article: PV financial incentives The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small-scale deployment to begin to grow the industry, even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity, to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity. The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence, high tech job creation and reduction of CO emissions. Three incentive mechanisms are often used in combination as investment subsidies: the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system, the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate, and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SRECs) Rebates With investment subsidies, the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer, while with feed-in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities' customer bases. While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer, the main argument in favour of feed-in tariffs is the encouragement of quality. Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time, thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance. Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers, such as Austin Energy in Texas , which offers $2.50/watt installed up to $15,000. Net metering Net metering , unlike a feed-in tariff , requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional. In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer, and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption. Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters , which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference, and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption, effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery. With net metering, deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month. Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits. Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost, or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above, as can be excess annual credits. In New Jersey, annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate, as are left over credits when a customer terminates service. Feed-in tariffs (FIT) With feed-in tariffs , the financial burden falls upon the consumer. They reward the number of kilowatt-hours produced over a long period of time, but because the rate is set by the authorities, it may result in perceived overpayment. The price paid per kilowatt-hour under a feed-in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity. Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged. The complexity of approvals in California, Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better. In some countries, additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV. France + EUR 0.16 /kWh (compared to semi-integrated) or + EUR 0.27/kWh (compared to stand alone) Italy + EUR 0.04-0.09 kWh Germany + EUR 0.05/kWh (facades only) Solar renewable energy credits (SRECs) Alternatively, SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity. In this mechanism, a renewable energy production or consumption target is set, and the utility (more technically the Load Serving Entity) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine (Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP). The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced. If the utility buys this SREC and retires it, they avoid paying the ACP. In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy, since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations. Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long-term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits. Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries, including Australia , China , Germany , Israel , Japan , and the United States and even across states within the US. The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003. By the end of 2004, Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW . In 2004, the German government introduced the first large-scale feed-in tariff system, under the German Renewable Energy Act , which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany. At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price. The principle behind the German system is a 20-year flat rate contract. The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year, in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users. The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006, and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers. Subsequently, Spain , Italy , Greece -- that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar-thermal installations for hot water needs-- and France introduced feed-in tariffs. None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though, making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries. The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium (EUR 0.55/kWh) for building integrated systems. California, Greece, France and Italy have 30-50% more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive. The Greek domestic `` solar roof'' programme (adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW) has internal rates of return of 10-15% at current commercial installation costs, which, furthermore, is tax free. In 2006 California approved the ' California Solar Initiative ' , offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems. The small-system FIT of $0.39 per kWh (far less than EU countries) expires in just 5 years, and the alternate `` EPBB'' residential investment incentive is modest, averaging perhaps 20% of cost. All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed. At the end of 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA, Canada) began its Standard Offer Program, a precursor to the Green Energy Act , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW. The feed-in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years. Unlike net metering, all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate. Grid integration Main articles: Energy storage and Grid energy storage Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year. Thermal energy storage . The Andasol CSP plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH). This facility in Geesthacht , Germany, also includes a solar array. The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately, since storage is usually more expensive and because traditional generators can adapt to demand. However both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy , meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now . Since solar energy is not available at night, storing its energy is potentially an important issue particularly in off-grid and for future 100% renewable energy scenarios to have continuous electricity availability. Solar electricity is inherently variable and predictable by time of day, location, and seasons. In addition solar is intermittent due to day/night cycles and unpredictable weather. How much of a special challenge solar power is in any given electric utility varies significantly. In a summer peak utility, solar is well matched to daytime cooling demands. In winter peak utilities, solar displaces other forms of generation, reducing their capacity factors . In an electricity system without grid energy storage , generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant ). While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather, coal, biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation. Depending on local circumstances, beyond about 20-- 40% of total generation, grid-connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections , energy storage or demand side management . Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases. For example, in Germany, California and Hawaii, electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power, displacing existing baseload generation contracts. Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with solar power, water can be held back or released from a reservoir behind a dam as required. Where a suitable river is not available, pumped-storage hydroelectricity uses solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again. However, this cycle can lose 20% of the energy to round trip inefficiencies, this plus the construction costs add to the expense of implementing high levels of solar power. Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts. These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity, and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. This method of energy storage is used, for example, by the Solar Two power station, allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank, enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours, with an efficiency of about 99%. In stand alone PV systems batteries are traditionally used to store excess electricity. With grid-connected photovoltaic power system , excess electricity can be sent to the electrical grid . Net metering and feed-in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity. Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually. When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power, other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately, but as these forms of variable power grow, additional balance on the grid is needed. As prices are rapidly declining, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads usually for several minutes, and in rare cases for hours. In the future, less expensive batteries could play an important role on the electrical grid, as they can charge during periods when generation exceeds demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is higher than generation. Although not permitted under the US National Electric Code, it is technically possible to have a `` plug and play '' PV microinverter. A recent review article found that careful system design would enable such systems to meet all technical, though not all safety requirements. There are several companies selling plug and play solar systems available on the web, but there is a concern that if people install their own it will reduce the enormous employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels . Common battery technologies used in today's home PV systems include, the valve regulated lead-acid battery -- a modified version of the conventional lead-- acid battery , nickel-- cadmium and lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries are currently the predominant technology used in small-scale, residential PV systems, due to their high reliability, low self discharge and investment and maintenance costs, despite shorter lifetime and lower energy density. However, lithium-ion batteries have the potential to replace lead-acid batteries in the near future, as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to economies of scale provided by large production facilities such as the Gigafactory 1 . In addition, the Li-ion batteries of plug-in electric cars may serve as a future storage devices in a vehicle-to-grid system. Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time, their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back. Other rechargeable batteries used for distributed PV systems include, sodium-- sulfur and vanadium redox batteries, two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery, respectively. The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year. The power generation of such solar hybrid power systems is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems. Solar power is seasonal, particularly in northern/southern climates, away from the equator, suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric. The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot-tested a combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydrostorage to provide load-following power from renewable sources. Research is also undertaken in this field of artificial photosynthesis . It involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds, by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol . Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture, quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions. Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues. Environmental impacts Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark , a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg , in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. Unlike fossil fuel based technologies, solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation, but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution. Greenhouse gases The life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram (g) per kilowatt-hour (kWh) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed, respectively. With this potentially being decreased to 15 g/kWh in the future. For comparison (of weighted averages), a combined cycle gas-fired power plant emits some 400-- 599 g/kWh, an oil-fired power plant 893 g/kWh, a coal-fired power plant 915-- 994 g/kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g/kWh, and a geothermal high-temp. power plant 91-- 122 g/kWh. The life cycle emission intensity of hydro , wind and nuclear power are lower than solar's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC, and discussed in the article Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase, the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions. BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex (one in Maryland, the other in Virginia) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels. A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ), in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life-cycle GHG emissions for solar PV, found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site: GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation. For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh/m2/year, typical of southern Europe, NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO e/kWh. Using the same assumptions, at Phoenix, USA, with insolation of 2400 kWh/m2/year, the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO e/kWh. The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment found that the solar PV would have little impact on the country's greenhouse gas emissions. The country already generates 80 percent of its electricity from renewable resources (primarily hydroelectricity and geothermal) and national electricity usage peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons, meaning a large uptake of solar PV would end up displacing other renewable generators before fossil-fueled power plants. Energy payback The energy payback time (EPBT) of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as is consumed during production and lifetime operation of the system. Due to improving production technologies the payback time has been decreasing constantly since the introduction of PV systems in the energy market. In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon silicon PV systems and 1-- 1.5 years for thin film technologies (S. Europe). These figures fell to 0.75-- 3.5 years in 2013, with an average of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems. Another economic measure, closely related to the energy payback time, is the energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) or energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment. (This is not the same as the economic return on investment (ROI), which varies according to local energy prices, subsidies available and metering techniques.) With expected lifetimes of 30 years, the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30, thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times (6-31 reproductions) depending on what type of material, balance of system (BOS), and the geographic location of the system. Other issues One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains . It is used as semiconductor component in CdTe solar cells and as buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of CdS . The amount of cadmium used in thin-film PV modules is relatively small (5-- 10 g/m2 ) and with proper recycling and emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero. Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3-- 0.9 microgram /kWh over the whole life-cycle. Most of these emissions arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules, and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium. Life-cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram/kWh, lignite 6.2, and natural gas 0.2 microgram/kWh. In a life-cycle analysis it has been noted, that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal, cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated. In the case of crystalline silicon modules, the solder material, that joins together the copper strings of the cells, contains about 36 percent of lead (Pb). Moreover, the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well. It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c-Si solar modules. However, there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy. Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays. This adverse effect does not apply to PV solar power plants, and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated. A 2014-published life-cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large-scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution-related environmental impacts. The study found that the land-use footprint, given in square meter-years per megawatt-hour (m a/MWh), was lowest for wind, natural gas and rooftop PV, with 0.26, 0.49 and 0.59, respectively, and followed by utility-scale solar PV with 7.9. For CSP, the footprint was 9 and 14, using parabolic troughs and solar towers, respectively. The largest footprint had coal-fired power plants with 18 m a/MWh. Emerging technologies Concentrator photovoltaics CPV modules on dual axis solar trackers in Golmud, China Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems, it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, but highly efficient, multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used, and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky. Luminescent solar concentrators (when combined with a PV-solar cell) can also be regarded as a CPV system. Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV-solar panels drastically. In addition, most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System . Floatovoltaics Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals, water reservoirs, quarry lakes, and tailing ponds. Several systems exist in France, India, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. These systems reduce the need of valuable land area, save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation, and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land. Although not floating, other dual-use facilities with solar power include fisheries . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power . 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Applied Energy . 161 : 425-- 436. doi : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.036 . Jump up ^ Fiztgerald, Garrett; Mandel, James; Morris, Jesse; Touati, Hervé (2015). The Economics of Battery Energy Storage (PDF) (Report). Rocky Mountain Institute. Jump up ^ Solar Rebate Program Archived 25 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Net Metering Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Net Metering and Interconnection - NJ OCE Web Site'' . Jump up ^ China Racing Ahead of America in the Drive to Go Solar . Archived 6 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Power & Energy Technology - IHS Technology'' . Jump up ^ Approved -- Feed-in tariff in Israel . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ Wright, matthew; Hearps, Patrick; et al. Australian Sustainable Energy: Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan , Energy Research Institute, University of Melbourne , October 2010, p. 33. Retrieved from BeyondZeroEmissions.org website. Jump up ^ Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP) , RenewableEnergyFocus.com website. Jump up ^ Ray Stern. `` Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend'' . Phoenix New Times . Jump up ^ Carr (1976), p. 85 Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-sun-solar-power-electricity-energy-prices-negative-renewables-green-climate-change-fossil-a7678086.html Jump up ^ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/3-reasons-hawaii-put-the-brakes-on-solar-and-why-the-same-won-t-happen-in-your-state/ Jump up ^ `` Pumped Hydro Storage'' . Electricity Storage Association. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Advantages of Using Molten Salt'' . Sandia National Laboratory . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PV Systems and Net Metering'' . Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Aishwarya S. Mundada, , Yuenyong Nilsiam , Joshua M. Pearce. A review of technical requirements for plug-and-play solar photovoltaic micro-inverter systems in the United States . Solar Energy 135 , (2016), pp. 455-- 470. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.002 Jump up ^ Platzer, M.D., 2012. US solar photovoltaic manufacturing: Industry trends, global competition, federal support. Washington, DC: Congressional Research service. Jump up ^ Joern Hoppmann; Jonas Volland; Tobias S. Schmidt; Volker H. Hoffmann (July 2014). `` The Economic Viability of Battery Storage for Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems - A Review and a Simulation Model'' . ETH Zürich , Harvard University. Jump up ^ FORBES, Justin Gerdes, Solar Energy Storage About To Take Off In Germany and California , 18 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` Tesla launches Powerwall home battery with aim to revolutionize energy consumption'' . Associated Press . 1 May 2015. Jump up ^ Seasonal Energy Storage in a Renewable Energy System Jump up ^ `` The Combined Power Plant: the first stage in providing 100% power from renewable energy'' . SolarServer. January 2008 . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Collings AF, Critchley C. Artificial Photosynthesis. From Basic Biology to Industrial Application . Wiley-VCH. Weinheim (2005) p. x ISBN 3-527-31090-8 doi : 10.1002/3527606742 . Jump up ^ Faunce TA, Lubitz W, Rutherford AW, MacFarlane D, Moore, GF, Yang P, Nocera DG, Moore TA, Gregory DH, Fukuzumi S, Yoon KB, Armstrong FA, Wasielewski MR, Styring S. ' Energy and Environment Case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis.' Energy and Environmental Science 2013, 6 (3), 695 - 698 DOI:10.1039/C3EE00063J http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ee/c3ee00063j (accessed 14 March 2013) ^ Jump up to: Alsema, E.A.; Wild - Scholten, M.J. de; Fthenakis, V.M. Environmental impacts of PV electricity generation - a critical comparison of energy supply options ECN, September 2006; 7p. Presented at the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden, Germany, 4-- 8 September 2006. ^ Jump up to: Fridleifsson,, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (11 February 2008). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, ed. `` The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change'' (PDF) . Luebeck, Germany: 59-- 80. Archived from the original (pdf) on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lund, John W. (June 2007). `` Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources'' (PDF) . Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin . 28 (2). Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology. pp. 1-- 9. ISSN 0276-1084 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portable Solar Panels'' . Portable Solar Panels for Sale . Jump up ^ NREL, Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation , NREL/FS-6A20-57187, Jan 2013. Jump up ^ David D. Hsu and others, Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Electricity Generation: Systematic Review and Harmonization , 2011. Jump up ^ `` Electric cars not solar panels, says Environment Commissioner'' . Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photovoltaics Report'' (PDF) . Fraunhofer ISE. 28 July 2014. pp. 28-- 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Blakers and Klaus Weber, `` The Energy Intensity of Photovoltaic Systems'' , Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian National University, 2000. Jump up ^ Jinqing Peng, Lin Lu, Hongxing Yang, Review on lifecycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems . In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19, (2013), 255-- 274, Fig. 5, doi : 10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.035 . Jump up ^ C. Reich-Weiser, D. Dornfeld, and S. Horne. Environmental assessment and metrics for solar: Case study of solfocus solar concentrator systems . UC Berkeley: Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability, 8 May 2008. Jump up ^ Service Lifetime Prediction for Encapsulated Photovoltaic Cells/Minimodules , A.W. Czanderna and G.J. Jorgensen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. Jump up ^ Joshua Pearce and Andrew Lau, `` Net Energy Analysis For Sustainable Energy Production From Silicon Based Solar Cells'' , Proceedings of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Solar 2002: Sunrise on the Reliable Energy Economy, editor R. Campbell-Howe , 2002. ^ Jump up to: Werner, Jürgen H. (2 November 2011). `` Toxic Substances In Photovoltaic Modules'' (PDF) . postfreemarket.net . Institute of Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Germany - The 21st International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference 2011 Fukuoka, Japan. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ CdTe PV: Real and Perceived EHS Risks Jump up ^ `` Solar plant's downside? Birds igniting in midair'' . CBS News. 18 August 2014. Jump up ^ `` California's new solar power plant is actually a death ray that's incinerating birds mid-flight'' . ExtremeTech.com. 20 August 2014. Jump up ^ Jake Richardson (22 August 2014). `` Bird Deaths From Solar Plant Exaggerated By Some Media Sources'' . Cleantechnica.com. Jump up ^ Hertwich and others, `` Integrated life-cycle assessment of electricity-supply scenarios confirms global environmental benefit of low-carbon technologies'' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 19 May 2015, v.112 n.20. Jump up ^ MSU-CSET Participation Archive with notation in the Murray Ledger & Times Jump up ^ Layton, Julia (5 November 2008). `` What is a luminescent solar concentrator?'' . Science.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kyocera, partners announce construction of the world's largest floating solar PV Plant in Hyogo prefecture, Japan'' . SolarServer.com. 4 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Running Out of Precious Land? Floating Solar PV Systems May Be a Solution'' . EnergyWorld.com. 7 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Vikram Solar commissions India's first floating PV plant'' . SolarServer.com. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Sunflower Floating Solar Power Plant In Korea'' . CleanTechnica. 21 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Napa Winery Pioneers Solar Floatovoltaics'' . Forbes. 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A look at a Chinese fishery with a giant integrated solar array -- feeding a world hungry for clean energy'' . Electrek. 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Sources Butti, Ken; Perlin, John (1981). A Golden Thread (2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology) . Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-24005-8 . Carr, Donald E. (1976). Energy & the Earth Machine . W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06407-7 . Halacy, Daniel (1973). The Coming Age of Solar Energy . Harper and Row. ISBN 0-380-00233-7 . Martin, Christopher L.; Goswami, D. Yogi (2005). Solar Energy Pocket Reference . International Solar Energy Society. ISBN 0-9771282-0-2 . Mills, David (2004). `` Advances in solar thermal electricity technology'' . Solar Energy . 76 (1-- 3): 19-- 31. Bibcode : 2004SoEn...76...19M . doi : 10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00102-6 . Perlin, John (1999). From Space to Earth (The Story of Solar Electricity) . Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01013-2 . Tritt, T.; Böttner , H.; Chen, L. (2008). `` Thermoelectrics: Direct Solar Thermal Energy Conversion'' . MRS Bulletin . 33 (4): 355-- 372. Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power . Simon & Schuster. p. 885. ISBN 978-0-671-79932-8 . 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia"},"id":{"kind":"string","value":"7631329211573410295"}}},{"rowIdx":696,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"a(n) ____ is not a type of fluorescent ballast"},"long_answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Early tube - based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500 , as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage , to keep the CRT 's deflection factor constant ."},"short_answers":{"kind":"list like","value":[[]],"string":"[\n []\n]"},"yes_no_answer":{"kind":"list like","value":[-1],"string":"[\n -1\n]"},"candidates":{"kind":"list like","value":["An electrical ballast is a device placed in line with the load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit . It may be a fixed or variable resistor .","A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube , which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative differential resistance of the tube 's voltage - current characteristic .","Ballasts vary greatly in complexity . They may be as simple as a resistor , inductor or capacitor ( or a combination of these ) wired in series with the lamp ; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in compact fluorescent lamps and high - intensity discharge lamps .","An electrical ballast is a device which limits the current through an electrical load . These are most often used when a load ( such as an arc discharge ) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases . If such a device were connected to a constant - voltage power supply , it would draw an increasing amount of current until it will be destroyed or caused the power supply to fail . To prevent this , a ballast provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the current . The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative - resistance device by limiting current .","Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary , positive - resistance circuit . Prior to the advent of solid - state ignition , automobile ignition systems commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system .","Series resistors are used as ballasts to control the current through LEDs .","For simple , low - powered loads such as a neon lamp or a LED , a fixed resistor is commonly used . Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit , even in the face of negative resistance introduced by the neon lamp .","Ballast was also a component used in early model automobiles engine that lowered the supply voltage to the ignition system after the engine had been started . Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the battery , resulting in an equally significant voltage drop . To allow the engine to start , the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage . But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged , the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system . To avoid this problem , a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system , resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems .","Occasionally , this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked ( while the resistor was bypassed ) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased ( and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch ) . Modern electronic ignition systems ( those used since the 1980s or late ' 70s ) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage .","Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed . The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps , and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast : all of them for full speed , and none for the low speed setting . A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next - to - full speed setting ( usually 3 out of 4 ) . This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current ( up to 10 A ) , eventually burning it out . This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings .","In some consumer electronic equipment , notably in television sets in the era of valves ( vacuum tubes ) , but also in some low - cost record players , the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series . Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage , it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage . A resistor was often used for this purpose , as it was cheap and worked with both AC and DC .","Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in resistance as current through them increases , and decreasing in resistance as current decreases . Physically , some such devices are often built quite like incandescent lamps . Like the tungsten filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp , if current increases , the ballast resistor gets hotter , its resistance goes up , and its voltage drop increases . If current decreases , the ballast resistor gets colder , its resistance drops , and the voltage drop decreases . Therefore , the ballast resistor reduces variations in current , despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit . These devices are sometimes called `` barretters '' and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s AC / DC radio and TV home receivers .","This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor . The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor .","Earlier , household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp ; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp . A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220 -- 240 V countries was a circleline tube ballasted by an under - run regular mains filament lamp . Self ballasted mercury - vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast , and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced .","Because of the power that would be lost , resistors are not used as ballasts for lamps of more than about two watts . Instead , a reactance is used . Losses in the ballast due to its resistance and losses in its magnetic core may be significant , on the order of 5 to 25 % of the lamp input electric power . Practical lighting design calculations must allow for ballast loss in estimating the running cost of a lighting installation .","An inductor is very common in line - frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp , neon lamp , or high intensity discharge ( HID ) lamp . ( Because of the use of the inductor , such ballasts are usually called magnetic ballasts . ) The inductor has two benefits :","Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp .","Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor","The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp .","A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage , producing a poor power factor . In more expensive ballasts , a capacitor is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor . In ballasts that control two or more lamps , line - frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps . This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps , it also helps maintain a high power factor . These ballasts are often called lead - lag ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase .","In Europe , and most 220 - 240 V territories , the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 20W with a series inductor . In North America and Japan however , the line voltage ( 120 V or 100 V respectively ) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 20 W with a series inductor , so an autotransformer winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage . The autotransformer is designed with enough leakage inductance ( short - circuit inductance ) so that the current is appropriately limited .","Because of the large inductors and capacitors that must be used , reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy . They commonly also produce acoustic noise ( line - frequency hum ) .","Prior to 1980 in the United States , PCB - based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation ( see transformer oil ) .","An electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuitry to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps . An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably - rated magnetic one . An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one , which produces a line - frequency hum by vibration of the transformer laminations .","Electronic ballasts are often based on SMPS topology , first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency . Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via pulse - width modulation or via changing the frequency to a higher value . Ballasts incorporating a microcontroller ( digital ballasts ) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as LonWorks , DALI , DMX512 , DSI or simple analog control using a 0 - 10 V DC brightness control signal . Systems with remote control of light level via a wireless mesh network have been introduced .","Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher , rather than the mains frequency of 50 -- 60 Hz ; this substantially eliminates the stroboscopic effect of flicker , a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting ( see photosensitive epilepsy ) . The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker . The flicker index , used for measuring perceptible light modulation , has a range from 0.00 to 1.00 , with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest . Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04 -- 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01 .","Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream , the lamp operates at about 9 % higher efficacy above approximately 10 kHz . Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz . Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some Canadian provinces circa 2012 ; since then LED retrofits have become more common .","With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency , electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp . For HID lamps , there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency , but for these lamps the ballast losses are lower at higher frequencies and also the light depreciation is lower , meaning the lamp produces more light over its entire lifespan . Some HID lamp types like the ceramic discharge metal halide lamp have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of 20 -- 200 kHz ; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of 100 -- 400 Hz , with the same advantage of lower light depreciation .","Application of electronic ballasts to HID lighting is growing in popularity . Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both high pressure sodium ( HPS ) lamps as well as metal - halide lamps , reducing costs for building managers who use both types of lamps . The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc , supplying a high - voltage impulse and , later , it works as a limiter / regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit . Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts .","This technique uses a combination filament -- cathode at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic ( bi-metallic or electronic ) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them . When filaments are disconnected , an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp . This system is described as `` Preheat '' in North America and `` Switch Start '' in the UK , and have no specific name in the rest part of the world . This systems is common in 200 -- 240 V countries ( and for 100 -- 120 V lamps up to about 30 watts ) .","Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens , it is not actually necessary . The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor . A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the 1960s . Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts . The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base . The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast ( though the consumed current was the same ) , but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment .","Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC . Such fittings used the thermal type of starter ( mostly because they had gone out use long before the glow starter was invented ) , but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting . DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started . Failure to do so vastly shortened the life of the tube .","An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes , instead using a relatively high voltage ( ~ 600 V ) to initiate the discharge arc . It is the most energy efficient type , but yields the fewest lamp - start cycles , as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the lamp is turned on . Instant - start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles , where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off . Although these were mostly used in countries with 100 - 120 volt mains supplies ( for lamps of 40 W or above ) , they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems . The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life .","A rapid start ballast applies voltage and heats the cathodes simultaneously . It provides superior lamp life and more cycle life , but uses slightly more energy as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates . Again , although popular in 100 - 120 volt countries for lamps of 40 W and above , rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable .","A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast , but usually has a capacitor incorporated to give a power factor nearer to unity than a standard rapid start ballast . A quadrac type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast , which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled . A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels .","Used in high end electronic fluorescent ballasts . This ballast applies power to the filaments first , it allows the cathodes to preheat and then applies voltage to the lamps to strike an arc . Lamp life typically operates up to 100,000 on / off cycles when using programmed start ballasts . Once started , filament voltage is reduced to increase operating efficiency . This ballast gives the best life and most starts from lamps , and so is preferred for applications with very frequent power cycling such as vision examination rooms and restrooms with a motion detector switch .","A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core - and - coil transformer and an electronic switch for the electrode - heating circuit . Like a magnetic ballast , a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency -- 50 Hz in Europe , for example . These types of ballasts , which are also referred to as cathode - disconnect ballasts , disconnect the electrode - heating circuit after they start the lamps .","For a lighting ballast , the ANSI ballast factor is used in North America to compare the light output ( in lumens ) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast . Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating . The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be considered in lighting design ; a low ballast factor may save energy , but will produce less light . With fluorescent lamps , ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0 .","Early tube - based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500 , as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage , to keep the CRT 's deflection factor constant ."],"string":"[\n \"An electrical ballast is a device placed in line with the load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit . It may be a fixed or variable resistor .\",\n \"A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube , which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative differential resistance of the tube 's voltage - current characteristic .\",\n \"Ballasts vary greatly in complexity . They may be as simple as a resistor , inductor or capacitor ( or a combination of these ) wired in series with the lamp ; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in compact fluorescent lamps and high - intensity discharge lamps .\",\n \"An electrical ballast is a device which limits the current through an electrical load . These are most often used when a load ( such as an arc discharge ) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases . If such a device were connected to a constant - voltage power supply , it would draw an increasing amount of current until it will be destroyed or caused the power supply to fail . To prevent this , a ballast provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the current . The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative - resistance device by limiting current .\",\n \"Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary , positive - resistance circuit . Prior to the advent of solid - state ignition , automobile ignition systems commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system .\",\n \"Series resistors are used as ballasts to control the current through LEDs .\",\n \"For simple , low - powered loads such as a neon lamp or a LED , a fixed resistor is commonly used . Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit , even in the face of negative resistance introduced by the neon lamp .\",\n \"Ballast was also a component used in early model automobiles engine that lowered the supply voltage to the ignition system after the engine had been started . Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the battery , resulting in an equally significant voltage drop . To allow the engine to start , the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage . But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged , the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system . To avoid this problem , a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system , resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems .\",\n \"Occasionally , this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked ( while the resistor was bypassed ) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased ( and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch ) . Modern electronic ignition systems ( those used since the 1980s or late ' 70s ) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage .\",\n \"Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed . The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps , and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast : all of them for full speed , and none for the low speed setting . A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next - to - full speed setting ( usually 3 out of 4 ) . This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current ( up to 10 A ) , eventually burning it out . This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings .\",\n \"In some consumer electronic equipment , notably in television sets in the era of valves ( vacuum tubes ) , but also in some low - cost record players , the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series . Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage , it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage . A resistor was often used for this purpose , as it was cheap and worked with both AC and DC .\",\n \"Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in resistance as current through them increases , and decreasing in resistance as current decreases . Physically , some such devices are often built quite like incandescent lamps . Like the tungsten filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp , if current increases , the ballast resistor gets hotter , its resistance goes up , and its voltage drop increases . If current decreases , the ballast resistor gets colder , its resistance drops , and the voltage drop decreases . Therefore , the ballast resistor reduces variations in current , despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit . These devices are sometimes called `` barretters '' and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s AC / DC radio and TV home receivers .\",\n \"This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor . The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor .\",\n \"Earlier , household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp ; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp . A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220 -- 240 V countries was a circleline tube ballasted by an under - run regular mains filament lamp . Self ballasted mercury - vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast , and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced .\",\n \"Because of the power that would be lost , resistors are not used as ballasts for lamps of more than about two watts . Instead , a reactance is used . Losses in the ballast due to its resistance and losses in its magnetic core may be significant , on the order of 5 to 25 % of the lamp input electric power . Practical lighting design calculations must allow for ballast loss in estimating the running cost of a lighting installation .\",\n \"An inductor is very common in line - frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp , neon lamp , or high intensity discharge ( HID ) lamp . ( Because of the use of the inductor , such ballasts are usually called magnetic ballasts . ) The inductor has two benefits :\",\n \"Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp .\",\n \"Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor\",\n \"The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp .\",\n \"A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage , producing a poor power factor . In more expensive ballasts , a capacitor is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor . In ballasts that control two or more lamps , line - frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps . This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps , it also helps maintain a high power factor . These ballasts are often called lead - lag ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase .\",\n \"In Europe , and most 220 - 240 V territories , the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 20W with a series inductor . In North America and Japan however , the line voltage ( 120 V or 100 V respectively ) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 20 W with a series inductor , so an autotransformer winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage . The autotransformer is designed with enough leakage inductance ( short - circuit inductance ) so that the current is appropriately limited .\",\n \"Because of the large inductors and capacitors that must be used , reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy . They commonly also produce acoustic noise ( line - frequency hum ) .\",\n \"Prior to 1980 in the United States , PCB - based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation ( see transformer oil ) .\",\n \"An electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuitry to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps . An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably - rated magnetic one . An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one , which produces a line - frequency hum by vibration of the transformer laminations .\",\n \"Electronic ballasts are often based on SMPS topology , first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency . Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via pulse - width modulation or via changing the frequency to a higher value . Ballasts incorporating a microcontroller ( digital ballasts ) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as LonWorks , DALI , DMX512 , DSI or simple analog control using a 0 - 10 V DC brightness control signal . Systems with remote control of light level via a wireless mesh network have been introduced .\",\n \"Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher , rather than the mains frequency of 50 -- 60 Hz ; this substantially eliminates the stroboscopic effect of flicker , a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting ( see photosensitive epilepsy ) . The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker . The flicker index , used for measuring perceptible light modulation , has a range from 0.00 to 1.00 , with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest . Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04 -- 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01 .\",\n \"Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream , the lamp operates at about 9 % higher efficacy above approximately 10 kHz . Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz . Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some Canadian provinces circa 2012 ; since then LED retrofits have become more common .\",\n \"With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency , electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp . For HID lamps , there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency , but for these lamps the ballast losses are lower at higher frequencies and also the light depreciation is lower , meaning the lamp produces more light over its entire lifespan . Some HID lamp types like the ceramic discharge metal halide lamp have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of 20 -- 200 kHz ; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of 100 -- 400 Hz , with the same advantage of lower light depreciation .\",\n \"Application of electronic ballasts to HID lighting is growing in popularity . Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both high pressure sodium ( HPS ) lamps as well as metal - halide lamps , reducing costs for building managers who use both types of lamps . The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc , supplying a high - voltage impulse and , later , it works as a limiter / regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit . Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts .\",\n \"This technique uses a combination filament -- cathode at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic ( bi-metallic or electronic ) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them . When filaments are disconnected , an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp . This system is described as `` Preheat '' in North America and `` Switch Start '' in the UK , and have no specific name in the rest part of the world . This systems is common in 200 -- 240 V countries ( and for 100 -- 120 V lamps up to about 30 watts ) .\",\n \"Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens , it is not actually necessary . The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor . A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the 1960s . Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts . The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base . The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast ( though the consumed current was the same ) , but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment .\",\n \"Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC . Such fittings used the thermal type of starter ( mostly because they had gone out use long before the glow starter was invented ) , but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting . DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started . Failure to do so vastly shortened the life of the tube .\",\n \"An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes , instead using a relatively high voltage ( ~ 600 V ) to initiate the discharge arc . It is the most energy efficient type , but yields the fewest lamp - start cycles , as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the lamp is turned on . Instant - start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles , where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off . Although these were mostly used in countries with 100 - 120 volt mains supplies ( for lamps of 40 W or above ) , they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems . The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life .\",\n \"A rapid start ballast applies voltage and heats the cathodes simultaneously . It provides superior lamp life and more cycle life , but uses slightly more energy as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates . Again , although popular in 100 - 120 volt countries for lamps of 40 W and above , rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable .\",\n \"A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast , but usually has a capacitor incorporated to give a power factor nearer to unity than a standard rapid start ballast . A quadrac type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast , which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled . A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels .\",\n \"Used in high end electronic fluorescent ballasts . This ballast applies power to the filaments first , it allows the cathodes to preheat and then applies voltage to the lamps to strike an arc . Lamp life typically operates up to 100,000 on / off cycles when using programmed start ballasts . Once started , filament voltage is reduced to increase operating efficiency . This ballast gives the best life and most starts from lamps , and so is preferred for applications with very frequent power cycling such as vision examination rooms and restrooms with a motion detector switch .\",\n \"A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core - and - coil transformer and an electronic switch for the electrode - heating circuit . Like a magnetic ballast , a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency -- 50 Hz in Europe , for example . These types of ballasts , which are also referred to as cathode - disconnect ballasts , disconnect the electrode - heating circuit after they start the lamps .\",\n \"For a lighting ballast , the ANSI ballast factor is used in North America to compare the light output ( in lumens ) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast . Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating . The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be considered in lighting design ; a low ballast factor may save energy , but will produce less light . With fluorescent lamps , ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0 .\",\n \"Early tube - based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500 , as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage , to keep the CRT 's deflection factor constant .\"\n]"},"document":{"kind":"string","value":"Electrical ballast - wikipedia Electrical ballast For other uses, see Ballast (disambiguation) . A modern ballast for powering four F32T8 office lamps. An electrical ballast is a device placed in line with the load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit . It may be a fixed or variable resistor. A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube, which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative differential resistance of the tube's voltage-current characteristic. Ballasts vary greatly in complexity. They may be as simple as a resistor , inductor or capacitor (or a combination of these) wired in series with the lamp; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in compact fluorescent lamps and high-intensity discharge lamps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current limiting 2 Resistors 2.1 Fixed resistors 2.2 Self-variable resistors 3 Reactive ballasts 4 Electronic and magnetic ballasts 5 Fluorescent lamp ballasts 5.1 Preheating 5.2 Instant start 5.3 Rapid start 5.4 Dimmable ballast 5.5 Programmed start 5.6 Hybrid 6 ANSI Ballast factor 7 Ballast triode 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Current limiting ( edit ) A choke ballast (inductor) used in older lighting. This example is from a tanning bed. It requires a lamp starter (below) and a capacitor. A lamp starter , required with some inductor type ballasts. It connects the two ends of the lamp to preheat them for one second before lighting. An electrical ballast is a device which limits the current through an electrical load . These are most often used when a load (such as an arc discharge) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases. If such a device were connected to a constant-voltage power supply, it would draw an increasing amount of current until it will be destroyed or caused the power supply to fail. To prevent this, a ballast provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the current. The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative-resistance device by limiting current. Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary, positive-resistance circuit. Prior to the advent of solid-state ignition, automobile ignition systems commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system. Series resistors are used as ballasts to control the current through LEDs. Resistors ( edit ) Fixed resistors ( edit ) For simple, low-powered loads such as a neon lamp or a LED, a fixed resistor is commonly used. Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit, even in the face of negative resistance introduced by the neon lamp. Ballast was also a component used in early model automobiles engine that lowered the supply voltage to the ignition system after the engine had been started. Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the battery , resulting in an equally significant voltage drop. To allow the engine to start, the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage. But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged, the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system. To avoid this problem, a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system, resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems. Occasionally, this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked (while the resistor was bypassed) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased (and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch). Modern electronic ignition systems (those used since the 1980s or late ' 70s) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage. Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed. The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps, and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast: all of them for full speed, and none for the low speed setting. A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next-to-full speed setting (usually 3 out of 4). This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current (up to 10 A), eventually burning it out. This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings. In some consumer electronic equipment, notably in television sets in the era of valves (vacuum tubes), but also in some low-cost record players, the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series. Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage, it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage. A resistor was often used for this purpose, as it was cheap and worked with both AC and DC. Self-variable resistors ( edit ) Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in resistance as current through them increases, and decreasing in resistance as current decreases. Physically, some such devices are often built quite like incandescent lamps . Like the tungsten filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp, if current increases, the ballast resistor gets hotter, its resistance goes up, and its voltage drop increases. If current decreases, the ballast resistor gets colder, its resistance drops, and the voltage drop decreases. Therefore, the ballast resistor reduces variations in current, despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit. These devices are sometimes called `` barretters '' and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s AC/DC radio and TV home receivers. This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor. The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor. Earlier, household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp. A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220-- 240 V countries was a circleline tube ballasted by an under-run regular mains filament lamp. Self ballasted mercury-vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast, and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced. Reactive ballasts ( edit ) A fluorescent lamp , a device with negative differential resistance. In operation, an increase in current through the fluorescent tube causes a drop in voltage across it. If the tube were connected directly to the power line, the falling tube voltage would cause more and more current to flow, until it destroyed itself. To prevent this, fluorescent tubes are connected to the power line through a ballast . The ballast adds positive impedance (AC resistance) to the circuit to counteract the negative resistance of the tube, limiting the current. Several typical magnetic ballasts for fluorescent lamps . The top is a high-power factor rapid start series ballast for two 30-- 40 W lamps. The middle is a low power factor preheat ballast for a single 30-- 40 W lamp while the bottom ballast is a simple inductor used with a 15 W preheat lamp. Because of the power that would be lost, resistors are not used as ballasts for lamps of more than about two watts. Instead, a reactance is used. Losses in the ballast due to its resistance and losses in its magnetic core may be significant, on the order of 5 to 25% of the lamp input electric power. Practical lighting design calculations must allow for ballast loss in estimating the running cost of a lighting installation. An inductor is very common in line-frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp , neon lamp , or high intensity discharge (HID) lamp . (Because of the use of the inductor, such ballasts are usually called magnetic ballasts .) The inductor has two benefits: Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp. A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage, producing a poor power factor . In more expensive ballasts, a capacitor is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor. In ballasts that control two or more lamps, line-frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps. This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps, it also helps maintain a high power factor. These ballasts are often called lead-lag ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase. In Europe, and most 220-240 V territories, the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 20W with a series inductor. In North America and Japan however, the line voltage (120 V or 100 V respectively) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 20 W with a series inductor, so an autotransformer winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage. The autotransformer is designed with enough leakage inductance ( short-circuit inductance ) so that the current is appropriately limited. Because of the large inductors and capacitors that must be used, reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy. They commonly also produce acoustic noise (line-frequency hum ). Prior to 1980 in the United States, PCB -based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation (see transformer oil ). Electronic and magnetic ballasts ( edit ) An electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuitry to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps. An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably-rated magnetic one. An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one, which produces a line-frequency hum by vibration of the transformer laminations. Electronic ballasts are often based on SMPS topology, first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency. Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via pulse-width modulation or via changing the frequency to a higher value. Ballasts incorporating a microcontroller (digital ballasts) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as LonWorks , DALI , DMX512 , DSI or simple analog control using a 0-10 V DC brightness control signal. Systems with remote control of light level via a wireless mesh network have been introduced. Electronic ballast of a compact fluorescent lamp Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher, rather than the mains frequency of 50 -- 60 Hz ; this substantially eliminates the stroboscopic effect of flicker, a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting (see photosensitive epilepsy ). The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker. The flicker index, used for measuring perceptible light modulation, has a range from 0.00 to 1.00, with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest. Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04-- 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01. Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream, the lamp operates at about 9% higher efficacy above approximately 10 kHz. Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz. Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some Canadian provinces circa 2012 ; since then LED retrofits have become more common. With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency, electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp . For HID lamps , there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency, but for these lamps the ballast losses are lower at higher frequencies and also the light depreciation is lower, meaning the lamp produces more light over its entire lifespan. Some HID lamp types like the ceramic discharge metal halide lamp have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of 20 -- 200 kHz ; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of 100 -- 400 Hz , with the same advantage of lower light depreciation. Application of electronic ballasts to HID lighting is growing in popularity. Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps as well as metal-halide lamps , reducing costs for building managers who use both types of lamps. The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc, supplying a high-voltage impulse and, later, it works as a limiter/regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit. Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts. Fluorescent lamp ballasts ( edit ) Main article: Fluorescent lamp Preheating ( edit ) This technique uses a combination filament -- cathode at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic (bi-metallic or electronic) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them. When filaments are disconnected, an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp. This system is described as `` Preheat'' in North America and `` Switch Start'' in the UK, and have no specific name in the rest part of the world. This systems is common in 200-- 240 V countries (and for 100-- 120 V lamps up to about 30 watts). Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens, it is not actually necessary. The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor. A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the 1960s. Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts. The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base. The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast (though the consumed current was the same), but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment. Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC. Such fittings used the thermal type of starter (mostly because they had gone out use long before the glow starter was invented), but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting. DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started. Failure to do so vastly shortened the life of the tube. Instant start ( edit ) An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes, instead using a relatively high voltage (~600 V) to initiate the discharge arc. It is the most energy efficient type, but yields the fewest lamp-start cycles, as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the lamp is turned on. Instant-start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles, where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off. Although these were mostly used in countries with 100-120 volt mains supplies (for lamps of 40 W or above), they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems. The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life. Rapid start ( edit ) A rapid start ballast applies voltage and heats the cathodes simultaneously. It provides superior lamp life and more cycle life, but uses slightly more energy as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates. Again, although popular in 100-120 volt countries for lamps of 40 W and above, rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable. Dimmable ballast ( edit ) A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast, but usually has a capacitor incorporated to give a power factor nearer to unity than a standard rapid start ballast. A quadrac type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast, which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled. A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels. Programmed start ( edit ) Used in high end electronic fluorescent ballasts. This ballast applies power to the filaments first, it allows the cathodes to preheat and then applies voltage to the lamps to strike an arc. Lamp life typically operates up to 100,000 on/off cycles when using programmed start ballasts. Once started, filament voltage is reduced to increase operating efficiency. This ballast gives the best life and most starts from lamps, and so is preferred for applications with very frequent power cycling such as vision examination rooms and restrooms with a motion detector switch. Hybrid ( edit ) A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core-and-coil transformer and an electronic switch for the electrode -heating circuit. Like a magnetic ballast, a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency-- 50 Hz in Europe, for example. These types of ballasts, which are also referred to as cathode -disconnect ballasts , disconnect the electrode -heating circuit after they start the lamps. ANSI ballast factor ( edit ) For a lighting ballast, the ANSI ballast factor is used in North America to compare the light output (in lumens ) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast. Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating. The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be considered in lighting design ; a low ballast factor may save energy, but will produce less light. With fluorescent lamps, ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0. Ballast triode ( edit ) Early tube-based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500, as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage, to keep the CRT's deflection factor constant. See also ( edit ) Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) Fluorescent lamp High-intensity discharge lamp (HID) Iron-hydrogen resistor Mercury-vapor lamp Neon lamp Sodium lamp References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2001). Sensors and transducers, 3rd Ed . Newnes. pp. 69-- 70. ISBN 0750649321 . Jump up ^ Kularatna, Nihal (1998). Power Electronics Design Handbook . Newnes. pp. 232-- 233. ISBN 0750670738 . Jump up ^ Aluf, Ofer (2012). Optoisolation Circuits: Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering . World Scientific. pp. 8-- 11. ISBN 9814317004 . This source uses the term `` absolute negative differential resistance'' to refer to active resistance Jump up ^ `` Understanding Transformer Noise'' (PDF) . federalpacific.com . Federal Pacific . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` infiNET dimmer datasheet'' (PDF) . Crestron Electronics, Inc. 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Specifier Reports: Electronic Ballasts p.18 , National Lighting Product Information Program, Volume 8 Number 1, May 2000. Retrieved 13 May 2013. Jump up ^ IES Lighting Handbook 1984 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2013-07-29 . Retrieved 2012-06-23 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Fluorescent Ballast Starting Methods?'' . Bulbsdepot.com. 2014-02-14 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 . Jump up ^ IEEE Std. 100 `` Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Standard 100'' , ISBN 0-7381-2601-2 , page 83 Jump up ^ ANSI standard C82.13-2002 Definitions for Flurorescent Lamp Ballasts`` , page 1 Jump up ^ `` Ballast factor'' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013 . Retrieved April 12, 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electrical ballasts . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Starters . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescent lamp power supplies (includes electronic ballasts) . 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About Wikipedia"},"id":{"kind":"string","value":"-3464742297635676063"}}},{"rowIdx":697,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who scored the most goals in 2014 world cup"},"long_answer":{"kind":"string","value":"The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez ."},"short_answers":{"kind":"list like","value":[["James Rodríguez"]],"string":"[\n [\n \"James Rodríguez\"\n ]\n]"},"yes_no_answer":{"kind":"list like","value":[-1],"string":"[\n -1\n]"},"candidates":{"kind":"list like","value":["The following article outlines the statistics for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July .","Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .","The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez .","6 goals","James Rodríguez","5 goals","Thomas Müller","4 goals","Lionel Messi Neymar Robin van Persie","Robin van Persie","3 goals","Enner Valencia Karim Benzema André Schürrle Arjen Robben Xherdan Shaqiri","2 goals","Abdelmoumene Djabou Islam Slimani Tim Cahill David Luiz Oscar Alexis Sánchez Jackson Martínez Bryan Ruiz Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Mario Götze Mats Hummels Miroslav Klose Toni Kroos André Ayew Asamoah Gyan Wilfried Bony Gervinho Memphis Depay Ahmed Musa Clint Dempsey Luis Suárez","1 goal","Yacine Brahimi Sofiane Feghouli Rafik Halliche Ángel Di María Gonzalo Higuaín Marcos Rojo Mile Jedinak Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Divock Origi Jan Vertonghen Edin Džeko Vedad Ibišević Miralem Pjanić Avdija Vršajević Fernandinho Fred Thiago Silva Joël Matip Charles Aránguiz Jean Beausejour Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Pablo Armero Juan Cuadrado Teófilo Gutiérrez Juan Quintero Joel Campbell Óscar Duarte Marco Ureña Ivica Olić Wayne Rooney Daniel Sturridge Olivier Giroud Blaise Matuidi Paul Pogba Moussa Sissoko Mathieu Valbuena Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Sokratis Papastathopoulos Georgios Samaras Andreas Samaris Carlo Costly Reza Ghoochannejhad Mario Balotelli Claudio Marchisio Keisuke Honda Shinji Okazaki Giovani dos Santos Andrés Guardado Javier Hernández Rafael Márquez Oribe Peralta Daley Blind Stefan de Vrij Leroy Fer Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Wesley Sneijder Georginio Wijnaldum Peter Odemwingie Cristiano Ronaldo Nani Silvestre Varela Aleksandr Kerzhakov Aleksandr Kokorin Koo Ja - cheol Lee Keun - ho Son Heung - min Xabi Alonso Juan Mata Fernando Torres David Villa Blerim Džemaili Admir Mehmedi Haris Seferović Granit Xhaka John Brooks Julian Green Jermaine Jones Edinson Cavani Diego Godín","Ángel Di María","Kevin De Bruyne","Giovani dos Santos","Stefan de Vrij","Klaas - Jan Huntelaar","Koo Ja - cheol","Lee Keun - ho","Son Heung - min","Own goals","Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina ) Marcelo ( against Croatia ) John Boye ( against Portugal ) Noel Valladares ( against France ) Joseph Yobo ( against France )","Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina )","Marcelo ( against Croatia )","John Boye ( against Portugal )","Noel Valladares ( against France )","Joseph Yobo ( against France )","Source : FIFA","Juan Cuadrado and Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists each during the tournament .","4 assists","Toni Kroos","3 assists","André Schürrle Juan Cuadrado Karim Benzema","2 assists","Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Alexis Sánchez Abel Aguilar James Rodríguez Christian Bolaños Walter Ayoví Mathieu Valbuena Philipp Lahm Thomas Müller Mesut Özil Serge Aurier Daley Blind Daryl Janmaat Josip Drmić Graham Zusi","Kevin De Bruyne","1 assist","Yacine Brahimi Abdelmoumene Djabou Sofiane Feghouli Carl Medjani Islam Slimani Ángel Di María Ezequiel Garay Gonzalo Higuaín Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Ryan McGowan Tommy Oar Romelu Lukaku Divock Origi Edin Džeko Senad Lulić Miralem Pjanić Tino - Sven Sušić Dante David Luiz Luiz Gustavo Marcelo Neymar Oscar Thiago Silva Allan Nyom Charles Aránguiz Mauricio Pinilla Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Teófilo Gutiérrez Adrián Ramos Joel Campbell Júnior Díaz Cristian Gamboa Eduardo Nikica Jelavić Ivan Perišić Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Juan Carlos Paredes Glen Johnson Wayne Rooney Mathieu Debuchy Paul Pogba Benedikt Höwedes Sami Khedira Kwadwo Asamoah John Boye Asamoah Gyan Sulley Muntari Theofanis Gekas Georgios Samaras Brayan Beckeles Javad Nekounam Antonio Candreva Andrea Pirlo Gervinho Keisuke Honda Yuto Nagatomo Giovani dos Santos Héctor Herrera Rafael Márquez Memphis Depay Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Arjen Robben Wesley Sneijder Michel Babatunde Emmanuel Emenike Cristiano Ronaldo Miguel Veloso Dmitri Kombarov Lee Keun - ho Yun Suk - young Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Juanfran Gökhan Inler Admir Mehmedi Ricardo Rodríguez Michael Bradley Edinson Cavani Fernando Muslera Gastón Ramírez","Ángel Di María","Tino - Sven Sušić","Juan Carlos Paredes","Giovani dos Santos","Klaas - Jan Huntelaar","Lee Keun - ho","Yun Suk - young","Source : UEFA","Overall","Total number of goals scored : 171 Average goals per match : 2.67 Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar ( 2 ) , Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 13 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas - Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 1 Karim Benzema Penalty kick success rate : 7001923100000000000 ♠ 92.31 % Own goals scored : 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo","Total number of goals scored : 171","Average goals per match : 2.67","Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar ( 2 ) , Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia","Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri","Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 13","Total number of penalty kicks scored : 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas - Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras","Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 1 Karim Benzema","Penalty kick success rate : 7001923100000000000 ♠ 92.31 %","Own goals scored : 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo","Timing","First goal of the tournament : Marcelo ( own goal ) for Croatia against Brazil First brace of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First hat - trick of the tournament : Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal Last goal of the tournament : Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina Last brace of the tournament : André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil Last hat - trick of the tournament : Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute ( 0 : 30 ) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay ( introduced in the 83rd minute ) , Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador ( introduced in the 46th minute ) , Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana ( introduced in the 69th minute ) , Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile ( introduced in the 75th minute ) , Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium ( introduced in the 105 + 2nd minute ) Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS Latest goal in a match with extra time : 120 + 1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Klaas - Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 2 minutes ( 1 : 06 ) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland","First goal of the tournament : Marcelo ( own goal ) for Croatia against Brazil","First brace of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia","First hat - trick of the tournament : Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal","Last goal of the tournament : Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina","Last brace of the tournament : André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil","Last hat - trick of the tournament : Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras","Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute ( 0 : 30 ) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana","Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay ( introduced in the 83rd minute ) , Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador ( introduced in the 46th minute ) , Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana ( introduced in the 69th minute ) , Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile ( introduced in the 75th minute ) , Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium ( introduced in the 105 + 2nd minute )","Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS","Latest goal in a match with extra time : 120 + 1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany","Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Klaas - Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico","Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland","Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 2 minutes ( 1 : 06 ) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland","Teams","Most goals scored by a team : 18 Germany Fewest goals scored by a team : 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran Most goals conceded by a team : 14 Brazil Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Costa Rica Best goal difference : + 14 Germany Worst goal difference : - 8 Cameroon Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 8 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Most goals scored in a match by one team : 7 Germany against Brazil Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina Biggest margin of victory : 6 goals Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Argentina , Netherlands Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands","Most goals scored by a team : 18 Germany","Fewest goals scored by a team : 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran","Most goals conceded by a team : 14 Brazil","Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Costa Rica","Best goal difference : + 14 Germany","Worst goal difference : - 8 Cameroon","Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 8 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany","Most goals scored in a match by one team : 7 Germany against Brazil","Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina","Biggest margin of victory : 6 goals Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany","Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands","Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States","Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria","Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast","Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Argentina , Netherlands","Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands","Individual","Most goals scored by an individual : 6 James Rodríguez Most assists given by an individual : 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 8 James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) , Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung - ryong , Kim Seung - gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Oldest goal scorer : 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares ( own goal ) for France against Honduras Youngest goal scorer : 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium","Most goals scored by an individual : 6 James Rodríguez","Most assists given by an individual : 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos","Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 8 James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) , Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists )","Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero","Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung - ryong , Kim Seung - gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares","Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero","Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras","Oldest goal scorer : 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares ( own goal ) for France against Honduras","Youngest goal scorer : 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium","Most wins : 6 -- Germany Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea Most losses : 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Fewest losses : 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands Most draws : 3 -- Costa Rica Fewest draws : 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras","Most wins : 6 -- Germany","Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea","Most losses : 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras","Fewest losses : 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands","Most draws : 3 -- Costa Rica","Fewest draws : 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay","Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands","Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras","Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) , Iran ( GS ) , Nigeria ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England ( GS ) , Greece ( R16 ) , Netherlands ( QF ) Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia ( GS ) , Chile ( GS ) , Brazil ( TP ) Rodriguez , James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 ) 5 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras ( GS ) , Switzerland ( GS ) Gotze , Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana ( GS ) , Argentina ( F ) Howard , Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal ( GS ) , Belgium ( R16 ) Muller , Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) Neymar , Neymar Brazil Croatia ( GS ) , Cameroon ( GS ) Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil ( GS ) , Netherlands ( R16 ) Shaqiri , Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador ( GS ) , Honduras ( GS ) Slimani , Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 13 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England ( GS ) Buffon , Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay ( GS ) Campbell , Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay ( GS ) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile ( R16 ) De Bruyne , Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria ( GS ) Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana ( GS ) Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana ( GS ) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS ) Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran ( GS ) Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia ( GS ) Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium ( QF ) Honda , Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece ( GS ) Hummels , Mats Mats Hummels Germany France ( QF ) Kroos , Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil ( SF ) David Luiz , David Luiz Brazil Colombia ( QF ) M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany ( R16 ) Mandzukic , Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon ( GS ) Marquez , Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia ( GS ) Martinez , Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan ( GS ) Mikel , John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran ( GS ) Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain ( GS ) Pogba , Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria ( R16 ) Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands ( SF ) Ruiz , Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) Samaras , Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast ( GS ) Sanchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia ( GS ) Santos , Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) Son , Heung - min Son Heung - min South Korea Russia ( GS ) Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England ( GS ) Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan ( GS ) Valencia , Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras ( GS ) Vargas , Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain ( GS ) Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea ( GS ) Villa , David David Villa Spain Australia ( GS )","Rank Name Team Opponent Awards","Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) , Iran ( GS ) , Nigeria ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 )","Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England ( GS ) , Greece ( R16 ) , Netherlands ( QF )","Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia ( GS ) , Chile ( GS ) , Brazil ( TP )","Rodriguez , James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 )","5 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras ( GS ) , Switzerland ( GS )","Gotze , Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana ( GS ) , Argentina ( F )","Howard , Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal ( GS ) , Belgium ( R16 )","Muller , Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS )","Neymar , Neymar Brazil Croatia ( GS ) , Cameroon ( GS )","Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil ( GS ) , Netherlands ( R16 )","Shaqiri , Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador ( GS ) , Honduras ( GS )","Slimani , Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea ( GS ) , Russia ( GS )","13 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England ( GS )","Buffon , Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay ( GS )","Campbell , Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay ( GS )","Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile ( R16 )","De Bruyne , Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria ( GS )","Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana ( GS )","Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana ( GS )","Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS )","Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran ( GS )","Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia ( GS )","Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium ( QF )","Honda , Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece ( GS )","Hummels , Mats Mats Hummels Germany France ( QF )","Kroos , Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil ( SF )","David Luiz , David Luiz Brazil Colombia ( QF )","M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany ( R16 )","Mandzukic , Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon ( GS )","Marquez , Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia ( GS )","Martinez , Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan ( GS )","Mikel , John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran ( GS )","Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS )","Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain ( GS )","Pogba , Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria ( R16 )","Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands ( SF )","Ruiz , Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy ( GS )","Samaras , Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast ( GS )","Sanchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia ( GS )","Santos , Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon ( GS )","Son , Heung - min Son Heung - min South Korea Russia ( GS )","Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England ( GS )","Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan ( GS )","Valencia , Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras ( GS )","Vargas , Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain ( GS )","Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea ( GS )","Villa , David David Villa Spain Australia ( GS )","The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer .","Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Cillessen , Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( QF ) , Argentina ( SF ) , Brazil ( TP ) Neuer , Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) , France ( QF ) , Argentina ( F ) Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) , Belgium ( QF ) , Netherlands ( SF ) Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras ( GS ) , Ecuador ( GS ) , Nigeria ( R16 ) Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , Netherlands ( QF ) 6 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia ( GS ) , South Korea ( GS ) Enyeama , Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran ( GS ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) Karnezis , Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) , Brazil ( GS ) Ospina , David David Ospina Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 ) 11 Benaglio , Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras ( GS ) Bravo , Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain ( GS ) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico ( GS ) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS ) Eduardo , Eduardo Portugal Ghana ( GS ) Foster , Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica ( GS ) Haghighi , Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria ( GS ) Kawashima , Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece ( GS ) Krul , Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica ( QF ) Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan ( GS ) Muslera , Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy ( GS ) Pletikosa , Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon ( GS ) Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia ( GS ) Vorm , Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil ( TP )","Rank Name Team Opponent Awards","Cillessen , Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( QF ) , Argentina ( SF ) , Brazil ( TP )","Neuer , Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) , France ( QF ) , Argentina ( F )","Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) , Belgium ( QF ) , Netherlands ( SF )","Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras ( GS ) , Ecuador ( GS ) , Nigeria ( R16 )","Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , Netherlands ( QF )","6 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia ( GS ) , South Korea ( GS )","Enyeama , Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran ( GS ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS )","Karnezis , Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS )","Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) , Brazil ( GS )","Ospina , David David Ospina Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 )","11 Benaglio , Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras ( GS )","Bravo , Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain ( GS )","Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico ( GS )","Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS )","Eduardo , Eduardo Portugal Ghana ( GS )","Foster , Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica ( GS )","Haghighi , Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria ( GS )","Kawashima , Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece ( GS )","Krul , Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica ( QF )","Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan ( GS )","Muslera , Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy ( GS )","Pletikosa , Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon ( GS )","Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia ( GS )","Vorm , Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil ( TP )","Total number of yellow cards : 187 Average yellow cards per match : 2.92 Total number of red cards : 10 Average red cards per match : 0.16 First yellow card of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First red card of the tournament : Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Fastest yellow card from kick off : 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy ( introduced in the 68th minute ) Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 120 + 4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland Fastest dismissal from kick off : 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany Fastest dismissal of a substitute : 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico ( introduced in the 69th minute ) Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 14 Brazil Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 2 Portugal Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Thiago Silva Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Costa Rica vs Greece Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany Most cards in one match : 1 red card , 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece","Total number of yellow cards : 187","Average yellow cards per match : 2.92","Total number of red cards : 10","Average red cards per match : 0.16","First yellow card of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia","First red card of the tournament : Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica","Fastest yellow card from kick off : 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands","Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy ( introduced in the 68th minute )","Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana","Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 120 + 4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland","Fastest dismissal from kick off : 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany","Fastest dismissal of a substitute : 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico ( introduced in the 69th minute )","Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica","Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute )","Most yellow cards ( team ) : 14 Brazil","Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay","Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 2 Portugal","Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Thiago Silva","Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia","Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Costa Rica vs Greece","Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece","Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany","Most cards in one match : 1 red card , 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece","Scoring at three or more World Cups","Scoring at three or more World Cups","Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cahill , Tim ! Tim Cahill N / A JPN ( 2 ) SRB CHI , NED 5 Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N / A IRN PRK GHA Dempsey , Clint ! Clint Dempsey N / A GHA ENG GHA , POR Gyan , Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N / A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6 Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA ( 3 ) , IRL , CMR 5 CRC ( 2 ) , ECU ( 2 ) , ARG AUS , ENG , ARG ( 2 ) GHA , BRA 16 Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N / A ARG RSA CRO Persie , Robin van ! Robin van Persie N / A CIV CMR ESP ( 2 ) , AUS , BRA 6 Robben , Arjen ! Arjen Robben N / A SCG SVK , URU ESP ( 2 ) , AUS 6 Villa , David ! David Villa N / A UKR ( 2 ) , FRA 5 HON ( 2 ) , CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9","Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals","Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against","Cahill , Tim ! Tim Cahill N / A JPN ( 2 ) SRB CHI , NED 5","Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N / A IRN PRK GHA","Dempsey , Clint ! Clint Dempsey N / A GHA ENG GHA , POR","Gyan , Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N / A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6","Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA ( 3 ) , IRL , CMR 5 CRC ( 2 ) , ECU ( 2 ) , ARG AUS , ENG , ARG ( 2 ) GHA , BRA 16","Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N / A ARG RSA CRO","Persie , Robin van ! Robin van Persie N / A CIV CMR ESP ( 2 ) , AUS , BRA 6","Robben , Arjen ! Arjen Robben N / A SCG SVK , URU ESP ( 2 ) , AUS 6","Villa , David ! David Villa N / A UKR ( 2 ) , FRA 5 HON ( 2 ) , CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9","Appearing in four World Cups","Appearing in four World Cups","Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Beasley , Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N / A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11 Buffon , Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N / A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14 Casillas , Iker ! Iker Casillas N / A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17 Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N / A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8 Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N / A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24 Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N / A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16 Xavi ! Xavi N / A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14","Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total","Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against","Beasley , Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N / A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11","Buffon , Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N / A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14","Casillas , Iker ! Iker Casillas N / A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17","Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N / A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8","Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N / A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24","Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N / A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16","Xavi ! Xavi N / A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14","Notes","Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute . In 2014 , Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups .","Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute .","In 2014 , Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups .","Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column .","The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament , making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players .","Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00 Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 + 4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00 Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 - 6 - 2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 + 3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20 Bosnia & Herz . 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 - 3 - 0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00 Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 - 8 - 2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33 Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 + 2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 + 8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00 Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 + 3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20 Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33 Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33 England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 + 7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00 Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 + 14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00 Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 - 7 - 2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33 Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33 Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 + 2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00 Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 + 11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00 Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00 Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00 United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08","Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC","Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00","Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 + 4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00","Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 - 6 - 2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00","Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 + 3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20","Bosnia & Herz . 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00","Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 - 3 - 0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00","Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 - 8 - 2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33","Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 + 2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00","Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 + 8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00","Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 + 3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20","Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33","Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33","England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00","France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 + 7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00","Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 + 14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00","Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00","Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25","Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 - 7 - 2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33","Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00","Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33","Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00","Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00","Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 + 2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00","Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 + 11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00","Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00","Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33","Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00","South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00","Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00","Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00","United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00","Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25","Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08","Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .","Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75 CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40 CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00 CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33 UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59","Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T","AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75","CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40","CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00","CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33","UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77","Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59","Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .","Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79 % 14 3.50 Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03 % 8 2.00 Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93 % 5 1.25 Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86 % 11 1.83 Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56 % 24 4.00 Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52 % 12 3.00 Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17 % 11 2.20 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08 % 22 4.40 Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58 % 17 2.83 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24 % 10 1.43 Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95 % 17 2.13 Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51 % 20 2.86","Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match","Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79 % 14 3.50","Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03 % 8 2.00","Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93 % 5 1.25","Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86 % 11 1.83","Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56 % 24 4.00","Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52 % 12 3.00","Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17 % 11 2.20","Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08 % 22 4.40","Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58 % 17 2.83","Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24 % 10 1.43","Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95 % 17 2.13","Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51 % 20 2.86"],"string":"[\n \"The following article outlines the statistics for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July .\",\n \"Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .\",\n \"The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez .\",\n \"6 goals\",\n \"James Rodríguez\",\n \"5 goals\",\n \"Thomas Müller\",\n \"4 goals\",\n \"Lionel Messi Neymar Robin van Persie\",\n \"Robin van Persie\",\n \"3 goals\",\n \"Enner Valencia Karim Benzema André Schürrle Arjen Robben Xherdan Shaqiri\",\n \"2 goals\",\n \"Abdelmoumene Djabou Islam Slimani Tim Cahill David Luiz Oscar Alexis Sánchez Jackson Martínez Bryan Ruiz Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Mario Götze Mats Hummels Miroslav Klose Toni Kroos André Ayew Asamoah Gyan Wilfried Bony Gervinho Memphis Depay Ahmed Musa Clint Dempsey Luis Suárez\",\n \"1 goal\",\n \"Yacine Brahimi Sofiane Feghouli Rafik Halliche Ángel Di María Gonzalo Higuaín Marcos Rojo Mile Jedinak Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Divock Origi Jan Vertonghen Edin Džeko Vedad Ibišević Miralem Pjanić Avdija Vršajević Fernandinho Fred Thiago Silva Joël Matip Charles Aránguiz Jean Beausejour Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Pablo Armero Juan Cuadrado Teófilo Gutiérrez Juan Quintero Joel Campbell Óscar Duarte Marco Ureña Ivica Olić Wayne Rooney Daniel Sturridge Olivier Giroud Blaise Matuidi Paul Pogba Moussa Sissoko Mathieu Valbuena Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Sokratis Papastathopoulos Georgios Samaras Andreas Samaris Carlo Costly Reza Ghoochannejhad Mario Balotelli Claudio Marchisio Keisuke Honda Shinji Okazaki Giovani dos Santos Andrés Guardado Javier Hernández Rafael Márquez Oribe Peralta Daley Blind Stefan de Vrij Leroy Fer Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Wesley Sneijder Georginio Wijnaldum Peter Odemwingie Cristiano Ronaldo Nani Silvestre Varela Aleksandr Kerzhakov Aleksandr Kokorin Koo Ja - cheol Lee Keun - ho Son Heung - min Xabi Alonso Juan Mata Fernando Torres David Villa Blerim Džemaili Admir Mehmedi Haris Seferović Granit Xhaka John Brooks Julian Green Jermaine Jones Edinson Cavani Diego Godín\",\n \"Ángel Di María\",\n \"Kevin De Bruyne\",\n \"Giovani dos Santos\",\n \"Stefan de Vrij\",\n \"Klaas - Jan Huntelaar\",\n \"Koo Ja - cheol\",\n \"Lee Keun - ho\",\n \"Son Heung - min\",\n \"Own goals\",\n \"Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina ) Marcelo ( against Croatia ) John Boye ( against Portugal ) Noel Valladares ( against France ) Joseph Yobo ( against France )\",\n \"Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina )\",\n \"Marcelo ( against Croatia )\",\n \"John Boye ( against Portugal )\",\n \"Noel Valladares ( against France )\",\n \"Joseph Yobo ( against France )\",\n \"Source : FIFA\",\n \"Juan Cuadrado and Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists each during the tournament .\",\n \"4 assists\",\n \"Toni Kroos\",\n \"3 assists\",\n \"André Schürrle Juan Cuadrado Karim Benzema\",\n \"2 assists\",\n \"Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Alexis Sánchez Abel Aguilar James Rodríguez Christian Bolaños Walter Ayoví Mathieu Valbuena Philipp Lahm Thomas Müller Mesut Özil Serge Aurier Daley Blind Daryl Janmaat Josip Drmić Graham Zusi\",\n \"Kevin De Bruyne\",\n \"1 assist\",\n \"Yacine Brahimi Abdelmoumene Djabou Sofiane Feghouli Carl Medjani Islam Slimani Ángel Di María Ezequiel Garay Gonzalo Higuaín Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Ryan McGowan Tommy Oar Romelu Lukaku Divock Origi Edin Džeko Senad Lulić Miralem Pjanić Tino - Sven Sušić Dante David Luiz Luiz Gustavo Marcelo Neymar Oscar Thiago Silva Allan Nyom Charles Aránguiz Mauricio Pinilla Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Teófilo Gutiérrez Adrián Ramos Joel Campbell Júnior Díaz Cristian Gamboa Eduardo Nikica Jelavić Ivan Perišić Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Juan Carlos Paredes Glen Johnson Wayne Rooney Mathieu Debuchy Paul Pogba Benedikt Höwedes Sami Khedira Kwadwo Asamoah John Boye Asamoah Gyan Sulley Muntari Theofanis Gekas Georgios Samaras Brayan Beckeles Javad Nekounam Antonio Candreva Andrea Pirlo Gervinho Keisuke Honda Yuto Nagatomo Giovani dos Santos Héctor Herrera Rafael Márquez Memphis Depay Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Arjen Robben Wesley Sneijder Michel Babatunde Emmanuel Emenike Cristiano Ronaldo Miguel Veloso Dmitri Kombarov Lee Keun - ho Yun Suk - young Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Juanfran Gökhan Inler Admir Mehmedi Ricardo Rodríguez Michael Bradley Edinson Cavani Fernando Muslera Gastón Ramírez\",\n \"Ángel Di María\",\n \"Tino - Sven Sušić\",\n \"Juan Carlos Paredes\",\n \"Giovani dos Santos\",\n \"Klaas - Jan Huntelaar\",\n \"Lee Keun - ho\",\n \"Yun Suk - young\",\n \"Source : UEFA\",\n \"Overall\",\n \"Total number of goals scored : 171 Average goals per match : 2.67 Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar ( 2 ) , Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 13 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas - Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 1 Karim Benzema Penalty kick success rate : 7001923100000000000 ♠ 92.31 % Own goals scored : 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo\",\n \"Total number of goals scored : 171\",\n \"Average goals per match : 2.67\",\n \"Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar ( 2 ) , Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia\",\n \"Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri\",\n \"Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 13\",\n \"Total number of penalty kicks scored : 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas - Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras\",\n \"Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 1 Karim Benzema\",\n \"Penalty kick success rate : 7001923100000000000 ♠ 92.31 %\",\n \"Own goals scored : 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo\",\n \"Timing\",\n \"First goal of the tournament : Marcelo ( own goal ) for Croatia against Brazil First brace of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First hat - trick of the tournament : Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal Last goal of the tournament : Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina Last brace of the tournament : André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil Last hat - trick of the tournament : Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute ( 0 : 30 ) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay ( introduced in the 83rd minute ) , Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador ( introduced in the 46th minute ) , Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana ( introduced in the 69th minute ) , Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile ( introduced in the 75th minute ) , Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium ( introduced in the 105 + 2nd minute ) Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS Latest goal in a match with extra time : 120 + 1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Klaas - Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 2 minutes ( 1 : 06 ) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland\",\n \"First goal of the tournament : Marcelo ( own goal ) for Croatia against Brazil\",\n \"First brace of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia\",\n \"First hat - trick of the tournament : Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal\",\n \"Last goal of the tournament : Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina\",\n \"Last brace of the tournament : André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil\",\n \"Last hat - trick of the tournament : Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras\",\n \"Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute ( 0 : 30 ) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana\",\n \"Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay ( introduced in the 83rd minute ) , Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador ( introduced in the 46th minute ) , Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana ( introduced in the 69th minute ) , Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile ( introduced in the 75th minute ) , Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium ( introduced in the 105 + 2nd minute )\",\n \"Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS\",\n \"Latest goal in a match with extra time : 120 + 1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany\",\n \"Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Klaas - Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico\",\n \"Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland\",\n \"Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 2 minutes ( 1 : 06 ) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland\",\n \"Teams\",\n \"Most goals scored by a team : 18 Germany Fewest goals scored by a team : 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran Most goals conceded by a team : 14 Brazil Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Costa Rica Best goal difference : + 14 Germany Worst goal difference : - 8 Cameroon Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 8 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Most goals scored in a match by one team : 7 Germany against Brazil Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina Biggest margin of victory : 6 goals Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Argentina , Netherlands Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands\",\n \"Most goals scored by a team : 18 Germany\",\n \"Fewest goals scored by a team : 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran\",\n \"Most goals conceded by a team : 14 Brazil\",\n \"Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Costa Rica\",\n \"Best goal difference : + 14 Germany\",\n \"Worst goal difference : - 8 Cameroon\",\n \"Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 8 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany\",\n \"Most goals scored in a match by one team : 7 Germany against Brazil\",\n \"Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina\",\n \"Biggest margin of victory : 6 goals Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany\",\n \"Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands\",\n \"Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States\",\n \"Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria\",\n \"Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast\",\n \"Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Argentina , Netherlands\",\n \"Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands\",\n \"Individual\",\n \"Most goals scored by an individual : 6 James Rodríguez Most assists given by an individual : 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 8 James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) , Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung - ryong , Kim Seung - gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Oldest goal scorer : 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares ( own goal ) for France against Honduras Youngest goal scorer : 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium\",\n \"Most goals scored by an individual : 6 James Rodríguez\",\n \"Most assists given by an individual : 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos\",\n \"Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 8 James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) , Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists )\",\n \"Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero\",\n \"Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung - ryong , Kim Seung - gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares\",\n \"Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero\",\n \"Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras\",\n \"Oldest goal scorer : 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares ( own goal ) for France against Honduras\",\n \"Youngest goal scorer : 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium\",\n \"Most wins : 6 -- Germany Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea Most losses : 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Fewest losses : 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands Most draws : 3 -- Costa Rica Fewest draws : 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras\",\n \"Most wins : 6 -- Germany\",\n \"Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea\",\n \"Most losses : 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras\",\n \"Fewest losses : 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands\",\n \"Most draws : 3 -- Costa Rica\",\n \"Fewest draws : 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay\",\n \"Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands\",\n \"Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras\",\n \"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) , Iran ( GS ) , Nigeria ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England ( GS ) , Greece ( R16 ) , Netherlands ( QF ) Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia ( GS ) , Chile ( GS ) , Brazil ( TP ) Rodriguez , James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 ) 5 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras ( GS ) , Switzerland ( GS ) Gotze , Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana ( GS ) , Argentina ( F ) Howard , Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal ( GS ) , Belgium ( R16 ) Muller , Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) Neymar , Neymar Brazil Croatia ( GS ) , Cameroon ( GS ) Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil ( GS ) , Netherlands ( R16 ) Shaqiri , Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador ( GS ) , Honduras ( GS ) Slimani , Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 13 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England ( GS ) Buffon , Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay ( GS ) Campbell , Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay ( GS ) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile ( R16 ) De Bruyne , Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria ( GS ) Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana ( GS ) Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana ( GS ) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS ) Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran ( GS ) Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia ( GS ) Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium ( QF ) Honda , Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece ( GS ) Hummels , Mats Mats Hummels Germany France ( QF ) Kroos , Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil ( SF ) David Luiz , David Luiz Brazil Colombia ( QF ) M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany ( R16 ) Mandzukic , Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon ( GS ) Marquez , Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia ( GS ) Martinez , Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan ( GS ) Mikel , John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran ( GS ) Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain ( GS ) Pogba , Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria ( R16 ) Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands ( SF ) Ruiz , Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) Samaras , Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast ( GS ) Sanchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia ( GS ) Santos , Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) Son , Heung - min Son Heung - min South Korea Russia ( GS ) Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England ( GS ) Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan ( GS ) Valencia , Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras ( GS ) Vargas , Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain ( GS ) Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea ( GS ) Villa , David David Villa Spain Australia ( GS )\",\n \"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards\",\n \"Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) , Iran ( GS ) , Nigeria ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 )\",\n \"Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England ( GS ) , Greece ( R16 ) , Netherlands ( QF )\",\n \"Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia ( GS ) , Chile ( GS ) , Brazil ( TP )\",\n \"Rodriguez , James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 )\",\n \"5 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras ( GS ) , Switzerland ( GS )\",\n \"Gotze , Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana ( GS ) , Argentina ( F )\",\n \"Howard , Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal ( GS ) , Belgium ( R16 )\",\n \"Muller , Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS )\",\n \"Neymar , Neymar Brazil Croatia ( GS ) , Cameroon ( GS )\",\n \"Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil ( GS ) , Netherlands ( R16 )\",\n \"Shaqiri , Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador ( GS ) , Honduras ( GS )\",\n \"Slimani , Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea ( GS ) , Russia ( GS )\",\n \"13 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England ( GS )\",\n \"Buffon , Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay ( GS )\",\n \"Campbell , Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay ( GS )\",\n \"Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile ( R16 )\",\n \"De Bruyne , Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria ( GS )\",\n \"Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana ( GS )\",\n \"Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana ( GS )\",\n \"Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS )\",\n \"Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran ( GS )\",\n \"Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia ( GS )\",\n \"Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium ( QF )\",\n \"Honda , Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece ( GS )\",\n \"Hummels , Mats Mats Hummels Germany France ( QF )\",\n \"Kroos , Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil ( SF )\",\n \"David Luiz , David Luiz Brazil Colombia ( QF )\",\n \"M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany ( R16 )\",\n \"Mandzukic , Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon ( GS )\",\n \"Marquez , Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia ( GS )\",\n \"Martinez , Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan ( GS )\",\n \"Mikel , John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran ( GS )\",\n \"Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS )\",\n \"Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain ( GS )\",\n \"Pogba , Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria ( R16 )\",\n \"Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands ( SF )\",\n \"Ruiz , Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy ( GS )\",\n \"Samaras , Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast ( GS )\",\n \"Sanchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia ( GS )\",\n \"Santos , Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon ( GS )\",\n \"Son , Heung - min Son Heung - min South Korea Russia ( GS )\",\n \"Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England ( GS )\",\n \"Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan ( GS )\",\n \"Valencia , Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras ( GS )\",\n \"Vargas , Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain ( GS )\",\n \"Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea ( GS )\",\n \"Villa , David David Villa Spain Australia ( GS )\",\n \"The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer .\",\n \"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Cillessen , Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( QF ) , Argentina ( SF ) , Brazil ( TP ) Neuer , Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) , France ( QF ) , Argentina ( F ) Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) , Belgium ( QF ) , Netherlands ( SF ) Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras ( GS ) , Ecuador ( GS ) , Nigeria ( R16 ) Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , Netherlands ( QF ) 6 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia ( GS ) , South Korea ( GS ) Enyeama , Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran ( GS ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) Karnezis , Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) , Brazil ( GS ) Ospina , David David Ospina Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 ) 11 Benaglio , Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras ( GS ) Bravo , Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain ( GS ) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico ( GS ) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS ) Eduardo , Eduardo Portugal Ghana ( GS ) Foster , Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica ( GS ) Haghighi , Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria ( GS ) Kawashima , Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece ( GS ) Krul , Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica ( QF ) Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan ( GS ) Muslera , Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy ( GS ) Pletikosa , Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon ( GS ) Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia ( GS ) Vorm , Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil ( TP )\",\n \"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards\",\n \"Cillessen , Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( QF ) , Argentina ( SF ) , Brazil ( TP )\",\n \"Neuer , Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) , France ( QF ) , Argentina ( F )\",\n \"Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) , Belgium ( QF ) , Netherlands ( SF )\",\n \"Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras ( GS ) , Ecuador ( GS ) , Nigeria ( R16 )\",\n \"Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , Netherlands ( QF )\",\n \"6 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia ( GS ) , South Korea ( GS )\",\n \"Enyeama , Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran ( GS ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS )\",\n \"Karnezis , Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS )\",\n \"Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) , Brazil ( GS )\",\n \"Ospina , David David Ospina Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 )\",\n \"11 Benaglio , Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras ( GS )\",\n \"Bravo , Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain ( GS )\",\n \"Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico ( GS )\",\n \"Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS )\",\n \"Eduardo , Eduardo Portugal Ghana ( GS )\",\n \"Foster , Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica ( GS )\",\n \"Haghighi , Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria ( GS )\",\n \"Kawashima , Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece ( GS )\",\n \"Krul , Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica ( QF )\",\n \"Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan ( GS )\",\n \"Muslera , Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy ( GS )\",\n \"Pletikosa , Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon ( GS )\",\n \"Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia ( GS )\",\n \"Vorm , Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil ( TP )\",\n \"Total number of yellow cards : 187 Average yellow cards per match : 2.92 Total number of red cards : 10 Average red cards per match : 0.16 First yellow card of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First red card of the tournament : Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Fastest yellow card from kick off : 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy ( introduced in the 68th minute ) Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 120 + 4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland Fastest dismissal from kick off : 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany Fastest dismissal of a substitute : 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico ( introduced in the 69th minute ) Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 14 Brazil Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 2 Portugal Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Thiago Silva Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Costa Rica vs Greece Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany Most cards in one match : 1 red card , 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece\",\n \"Total number of yellow cards : 187\",\n \"Average yellow cards per match : 2.92\",\n \"Total number of red cards : 10\",\n \"Average red cards per match : 0.16\",\n \"First yellow card of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia\",\n \"First red card of the tournament : Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica\",\n \"Fastest yellow card from kick off : 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands\",\n \"Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy ( introduced in the 68th minute )\",\n \"Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana\",\n \"Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 120 + 4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland\",\n \"Fastest dismissal from kick off : 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany\",\n \"Fastest dismissal of a substitute : 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico ( introduced in the 69th minute )\",\n \"Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica\",\n \"Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute )\",\n \"Most yellow cards ( team ) : 14 Brazil\",\n \"Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay\",\n \"Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 2 Portugal\",\n \"Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Thiago Silva\",\n \"Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia\",\n \"Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Costa Rica vs Greece\",\n \"Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece\",\n \"Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany\",\n \"Most cards in one match : 1 red card , 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece\",\n \"Scoring at three or more World Cups\",\n \"Scoring at three or more World Cups\",\n \"Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cahill , Tim ! Tim Cahill N / A JPN ( 2 ) SRB CHI , NED 5 Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N / A IRN PRK GHA Dempsey , Clint ! Clint Dempsey N / A GHA ENG GHA , POR Gyan , Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N / A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6 Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA ( 3 ) , IRL , CMR 5 CRC ( 2 ) , ECU ( 2 ) , ARG AUS , ENG , ARG ( 2 ) GHA , BRA 16 Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N / A ARG RSA CRO Persie , Robin van ! Robin van Persie N / A CIV CMR ESP ( 2 ) , AUS , BRA 6 Robben , Arjen ! Arjen Robben N / A SCG SVK , URU ESP ( 2 ) , AUS 6 Villa , David ! David Villa N / A UKR ( 2 ) , FRA 5 HON ( 2 ) , CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9\",\n \"Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals\",\n \"Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against\",\n \"Cahill , Tim ! Tim Cahill N / A JPN ( 2 ) SRB CHI , NED 5\",\n \"Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N / A IRN PRK GHA\",\n \"Dempsey , Clint ! Clint Dempsey N / A GHA ENG GHA , POR\",\n \"Gyan , Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N / A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6\",\n \"Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA ( 3 ) , IRL , CMR 5 CRC ( 2 ) , ECU ( 2 ) , ARG AUS , ENG , ARG ( 2 ) GHA , BRA 16\",\n \"Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N / A ARG RSA CRO\",\n \"Persie , Robin van ! Robin van Persie N / A CIV CMR ESP ( 2 ) , AUS , BRA 6\",\n \"Robben , Arjen ! Arjen Robben N / A SCG SVK , URU ESP ( 2 ) , AUS 6\",\n \"Villa , David ! David Villa N / A UKR ( 2 ) , FRA 5 HON ( 2 ) , CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9\",\n \"Appearing in four World Cups\",\n \"Appearing in four World Cups\",\n \"Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Beasley , Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N / A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11 Buffon , Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N / A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14 Casillas , Iker ! Iker Casillas N / A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17 Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N / A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8 Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N / A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24 Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N / A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16 Xavi ! Xavi N / A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14\",\n \"Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total\",\n \"Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against\",\n \"Beasley , Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N / A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11\",\n \"Buffon , Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N / A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14\",\n \"Casillas , Iker ! Iker Casillas N / A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17\",\n \"Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N / A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8\",\n \"Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N / A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24\",\n \"Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N / A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16\",\n \"Xavi ! Xavi N / A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14\",\n \"Notes\",\n \"Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute . In 2014 , Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups .\",\n \"Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute .\",\n \"In 2014 , Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups .\",\n \"Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column .\",\n \"The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament , making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players .\",\n \"Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00 Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 + 4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00 Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 - 6 - 2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 + 3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20 Bosnia & Herz . 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 - 3 - 0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00 Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 - 8 - 2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33 Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 + 2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 + 8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00 Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 + 3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20 Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33 Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33 England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 + 7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00 Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 + 14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00 Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 - 7 - 2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33 Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33 Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 + 2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00 Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 + 11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00 Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00 Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00 United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08\",\n \"Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC\",\n \"Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00\",\n \"Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 + 4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00\",\n \"Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 - 6 - 2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 + 3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20\",\n \"Bosnia & Herz . 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 - 3 - 0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 - 8 - 2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33\",\n \"Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 + 2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00\",\n \"Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 + 8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 + 3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20\",\n \"Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33\",\n \"Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33\",\n \"England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00\",\n \"France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 + 7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 + 14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00\",\n \"Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25\",\n \"Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 - 7 - 2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33\",\n \"Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00\",\n \"Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33\",\n \"Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00\",\n \"Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00\",\n \"Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 + 2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 + 11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00\",\n \"Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00\",\n \"Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33\",\n \"Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00\",\n \"South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00\",\n \"United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00\",\n \"Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25\",\n \"Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08\",\n \"Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .\",\n \"Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75 CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40 CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00 CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33 UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59\",\n \"Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T\",\n \"AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75\",\n \"CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40\",\n \"CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00\",\n \"CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33\",\n \"UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77\",\n \"Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59\",\n \"Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .\",\n \"Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79 % 14 3.50 Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03 % 8 2.00 Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93 % 5 1.25 Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86 % 11 1.83 Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56 % 24 4.00 Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52 % 12 3.00 Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17 % 11 2.20 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08 % 22 4.40 Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58 % 17 2.83 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24 % 10 1.43 Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95 % 17 2.13 Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51 % 20 2.86\",\n \"Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match\",\n \"Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79 % 14 3.50\",\n \"Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03 % 8 2.00\",\n \"Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93 % 5 1.25\",\n \"Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86 % 11 1.83\",\n \"Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56 % 24 4.00\",\n \"Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52 % 12 3.00\",\n \"Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17 % 11 2.20\",\n \"Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08 % 22 4.40\",\n \"Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58 % 17 2.83\",\n \"Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24 % 10 1.43\",\n \"Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95 % 17 2.13\",\n \"Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51 % 20 2.86\"\n]"},"document":{"kind":"string","value":"2014 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics Jump to: navigation , search The following article outlines the statistics for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July. Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Contents ( hide ) 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Discipline 7 Multiple World Cups 8 Overall results 8.1 By team 8.2 By confederation 9 Stadiums 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez . 6 goals James Rodríguez 5 goals Thomas Müller 4 goals Lionel Messi Neymar Robin van Persie 3 goals Enner Valencia Karim Benzema André Schürrle Arjen Robben Xherdan Shaqiri 2 goals Abdelmoumene Djabou Islam Slimani Tim Cahill David Luiz Oscar Alexis Sánchez Jackson Martínez Bryan Ruiz Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Mario Götze Mats Hummels Miroslav Klose Toni Kroos André Ayew Asamoah Gyan Wilfried Bony Gervinho Memphis Depay Ahmed Musa Clint Dempsey Luis Suárez 1 goal Yacine Brahimi Sofiane Feghouli Rafik Halliche Ángel Di María Gonzalo Higuaín Marcos Rojo Mile Jedinak Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Divock Origi Jan Vertonghen Edin Džeko Vedad Ibišević Miralem Pjanić Avdija Vršajević Fernandinho Fred Thiago Silva Joël Matip Charles Aránguiz Jean Beausejour Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Pablo Armero Juan Cuadrado Teófilo Gutiérrez Juan Quintero Joel Campbell Óscar Duarte Marco Ureña Ivica Olić Wayne Rooney Daniel Sturridge Olivier Giroud Blaise Matuidi Paul Pogba Moussa Sissoko Mathieu Valbuena Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Sokratis Papastathopoulos Georgios Samaras Andreas Samaris Carlo Costly Reza Ghoochannejhad Mario Balotelli Claudio Marchisio Keisuke Honda Shinji Okazaki Giovani dos Santos Andrés Guardado Javier Hernández Rafael Márquez Oribe Peralta Daley Blind Stefan de Vrij Leroy Fer Klaas-Jan Huntelaar Wesley Sneijder Georginio Wijnaldum Peter Odemwingie Cristiano Ronaldo Nani Silvestre Varela Aleksandr Kerzhakov Aleksandr Kokorin Koo Ja-cheol Lee Keun-ho Son Heung-min Xabi Alonso Juan Mata Fernando Torres David Villa Blerim Džemaili Admir Mehmedi Haris Seferović Granit Xhaka John Brooks Julian Green Jermaine Jones Edinson Cavani Diego Godín Own goals Sead Kolašinac (against Argentina) Marcelo (against Croatia) John Boye (against Portugal) Noel Valladares (against France) Joseph Yobo (against France) Source: FIFA Assists ( edit ) Juan Cuadrado and Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists each during the tournament. 4 assists Toni Kroos 3 assists André Schürrle Juan Cuadrado Karim Benzema 2 assists Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Alexis Sánchez Abel Aguilar James Rodríguez Christian Bolaños Walter Ayoví Mathieu Valbuena Philipp Lahm Thomas Müller Mesut Özil Serge Aurier Daley Blind Daryl Janmaat Josip Drmić Graham Zusi 1 assist Yacine Brahimi Abdelmoumene Djabou Sofiane Feghouli Carl Medjani Islam Slimani Ángel Di María Ezequiel Garay Gonzalo Higuaín Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Ryan McGowan Tommy Oar Romelu Lukaku Divock Origi Edin Džeko Senad Lulić Miralem Pjanić Tino-Sven Sušić Dante David Luiz Luiz Gustavo Marcelo Neymar Oscar Thiago Silva Allan Nyom Charles Aránguiz Mauricio Pinilla Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Teófilo Gutiérrez Adrián Ramos Joel Campbell Júnior Díaz Cristian Gamboa Eduardo Nikica Jelavić Ivan Perišić Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Juan Carlos Paredes Glen Johnson Wayne Rooney Mathieu Debuchy Paul Pogba Benedikt Höwedes Sami Khedira Kwadwo Asamoah John Boye Asamoah Gyan Sulley Muntari Theofanis Gekas Georgios Samaras Brayan Beckeles Javad Nekounam Antonio Candreva Andrea Pirlo Gervinho Keisuke Honda Yuto Nagatomo Giovani dos Santos Héctor Herrera Rafael Márquez Memphis Depay Klaas-Jan Huntelaar Arjen Robben Wesley Sneijder Michel Babatunde Emmanuel Emenike Cristiano Ronaldo Miguel Veloso Dmitri Kombarov Lee Keun-ho Yun Suk-young Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Juanfran Gökhan Inler Admir Mehmedi Ricardo Rodríguez Michael Bradley Edinson Cavani Fernando Muslera Gastón Ramírez Source: UEFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall Total number of goals scored: 171 Average goals per match: 2.67 Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar (2), Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia Total number of hat-tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 13 Total number of penalty kicks scored: 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas-Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 1 Karim Benzema Penalty kick success rate: 7001923100000000000♠ 92.31% Own goals scored: 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo Timing First goal of the tournament: Marcelo (own goal) for Croatia against Brazil First brace of the tournament: Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First hat-trick of the tournament: Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal Last goal of the tournament: Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina Last brace of the tournament: André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil Last hat-trick of the tournament: Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute (0:30) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay (introduced in the 83rd minute), Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador (introduced in the 46th minute), Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana (introduced in the 69th minute), Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile (introduced in the 75th minute), Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium (introduced in the 105+2nd minute) Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS Latest goal in a match with extra time: 120+1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute Klaas-Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 2 minutes (1:06) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland Teams Most goals scored by a team: 18 Germany Fewest goals scored by a team: 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran Most goals conceded by a team: 14 Brazil Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Costa Rica Best goal difference: +14 Germany Worst goal difference: -8 Cameroon Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 8 Brazil 1-- 7 Germany Most goals scored in a match by one team: 7 Germany against Brazil Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina Biggest margin of victory: 6 goals Brazil 1-- 7 Germany Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Argentina , Netherlands Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands Individual Most goals scored by an individual: 6 James Rodríguez Most assists given by an individual: 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 8 James Rodríguez (6 goals, 2 assists), Thomas Müller (5 goals, 3 assists) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung-ryong , Kim Seung-gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Oldest goal scorer: 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares (own goal) for France against Honduras Youngest goal scorer: 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins: 6 -- Germany Fewest wins: 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea Most losses: 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Fewest losses: 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands Most draws: 3 -- Costa Rica Fewest draws: 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay Most points in the group stage: 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands Fewest points in the group stage: 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup awards § Man of the Match Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Messi, Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS) , Iran (GS) , Nigeria (GS) , Switzerland (R16) Navas, Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England (GS) , Greece (R16) , Netherlands (QF) Robben, Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia (GS) , Chile (GS) , Brazil (TP) Rodriguez, James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece (GS) , Ivory Coast (GS) , Uruguay (R16) 5 Benzema, Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras (GS) , Switzerland (GS) Gotze, Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana (GS) , Argentina (F) Howard, Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal (GS) , Belgium (R16) Muller, Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal (GS) , United States (GS) Neymar, Neymar Brazil Croatia (GS) , Cameroon (GS) Ochoa, Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil (GS) , Netherlands (R16) Shaqiri, Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador (GS) , Honduras (GS) Slimani, Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea (GS) , Russia (GS) 13 Balotelli, Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England (GS) Buffon, Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay (GS) Campbell, Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay (GS) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile (R16) De Bruyne, Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria (GS) Dempsey, Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana (GS) Cristiano Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana (GS) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France (GS) Dzeko, Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran (GS) Hazard, Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia (GS) Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium (QF) Honda, Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece (GS) Hummels, Mats Mats Hummels Germany France (QF) Kroos, Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil (SF) David Luiz, David Luiz Brazil Colombia (QF) M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany (R16) Mandzukic, Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon (GS) Marquez, Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia (GS) Martinez, Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan (GS) Mikel, John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran (GS) Odemwingie, Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS) Persie, Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain (GS) Pogba, Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria (R16) Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands (SF) Ruiz, Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy (GS) Samaras, Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast (GS) Sanchez, Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia (GS) Santos, Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon (GS) Son, Heung-min Son Heung-min South Korea Russia (GS) Suarez, Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England (GS) Toure, Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan (GS) Valencia, Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras (GS) Vargas, Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain (GS) Vertonghen, Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea (GS) Villa, David David Villa Spain Australia (GS) Clean sheets ( edit ) The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer . Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Cillessen, Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile (GS) , Costa Rica (QF) , Argentina (SF) , Brazil (TP) Neuer, Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal (GS) , United States (GS) , France (QF) , Argentina (F) Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran (GS) , Switzerland (R16) , Belgium (QF) , Netherlands (SF) Lloris, Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras (GS) , Ecuador (GS) , Nigeria (R16) Navas, Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy (GS) , England (GS) , Netherlands (QF) 6 Courtois, Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia (GS) , South Korea (GS) Enyeama, Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran (GS) , Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS) Karnezis, Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan (GS) , Ivory Coast (GS) Ochoa, Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon (GS) , Brazil (GS) Ospina, David David Ospina Colombia Greece (GS) , Uruguay (R16) 11 Benaglio, Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras (GS) Bravo, Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain (GS) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico (GS) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France (GS) Eduardo, Eduardo Portugal Ghana (GS) Foster, Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica (GS) Haghighi, Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria (GS) Kawashima, Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece (GS) Krul, Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica (QF) Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan (GS) Muslera, Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy (GS) Pletikosa, Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon (GS) Reina, Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia (GS) Vorm, Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil (TP) Discipline ( edit ) Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards: 187 Average yellow cards per match: 2.92 Total number of red cards: 10 Average red cards per match: 0.16 First yellow card of the tournament: Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First red card of the tournament: Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Fastest yellow card from kick off: 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy (introduced in the 68th minute) Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 120+4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland Fastest dismissal from kick off: 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany Fastest dismissal of a substitute: 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico (introduced in the 69th minute) Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute) Most yellow cards (team): 14 Brazil Most red cards (team): 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay Fewest yellow cards (team): 2 Portugal Most yellow cards (player): 3 Thiago Silva Most red cards (player): 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia Most yellow cards (match): 8 Costa Rica vs Greece Most red cards (match): 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece Fewest yellow cards (match): 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany Most cards in one match: 1 red card, 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at three or more World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cahill, Tim ! Tim Cahill N/A JPN (2) SRB CHI , NED 5 Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N/A IRN PRK GHA Dempsey, Clint ! Clint Dempsey N/A GHA ENG GHA , POR Gyan, Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N/A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6 Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA (3), IRL , CMR 5 CRC (2), ECU (2), ARG AUS , ENG , ARG (2) GHA , BRA 16 Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N/A ARG RSA CRO Persie, Robin van ! Robin van Persie N/A CIV CMR ESP (2), AUS , BRA 6 Robben, Arjen ! Arjen Robben N/A SCG SVK , URU ESP (2), AUS 6 Villa, David ! David Villa N/A UKR (2), FRA 5 HON (2), CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9 Appearing in four World Cups Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Beasley, Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N/A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11 Buffon, Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N/A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14 Casillas, Iker ! Iker Casillas N/A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17 Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N/A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8 Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N/A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24 Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N/A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16 Xavi ! Xavi N/A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14 Notes Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute. In 2014, Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups. Overall results ( edit ) See also: List of 2014 FIFA World Cup matches Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column. By team ( edit ) The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament, making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players. Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00 Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 +4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00 Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 -6 -2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 +3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20 Bosnia & Herz. 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 -3 -0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00 Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 -8 -2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33 Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 +2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 +8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00 Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 +3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20 Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33 Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33 England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 -2 -0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 +7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00 Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 +14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00 Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 -2 -0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 -2 -0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 -7 -2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33 Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 -3 -1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33 Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 -4 -1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 +2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00 Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 +11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00 Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 -2 -0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00 Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 -3 -1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 -3 -1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 -3 -1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00 United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 -1 -0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 -2 -0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08 Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won) -- Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved) -- As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts/T AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75 CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40 CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00 CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33 UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won) -- Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved) -- As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Stadiums ( edit ) See also: 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and List of 2014 FIFA World Cup matches Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79% 14 3.50 Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03% 8 2.00 Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93% 5 1.25 Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86% 11 1.83 Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56% 24 4.00 Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52% 12 3.00 Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17% 11 2.20 Estádio Beira-Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08% 22 4.40 Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58% 17 2.83 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24% 10 1.43 Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95% 17 2.13 Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51% 20 2.86 See also ( edit ) 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Boot'' . FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics -- Assists'' . UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players'' (PDF) . FIFA. 11 June 2014. p. 19 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ 3 Michel Vorm And Two Minutes Of Glory sbnation.com Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup: Where are the 12 host stadiums in Brazil?'' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Amazonia, Manaus'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena da Baixada, Curitiba'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio das Dunas, Natal'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Pantanal, Cuiaba'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Pernambuco, Recife'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Castelao, Fortaleza'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Do Maracana, Rio de Janeiro'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Mineirao, Belo Horizonte'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Nacional de Brasilia, Brasilia'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official Brazil government website (in Portuguese) (in English) (in Spanish) 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (video game) Adidas Brazuca (ball) Caxirola (musical instrument) Fuleco (mascot) One Love, One Rhythm (album) We Are One (Ole Ola) (song) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners-up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter-finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup_statistics&oldid=825713809 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories: Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hCards Articles with Portuguese-language external links Articles with Spanish-language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Nederlands Norsk Português Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 23:51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia"},"id":{"kind":"string","value":"-3697671556976076340"}}},{"rowIdx":698,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which attribute of the characters in morality plays reflects"},"long_answer":{"kind":"string","value":"The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual 's faith and the grace of God . They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation , the marriage of clergymen , and the cleansing of sin only through Christ 's sacrifice ; at the same time , they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation ."},"short_answers":{"kind":"list like","value":[[]],"string":"[\n []\n]"},"yes_no_answer":{"kind":"list like","value":[-1],"string":"[\n -1\n]"},"candidates":{"kind":"list like","value":["The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment . In their own time , these plays were known as interludes , a broader term for dramas with or without a moral . Morality plays are a type of allegory in which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a Godly life over one of evil . The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries . Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages , they represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre . The earliest known morality play is Hildegard von Bingen 's Ordo Virtutum ( English : `` Order of the Virtues '' ) composed c. 1151 . It is the earliest morality play by more than a century , and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music .","Morality plays typically contain a protagonist who represents either humanity as a whole or a smaller social structure . Supporting characters are personifications of good and evil . This alignment of characters provides the play 's audience with moral guidance . Morality plays are the result of the dominant belief of the time period , that humans had a certain amount of control over their post-death fate while they were on earth .","In Everyman , perhaps the archetypal morality play , the characters take on the common pattern , representing broader ideas . Some of the characters in Everyman are God , Death , Everyman , Good - Deeds , Angel , Knowledge , Beauty , Discretion , and Strength . The personified meanings of these characters are hardly hidden . The premise of Everyman is that God , believing that the people on earth are too focused on wealth and worldly possessions , sends Death to Everyman to remind him of God 's power and the importance of upholding values . The emphasis put on morality , the seemingly vast difference between good and evil , and the strong presence of God makes Everyman one of the most concrete examples of a morality play . At the same time , most morality plays focus more on evil , while Everyman focuses more on good , highlighting sin in contrast .","Other plays that take on the typical traits of morality plays , but are rarely given the title of `` morality play '' are Hickscorner and The Second Shepherds ' Play . The characters in Hickscorner are Pity , Perseverance , Imagination , Contemplation , Freewill , and Hickscorner . They blatantly represent moral ideals . In The Second Shepherds ' Play , the characters are less obviously representative of good and evil , being primarily a trio of shepherds . But other characters such as Mary , The Child Christ , and An Angel show a strong moral presence and the importance of God in the play .","In early English dramas Justice was personified as an entity which exercised `` theological virtue or grace , and was concerned with the divine pronouncement of judgment on man '' . However , as time progressed , more moralities began to emerge ; it is during this transitional period where one begins to see Justice begin to assume more and more the qualities of a judge . The Justice in Respublica begins to concern himself with administering justice on `` the criminal element '' , rather than with the divine pronouncement on a generic representative of mankind . This is the first instance where one may observe a direct divergence from the theological virtues and concerns that were previously exerted by Justice in the morality plays of the fifteenth century . The Justice in Respublica is personified as a `` civil force rather than a theological one '' . An evolution of sorts takes place within the morals and agendas of Justice , he begins to don on the Judicial Robe of prosecutor and executioner .","Another change envelops in the character of Justice during the sixteenth century in morality plays ; Equity replaces Justice and assumes the judiciary duties previously performed by Justice . This changing of rulers , or preceding justices , is done when Equity declares that his brother Justice has been banished from the country and that he ( Equity ) will from now on take on the duties of the former monarch , Justice . This change of ruling heads is portrayed in the morality play , Liberality and Prodigality , where Equity serves Virtue in the detection , arrest , and punishment of Prodigality for the robbery and murder of Tenacity , a yeoman in the country of Middlesex . Virtue states ,","So horrible a fact can hardly pleaded for favour : Therefore go you , Equity , examine more diligently The manner of this outrageous robbery : And as the same by examination shall appear , Due justice may be done in presence here . ( Liberality and Prodigality 377 )","The meta phases that Justice undergoes during the sixteenth century in morality plays , from `` Justice '' to `` Equity '' further illustrates the evolution of Justice ; not only did Justice change from a `` theological abstraction to a civil servant '' , but he experienced a corporeal change as well .","One may readily observe the evolutionary progression of Justice as portrayed in the plays of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . One encounters Justice in the early - fifteenth - century moralities as a performer playing the role of a theological virtue or grace , and then one sees him develop to a more serious figure , occupying the position of an arbiter of justice during the sixteenth century . It is a journey of discovery and great change on which Justice welcomes one to embark as one leafs through the pages of morality plays .","Although the purpose of all morality plays is to instruct listeners on the means of receiving redemption , morality plays after the Protestant Reformation are of a distinctly different didacticism than the morality plays before the Reformation .","Morality plays before the Reformation teach a Catholic approach to redemption , with an emphasis on works and the sacraments , a view originating with Tertullian ( c. 155 -- c. 240 AD ) and Cyprian ( d . 258 ) . The emphasis on works can be seen in the final speech in one of the most well - known of medieval morality plays , Everyman , in which there is a clear statement about the necessity of good works for the one who desires heaven :","Doctor : This moral men may have in mind ; Ye hearers , take it of worth , old and young , And forsake pride , for he deceiveth you in the end , And remember Beauty , Five - wits , Strength , and Discretion , They all at last do Everyman forsake , Save his Good - Deeds , there doth he take . But beware , and they be small Before God , he hath no help at all . None excuse may be there for Everyman .","The importance of the sacraments is seen in the morality tale entitled Mankind ( play ) . In this play , the sacrament of penance is emphasized when the allegorical character Mercy speaks to Mankind : `` Come let us go to this cloister and incline your mind towards God . Do n't sin thinking that you are assured mercy , that itself is a sin . It 's not a good idea to take advantage of the Lord . ''","Pre-Reformation plays emphasized the importance of the sacraments of the Catholic Church ( such as partaking in mass and baptism ) , the church clergy , the church hierarchy , the church establishment in general , and the abstinence from the Seven Deadly Sins . Many of the morality tales were allegories and involved characters with names of Vices ( e.g. , Gluttony ) and Virtues ( e.g. , Goodness ) . Their purpose was to direct the playgoers to pursue virtue and renounce vice .","Frequently a character representing a Vice would state , upon his first appearance , that he was evil . For example , in The Castle of Perseverance , a character called Lust - Liking states :","Lo , me ! here ready Lord , to fare and to flee To seek thee a servant valued and dear ! Whoso will by Folly ruled be , He is worthy to be a servant here , Who slips into the Sins Seven .","Even after this initial introduction , however , the Vice will continually reiterate to the audience that his nature is diabolic . Very often , the Vice presented will bring his character into criticism by the manner in which he presents himself to his audience , thus further demonstrating his wickedness . For example , the Vices in the earlier morality plays often spoke using vulgar language and by blasphemous swearing . Often , these curses were spoken in Latin , which being considered the holy language , made these curses even more offensive to the audience . Moreover , the Vices often made a mockery of religious practices sacred to the audience , thereby castigating themselves in the eyes of their audience . Deceit is another means by which the Vice exposes his wickedness to the audience and serves as an example to them of what to avoid in a righteous life . Furthermore , in the pre-Reformation play , the Vices denounce their own characters by acting violently toward each other , and toward the Virtues .","Whereas the pre-Reformation morality plays sought to reinforce the establishment of the Catholic Church and Catholic doctrine , the post-Reformation morality plays worked to destroy Catholic credibility and demonise the Catholic Church . Although post-Reformation morality plays were like its predecessor in that it also was concerned with the salvation of its audience , it differed in that it believed that the theology promoted by pre-Reformation plays was antithetical to salvation . Thus , a major shift in focus , from concern for the individual 's moral behaviour to concern for the individual 's theological practices , occurred with the post-Reformation morality plays . The wave of Protestantism which fuelled the content of these plays dictated that more attention should be given to warning people against the Catholic Church than of their sinful nature . The means of redemption , according to the philosophy embedded in post-Reformation morality plays , is dependent upon the audience understanding the truthfulness of Protestant theology and verses and also the deceptiveness and wickedness of Catholic theology , whose best example is the secular play of Calderón .","The Vices in post-Reformation morality plays are almost always depicted as being Catholic . At times this depiction is achieved through their physical appearance . For example , Vices in post-Reformation morality plays would be dressed as cardinals , friars , monks , or the pope . Other times , the Vice comes out and states he is a Catholic , or elucidates that he is Catholic by swearing a Catholic pledge . Oftentimes , the Vice in post-Reformation plays admits that Catholic theology is flawed , and that by being Catholic the Vice is committing treason . Moreover , Vices often appear ignorant and naive , especially when it comes to their biblical understanding and knowledge of the New Testament . Often , morality plays coming out the post-Reformation period , ridicule ritualistic Catholic practices . Furthermore , these plays postulated that Catholics were opposed to moral behaviour and truthfulness , and that the Catholic Church warped the text of the bible to justify sinning . To deceive the victim of post-Reformation morality plays , the vice typically assumes a new name to disguise what actual vice he is .","Because the Vice is aggressively tied to Catholicism from the outset of the play , when the Vice is reprimanded and damned , so are his Catholic beliefs . Therefore , the Vice served as a central component to discrediting the Catholic Church in post-Reformation morality plays .","The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual 's faith and the grace of God . They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation , the marriage of clergymen , and the cleansing of sin only through Christ 's sacrifice ; at the same time , they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation ."],"string":"[\n \"The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment . In their own time , these plays were known as interludes , a broader term for dramas with or without a moral . Morality plays are a type of allegory in which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a Godly life over one of evil . The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries . Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages , they represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre . The earliest known morality play is Hildegard von Bingen 's Ordo Virtutum ( English : `` Order of the Virtues '' ) composed c. 1151 . It is the earliest morality play by more than a century , and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music .\",\n \"Morality plays typically contain a protagonist who represents either humanity as a whole or a smaller social structure . Supporting characters are personifications of good and evil . This alignment of characters provides the play 's audience with moral guidance . Morality plays are the result of the dominant belief of the time period , that humans had a certain amount of control over their post-death fate while they were on earth .\",\n \"In Everyman , perhaps the archetypal morality play , the characters take on the common pattern , representing broader ideas . Some of the characters in Everyman are God , Death , Everyman , Good - Deeds , Angel , Knowledge , Beauty , Discretion , and Strength . The personified meanings of these characters are hardly hidden . The premise of Everyman is that God , believing that the people on earth are too focused on wealth and worldly possessions , sends Death to Everyman to remind him of God 's power and the importance of upholding values . The emphasis put on morality , the seemingly vast difference between good and evil , and the strong presence of God makes Everyman one of the most concrete examples of a morality play . At the same time , most morality plays focus more on evil , while Everyman focuses more on good , highlighting sin in contrast .\",\n \"Other plays that take on the typical traits of morality plays , but are rarely given the title of `` morality play '' are Hickscorner and The Second Shepherds ' Play . The characters in Hickscorner are Pity , Perseverance , Imagination , Contemplation , Freewill , and Hickscorner . They blatantly represent moral ideals . In The Second Shepherds ' Play , the characters are less obviously representative of good and evil , being primarily a trio of shepherds . But other characters such as Mary , The Child Christ , and An Angel show a strong moral presence and the importance of God in the play .\",\n \"In early English dramas Justice was personified as an entity which exercised `` theological virtue or grace , and was concerned with the divine pronouncement of judgment on man '' . However , as time progressed , more moralities began to emerge ; it is during this transitional period where one begins to see Justice begin to assume more and more the qualities of a judge . The Justice in Respublica begins to concern himself with administering justice on `` the criminal element '' , rather than with the divine pronouncement on a generic representative of mankind . This is the first instance where one may observe a direct divergence from the theological virtues and concerns that were previously exerted by Justice in the morality plays of the fifteenth century . The Justice in Respublica is personified as a `` civil force rather than a theological one '' . An evolution of sorts takes place within the morals and agendas of Justice , he begins to don on the Judicial Robe of prosecutor and executioner .\",\n \"Another change envelops in the character of Justice during the sixteenth century in morality plays ; Equity replaces Justice and assumes the judiciary duties previously performed by Justice . This changing of rulers , or preceding justices , is done when Equity declares that his brother Justice has been banished from the country and that he ( Equity ) will from now on take on the duties of the former monarch , Justice . This change of ruling heads is portrayed in the morality play , Liberality and Prodigality , where Equity serves Virtue in the detection , arrest , and punishment of Prodigality for the robbery and murder of Tenacity , a yeoman in the country of Middlesex . Virtue states ,\",\n \"So horrible a fact can hardly pleaded for favour : Therefore go you , Equity , examine more diligently The manner of this outrageous robbery : And as the same by examination shall appear , Due justice may be done in presence here . ( Liberality and Prodigality 377 )\",\n \"The meta phases that Justice undergoes during the sixteenth century in morality plays , from `` Justice '' to `` Equity '' further illustrates the evolution of Justice ; not only did Justice change from a `` theological abstraction to a civil servant '' , but he experienced a corporeal change as well .\",\n \"One may readily observe the evolutionary progression of Justice as portrayed in the plays of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . One encounters Justice in the early - fifteenth - century moralities as a performer playing the role of a theological virtue or grace , and then one sees him develop to a more serious figure , occupying the position of an arbiter of justice during the sixteenth century . It is a journey of discovery and great change on which Justice welcomes one to embark as one leafs through the pages of morality plays .\",\n \"Although the purpose of all morality plays is to instruct listeners on the means of receiving redemption , morality plays after the Protestant Reformation are of a distinctly different didacticism than the morality plays before the Reformation .\",\n \"Morality plays before the Reformation teach a Catholic approach to redemption , with an emphasis on works and the sacraments , a view originating with Tertullian ( c. 155 -- c. 240 AD ) and Cyprian ( d . 258 ) . The emphasis on works can be seen in the final speech in one of the most well - known of medieval morality plays , Everyman , in which there is a clear statement about the necessity of good works for the one who desires heaven :\",\n \"Doctor : This moral men may have in mind ; Ye hearers , take it of worth , old and young , And forsake pride , for he deceiveth you in the end , And remember Beauty , Five - wits , Strength , and Discretion , They all at last do Everyman forsake , Save his Good - Deeds , there doth he take . But beware , and they be small Before God , he hath no help at all . None excuse may be there for Everyman .\",\n \"The importance of the sacraments is seen in the morality tale entitled Mankind ( play ) . In this play , the sacrament of penance is emphasized when the allegorical character Mercy speaks to Mankind : `` Come let us go to this cloister and incline your mind towards God . Do n't sin thinking that you are assured mercy , that itself is a sin . It 's not a good idea to take advantage of the Lord . ''\",\n \"Pre-Reformation plays emphasized the importance of the sacraments of the Catholic Church ( such as partaking in mass and baptism ) , the church clergy , the church hierarchy , the church establishment in general , and the abstinence from the Seven Deadly Sins . Many of the morality tales were allegories and involved characters with names of Vices ( e.g. , Gluttony ) and Virtues ( e.g. , Goodness ) . Their purpose was to direct the playgoers to pursue virtue and renounce vice .\",\n \"Frequently a character representing a Vice would state , upon his first appearance , that he was evil . For example , in The Castle of Perseverance , a character called Lust - Liking states :\",\n \"Lo , me ! here ready Lord , to fare and to flee To seek thee a servant valued and dear ! Whoso will by Folly ruled be , He is worthy to be a servant here , Who slips into the Sins Seven .\",\n \"Even after this initial introduction , however , the Vice will continually reiterate to the audience that his nature is diabolic . Very often , the Vice presented will bring his character into criticism by the manner in which he presents himself to his audience , thus further demonstrating his wickedness . For example , the Vices in the earlier morality plays often spoke using vulgar language and by blasphemous swearing . Often , these curses were spoken in Latin , which being considered the holy language , made these curses even more offensive to the audience . Moreover , the Vices often made a mockery of religious practices sacred to the audience , thereby castigating themselves in the eyes of their audience . Deceit is another means by which the Vice exposes his wickedness to the audience and serves as an example to them of what to avoid in a righteous life . Furthermore , in the pre-Reformation play , the Vices denounce their own characters by acting violently toward each other , and toward the Virtues .\",\n \"Whereas the pre-Reformation morality plays sought to reinforce the establishment of the Catholic Church and Catholic doctrine , the post-Reformation morality plays worked to destroy Catholic credibility and demonise the Catholic Church . Although post-Reformation morality plays were like its predecessor in that it also was concerned with the salvation of its audience , it differed in that it believed that the theology promoted by pre-Reformation plays was antithetical to salvation . Thus , a major shift in focus , from concern for the individual 's moral behaviour to concern for the individual 's theological practices , occurred with the post-Reformation morality plays . The wave of Protestantism which fuelled the content of these plays dictated that more attention should be given to warning people against the Catholic Church than of their sinful nature . The means of redemption , according to the philosophy embedded in post-Reformation morality plays , is dependent upon the audience understanding the truthfulness of Protestant theology and verses and also the deceptiveness and wickedness of Catholic theology , whose best example is the secular play of Calderón .\",\n \"The Vices in post-Reformation morality plays are almost always depicted as being Catholic . At times this depiction is achieved through their physical appearance . For example , Vices in post-Reformation morality plays would be dressed as cardinals , friars , monks , or the pope . Other times , the Vice comes out and states he is a Catholic , or elucidates that he is Catholic by swearing a Catholic pledge . Oftentimes , the Vice in post-Reformation plays admits that Catholic theology is flawed , and that by being Catholic the Vice is committing treason . Moreover , Vices often appear ignorant and naive , especially when it comes to their biblical understanding and knowledge of the New Testament . Often , morality plays coming out the post-Reformation period , ridicule ritualistic Catholic practices . Furthermore , these plays postulated that Catholics were opposed to moral behaviour and truthfulness , and that the Catholic Church warped the text of the bible to justify sinning . To deceive the victim of post-Reformation morality plays , the vice typically assumes a new name to disguise what actual vice he is .\",\n \"Because the Vice is aggressively tied to Catholicism from the outset of the play , when the Vice is reprimanded and damned , so are his Catholic beliefs . Therefore , the Vice served as a central component to discrediting the Catholic Church in post-Reformation morality plays .\",\n \"The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual 's faith and the grace of God . They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation , the marriage of clergymen , and the cleansing of sin only through Christ 's sacrifice ; at the same time , they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation .\"\n]"},"document":{"kind":"string","value":"Morality play - wikipedia Morality play For the book by Barry Unsworth, see Morality Play (novel) . The 1522 cover of Mundus et Infans , a morality play The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment. In their own time, these plays were known as interludes , a broader term for dramas with or without a moral . Morality plays are a type of allegory in which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a Godly life over one of evil. The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages, they represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre. The earliest known morality play is Hildegard von Bingen 's Ordo Virtutum (English: `` Order of the Virtues'' ) composed c. 1151. It is the earliest morality play by more than a century, and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Justice and Equity as characters 3 Pre-Reformation versus post-Reformation 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Morality plays typically contain a protagonist who represents either humanity as a whole or a smaller social structure. Supporting characters are personifications of good and evil. This alignment of characters provides the play's audience with moral guidance. Morality plays are the result of the dominant belief of the time period, that humans had a certain amount of control over their post-death fate while they were on earth. In Everyman , perhaps the archetypal morality play, the characters take on the common pattern, representing broader ideas. Some of the characters in Everyman are God, Death, Everyman, Good-Deeds, Angel, Knowledge, Beauty, Discretion, and Strength. The personified meanings of these characters are hardly hidden. The premise of Everyman is that God, believing that the people on earth are too focused on wealth and worldly possessions, sends Death to Everyman to remind him of God's power and the importance of upholding values. The emphasis put on morality, the seemingly vast difference between good and evil, and the strong presence of God makes Everyman one of the most concrete examples of a morality play. At the same time, most morality plays focus more on evil, while Everyman focuses more on good, highlighting sin in contrast. Other plays that take on the typical traits of morality plays, but are rarely given the title of `` morality play'' are Hickscorner and The Second Shepherds' Play. The characters in Hickscorner are Pity, Perseverance, Imagination, Contemplation, Freewill, and Hickscorner. They blatantly represent moral ideals. In The Second Shepherds' Play , the characters are less obviously representative of good and evil, being primarily a trio of shepherds. But other characters such as Mary, The Child Christ, and An Angel show a strong moral presence and the importance of God in the play. Justice and Equity as characters ( edit ) In early English dramas Justice was personified as an entity which exercised `` theological virtue or grace, and was concerned with the divine pronouncement of judgment on man'' . However, as time progressed, more moralities began to emerge; it is during this transitional period where one begins to see Justice begin to assume more and more the qualities of a judge. The Justice in Respublica begins to concern himself with administering justice on `` the criminal element'' , rather than with the divine pronouncement on a generic representative of mankind. This is the first instance where one may observe a direct divergence from the theological virtues and concerns that were previously exerted by Justice in the morality plays of the fifteenth century. The Justice in Respublica is personified as a `` civil force rather than a theological one'' . An evolution of sorts takes place within the morals and agendas of Justice, he begins to don on the Judicial Robe of prosecutor and executioner. Another change envelops in the character of Justice during the sixteenth century in morality plays; Equity replaces Justice and assumes the judiciary duties previously performed by Justice. This changing of rulers, or preceding justices, is done when Equity declares that his brother Justice has been banished from the country and that he (Equity) will from now on take on the duties of the former monarch, Justice. This change of ruling heads is portrayed in the morality play, Liberality and Prodigality , where Equity serves Virtue in the detection, arrest, and punishment of Prodigality for the robbery and murder of Tenacity, a yeoman in the country of Middlesex. Virtue states, So horrible a fact can hardly pleaded for favour: Therefore go you, Equity, examine more diligently The manner of this outrageous robbery: And as the same by examination shall appear, Due justice may be done in presence here. ( Liberality and Prodigality 377) The meta phases that Justice undergoes during the sixteenth century in morality plays, from `` Justice'' to `` Equity'' further illustrates the evolution of Justice; not only did Justice change from a `` theological abstraction to a civil servant'' , but he experienced a corporeal change as well. One may readily observe the evolutionary progression of Justice as portrayed in the plays of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. One encounters Justice in the early-fifteenth-century moralities as a performer playing the role of a theological virtue or grace, and then one sees him develop to a more serious figure, occupying the position of an arbiter of justice during the sixteenth century. It is a journey of discovery and great change on which Justice welcomes one to embark as one leafs through the pages of morality plays. Pre-Reformation versus post-Reformation ( edit ) Although the purpose of all morality plays is to instruct listeners on the means of receiving redemption, morality plays after the Protestant Reformation are of a distinctly different didacticism than the morality plays before the Reformation. Morality plays before the Reformation teach a Catholic approach to redemption, with an emphasis on works and the sacraments, a view originating with Tertullian (c. 155 -- c. 240 AD) and Cyprian (d. 258). The emphasis on works can be seen in the final speech in one of the most well-known of medieval morality plays, Everyman , in which there is a clear statement about the necessity of good works for the one who desires heaven: Doctor: This moral men may have in mind; Ye hearers, take it of worth, old and young, And forsake pride, for he deceiveth you in the end, And remember Beauty, Five-wits, Strength, and Discretion, They all at last do Everyman forsake, Save his Good-Deeds, there doth he take. But beware, and they be small Before God, he hath no help at all. None excuse may be there for Everyman. The importance of the sacraments is seen in the morality tale entitled Mankind (play) . In this play, the sacrament of penance is emphasized when the allegorical character Mercy speaks to Mankind: `` Come let us go to this cloister and incline your mind towards God. Don't sin thinking that you are assured mercy, that itself is a sin. It's not a good idea to take advantage of the Lord.'' Pre-Reformation plays emphasized the importance of the sacraments of the Catholic Church (such as partaking in mass and baptism), the church clergy, the church hierarchy, the church establishment in general, and the abstinence from the Seven Deadly Sins . Many of the morality tales were allegories and involved characters with names of Vices (e.g., Gluttony) and Virtues (e.g., Goodness). Their purpose was to direct the playgoers to pursue virtue and renounce vice. Frequently a character representing a Vice would state, upon his first appearance, that he was evil. For example, in The Castle of Perseverance , a character called Lust-Liking states: Lo, me! here ready Lord, to fare and to flee To seek thee a servant valued and dear! Whoso will by Folly ruled be, He is worthy to be a servant here, Who slips into the Sins Seven. Even after this initial introduction, however, the Vice will continually reiterate to the audience that his nature is diabolic. Very often, the Vice presented will bring his character into criticism by the manner in which he presents himself to his audience, thus further demonstrating his wickedness. For example, the Vices in the earlier morality plays often spoke using vulgar language and by blasphemous swearing. Often, these curses were spoken in Latin , which being considered the holy language, made these curses even more offensive to the audience. Moreover, the Vices often made a mockery of religious practices sacred to the audience, thereby castigating themselves in the eyes of their audience. Deceit is another means by which the Vice exposes his wickedness to the audience and serves as an example to them of what to avoid in a righteous life. Furthermore, in the pre-Reformation play, the Vices denounce their own characters by acting violently toward each other, and toward the Virtues. Whereas the pre-Reformation morality plays sought to reinforce the establishment of the Catholic Church and Catholic doctrine, the post-Reformation morality plays worked to destroy Catholic credibility and demonise the Catholic Church. Although post-Reformation morality plays were like its predecessor in that it also was concerned with the salvation of its audience, it differed in that it believed that the theology promoted by pre-Reformation plays was antithetical to salvation. Thus, a major shift in focus, from concern for the individual's moral behaviour to concern for the individual's theological practices, occurred with the post-Reformation morality plays. The wave of Protestantism which fuelled the content of these plays dictated that more attention should be given to warning people against the Catholic Church than of their sinful nature. The means of redemption, according to the philosophy embedded in post-Reformation morality plays, is dependent upon the audience understanding the truthfulness of Protestant theology and verses and also the deceptiveness and wickedness of Catholic theology, whose best example is the secular play of Calderón . The Vices in post-Reformation morality plays are almost always depicted as being Catholic. At times this depiction is achieved through their physical appearance. For example, Vices in post-Reformation morality plays would be dressed as cardinals, friars, monks, or the pope. Other times, the Vice comes out and states he is a Catholic, or elucidates that he is Catholic by swearing a Catholic pledge. Oftentimes, the Vice in post-Reformation plays admits that Catholic theology is flawed, and that by being Catholic the Vice is committing treason. Moreover, Vices often appear ignorant and naive, especially when it comes to their biblical understanding and knowledge of the New Testament . Often, morality plays coming out the post-Reformation period, ridicule ritualistic Catholic practices. Furthermore, these plays postulated that Catholics were opposed to moral behaviour and truthfulness, and that the Catholic Church warped the text of the bible to justify sinning. To deceive the victim of post-Reformation morality plays, the vice typically assumes a new name to disguise what actual vice he is. Because the Vice is aggressively tied to Catholicism from the outset of the play, when the Vice is reprimanded and damned, so are his Catholic beliefs. Therefore, the Vice served as a central component to discrediting the Catholic Church in post-Reformation morality plays. The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual's faith and the grace of God. They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation, the marriage of clergymen, and the cleansing of sin only through Christ's sacrifice; at the same time, they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richardson and Johnston (1991, 97-98). Jump up ^ King, Pamela M. `` Morality Plays'' . The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre . Ed. Richard Beadle. Cambridge: Cambridge UP , 1994. 235. Print. Jump up ^ Everyman and Other Miracle and Morality Plays . Ed. Stanley Appelbaum and Candace Ward. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. 36-59. Print. Jump up ^ King, Pamela M. `` Morality Plays'' . The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre . Ed. Richard Beadle. Cambridge: Cambridge UP , 1994. 257. Print. Jump up ^ Everyman and Other Miracle and Morality Plays. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum and Candace Ward. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. 60. Print. Jump up ^ Everyman and Other Miracle and Morality Plays. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum and Candace Ward. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. 12-35. Print. Jump up ^ McCutchan, J. Wilson. `` Justice and Equity in the English Morality Play.'' Journal of the History of Ideas. 19.3 (1958): 406. ^ Jump up to: Respublica , ed. by Leonard A. Magnus (London, 1905), Extra Series XCIV. Jump up ^ McCutchan, J. Wilson . `` Justice and Equity in the English Morality Play.'' Journal of the History of Ideas. 19.3 (1958): 408. Jump up ^ Liberality and Prodigality , in A Select Collection of Old English Plays . ed. by W. Carew Hazlitt (London, 1874), VIII, 329-83. Jump up ^ McCutchan, J. Wilson . `` Justice and Equity in the English Morality Play.'' Journal of the History of Ideas. 19.3 (1958): 409. Jump up ^ Cawley, A.C. (1974). Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays . London: Dent. p. 225. ISBN 978-0460872805 . Jump up ^ McDonald, Rick. `` Modern English Translation of Mankind'' . Utah Valley University . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston, Alexandra F. `` The Castle of Perseverance: A Modernization'' . Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences . University of Toronto . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Pineas, Rainer. `` The English Morality Play as a Weapon of Religious Controversy.'' Studies in English Literature 2.2 (1962): 157-180. JSTOR. Web. 28 September 2009. Jump up ^ Muratta Bunsen, Eduardo. `` Leidenschaft des Zweifelns: Skepsis und Probabilismus in den Säkulardramen von Pedro Calderón de la Barca.'' http://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/we05/forschung/dissertationen/ . Sources ( edit ) Cummings, James (2004-07-13). `` The Pride of Life'' . The Literary Encyclopedia . The Literary Dictionary Company Limited . Retrieved 2008-08-06 . Owen, Siam The modern God of our era Medieval Drama. English Dramatists ser. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-45477-4 . Gilligan, Festus Michael External links ( edit ) NewPlays.org.uk - A brief history of Morality Plays. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). `` Moralities '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. The Pride of Life hide Morality plays of the Tudor period Interludes The Castle of Perseverance Mankind Everyman The World and the Child Interlude of Youth The Disobedient Child Liberality and Prodigality Horestes The Seven Deadly Sins The Play of the Weather Related works Medieval theatre Psychomachia Autos sacramentales Ordo Virtutum Elckerlijc A Satire of the Three Estates A Looking Glass for London Four Plays in One Pathomachia The Sun's Darling The Three Ladies of London Characters Vice Folly Death Personification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morality_play&oldid=841807873 '' Categories : Christian plays Medieval drama Medieval literature Morality Religious vernacular drama Theatrical genres Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 05:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia"},"id":{"kind":"string","value":"7660012549020794285"}}},{"rowIdx":699,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what does the song closer by nine inch nails mean"},"long_answer":{"kind":"string","value":"Lyrically , `` Closer '' is a meditation on self - hatred and obsession , but to Reznor 's dismay , the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus , which included the line `` I wan na fuck you like an animal '' . In 2003 , VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years . '' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time , '' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus . `` Come on dude : ' I wan na fuck you like an animal ' ? '' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That 's the all - time fuck song . Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing . You can fuck to it , you can dance to it and you can break shit to it . Since I 'm engaged now ( to Mayte Garcia ) , I 'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer ' took place on a swing . ''"},"short_answers":{"kind":"list like","value":[["a meditation on self-hatred and obsession"]],"string":"[\n [\n \"a meditation on self-hatred and obsession\"\n ]\n]"},"yes_no_answer":{"kind":"list like","value":[-1],"string":"[\n -1\n]"},"candidates":{"kind":"list like","value":["`` Closer '' US CD single cover Single by Nine Inch Nails from the album The Downward Spiral B - side `` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia '' Released May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 ) Format CD 12 '' cassette Recorded 1993 -- 94 Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon , Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Industrial rock Length 6 : 13 Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Trent Reznor Producer ( s ) Flood Trent Reznor Nine Inch Nails singles chronology `` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 ) `` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 ) Halo numbers chronology `` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995 Audio sample file help","`` Closer ''","US CD single cover","Single by Nine Inch Nails","from the album The Downward Spiral","B - side `` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia ''","`` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia ''","`` March of the Fuckheads ''","`` Memorabilia ''","Released May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 )","Format CD 12 '' cassette","CD 12 '' cassette","Recorded 1993 -- 94","Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon , Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles )","Genre Industrial rock","Length 6 : 13","Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic","Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic","Songwriter ( s ) Trent Reznor","Producer ( s ) Flood Trent Reznor","Flood Trent Reznor","Nine Inch Nails singles chronology","`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )","`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )","`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )","`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )","`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )","`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )","Halo numbers chronology","`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995","`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995","`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995","Audio sample","file help","file help","`` Closer '' is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album , The Downward Spiral ( 1994 ) . It was released on May 30 , 1994 as the album 's second single . Most versions of the single are titled `` Closer to God '' , a rare example in music of a single 's title differing from the title of its A-side . ( `` Closer to God '' is also the title of an alternate version of `` Closer '' featured on the single . ) Labeled `` Halo 9 '' , the single is the ninth official NIN release .","A promotional single provided by the label to radio stations included both long and short vocal - censored - i.e. : silenced profanity - versions . In spite of misinterpretations of the song as a lust anthem , `` Closer '' became Nine Inch Nails ' most successful single up to that time , cemented Reznor 's status as an industrial rock icon , and remains arguably his best - known song . Censored versions of the song and its Mark Romanek - directed music video received substantial airplay on radio and MTV .","`` Closer '' has been described as industrial rock , techno , and alternative rock . `` Closer '' uses elements of funk , avant - garde , and electronic music . The drum track of `` Closer '' features a heavily modified bass drum sample from the Iggy Pop song `` Nightclubbing '' from his album The Idiot . The bass drum in `` Nightclubbing '' was from a Roland drum machine , which is sampled in `` Closer '' . Trent Reznor also sampled a Roland TR - 808 drum machine , utilizing its `` low end '' kick . The samples were produced using two Akai S1100 samplers , each with an expander ( essentially four samplers ) . The samples were then combined with beats produced by a Roland R - 70 drum machine . The production features sound effects such as a bass squelch , synth echo , and feedback growl .","Radio edits of `` Closer '' were created by muting the vocal track for the duration of each deleted obscenity .","Lyrically , `` Closer '' is a meditation on self - hatred and obsession , but to Reznor 's dismay , the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus , which included the line `` I wan na fuck you like an animal '' . In 2003 , VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years . '' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time , '' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus . `` Come on dude : ' I wan na fuck you like an animal ' ? '' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That 's the all - time fuck song . Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing . You can fuck to it , you can dance to it and you can break shit to it . Since I 'm engaged now ( to Mayte Garcia ) , I 'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer ' took place on a swing . ''","In July 2009 , the song was voted in at number 62 on Triple J 's Hottest 100 of all time , and in 2010 it was number 42 on Pitchfork Media 's Top 200 Tracks of the 90s .","This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )","This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )","The music video was directed by Mark Romanek and first aired on May 12 , 1994 , having been filmed in April of that year . It was cut down from its original length to 4 : 36 . The video was popular and helped bolster the success of the band . Set in what appears to be a 19th - century mad scientist 's laboratory , the video 's imagery involves religion , sexuality , animal cruelty , politics , and terror , including :","A heart connected to some sort of device ; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song A nude , bald woman with a crucifix mask . A monkey tied to a cross . A severed pig 's head spinning on some type of machine . A diagram of the vulva / vagina . Reznor wearing various fetish gear , such as an S&M mask , ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles .","A heart connected to some sort of device ; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song","A nude , bald woman with a crucifix mask .","A monkey tied to a cross .","A severed pig 's head spinning on some type of machine .","A diagram of the vulva / vagina .","Reznor wearing various fetish gear , such as an S&M mask , ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles .","Several times , Reznor , wearing leather pants , floats and rotates through the air , suspended by invisible wires . There are also scenes of Reznor being blown back by a wind machine while wearing aviator goggles .","These images seem to be inspired by the art of Joel - Peter Witkin , as well as Francis Bacon and George Tooker . The video is also very heavily inspired by the Brothers Quay 's animated short film Street of Crocodiles . For the television version , certain removed scenes were replaced with a title card that read `` Scene Missing , '' and the instances of the word fuck being edited out were accompanied by a stop in the video motion , making it appear as if the stop was a result of defective film ( this was supposedly done to make sure the flow of the song was not affected ) . According to director Mark Romanek , the video was filmed using `` a slightly out of date film stock but it was still a contemporary film stock . ''","They had stopped making it three years before and we found some of it . All the new color film stocks have this T - Grain , like little Ts that are interlocking . The film stock we used had the original old granular grain . The new stocks are just really modern looking , really sharp , really contrasty , very fine grain . We did n't want that . Normally you do n't want to use that kind of stock because the colors will be off . It does have a shelf life but in this case we did n't care , the more fucked up it was the happier we were .","The unedited version of the video was shown on Playboy TV 's music video show Hot Rocks in 1994 . In mid-2002 , the unedited version aired on MTV2 as part of a special countdown showcasing the most controversial videos ever to air on MTV . This countdown was only shown late at night due to the graphic imagery of `` Closer '' and several other videos .","In 2006 , `` Closer '' was voted number one in a VH1 Classic poll titled `` 20 Greatest Music Videos of All Time . ''","In retrospect , Reznor said of the video that `` The rarest of things occurred : where the song sounded better to me , seeing it with the video . And it 's my song . ''","The unedited video is included in Closure , The Downward Spiral ( DualDisc ) , Directors Label Volume 4 : The Work Of Director Mark Romanek and VEVO , and it is available for download from the United States iTunes Store under the band 's page . Behind - the - scenes footage with commentary by Romanek is included in Closure ( DVD ) and Directors Label .","`` Closer '' had some radio airplay before it was released as a single . This factor increased within weeks , leading Interscope to release the song in May 1994 .","When it premiered , the single charted on several Billboard magazine music charts ; debuting near the bottom spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , it missed the Top 40 spot ( peaking at No. 41 ) . It crawled to No. 11 on the Modern Rock Tracks , and went on to reach No. 35 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , No. 29 on the Dance Music / Club Play Singles , and No. 29 Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales , this is the band 's first crossover hit and remains their most popular song to date . The single 's highest peak is the Top 5 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Closer '' did not top any of these charts , and failed to reach No. 1 . However , while it did not gain enough success in the US , it was a massive success in Canada on the Canadian pop charts and the Alternative 30 charts both hitting No. 5 .","The version of `` Closer '' on the single is 13 seconds longer than the album version ; on the album , the piano tune at the end of the song is abruptly cut off in order to segue into the next track , `` Ruiner '' . On the single , the piano and background sounds of `` Closer '' are allowed to play out longer .","In addition , the U.S. CD single contains five guest remixes of `` Closer '' , a remix of its fellow The Downward Spiral track `` Heresy '' , an instrumental track `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( unrelated to `` March of the Pigs '' ) , and a cover version of Soft Cell 's song `` Memorabilia '' , from their 1982 EP Non-stop Ecstatic Dancing . The UK single releases contain the same tracks split between two discs ( each sold separately ) . A cassette single was issued in the U.S. and Australia , pairing `` Closer '' with a live - performance version of NIN 's previous single , `` March of the Pigs '' .","The album art was done by photographer Joseph Cultice .","TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905 -- 2 TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 ( Reissue )","TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905 -- 2","TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 ( Reissue )","No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' ( Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5 : 05 2 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' ( Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7 : 16 3 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' ( Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey ) 6 : 15 4 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' ( Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5 : 32 5 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21 6 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' ( Remixed by Bill Kennedy , Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus '' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4 : 15 7 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4 : 43 8 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' ( Remixed by Kennedy , Humphrey , Aguto , Decarli , Claudiex ) 5 : 45 9 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26","No . Title Length","1 . `` Closer to God '' ( Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5 : 05","2 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' ( Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7 : 16","3 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' ( Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey ) 6 : 15","4 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' ( Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5 : 32","5 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21","6 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' ( Remixed by Bill Kennedy , Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus '' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4 : 15","7 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4 : 43","8 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' ( Remixed by Kennedy , Humphrey , Aguto , Decarli , Claudiex ) 5 : 45","9 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26","Island Records CID 596 854 059 -- 2 ( Disc 1 ) Island Records CIDX 596 854 061 -- 2 ( Disc 2 )","Island Records CID 596 854 059 -- 2 ( Disc 1 )","Island Records CIDX 596 854 061 -- 2 ( Disc 2 )","Disc 1 : Further Away No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26 2 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 6 : 15 3 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 5 : 45 4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 7 : 16 5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' 4 : 15","Disc 1 : Further Away","No . Title Length","1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26","2 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 6 : 15","3 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 5 : 45","4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 7 : 16","5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' 4 : 15","Disc 2 : Closer to God No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' 5 : 05 2 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 5 : 32 3 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21 4 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' 4 : 43","Disc 2 : Closer to God","No . Title Length","1 . `` Closer to God '' 5 : 05","2 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 5 : 32","3 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21","4 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' 4 : 43","Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263 - 4","Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263 - 4","Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 25","Side A","No . Title Length","1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 25","Side B No . Title Length 2 . `` March of the Pigs ( Live ) '' ( appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3 : 12","Side B","No . Title Length","2 . `` March of the Pigs ( Live ) '' ( appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3 : 12","Island Records 12IS 596 854 059 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 1","Island Records 12IS 596 854 059 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 1","Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 2 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 3 . `` Closer ''","Side A","No . Title Length","1 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) ''","2 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) ''","3 . `` Closer ''","Side B No . Title Length 4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) ''","Side B","No . Title Length","4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) ''","5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) ''","Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 2","Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 2","Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' 2 . `` March of the Fuckheads ''","Side A","No . Title Length","1 . `` Closer to God ''","2 . `` March of the Fuckheads ''","Side B No . Title Length 3 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 4 . `` Memorabilia ''","Side B","No . Title Length","3 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) ''","4 . `` Memorabilia ''","Other versions in other formats and countries have the same track listing as the U.S. CD release .","Trent Reznor -- vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming Chris Vrenna -- drum samples ( drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' ) Flood -- hi - hat","Trent Reznor -- vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming","Chris Vrenna -- drum samples ( drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' )","Flood -- hi - hat","Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position Australia ARIA Charts Canada RPM Alternative 30 5 Canadian Singles Chart 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 25 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41","Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position","Australia ARIA Charts","Canada RPM Alternative 30 5","Canadian Singles Chart 5","UK Singles ( OCC ) 25","U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11","U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41","During the Self Destruct and Fragility tours , bassist Danny Lohner and guitarist Robin Finck joined Reznor on keyboards for the song , with Reznor performing an extended synth solo .","There are performance videos of `` Closer '' on And All that Could Have Been and Beside You in Time .","In the tours following the release of With Teeth , Nine Inch Nails performed a shorter version of `` Closer '' with the keyboard solo played as a guitar solo and a breakdown incorporating a portion of `` The Only Time , '' a track from Pretty Hate Machine . Two performances of this version of the song appear on Beside You in Time .","`` Closer '' has been covered by many musical acts , including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor , Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs . Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer '' when they perform `` The Fantasy . '' Toronto - based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer '' in the song `` House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls . '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer '' twice : in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck '' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects . `` Germs '' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs . The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version , available at the Live Music Archive . In 1995 , the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs '' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor 's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples , humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at # 51 in Australia . In 2008 , Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour '' . In August 2010 , Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza '' . In 2013 , a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi . While many other covers alter the song , this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live . In 2014 , from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90 's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria . In 2016 , singer - songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances . Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer '' ( as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes , `` You wan na fuck me like an animal , You 'd like to burn me on the inside , You like to think that I 'm a perfect drug , Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me . '' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails , who inspired his music . However , reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative .","`` Closer '' has been covered by many musical acts , including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor , Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs .","Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer '' when they perform `` The Fantasy . ''","Toronto - based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer '' in the song `` House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls . ''","`` Weird Al '' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer '' twice : in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck '' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects . `` Germs '' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs .","The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version , available at the Live Music Archive .","In 1995 , the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs '' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor 's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples , humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at # 51 in Australia .","In 2008 , Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour '' . In August 2010 , Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza '' .","In 2013 , a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi . While many other covers alter the song , this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live .","In 2014 , from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90 's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria .","In 2016 , singer - songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances .","Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer '' ( as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes , `` You wan na fuck me like an animal , You 'd like to burn me on the inside , You like to think that I 'm a perfect drug , Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me . '' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails , who inspired his music . However , reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative ."],"string":"[\n \"`` Closer '' US CD single cover Single by Nine Inch Nails from the album The Downward Spiral B - side `` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia '' Released May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 ) Format CD 12 '' cassette Recorded 1993 -- 94 Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon , Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Industrial rock Length 6 : 13 Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Trent Reznor Producer ( s ) Flood Trent Reznor Nine Inch Nails singles chronology `` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 ) `` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 ) Halo numbers chronology `` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995 Audio sample file help\",\n \"`` Closer ''\",\n \"US CD single cover\",\n \"Single by Nine Inch Nails\",\n \"from the album The Downward Spiral\",\n \"B - side `` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia ''\",\n \"`` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia ''\",\n \"`` March of the Fuckheads ''\",\n \"`` Memorabilia ''\",\n \"Released May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 )\",\n \"Format CD 12 '' cassette\",\n \"CD 12 '' cassette\",\n \"Recorded 1993 -- 94\",\n \"Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon , Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles )\",\n \"Genre Industrial rock\",\n \"Length 6 : 13\",\n \"Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic\",\n \"Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic\",\n \"Songwriter ( s ) Trent Reznor\",\n \"Producer ( s ) Flood Trent Reznor\",\n \"Flood Trent Reznor\",\n \"Nine Inch Nails singles chronology\",\n \"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )\",\n \"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )\",\n \"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )\",\n \"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )\",\n \"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )\",\n \"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )\",\n \"Halo numbers chronology\",\n \"`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995\",\n \"`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995\",\n \"`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995\",\n \"Audio sample\",\n \"file help\",\n \"file help\",\n \"`` Closer '' is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album , The Downward Spiral ( 1994 ) . It was released on May 30 , 1994 as the album 's second single . Most versions of the single are titled `` Closer to God '' , a rare example in music of a single 's title differing from the title of its A-side . ( `` Closer to God '' is also the title of an alternate version of `` Closer '' featured on the single . ) Labeled `` Halo 9 '' , the single is the ninth official NIN release .\",\n \"A promotional single provided by the label to radio stations included both long and short vocal - censored - i.e. : silenced profanity - versions . In spite of misinterpretations of the song as a lust anthem , `` Closer '' became Nine Inch Nails ' most successful single up to that time , cemented Reznor 's status as an industrial rock icon , and remains arguably his best - known song . Censored versions of the song and its Mark Romanek - directed music video received substantial airplay on radio and MTV .\",\n \"`` Closer '' has been described as industrial rock , techno , and alternative rock . `` Closer '' uses elements of funk , avant - garde , and electronic music . The drum track of `` Closer '' features a heavily modified bass drum sample from the Iggy Pop song `` Nightclubbing '' from his album The Idiot . The bass drum in `` Nightclubbing '' was from a Roland drum machine , which is sampled in `` Closer '' . Trent Reznor also sampled a Roland TR - 808 drum machine , utilizing its `` low end '' kick . The samples were produced using two Akai S1100 samplers , each with an expander ( essentially four samplers ) . The samples were then combined with beats produced by a Roland R - 70 drum machine . The production features sound effects such as a bass squelch , synth echo , and feedback growl .\",\n \"Radio edits of `` Closer '' were created by muting the vocal track for the duration of each deleted obscenity .\",\n \"Lyrically , `` Closer '' is a meditation on self - hatred and obsession , but to Reznor 's dismay , the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus , which included the line `` I wan na fuck you like an animal '' . In 2003 , VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years . '' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time , '' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus . `` Come on dude : ' I wan na fuck you like an animal ' ? '' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That 's the all - time fuck song . Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing . You can fuck to it , you can dance to it and you can break shit to it . Since I 'm engaged now ( to Mayte Garcia ) , I 'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer ' took place on a swing . ''\",\n \"In July 2009 , the song was voted in at number 62 on Triple J 's Hottest 100 of all time , and in 2010 it was number 42 on Pitchfork Media 's Top 200 Tracks of the 90s .\",\n \"This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )\",\n \"This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )\",\n \"The music video was directed by Mark Romanek and first aired on May 12 , 1994 , having been filmed in April of that year . It was cut down from its original length to 4 : 36 . The video was popular and helped bolster the success of the band . Set in what appears to be a 19th - century mad scientist 's laboratory , the video 's imagery involves religion , sexuality , animal cruelty , politics , and terror , including :\",\n \"A heart connected to some sort of device ; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song A nude , bald woman with a crucifix mask . A monkey tied to a cross . A severed pig 's head spinning on some type of machine . A diagram of the vulva / vagina . Reznor wearing various fetish gear , such as an S&M mask , ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles .\",\n \"A heart connected to some sort of device ; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song\",\n \"A nude , bald woman with a crucifix mask .\",\n \"A monkey tied to a cross .\",\n \"A severed pig 's head spinning on some type of machine .\",\n \"A diagram of the vulva / vagina .\",\n \"Reznor wearing various fetish gear , such as an S&M mask , ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles .\",\n \"Several times , Reznor , wearing leather pants , floats and rotates through the air , suspended by invisible wires . There are also scenes of Reznor being blown back by a wind machine while wearing aviator goggles .\",\n \"These images seem to be inspired by the art of Joel - Peter Witkin , as well as Francis Bacon and George Tooker . The video is also very heavily inspired by the Brothers Quay 's animated short film Street of Crocodiles . For the television version , certain removed scenes were replaced with a title card that read `` Scene Missing , '' and the instances of the word fuck being edited out were accompanied by a stop in the video motion , making it appear as if the stop was a result of defective film ( this was supposedly done to make sure the flow of the song was not affected ) . According to director Mark Romanek , the video was filmed using `` a slightly out of date film stock but it was still a contemporary film stock . ''\",\n \"They had stopped making it three years before and we found some of it . All the new color film stocks have this T - Grain , like little Ts that are interlocking . The film stock we used had the original old granular grain . The new stocks are just really modern looking , really sharp , really contrasty , very fine grain . We did n't want that . Normally you do n't want to use that kind of stock because the colors will be off . It does have a shelf life but in this case we did n't care , the more fucked up it was the happier we were .\",\n \"The unedited version of the video was shown on Playboy TV 's music video show Hot Rocks in 1994 . In mid-2002 , the unedited version aired on MTV2 as part of a special countdown showcasing the most controversial videos ever to air on MTV . This countdown was only shown late at night due to the graphic imagery of `` Closer '' and several other videos .\",\n \"In 2006 , `` Closer '' was voted number one in a VH1 Classic poll titled `` 20 Greatest Music Videos of All Time . ''\",\n \"In retrospect , Reznor said of the video that `` The rarest of things occurred : where the song sounded better to me , seeing it with the video . And it 's my song . ''\",\n \"The unedited video is included in Closure , The Downward Spiral ( DualDisc ) , Directors Label Volume 4 : The Work Of Director Mark Romanek and VEVO , and it is available for download from the United States iTunes Store under the band 's page . Behind - the - scenes footage with commentary by Romanek is included in Closure ( DVD ) and Directors Label .\",\n \"`` Closer '' had some radio airplay before it was released as a single . This factor increased within weeks , leading Interscope to release the song in May 1994 .\",\n \"When it premiered , the single charted on several Billboard magazine music charts ; debuting near the bottom spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , it missed the Top 40 spot ( peaking at No. 41 ) . It crawled to No. 11 on the Modern Rock Tracks , and went on to reach No. 35 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , No. 29 on the Dance Music / Club Play Singles , and No. 29 Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales , this is the band 's first crossover hit and remains their most popular song to date . The single 's highest peak is the Top 5 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Closer '' did not top any of these charts , and failed to reach No. 1 . However , while it did not gain enough success in the US , it was a massive success in Canada on the Canadian pop charts and the Alternative 30 charts both hitting No. 5 .\",\n \"The version of `` Closer '' on the single is 13 seconds longer than the album version ; on the album , the piano tune at the end of the song is abruptly cut off in order to segue into the next track , `` Ruiner '' . On the single , the piano and background sounds of `` Closer '' are allowed to play out longer .\",\n \"In addition , the U.S. CD single contains five guest remixes of `` Closer '' , a remix of its fellow The Downward Spiral track `` Heresy '' , an instrumental track `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( unrelated to `` March of the Pigs '' ) , and a cover version of Soft Cell 's song `` Memorabilia '' , from their 1982 EP Non-stop Ecstatic Dancing . The UK single releases contain the same tracks split between two discs ( each sold separately ) . A cassette single was issued in the U.S. and Australia , pairing `` Closer '' with a live - performance version of NIN 's previous single , `` March of the Pigs '' .\",\n \"The album art was done by photographer Joseph Cultice .\",\n \"TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905 -- 2 TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 ( Reissue )\",\n \"TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905 -- 2\",\n \"TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 ( Reissue )\",\n \"No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' ( Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5 : 05 2 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' ( Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7 : 16 3 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' ( Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey ) 6 : 15 4 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' ( Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5 : 32 5 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21 6 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' ( Remixed by Bill Kennedy , Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus '' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4 : 15 7 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4 : 43 8 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' ( Remixed by Kennedy , Humphrey , Aguto , Decarli , Claudiex ) 5 : 45 9 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"1 . `` Closer to God '' ( Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5 : 05\",\n \"2 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' ( Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7 : 16\",\n \"3 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' ( Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey ) 6 : 15\",\n \"4 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' ( Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5 : 32\",\n \"5 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21\",\n \"6 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' ( Remixed by Bill Kennedy , Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus '' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4 : 15\",\n \"7 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4 : 43\",\n \"8 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' ( Remixed by Kennedy , Humphrey , Aguto , Decarli , Claudiex ) 5 : 45\",\n \"9 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26\",\n \"Island Records CID 596 854 059 -- 2 ( Disc 1 ) Island Records CIDX 596 854 061 -- 2 ( Disc 2 )\",\n \"Island Records CID 596 854 059 -- 2 ( Disc 1 )\",\n \"Island Records CIDX 596 854 061 -- 2 ( Disc 2 )\",\n \"Disc 1 : Further Away No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26 2 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 6 : 15 3 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 5 : 45 4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 7 : 16 5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' 4 : 15\",\n \"Disc 1 : Further Away\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26\",\n \"2 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 6 : 15\",\n \"3 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 5 : 45\",\n \"4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 7 : 16\",\n \"5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' 4 : 15\",\n \"Disc 2 : Closer to God No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' 5 : 05 2 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 5 : 32 3 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21 4 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' 4 : 43\",\n \"Disc 2 : Closer to God\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"1 . `` Closer to God '' 5 : 05\",\n \"2 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 5 : 32\",\n \"3 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21\",\n \"4 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' 4 : 43\",\n \"Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263 - 4\",\n \"Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263 - 4\",\n \"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 25\",\n \"Side A\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 25\",\n \"Side B No . Title Length 2 . `` March of the Pigs ( Live ) '' ( appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3 : 12\",\n \"Side B\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"2 . `` March of the Pigs ( Live ) '' ( appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3 : 12\",\n \"Island Records 12IS 596 854 059 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 1\",\n \"Island Records 12IS 596 854 059 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 1\",\n \"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 2 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 3 . `` Closer ''\",\n \"Side A\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"1 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) ''\",\n \"2 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) ''\",\n \"3 . `` Closer ''\",\n \"Side B No . Title Length 4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) ''\",\n \"Side B\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) ''\",\n \"5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) ''\",\n \"Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 2\",\n \"Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 2\",\n \"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' 2 . `` March of the Fuckheads ''\",\n \"Side A\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"1 . `` Closer to God ''\",\n \"2 . `` March of the Fuckheads ''\",\n \"Side B No . Title Length 3 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 4 . `` Memorabilia ''\",\n \"Side B\",\n \"No . Title Length\",\n \"3 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) ''\",\n \"4 . `` Memorabilia ''\",\n \"Other versions in other formats and countries have the same track listing as the U.S. CD release .\",\n \"Trent Reznor -- vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming Chris Vrenna -- drum samples ( drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' ) Flood -- hi - hat\",\n \"Trent Reznor -- vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming\",\n \"Chris Vrenna -- drum samples ( drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' )\",\n \"Flood -- hi - hat\",\n \"Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position Australia ARIA Charts Canada RPM Alternative 30 5 Canadian Singles Chart 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 25 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41\",\n \"Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position\",\n \"Australia ARIA Charts\",\n \"Canada RPM Alternative 30 5\",\n \"Canadian Singles Chart 5\",\n \"UK Singles ( OCC ) 25\",\n \"U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11\",\n \"U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41\",\n \"During the Self Destruct and Fragility tours , bassist Danny Lohner and guitarist Robin Finck joined Reznor on keyboards for the song , with Reznor performing an extended synth solo .\",\n \"There are performance videos of `` Closer '' on And All that Could Have Been and Beside You in Time .\",\n \"In the tours following the release of With Teeth , Nine Inch Nails performed a shorter version of `` Closer '' with the keyboard solo played as a guitar solo and a breakdown incorporating a portion of `` The Only Time , '' a track from Pretty Hate Machine . Two performances of this version of the song appear on Beside You in Time .\",\n \"`` Closer '' has been covered by many musical acts , including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor , Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs . Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer '' when they perform `` The Fantasy . '' Toronto - based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer '' in the song `` House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls . '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer '' twice : in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck '' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects . `` Germs '' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs . The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version , available at the Live Music Archive . In 1995 , the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs '' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor 's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples , humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at # 51 in Australia . In 2008 , Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour '' . In August 2010 , Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza '' . In 2013 , a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi . While many other covers alter the song , this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live . In 2014 , from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90 's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria . In 2016 , singer - songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances . Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer '' ( as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes , `` You wan na fuck me like an animal , You 'd like to burn me on the inside , You like to think that I 'm a perfect drug , Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me . '' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails , who inspired his music . However , reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative .\",\n \"`` Closer '' has been covered by many musical acts , including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor , Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs .\",\n \"Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer '' when they perform `` The Fantasy . ''\",\n \"Toronto - based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer '' in the song `` House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls . ''\",\n \"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer '' twice : in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck '' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects . `` Germs '' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs .\",\n \"The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version , available at the Live Music Archive .\",\n \"In 1995 , the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs '' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor 's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples , humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at # 51 in Australia .\",\n \"In 2008 , Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour '' . In August 2010 , Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza '' .\",\n \"In 2013 , a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi . While many other covers alter the song , this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live .\",\n \"In 2014 , from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90 's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria .\",\n \"In 2016 , singer - songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances .\",\n \"Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer '' ( as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes , `` You wan na fuck me like an animal , You 'd like to burn me on the inside , You like to think that I 'm a perfect drug , Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me . '' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails , who inspired his music . However , reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative .\"\n]"},"document":{"kind":"string","value":"Closer (Nine Inch Nails song) - wikipedia Closer (Nine Inch Nails song) Jump to: navigation , search `` Closer'' US CD single cover Single by Nine Inch Nails from the album The Downward Spiral B-side `` March of the Fuckheads'' `` Memorabilia'' Released May 30, 1994 ( 1994-05-30 ) Format CD 12'' cassette Recorded 1993-- 94 Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Industrial rock Length 6 : 13 Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic Songwriter(s) Trent Reznor Producer(s) Flood Trent Reznor Nine Inch Nails singles chronology `` March of the Pigs '' (1994) `` Closer '' (1994) `` The Perfect Drug '' (1997) `` March of the Pigs '' (1994) `` Closer '' (1994) `` The Perfect Drug '' (1997) Halo numbers chronology `` Halo 8 '' (1994) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' (1994) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' (1995) Halo 10 1995 Audio sample file help `` Closer '' is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album, The Downward Spiral (1994). It was released on May 30, 1994 as the album's second single. Most versions of the single are titled `` Closer to God '' , a rare example in music of a single's title differing from the title of its A-side . (`` Closer to God'' is also the title of an alternate version of `` Closer'' featured on the single.) Labeled `` Halo 9'' , the single is the ninth official NIN release . A promotional single provided by the label to radio stations included both long and short vocal-censored-i.e.: silenced profanity-versions. In spite of misinterpretations of the song as a lust anthem, `` Closer'' became Nine Inch Nails' most successful single up to that time, cemented Reznor's status as an industrial rock icon, and remains arguably his best-known song. Censored versions of the song and its Mark Romanek -directed music video received substantial airplay on radio and MTV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Formats and track listings 4.1 U.S. CD 4.2 U.K. CD 4.3 U.S. cassette 4.4 U.K. 12'' vinyl -- Part 1: Further Away 4.5 U.K. 12'' vinyl -- Part 2: Closer to God 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Live performances 8 Cover versions 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Closer'' has been described as industrial rock , techno , and alternative rock . `` Closer'' uses elements of funk , avant-garde , and electronic music . The drum track of `` Closer'' features a heavily modified bass drum sample from the Iggy Pop song `` Nightclubbing '' from his album The Idiot . The bass drum in `` Nightclubbing'' was from a Roland drum machine , which is sampled in `` Closer'' . Trent Reznor also sampled a Roland TR-808 drum machine, utilizing its `` low end'' kick. The samples were produced using two Akai S1100 samplers , each with an expander (essentially four samplers). The samples were then combined with beats produced by a Roland R-70 drum machine. The production features sound effects such as a bass squelch, synth echo, and feedback growl. Radio edits of `` Closer'' were created by muting the vocal track for the duration of each deleted obscenity. Lyrically, `` Closer'' is a meditation on self-hatred and obsession , but to Reznor's dismay, the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus, which included the line `` I wanna fuck you like an animal'' . In 2003, VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years.'' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time,'' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus. `` Come on dude: ' I wanna fuck you like an animal' ?'' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That's the all-time fuck song. Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing. You can fuck to it, you can dance to it and you can break shit to it. Since I'm engaged now (to Mayte Garcia ) , I'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer' took place on a swing .'' In July 2009, the song was voted in at number 62 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of all time, and in 2010 it was number 42 on Pitchfork Media 's Top 200 Tracks of the 90s . Music video ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the many controversial images from the `` Closer'' music video. The music video was directed by Mark Romanek and first aired on May 12, 1994, having been filmed in April of that year. It was cut down from its original length to 4:36. The video was popular and helped bolster the success of the band. Set in what appears to be a 19th-century mad scientist 's laboratory, the video's imagery involves religion, sexuality, animal cruelty, politics, and terror, including: A heart connected to some sort of device; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song A nude, bald woman with a crucifix mask. A monkey tied to a cross . A severed pig's head spinning on some type of machine. A diagram of the vulva / vagina . Reznor wearing various fetish gear, such as an S&M mask, ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles. Several times, Reznor, wearing leather pants, floats and rotates through the air, suspended by invisible wires. There are also scenes of Reznor being blown back by a wind machine while wearing aviator goggles. These images seem to be inspired by the art of Joel-Peter Witkin , as well as Francis Bacon and George Tooker . The video is also very heavily inspired by the Brothers Quay 's animated short film Street of Crocodiles . For the television version, certain removed scenes were replaced with a title card that read `` Scene Missing,'' and the instances of the word fuck being edited out were accompanied by a stop in the video motion, making it appear as if the stop was a result of defective film (this was supposedly done to make sure the flow of the song was not affected). According to director Mark Romanek, the video was filmed using `` a slightly out of date film stock but it was still a contemporary film stock.'' They had stopped making it three years before and we found some of it. All the new color film stocks have this T-Grain, like little Ts that are interlocking. The film stock we used had the original old granular grain. The new stocks are just really modern looking, really sharp, really contrasty, very fine grain. We didn't want that. Normally you don't want to use that kind of stock because the colors will be off. It does have a shelf life but in this case we didn't care, the more fucked up it was the happier we were. The unedited version of the video was shown on Playboy TV 's music video show Hot Rocks in 1994. In mid-2002, the unedited version aired on MTV2 as part of a special countdown showcasing the most controversial videos ever to air on MTV. This countdown was only shown late at night due to the graphic imagery of `` Closer'' and several other videos. In 2006, `` Closer'' was voted number one in a VH1 Classic poll titled `` 20 Greatest Music Videos of All Time.'' In retrospect, Reznor said of the video that `` The rarest of things occurred: where the song sounded better to me, seeing it with the video. And it's my song.'' The unedited video is included in Closure , The Downward Spiral (DualDisc), Directors Label Volume 4: The Work Of Director Mark Romanek and VEVO , and it is available for download from the United States iTunes Store under the band's page. Behind-the-scenes footage with commentary by Romanek is included in Closure (DVD) and Directors Label . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Closer'' had some radio airplay before it was released as a single. This factor increased within weeks, leading Interscope to release the song in May 1994. When it premiered, the single charted on several Billboard magazine music charts; debuting near the bottom spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , it missed the Top 40 spot (peaking at No. 41). It crawled to No. 11 on the Modern Rock Tracks , and went on to reach No. 35 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , No. 29 on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles, and No. 29 Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales , this is the band's first crossover hit and remains their most popular song to date. The single's highest peak is the Top 5 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Closer'' did not top any of these charts, and failed to reach No. 1. However, while it did not gain enough success in the US, it was a massive success in Canada on the Canadian pop charts and the Alternative 30 charts both hitting No. 5. Formats and track listings ( edit ) The version of `` Closer'' on the single is 13 seconds longer than the album version; on the album, the piano tune at the end of the song is abruptly cut off in order to segue into the next track, `` Ruiner'' . On the single, the piano and background sounds of `` Closer'' are allowed to play out longer. In addition, the U.S. CD single contains five guest remixes of `` Closer'' , a remix of its fellow The Downward Spiral track `` Heresy'' , an instrumental track `` March of the Fuckheads'' (unrelated to `` March of the Pigs'' ), and a cover version of Soft Cell 's song `` Memorabilia'' , from their 1982 EP Non-stop Ecstatic Dancing . The UK single releases contain the same tracks split between two discs (each sold separately). A cassette single was issued in the U.S. and Australia, pairing `` Closer'' with a live-performance version of NIN's previous single, `` March of the Pigs '' . The album art was done by photographer Joseph Cultice. U.S. CD ( edit ) TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905-- 2 TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 (Reissue) No. Title Length 1. `` Closer to God'' (Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5:05 2. `` Closer (Precursor)'' (Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7:16 3. `` Closer (Deviation)'' (Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey) 6:15 4. `` Heresy (Blind)'' (Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5:32 5. `` Memorabilia'' 7:21 6. `` Closer (Internal)'' (Remixed by Bill Kennedy, Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus'' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4:15 7. `` March of the Fuckheads'' (Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4:43 8. `` Closer (Further Away)'' (Remixed by Kennedy, Humphrey, Aguto, Decarli, Claudiex) 5:45 9. `` Closer'' 6:26 U.K. CD ( edit ) Island Records CID 596 854 059-- 2 (Disc 1) Island Records CIDX 596 854 061-- 2 (Disc 2) Disc 1: Further Away No. Title Length 1. `` Closer'' 6:26 2. `` Closer (Deviation)'' 6:15 3. `` Closer (Further Away)'' 5:45 4. `` Closer (Precursor)'' 7:16 5. `` Closer (Internal)'' 4:15 Disc 2: Closer to God No. Title Length 1. `` Closer to God'' 5:05 2. `` Heresy (Blind)'' 5:32 3. `` Memorabilia'' 7:21 4. `` March of the Fuckheads'' 4:43 U.S. cassette ( edit ) Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263-4 Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Closer'' 6:25 Side B No. Title Length 2. `` March of the Pigs (Live)'' (appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3:12 U.K. 12'' vinyl -- Part 1: Further Away ( edit ) Island Records 12IS 596 854 059-- 1 -- UK 12'' Vinyl 1 Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Closer (Deviation)'' 2. `` Closer (Further Away)'' 3. `` Closer'' Side B No. Title Length 4. `` Closer (Precursor)'' 5. `` Closer (Internal)'' UK 12'' vinyl -- part 2: Closer to God ( edit ) Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061-- 1 -- UK 12'' Vinyl 2 Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Closer to God'' 2. `` March of the Fuckheads'' Side B No. Title Length 3. `` Heresy (Blind)'' 4. `` Memorabilia'' Other versions in other formats and countries have the same track listing as the U.S. CD release. Personnel ( edit ) Trent Reznor -- vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, programming Chris Vrenna -- drum samples (drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' ) Flood -- hi-hat Charts ( edit ) Chart (1994-- 95) Peak position Australia ARIA Charts Canada RPM Alternative 30 5 Canadian Singles Chart 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 25 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41 Live performances ( edit ) During the Self Destruct and Fragility tours, bassist Danny Lohner and guitarist Robin Finck joined Reznor on keyboards for the song, with Reznor performing an extended synth solo. There are performance videos of `` Closer'' on And All that Could Have Been and Beside You in Time . In the tours following the release of With Teeth , Nine Inch Nails performed a shorter version of `` Closer'' with the keyboard solo played as a guitar solo and a breakdown incorporating a portion of `` The Only Time,'' a track from Pretty Hate Machine . Two performances of this version of the song appear on Beside You in Time . Cover versions ( edit ) `` Closer'' has been covered by many musical acts, including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor, Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs . Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer'' when they perform `` The Fantasy.'' Toronto-based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer'' in the song `` House of Balloons/Glass Table Girls.'' `` Weird Al'' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer'' twice: in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck'' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects. `` Germs'' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs. The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version, available at the Live Music Archive. In 1995, the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs'' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples, humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at #51 in Australia. In 2008, Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour'' . In August 2010, Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza'' . In 2013, a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi. While many other covers alter the song, this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live . In 2014, from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria . In 2016, singer-songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances. Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer'' (as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes, `` You wanna fuck me like an animal, You'd like to burn me on the inside, You like to think that I'm a perfect drug, Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me.'' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails, who inspired his music. However, reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2012-07-01 . Retrieved 2011-06-26 . Jump up ^ Dyer, Richard (1999). Seven -- BFI Modern Classics . British Film Institute . p. 12. ISBN 0-85170-723-8 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ May 6, 1995. `` Song Of The Week: Filter's `` Hey Man Nice Shot '' `` . MTV . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson, Tim. `` Top 10 Essential Rock Songs'' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 13, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Buskin (September 2012). `` CLASSIC TRACKS: Nine Inch Nails ' Closer ' '' . Sound on Sound . Retrieved January 23, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Downward Spiral (Deluxe Edition) by Nine Inch Nails on Apple Music'' . iTunes . Retrieved January 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ McGovern, Kyle. `` The 100 Best Alternative Rock Songs of 1994: #1 (Nine Inch Nails -- Closer)'' . Spin . Retrieved September 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Childers, Chad. `` 23 Years Ago: Nine Inch Nails Unleash ' The Downward Spiral ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails and Coil: Recoiled'' . PopMatters. April 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Dan, Jen (September 24, 2007). `` Nine Inch Nails -- Year Zero'' . Delusions of Adequacy . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Rule (April 1994). `` Trent Reznor'' . Keyboard . access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ McGovern, Kyle (August 14, 2014). `` The 100 Best Alternative Rock Songs of 1994'' . Spin Magazine . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Huxley, Martin (September 1997). Nine Inch Nails: Self Destruct . St. Martin's Press . ISBN 0-312-15612-X . Jump up ^ Blender , November 2002 Jump up ^ `` Pitchfork Top 200 Tracks of the 90s'' . Pitchfork.com. 2010-09-02 . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Robert Epstein (2005-09-06). `` Mark Romanek'' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved 2012-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` 70's , 80's & 90's Classic Rock, Soul & Pop Music Videos VH1'' . VH1 Classic. Archived from the original on 2010-09-23 . Retrieved 2012-02-09 . Jump up ^ The Work of Director Mark Romanek DVD Jump up ^ `` The Downward Spiral > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved on 2009-09-13. Jump up ^ `` Closer to God album art'' . Pop Is Personal . 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query'' . Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009 . Retrieved 2012-12-04 . Jump up ^ http://www.morganic.com/Sounds/Cartoons/Bonk.aif Jump up ^ `` Music Review: Running With Scissors, by Weird Al Yankovic'' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails -- Pretty Hate Machine Review'' . sputnikmusic. 2005-01-14 . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive: Details: Asylum Street Spankers Live at Milestones, on 2005-05-14'' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Richards `` Closer To Hogs '' `` . YouTube. 2010-06-29 . Retrieved 2012-02-09 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 21 May 1995'' . Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017-04-25 . Jump up ^ Renshaw, David (15 April 2016). `` Father John Misty covers Nine Inch Nails' ' Closer ' '' . NME . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Alona Wartofsky (2000-10-18). `` Limp Bizkit, Stuck in Orbit Around Its Star'' (fee required) . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-23 . `` Hot Dog'' ... takes on Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor in what Durst has described as a parody of NIN... Jump up ^ Interview with Fred Durst by K-Rock New York . 2000. Jump up ^ Hector Saldana (2000-11-30). `` Raw rules with Limp Bizkit'' (fee required) . San Antonio Express-News . pp. 4F . Retrieved 2008-03-23 . Jump up ^ `` This tour needs some new anger'' (fee required) . Telegram & Gazette. 2000-10-24 . Retrieved 2008-03-23 . Jump up ^ `` CD Reviews New Releases'' (fee required) . The Hartford Courant. 2000-10-19. External links ( edit ) `` Closer'' Official music video on YouTube Halo 9 at NINCollector discogs.com: Closer to God (US CD5`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (US CD5'' Re-release) discogs.com: Closer to God (US 2x12`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 1) (UK CD5`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 2) (UK CD5`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 1) (UK 12`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 2) (UK 12`` ) discogs.com: Closer (UK 2x12`` ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Nine Inch Nails Trent Reznor Atticus Ross Robin Finck Alessandro Cortini Ilan Rubin Chris Vrenna Richard Patrick James Woolley Jeff Ward Danny Lohner Charlie Clouser Jerome Dillon Jeordie White Aaron North Josh Freese Alex Carapetis Rich Fownes Justin Meldal-Johnsen Eric Avery Adrian Belew Joshua Eustis Pino Palladino Lisa Fischer Studio albums Pretty Hate Machine The Downward Spiral The Fragile With Teeth Year Zero Ghosts I-- IV The Slip Hesitation Marks Live releases Closure And All That Could Have Been Beside You in Time Another Version of the Truth Remix albums Further Down the Spiral Things Falling Apart Year Zero Remixed Box sets Halo I-- IV Extended plays Broken Fixed Live 2013 EP Remix 2014 EP Not the Actual Events Add Violence Singles `` Down in It '' `` Head Like a Hole '' `` Sin '' `` March of the Pigs '' `` Closer '' `` The Perfect Drug '' `` The Day the World Went Away '' `` We're in This Together '' `` Into the Void '' `` The Hand That Feeds '' `` Only '' `` Every Day Is Exactly the Same '' `` Survivalism '' `` Capital G '' `` Discipline '' `` Came Back Haunted '' `` Copy of a '' `` Everything '' `` Less Than '' Promotional singles `` Happiness in Slavery '' `` Wish '' `` Burn '' `` Piggy '' `` Hurt '' `` Starfuckers, Inc. '' `` Deep '' Other songs `` Something I Can Never Have '' `` Gave Up '' `` Mr. Self Destruct '' `` Just Like You Imagined '' `` All the Love in the World '' Compilations Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler The Fragile: Deviations 1 Games Quake Year Zero Nine Inch Nails Revenge Tours Pretty Hate Machine Tour Series Self-Destruct Dissonance Fragility Live: With Teeth Performance 2007 Wave Goodbye Twenty Thirteen Tour Related Bands Option 30 The Innocent Exotic Birds Lucky Pierre Prick Pigface Tapeworm Marilyn Manson How to Destroy Angels Filter Jane's Addiction Queens of the Stone Age People Mariqueen Maandig John Malm Jr. Marilyn Manson Kevin McMahon Rob Sheridan Gary Talpas Albums Natural Born Killers Lost Highway The Social Network The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Gone Girl Before the Flood Pretty Eight Machine Radiant Decay Recoiled Articles Discography Trent Reznor discography Awards and nominations Band members Live performances Concert tours Nothing Records The Null Corporation Broken (film) Beats Music `` I'm Afraid of Americans '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closer_(Nine_Inch_Nails_song)&oldid=826491541 '' Categories : Nine Inch Nails songs 1994 singles 1994 songs Music videos directed by Mark Romanek Songs written by Trent Reznor Song recordings produced by Flood (producer) TVT Records singles Nothing Records singles Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs about sexuality Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles that may contain original research from January 2010 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Latviešu Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 12:40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia"},"id":{"kind":"string","value":"-614614817263361020"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":6,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":307373,"offset":600,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTcyODI1MTI1MSwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL2h1Z29zb3VzYS9uYXR1cmFsX3F1ZXN0aW9uc19wYXJzZWQiLCJleHAiOjE3MjgyNTQ4NTEsImlzcyI6Imh0dHBzOi8vaHVnZ2luZ2ZhY2UuY28ifQ.PLXgExHEKFoiXNKBR3VQOgZ0Rsvfelwg7p7bov7XwgG43NQgkfpI_s3fIIKZAILdUd9Pn7_acgXVzNTkx0LGCQ","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":2,"open":0,"total":2},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
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how to find out what kind of clarinet i have | EEE ♭ and BBB ♭ octocontra - alto and octocontrabass clarinets have also been built . There have also been soprano clarinets in C , A , and B ♭ with curved barrels and bells marketed under the names saxonette , claribel , and clariphon . | [
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"Clarinet B ♭ clarinet ( Oehler system ) Woodwind instrument Classification Wind Woodwind Single - reed Hornbostel -- Sachs classification 422.211. 2 - 71 ( Single - reeded aerophone with keys ) Playing range Written range ( though it is possible to play higher ) : Related instruments Saxophone Tárogató ( modern ) Oboe Chalumeau Musicians Clarinetists",
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"Woodwind instrument",
"Classification Wind Woodwind Single - reed",
"Wind Woodwind Single - reed",
"Single - reed",
"Hornbostel -- Sachs classification 422.211. 2 - 71 ( Single - reeded aerophone with keys )",
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"Written range ( though it is possible to play higher ) :",
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"Saxophone Tárogató ( modern ) Oboe Chalumeau",
"Saxophone Tárogató ( modern ) Oboe Chalumeau",
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"Part of a series on Musical instruments Woodwinds ( show ) Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF ) Brass Instruments ( show ) Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn String instruments ( show ) Bowed Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( Dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China ) Plucked Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither Percussion Keyboards",
"Part of a series on",
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"Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )",
"Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )",
"Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )",
"Garklein in C ( c ′′′ )",
"Sopranino in F ( f '' )",
"Soprano in C ( c '' )",
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"Voice flute in D ( d ′ )",
"Tenor in C ( c ′ )",
"Bass in F ( f )",
"Great bass in C ( c )",
"Contrabass in F ( F )",
"Sub-great bass in C ( C )",
"Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )",
"Brass Instruments ( show ) Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn",
"Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn",
"String instruments ( show ) Bowed Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( Dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China ) Plucked Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither",
"Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( Dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China )",
"Banhu ( China )",
"Cizhonghu ( China )",
"Dahu ( China )",
"Đàn gáo ( Vietnam )",
"Diyingehu ( China )",
"Erhu ( China )",
"Erxian ( China )",
"Esraj ( India )",
"Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin )",
"Gadulka ( Bulgaria )",
"Gaohu ( China )",
"Gehu ( China )",
"Ghaychak ( Iran )",
"Goje ( Ghana )",
"Gudok ( Russia )",
"Haegeum ( Korea )",
"Hardanger fiddle ( Norway )",
"Huluhu ( China )",
"Huqin ( China )",
"Hurdy - gurdy",
"Jinghu ( China )",
"Kemenche ( Turkey )",
"Kokyū ( Japan )",
"Laruan ( China )",
"Leiqin ( China )",
"Long - string instrument",
"Maguhu ( China )",
"Morin khuur ( Mongolia )",
"Nyckelharpa ( Sweden )",
"Sarangi ( India )",
"Sarinda ( India )",
"Saw sam sai ( Thailand )",
"Sihu ( China )",
"Tro ( Cambodia )",
"Trumpet marine or tromba marina",
"Viol ( viola da gamba )",
"Kit violin ( Dancing master violin )",
"Violin octet instruments",
"Yehu ( China )",
"Zhonghu ( China )",
"Zhuihu ( China )",
"Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither",
"Appalachian dulcimer ( United States )",
"Baglama or Saz ( Turkey )",
"Bajo sexto ( Mexico )",
"Balalaika ( Russia )",
"Bandura ( Ukraine )",
"Banjo ( American )",
"Begena ( Ethiopia )",
"Bouzouki ( Greece )",
"Bugarija ( Croatia )",
"Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil )",
"Çeng ( Turkey )",
"Charango ( South America )",
"Cümbüş ( Turkey )",
"Đàn bầu ( Vietnam )",
"Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam )",
"Đàn tranh ( Vietnam )",
"Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam )",
"Daruan ( China )",
"Diddley bow ( United States )",
"Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia )",
"Domra ( Russia )",
"Doshpuluur ( Tuva )",
"Duxianqin ( China )",
"Gayageum ( Korea )",
"Acoustic bass guitar",
"Cigar box guitar",
"Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar )",
"Guitarrón ( Mexico )",
"Gusli ( Russia )",
"Guqin ( China )",
"Guzheng ( China )",
"Kankles ( Lithuania )",
"Kantele ( Finland )",
"Kanun ( Middle East , Persia )",
"Kobza ( Ukraine )",
"Kokles ( Latvia )",
"Komungo ( Korea )",
"Konghou ( China )",
"Kontigi ( Nigeria )",
"Kora ( West Africa )",
"Koto ( Japan )",
"Krar ( Ethiopia )",
"Liuqin ( China )",
"Lute ( Europe )",
"Mandolin - banjo",
"Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India )",
"Nyatiti ( Kenya )",
"Oud ( Middle East , Greece )",
"Pipa ( China )",
"Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia )",
"Qinqin ( China )",
"Sanxian ( China )",
"Sarod ( India )",
"Saung ( Burma )",
"Shamisen ( Japan )",
"Sitar ( India )",
"Surbahar ( India )",
"Sursingar ( India )",
"Tambura ( India )",
"Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain )",
"Tar ( lute )",
"Tea chest bass",
"Tres ( Cuba )",
"Ukulele ( Hawaii )",
"Valiha ( Madagascar )",
"Veena ( India )",
"Vihuela ( Spain )",
"Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations",
"Yazh ( India )",
"Yueqin ( China )",
"Zhongruan ( China )",
"Zhu ( China )",
"Percussion",
"Keyboards",
"",
"",
"The clarinet is a musical - instrument family belonging to the group known as the woodwind instruments . It has a single - reed mouthpiece , a straight cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore , and a flared bell . A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist ( sometimes spelled clarinettist ) .",
"The word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinette ( the feminine diminutive of Old French clarin or clarion ) , or from Provençal clarin , `` oboe '' . It would seem however that its real roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the renaissance and baroque eras . Clarion , clarin and the Italian clarino are all derived from the medieval term claro which referred to an early form of trumpet . This is probably the origin of the Italian clarinetto , itself a diminutive of clarino , and consequently of the European equivalents such as clarinette in French or the German Klarinette . According to Johann Gottfried Walther , writing in 1732 , the reason for the name is that `` it sounded from far off not unlike a trumpet '' . The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733 , and the now - archaic clarionet appears from 1784 until the early years of the 20th century .",
"While the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name , other factors may have been involved . During the late baroque era , composers such as Bach and Handel were making new demands on the skills of their trumpeters , who were often required to play difficult melodic passages in the high , or as it came to be called , clarion register . Since the trumpets of this time had no valves or pistons , melodic passages would often require the use of the highest part of the trumpet 's range , where the harmonics were close enough together to produce scales of adjacent notes as opposed to the gapped scales or arpeggios of the lower register . The trumpet parts that required this speciality were known by the term clarino and this in turn came to apply to the musicians themselves . It is probable that the term clarinet may stem from the diminutive version of the ' clarion ' or ' clarino ' and it has been suggested that clarino players may have helped themselves out by playing particularly difficult passages on these newly developed `` mock trumpets '' .",
"Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau . Over time , additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability .",
"These days the most popular clarinet is the B ♭ clarinet . However , the clarinet in A , just a semitone lower , is commonly used in orchestral music . Since the middle of the 19th century the bass clarinet ( nowadays invariably in B ♭ but with extra keys to extend the register down a few notes ) has become an essential addition to the orchestra . The clarinet family ranges from the ( extremely rare ) BBB ♭ octo - contrabass to the A ♭ piccolo clarinet . The clarinet has proved to be an exceptionally flexible instrument , equally at home in the classical repertoire as in concert bands , military bands , marching bands , klezmer , and jazz .",
"The cylindrical bore is primarily responsible for the clarinet 's distinctive timbre , which varies between its three main registers , known as the chalumeau , clarion , and altissimo . The tone quality can vary greatly with the clarinetist , music , instrument , mouthpiece , and reed . The differences in instruments and geographical isolation of clarinetists led to the development from the last part of the 18th century onwards of several different schools of playing . The most prominent were the German / Viennese traditions and French school . The latter was centered on the clarinetists of the Conservatoire de Paris . The proliferation of recorded music has made examples of different styles of playing available . The modern clarinetist has a diverse palette of `` acceptable '' tone qualities to choose from .",
"The A and B ♭ clarinets have nearly the same bore and use the same mouthpiece . Orchestral clarinetists using the A and B ♭ instruments in a concert could use the same mouthpiece ( and often the same barrel ) ( see ' usage ' below ) . The A and B ♭ have nearly identical tonal quality , although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound . The tone of the E ♭ clarinet is brighter and can be heard even through loud orchestral or concert band textures . The bass clarinet has a characteristically deep , mellow sound , while the alto clarinet is similar in tone to the bass ( though not as dark ) .",
"Clarinets have the largest pitch range of common woodwinds . The intricate key organization that makes this possible can make the playability of some passages awkward . The bottom of the clarinet 's written range is defined by the keywork on each instrument , standard keywork schemes allowing a low E on the common B ♭ clarinet . The lowest concert pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument in question . The nominal highest note of the B ♭ clarinet is a semitone higher than the highest note of the oboe . Since the clarinet has a wider range of notes , the lowest note of the B ♭ clarinet is significantly deeper ( a minor or major sixth ) than the lowest note of the oboe .",
"Nearly all soprano and piccolo clarinets have keywork enabling them to play the E below middle C as their lowest written note ( in scientific pitch notation that sounds D on a soprano clarinet or C , i.e. concert middle C , on a piccolo clarinet ) , though some B ♭ clarinets go down to E ♭ to enable them to match the range of the A clarinet . On the B ♭ soprano clarinet , the concert pitch of the lowest note is D , a whole tone lower than the written pitch . Most alto and bass clarinets have an extra key to allow a ( written ) E ♭ . Modern professional - quality bass clarinets generally have additional keywork to written C. Among the less commonly encountered members of the clarinet family , contra - alto and contrabass clarinets may have keywork to written E ♭ , D , or C ; the basset clarinet and basset horn generally go to low C .",
"Defining the top end of a clarinet 's range is difficult , since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books . G is usually the highest note clarinetists encounter in classical repertoire . The C above that ( C i.e. resting on the fifth ledger line above the treble staff ) is attainable by advanced players and is shown on many fingering charts , and fingerings as high as A exist .",
"The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct registers . The lowest register , from low written E to the written B ♭ above middle C ( B ♭ ) , is known as the chalumeau register ( named after the instrument that was the clarinet 's immediate predecessor ) . The middle register is known as the clarion register ( sometimes in the U.S. as the clarino register from the Italian ) and spans just over an octave ( from written B above middle C ( B ) to the C two octaves above middle C ( C ) ) ; it is the dominant range for most members of the clarinet family . The top or altissimo register consists of the notes above the written C two octaves above middle C ( C ) . All three registers have characteristically different sounds . The chalumeau register is rich and dark . The clarion register is brighter and sweet , like a trumpet ( clarion ) heard from afar . The altissimo register can be piercing and sometimes shrill .",
"Sound is a wave that propagates through the air as a result of a local variation in air pressure . The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps :",
"The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player 's lips , which put light , even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal . Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument . In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze , the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate . As air pressure from the mouth increases , the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece . At this point the reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave ' bumps ' into the reed and opens it . Each time the reed opens , a puff of air goes through the gap , after which the reed swings shut again . When played loudly , the reed can spend up to 50 % of the time shut . The ' puff of air ' or compression wave ( around 3 % greater pressure than the surrounding air ) travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out . This is either at the closest open hole or at the end of the tube ( see diagram : image 1 ) . More than a ' neutral ' amount of air escapes from the instrument , which creates a slight vacuum or rarefaction in the clarinet tube . This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube ( image 2 ) . The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece . The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave . This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube , so almost the entire wave is reflected back down the tube even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits ( image 3 ) . When the rarefication wave reaches the other ( open ) end of the tube , air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum . A little more than a ' neutral ' amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube ( image 4 ) . Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the ' tube ' , it is reflected again back down the pipe . However at this time , either because the compression wave ' bumped ' the reed or because of the natural vibration cycle of the reed , the gap opens and another ' puff ' of air is sent down the pipe . The original compression wave , now greatly reinforced by the second ' puff ' of air , sets off on another two trips down the pipe ( travelling 4 pipe lengths in total ) before the cycle is repeated again .",
"The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player 's lips , which put light , even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal . Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument . In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze , the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate . As air pressure from the mouth increases , the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece . At this point the reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave ' bumps ' into the reed and opens it . Each time the reed opens , a puff of air goes through the gap , after which the reed swings shut again . When played loudly , the reed can spend up to 50 % of the time shut . The ' puff of air ' or compression wave ( around 3 % greater pressure than the surrounding air ) travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out . This is either at the closest open hole or at the end of the tube ( see diagram : image 1 ) .",
"More than a ' neutral ' amount of air escapes from the instrument , which creates a slight vacuum or rarefaction in the clarinet tube . This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube ( image 2 ) .",
"The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece . The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave . This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube , so almost the entire wave is reflected back down the tube even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits ( image 3 ) .",
"When the rarefication wave reaches the other ( open ) end of the tube , air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum . A little more than a ' neutral ' amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube ( image 4 ) . Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the ' tube ' , it is reflected again back down the pipe . However at this time , either because the compression wave ' bumped ' the reed or because of the natural vibration cycle of the reed , the gap opens and another ' puff ' of air is sent down the pipe .",
"The original compression wave , now greatly reinforced by the second ' puff ' of air , sets off on another two trips down the pipe ( travelling 4 pipe lengths in total ) before the cycle is repeated again .",
"The cycle repeats at a frequency relative to how long it takes a wave to travel to the first open hole and back twice ( i.e. four times the length of the pipe ) . For example : when all the holes bar the very top one are open ( i.e. the trill ' B ' key is pressed ) , the note A4 ( 440 Hz ) is produced . This represents a repeat of the cycle 440 times per second .",
"In addition to this primary compression wave , other waves , known as harmonics , are created . Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed , the reed sealing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle ( which creates a flattened section of the sound wave ) , and imperfections ( bumps and holes ) in the bore . A wide variety of compression waves are created , but only some ( primarily the odd harmonics ) are reinforced . These extra waves are what gives the clarinet its characteristic tone .",
"The bore is cylindrical for most of the tube with an inner bore diameter between 14 and 15.5 millimetres ( 0.55 and 0.61 in ) , but there is a subtle hourglass shape , with the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint . The reduction is 1 to 3 millimetres ( 0.039 to 0.118 in ) depending on the maker . This `` hourglass '' shape , although invisible to the naked eye , helps to correct the pitch / scale discrepancy between the chalumeau and clarion registers ( perfect 12th ) . The diameter of the bore affects characteristics such as available harmonics , timbre , and pitch stability ( how far the player can bend a note in the manner required in jazz and other music ) . The bell at the bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes .",
"Most modern clarinets have `` undercut '' tone holes that improve intonation and sound . Undercutting means chamfering the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore . Acoustically , this makes the tone hole function as if it were larger , but its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole ( surface tension ) instead of `` blowing past '' it under the increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers .",
"The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet give the instrument an acoustical behavior approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe . Recorders use a tapered internal bore to overblow at the octave when the thumb / register hole is pinched open , while the clarinet , with its cylindrical bore , overblows at the 12th . Adjusting the angle of the bore taper controls the frequencies of the overblown notes ( harmonics ) . Changing the mouthpiece 's tip opening and the length of the reed changes aspects of the harmonic timbre or voice of the clarinet because this changes the speed of reed vibrations . Generally , the goal of the clarinetist when producing a sound is to make as much of the reed vibrate as possible , making the sound fuller , warmer , and potentially louder .",
"The lip position and pressure , shaping of the vocal tract , choice of reed and mouthpiece , amount of air pressure created , and evenness of the airflow account for most of the clarinetist 's ability to control the tone of a clarinet . A highly skilled clarinetist will provide the ideal lip and air pressure for each frequency ( note ) being produced . They will have an embouchure which places an even pressure across the reed by carefully controlling their lip muscles . The airflow will also be carefully controlled by using the strong stomach muscles ( as opposed to the weaker and erratic chest muscles ) and they will use the diaphragm to oppose the stomach muscles to achieve a tone softer than a forte rather than weakening the stomach muscle tension to lower air pressure . Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with the tone being produced .",
"Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe , changing the resonant frequencies of the enclosed air column and hence the pitch . A clarinetist moves between the chalumeau and clarion registers through use of the register key ; clarinetists call the change from chalumeau register to clarion register `` the break '' . The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced , and the reed is forced to vibrate at three times the speed it was originally . This produces a note a twelfth above the original note . Most instruments overblow at two times the speed of the fundamental frequency ( the octave ) , but as the clarinet acts as a closed pipe system , the reed can not vibrate at twice its original speed because it would be creating a ' puff ' of air at the time the previous ' puff ' is returning as a rarefaction . This means it can not be reinforced and so would die away . The chalumeau register plays fundamentals , whereas the clarion register , aided by the register key , plays third harmonics ( a perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals ) . The first several notes of the altissimo range , aided by the register key and venting with the first left - hand hole , play fifth harmonics ( a major seventeenth , a perfect twelfth plus a major sixth , above the fundamentals ) . The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth and , when moving to the altissimo register , seventeenth . By contrast , nearly all other woodwind instruments overblow at the octave or ( like the ocarina and tonette ) do not overblow at all . A clarinet must have holes and keys for nineteen notes , a chromatic octave and a half from bottom E to B ♭ , in its lowest register to play the chromatic scale . This overblowing behavior explains the clarinet 's great range and complex fingering system . The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available , sounding a further sixth and fourth ( a flat , diminished fifth ) higher respectively ; these are the notes of the altissimo register . This is also why the inner `` waist '' measurement is so critical to these harmonic frequencies .",
"The highest notes can have a shrill , piercing quality and can be difficult to tune accurately . Different instruments often play differently in this respect due to the sensitivity of the bore and reed measurements . Using alternate fingerings and adjusting the embouchure help correct the pitch of these notes .",
"Since approximately 1850 , clarinets have been nominally tuned according to twelve - tone equal temperament . Older clarinets were nominally tuned to meantone . A skilled performer can use his or her embouchure to considerably alter the tuning of individual notes or produce vibrato , a pulsating change of pitch often employed in jazz . Vibrato is rare in classical or concert band literature ; however , certain clarinetists , such as Richard Stoltzman , use vibrato in classical music . Special fingerings may be used to play quarter tones and other microtonal intervals . Around 1900 , Dr. Richard H. Stein , a Berlin musicologist , made a quarter - tone clarinet , which was soon abandoned . Years later , another German , Fritz Schüller of Markneukirchen , built a quarter tone clarinet , with two parallel bores of slightly different lengths whose tone holes are operated using the same keywork and a valve to switch from one bore to the other .",
"Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood , plastic , hard rubber , metal , resin , and ivory . The vast majority of clarinets used by professionals are made from African hardwood , mpingo ( African Blackwood ) or grenadilla , rarely ( because of diminishing supplies ) Honduran rosewood and sometimes even cocobolo . Historically other woods , notably boxwood , were used . Most inexpensive clarinets are made of plastic resin , such as ABS . Resonite is Selmer 's trademark name for its type of plastic . Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the early 20th century until plastic instruments supplanted them ; metal construction is still used for the bodies of some contra - alto and contrabass clarinets and the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets . Ivory was used for a few 18th - century clarinets , but it tends to crack and does not keep its shape well . Buffet Crampon 's Greenline clarinets are made from a composite of grenadilla wood powder and carbon fiber . Such clarinets are less affected by humidity and temperature changes than wooden instruments but are heavier . Hard rubber , such as ebonite , has been used for clarinets since the 1860s , although few modern clarinets are made of it . Clarinet designers Alastair Hanson and Tom Ridenour are strong advocates of hard rubber . Hanson Clarinets of England manufactures clarinets using a grenadilla compound reinforced with ebonite , known as ' BTR ' ( bithermal reinforced ) grenadilla . This material is also not affected by humidity , and the weight is the same as that of a wooden clarinet .",
"Mouthpieces are generally made of hard rubber , although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic . Other materials such as crystal / glass , wood , ivory , and metal have also been used . Ligatures are often made of metal and plated in nickel , silver , or gold . Other materials include wire , wire mesh , plastic , naugahyde , string , or leather .",
"The clarinet uses a single reed made from the cane of Arundo donax , a type of grass . Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials . The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece . When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing , the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet 's sound .",
"Basic reed measurements are as follows : tip , 12 millimetres ( 0.47 in ) wide ; lay , 15 millimetres ( 0.59 in ) long ( distance from the place where the reed touches the mouthpiece to the tip ) ; gap , 1 millimetre ( 0.039 in ) ( distance between the underside of the reed tip and the mouthpiece ) . Adjustment to these measurements is one method of affecting tone color .",
"Most clarinetists buy manufactured reeds , although many make adjustments to these reeds , and some make their own reeds from cane `` blanks '' . Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness , generally indicated on a scale from one ( soft ) through five ( hard ) . This numbering system is not standardized -- reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models . Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability , pitch stability , and tonal characteristics .",
"Note : A Boehm system soprano clarinet is shown in the photos illustrating this section . However , all modern clarinets have similar components .",
"The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature , and the top half - inch or so of this assembly is held in the player 's mouth . In the past clarinetists used to wrap a string around the mouthpiece and reed instead of using a ligature . The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure .",
"B ♭ Clarinet reed and mouthpiece . Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"B ♭ Clarinet reed and mouthpiece .",
"Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece , pressing against the player 's lower lip , while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece ( some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a ' double - lip ' embouchure ) . Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation ( tuning ) . It is not uncommon for clarinetists to employ methods to relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching pads to the top of the mouthpiece or putting ( temporary ) padding on the front lower teeth , commonly from folded paper .",
"Next is the short barrel ; this part of the instrument may be extended to fine - tune the clarinet . As the pitch of the clarinet is fairly temperature - sensitive , some instruments have interchangeable barrels whose lengths vary slightly . Additional compensation for pitch variation and tuning can be made by pulling out the barrel and thus increasing the instrument 's length , particularly common in group playing in which clarinets are tuned to other instruments ( such as in an orchestra or concert band ) . Some performers use a plastic barrel with a thumbwheel that adjusts the barrel length . On basset horns and lower clarinets , the barrel is normally replaced by a curved metal neck .",
"The main body of most clarinets is divided into the upper joint , the holes and most keys of which are operated by the left hand , and the lower joint with holes and most keys operated by the right hand . Some clarinets have a single joint : on some basset horns and larger clarinets the two joints are held together with a screw clamp and are usually not disassembled for storage . The left thumb operates both a tone hole and the register key . On some models of clarinet , such as many Albert system clarinets and increasingly some higher - end Boehm system clarinets , the register key is a ' wraparound ' key , with the key on the back of the clarinet and the pad on the front . Advocates of the wraparound register key say it improves sound , and it is harder for moisture to accumulate in the tube beneath the pad . Nevertheless , there is a consensus among repair techs that this type of register key is harder to keep in adjustment , i.e. , it is hard to have enough spring pressure to close the hole securely .",
"The body of a modern soprano clarinet is equipped with numerous tone holes of which seven ( six front , one back ) are covered with the fingertips , and the rest are opened or closed using a set of keys . These tone holes let the player produce every note of the chromatic scale . On alto and larger clarinets , and a few soprano clarinets , key - covered holes replace some or all finger holes . The most common system of keys was named the Boehm system by its designer Hyacinthe Klosé in honour of flute designer Theobald Boehm , but it is not the same as the Boehm system used on flutes . The other main system of keys is called the Oehler system and is used mostly in Germany and Austria ( see History ) . The related Albert system is used by some jazz , klezmer , and eastern European folk musicians . The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the early Mueller system .",
"The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint ( protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint ) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand . These give the player alternative fingerings that make it easy to play ornaments and trills . The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the thumb - rest . Basset horns and larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg .",
"Finally , the flared end is known as the bell . Contrary to popular belief , the bell does not amplify the sound ; rather , it improves the uniformity of the instrument 's tone for the lowest notes in each register . For the other notes the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes and the bell is irrelevant . On basset horns and larger clarinets , the bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal .",
"Theobald Boehm did not directly invent the key system of the clarinet . Boehm was a flautist who created the key system that is now used for the transverse flute . Klosé and Buffet applied Boehm 's system to the clarinet . Although the credit goes to those people , Boehm 's name was given to that key system because it was based on that used for flute .",
"The current Boehm key system consists of generally 6 rings , on the thumb , 1st , 2nd , 4th , 5th and 6th holes , a register key just above the thumb hole , easily accessible with the thumb . Above the 1st hole , there is a key that lifts two covers creating the note A in the throat register ( high part of low register ) of the clarinet . A key at the side of the instrument at the same height as the A key lifts only one of the two covers , producing G ♯ a semitone lower . The A key can be used in conjunction solely with the register key to produce A ♯ / B ♭ .",
"The clarinet has its roots in the early single - reed instruments or hornpipes used in Ancient Greece , old Egypt , Middle East , and Europe since the Middle Ages , such as the albogue , alboka , and double clarinet .",
"The modern clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau . This instrument was similar to a recorder , but with a single - reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore . Lacking a register key , it was played mainly in its fundamental register , with a limited range of about one and a half octaves . It had eight finger holes , like a recorder , and two keys for its two highest notes . At this time , contrary to modern practice , the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip .",
"Around the turn of the 18th century , the chalumeau was modified by converting one of its keys into a register key to produce the first clarinet . This development is usually attributed to German instrument maker Johann Christoph Denner , though some have suggested his son Jacob Denner was the inventor . This instrument played well in the middle register with a loud , shrill sound , so it was given the name clarinetto meaning `` little trumpet '' ( from clarino + - etto ) . Early clarinets did not play well in the lower register , so players continued to play the chalumeaux for low notes . As clarinets improved , the chalumeau fell into disuse , and these notes became known as the chalumeau register . Original Denner clarinets had two keys , and could play a chromatic scale , but various makers added more keys to get improved tuning , easier fingerings , and a slightly larger range . The classical clarinet of Mozart 's day typically had eight finger holes and five keys .",
"Clarinets were soon accepted into orchestras . Later models had a mellower tone than the originals . Mozart ( d . 1791 ) liked the sound of the clarinet ( he considered its tone the closest in quality to the human voice ) and wrote numerous pieces for the instrument. , and by the time of Beethoven ( c. 1800 -- 1820 ) , the clarinet was a standard fixture in the orchestra .",
"The next major development in the history of clarinet was the invention of the modern pad . Because early clarinets used felt pads to cover the tone holes , they leaked air . This required pad - covered holes to be kept to a minimum , restricting the number of notes the clarinet could play with good tone . In 1812 , Iwan Müller , a Baltic German community - born clarinetist and inventor , developed a new type of pad that was covered in leather or fish bladder . It was airtight and let makers increase the number of pad - covered holes . Müller designed a new type of clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen keys . This allowed the instrument to play in any key with near - equal ease . Over the course of the 19th - century makers made many enhancements to Müller 's clarinet , such as the Albert system and the Baermann system , all keeping the same basic design . Modern instruments may also have cork or synthetic pads .",
"The final development in the modern design of the clarinet used in most of the world today was introduced by Hyacinthe Klosé in 1839 . He devised a different arrangement of keys and finger holes , which allow simpler fingering . It was inspired by the Boehm system developed for flutes by Theobald Boehm . Klosé was so impressed by Boehm 's invention that he named his own system for clarinets the Boehm system , although it is different from the one used on flutes . This new system was slow to gain popularity but gradually became the standard , and today the Boehm system is used everywhere in the world except Germany and Austria . These countries still use a direct descendant of the Mueller clarinet known as the Oehler system clarinet . Also , some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets .",
"Other key systems have been developed , many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system : Full Boehm ; Mazzeo , ; McIntyre ; NX ; and Reform - Boehm . systems , for example . Each of these addressed -- and often improved -- issues of particular `` weak '' tones , or simplified awkward fingerings , but none has caught on widely among players , and the Boehm system remains the standard , to date .",
"The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in B ♭ and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument and partly with acoustics , aesthetics , and economics . Before about 1800 , due to the lack of airtight pads ( see History ) , practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals ( notes outside their diatonic home scales ) . The low ( chalumeau ) register of the clarinet spans a twelfth ( an octave plus a perfect fifth ) , so the clarinet needs keys / holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range . This involves more keywork than on instruments that `` overblow '' at the octave -- oboes , flutes , bassoons , and saxophones , for example , which need only twelve notes before overblowing . Clarinets with few keys can not therefore easily play chromatically , limiting any such instrument to a few closely related keys . For example , an eighteenth - century clarinet in C could be played in F , C , and G ( and their relative minors ) with good intonation , but with progressive difficulty and poorer intonation as the key moved away from this range . In contrast , for octave - overblowing instruments , an instrument in C with few keys could much more readily be played in any key . This problem was overcome by using three clarinets -- in A , B ♭ , and C -- so that early 19th - century music , which rarely strayed into the remote keys ( five or six sharps or flats ) , could be played as follows : music in 5 to 2 sharps ( B major to D major concert pitch ) on A clarinet ( D major to F major for the player ) , music in 1 sharp to 1 flat ( G to F ) on C clarinet , and music in 2 flats to 4 flats ( B ♭ to A ♭ ) on the B ♭ clarinet ( C to B ♭ for the clarinetist ) . Difficult key signatures and numerous accidentals were thus largely avoided .",
"With the invention of the airtight pad , and as key technology improved and more keys were added to woodwinds , the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced . However , the use of multiple instruments in different keys persisted , with the three instruments in C , B ♭ , and A all used as specified by the composer .",
"The lower - pitched clarinets sound `` mellower '' ( less bright ) , and the C clarinet -- being the highest and therefore brightest of the three -- fell out of favour as the other two could cover its range and their sound was considered better . While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850 , some composers continued to write C parts after this date , e.g. , Bizet 's Symphony in C ( 1855 ) , Tchaikovsky 's Symphony No. 2 ( 1872 ) , Smetana 's overture to The Bartered Bride ( 1866 ) and Má Vlast ( 1874 ) , Dvořák 's Slavonic Dance Op. 46 , No. 1 ( 1878 ) , Brahms ' Symphony No. 4 ( 1885 ) , Mahler 's Symphony No. 6 ( 1906 ) , and Richard Strauss deliberately reintroduced it to take advantage of its brighter tone , as in Der Rosenkavalier ( 1911 ) .",
"While technical improvements and an equal - tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets , the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted , and the A has thus remained a standard orchestral instrument . In addition , by the late 19th century , the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for clarinet in A that the disuse of this instrument was not practical . Attempts were made to standardise to the B ♭ instrument between 1930 and 1950 ( e.g. , tutors recommended learning routine transposition of orchestral A parts on the B ♭ clarinet , including solos written for A clarinet , and some manufacturers provided a low E ♭ on the B ♭ to match the range of the A ) , but this failed in the orchestral sphere .",
"Similarly there have been E ♭ and D instruments in the upper soprano range , B ♭ , A , and C instruments in the bass range , and so forth ; but over time the E ♭ and B ♭ instruments have become predominant . The B ♭ instrument remains dominant in concert bands and jazz . B ♭ and C instruments are used in some ethnic traditions , such as klezmer .",
"In classical music , clarinets are part of standard orchestral and concert band instrumentation .",
"The orchestra frequently includes two clarinetists playing individual parts -- each player is usually equipped with a pair of standard clarinets in B ♭ and A , and clarinet parts commonly alternate between B ♭ and A instruments several times over the course of a piece , or less commonly , a movement ( e.g. , 1st movement Brahms ' 3rd symphony ) . Clarinet sections grew larger during the last few decades of the 19th century , often employing a third clarinetist , an E ♭ or a bass clarinet . In the 20th century , composers such as Igor Stravinsky , Richard Strauss , Gustav Mahler , and Olivier Messiaen enlarged the clarinet section on occasion to up to nine players , employing many different clarinets including the E ♭ or D soprano clarinets , basset horn , alto clarinet , bass clarinet , and / or contrabass clarinet .",
"In concert bands , clarinets are an important part of the instrumentation . The E ♭ clarinet , B ♭ clarinet , alto clarinet , bass clarinet , and contra - alto / contrabass clarinet are commonly used in concert bands . Concert bands generally have multiple B ♭ clarinets ; there are commonly 3 B ♭ clarinet parts with 2 -- 3 players per part . There is generally only one player per part on the other clarinets . There are not always E ♭ clarinet , alto clarinet , and contra - alto clarinets / contrabass clarinet parts in concert band music , but all three are quite common .",
"Tudor Tulok -- Fragment from ' Late Spring ' Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"Tudor Tulok -- Fragment from ' Late Spring '",
"Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"This practice of using a variety of clarinets to achieve coloristic variety was common in 20th - century classical music and continues today . However , many clarinetists and conductors prefer to play parts originally written for obscure instruments on B ♭ or E ♭ clarinets , which are often of better quality and more prevalent and accessible .",
"The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument . The relatively late evolution of the clarinet ( when compared to other orchestral woodwinds ) has left solo repertoire from the Classical period and later , but few works from the Baroque era . Many clarinet concertos have been written to showcase the instrument , with the concerti by Mozart , Copland , and Weber being well known .",
"Many works of chamber music have also been written for the clarinet . Common combinations are :",
"Clarinet and piano ( including clarinet sonatas ) Clarinet trio ; Clarinet , piano , and another instrument ( for example , string instrument or voice ) Clarinet quartet : three B ♭ clarinets and bass clarinet , two B ♭ clarinets , alto clarinet and bass , and other possibilities such as the use of a basset horn , especially in European classical works . Clarinet quintet , generally made up of a clarinet plus a string quartet . Reed quintet , consists of oboe ( doubling English horn ) , clarinet , alto saxophone ( doubling soprano saxophone ) , bass clarinet , and bassoon . Wind quintet , consists of flute , oboe , clarinet , bassoon , and horn . Trio d'anches , or trio of reeds consists of oboe , clarinet , and bassoon . Wind octet , consists of pairs of oboes , clarinets , bassoons , and horns .",
"Clarinet and piano ( including clarinet sonatas )",
"Clarinet trio ; Clarinet , piano , and another instrument ( for example , string instrument or voice )",
"Clarinet quartet : three B ♭ clarinets and bass clarinet , two B ♭ clarinets , alto clarinet and bass , and other possibilities such as the use of a basset horn , especially in European classical works .",
"Clarinet quintet , generally made up of a clarinet plus a string quartet .",
"Reed quintet , consists of oboe ( doubling English horn ) , clarinet , alto saxophone ( doubling soprano saxophone ) , bass clarinet , and bassoon .",
"Wind quintet , consists of flute , oboe , clarinet , bassoon , and horn .",
"Trio d'anches , or trio of reeds consists of oboe , clarinet , and bassoon .",
"Wind octet , consists of pairs of oboes , clarinets , bassoons , and horns .",
"",
"The clarinet was originally a central instrument in jazz , beginning with the New Orleans players in the 1910s . It remained a signature instrument of jazz music through much of the big band era into the 1940s . American players Alphonse Picou , Larry Shields , Jimmie Noone , Johnny Dodds , and Sidney Bechet were all pioneers of the instrument in jazz . The B ♭ soprano was the most common instrument , but a few early jazz musicians such as Louis Nelson Delisle and Alcide Nunez preferred the C soprano , and many New Orleans jazz brass bands have used E ♭ soprano .",
"Swing clarinetists such as Benny Goodman , Artie Shaw , and Woody Herman led successful big bands and smaller groups from the 1930s onward . Duke Ellington , active from the 1920s to the 1970s , used the clarinet as lead instrument in his works , with several players of the instrument ( Barney Bigard , Jimmy Hamilton , and Russell Procope ) spending a significant portion of their careers in his orchestra . Harry Carney , primarily Ellington 's baritone saxophonist , occasionally doubled on bass clarinet . Meanwhile , Pee Wee Russell had a long and successful career in small groups .",
"With the decline of the big bands ' popularity in the late 1940s , the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz . By that time , an interest in Dixieland or traditional New Orleans jazz had revived ; Pete Fountain was one of the best known performers in this genre . Bob Wilber , active since the 1950s , is a more eclectic jazz clarinetist , playing in several classic jazz styles . During the 1950s and 1960s , Britain underwent a surge in the popularity of what was termed ' Trad jazz ' . In 1956 the British clarinetist Acker Bilk founded his own ensemble . Several singles recorded by Bilk reached the British pop charts , including the ballad `` Stranger on the Shore '' .",
"The clarinet 's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone , which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system . The requirement for an increased speed of execution in modern jazz also did not favour the clarinet , but the clarinet did not entirely disappear . A few players such as Buddy DeFranco , Tony Scott , and Jimmy Giuffre emerged during the 1950s playing bebop or other styles . A little later , Eric Dolphy ( on bass clarinet ) , Perry Robinson , John Carter , Theo Jörgensmann , and others used the clarinet in free jazz . The French composer and clarinetist Jean - Christian Michel initiated a jazz - classical cross-over on the clarinet with the drummer Kenny Clarke .",
"In the U.S. , the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included Eddie Daniels , Don Byron , Marty Ehrlich , and others playing the clarinet in more contemporary contexts .",
"The clarinet is uncommon , but not unheard of , in rock music . Jerry Martini played clarinet on Sly and the Family Stone 's 1968 hit , `` Dance to the Music '' ; Don Byron , a founder of the Black Rock Coalition who was a member of hard rock guitarist Vernon Reid 's band , plays clarinet on the Mistaken Identity album ( 1996 ) . The Beatles , Pink Floyd , Radiohead , Aerosmith , Billy Joel , and Tom Waits have also all used clarinet on occasion .",
"Clarinets feature prominently in klezmer music , which entails a distinctive style of playing . The use of quarter - tones requires a different embouchure . Some klezmer musicians prefer Albert system clarinets .",
"The popular Brazilian music styles of choro and samba use the clarinet . Prominent contemporary players include Paulo Moura , Naylor ' Proveta ' Azevedo , Paulo Sérgio dos Santos and Cuban born Paquito D'Rivera .",
"Even though it has been adopted recently in Albanian folklore ( around the 18th century ) , the clarinet , or gërneta as it is called , is one of the most important instruments in Albania , especially in the central and southern areas . The clarinet plays a crucial role in saze ( folk ) ensembles that perform in weddings and other celebrations . It is worth mentioning that the kaba ( an instrumental Albanian Isopolyphony included in UNESCO 's intangible cultural heritage list ) is characteristic of these ensembles . Prominent Albanian clarinet players include Selim Leskoviku , Gaqo Lena , Remzi Lela ( Çobani ) , Laver Bariu ( Ustai ) , and Nevruz Nure ( Lulushi i Korçës ) .",
"The clarinet is prominent in Bulgarian wedding music also ; it is an offshoot of Roma / Romani traditional music . Ivo Papazov is a well - known clarinetist in this genre . In Moravian dulcimer bands , the clarinet is usually the only wind instrument among string instruments .",
"In old - town folk music in the Republic of Macedonia ( called čalgija ( `` чалгија '' ) ) , the clarinet has the most important role in wedding music ; clarinet solos mark the high point of dancing euphoria . One of the most renowned Macedonian clarinet players is Tale Ognenovski , who gained worldwide fame for his virtuosity .",
"In Greece , the clarinet ( usually referred to as `` κλαρίνο '' -- `` clarino '' ) is prominent in traditional music , especially in central , northwest and northern Greece ( Thessaly , Epirus and Macedonia ) . The double - reed zurna was the dominant woodwind instrument before the clarinet arrived in the country , although many Greeks regard the clarinet as a native instrument . Traditional dance music , wedding music and laments include a clarinet soloist and quite often improvisations . Petroloukas Chalkias is a famous clarinetist in this genre .",
"The instrument is equally famous in Turkey , especially the lower - pitched clarinet in G . The western European clarinet crossed via Turkey to Arabic music , where it is widely used in Arabic pop , especially if the intention of the arranger is to imitate the Turkish style .",
"Also in Turkish folk music , a clarinet - like woodwind instrument , the sipsi , is used . However , it is far more rare than the soprano clarinet and is mainly limited to folk music of the Aegean Region .",
"Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years . Common forms are :",
"Clarinet choir , which features a large number of clarinets playing together , usually involves a range of different members of the clarinet family ( see Extended family of clarinets ) . The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human choir . Clarinet quartet , usually three B ♭ sopranos and one B ♭ bass , or two B ♭ , an E ♭ alto clarinet , and a B ♭ bass clarinet , or sometimes four B ♭ sopranos .",
"Clarinet choir , which features a large number of clarinets playing together , usually involves a range of different members of the clarinet family ( see Extended family of clarinets ) . The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human choir .",
"Clarinet quartet , usually three B ♭ sopranos and one B ♭ bass , or two B ♭ , an E ♭ alto clarinet , and a B ♭ bass clarinet , or sometimes four B ♭ sopranos .",
"Clarinet choirs and quartets often play arrangements of both classical and popular music , in addition to a body of literature specially written for a combination of clarinets by composers such as Arnold Cooke , Alfred Uhl , Lucien Caillet and Václav Nelhýbel .",
"There is a family of many differently pitched clarinet types , some of which are very rare . The following are the most important sizes , from highest to lowest :",
"Name Key Commentary Range ( concert ) Piccolo clarinet A ♭ Now rare , used for Italian military music and some contemporary pieces for its sonority ; E ♭ clarinet ( Sopranino clarinet in E ♭ ) E ♭ It has a characteristically shrill timbre , and is used to great effect in the classical orchestra whenever a brighter , or sometimes a more rustic or comical sound is called for . Richard Strauss featured it as a solo instrument in his symphonic poem , Till Eulenspiegel . It is much used in the concert band repertoire where it helps out the piccolo flute in the higher register and is very compatible with other band instruments , especially those in B ♭ and E ♭ . D clarinet ( Sopranino clarinet in D ) This was , to the high pitched E ♭ instrument , what the A clarinet is to the B ♭ . Advances in playing technique and the instrument 's mechanism meant that players could play parts for the D instrument on their E ♭ thus making this instrument more and more expendable . Though a few early pieces were written for it , its repertoire is now very limited in Western music . Nonetheless Stravinsky included both the D and E ♭ clarinets in his instrumentation for The Rite Of Spring C Clarinet ( Soprano clarinet in C ) Although this clarinet was very common in the instrument 's earliest period , its use began to dwindle and by the second decade of the twentieth century it had become practically obsolete and disappeared from the orchestra . From the time of Mozart , many composers began to favour the mellower , lower pitched instruments and the timbre of the ' C ' instrument may have been considered too bright . Also , to avoid having to carry an extra instrument which required another reed and mouthpiece , orchestral players preferred to play parts for this instrument on their B ♭ clarinets , transposing up a tone . It is enjoying a resurgence in popular musical styles such as Klezmer ; as an instrument in schools , and in more historically accurate interpretations of the classical and Romantic repertoire such as the First and Fifth Symphonies of Beethoven . B ♭ Clarinet ( Soprano clarinet in B ♭ ) B ♭ The most common type : used in most styles of music . Usually the term clarinet on its own refers to this instrument . It was commonly used in early jazz and swing . This was the instrument of renowned and popular figures such as Sidney Bechet , Benny Goodman , Woody Herman and Artie Shaw . ' A ' Clarinet ( Soprano clarinet in A ) Many clarinetists and some composers maintain this has a somewhat mellower sound than the B ♭ ; most people ca n't perceive a difference in blindfold testing . It is frequently used in orchestral and chamber music , especially of the nineteenth century . The Clarinet Quintet by Brahms ( op . 115 ) is a notable example . Basset clarinet Clarinet in A extended to a low C ; used primarily to play Classical - era music . Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto was written for this instrument , though it is frequently played in a version for the ordinary A clarinet . Basset clarinets in B ♭ also exist ; this instrument is required to play the obbligato to the aria `` Parto , parto '' in Mozart 's La Clemenza di Tito . Basset - horn Similar in appearance to the alto , but differs in that it is pitched in F , has an extended range to low C , and has a narrower bore on most models . Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto was originally sketched out as a concerto for basset horn in G. Rarely used today . Alto clarinet E ♭ or F Sometimes referred to ( mostly in Europe ) as the tenor clarinet . Its greater size and consequently lower pitch give it a rich , dark sonority capable of greater resonance than the soprano instruments , but with less projection than the larger bass clarinet . It is used in chamber music and concert bands , and occasionally , if rarely , in orchestras . A few players have specialized in using the alto in jazz ( e.g. Gianluigi Trovesi ) . The alto in F is considered obsolete . Bass clarinet B ♭ or A Invented in the 1770s it only became popular around a hundred years later when it contributed to the rich orchestral palettes of composers such as Wagner and the late Romantics . It has become a mainstay of the modern orchestra . Originally the third clarinet would double on bass but now most orchestras employ a specialist devoted principally to this instrument . It is used in concert bands , contemporary music , and enjoys , along with the B ♭ clarinet , a considerable rôle in jazz . Eric Dolphy was one of its more remarkable exponents . The bass clarinet in A , which had a vogue among certain composers from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries , is now so rare as to usually be considered obsolete . E ♭ contrabass clarinet ( also called Contraalto clarinet ) EE ♭ Used in clarinet choirs and is common in concert bands . Contrabass clarinet ( also called B ♭ subcontrabass or double - bass clarinet ) BB ♭ Used in clarinet choirs and is common in concert bands . It is sometimes used in orchestras . Arnold Schoenberg calls for one in his Five Pieces for Orchestra .",
"Name Key Commentary Range ( concert )",
"Piccolo clarinet A ♭ Now rare , used for Italian military music and some contemporary pieces for its sonority ;",
"E ♭ clarinet ( Sopranino clarinet in E ♭ ) E ♭ It has a characteristically shrill timbre , and is used to great effect in the classical orchestra whenever a brighter , or sometimes a more rustic or comical sound is called for . Richard Strauss featured it as a solo instrument in his symphonic poem , Till Eulenspiegel . It is much used in the concert band repertoire where it helps out the piccolo flute in the higher register and is very compatible with other band instruments , especially those in B ♭ and E ♭ .",
"( Sopranino clarinet in E ♭ )",
"D clarinet ( Sopranino clarinet in D ) This was , to the high pitched E ♭ instrument , what the A clarinet is to the B ♭ . Advances in playing technique and the instrument 's mechanism meant that players could play parts for the D instrument on their E ♭ thus making this instrument more and more expendable . Though a few early pieces were written for it , its repertoire is now very limited in Western music . Nonetheless Stravinsky included both the D and E ♭ clarinets in his instrumentation for The Rite Of Spring",
"( Sopranino clarinet in D )",
"C Clarinet ( Soprano clarinet in C ) Although this clarinet was very common in the instrument 's earliest period , its use began to dwindle and by the second decade of the twentieth century it had become practically obsolete and disappeared from the orchestra . From the time of Mozart , many composers began to favour the mellower , lower pitched instruments and the timbre of the ' C ' instrument may have been considered too bright . Also , to avoid having to carry an extra instrument which required another reed and mouthpiece , orchestral players preferred to play parts for this instrument on their B ♭ clarinets , transposing up a tone . It is enjoying a resurgence in popular musical styles such as Klezmer ; as an instrument in schools , and in more historically accurate interpretations of the classical and Romantic repertoire such as the First and Fifth Symphonies of Beethoven .",
"( Soprano clarinet in C )",
"B ♭ Clarinet ( Soprano clarinet in B ♭ ) B ♭ The most common type : used in most styles of music . Usually the term clarinet on its own refers to this instrument . It was commonly used in early jazz and swing . This was the instrument of renowned and popular figures such as Sidney Bechet , Benny Goodman , Woody Herman and Artie Shaw .",
"( Soprano clarinet in B ♭ )",
"' A ' Clarinet ( Soprano clarinet in A ) Many clarinetists and some composers maintain this has a somewhat mellower sound than the B ♭ ; most people ca n't perceive a difference in blindfold testing . It is frequently used in orchestral and chamber music , especially of the nineteenth century . The Clarinet Quintet by Brahms ( op . 115 ) is a notable example .",
"( Soprano clarinet in A )",
"Basset clarinet Clarinet in A extended to a low C ; used primarily to play Classical - era music . Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto was written for this instrument , though it is frequently played in a version for the ordinary A clarinet . Basset clarinets in B ♭ also exist ; this instrument is required to play the obbligato to the aria `` Parto , parto '' in Mozart 's La Clemenza di Tito .",
"Basset - horn Similar in appearance to the alto , but differs in that it is pitched in F , has an extended range to low C , and has a narrower bore on most models . Mozart 's Clarinet Concerto was originally sketched out as a concerto for basset horn in G. Rarely used today .",
"Alto clarinet E ♭ or F Sometimes referred to ( mostly in Europe ) as the tenor clarinet . Its greater size and consequently lower pitch give it a rich , dark sonority capable of greater resonance than the soprano instruments , but with less projection than the larger bass clarinet . It is used in chamber music and concert bands , and occasionally , if rarely , in orchestras . A few players have specialized in using the alto in jazz ( e.g. Gianluigi Trovesi ) . The alto in F is considered obsolete .",
"Bass clarinet B ♭ or A Invented in the 1770s it only became popular around a hundred years later when it contributed to the rich orchestral palettes of composers such as Wagner and the late Romantics . It has become a mainstay of the modern orchestra . Originally the third clarinet would double on bass but now most orchestras employ a specialist devoted principally to this instrument . It is used in concert bands , contemporary music , and enjoys , along with the B ♭ clarinet , a considerable rôle in jazz . Eric Dolphy was one of its more remarkable exponents . The bass clarinet in A , which had a vogue among certain composers from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries , is now so rare as to usually be considered obsolete .",
"E ♭ contrabass clarinet ( also called Contraalto clarinet ) EE ♭ Used in clarinet choirs and is common in concert bands .",
"Contrabass clarinet ( also called B ♭ subcontrabass or double - bass clarinet ) BB ♭ Used in clarinet choirs and is common in concert bands . It is sometimes used in orchestras . Arnold Schoenberg calls for one in his Five Pieces for Orchestra .",
"EEE ♭ and BBB ♭ octocontra - alto and octocontrabass clarinets have also been built . There have also been soprano clarinets in C , A , and B ♭ with curved barrels and bells marketed under the names saxonette , claribel , and clariphon ."
] | Clarinet - wikipedia Clarinet Jump to: navigation , search Clarinet B ♭ clarinet ( Oehler system ) Woodwind instrument Classification Wind Woodwind Single-reed Hornbostel-- Sachs classification 422.211.2-71 ( Single-reeded aerophone with keys) Playing range Written range (though it is possible to play higher): Related instruments Saxophone Tárogató (modern) Oboe Chalumeau Musicians Clarinetists Part of a series on Musical instruments Woodwinds (show) Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C (c′′′) Sopranino in F (f'' ) Soprano in C (c'' ) Alto in F (f′ ) Voice flute in D (d′ ) Tenor in C (c′ ) Bass in F (f) Great bass in C (c) Contrabass in F (F) Sub-great bass in C (C) Sub-contrabass in F (FF) Brass Instruments (show) Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn String instruments (show) Bowed Banhu (China) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu (China) Crwth Dahu (China) Đàn gáo (Vietnam) Diyingehu (China) Double bass Erhu (China) Erxian (China) Esraj (India) Fiddle (colloquial term for violin) Gadulka (Bulgaria) Gaohu (China) Gehu (China) Ghaychak (Iran) Goje (Ghana) Gudok (Russia) Gusle Haegeum (Korea) Hardanger fiddle (Norway) Huluhu (China) Huqin (China) Hurdy-gurdy Jinghu (China) Kemenche (Turkey) Kokyū (Japan) Laruan (China) Leiqin (China) Lirone Long-string instrument Maguhu (China) Morin khuur (Mongolia) Nyckelharpa (Sweden) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi (India) Sarinda (India) Saw sam sai (Thailand) Sihu (China) Tro (Cambodia) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol (viola da gamba) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin (Dancing master violin) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu (China) Zhonghu (China) Zhuihu (China) Plucked Appalachian dulcimer (United States) Autoharp Baglama or Saz (Turkey) Bajo sexto (Mexico) Balalaika (Russia) Bandura (Ukraine) Bandurria Banjo (American) Barbat Begena (Ethiopia) Bordonua Bouzouki (Greece) Bugarija (Croatia) Cavaquinho (Portugal and Brazil) Çeng (Turkey) Charango (South America) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş (Turkey) Đàn bầu (Vietnam) Đàn nguyệt (Vietnam) Đàn tranh (Vietnam) Đàn tỳ bà (Vietnam) Daruan (China) Diddley bow (United States) Dombra (East Europe and Middle Asia) Domra (Russia) Doshpuluur (Tuva) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin (China) Electric bass Gayageum (Korea) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro (a.k.a. resonator guitar) Guitarrón (Mexico) Gusli (Russia) Guqin (China) Guzheng (China) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles (Lithuania) Kantele (Finland) Kanun (Middle East, Persia) Kobza (Ukraine) Kokles (Latvia) Komungo (Korea) Konghou (China) Kontigi (Nigeria) Kora (West Africa) Koto (Japan) Krar (Ethiopia) Laud Laouto Liuqin (China) Lute (Europe) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin-banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti (Kenya) Oud (Middle East, Greece) Pandura Pipa (China) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún /kanun (Middle East, Persia) Qinqin (China) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian (China) Sarod ( India ) Saung (Burma) Shamisen (Japan) Sitar (India) Surbahar (India) Sursingar (India) Tambura (India) Tamburitza (Pannonian plain) Tanbur Tar (lute) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena (India) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin (China) Zhongruan (China) Zhu (China) Zither Percussion Keyboards The clarinet is a musical-instrument family belonging to the group known as the woodwind instruments . It has a single-reed mouthpiece, a straight cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore , and a flared bell. A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist (sometimes spelled clarinettist ). The word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinette (the feminine diminutive of Old French clarin or clarion ), or from Provençal clarin , `` oboe'' . It would seem however that its real roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the renaissance and baroque eras. Clarion , clarin and the Italian clarino are all derived from the medieval term claro which referred to an early form of trumpet. This is probably the origin of the Italian clarinetto , itself a diminutive of clarino , and consequently of the European equivalents such as clarinette in French or the German Klarinette . According to Johann Gottfried Walther , writing in 1732, the reason for the name is that `` it sounded from far off not unlike a trumpet'' . The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733, and the now-archaic clarionet appears from 1784 until the early years of the 20th century. While the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. During the late baroque era, composers such as Bach and Handel were making new demands on the skills of their trumpeters, who were often required to play difficult melodic passages in the high, or as it came to be called, clarion register. Since the trumpets of this time had no valves or pistons, melodic passages would often require the use of the highest part of the trumpet's range, where the harmonics were close enough together to produce scales of adjacent notes as opposed to the gapped scales or arpeggios of the lower register. The trumpet parts that required this speciality were known by the term clarino and this in turn came to apply to the musicians themselves. It is probable that the term clarinet may stem from the diminutive version of the ' clarion' or ' clarino' and it has been suggested that clarino players may have helped themselves out by playing particularly difficult passages on these newly developed `` mock trumpets'' . Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau . Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability. These days the most popular clarinet is the B ♭ clarinet. However, the clarinet in A, just a semitone lower, is commonly used in orchestral music. Since the middle of the 19th century the bass clarinet (nowadays invariably in B ♭ but with extra keys to extend the register down a few notes) has become an essential addition to the orchestra. The clarinet family ranges from the (extremely rare) BBB ♭ octo-contrabass to the A ♭ piccolo clarinet . The clarinet has proved to be an exceptionally flexible instrument, equally at home in the classical repertoire as in concert bands , military bands , marching bands , klezmer , and jazz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Sound 1.2 Range 1.3 Acoustics 2 Construction 2.1 Materials 2.2 Reed 2.3 Components 2.4 Keywork 3 History 3.1 Lineage 3.2 Pads 3.3 Arrangement of keys and holes 4 Usage and repertoire 4.1 Use of multiple clarinets 4.2 Classical music 4.3 Jazz 4.4 Other genres 4.5 Groups of clarinets 5 Extended family of clarinets 6 See also 7 References 8 Cited sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Sound ( edit ) The cylindrical bore is primarily responsible for the clarinet's distinctive timbre , which varies between its three main registers , known as the chalumeau, clarion, and altissimo. The tone quality can vary greatly with the clarinetist, music, instrument, mouthpiece, and reed. The differences in instruments and geographical isolation of clarinetists led to the development from the last part of the 18th century onwards of several different schools of playing. The most prominent were the German/Viennese traditions and French school. The latter was centered on the clarinetists of the Conservatoire de Paris . The proliferation of recorded music has made examples of different styles of playing available. The modern clarinetist has a diverse palette of `` acceptable'' tone qualities to choose from. Bass clarinet The A and B ♭ clarinets have nearly the same bore and use the same mouthpiece. Orchestral clarinetists using the A and B ♭ instruments in a concert could use the same mouthpiece (and often the same barrel) (see ' usage' below). The A and B ♭ have nearly identical tonal quality, although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound. The tone of the E ♭ clarinet is brighter and can be heard even through loud orchestral or concert band textures. The bass clarinet has a characteristically deep, mellow sound, while the alto clarinet is similar in tone to the bass (though not as dark). Range ( edit ) Main articles: clarinet family , E-flat clarinet , soprano clarinet , alto clarinet , bass clarinet , basset-horn , contra-alto clarinet , and contrabass clarinet Clarinets have the largest pitch range of common woodwinds. The intricate key organization that makes this possible can make the playability of some passages awkward. The bottom of the clarinet's written range is defined by the keywork on each instrument, standard keywork schemes allowing a low E on the common B ♭ clarinet. The lowest concert pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument in question. The nominal highest note of the B ♭ clarinet is a semitone higher than the highest note of the oboe . Since the clarinet has a wider range of notes, the lowest note of the B ♭ clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor or major sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe. Nearly all soprano and piccolo clarinets have keywork enabling them to play the E below middle C as their lowest written note (in scientific pitch notation that sounds D on a soprano clarinet or C , i.e. concert middle C, on a piccolo clarinet), though some B ♭ clarinets go down to E ♭ to enable them to match the range of the A clarinet. On the B ♭ soprano clarinet, the concert pitch of the lowest note is D , a whole tone lower than the written pitch. Most alto and bass clarinets have an extra key to allow a (written) E ♭ . Modern professional-quality bass clarinets generally have additional keywork to written C. Among the less commonly encountered members of the clarinet family, contra-alto and contrabass clarinets may have keywork to written E ♭ , D , or C ; the basset clarinet and basset horn generally go to low C . Defining the top end of a clarinet's range is difficult, since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books. G is usually the highest note clarinetists encounter in classical repertoire. The C above that (C i.e. resting on the fifth ledger line above the treble staff) is attainable by advanced players and is shown on many fingering charts, and fingerings as high as A exist. The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct registers. The lowest register, from low written E to the written B ♭ above middle C (B ♭ ), is known as the chalumeau register (named after the instrument that was the clarinet's immediate predecessor). The middle register is known as the clarion register (sometimes in the U.S. as the clarino register from the Italian) and spans just over an octave (from written B above middle C (B ) to the C two octaves above middle C (C )); it is the dominant range for most members of the clarinet family. The top or altissimo register consists of the notes above the written C two octaves above middle C (C ). All three registers have characteristically different sounds. The chalumeau register is rich and dark. The clarion register is brighter and sweet, like a trumpet ( clarion ) heard from afar. The altissimo register can be piercing and sometimes shrill. Acoustics ( edit ) Sound wave propagation in the soprano clarinet Sound is a wave that propagates through the air as a result of a local variation in air pressure . The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps: The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips, which put light, even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal. Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument. In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze, the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate. As air pressure from the mouth increases, the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece. At this point the reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave ' bumps' into the reed and opens it. Each time the reed opens, a puff of air goes through the gap, after which the reed swings shut again. When played loudly, the reed can spend up to 50% of the time shut. The ' puff of air' or compression wave (around 3% greater pressure than the surrounding air ) travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out. This is either at the closest open hole or at the end of the tube (see diagram: image 1). More than a ' neutral' amount of air escapes from the instrument, which creates a slight vacuum or rarefaction in the clarinet tube. This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube (image 2). The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece. The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave. This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube, so almost the entire wave is reflected back down the tube even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits (image 3). When the rarefication wave reaches the other (open) end of the tube, air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum. A little more than a ' neutral' amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube (image 4). Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the ' tube' , it is reflected again back down the pipe. However at this time, either because the compression wave ' bumped' the reed or because of the natural vibration cycle of the reed, the gap opens and another ' puff' of air is sent down the pipe. The original compression wave, now greatly reinforced by the second ' puff' of air, sets off on another two trips down the pipe (travelling 4 pipe lengths in total) before the cycle is repeated again. The cycle repeats at a frequency relative to how long it takes a wave to travel to the first open hole and back twice (i.e. four times the length of the pipe). For example: when all the holes bar the very top one are open (i.e. the trill ' B' key is pressed), the note A4 (440 Hz ) is produced. This represents a repeat of the cycle 440 times per second. In addition to this primary compression wave, other waves, known as harmonics , are created. Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed, the reed sealing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle (which creates a flattened section of the sound wave), and imperfections (bumps and holes) in the bore. A wide variety of compression waves are created, but only some (primarily the odd harmonics) are reinforced. These extra waves are what gives the clarinet its characteristic tone. The bore is cylindrical for most of the tube with an inner bore diameter between 14 and 15.5 millimetres (0.55 and 0.61 in), but there is a subtle hourglass shape, with the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint. The reduction is 1 to 3 millimetres (0.039 to 0.118 in) depending on the maker. This `` hourglass'' shape, although invisible to the naked eye, helps to correct the pitch/scale discrepancy between the chalumeau and clarion registers (perfect 12th). The diameter of the bore affects characteristics such as available harmonics, timbre, and pitch stability (how far the player can bend a note in the manner required in jazz and other music). The bell at the bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes. Most modern clarinets have `` undercut'' tone holes that improve intonation and sound. Undercutting means chamfering the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore. Acoustically, this makes the tone hole function as if it were larger, but its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole (surface tension) instead of `` blowing past'' it under the increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers. The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet give the instrument an acoustical behavior approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe . Recorders use a tapered internal bore to overblow at the octave when the thumb/register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the 12th. Adjusting the angle of the bore taper controls the frequencies of the overblown notes (harmonics). Changing the mouthpiece's tip opening and the length of the reed changes aspects of the harmonic timbre or voice of the clarinet because this changes the speed of reed vibrations. Generally, the goal of the clarinetist when producing a sound is to make as much of the reed vibrate as possible, making the sound fuller, warmer, and potentially louder. The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the clarinetist's ability to control the tone of a clarinet. A highly skilled clarinetist will provide the ideal lip and air pressure for each frequency (note) being produced. They will have an embouchure which places an even pressure across the reed by carefully controlling their lip muscles. The airflow will also be carefully controlled by using the strong stomach muscles (as opposed to the weaker and erratic chest muscles) and they will use the diaphragm to oppose the stomach muscles to achieve a tone softer than a forte rather than weakening the stomach muscle tension to lower air pressure. Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with the tone being produced. Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe, changing the resonant frequencies of the enclosed air column and hence the pitch . A clarinetist moves between the chalumeau and clarion registers through use of the register key ; clarinetists call the change from chalumeau register to clarion register `` the break'' . The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced, and the reed is forced to vibrate at three times the speed it was originally. This produces a note a twelfth above the original note. Most instruments overblow at two times the speed of the fundamental frequency (the octave), but as the clarinet acts as a closed pipe system, the reed cannot vibrate at twice its original speed because it would be creating a ' puff' of air at the time the previous ' puff' is returning as a rarefaction. This means it cannot be reinforced and so would die away. The chalumeau register plays fundamentals, whereas the clarion register, aided by the register key, plays third harmonics (a perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals). The first several notes of the altissimo range, aided by the register key and venting with the first left-hand hole, play fifth harmonics (a major seventeenth, a perfect twelfth plus a major sixth, above the fundamentals). The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth and, when moving to the altissimo register, seventeenth. By contrast, nearly all other woodwind instruments overblow at the octave or (like the ocarina and tonette ) do not overblow at all. A clarinet must have holes and keys for nineteen notes, a chromatic octave and a half from bottom E to B ♭ , in its lowest register to play the chromatic scale. This overblowing behavior explains the clarinet's great range and complex fingering system. The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available, sounding a further sixth and fourth (a flat, diminished fifth) higher respectively; these are the notes of the altissimo register. This is also why the inner `` waist'' measurement is so critical to these harmonic frequencies. The highest notes can have a shrill, piercing quality and can be difficult to tune accurately. Different instruments often play differently in this respect due to the sensitivity of the bore and reed measurements. Using alternate fingerings and adjusting the embouchure help correct the pitch of these notes. Since approximately 1850, clarinets have been nominally tuned according to twelve-tone equal temperament . Older clarinets were nominally tuned to meantone . A skilled performer can use his or her embouchure to considerably alter the tuning of individual notes or produce vibrato , a pulsating change of pitch often employed in jazz . Vibrato is rare in classical or concert band literature; however, certain clarinetists, such as Richard Stoltzman , use vibrato in classical music. Special fingerings may be used to play quarter tones and other microtonal intervals. Around 1900, Dr. Richard H. Stein, a Berlin musicologist, made a quarter-tone clarinet, which was soon abandoned. Years later, another German, Fritz Schüller of Markneukirchen , built a quarter tone clarinet , with two parallel bores of slightly different lengths whose tone holes are operated using the same keywork and a valve to switch from one bore to the other. Schüller 's quarter-tone clarinet Construction ( edit ) The construction of a clarinet ( Oehler system ) Materials ( edit ) Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood, plastic, hard rubber , metal, resin , and ivory . The vast majority of clarinets used by professionals are made from African hardwood , mpingo (African Blackwood) or grenadilla , rarely (because of diminishing supplies) Honduran rosewood and sometimes even cocobolo . Historically other woods, notably boxwood , were used. Most inexpensive clarinets are made of plastic resin, such as ABS . Resonite is Selmer 's trademark name for its type of plastic. Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the early 20th century until plastic instruments supplanted them; metal construction is still used for the bodies of some contra-alto and contrabass clarinets and the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets. Ivory was used for a few 18th-century clarinets, but it tends to crack and does not keep its shape well. Buffet Crampon 's Greenline clarinets are made from a composite of grenadilla wood powder and carbon fiber. Such clarinets are less affected by humidity and temperature changes than wooden instruments but are heavier. Hard rubber, such as ebonite , has been used for clarinets since the 1860s, although few modern clarinets are made of it. Clarinet designers Alastair Hanson and Tom Ridenour are strong advocates of hard rubber. Hanson Clarinets of England manufactures clarinets using a grenadilla compound reinforced with ebonite, known as ' BTR' (bithermal reinforced) grenadilla. This material is also not affected by humidity, and the weight is the same as that of a wooden clarinet. Mouthpieces are generally made of hard rubber, although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic. Other materials such as crystal/glass, wood, ivory, and metal have also been used. Ligatures are often made of metal and plated in nickel, silver, or gold. Other materials include wire, wire mesh, plastic, naugahyde , string, or leather. Reed ( edit ) The clarinet uses a single reed made from the cane of Arundo donax , a type of grass. Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound. Basic reed measurements are as follows: tip, 12 millimetres (0.47 in) wide; lay, 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long (distance from the place where the reed touches the mouthpiece to the tip); gap, 1 millimetre (0.039 in) (distance between the underside of the reed tip and the mouthpiece). Adjustment to these measurements is one method of affecting tone color. Most clarinetists buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane `` blanks'' . Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized-- reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability, pitch stability, and tonal characteristics. Components ( edit ) Note: A Boehm system soprano clarinet is shown in the photos illustrating this section. However, all modern clarinets have similar components. Clarinet reed , mouthpiece , and ligature The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature , and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth. In the past clarinetists used to wrap a string around the mouthpiece and reed instead of using a ligature. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure . B ♭ Clarinet reed and mouthpiece. Problems playing this file? See media help . The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a ' double-lip' embouchure). Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation (tuning). It is not uncommon for clarinetists to employ methods to relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching pads to the top of the mouthpiece or putting (temporary) padding on the front lower teeth, commonly from folded paper. Barrel of a B ♭ soprano clarinet Next is the short barrel ; this part of the instrument may be extended to fine-tune the clarinet. As the pitch of the clarinet is fairly temperature-sensitive, some instruments have interchangeable barrels whose lengths vary slightly. Additional compensation for pitch variation and tuning can be made by pulling out the barrel and thus increasing the instrument's length, particularly common in group playing in which clarinets are tuned to other instruments (such as in an orchestra or concert band ). Some performers use a plastic barrel with a thumbwheel that adjusts the barrel length. On basset horns and lower clarinets, the barrel is normally replaced by a curved metal neck. Upper joint of a Boehm system clarinet The main body of most clarinets is divided into the upper joint , the holes and most keys of which are operated by the left hand, and the lower joint with holes and most keys operated by the right hand. Some clarinets have a single joint: on some basset horns and larger clarinets the two joints are held together with a screw clamp and are usually not disassembled for storage. The left thumb operates both a tone hole and the register key . On some models of clarinet, such as many Albert system clarinets and increasingly some higher-end Boehm system clarinets, the register key is a ' wraparound' key, with the key on the back of the clarinet and the pad on the front. Advocates of the wraparound register key say it improves sound, and it is harder for moisture to accumulate in the tube beneath the pad. Nevertheless, there is a consensus among repair techs that this type of register key is harder to keep in adjustment, i.e., it is hard to have enough spring pressure to close the hole securely. The body of a modern soprano clarinet is equipped with numerous tone holes of which seven (six front, one back) are covered with the fingertips, and the rest are opened or closed using a set of keys. These tone holes let the player produce every note of the chromatic scale. On alto and larger clarinets, and a few soprano clarinets, key-covered holes replace some or all finger holes. The most common system of keys was named the Boehm system by its designer Hyacinthe Klosé in honour of flute designer Theobald Boehm , but it is not the same as the Boehm system used on flutes. The other main system of keys is called the Oehler system and is used mostly in Germany and Austria (see History ). The related Albert system is used by some jazz , klezmer , and eastern European folk musicians. The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the early Mueller system . Lower Joint of a Boehm system clarinet The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint (protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand. These give the player alternative fingerings that make it easy to play ornaments and trills . The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the thumb-rest . Basset horns and larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg. Bell of a B ♭ soprano clarinet Finally, the flared end is known as the bell . Contrary to popular belief, the bell does not amplify the sound; rather, it improves the uniformity of the instrument's tone for the lowest notes in each register. For the other notes the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes and the bell is irrelevant. On basset horns and larger clarinets, the bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal. Keywork ( edit ) Theobald Boehm did not directly invent the key system of the clarinet. Boehm was a flautist who created the key system that is now used for the transverse flute. Klosé and Buffet applied Boehm's system to the clarinet. Although the credit goes to those people, Boehm's name was given to that key system because it was based on that used for flute. The current Boehm key system consists of generally 6 rings, on the thumb, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th holes, a register key just above the thumb hole, easily accessible with the thumb. Above the 1st hole, there is a key that lifts two covers creating the note A in the throat register (high part of low register) of the clarinet. A key at the side of the instrument at the same height as the A key lifts only one of the two covers, producing G ♯ a semitone lower. The A key can be used in conjunction solely with the register key to produce A ♯ /B ♭ . History ( edit ) 4-key boxwood clarinet, ca. 1760. Lineage ( edit ) The clarinet has its roots in the early single-reed instruments or hornpipes used in Ancient Greece , old Egypt, Middle East , and Europe since the Middle Ages , such as the albogue , alboka , and double clarinet . The modern clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau . This instrument was similar to a recorder , but with a single-reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a register key , it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and two keys for its two highest notes. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip. Around the turn of the 18th century, the chalumeau was modified by converting one of its keys into a register key to produce the first clarinet. This development is usually attributed to German instrument maker Johann Christoph Denner , though some have suggested his son Jacob Denner was the inventor. This instrument played well in the middle register with a loud, shrill sound, so it was given the name clarinetto meaning `` little trumpet'' (from clarino + -etto ). Early clarinets did not play well in the lower register, so players continued to play the chalumeaux for low notes. As clarinets improved, the chalumeau fell into disuse, and these notes became known as the chalumeau register . Original Denner clarinets had two keys, and could play a chromatic scale , but various makers added more keys to get improved tuning, easier fingerings, and a slightly larger range. The classical clarinet of Mozart's day typically had eight finger holes and five keys. Clarinets were soon accepted into orchestras. Later models had a mellower tone than the originals. Mozart (d. 1791) liked the sound of the clarinet (he considered its tone the closest in quality to the human voice) and wrote numerous pieces for the instrument., and by the time of Beethoven (c. 1800-- 1820), the clarinet was a standard fixture in the orchestra. Pads ( edit ) The next major development in the history of clarinet was the invention of the modern pad. Because early clarinets used felt pads to cover the tone holes, they leaked air. This required pad-covered holes to be kept to a minimum, restricting the number of notes the clarinet could play with good tone. In 1812, Iwan Müller , a Baltic German community-born clarinetist and inventor, developed a new type of pad that was covered in leather or fish bladder . It was airtight and let makers increase the number of pad-covered holes. Müller designed a new type of clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen keys. This allowed the instrument to play in any key with near-equal ease. Over the course of the 19th-century makers made many enhancements to Müller 's clarinet, such as the Albert system and the Baermann system, all keeping the same basic design. Modern instruments may also have cork or synthetic pads. Arrangement of keys and holes ( edit ) Main articles: Albert system , Boehm system (clarinet) , and Oehler system Oehler system clarinets use additional tone holes to correct intonation (patent C ♯ , low E-F correction, fork-F/B ♭ correction and fork B ♭ correction) The final development in the modern design of the clarinet used in most of the world today was introduced by Hyacinthe Klosé in 1839. He devised a different arrangement of keys and finger holes, which allow simpler fingering. It was inspired by the Boehm system developed for flutes by Theobald Boehm . Klosé was so impressed by Boehm's invention that he named his own system for clarinets the Boehm system , although it is different from the one used on flutes. This new system was slow to gain popularity but gradually became the standard, and today the Boehm system is used everywhere in the world except Germany and Austria. These countries still use a direct descendant of the Mueller clarinet known as the Oehler system clarinet. Also, some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets. Other key systems have been developed, many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system: Full Boehm; Mazzeo,; McIntyre; NX; and Reform-Boehm. systems, for example. Each of these addressed-- and often improved-- issues of particular `` weak'' tones, or simplified awkward fingerings, but none has caught on widely among players, and the Boehm system remains the standard, to date. Usage and repertoire ( edit ) Use of multiple clarinets ( edit ) An A clarinet. The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in B ♭ and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument and partly with acoustics, aesthetics, and economics. Before about 1800, due to the lack of airtight pads (see History ) , practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals (notes outside their diatonic home scales). The low (chalumeau) register of the clarinet spans a twelfth (an octave plus a perfect fifth), so the clarinet needs keys/holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range. This involves more keywork than on instruments that `` overblow'' at the octave-- oboes , flutes , bassoons , and saxophones , for example, which need only twelve notes before overblowing. Clarinets with few keys cannot therefore easily play chromatically, limiting any such instrument to a few closely related keys. For example, an eighteenth-century clarinet in C could be played in F, C, and G (and their relative minors) with good intonation, but with progressive difficulty and poorer intonation as the key moved away from this range. In contrast, for octave-overblowing instruments, an instrument in C with few keys could much more readily be played in any key. This problem was overcome by using three clarinets-- in A, B ♭ , and C-- so that early 19th-century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B ♭ to A ♭ ) on the B ♭ clarinet (C to B ♭ for the clarinetist). Difficult key signatures and numerous accidentals were thus largely avoided. With the invention of the airtight pad, and as key technology improved and more keys were added to woodwinds, the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced. However, the use of multiple instruments in different keys persisted, with the three instruments in C, B ♭ , and A all used as specified by the composer. The lower-pitched clarinets sound `` mellower'' (less bright), and the C clarinet-- being the highest and therefore brightest of the three-- fell out of favour as the other two could cover its range and their sound was considered better. While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850, some composers continued to write C parts after this date, e.g., Bizet 's Symphony in C (1855), Tchaikovsky 's Symphony No. 2 (1872), Smetana 's overture to The Bartered Bride (1866) and Má Vlast (1874), Dvořák 's Slavonic Dance Op. 46, No. 1 (1878), Brahms ' Symphony No. 4 (1885), Mahler's Symphony No. 6 (1906), and Richard Strauss deliberately reintroduced it to take advantage of its brighter tone, as in Der Rosenkavalier (1911). While technical improvements and an equal-tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets, the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted, and the A has thus remained a standard orchestral instrument. In addition, by the late 19th century, the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for clarinet in A that the disuse of this instrument was not practical. Attempts were made to standardise to the B ♭ instrument between 1930 and 1950 (e.g., tutors recommended learning routine transposition of orchestral A parts on the B ♭ clarinet, including solos written for A clarinet, and some manufacturers provided a low E ♭ on the B ♭ to match the range of the A), but this failed in the orchestral sphere. Similarly there have been E ♭ and D instruments in the upper soprano range, B ♭ , A, and C instruments in the bass range, and so forth; but over time the E ♭ and B ♭ instruments have become predominant. The B ♭ instrument remains dominant in concert bands and jazz. B ♭ and C instruments are used in some ethnic traditions, such as klezmer . Classical music ( edit ) A pair of Boehm system soprano clarinets-- one in B ♭ and one in A. In classical music , clarinets are part of standard orchestral and concert band instrumentation. The orchestra frequently includes two clarinetists playing individual parts-- each player is usually equipped with a pair of standard clarinets in B ♭ and A, and clarinet parts commonly alternate between B ♭ and A instruments several times over the course of a piece, or less commonly, a movement (e.g., 1st movement Brahms' 3rd symphony ). Clarinet sections grew larger during the last few decades of the 19th century, often employing a third clarinetist, an E ♭ or a bass clarinet. In the 20th century, composers such as Igor Stravinsky , Richard Strauss , Gustav Mahler , and Olivier Messiaen enlarged the clarinet section on occasion to up to nine players, employing many different clarinets including the E ♭ or D soprano clarinets, basset horn , alto clarinet , bass clarinet , and/or contrabass clarinet . In concert bands, clarinets are an important part of the instrumentation. The E ♭ clarinet, B ♭ clarinet, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, and contra-alto/contrabass clarinet are commonly used in concert bands. Concert bands generally have multiple B ♭ clarinets; there are commonly 3 B ♭ clarinet parts with 2-- 3 players per part. There is generally only one player per part on the other clarinets. There are not always E ♭ clarinet, alto clarinet, and contra-alto clarinets/contrabass clarinet parts in concert band music, but all three are quite common. Tudor Tulok -- Fragment from ' Late Spring' Problems playing this file? See media help . This practice of using a variety of clarinets to achieve coloristic variety was common in 20th-century classical music and continues today. However, many clarinetists and conductors prefer to play parts originally written for obscure instruments on B ♭ or E ♭ clarinets, which are often of better quality and more prevalent and accessible. The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument. The relatively late evolution of the clarinet (when compared to other orchestral woodwinds) has left solo repertoire from the Classical period and later, but few works from the Baroque era. Many clarinet concertos have been written to showcase the instrument, with the concerti by Mozart , Copland , and Weber being well known. Many works of chamber music have also been written for the clarinet. Common combinations are: Clarinet and piano (including clarinet sonatas ) Clarinet trio ; Clarinet, piano, and another instrument (for example, string instrument or voice) Clarinet quartet : three B ♭ clarinets and bass clarinet , two B ♭ clarinets, alto clarinet and bass, and other possibilities such as the use of a basset horn , especially in European classical works. Clarinet quintet , generally made up of a clarinet plus a string quartet . Reed quintet , consists of oboe (doubling English horn ), clarinet, alto saxophone (doubling soprano saxophone ), bass clarinet, and bassoon. Wind quintet , consists of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn . Trio d'anches , or trio of reeds consists of oboe, clarinet, and bassoon. Wind octet , consists of pairs of oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and horns. Jazz ( edit ) Jazz clarinetist Pete Fountain The clarinet was originally a central instrument in jazz, beginning with the New Orleans players in the 1910s. It remained a signature instrument of jazz music through much of the big band era into the 1940s. American players Alphonse Picou , Larry Shields , Jimmie Noone , Johnny Dodds , and Sidney Bechet were all pioneers of the instrument in jazz. The B ♭ soprano was the most common instrument, but a few early jazz musicians such as Louis Nelson Delisle and Alcide Nunez preferred the C soprano, and many New Orleans jazz brass bands have used E ♭ soprano. Swing clarinetists such as Benny Goodman , Artie Shaw , and Woody Herman led successful big bands and smaller groups from the 1930s onward. Duke Ellington , active from the 1920s to the 1970s, used the clarinet as lead instrument in his works, with several players of the instrument ( Barney Bigard , Jimmy Hamilton , and Russell Procope ) spending a significant portion of their careers in his orchestra. Harry Carney , primarily Ellington's baritone saxophonist, occasionally doubled on bass clarinet. Meanwhile, Pee Wee Russell had a long and successful career in small groups. With the decline of the big bands' popularity in the late 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz. By that time, an interest in Dixieland or traditional New Orleans jazz had revived; Pete Fountain was one of the best known performers in this genre. Bob Wilber , active since the 1950s, is a more eclectic jazz clarinetist, playing in several classic jazz styles. During the 1950s and 1960s, Britain underwent a surge in the popularity of what was termed ' Trad jazz' . In 1956 the British clarinetist Acker Bilk founded his own ensemble. Several singles recorded by Bilk reached the British pop charts, including the ballad `` Stranger on the Shore '' . The clarinet's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone , which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system. The requirement for an increased speed of execution in modern jazz also did not favour the clarinet, but the clarinet did not entirely disappear. A few players such as Buddy DeFranco , Tony Scott , and Jimmy Giuffre emerged during the 1950s playing bebop or other styles. A little later, Eric Dolphy (on bass clarinet), Perry Robinson , John Carter , Theo Jörgensmann , and others used the clarinet in free jazz . The French composer and clarinetist Jean-Christian Michel initiated a jazz-classical cross-over on the clarinet with the drummer Kenny Clarke . In the U.S., the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included Eddie Daniels , Don Byron , Marty Ehrlich , and others playing the clarinet in more contemporary contexts. Other genres ( edit ) The clarinet is uncommon, but not unheard of, in rock music . Jerry Martini played clarinet on Sly and the Family Stone 's 1968 hit, `` Dance to the Music'' ; Don Byron , a founder of the Black Rock Coalition who was a member of hard rock guitarist Vernon Reid 's band, plays clarinet on the Mistaken Identity album (1996). The Beatles , Pink Floyd , Radiohead , Aerosmith , Billy Joel , and Tom Waits have also all used clarinet on occasion. Clarinets feature prominently in klezmer music, which entails a distinctive style of playing. The use of quarter-tones requires a different embouchure. Some klezmer musicians prefer Albert system clarinets. The popular Brazilian music styles of choro and samba use the clarinet. Prominent contemporary players include Paulo Moura, Naylor ' Proveta' Azevedo, Paulo Sérgio dos Santos and Cuban born Paquito D'Rivera . Even though it has been adopted recently in Albanian folklore (around the 18th century), the clarinet, or gërneta as it is called, is one of the most important instruments in Albania, especially in the central and southern areas. The clarinet plays a crucial role in saze (folk) ensembles that perform in weddings and other celebrations. It is worth mentioning that the kaba (an instrumental Albanian Isopolyphony included in UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list ) is characteristic of these ensembles. Prominent Albanian clarinet players include Selim Leskoviku, Gaqo Lena, Remzi Lela (Çobani ), Laver Bariu (Ustai), and Nevruz Nure (Lulushi i Korçës ). The clarinet is prominent in Bulgarian wedding music also; it is an offshoot of Roma/Romani traditional music. Ivo Papazov is a well-known clarinetist in this genre. In Moravian dulcimer bands, the clarinet is usually the only wind instrument among string instruments. In old-town folk music in the Republic of Macedonia (called čalgija (`` чалгија '' )), the clarinet has the most important role in wedding music; clarinet solos mark the high point of dancing euphoria. One of the most renowned Macedonian clarinet players is Tale Ognenovski , who gained worldwide fame for his virtuosity. In Greece , the clarinet (usually referred to as `` κλαρίνο '' -- `` clarino'' ) is prominent in traditional music, especially in central, northwest and northern Greece ( Thessaly , Epirus and Macedonia). The double-reed zurna was the dominant woodwind instrument before the clarinet arrived in the country, although many Greeks regard the clarinet as a native instrument. Traditional dance music, wedding music and laments include a clarinet soloist and quite often improvisations. Petroloukas Chalkias is a famous clarinetist in this genre. The instrument is equally famous in Turkey , especially the lower-pitched clarinet in G. The western European clarinet crossed via Turkey to Arabic music , where it is widely used in Arabic pop , especially if the intention of the arranger is to imitate the Turkish style. Turkish clarinet Also in Turkish folk music , a clarinet-like woodwind instrument, the sipsi , is used. However, it is far more rare than the soprano clarinet and is mainly limited to folk music of the Aegean Region . Groups of clarinets ( edit ) Contrabass and contra-alto clarinets Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years. Common forms are: Clarinet choir , which features a large number of clarinets playing together, usually involves a range of different members of the clarinet family (see Extended family of clarinets ). The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human choir . Clarinet quartet, usually three B ♭ sopranos and one B ♭ bass, or two B ♭ , an E ♭ alto clarinet, and a B ♭ bass clarinet, or sometimes four B ♭ sopranos. Clarinet choirs and quartets often play arrangements of both classical and popular music, in addition to a body of literature specially written for a combination of clarinets by composers such as Arnold Cooke , Alfred Uhl , Lucien Caillet and Václav Nelhýbel . Extended family of clarinets ( edit ) Main article: Clarinet family There is a family of many differently pitched clarinet types, some of which are very rare. The following are the most important sizes, from highest to lowest: Name Key Commentary Range (concert) Piccolo clarinet A ♭ Now rare, used for Italian military music and some contemporary pieces for its sonority; E ♭ clarinet (Sopranino clarinet in E ♭ ) E ♭ It has a characteristically shrill timbre, and is used to great effect in the classical orchestra whenever a brighter, or sometimes a more rustic or comical sound is called for. Richard Strauss featured it as a solo instrument in his symphonic poem , Till Eulenspiegel . It is much used in the concert band repertoire where it helps out the piccolo flute in the higher register and is very compatible with other band instruments, especially those in B ♭ and E ♭ . D clarinet (Sopranino clarinet in D) This was, to the high pitched E ♭ instrument, what the A clarinet is to the B ♭ . Advances in playing technique and the instrument's mechanism meant that players could play parts for the D instrument on their E ♭ thus making this instrument more and more expendable. Though a few early pieces were written for it, its repertoire is now very limited in Western music. Nonetheless Stravinsky included both the D and E ♭ clarinets in his instrumentation for The Rite Of Spring C Clarinet (Soprano clarinet in C) Although this clarinet was very common in the instrument's earliest period, its use began to dwindle and by the second decade of the twentieth century it had become practically obsolete and disappeared from the orchestra. From the time of Mozart, many composers began to favour the mellower, lower pitched instruments and the timbre of the ' C' instrument may have been considered too bright. Also, to avoid having to carry an extra instrument which required another reed and mouthpiece, orchestral players preferred to play parts for this instrument on their B ♭ clarinets, transposing up a tone. It is enjoying a resurgence in popular musical styles such as Klezmer; as an instrument in schools, and in more historically accurate interpretations of the classical and Romantic repertoire such as the First and Fifth Symphonies of Beethoven . B ♭ Clarinet (Soprano clarinet in B ♭ ) B♭ The most common type: used in most styles of music. Usually the term clarinet on its own refers to this instrument. It was commonly used in early jazz and swing . This was the instrument of renowned and popular figures such as Sidney Bechet , Benny Goodman , Woody Herman and Artie Shaw . ' A' Clarinet (Soprano clarinet in A) Many clarinetists and some composers maintain this has a somewhat mellower sound than the B ♭ ; most people can't perceive a difference in blindfold testing. It is frequently used in orchestral and chamber music, especially of the nineteenth century. The Clarinet Quintet by Brahms (op. 115) is a notable example. Basset clarinet Clarinet in A extended to a low C; used primarily to play Classical-era music. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto was written for this instrument, though it is frequently played in a version for the ordinary A clarinet. Basset clarinets in B ♭ also exist; this instrument is required to play the obbligato to the aria `` Parto, parto'' in Mozart's La Clemenza di Tito. Basset-horn Similar in appearance to the alto, but differs in that it is pitched in F, has an extended range to low C, and has a narrower bore on most models. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto was originally sketched out as a concerto for basset horn in G. Rarely used today. Alto clarinet E ♭ or F Sometimes referred to (mostly in Europe) as the tenor clarinet. Its greater size and consequently lower pitch give it a rich, dark sonority capable of greater resonance than the soprano instruments, but with less projection than the larger bass clarinet . It is used in chamber music and concert bands, and occasionally, if rarely, in orchestras. A few players have specialized in using the alto in jazz (e.g. Gianluigi Trovesi ). The alto in F is considered obsolete. Bass clarinet B ♭ or A Invented in the 1770s it only became popular around a hundred years later when it contributed to the rich orchestral palettes of composers such as Wagner and the late Romantics . It has become a mainstay of the modern orchestra. Originally the third clarinet would double on bass but now most orchestras employ a specialist devoted principally to this instrument. It is used in concert bands, contemporary music, and enjoys, along with the B ♭ clarinet, a considerable rôle in jazz. Eric Dolphy was one of its more remarkable exponents. The bass clarinet in A, which had a vogue among certain composers from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, is now so rare as to usually be considered obsolete. E ♭ contrabass clarinet (also called Contraalto clarinet) EE ♭ Used in clarinet choirs and is common in concert bands. Contrabass clarinet (also called B ♭ subcontrabass or double-bass clarinet) BB ♭ Used in clarinet choirs and is common in concert bands. It is sometimes used in orchestras. Arnold Schoenberg calls for one in his Five Pieces for Orchestra . EEE ♭ and BBB ♭ octocontra-alto and octocontrabass clarinets have also been built. There have also been soprano clarinets in C, A, and B ♭ with curved barrels and bells marketed under the names saxonette , claribel, and clariphon. See also ( edit ) List of clarinet concerti List of clarinetists Clarinet makers Lists of makers of clarinets, clarinet mouthpieces, and clarinet reeds. 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Retrieved 2009-07-19 . Jump up ^ Lawson , p. 74 ^ Jump up to: Hoeprich, Eric (2008). The Clarinet . Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10282-8 . Jump up ^ `` Greenline Clarinets'' . Buffet Crampon. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27 . Retrieved 2007-03-16 . Jump up ^ `` Materials'' . Hanson Clarinets. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28 . Retrieved 2007-06-22 . Jump up ^ Ridenour, Tom. `` The Grenadilla Myth'' . Archived from the original on 2007-06-15 . Retrieved 2007-03-16 . Jump up ^ Pino , p. 200 Jump up ^ Obataya E; Norimoto M. (August 1999). `` Acoustic properties of a reed ( Arundo donax L.) used for the vibrating plate of a clarinet'' . J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106 (2): 1106-- 1110. doi : 10.1121/1.427118 . Jump up ^ Intravaia, Lawrence J; Robert S. Resnick (Spring 1968). `` A Research Study of a Technique for Adjusting Clarinet Reeds'' . Journal of Research in Music Education . MENC. 16 (1): 45-- 58. doi : 10.2307/3344436 . JSTOR 3344436 . Jump up ^ Pino , p. 59 Jump up ^ Pino , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` The bore'' . the-clarinets.net Jump up ^ What's my French stencil clarinet worth? clarinetpages.net Jump up ^ Ridley, E.A.K. (September 1986). `` Birth of the ' Boehm' Clarinet'' . The Galpin Society Journal . 39 : 68-- 76. doi : 10.2307/842134 . JSTOR 842134 . Jump up ^ Lawson , p. 27-28 Jump up ^ Lawson , p. 31 Jump up ^ Horvath, Janet (September 2001). `` An Orchestra Musician's Perspective on 20 Years of Performing Arts Medicine'' . Medical Problems of Performing Artists . 16 (3): 102. Jump up ^ Lawson , p. 59 Jump up ^ Pino , p. 210 Jump up ^ Origin of the clarinet , the-clarinets.net Jump up ^ Lawson , pp. 14-- 15 ^ Jump up to: Karp, Cary (1986). `` The early history of the clarinet and chalumeau'' . Early Music . Oxford University Press. 14 (4): 545-- 551. doi : 10.1093/earlyj/14.4.545 . Jump up ^ Hoeprich, T Eric (1981). `` A Three-Key Clarinet by J.C. Denner'' (PDF) . The Galpin Society Journal . 34 : 21-- 32. doi : 10.2307/841468 . JSTOR 841468 . Jump up ^ Hacker, Alan (April 1969). `` Mozart and the Basset Clarinet'' . The Musical Times . 110 (1514): 359-- 362. doi : 10.2307/951470 . ^ Jump up to: Bray, Erin (2004-11-16). `` The clarinet history'' . The clarinet family . Archived from the original on 2003-02-02 . Retrieved 2009-07-20 . Jump up ^ Clarinet Lessons and Rentals in Buford, Dunwoody and Lilburn GA . Newschoolofmusic.com. Retrieved on 2015-05-12. ^ Jump up to: Ridley, E.A.K. (September 1986). `` Birth of the ' Boehm' Clarinet'' . The Galpin Society Journal . 39 : 68-- 76. doi : 10.2307/842134 . JSTOR 842134 . Jump up ^ Pino , p. 212 Jump up ^ Rendall, FG (1971). The Clarinet (3rd ed.). E. Benn. p. 105. Jump up ^ Lawson , pp. 31, 189 Jump up ^ Full Boehm System Clarinet Jump up ^ US 2867146 Jump up ^ `` McIntyre System Clarinet'' . NC Clarinet Collection . Retrieved 2016-08-17 . Includes images of booklet and fingering chart. Jump up ^ Benade, Arthur H.; Keefe, Douglas H. (March 1996). `` The Physics of a New Clarinet Design'' . The Galpin Society Journal . Galpin Society. 49 : 113-- 142. doi : 10.2307/842396 . JSTOR 842396 . ( JSTOR archive , subscription required). Jump up ^ `` Herbert Wurlitzer Klarinetten'' . Retrieved 2016-08-17 . ^ Jump up to: Longyear, RM (1983). `` Clarinet Sonorities in Early Romantic Music'' (PDF) . The Musical Times . 124 (1682): 224-- 226. doi : 10.2307/962035 . JSTOR 962035 . ^ Jump up to: Lawson , p. 25 Jump up ^ Lawson , pp. 42, 63 ^ Jump up to: Lawson ^ Jump up to: Del Mar, Norman (1983). Anatomy of the Orchestra . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520045009 . Jump up ^ Tuthill, Burnet C. (1972). `` Sonatas for Clarinet and Piano: Annotated Listings'' . Journal of Research in Music Education . 20 (3): 308-- 328. doi : 10.2307/3343885 . JSTOR 3343885 . Jump up ^ Weerts, Richard K. (Autumn 1964). `` The Clarinet Choir'' . Journal of Research in Music Education . MENC. 12 (3): 227-- 230. doi : 10.2307/3343790 . JSTOR 3343790 . Jump up ^ Lawson , p. 58: `` To find a basset horn as part of the instrumentation of a clarinet quartet, quintet, etc., written by a European composer is quite usual, whilst in the USA today's composers rarely use it even in the orchestra.'' Jump up ^ Street, Oscar W. (1915). `` The Clarinet and Its Music'' . Journal of the Royal Musical Association . 1915: Royal Musical Association. 42 (1): 89-- 115. doi : 10.1093/jrma/42.1.89 . Jump up ^ Suppan, Wolfgang. 2001. `` Wind Quintet.'' The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London: Macmillan Publishers. ^ Jump up to: Costa, Anthony. `` A Bibliography of Chamber Music and Double Concerti Literature for Oboe and Clarinet'' . Ohio State University . Dissertation. 2005. Jump up ^ Schuller, Gunther (1989). The swing era . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195071409 . Jump up ^ Compagno, Nick. `` A Closer Walk with Pete Fountain'' . Retrieved 2009-07-20 . Jump up ^ Wilber, Bob (1988). Music Was Not Enough . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-333-44418-3 . Jump up ^ Kaufman, Will; Slettedahl Macpherson, Heidi (2005). Britain and the Americas . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-431-8 . Jump up ^ Palmer, Robert (July 5, 1981). `` John Carter's Case For The Clarinet'' . New York Times . Retrieved April 2010 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) Jump up ^ The Classical Clarinet Information Page on Classic Cat . Classiccat.net. Retrieved on 2015-05-12. Jump up ^ Slobin, Mark (1984). `` Klezmer Music: An American Ethnic Genre'' . Yearbook for Traditional Music . International Council for Traditional Music. 16 : 34-- 41. doi : 10.2307/768201 . JSTOR 768201 . Jump up ^ Livingston-Isenhour, Tamara Elena; Thomas George Caracas Garcia (2005). Choro . Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34541-3 . Jump up ^ Shupo, S. (2002). Folklori muzikor shqiptar . Tirane: Asmus Jump up ^ Mahony, M. (2011). An investigation of the polyphonic folk music of Albania . Dissertation. University of Pretoria Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Culture Sector-- Intangible Heritage-- 2003 Convention :'' . Unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-09-22. Jump up ^ Tole, S.V. (2007). Folklori muzikor-- Isopolyphonia & monodia . Tirane: Uegen Jump up ^ Albums by Nevruz Nure: Discography, songs, biography, and listening guide (Tole, V.S. (1988) `` Sazet, muzika me saze e Shqipërisë së Jugut'' . Tiranë ) (Tole, V.S. `` Inventory of Performes on Albanian Folk Iso-Polyphony:A Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Mankind safeguarded by UNESCO''. Tirana 2010). Rate Your Music (1954-03-23). Retrieved on 2015-05-12. Jump up ^ Rowlett, M (2001). The Clarinet in Bulgarian Wedding Music . Florida State University. Jump up ^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo; Orla Duane; Vanessa Dowell (1999). World Music . Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-113-X . Jump up ^ `` Tale Ognenovski and Chalgiite MRTV-- Nevestinsko oro'' . Retrieved 2010-01-29 . Jump up ^ `` Tale Ognenovski, The Greatest Clarinetist of All Time, Musical Genius, Composer..'' Retrieved 2016-10-31 . Jump up ^ `` Tale Ognenovski, Musical Genius, Titan of the Clarinet And Composer'' . Archived from the original on 2004-10-23 . Retrieved 2009-07-21 . ^ Jump up to: Pappas, John (1998). `` Greek Folk Instrument Groups'' . Retrieved 2009-07-21 . Jump up ^ Weerts, Richard (1964). `` The Clarinet Choir'' . Journal of Research in Music Education . MENC. 12 (3): 227-- 230. doi : 10.2307/3343790 . JSTOR 3343790 . Jump up ^ Seay, Albert E. (September-- October 1948). `` Modern Composers and the Wind Ensemble'' . Music Educators Journal . MENC. 35 (1): 27-- 28. doi : 10.2307/3386973 . JSTOR 3386973 . Jump up ^ `` Clarinet Quartet Project'' . Clarinet Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-07-03 . Retrieved 2009-07-21 . Jump up ^ Clarinette en la ♭ . clarinettes.net ^ Jump up to: Lawson , pp. 47-- 49. Jump up ^ Clarinette en Ut . clarinettes.net Jump up ^ Pino , p. 218 Jump up ^ Rice, Albert R. (2003) The Clarinet in the Classical Period . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jump up ^ Pino , p. 219 Jump up ^ THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BASS CLARINET IN A Jump up ^ Green, Grant D. (2005). `` Octocontrabass & Octocontralto Clarinets'' . Retrieved 2009-07-21 . Cited sources ( edit ) Lawson, Colin, ed. (1995). The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47668-2 . Pino D. (1998). The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing . Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-40270-3 . Rendall, F. Geoffrey (1971). The Clarinet: Some Notes upon Its History and Construction (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. ISBN 0393021645 . Further reading ( edit ) Nicholas Bessaraboff, Ancient European Musical Instruments. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1941. Jack Brymer, Clarinet . (Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides) Hardback and paperback, 296 pages, Kahn & Averill. ISBN 1-871082-12-9 . F. Geoffrey Rendall, The Clarinet. Second Revised Edition. London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1957. Cyrille Rose, Artistic Studies, Book 1. ed. David Hite. San Antonio: Southern Music, 1986. Nicholas Shackleton, `` Clarinet'' , Grove Music Online , ed. L. Macy (accessed 21 February 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Jennifer Ross, `` Clarinet'' , `` Ohio: Hardcover Printing Press, 1988. Fabrizio Meloni, Il Clarinetto , ill., 299 pages, Zecchini Editore, zecchini.com Italy, 2002, ISBN 88-87203-03-2 . Bărbuceanu Valeriu, `` Dictionary of musical instruments'' , Second Revised Edition, Teora Press, Bucharest, 1999. `` Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics'' by Arthur H. Benade, Dover Publishing. SELMER Paris : the clarinet family External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clarinet . Look up clarinet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiversity has learning resources about Clarinet Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Clarinet Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article clarinet . The International Clarinet Association Clarinet at DMOZ Clarinet Clarinet family A ♭ clarinet E ♭ clarinet Soprano clarinet Saxonette Quarter tone clarinet Basset clarinet Clarinette d'amour Basset horn Alto clarinet Bass clarinet Contrabass clarinets Fingering systems Albert Boehm Mazzeo Müller Öhler Clarinet makers Amati-Denak E.K. Blessing Buffet Crampon Johann Christoph Denner Benedikt Eppelsheim Stephen Fox Heinrich Grenser Howarth of London Jupiter Band Instruments Leblanc Iwan Müller Adolphe Sax Selmer Yamaha Corporation Related Clarinet choir Clarinet concerto Clarinet sonata Clarinet quintet Clarinet-violin-piano trio Clarinet-viola-piano trio Single reed instruments Modern Aulochrome Clarinet Bass clarinet E-flat clarinet Heckel-clarina Heckelphone-clarinet Octavin Saxophone Tárogató (modern) Xaphoon European Alboka Chalumeau Diplica Hornpipe Launeddas Mock trumpet Pibgorn Pku Sipsi Stock-and-horn Zhaleika Middle Eastern Arghul Double clarinet (zummara) Mijwiz Central Asian Dili tuiduk South Asian Pungi GND : 4030938-1 NDL : 00567013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarinet&oldid=812058209 '' Categories : Clarinets Woodwind instruments Western Classical music instruments Jazz instruments Marching band instruments Orchestral instruments Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 CS1 errors: dates All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Articles prone to spam from May 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch አማርኛ Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017, at 19:06. 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who is the number one artist on spotify | This list of most - streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams , as derived from Spotify charts in April 2018 . Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with 48 million monthly listeners . | [
[
"Drake"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This list of most - streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams , as derived from Spotify charts in April 2018 . Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with 48 million monthly listeners .",
"Rank Artist Monthly listeners Country Ref ( s ) 1 . Drake 48 million Canada 2 . Ed Sheeran 42 million United Kingdom 3 . Kendrick Lamar United States 4 . Marshmello 40 million 5 . Camila Cabello 38 million 6 . Post Malone 38 million 7 . The Weeknd 37 million Canada 8 . Dua Lipa United Kingdom 9 . David Guetta France 10 . J Balvin 34 million Colombia 11 . Rihanna Barbados 12 . Khalid 13 . The Chainsmokers 33 million United States 14 . Bruno Mars United States 15 . Eminem 16 . Daddy Yankee 32 million Puerto Rico 17 . Maroon 5 30 million United States 18 . Demi Lovato 29 million 19 . Future 20 . Imagine Dragons As of April 2018",
"Rank Artist Monthly listeners Country Ref ( s )",
"1 . Drake 48 million Canada",
"2 . Ed Sheeran 42 million United Kingdom",
"3 . Kendrick Lamar United States",
"4 . Marshmello 40 million",
"5 . Camila Cabello 38 million",
"6 . Post Malone 38 million",
"7 . The Weeknd 37 million Canada",
"8 . Dua Lipa United Kingdom",
"9 . David Guetta France",
"10 . J Balvin 34 million Colombia",
"11 . Rihanna Barbados",
"12 . Khalid",
"13 . The Chainsmokers 33 million United States",
"14 . Bruno Mars United States",
"15 . Eminem",
"16 . Daddy Yankee 32 million Puerto Rico",
"17 . Maroon 5 30 million United States",
"18 . Demi Lovato 29 million",
"19 . Future",
"20 . Imagine Dragons",
"As of April 2018",
"This list enumerates the streams artists ' song accrued on the Spotify Global Top 200 , which is less than the artist 's total streams .",
"Rank Artist Total streams Country 1 . Drake 10.0 billion Canada 2 . Justin Bieber 8.5 billion 3 . Ed Sheeran 8.2 billion United Kingdom 4 . Nicki Minaj align = `` center '' 8 billion 5 . The Weeknd 5.3 billion Canada 6 . Rihanna 4.8 billion Barbados 7 . J Balvin 4.1 billion Colombia 8 . Kendrick Lamar 4.0 billion United States 9 . Daddy Yankee 3.9 billion Puerto Rico 10 . Calvin Harris 3.5 billion Scotland 11 . Post Malone 3.3 billion United States 12 . Selena Gomez 13 . Ozuna Puerto Rico 14 . Sia 3.1 billion Australia 15 . Future United States 16 . Major Lazer / / 17 . Ariana Grande 3.0 billion United States 19 . Maluma 2.7 billion Colombia 20 . Quavo United States As of April 2018",
"Rank Artist Total streams Country",
"1 . Drake 10.0 billion Canada",
"2 . Justin Bieber 8.5 billion",
"3 . Ed Sheeran 8.2 billion United Kingdom",
"4 . Nicki Minaj align = `` center '' 8 billion",
"align = `` center '' 8 billion",
"5 . The Weeknd 5.3 billion Canada",
"6 . Rihanna 4.8 billion Barbados",
"7 . J Balvin 4.1 billion Colombia",
"8 . Kendrick Lamar 4.0 billion United States",
"9 . Daddy Yankee 3.9 billion Puerto Rico",
"10 . Calvin Harris 3.5 billion Scotland",
"11 . Post Malone 3.3 billion United States",
"12 . Selena Gomez",
"13 . Ozuna Puerto Rico",
"14 . Sia 3.1 billion Australia",
"15 . Future United States",
"16 . Major Lazer / /",
"17 . Ariana Grande 3.0 billion United States",
"19 . Maluma 2.7 billion Colombia",
"20 . Quavo United States",
"As of April 2018",
"Rank Artist Followers Country Ref ( s ) 1 . Ed Sheeran 21.3 million United Kingdom 2 . Rihanna 20.8 million Barbados 3 . Justin Bieber 20.1 million Canada 4 . Drake 18.2 million 5 . Eminem 15.2 million United States 6 . Ariana Grande 13.1 million 7 . David Guetta 12.9 million France 8 . Beyoncé 12.2 million United States 9 . Bruno Mars 11.6 million 10 . Taylor Swift 11.1 million 11 . Coldplay 11.0 million United Kingdom 12 . Calvin Harris 10.4 million Scotland 13 . Maroon 5 10.2 million United States 14 . Nicki Minaj 10 million 15 . The Weeknd 9.9 million Canada 16 . Shakira 9.7 million Colombia 17 . Katy Perry 9.2 million United States 18 . Selena Gomez 9.0 million 19 . One Direction 9.0 million United Kingdom Ireland 20 . Adele 8.6 million United Kingdom As of April 2018",
"Rank Artist Followers Country Ref ( s )",
"1 . Ed Sheeran 21.3 million United Kingdom",
"2 . Rihanna 20.8 million Barbados",
"3 . Justin Bieber 20.1 million Canada",
"4 . Drake 18.2 million",
"5 . Eminem 15.2 million United States",
"6 . Ariana Grande 13.1 million",
"7 . David Guetta 12.9 million France",
"8 . Beyoncé 12.2 million United States",
"9 . Bruno Mars 11.6 million",
"10 . Taylor Swift 11.1 million",
"11 . Coldplay 11.0 million United Kingdom",
"12 . Calvin Harris 10.4 million Scotland",
"13 . Maroon 5 10.2 million United States",
"14 . Nicki Minaj 10 million",
"15 . The Weeknd 9.9 million Canada",
"16 . Shakira 9.7 million Colombia",
"17 . Katy Perry 9.2 million United States",
"18 . Selena Gomez 9.0 million",
"19 . One Direction 9.0 million United Kingdom Ireland",
"20 . Adele 8.6 million United Kingdom",
"As of April 2018",
"Timeline of artists who have held the peak position each month as the most streamed artist since September 2015 , when the feature was first made public .",
"Indicates most streamed artist of the year",
"Indicates most streamed artist of the year",
"Year Month Artist Ref ( s ) 2015 September The Weeknd October November December Justin Bieber 2016 January February March April Rihanna May Drake June July August September October November December The Weeknd 2017 January February Ed Sheeran March April May June July August September October November December 2018 January Ed Sheeran February March Drake April",
"Year Month Artist Ref ( s )",
"2015 September The Weeknd",
"October",
"November",
"December Justin Bieber",
"2016 January",
"February",
"March",
"April Rihanna",
"May Drake",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December The Weeknd",
"2017 January",
"February Ed Sheeran",
"March",
"April",
"May",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December",
"2018 January Ed Sheeran",
"February",
"March Drake",
"April",
"Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2017 was Ed Sheeran with 6.3 billion streams that year . This was his second year topping the list .",
"Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2 . Drake Canada 3 . The Weeknd 4 . Kendrick Lamar United States 5 . The Chainsmokers",
"Rank Chg Artist Country",
"1 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom",
"2 . Drake Canada",
"3 . The Weeknd",
"4 . Kendrick Lamar United States",
"5 . The Chainsmokers",
"Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2016 was Drake with 4.7 billion streams that year . He topped the list for a second year in a row .",
"Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Drake Canada 2 . Justin Bieber 3 . Rihanna Barbados 4 . Twenty One Pilots United States 5 . Kanye West",
"Rank Chg Artist Country",
"1 . Drake Canada",
"2 . Justin Bieber",
"3 . Rihanna Barbados",
"4 . Twenty One Pilots United States",
"5 . Kanye West",
"Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2015 was Drake with 1.8 billion streams that year .",
"Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Drake Canada 2 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 3 . The Weeknd Canada 4 . Maroon 5 United States 5 . Kanye West",
"Rank Chg Artist Country",
"1 . Drake Canada",
"2 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom",
"3 . The Weeknd Canada",
"4 . Maroon 5 United States",
"5 . Kanye West",
"Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2014 was Ed Sheeran with 860 million streams that year .",
"Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2 . Eminem United States 3 . Coldplay United Kingdom 4 . Calvin Harris United States 5 . Katy Perry",
"Rank Chg Artist Country",
"1 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom",
"2 . Eminem United States",
"3 . Coldplay United Kingdom",
"4 . Calvin Harris United States",
"5 . Katy Perry",
"Spotify 's most streamed artists of 2013 were Macklemore & Ryan Lewis .",
"Rank Artist Country 1 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis United States 2 . Avicii Sweden 3 . Daft Punk France 4 . Eminem United States 5 . Imagine Dragons 6 . Jay - Z 7 . Bruno Mars 8 . Rihanna Barbados 9 . Calvin Harris United Kingdom 10 . Drake Canada",
"Rank Artist Country",
"1 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis United States",
"2 . Avicii Sweden",
"3 . Daft Punk France",
"4 . Eminem United States",
"5 . Imagine Dragons",
"6 . Jay - Z",
"7 . Bruno Mars",
"8 . Rihanna Barbados",
"9 . Calvin Harris United Kingdom",
"10 . Drake Canada"
] | List of most streamed artists on Spotify - wikipedia List of most streamed artists on Spotify Jump to: navigation , search No. 1 is Drake with 48 million monthly listeners. No. 2 is Ed Sheeran with 43 million monthly listeners. No. 3 is Kendrick Lamar with 42 million monthly listeners. No. 4 is Marshmello with 41 million monthly listeners. This list of most-streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams, as derived from Spotify charts in April 2018. Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with 48 million monthly listeners. Contents ( hide ) 1 Most streamed artists 1.1 Monthly streams 1.2 All-time streams 2 Most followers 3 Peak position on chart 4 Most streamed artists by year 4.1 2017 4.2 2016 4.3 2015 4.4 2014 4.5 2013 5 See also 6 References Most streamed artists ( edit ) Non-English Monthly streams ( edit ) Rank Artist Monthly listeners Country Ref(s) 1. Drake 48 million Canada 2. Ed Sheeran 42 million United Kingdom 3. Kendrick Lamar United States 4. Marshmello 40 million 5. Camila Cabello 38 million 6. Post Malone 38 million 7. The Weeknd 37 million Canada 8. Dua Lipa United Kingdom 9. David Guetta France 10. J Balvin 34 million Colombia 11. Rihanna Barbados 12. Khalid 13. The Chainsmokers 33 million United States 14. Bruno Mars United States 15. Eminem 16. Daddy Yankee 32 million Puerto Rico 17. Maroon 5 30 million United States 18. Demi Lovato 29 million 19. Future 20. Imagine Dragons As of April 2018 All-time streams ( edit ) This list enumerates the streams artists' song accrued on the Spotify Global Top 200, which is less than the artist's total streams. Rank Artist Total streams Country 1. Drake 10.0 billion Canada 2. Justin Bieber 8.5 billion 3. Ed Sheeran 8.2 billion United Kingdom 4. Nicki Minaj align=`` center'' 8 billion 5. The Weeknd 5.3 billion Canada 6. Rihanna 4.8 billion Barbados 7. J Balvin 4.1 billion Colombia 8. Kendrick Lamar 4.0 billion United States 9. Daddy Yankee 3.9 billion Puerto Rico 10. Calvin Harris 3.5 billion Scotland 11. Post Malone 3.3 billion United States 12. Selena Gomez 13. Ozuna Puerto Rico 14. Sia 3.1 billion Australia 15. Future United States 16. Major Lazer / / 17. Ariana Grande 3.0 billion United States 19. Maluma 2.7 billion Colombia 20. Quavo United States As of April 2018 Most followers ( edit ) Also among the 20 most streamed artists Rank Artist Followers Country Ref(s) 1. Ed Sheeran 21.3 million United Kingdom 2. Rihanna 20.8 million Barbados 3. Justin Bieber 20.1 million Canada 4. Drake 18.2 million 5. Eminem 15.2 million United States 6. Ariana Grande 13.1 million 7. David Guetta 12.9 million France 8. Beyoncé 12.2 million United States 9. Bruno Mars 11.6 million 10. Taylor Swift 11.1 million 11. Coldplay 11.0 million United Kingdom 12. Calvin Harris 10.4 million Scotland 13. Maroon 5 10.2 million United States 14. Nicki Minaj 10 million 15. The Weeknd 9.9 million Canada 16. Shakira 9.7 million Colombia 17. Katy Perry 9.2 million United States 18. Selena Gomez 9.0 million 19. One Direction 9.0 million United Kingdom Ireland 20. Adele 8.6 million United Kingdom As of April 2018 Peak position on chart ( edit ) Timeline of artists who have held the peak position each month as the most streamed artist since September 2015, when the feature was first made public. Indicates most streamed artist of the year Year Month Artist Ref(s) 2015 September The Weeknd October November December Justin Bieber 2016 January February March April Rihanna May Drake June July August September October November December The Weeknd 2017 January February Ed Sheeran March April May June July August September October November December 2018 January Ed Sheeran February March Drake April Most streamed artists by year ( edit ) Ed Sheeran was the most streamed artist of 2014 and 2017. Drake was the most streamed artist of 2015 and 2016. Macklemore & Ryan Lewis were the most streamed artists of 2013. 2017 ( edit ) Spotify's most streamed artist of 2017 was Ed Sheeran with 6.3 billion streams that year. This was his second year topping the list. Rank Chg Artist Country 1. Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2. Drake Canada 3. The Weeknd 4. Kendrick Lamar United States 5. The Chainsmokers 2016 ( edit ) Spotify's most streamed artist of 2016 was Drake with 4.7 billion streams that year. He topped the list for a second year in a row. Rank Chg Artist Country 1. Drake Canada 2. Justin Bieber 3. Rihanna Barbados 4. Twenty One Pilots United States 5. Kanye West 2015 ( edit ) Spotify's most streamed artist of 2015 was Drake with 1.8 billion streams that year. Rank Chg Artist Country 1. Drake Canada 2. Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 3. The Weeknd Canada 4. Maroon 5 United States 5. Kanye West 2014 ( edit ) Spotify's most streamed artist of 2014 was Ed Sheeran with 860 million streams that year. Rank Chg Artist Country 1. Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2. Eminem United States 3. Coldplay United Kingdom 4. Calvin Harris United States 5. Katy Perry 2013 ( edit ) Spotify's most streamed artists of 2013 were Macklemore & Ryan Lewis . Rank Artist Country 1. Macklemore & Ryan Lewis United States 2. Avicii Sweden 3. Daft Punk France 4. Eminem United States 5. Imagine Dragons 6. Jay-Z 7. Bruno Mars 8. Rihanna Barbados 9. Calvin Harris United Kingdom 10. Drake Canada See also ( edit ) List of most streamed songs on Spotify List of most-subscribed YouTube channels List of most-followed Twitter accounts List of most-followed Instagram accounts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Drake'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Ed Sheeran'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marshmello'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Weeknd'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` David Guetta'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J Balvin'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Rihanna'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Bruno Mars'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Eminem'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Maroon 5'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Future'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotify Chart History Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nicki Minaj'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adele'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotify's new About tab reveals artists' monthly listeners Jump up ^ The Weeknd tops Spotify artists chart with 24m monthly listeners Jump up ^ Spotify's new Number of Monthly Listeners stat / chart is pretty interesting (The Weeknd currently #1 in the world). Jump up ^ Jump up ^ The most listened artist on Spotify is Justin Bieber. And you still ask why the aliens didn't come to Earth. Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ranks the #1 most popular artist on Spotify w/ over 4 million followers & 31 million monthly listeners Jump up ^ Justin Bieber is most popular Spotify artist with 31.7 million monthly listeners. Can you guess who is in second and third? Hint: Adele 4th Jump up ^ Justin Bieber got the most number of monthly listener in spotify. Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Rihanna has bypassed Justin Bieber as the number one artist on Spotify, with over 31 million monthly listeners! ^ Jump up to: Ingham, Tim (December 1, 2016). `` Drake finally loses his Spotify crown to record-breaking The Weeknd'' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ The Weeknd passed Drake for the most monthly listeners on spotify. About time.🙄 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran is now officially the biggest artist on Spotify worldwide Jump up ^ Artists with the most monthly listeners on Spotify currently: Ed Sheeran, The Chainsmokers, Drake, Coldplay Jump up ^ Taylor is now the second most listened to artist on Spotify with 36M+ monthly listeners - right behind Ed Sheeran 🎶 🎵 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Drake is back in 1st place with more monthly listeners on Spotify. Jump up ^ Associated Press (December 12, 2017). `` Ed Sheeran Tops Spotify's 2017 Most-Streamed List'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Stutz, Colin (December 1, 2016). `` Drake & Rihanna Top Spotify's Year-End Lists'' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ The Spotify Team (December 1, 2015). `` Drake Is The World's Most Streamed Artist on Spotify for 2015'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is Spotify's most-streamed artist of 2014'' . BBC News . December 3, 2014 . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ The Spotify Team (December 17, 2013). `` Spotify reveals Macklemore & Ryan Lewis are 2013's most-streamed artists'' . Spotify . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_streamed_artists_on_Spotify&oldid=835565173 '' Categories : 21st century-related lists Music-related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 13:33. About Wikipedia | -8255883145925704514 |
the right to privacy is a specifically named right established in the bill of rights | Clone Bill of Rights , promoted by Randy Wicker 's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning | [
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"A bill of rights , sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights , is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country . The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens .",
"Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched . An entrenched bill of rights can not be amended or repealed by a country 's legislature through regular procedure , instead requiring a supermajority or referendum ; often it is part of a country 's constitution , and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments . A bill of rights that is not entrenched is a normal statute law and as such can be modified or repealed by the legislature at will .",
"In practice , not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights .",
"The history of legal charters asserting certain rights for particular groups goes back to the Middle Ages . An example is Magna Carta , an English legal charter agreed between the King and his barons in 1215 . In the early modern period , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights . The Petition of Right 1628 , the Declaration of Right , 1689 and the Bill of Rights 1689 established certain rights in statute .",
"In America , the English Bill of Rights was one of the influences on the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the United States Declaration of Independence later that year .",
"Inspired by the Age of Enlightenment , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen asserted the universality of rights . It was adopted in 1789 by France 's National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution .",
"After the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789 , the United States Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791 .",
"The 20th century saw different groups draw on these earlier documents for influence when drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child .",
"The constitution of the United Kingdom remains uncodified , however the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law .",
"Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens , although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia 's states . In 1973 , Federal Attorney - General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament , although it was never passed . In 1984 , Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights , but it was never introduced into parliament , and in 1985 , Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights , which was passed by the House of Representatives , but failed to pass the Senate . Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians ( populist politics ) to unelected ( constitutional ) judges and bureaucrats . Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act . However , the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system , seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights , unless legislation expressly intends to interfere .",
"Magna Carta ( 1215 ; England ) rights for barons Great Charter of Ireland ( 1216 ; Ireland ) rights for barons Golden Bull of 1222 ( 1222 ; Hungary ) rights for nobles Statute of Kalisz ( 1264 ; Kingdom of Poland ) Jewish residents ' rights Charter of Kortenberg ( 1312 ; Belgium ) rights for all citizens `` rich and poor '' Dušan 's Code ( 1349 ; Serbia ) Twelve Articles ( 1525 ; Germany ) Pacta conventa ( 1573 ; Poland ) Henrician Articles ( 1573 ; Poland ) Petition of Right ( 1628 ; England ) Bill of Rights 1689 ( England ) and Claim of Right Act 1689 ( Scotland ) This applied to all British Colonies of the time , and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931 Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution ( July 1776 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ; France ) Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution ( completed in 1789 , ratified in 1791 ) Declaration of the Rights of the People ( 1811 ; Venezuela ) Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut ( 1818 ) Constitution of Greece ( 1822 ; Epidaurus ) Hatt - ı Hümayun ( 1856 ; Ottoman Empire ) Article I of the Constitution of Texas ( 1875 ) Basic rights and liberties in Finland ( 1919 ) Articles 13 - 28 of the Constitution of Italy ( 1947 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 , United Nations ) Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People 's Republic of China ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1950 ) Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens ( 1950 ) Implied Bill of Rights ( a theory in Canadian constitutional law ) Canadian Bill of Rights ( 1960 ) International Bill of Human Rights ( 1976 ) Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms ( 1976 ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( 1982 ) Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines ( 1987 ) Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil ( 1988 ) New Zealand Bill of Rights Act ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic ( 1991 ) Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance ( 1991 ) Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa ( entitled `` Bill of Rights '' ) ( 1996 ) Human Rights Act 1998 ( United Kingdom ) Human Rights Act 2004 ( Australian Capital Territory ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2005 ) Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities ( 2006 ; Australian state of Victoria ) Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe ( 2013 )",
"Magna Carta ( 1215 ; England ) rights for barons",
"Great Charter of Ireland ( 1216 ; Ireland ) rights for barons",
"Golden Bull of 1222 ( 1222 ; Hungary ) rights for nobles",
"Statute of Kalisz ( 1264 ; Kingdom of Poland ) Jewish residents ' rights",
"Charter of Kortenberg ( 1312 ; Belgium ) rights for all citizens `` rich and poor ''",
"Dušan 's Code ( 1349 ; Serbia )",
"Twelve Articles ( 1525 ; Germany )",
"Pacta conventa ( 1573 ; Poland )",
"Henrician Articles ( 1573 ; Poland )",
"Petition of Right ( 1628 ; England )",
"Bill of Rights 1689 ( England ) and Claim of Right Act 1689 ( Scotland ) This applied to all British Colonies of the time , and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931",
"Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 )",
"Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 )",
"Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution ( July 1776 )",
"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ; France )",
"Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution ( completed in 1789 , ratified in 1791 )",
"Declaration of the Rights of the People ( 1811 ; Venezuela )",
"Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut ( 1818 )",
"Constitution of Greece ( 1822 ; Epidaurus )",
"Hatt - ı Hümayun ( 1856 ; Ottoman Empire )",
"Article I of the Constitution of Texas ( 1875 )",
"Basic rights and liberties in Finland ( 1919 )",
"Articles 13 - 28 of the Constitution of Italy ( 1947 )",
"Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 , United Nations )",
"Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People 's Republic of China ( 1949 )",
"European Convention on Human Rights ( 1950 )",
"Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens ( 1950 )",
"Implied Bill of Rights ( a theory in Canadian constitutional law )",
"Canadian Bill of Rights ( 1960 )",
"International Bill of Human Rights ( 1976 )",
"Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms ( 1976 )",
"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( 1982 )",
"Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines ( 1987 )",
"Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil ( 1988 )",
"New Zealand Bill of Rights Act ( 1990 )",
"Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic ( 1991 )",
"Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance ( 1991 )",
"Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa ( entitled `` Bill of Rights '' ) ( 1996 )",
"Human Rights Act 1998 ( United Kingdom )",
"Human Rights Act 2004 ( Australian Capital Territory )",
"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2005 )",
"Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities ( 2006 ; Australian state of Victoria )",
"Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe ( 2013 )",
"Consumer Bill of Rights Homeless Bill of Rights Taxpayer Bill of Rights Academic Bill of Rights , Veterans ' Bill of Rights G.I. Bill of Rights , better known as the G.I. Bill Homosexual Bill of Rights , drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations Library Bill of Rights , published by the American Library Association Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21 Gamer 's Bill of Rights , for video gamers Creator 's Bill of Rights , comic writers and artists Donor 's Bill of Rights , for philanthropic donors Law Enforcement Officers ' Bill of Rights California Voter Bill of Rights , adaptation of the Voting Rights Act Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act Credit Cardholders ' Bill of Rights , contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009 Passengers ' Bill of Rights Clone Bill of Rights , promoted by Randy Wicker 's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning",
"Consumer Bill of Rights",
"Homeless Bill of Rights",
"Taxpayer Bill of Rights",
"Academic Bill of Rights ,",
"Veterans ' Bill of Rights",
"G.I. Bill of Rights , better known as the G.I. Bill",
"Homosexual Bill of Rights , drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations",
"Library Bill of Rights , published by the American Library Association",
"Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21",
"Gamer 's Bill of Rights , for video gamers",
"Creator 's Bill of Rights , comic writers and artists",
"Donor 's Bill of Rights , for philanthropic donors",
"Law Enforcement Officers ' Bill of Rights",
"California Voter Bill of Rights , adaptation of the Voting Rights Act",
"Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque",
"New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act",
"Credit Cardholders ' Bill of Rights , contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009",
"Passengers ' Bill of Rights",
"Clone Bill of Rights , promoted by Randy Wicker 's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning"
] | Bill of rights - wikipedia Bill of rights This article is about the concept. For the English law, see Bill of Rights 1689 . For the United States constitutional amendments, see United States Bill of Rights . `` Charter of rights'' redirects here. For the Canadian constitutional charter, see Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights . Draft of the United States Bill of Rights , also from 1789 A bill of rights , sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights , is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens . Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched . An entrenched bill of rights cannot be amended or repealed by a country's legislature through regular procedure, instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of a country's constitution, and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments. A bill of rights that is not entrenched is a normal statute law and as such can be modified or repealed by the legislature at will. In practice, not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights. Contents 1 History 2 Exceptions in Western democracies 3 List of bills of rights 3.1 General 3.2 Specifically targeted documents 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) The history of legal charters asserting certain rights for particular groups goes back to the Middle Ages . An example is Magna Carta , an English legal charter agreed between the King and his barons in 1215. In the early modern period , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights . The Petition of Right 1628 , the Declaration of Right, 1689 and the Bill of Rights 1689 established certain rights in statute. In America, the English Bill of Rights was one of the influences on the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the United States Declaration of Independence later that year. Inspired by the Age of Enlightenment , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen asserted the universality of rights. It was adopted in 1789 by France's National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution . After the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791. The 20th century saw different groups draw on these earlier documents for influence when drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child . Exceptions in western democracies ( edit ) The constitution of the United Kingdom remains uncodified, however the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states. In 1973, Federal Attorney-General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament, although it was never passed. In 1984, Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights, but it was never introduced into parliament, and in 1985, Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights, which was passed by the House of Representatives , but failed to pass the Senate . Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians (populist politics) to unelected (constitutional) judges and bureaucrats . Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act. However, the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere. List of bills of rights ( edit ) The Bill of Rights 1689 is an Act of the Parliament of England asserting certain rights General ( edit ) Magna Carta (1215; England) rights for barons Great Charter of Ireland (1216; Ireland) rights for barons Golden Bull of 1222 (1222; Hungary) rights for nobles Statute of Kalisz (1264; Kingdom of Poland) Jewish residents' rights Charter of Kortenberg (1312; Belgium) rights for all citizens `` rich and poor'' Dušan 's Code (1349; Serbia) Twelve Articles (1525; Germany) Pacta conventa (1573; Poland) Henrician Articles (1573; Poland) Petition of Right (1628; England) Bill of Rights 1689 (England) and Claim of Right Act 1689 (Scotland) This applied to all British Colonies of the time, and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931 Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 1776) Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence (July 1776) Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution (July 1776) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789; France) Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution (completed in 1789, ratified in 1791) Declaration of the Rights of the People (1811; Venezuela ) Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut (1818) Constitution of Greece (1822; Epidaurus) Hatt-ı Hümayun (1856; Ottoman Empire) Article I of the Constitution of Texas (1875) Basic rights and liberties in Finland (1919) Articles 13-28 of the Constitution of Italy (1947) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948, United Nations) Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People's Republic of China (1949) European Convention on Human Rights (1950) Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens (1950) Implied Bill of Rights (a theory in Canadian constitutional law ) Canadian Bill of Rights (1960) International Bill of Human Rights (1976) Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (1976) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines (1987) Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil (1988) New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (1990) Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic (1991) Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (1991) Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa (entitled `` Bill of Rights'' ) (1996) Human Rights Act 1998 (United Kingdom) Human Rights Act 2004 (Australian Capital Territory) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2005) Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities (2006; Australian state of Victoria) Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) Specifically targeted documents ( edit ) Consumer Bill of Rights Homeless Bill of Rights Taxpayer Bill of Rights Academic Bill of Rights , Veterans' Bill of Rights G.I. Bill of Rights , better known as the G.I. Bill Homosexual Bill of Rights , drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations Library Bill of Rights , published by the American Library Association Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21 Gamer's Bill of Rights , for video gamers Creator's Bill of Rights , comic writers and artists Donor's Bill of Rights , for philanthropic donors Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights California Voter Bill of Rights , adaptation of the Voting Rights Act Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act Credit Cardholders' Bill of Rights, contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009 Passengers' Bill of Rights Clone Bill of Rights, promoted by Randy Wicker 's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning See also ( edit ) Proposed British Bill of Rights Inalienable rights International human rights instruments Natural rights Rule of law Second Bill of Rights References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Rau, Zbigniew; Żurawski vel Grajewski, Przemysław ; Tracz-Tryniecki, Marek, eds. (2016). Magna Carta: A Central European Perspective of Our Common Heritage of Freedom . Rutledge. p. xvi. ISBN 1317278593 . Britain in its history proposed many pioneering documents - not only Magna Carta, 1215 but those such as the Provisions of Oxford 1258, the Petition of Right 1628, the Bill of Rights 1689, and the Claim of Right 1689 Jump up ^ `` From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century'' . The British Library . Retrieved 2017-10-16 ; `` Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century'' . The Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 2017-10-16 . Jump up ^ Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence . New York: Knopf. pp. 126-- 28. ISBN 0-679-45492-6 . Jump up ^ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution . Penn State Press. ISBN 0271040130 . Jump up ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1992). The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1-- 2. ISBN 9780945612285 . Jump up ^ Conley, Patrick T.; States, U.S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original (1992). The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13-- 15. ISBN 9780945612292 . Jump up ^ Montoya, Maria; Belmonte, Laura A.; Guarneri, Carl J.; Hackel, Steven; Hartigan-O'Connor , Ellen (2016). Global Americans: A History of the United States . Cengage Learning. p. 116. ISBN 9780618833108 . Jump up ^ Hugh Starkey, Professor of Citizenship and Human Rights Education at UCL Institute of Education, London. `` Magna Carta and Human rights legislation'' . British Library . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2013-11-10 . Retrieved 2013-06-30 . Jump up ^ Anderson, Deb (21 September 2010). `` Does Australia need a bill of rights?'' . The Age . Melbourne. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13 . Retrieved 2014-10-26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13 . Retrieved 2014-10-26 . Jump up ^ `` Howard opposes Bill of Rights'' . PerthNow . The Sunday Times. 2009-08-27 . Retrieved 2009-09-14 . Jump up ^ Howard, John (2009-08-27). `` 2009 Menzies Lecture by John Howard (full text)'' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 2009-09-14 . Jump up ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2008 (Vic). Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT). Jump up ^ Potter v Minahan (1908) HCA 63 , (1908) 7 CLR 277 , High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania - 1776'' . Duquesne University . Retrieved December 29, 2016 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bills of rights . Law portal Politics portal Liberalism portal Human rights portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_rights&oldid=850510347 '' Categories : Constitutional law Rights National human rights instruments Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Kurdî မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Shqip Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 09:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 4880042211493116251 |
how many different types of old pound coins are there | DECUS ET TUTAMEN . `` A decoration and protection . '' Some pound coins of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and some crown coins including some of Victoria and George V. Refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal , as well as being a complimentary reference to the monarch and the monarchy . | [
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"The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling ( symbol `` £ '' ) , and , since the introduction of the two - pound coin in 1994 ( to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Bank of England 1694 -- 1994 ) , ranges in value from one penny to two pounds . Since decimalisation , on 15 February 1971 , the pound has been divided into 100 ( new ) pence . From the 16th century until decimalisation , the pound was divided into 20 shillings , each of 12 ( old ) pence . British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant , Wales . The Royal Mint also commissions the coins ' designs .",
"As of 31 March 2016 , there were an estimated 30.14 billion coins circulating in the United Kingdom .",
"The first decimal coins were circulated in 1968 . These were the five pence ( 5p ) and ten pence ( 10p ) , and had values of one shilling ( 1 / - ) and two shillings ( 2 / - ) , respectively , under the pre-decimal £ sd system . The decimal coins are minted in copper - plated steel ( previously bronze ) , nickel - plated steel , cupronickel and nickel - brass . The two - pound coins , and , as from 28 March 2017 the new one - pound coins , are bimetallic . The coins are discs , except for the twenty pence and fifty pence pieces , both of which have faces that are heptagonal curves of constant width , and the new one - pound coins , which have faces with 12 sides . All the circulating coins have an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse , and various national and regional designs , and the denomination , on the reverse . The circulating coins , excepting the two - pound coin , were redesigned in 2008 , keeping the sizes and compositions unchanged , but introducing reverse designs that each depict a part of the Royal Shield of Arms and form ( most of ) the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement ( see photo ) . The exception , the 2008 one - pound coin , depicts the entire shield of arms on the reverse . All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX , meaning `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God , Queen and Defender of the Faith '' .",
"In addition to the circulating coinage , the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins ( crowns ) in the denomination of five pounds . Prior to decimalisation , the denomination of special commemorative coins was five shillings , that is , ⁄ of a pound . Crowns , therefore , had a face value of 25p from decimalisation until 1981 , when the last 25p crown was struck . Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns , half sovereigns , and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced .",
"Some territories outside the United Kingdom , which use the pound sterling , produce their own coinage , with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs .",
"In the years just before decimalisation , the circulating British coins were the half crown ( 2 / 6 , withdrawn 1 January 1970 ) , two shillings or florin ( 2 / - ) , shilling ( 1 / - ) , sixpence ( 6d ) , threepence ( 3d ) , penny ( 1d ) and halfpenny ( ⁄ d ) . The farthing ( ⁄ d ) had been withdrawn in 1960 . There was also the Crown ( 5 / - ) , which was ( and still is ) legal tender but only minted on special occasions and not normally circulated .",
"All modern coins feature a profile of the current monarch 's head . The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch , a pattern that began with the Stuarts . For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts , both left and right - facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch . In the Middle Ages , portrait images tended to be full face .",
"From a very early date , British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced , and a longer or shorter title , always in Latin ; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia , which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX , `` King Offa '' . The English silver penny was derived from another silver coin , the sceat , of 20 troy grains weight , which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages . In the 12th century , Henry II established the sterling silver standard for English coinage , of 92.5 % silver and 7.5 % copper , replacing the earlier use of fine silver in the Middle Ages . The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight / value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins . Silver was eliminated from coins , except Maundy coins , in 1947 .",
"The history of the Royal Mint stretches back to AD 886 . For many centuries production was in London , initially at the Tower of London , and then at premises nearby in Tower Hill in what is today known as Royal Mint Court . In the 1970s production was transferred to Llantrisant in South Wales . Historically Scotland and England had separate coinage ; the last Scottish coins were struck in 1709 shortly after union with England .",
"Coins were originally hand - hammered -- an ancient technique in which two dies are struck together with a blank coin between them . This was the traditional method of manufacturing coins in the Western world from the classical Greek era onwards , in contrast with Asia , where coins were traditionally cast . Milled ( that is , machine - made ) coins were produced first during the reign of Elizabeth I ( 1558 -- 1603 ) and periodically during the subsequent reigns of James I and Charles I , but there was initially opposition to mechanisation from the moneyers , who ensured that most coins continued to be produced by hammering . All British coins produced since 1662 have been milled .",
"The English penny first appeared in Anglo - Saxon times , as a silver coin . It was derived from another silver coin , the sceat , of 20 troy grains weight , which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages . The weight of the English penny was fixed at 22 ⁄ troy grains ( about 1.46 grams ) by Offa of Mercia , an 8th - century contemporary of Charlemagne . The coin 's designated value , however , was that of 24 troy grains of silver ( one pennyweight , or ⁄ of a troy pound , or about 1.56 grams ) , with the difference being a premium attached by virtue of the minting into coins . Thus , 240 pennyweights made one troy pound of silver in weight , and the monetary value of 240 pennies also became known as a `` pound '' . ( 240 actual pennies , however , weighed only 5400 troy grains , known as tower pound , a unit used only by mints . The tower pound was abolished in the 16th century . ) The silver penny remained the primary unit of coinage for about 500 years .",
"The purity of 92.5 % silver ( i.e. , sterling silver ) was instituted by Henry II in 1158 with the `` Tealby Penny '' -- a hammered coin .",
"Over the years , the penny was gradually debased until by the 16th century it contained about a third the silver content of a proper troy 24 grain pennyweight .",
"By 1915 , a penny was worth around one - sixth what it had been worth during the Middle Ages . British government sources suggest that prices have risen over 61-fold since 1914 , so a medieval sterling silver penny might have had purchasing power equivalent to £ 4.50 today , and a farthing ( a quarter penny ) would have the value of slightly more than today 's pound ( about £ 1.125 ) .",
"From the time of Charlemagne until the 12th century , the silver currency of England was made from the highest purity silver available . But there were disadvantages to minting currency of fine silver , notably the level of wear it suffered , and the ease with which coins could be `` clipped '' , or trimmed .",
"In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II -- the Sterling Silver standard of 92.5 % silver and 7.5 % copper . This was a harder - wearing alloy , yet it was still a rather high grade of silver . It went some way towards discouraging the practice of `` clipping '' , though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge we see on coins today .",
"During the reign of Henry VIII , the silver content was gradually debased , reaching a low of one - third silver . However , in Edward VI 's reign , silver purity was increased to sterling again and the first crowns and half - crowns were produced dated 1551 . From this point onwards till 1920 , sterling was the rule .",
"By 1696 , the currency had been seriously weakened by an increase in clipping during the Nine Years ' War to the extent that it was decided to recall and replace all hammered silver coinage in circulation . The exercise came close to disaster due to fraud and mismanagement , but was saved by the personal intervention of Isaac Newton after his appointment as Warden of the Mint , a post which was intended to be a sinecure , but which he took seriously . Newton was subsequently given the post of Master of the Mint in 1699 . Following the 1707 union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland , Newton used his previous experience to direct the 1707 -- 1710 Scottish recoinage , resulting in a common currency for the new Kingdom of Great Britain . After 15 September 1709 no further silver coins were ever struck in Scotland .",
"As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty 's Treasury the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by Royal proclamation on 22 December 1717 , forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings . Due to differing valuations in other European countries this unintentionally resulted in a silver shortage , as silver coins were used to pay for imports , while exports were paid for in gold , effectively moving Britain from the silver standard to its first gold standard , rather than the bimetallic standard implied by the proclamation .",
"The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight / value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins .",
"In 1920 , the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5 % to 50 % , with some of the remainder consisting of manganese , which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for long . Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947 , except for Maundy coinage , which returned to the pre-1920 92.5 % silver composition .",
"The 1816 weight / value ratio and size system survived the debasement of silver in 1920 , and the adoption of token coins of cupronickel in 1947 . It even persisted after decimalisation for those coins which had equivalents and continued to be minted with their values in new pence . The UK finally abandoned it in 1992 when smaller , more convenient , `` silver '' coins were introduced .",
"All coins since the 17th century have featured a profile of the current monarch 's head . The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch , a pattern that began with the Stuarts , as shown in the table below :",
"Facing left Facing right Cromwell 1653 -- 1658 Charles II 1660 -- 1685 James II 1685 -- 1688 William and Mary 1689 -- 1694 William III 1694 -- 1702 Anne 1702 -- 1714 George I 1714 -- 1727 George II 1727 -- 1760 George III 1760 -- 1820 George IV 1820 -- 1830 William IV 1830 -- 1837 Victoria 1837 -- 1901 Edward VII 1901 -- 1910 George V 1910 -- 1936 Edward VIII 1936 ( uncirculated issues ) George VI 1936 -- 1952 Elizabeth II 1952 -- present",
"Facing left Facing right",
"Cromwell 1653 -- 1658 Charles II 1660 -- 1685",
"James II 1685 -- 1688 William and Mary 1689 -- 1694 William III 1694 -- 1702",
"Anne 1702 -- 1714 George I 1714 -- 1727",
"George II 1727 -- 1760 George III 1760 -- 1820",
"George IV 1820 -- 1830 William IV 1830 -- 1837",
"Victoria 1837 -- 1901 Edward VII 1901 -- 1910",
"George V 1910 -- 1936",
"Edward VIII 1936 ( uncirculated issues )",
"George VI 1936 -- 1952 Elizabeth II 1952 -- present",
"For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts , both left - and right - facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch ( left - facing images were more common ) . In the Middle Ages , portrait images tended to be full face .",
"There was a small quirk in this alternating pattern when Edward VIII became king in January 1936 and was portrayed facing left , the same as his predecessor George V . This was because Edward thought his left to be his best side . However , Edward VIII abdicated in December 1936 and his coins were never put into general circulation . When George VI came to the throne , he had his coins struck with him facing the left , as if Edward VIII 's coins had faced right ( as they should have done according to tradition ) . Thus , in a timeline of circulating British coins , George V and VI 's coins both feature left - facing portraits , although they follow directly chronologically .",
"All genuine UK coins are produced by the Royal Mint . The same coinage is used across the United Kingdom : unlike banknotes , local issues of coins are not produced for different parts of the UK . The pound coin until 2016 was produced in regional designs , but these circulate equally in all parts of the UK ( see UK designs , below ) .",
"Every year , newly minted coins are checked for size , weight , and composition at a Trial of the Pyx . Essentially the same procedure has been used since the 13th century . Assaying is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury .",
"The 1p and 2p coins from 1971 are the oldest standard - issue coins still in circulation .",
"Coins from the British dependencies and territories that use the pound as their currency are sometimes found in change in other jurisdictions . Strictly , they are not legal tender in the United Kingdom ; however , since they have the same specifications as UK coins , they are sometimes tolerated in commerce , and can readily be used in vending machines .",
"UK - issued coins are , on the other hand , generally fully accepted and freely mixed in other British dependencies and territories that use the pound .",
"An extensive coinage redesign was commissioned by the Royal Mint in 2005 , and new designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from summer 2008 . The pre-2008 coins will remain legal tender and are expected to stay in circulation for the foreseeable future ( except for the £ 1 coin ) .",
"Estimated as at March 2016",
"Denomination Number of pieces ( millions ) Face value ( £ m ) Two pounds 479 957.036 One pound 1,671 1,671.328 Fifty pence 1,053 526.153 Twenty - five pence 81 20 Twenty pence 3,004 600.828 Ten pence 1,713 171.312 Five pence 4,075 203.764 Two pence 6,714 134.273 One penny 11,430 114.299 Total 30,139 4,643.658",
"Denomination Number of pieces ( millions ) Face value ( £ m )",
"Two pounds 479 957.036",
"One pound 1,671 1,671.328",
"Fifty pence 1,053 526.153",
"Twenty - five pence 81 20",
"Twenty pence 3,004 600.828",
"Ten pence 1,713 171.312",
"Five pence 4,075 203.764",
"Two pence 6,714 134.273",
"One penny 11,430 114.299",
"Total 30,139 4,643.658",
"Stated as largest value",
"Denomination Diameter ( mm ) Thickness ( mm ) Ten pounds 65.0 2.5 Five pounds 38.61 2.5 Two pounds 28.4 2.5 Old one pound 22.5 3.15 2017 + one pound 23.43 2.8 Fifty pence 27.3 1.78 Twenty - five pence 38.61 2.5 Twenty pence 21.4 1.7 Ten pence 24.5 1.85 Five pence 18.0 1.7 Two pence 25.9 2.03 One penny 20.3 1.65",
"Denomination Diameter ( mm ) Thickness ( mm )",
"Ten pounds 65.0 2.5",
"Five pounds 38.61 2.5",
"Two pounds 28.4 2.5",
"Old one pound 22.5 3.15",
"2017 + one pound 23.43 2.8",
"Fifty pence 27.3 1.78",
"Twenty - five pence 38.61 2.5",
"Twenty pence 21.4 1.7",
"Ten pence 24.5 1.85",
"Five pence 18.0 1.7",
"Two pence 25.9 2.03",
"One penny 20.3 1.65",
"Since decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the pound ( symbol `` £ '' ) has been divided into 100 pence . ( Prior to decimalisation the pound was divided into 20 shillings , each of 12 ( old ) pence ; thus , there were 240 ( old ) pence to the pound . The value of the pound itself was unchanged by decimalisation . )",
"The first decimal coins -- the five pence ( 5p ) and ten pence ( 10p ) -- were introduced in 1968 in the run - up to decimalisation in order to familiarise the public with the new system . These initially circulated alongside the pre-decimal coinage and had the same size and value as the existing one shilling and two shilling coins respectively . The fifty pence ( 50p ) coin followed in 1969 , replacing the old ten shilling note . The remaining decimal coins -- at the time , the half penny ( ⁄ p ) , penny ( 1p ) and two pence ( 2p ) -- were issued in 1971 at decimalisation . A quarter - penny coin , to be struck in aluminium , was proposed at the time decimalisation was being planned , but was never minted .",
"The new coins were initially marked with the wording NEW PENNY ( singular ) or NEW PENCE ( plural ) . The word `` new '' was dropped in 1982 . The symbol `` p '' was adopted to distinguish the new pennies from the old , which used the symbol `` d '' ( from the Latin denarius , a coin used in the Roman Empire ) .",
"In the years since decimalisation , a number of changes have been made to the coinage . The twenty pence ( 20p ) coin was introduced in 1982 to fill the gap between the 10p and 50p coins . The pound coin ( £ 1 ) was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £ 1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984 ( although the Scottish banks continued producing them for some time afterwards ; the last of them , the Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note , is still in production as of 2013 ) . The designs on the one pound coin change annually in a largely five - year cycle .",
"The decimal half penny coin was demonetised in 1984 as its value was by then too small to be useful . The pre-decimal sixpence , shilling and two shilling coins , which had continued to circulate alongside the decimal coinage with values of 2 ⁄ p , 5p and 10p respectively , were finally withdrawn in 1980 , 1990 and 1993 respectively . However , the double florin and crown with values of 20p and 25p respectively have not been withdrawn .",
"In the 1990s , the Royal Mint reduced the sizes of the 5p , 10p , and 50p coins . As a consequence , the oldest 5p coins in circulation date from 1990 , the oldest 10p coins from 1992 and the oldest 50p coins come from 1997 . Since 1997 , many special commemorative designs of 50p have been issued . Some of these are found fairly frequently in circulation and some are rare . They are all legal tender .",
"The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p , 10p , and 50p coins refer to the current versions . These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively .",
"With their high copper content ( 97 % ) , the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s , until by 2006 the coins would , if melted down , have been worth about 50 % more than their face value . ( To do this , however , would be illegal , and they would have had to be melted in huge quantities , using quite a bit of energy , to achieve significant gain . ) In later years , the price of copper fell considerably . Copper plated steel coins were introduced to replace them .",
"A circulating bimetallic two pound ( £ 2 ) coin was introduced in 1998 ( first minted in , and dated , 1997 ) . There had previously been unimetallic commemorative £ 2 coins which did not normally circulate . This tendency to use the two pound coin for commemorative issues has continued since the introduction of the bimetallic coin , and a few of the older unimetallic coins have since entered circulation .",
"There are also commemorative issues of crowns . Before 1990 , these had a face value of twenty - five pence ( 25p ) , equivalent to the five shilling crown used in pre-decimal Britain . However , in 1990 crowns were redenominated with a face value of five pounds ( £ 5 ) as the previous value was considered not sufficient for such a high - status coin . The size and weight of the coin remained exactly the same . Decimal crowns are generally not found in circulation as their market value is likely to be higher than their face value , but they remain legal tender .",
"In 2008 , UK coins underwent an extensive redesign , which changed the reverse designs , and some other details , of all coins except the £ 2 . The original intention was to exclude both the £ 1 and £ 2 coins from the redesign because they were `` relatively new additions '' to the coinage , but it was later decided to include the £ 1 coin . This was the first wholesale change to British coinage since the first decimal coins were introduced in April 1968 . The new coins were initially to be put into circulation in early 2008 , although they did not actually start to appear until mid-2008 .",
"The major design feature was the introduction of a reverse design shared across six coins ( 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p , 50p ) , that can be pieced together to form an image of the Royal Shield . This was the first time a coin design had been featured across multiple coins in this way . Completing the set , the new £ 1 reverse features the Shield in its entirety . The effigy of the Queen , by Ian Rank - Broadley , continued to appear on the obverse of all the coins until 2015 when it was replaced by the fifth and latest portrait , designed by Jody Clark .",
"On all coins , the beading ( ring of small dots ) around the edge of the obverses has been removed . The obverse of the 20p coin has also been amended to incorporate the year , which had been on the reverse of the coin since its introduction in 1982 ( giving rise to an unusual issue of a mule version without any date at all ) . The orientation of both sides of the 50p coin has been rotated through 180 degrees , meaning the bottom of the coin is now a corner rather than a flat edge . The numerals showing the decimal value of each coin , previously present on all coins except £ 2 and £ 1 , have been removed , leaving the values spelled out in words only .",
"The redesign was the result of a competition launched by the Royal Mint in August 2005 , which closed on 14 November 2005 . The competition was open to the public and received over 4,000 entries . The winning entry was unveiled on 2 April 2008 , designed by Matthew Dent . The Royal Mint stated the new designs were `` reflecting a twenty - first century Britain '' . An advisor to the Royal Mint described the new coins as `` post-modern '' and said that this was something that could not have been done 50 years previously .",
"The redesign was criticised by some for having no specifically Welsh symbol ( such as the Welsh Dragon ) , because the Royal Shield does not include a specifically Welsh symbol . Wrexham MP Ian Lucas , who was also campaigning to have the Welsh Dragon included on the Union Flag , called the omission `` disappointing '' , and stated that he would be writing to the Queen to request that the Royal Standard be changed to include Wales . The Royal Mint stated that `` the Shield of the Royal Arms is symbolic of the whole of the United Kingdom and as such , represents Wales , Scotland , England and Northern Ireland . '' Designer Dent stated `` I am a Welshman and proud of it , but I never thought about the fact we did not have a dragon or another representation of Wales on the design because as far as I am concerned Wales is represented on the Royal Arms . This was never an issue for me . ''",
"The designs were also criticised for not including a portrayal of Britannia , the female personification of Britain whose image has appeared on British coinage continuously since 1672 . In response to the concern over the loss of Britannia , the chairman of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee stated `` There are 806 million Britannias in circulation at the moment ( on the old 50p coin ) . They will remain in circulation . They will see all of us out , until they die a natural death . So whatever happens , Britannia stays around '' .",
"The Royal Mint 's choice of an inexperienced coin designer to produce the new coinage was criticised by Virginia Ironside , daughter of Christopher Ironside who designed the previous UK coins . She stated that the new designs were `` totally unworkable as actual coins '' , due to the loss of a numerical currency identifier , and the smaller typeface used .",
"The German news magazine Der Spiegel claimed that the redesign signalled the UK 's intention `` not to join the euro any time soon '' .",
"As of 2012 , 5p and 10p coins have been issued in nickel - plated steel , and much of the remaining cupronickel types withdrawn , in order to retrieve more expensive metals . The new coins are 11 % thicker to maintain the same weight .",
"There are heightened nickel allergy concerns over the new coins . Studies commissioned by the Royal Mint found no increased discharge of nickel from the coins when immersed in artificial sweat . However , an independent study found that the friction from handling results in four times as much nickel exposure as from the older - style coins . Sweden already plans to desist from using nickel in coins from 2015 .",
"In 2016 , the £ 1 coin design was changed from a round single metal design to a 12 sided bi-metal design , with a slightly larger diameter .",
"Half penny ( ⁄ p ; £ 0.005 ) 1971 -- 1984 , demonetised since then . One penny ( 1p ; £ 0.01 ) , 1971 -- present Two pence ( 2p ; £ 0.02 ) , 1971 -- present Five pence ( 5p ; £ 0.05 ) , 1968 -- 1990 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1990 -- present Ten pence ( 10p ; £ 0.10 ) , 1968 -- 1992 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1992 -- present Twenty pence ( 20p ; £ 0.20 ) , 1982 -- present Twenty - five pence or crown ( 25p ; £ 0.25 ) , 1972 -- 1981 ( special issues , not in common circulation ) Fifty pence ( 50p ; £ 0.50 ) , 1969 -- 1997 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1997 -- present One pound ( £ 1.00 ) , 1983 -- 2016 ( design changed from round coin to twelve - sided one ) , 2017 -- present Two pounds ( £ 2.00 ) , 1986 -- 1997 ( special issues ) ; 1997 -- present ( general issue -- bimetallic ) Five pounds or crown ( £ 5.00 ) , 1990 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) ( 1 ) Twenty pounds ( £ 20.00 ) , 2013 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) Fifty Pounds ( £ 50.00 ) , 2015 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) One Hundred pounds ( £ 100.00 ) , 2015 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender )",
"Half penny ( ⁄ p ; £ 0.005 ) 1971 -- 1984 , demonetised since then .",
"One penny ( 1p ; £ 0.01 ) , 1971 -- present",
"Two pence ( 2p ; £ 0.02 ) , 1971 -- present",
"Five pence ( 5p ; £ 0.05 ) , 1968 -- 1990 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1990 -- present",
"Ten pence ( 10p ; £ 0.10 ) , 1968 -- 1992 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1992 -- present",
"Twenty pence ( 20p ; £ 0.20 ) , 1982 -- present",
"Twenty - five pence or crown ( 25p ; £ 0.25 ) , 1972 -- 1981 ( special issues , not in common circulation )",
"Fifty pence ( 50p ; £ 0.50 ) , 1969 -- 1997 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1997 -- present",
"One pound ( £ 1.00 ) , 1983 -- 2016 ( design changed from round coin to twelve - sided one ) , 2017 -- present",
"Two pounds ( £ 2.00 ) , 1986 -- 1997 ( special issues ) ; 1997 -- present ( general issue -- bimetallic )",
"Five pounds or crown ( £ 5.00 ) , 1990 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) ( 1 )",
"Twenty pounds ( £ 20.00 ) , 2013 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender )",
"Fifty Pounds ( £ 50.00 ) , 2015 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender )",
"One Hundred pounds ( £ 100.00 ) , 2015 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender )",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced One penny Queen Elizabeth II Crowned portcullis with chains `` New Penny '' 1971 -- 1981 `` One Penny '' 1982 -- 2008 20.3 mm 1.52 mm ( bronze ) 1.65 mm ( copper - plated steel ) 3.56 g Bronze ( 1971 -- Sept 1992 ) Copper - plated steel ( Sept 1992 -- 2008 ) Smooth 1971 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.65 mm Copper - plated steel 2008 Two pence Plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet `` New Pence '' 1971 -- 1981 `` Two Pence '' 1982 -- 2008 25.9 mm 1.85 mm ( bronze ) 2.03 mm ( copper - plated steel ) 7.12 g Bronze ( 97 % copper , 2.5 % zinc , 0.5 % tin ) -- until September 1992 Copper - plated steel -- September 1992 -- 2008 , except in 1998 when the 2p was made in both alloys 1971 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2.03 mm Copper - plated steel 2008 Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned thistle 18 mm 1.7 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) Milled 1990 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.7 mm ( cupronickel ) 1.89 mm ( nickel - plated steel ) Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1990 - 2011 Nickel - plated steel 2012 -- Present 2008 Ten pence * Crowned lion 24.5 mm 1.85 mm 6.5 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1992 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.85 mm ( cupronickel ) 2.05 mm ( nickel - plated steel ) Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1992 - 2012 Nickel - plated steel 2012 -- Present 2008 Twenty pence Crowned Tudor Rose 21.4 mm 1.7 mm 5 g Cupronickel ( 84 : 16 ) Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1982 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008 Twenty - five pence No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled , with variable inscription 1972 ( commemorative , not in general circulation ) Fifty pence * Britannia and lion 27.3 mm 1.78 mm 8 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1997 Various commemorative designs 1998 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008 One pound Queen Elizabeth II Rose , leek , thistle , and shamrock encircled by a coronet 23.03 -- 23.43 mm 2.8 mm 8.75 g Inner : Nickel - plated alloy Outer : Nickel - brass Alternately milled and plain ( 12 - sided ) 28 March 2017 Two pounds † No standard reverse design 28.4 mm 15.98 g Nickel - brass Milled 1986 ( commemorative , not in general circulation ) Design by Bruce Rushin 28.4 mm 2.5 mm 12 g Inner : Cupronickel Outer : Nickel - brass Milled with variable inscription and / or decoration 1997 ( issued 1998 ) Various commemorative designs 1999 Five pounds Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled , with variable inscription 1990 ( commemorative , not in general circulation )",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced",
"One penny Queen Elizabeth II Crowned portcullis with chains `` New Penny '' 1971 -- 1981 `` One Penny '' 1982 -- 2008 20.3 mm 1.52 mm ( bronze ) 1.65 mm ( copper - plated steel ) 3.56 g Bronze ( 1971 -- Sept 1992 ) Copper - plated steel ( Sept 1992 -- 2008 ) Smooth 1971",
"Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.65 mm Copper - plated steel 2008",
"Two pence Plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet `` New Pence '' 1971 -- 1981 `` Two Pence '' 1982 -- 2008 25.9 mm 1.85 mm ( bronze ) 2.03 mm ( copper - plated steel ) 7.12 g Bronze ( 97 % copper , 2.5 % zinc , 0.5 % tin ) -- until September 1992 Copper - plated steel -- September 1992 -- 2008 , except in 1998 when the 2p was made in both alloys 1971",
"Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2.03 mm Copper - plated steel 2008",
"Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned thistle 18 mm 1.7 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) Milled 1990",
"Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.7 mm ( cupronickel ) 1.89 mm ( nickel - plated steel ) Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1990 - 2011 Nickel - plated steel 2012 -- Present 2008",
"Ten pence * Crowned lion 24.5 mm 1.85 mm 6.5 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1992",
"Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.85 mm ( cupronickel ) 2.05 mm ( nickel - plated steel ) Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1992 - 2012 Nickel - plated steel 2012 -- Present 2008",
"Twenty pence Crowned Tudor Rose 21.4 mm 1.7 mm 5 g Cupronickel ( 84 : 16 ) Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1982",
"Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008",
"Twenty - five pence No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled , with variable inscription 1972 ( commemorative , not in general circulation )",
"Fifty pence * Britannia and lion 27.3 mm 1.78 mm 8 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1997",
"Various commemorative designs 1998",
"Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008",
"One pound Queen Elizabeth II Rose , leek , thistle , and shamrock encircled by a coronet 23.03 -- 23.43 mm 2.8 mm 8.75 g Inner : Nickel - plated alloy Outer : Nickel - brass Alternately milled and plain ( 12 - sided ) 28 March 2017",
"Two pounds † No standard reverse design 28.4 mm 15.98 g Nickel - brass Milled 1986 ( commemorative , not in general circulation )",
"Design by Bruce Rushin 28.4 mm 2.5 mm 12 g Inner : Cupronickel Outer : Nickel - brass Milled with variable inscription and / or decoration 1997 ( issued 1998 )",
"Various commemorative designs 1999",
"Five pounds Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled , with variable inscription 1990 ( commemorative , not in general circulation )",
"* The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p , 10p , and 50p coins refer to the current versions . These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively .",
"† This coin was originally issued in a smaller size in a single metal in 1986 for special issues only . It was redesigned as a bi-metallic issue for general circulation in 1997 .",
"With their high copper content ( 97 % ) , the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s , until by 2006 the coins , would , if melted down , have been worth about 50 % more than their face value . ( To do this , however , would be illegal , and they would have had to be melted in huge quantities to achieve significant gain . ) In subsequent years the price of copper fell considerably from these peaks .",
"The following are commemorative issues and are seldom encountered in normal circulation due to their precious metal content .",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Twenty - five pence Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Silver Milled , with variable inscription 1972 Five pounds 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Milled , with variable inscription and / or decoration 1990 Ten Pounds 65.0 mm 2.5 mm 155.5 g Milled 2012 Twenty pounds 27.00 mm 15.71 g 2013 Fifty Pounds Britannia 34.00 mm 31 g 2015 One Hundred Pounds Elizabeth Tower ' Big Ben ' 40.00 mm 62.86 g",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced",
"Twenty - five pence Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Silver Milled , with variable inscription 1972",
"Five pounds 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Milled , with variable inscription and / or decoration 1990",
"Ten Pounds 65.0 mm 2.5 mm 155.5 g Milled 2012",
"Twenty pounds 27.00 mm 15.71 g 2013",
"Fifty Pounds Britannia 34.00 mm 31 g 2015",
"One Hundred Pounds Elizabeth Tower ' Big Ben ' 40.00 mm 62.86 g",
"The following decimal coins have been withdrawn from circulation and have ceased to be legal tender .",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn Half Penny Queen Elizabeth II St Edward 's Crown 17.4 mm 1 mm 1.78 g Bronze Smooth 1971 1984 Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned Thistle 23.59 mm 1.7 mm 5.65 g Cupronickel Milled 1968 1990 Ten pence * Crowned Lion 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1968 1992 Fifty pence * Seated Britannia alongside a Lion 30.0 mm 1.78 mm 13.5 g Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1969 1997 Various commemorative designs 1973 One Pound † Queen Elizabeth II Numerous different designs 22.5 mm 3.15 mm 9.5 g Nickel - brass Milled with variable inscription and / or decoration October 15 , 2017 Royal Shield 2008",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn",
"Half Penny Queen Elizabeth II St Edward 's Crown 17.4 mm 1 mm 1.78 g Bronze Smooth 1971 1984",
"Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned Thistle 23.59 mm 1.7 mm 5.65 g Cupronickel Milled 1968 1990",
"Ten pence * Crowned Lion 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1968 1992",
"Fifty pence * Seated Britannia alongside a Lion 30.0 mm 1.78 mm 13.5 g Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1969 1997",
"Various commemorative designs 1973",
"One Pound † Queen Elizabeth II Numerous different designs 22.5 mm 3.15 mm 9.5 g Nickel - brass Milled with variable inscription and / or decoration October 15 , 2017",
"Royal Shield 2008",
"* The specifications and dates of 5p , 10p , and 50p coins refer to the larger sizes issued in 1968 and 1969 respectively .",
"† The specification refers to the round coin issued from 1983 - 2016 . Although obsolete , this coin is still redeemable at banks and still legal tender on the Isle of Man .",
"All modern British coins feature a profile of the current monarch 's head on the obverse . There has been only one monarch since decimalisation , Queen Elizabeth II , so her head appears on all decimal coins , facing to the right ( see also Monarch 's head , above ) . However , five different effigies have been used , reflecting the Queen 's changing appearance as she has aged . These are the effigies by Mary Gillick ( until 1968 ) , Arnold Machin ( 1968 -- 1984 ) , Raphael Maklouf ( 1985 -- 1997 ) , Ian Rank - Broadley ( 1998 -- 2015 ) , and Jody Clark ( from 2015 ) .",
"All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX , meaning `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God , Queen and Defender of the Faith '' . The inscription appears on the coins in any of several abbreviated forms , typically ELIZABETH II DG REG FD .",
"From 2008 , the circle of dots between the lettering and the rim was removed from the 1p , 2p , 5 , and 10p and £ 1 . It was never on the 20p and 50p , and is retained on the £ 2 .",
"The original standard - issue decimal coinage reverse designs are as follows :",
" ⁄ p ( discontinued 1984 ) -- A crown , symbolising the monarch . 1p -- A crowned portcullis with chains ( the badge of the Houses of Parliament ) . 2p -- The Prince of Wales 's feathers : a plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet . 5p -- A crowned thistle , formally `` The Badge of Scotland , a thistle royally crowned '' . 10p -- A crowned lion , part of the British Coat of Arms ( and often is the national animal of England ) 20p -- A crowned Tudor Rose , a traditional heraldic emblem of England ( NB With incuse design and lettering ) . 50p -- Britannia and lion . £ 1 -- Numerous different designs ( see below ) . £ 2 -- An abstract design of concentric circles , representing technological development from the Iron Age to the modern day electronic age .",
" ⁄ p ( discontinued 1984 ) -- A crown , symbolising the monarch .",
"1p -- A crowned portcullis with chains ( the badge of the Houses of Parliament ) .",
"2p -- The Prince of Wales 's feathers : a plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet .",
"5p -- A crowned thistle , formally `` The Badge of Scotland , a thistle royally crowned '' .",
"10p -- A crowned lion , part of the British Coat of Arms ( and often is the national animal of England )",
"20p -- A crowned Tudor Rose , a traditional heraldic emblem of England ( NB With incuse design and lettering ) .",
"50p -- Britannia and lion .",
"£ 1 -- Numerous different designs ( see below ) .",
"£ 2 -- An abstract design of concentric circles , representing technological development from the Iron Age to the modern day electronic age .",
"Up until the 2008 redesign , the reverse designs of the one pound coin have followed a five - year cycle . This cycle successively represents , by using royal heraldic badges , each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom , namely Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and England , with the Royal Coat of Arms used in every fifth year . From 2008 until 2016 , a single design based on the Royal Coat of Arms was issued every year , with additional designs representing the nations issued sporadically .",
"Reverse designs ( Images : ( 2 ) ) Royal designs Themed designs Theme Scotland Wales Northern Ireland England 1983 : Royal Coat of Arms National plants 1984 : Thistle 1985 : Leek 1986 : Flax 1987 : Oak 1988 : Royal Shield & Crown 1989 : Thistle 1990 : Leek 1991 : Flax 1992 : Oak 1993 : Royal Coat of Arms National symbols 1994 : Lion Rampant 1995 : Welsh dragon 1996 : Celtic cross 1997 : The Three Lions 1998 : Royal Coat of Arms 1999 : Lion Rampant 2000 : Welsh dragon 2001 : Celtic cross 2002 : The Three Lions 2003 : Royal Coat of Arms Bridges 2004 : Forth Bridge 2005 : Menai Suspension Bridge 2006 : MacNeill 's Egyptian Arch 2007 : Gateshead Millennium Bridge 2008 -- 2016 : Royal Shield Capitals 2011 : Edinburgh 2011 : Cardiff 2010 : Belfast 2010 : London National plants 2014 : Thistle & bluebell stem 2013 : Leek & daffodil plant 2014 : Shamrock & flax stem 2013 : Rose & oak twig 2015 : Royal Coat of Arms Heraldic beasts 2016 : A unicorn ( for Scotland ) , a dragon ( for Wales ) , an Irish elk ( for Northern Ireland ) and a lion ( for England ) .",
"Royal designs Themed designs",
"Theme Scotland Wales Northern Ireland England",
"1983 : Royal Coat of Arms National plants 1984 : Thistle 1985 : Leek 1986 : Flax 1987 : Oak",
"1988 : Royal Shield & Crown 1989 : Thistle 1990 : Leek 1991 : Flax 1992 : Oak",
"1993 : Royal Coat of Arms National symbols 1994 : Lion Rampant 1995 : Welsh dragon 1996 : Celtic cross 1997 : The Three Lions",
"1998 : Royal Coat of Arms 1999 : Lion Rampant 2000 : Welsh dragon 2001 : Celtic cross 2002 : The Three Lions",
"2003 : Royal Coat of Arms Bridges 2004 : Forth Bridge 2005 : Menai Suspension Bridge 2006 : MacNeill 's Egyptian Arch 2007 : Gateshead Millennium Bridge",
"2008 -- 2016 : Royal Shield Capitals 2011 : Edinburgh 2011 : Cardiff 2010 : Belfast 2010 : London",
"National plants 2014 : Thistle & bluebell stem 2013 : Leek & daffodil plant 2014 : Shamrock & flax stem 2013 : Rose & oak twig",
"2015 : Royal Coat of Arms Heraldic beasts 2016 : A unicorn ( for Scotland ) , a dragon ( for Wales ) , an Irish elk ( for Northern Ireland ) and a lion ( for England ) .",
"The 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coin designs post 2008 each depicts a part of the Royal Shield , and form the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement . The Royal Shield is seen in its entirety on the £ 1 coin .",
"The 1p coin depicts the lower part of the first quarter and the upper part of the third quarter of the shield , showing the lions passant of England and the harp of Ireland respectively The 2p coin depicts most of the second quarter of the shield , showing the lion rampant of Scotland The 5p coin depicts the centre of the shield , showing the meeting and parts of the constituent parts of the shield The 10p coin depicts most of the first quarter of the shield , containing the three lions passant of England The 20p coin depicts the lower part of the second quarter and upper part of the fourth quarter , showing the lion rampant of Scotland and the lions passant of England respectively The 50p coin depicts the point of the shield and the bottom portions of the second and third quarters showing the harp of Ireland and lions passant of England respectively The £ 1 coin depicts the whole of the Royal Shield The standard - issue £ 2 coin design remains unchanged",
"The 1p coin depicts the lower part of the first quarter and the upper part of the third quarter of the shield , showing the lions passant of England and the harp of Ireland respectively",
"The 2p coin depicts most of the second quarter of the shield , showing the lion rampant of Scotland",
"The 5p coin depicts the centre of the shield , showing the meeting and parts of the constituent parts of the shield",
"The 10p coin depicts most of the first quarter of the shield , containing the three lions passant of England",
"The 20p coin depicts the lower part of the second quarter and upper part of the fourth quarter , showing the lion rampant of Scotland and the lions passant of England respectively",
"The 50p coin depicts the point of the shield and the bottom portions of the second and third quarters showing the harp of Ireland and lions passant of England respectively",
"The £ 1 coin depicts the whole of the Royal Shield",
"The standard - issue £ 2 coin design remains unchanged",
"The 1p , 2p , 20p and 50p coins have smooth edges . The 5p , 10p , £ 1 and £ 2 coins have milled edges . The milling , in combination with the non-circular shape of the 20p and 50p , serve as the primary means of identification and differentiation between coinage for blind or visually impaired people . Historically , milling also served to discourage coin clipping .",
"The £ 1 coin and £ 2 coins have , inscribed into the milling , words or a decoration related to their face design . Many issues of the £ 1 coin carry one of the following edge inscriptions :",
"DECUS ET TUTAMEN -- Latin for `` An ornament and a safeguard '' , a phrase taken from Virgil 's Aeneid , and here referring to the fact that the inscription serves both as a decorative feature and as a safeguard against the clipping of the coin 's edges ( this is not a modern concern , but harks back to the days when circulating coins were made of precious metals ) . This appears on coins with English - themed , Northern Irish - themed or general UK - themed designs . PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD -- Welsh for `` True am I to my country '' , from the Welsh national anthem . This appears on coins with Welsh - themed designs . NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT -- Latin for `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' , the motto of the Order of the Thistle . This appears on coins with Scottish - themed designs .",
"DECUS ET TUTAMEN -- Latin for `` An ornament and a safeguard '' , a phrase taken from Virgil 's Aeneid , and here referring to the fact that the inscription serves both as a decorative feature and as a safeguard against the clipping of the coin 's edges ( this is not a modern concern , but harks back to the days when circulating coins were made of precious metals ) . This appears on coins with English - themed , Northern Irish - themed or general UK - themed designs .",
"PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD -- Welsh for `` True am I to my country '' , from the Welsh national anthem . This appears on coins with Welsh - themed designs .",
"NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT -- Latin for `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' , the motto of the Order of the Thistle . This appears on coins with Scottish - themed designs .",
"The standard - issue £ 2 coin carries the edge inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS . Other designs of the coin are issued from time to time to commemorate special events or anniversaries . These may have special edge inscriptions relevant to the theme , or the edge inscription may be replaced by a decorative motif .",
"Circulating fifty pence and two pound coins have been issued with various commemorative reverse designs , typically to mark the anniversaries of historical events or the births of notable people .",
"Three commemorative designs were issued of the large version of the 50p : in 1973 ( the EEC ) , 1992 -- 3 ( EC presidency ) and 1994 ( D - Day anniversary ) . Commemorative designs of the smaller 50p coin have been issued ( alongside the Britannia standard issue ) in 1998 ( two designs ) , 2000 , and from 2003 to 2007 yearly ( two designs in 2006 ) . For a complete list , see Fifty pence ( British decimal coin ) .",
"Prior to 1997 , the two pound coin was minted in commemorative issues only -- in 1986 , 1989 , 1994 , 1995 and 1996 . Commemorative £ 2 coins have been regularly issued since 1999 , alongside the standard - issue bi-metallic coins which were introduced in 1997 . One or two designs have been minted each year , with the exception of none in 2000 , and four regional 2002 issues marking the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester . As well as a distinct reverse design , these coins have an edge inscription relevant to the subject . The anniversary themes are continued until at least 2009 , with two designs announced . For a complete list , see Two pounds ( British decimal coin ) .",
"Outside the United Kingdom , the British Crown Dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey use the pound sterling as their currencies . However , they produce local issues of coinage in the same denominations and specifications , but with different designs . These circulate freely alongside UK coinage and English , Northern Irish , and Scottish banknotes within these territories , but must be converted in order to be used in the UK . The island of Alderney also produces occasional commemorative coins . ( See coins of the Jersey pound , coins of the Guernsey pound , and Alderney pound for details . ) . The Isle of Man is a unique case among the Crown Dependencies , issuing its own currency , the Manx pound . While the Isle of Man recognises the Pound Sterling as a secondary currency , coins of the Manx pound are not legal tender in the UK .",
"The pound sterling is also the official currency of the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , British Antarctic Territory and Tristan da Cunha . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands produces occasional special collectors ' sets of coins . In 2008 , British Antarctic Territory issued a £ 2 coin commemorating the centenary of Britain 's claim to the region .",
"The currencies of the British overseas territories of Gibraltar , The Falkland Islands and Saint Helena / Ascension -- namely the Gibraltar pound , Falkland Islands pound and Saint Helena pound -- are pegged one - to - one to the pound sterling but are technically separate currencies . These territories issue their own coinage , again with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs , as coins of the Gibraltar pound , coins of the Falkland Islands pound and coins of the Saint Helena pound .",
"The other British overseas territories do not use the pound as their official currency .",
"Although these coins are in practice very rarely found in circulation , they are for convenience described with the circulating coins , above .",
"Maundy money is a ceremonial coinage traditionally given to the poor , and nowadays awarded annually to deserving senior citizens . There are Maundy coins in denominations of one , two , three and four pence . They bear dates from 1822 to the present and are minted in very small quantities . Though they are legal tender in the UK , they are never encountered in circulation . The pre-decimal Maundy pieces have the same legal tender status and value as post-decimal ones , and effectively increased in face value by 140 % upon decimalisation . Their numismatic value is much greater .",
"Maundy coins still bear the original portrait of the Queen as used in the circulating coins of the first years of her reign .",
"The traditional bullion coin issued by Britain is the gold sovereign , formerly a circulating coin with a face value of one pound . The Royal Mint continues to produce gold sovereigns and half sovereigns , with 2013 list prices of , respectively , £ 495 and £ 250 .",
"Between 1987 -- 2012 a series of bullion coins , the Britannia , was issued , containing 1 - troy - ounce ( 31 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 16 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 7.8 g ) , and ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 3.1 g ) of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 916 ( 22 carat ) and with face values of £ 100 , £ 50 , £ 25 , and £ 10 .",
"Since 2013 Britannia bullion contains 1 - troy - ounce ( 31 g ) of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 999 ( 24 carat ) .",
"Between 1997 -- 2012 silver bullion coins have also been produced under the name `` Britannias '' . The alloy used was Britannia silver ( millesimal fineness 958 ) . The silver coins were available in 1 - troy - ounce ( 31 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 16 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 7.8 g ) , and ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 3.1 g ) sizes . Since 2013 the alloy used is silver at a ( millesimal fineness 999 ) . In 2016 the Royal Mint launched a series of 10 Queen 's Beasts bullion coins , one for each beast available in both gold and silver .",
"The Royal Mint also issues silver , gold and platinum proof sets of the circulating coins , as well as gift products such as gold coins set into jewellery .",
"For further information about the history of pre-decimal coinage , see Pound sterling . See also Decimal Day .",
"For further information about the history of pre-decimal coinage , see Pound sterling . See also Decimal Day .",
"Before decimalisation in 1971 , the pound was divided into 240 pence rather than 100 , though it was rarely expressed in this way . Rather it was expressed in terms of pounds , shillings and pence , where :",
"£ 1 = 20 shillings ( 20s ) . 1 shilling = 12 pence ( 12d ) .",
"£ 1 = 20 shillings ( 20s ) .",
"1 shilling = 12 pence ( 12d ) .",
"Thus : £ 1 = 240 pence . The penny was further subdivided at various times , though these divisions vanished as inflation made them irrelevant :",
"1 penny = 2 halfpennies and ( earlier ) 4 farthings ( half farthing , a third of a farthing , and quarter farthing coins were minted in the late 19th century , and into the early 20th century in the case of the third farthing , but circulated only in certain British colonies and not in the UK ) .",
"1 penny = 2 halfpennies and ( earlier ) 4 farthings ( half farthing , a third of a farthing , and quarter farthing coins were minted in the late 19th century , and into the early 20th century in the case of the third farthing , but circulated only in certain British colonies and not in the UK ) .",
"Using the example of five shillings and sixpence , the standard ways of writing shillings and pence were :",
"5s 6d 5 / 6 5 / - for 5 shillings only , with the dash to stand for zero pennies .",
"5 / 6",
"5 / - for 5 shillings only , with the dash to stand for zero pennies .",
"The sum of 5 / 6 would be spoken as `` five shillings and sixpence '' or `` five and six '' .",
"The abbreviation for the old penny , d , was derived from the Roman denarius , and the abbreviation for the shilling , s , from the Roman solidus . The shilling was also denoted by the slash symbol , also called a solidus for this reason , which was originally an adaptation of the long s . The symbol `` £ '' , for the pound , is derived from the first letter of the Latin word for pound , libra .",
"A similar pre-decimal system operated in France , also based on the Roman currency , consisting of the livre ( L ) , sol or sou ( s ) and denier ( d ) . Until 1816 another similar system was used in the Netherlands , consisting of the gulden ( G ) , stuiver ( s ; ⁄ G ) and duit , ( d ; ⁄ s or ⁄ G ) .",
"For an extensive list of historical pre-decimal coin denominations , see List of British banknotes and coins .",
"For an extensive list of historical pre-decimal coin denominations , see List of British banknotes and coins .",
"In the years just prior to decimalisation , the circulating British coins were :",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn Farthing ( ⁄ d ) Various Monarchs Wren ( Britannia on early mintages ) 20.19 mm 2.83 g Bronze Smooth 1860 1961 Half Penny ( ⁄ d ) Golden Hind ( Britannia on early mintages ) 25.48 mm 5.67 g 1969 Penny ( 1d ) Britannia 31 mm 1971 Threepence ( 3d ) King George VI 1944 - 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953 -- 1971 Thrift until 1952 Crowned portcullis with chains 21.0 -- 21.8 mm 2.5 mm 6.8 g Nickel - brass Plain ( 12 - sided ) 1944 1971 Sixpence ( 6d ) King George VI 1946 -- 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953 -- 1971 Floral design - Four Home Nations 19.41 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel Milled 1947 1980 Shilling ( 1 / - ) Coat of Arms of England or Scotland 23.60 mm 1.7 mm 5.66 g 1990 Florin ( 2 / - ) Crowned rose flanked by a thistle and shamrock 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1992 Half crown ( 2 / 6 ) Crowned Royal Shield 32.31 mm 14.14 g 1969 Crown ( 5 / - ) Various commemorative designs 38 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g 1951 Present",
"Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn",
"Farthing ( ⁄ d ) Various Monarchs Wren ( Britannia on early mintages ) 20.19 mm 2.83 g Bronze Smooth 1860 1961",
"Half Penny ( ⁄ d ) Golden Hind ( Britannia on early mintages ) 25.48 mm 5.67 g 1969",
"Penny ( 1d ) Britannia 31 mm 1971",
"Threepence ( 3d ) King George VI 1944 - 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953 -- 1971 Thrift until 1952 Crowned portcullis with chains 21.0 -- 21.8 mm 2.5 mm 6.8 g Nickel - brass Plain ( 12 - sided ) 1944 1971",
"Sixpence ( 6d ) King George VI 1946 -- 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953 -- 1971 Floral design - Four Home Nations 19.41 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel Milled 1947 1980",
"Shilling ( 1 / - ) Coat of Arms of England or Scotland 23.60 mm 1.7 mm 5.66 g 1990",
"Florin ( 2 / - ) Crowned rose flanked by a thistle and shamrock 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1992",
"Half crown ( 2 / 6 ) Crowned Royal Shield 32.31 mm 14.14 g 1969",
"Crown ( 5 / - ) Various commemorative designs 38 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g 1951 Present",
"The farthing ( ⁄ d ) had been demonetised on 1 January 1961 , while the crown ( 5 / - ) was issued periodically as a commemorative coin but rarely found in circulation .",
"The crown , half crown , florin , shilling , and sixpence were cupronickel coins ( in historical times silver or silver alloy ) ; the penny , halfpenny , and farthing were bronze ; and the threepence was a twelve - sided nickel - brass coin ( historically it was a small silver coin ) .",
"Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins , albeit with new names ( the shilling became equivalent to the 5p coin , with the florin equating to 10p ) , and the others were withdrawn almost immediately . The use of florins and shillings as legal tender in this way ended in 1991 and 1993 when the 5p and 10p coins were replaced with smaller versions . Indeed , while pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins , for a while after decimalisation many people continued to call the new 5p coin a shilling , since it remained ⁄ of a pound , but was now counted as 5p ( five new pence ) instead of 12d ( twelve old pennies ) . The pre-decimalisation sixpence , also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece , was equivalent to 2 ⁄ p , but was demonetised in 1980 .",
"Pre-decimal coins of the pound sterling Five pounds Two pounds Sovereign ( Pound ) Crown Half crown Florin Shilling Sixpence Groat Threepence Penny Halfpenny Farthing Half farthing Third farthing Quarter farthing Five pounds 2 ⁄ 5 20 40 50 100 200 300 400 1200 2400 4800 9600 14400 19200 Two pounds ⁄ 8 16 20 40 80 120 160 480 960 1920 3840 5760 7680 Sovereign ( Pound ) ⁄ ⁄ 8 10 20 40 60 80 240 480 960 1920 2880 3840 Crown ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 2 ⁄ 5 10 15 20 60 120 240 480 720 960 Half crown ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 2 ⁄ 5 7 ⁄ 10 30 60 120 240 360 480 Florin ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 8 24 48 96 192 288 384 Shilling ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 12 24 48 96 144 192 Sixpence ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 6 12 24 48 72 96 Groat ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 8 16 32 48 64 Threepence ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 12 24 36 48 Penny ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 8 12 16 Halfpenny ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 8 Farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Half farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ Third farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ Quarter farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄",
"Five pounds Two pounds Sovereign ( Pound ) Crown Half crown Florin Shilling Sixpence Groat Threepence Penny Halfpenny Farthing Half farthing Third farthing Quarter farthing",
"Five pounds 2 ⁄ 5 20 40 50 100 200 300 400 1200 2400 4800 9600 14400 19200",
"Two pounds ⁄ 8 16 20 40 80 120 160 480 960 1920 3840 5760 7680",
"Sovereign ( Pound ) ⁄ ⁄ 8 10 20 40 60 80 240 480 960 1920 2880 3840",
"Crown ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 2 ⁄ 5 10 15 20 60 120 240 480 720 960",
"Half crown ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 2 ⁄ 5 7 ⁄ 10 30 60 120 240 360 480",
"Florin ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 8 24 48 96 192 288 384",
"Shilling ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 12 24 48 96 144 192",
"Sixpence ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 6 12 24 48 72 96",
"Groat ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 8 16 32 48 64",
"Threepence ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 12 24 36 48",
"Penny ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 8 12 16",
"Halfpenny ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 8",
"Farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄",
"Half farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄",
"Third farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄",
"Quarter farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄",
"Some pre-decimalisation coins or denominations became commonly known by colloquial and slang terms , perhaps the most well known being bob for a shilling , and quid for a pound . A farthing was a mag , a silver threepence was a joey and the later nickel - brass threepence was called a threepenny bit ( / ˈθrʌpni / or / ˈθrɛpni / bit , i.e. thrup'ny or threp'ny bit -- the apostrophe was pronounced on a scale from full `` e '' down to complete omission ) ; a sixpence was a tanner , the two - shilling coin or florin was a two - bob bit . Bob is still used in phrases such as `` earn / worth a bob or two '' , and `` bob ‐ a ‐ job week '' . The two shillings and sixpence coin or half - crown was a half dollar , also sometimes referred to as two and a kick . A value of two pence was universally pronounced / ˈtʌpəns / tuppence , a usage which is still heard today , especially among older people . The unaccented suffix `` - pence '' , pronounced / pəns / , was similarly appended to the other numbers up to twelve ; thus `` fourpence '' , `` sixpence - three - farthings '' , `` twelvepence - ha'penny '' , but `` eighteen pence '' would usually be said `` one - and - six '' .",
"Quid remains as popular slang for one or more pounds to this day in Britain in the form `` a quid '' and then `` two quid '' , and so on . Similarly , in some parts of the country , bob continued to represent one - twentieth of a pound , that is five new pence , and two bob is 10p .",
"The introduction of decimal currency caused a new casual usage to emerge , where any value in pence is spoken using the suffix pee : e.g. `` twenty - three pee '' or , in the early years , `` two - and - a-half pee '' rather than the previous `` tuppence - ha'penny '' . Amounts over a pound are normally spoken thus : `` five pounds forty '' . A value with less than ten pence over the pound is sometimes spoken like this : `` one pound and a penny '' , `` three pounds and fourpence '' . The slang term `` bit '' has almost disappeared from use completely , although in Scotland a fifty pence is sometimes referred to as a `` ten bob bit '' . Decimal denomination coins are generally described using the terms piece or coin , for example , `` a fifty - pee piece '' , a `` ten - pence coin '' .",
"A 1 ⁄ d coin was circulated in Jamaica in the nineteenth century . Jamaicans referred to the coin as a `` quatty '' .",
"Coins with errors in the minting process that reach circulation are often seen as valuable items by coin collectors .",
"In 1983 , the Royal Mint mistakenly produced some two pence pieces with the old wording `` New Pence '' on the reverse ( tails ) side , when the design had been changed from 1982 to `` Two Pence '' .",
"In June 2009 , the Royal Mint estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 dateless 20 pence coins had entered circulation , the first undated British coin to enter circulation in more than 300 years . It resulted from the accidental combination of old and new face tooling in a production batch , creating what is known as a mule , following the 2008 redesign which moved the date from the reverse ( tails ) to the obverse ( heads ) side .",
"From a very early date , British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced , and a longer or shorter title , always in Latin ; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia , which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX `` King Offa '' . As the legends became longer , words in the inscriptions were often abbreviated so that they could fit on the coin ; identical legends have often been abbreviated in different ways depending upon the size and decoration of the coin . Inscriptions which go around the edge of the coin generally have started at the center of the top edge and proceeded in a clockwise direction . A very lengthy legend would be continued on the reverse side of the coin . All but Edward III and both Elizabeths use Latinised names ( which would have been EDWARDUS and ELIZABETHA respectively ) .",
"More recent legends include the following ( the full unabbreviated text is given here ) :",
"EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC D HYB ( E ) `` Edward III , by the grace of God King of England and France , Lord of Ireland . '' EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL DNS HYB Z ACQ `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England , Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine . '' This version was used after the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) when Edward III temporarily gave up his claim to the French throne . EDWARD DEI G REX ANG Z FRA DNS HYB Z ACT `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England and France , Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine . '' This version was used after Anglo - French relations broke down and Edward III resumed his claim . HENRICUS VII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VII by the Grace of God , King of England and France '' . France had been claimed by the English continuously since 1369 . HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God , King of England and France '' . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII . HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE & HIBERNIAE REX `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God , Of England , France and Ireland , King '' . Henry VIII made Ireland a kingdom in 1541 . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII . PHILIPPUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA REX & REGINA `` Philip and Mary by the Grace of God , King and Queen '' . The names of the realms were omitted from the coin for reasons of space . ELIZABETH DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Elizabeth , by the Grace of God , of England , France , and Ireland , Queen '' . IACOBUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . James , King of Scotland , by succeeding to the English throne united the two kingdoms in his person ; he dubbed the combination of the two kingdoms `` Great Britain '' ( the name of the whole island ) though they remained legislatively distinct for more than a century afterwards . CAROLUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . OLIVARIUS DEI GRATIA REIPUBLICAE ANGLIAE SCOTIAE HIBERNIAE & CETERORUM PROTECTOR `` Oliver , by the Grace of God , of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland , Ireland etc. , Protector '' . Cromwell ruled as a monarch but did not claim the title of king . CAROLUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles II , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . IACOBUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James II , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . GULIELMUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX ET REGINA `` William and Mary by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King and Queen '' . The spouses William and Mary ruled jointly . GULIELMUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` William III by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . William continued to rule alone after his wife 's death . ANNA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Anne by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , Queen '' . GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' George I added the titles he already possessed as Elector of Hanover . He also added the title `` Defender of the Faith '' , which had been borne by the English kings since Henry VIII , but which had previously only rarely appeared on coins . GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George II by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George III by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George III , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' By the Acts of Union 1800 , Ireland was united with Great Britain into a single kingdom , which is represented on the coinage by the Latin genitive plural Britanniarum `` of the Britains '' ( often abbreviated BRITT ) , signifying `` the United Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland '' . At the same time , the United Kingdom abandoned the traditional claim to the throne of France , which had become a Republic , and the other titles were dropped from the coinage . GEORGIUS IIII ( IV ) DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George IV , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' The Roman numeral `` 4 '' is represented by both IIII and IV in different issues . GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` William IV , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God , of the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX INDIAE IMPERATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God , of the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith , Empress of India . '' Queen Victoria was granted the title `` Empress of India '' in 1876 . EDWARDUS VII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` Edward VII , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . '' Edward VII 's coins added OMNIUM `` all '' after `` Britains '' to imply a rule over the British overseas colonies as well as the United Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland . GEORGIUS V DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George V , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . '' GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . ''",
"EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC D HYB ( E ) `` Edward III , by the grace of God King of England and France , Lord of Ireland . ''",
"EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL DNS HYB Z ACQ `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England , Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine . '' This version was used after the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) when Edward III temporarily gave up his claim to the French throne .",
"EDWARD DEI G REX ANG Z FRA DNS HYB Z ACT `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England and France , Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine . '' This version was used after Anglo - French relations broke down and Edward III resumed his claim .",
"HENRICUS VII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VII by the Grace of God , King of England and France '' . France had been claimed by the English continuously since 1369 .",
"HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God , King of England and France '' . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII .",
"HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE & HIBERNIAE REX `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God , Of England , France and Ireland , King '' . Henry VIII made Ireland a kingdom in 1541 . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII .",
"PHILIPPUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA REX & REGINA `` Philip and Mary by the Grace of God , King and Queen '' . The names of the realms were omitted from the coin for reasons of space .",
"ELIZABETH DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Elizabeth , by the Grace of God , of England , France , and Ireland , Queen '' .",
"IACOBUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . James , King of Scotland , by succeeding to the English throne united the two kingdoms in his person ; he dubbed the combination of the two kingdoms `` Great Britain '' ( the name of the whole island ) though they remained legislatively distinct for more than a century afterwards .",
"CAROLUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' .",
"OLIVARIUS DEI GRATIA REIPUBLICAE ANGLIAE SCOTIAE HIBERNIAE & CETERORUM PROTECTOR `` Oliver , by the Grace of God , of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland , Ireland etc. , Protector '' . Cromwell ruled as a monarch but did not claim the title of king .",
"CAROLUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles II , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' .",
"IACOBUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James II , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' .",
"GULIELMUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX ET REGINA `` William and Mary by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King and Queen '' . The spouses William and Mary ruled jointly .",
"GULIELMUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` William III by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . William continued to rule alone after his wife 's death .",
"ANNA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Anne by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , Queen '' .",
"GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' George I added the titles he already possessed as Elector of Hanover . He also added the title `` Defender of the Faith '' , which had been borne by the English kings since Henry VIII , but which had previously only rarely appeared on coins .",
"GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George II by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . ''",
"GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George III by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . ''",
"GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George III , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' By the Acts of Union 1800 , Ireland was united with Great Britain into a single kingdom , which is represented on the coinage by the Latin genitive plural Britanniarum `` of the Britains '' ( often abbreviated BRITT ) , signifying `` the United Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland '' . At the same time , the United Kingdom abandoned the traditional claim to the throne of France , which had become a Republic , and the other titles were dropped from the coinage .",
"GEORGIUS IIII ( IV ) DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George IV , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' The Roman numeral `` 4 '' is represented by both IIII and IV in different issues .",
"GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` William IV , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . ''",
"VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God , of the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith . ''",
"VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX INDIAE IMPERATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God , of the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith , Empress of India . '' Queen Victoria was granted the title `` Empress of India '' in 1876 .",
"EDWARDUS VII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` Edward VII , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . '' Edward VII 's coins added OMNIUM `` all '' after `` Britains '' to imply a rule over the British overseas colonies as well as the United Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland .",
"GEORGIUS V DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George V , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . ''",
"GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . ''",
"GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' The title `` Emperor of India '' was relinquished in 1948 , after the independence of India and Pakistan . ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God , Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' The `` of all the Britains '' was dropped from the coinage in 1954 , and current coins do not name any realm .",
"GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' The title `` Emperor of India '' was relinquished in 1948 , after the independence of India and Pakistan .",
"ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith . ''",
"ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God , Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' The `` of all the Britains '' was dropped from the coinage in 1954 , and current coins do not name any realm .",
"In addition to the title , a Latin or French motto might be included , generally on the reverse side of the coin . These varied between denominations and issues ; some were personal to the monarch , others were more general . Some of the mottos were :",
"POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM `` I have made God my helper '' . Coins of Henry VII , Henry VIII , Elizabeth I. Possibly refers to Psalm 52 : 7 , Ecce homo qui non posuit Deum adjutorem suum `` Behold the man who did not make God his helper '' . RUTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA `` A dazzling rose without a thorn '' . Coins of Henry VIII and Edward VI . Initially on the unsuccessful and very rare Crown of the Rose of Henry VIII and continued on subsequent small gold coinage into the reign of Edward VI . POSUIMUS DEUM ADIUTOREM NOSTRUM `` We have made God our helper '' . Coins of Philip and Mary . The same as above , but with a plural subject . FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM `` I shall make them into one nation '' . Coins of James I , signifying his desire to unite the English and Scottish nations . Refers to Ezekiel 37 : 2 in the Vulgate Bible . CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO `` I reign with Christ as my protector '' . Coins of Charles I . EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI `` May God rise up , may ( his ) enemies be scattered '' . Coins of Charles I , during the Civil War . Refers to Psalm 67 : 1 in the Vulgate Bible ( Psalm 68 in English Bible numbering ) . PAX QUAERITUR BELLO `` Peace is sought by war '' . Coins of the Protectorate ; personal motto of Oliver Cromwell . BRITANNIA `` Britain '' . Reign of Charles II to George III . Found on pennies and smaller denominations . HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE . `` Shamed be he who thinks ill of it . '' Sovereigns of George III . Motto of the Order of the Garter . DECUS ET TUTAMEN . `` A decoration and protection . '' Some pound coins of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and some crown coins including some of Victoria and George V. Refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal , as well as being a complimentary reference to the monarch and the monarchy .",
"POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM `` I have made God my helper '' . Coins of Henry VII , Henry VIII , Elizabeth I. Possibly refers to Psalm 52 : 7 , Ecce homo qui non posuit Deum adjutorem suum `` Behold the man who did not make God his helper '' .",
"RUTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA `` A dazzling rose without a thorn '' . Coins of Henry VIII and Edward VI . Initially on the unsuccessful and very rare Crown of the Rose of Henry VIII and continued on subsequent small gold coinage into the reign of Edward VI .",
"POSUIMUS DEUM ADIUTOREM NOSTRUM `` We have made God our helper '' . Coins of Philip and Mary . The same as above , but with a plural subject .",
"FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM `` I shall make them into one nation '' . Coins of James I , signifying his desire to unite the English and Scottish nations . Refers to Ezekiel 37 : 2 in the Vulgate Bible .",
"CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO `` I reign with Christ as my protector '' . Coins of Charles I .",
"EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI `` May God rise up , may ( his ) enemies be scattered '' . Coins of Charles I , during the Civil War . Refers to Psalm 67 : 1 in the Vulgate Bible ( Psalm 68 in English Bible numbering ) .",
"PAX QUAERITUR BELLO `` Peace is sought by war '' . Coins of the Protectorate ; personal motto of Oliver Cromwell .",
"BRITANNIA `` Britain '' . Reign of Charles II to George III . Found on pennies and smaller denominations .",
"HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE . `` Shamed be he who thinks ill of it . '' Sovereigns of George III . Motto of the Order of the Garter .",
"DECUS ET TUTAMEN . `` A decoration and protection . '' Some pound coins of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and some crown coins including some of Victoria and George V. Refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal , as well as being a complimentary reference to the monarch and the monarchy ."
] | Coins of the pound sterling - wikipedia Coins of the pound sterling Jump to: navigation , search `` British coinage'' redirects here. For ancient British coinage, see Celtic coins . The Royal Shield reverse designs, introduced in 2008 (£ 2 coin uses original design). Examples of the standard reverse designs minted until 2008 (£ 2 coin is not shown) The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling ( symbol `` £ '' ), and, since the introduction of the two-pound coin in 1994 (to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Bank of England 1694-- 1994), ranges in value from one penny to two pounds. Since decimalisation , on 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 (new) pence. From the 16th century until decimalisation, the pound was divided into 20 shillings , each of 12 (old) pence. British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant , Wales. The Royal Mint also commissions the coins' designs. As of 31 March 2016, there were an estimated 30.14 billion coins circulating in the United Kingdom. The first decimal coins were circulated in 1968. These were the five pence ( 5p ) and ten pence ( 10p ), and had values of one shilling ( 1/- ) and two shillings ( 2/- ), respectively, under the pre-decimal £ sd system. The decimal coins are minted in copper-plated steel (previously bronze ), nickel-plated steel, cupronickel and nickel-brass. The two-pound coins, and, as from 28 March 2017 the new one-pound coins, are bimetallic. The coins are discs, except for the twenty pence and fifty pence pieces, both of which have faces that are heptagonal curves of constant width , and the new one-pound coins, which have faces with 12 sides. All the circulating coins have an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, and various national and regional designs, and the denomination, on the reverse. The circulating coins, excepting the two-pound coin, were redesigned in 2008, keeping the sizes and compositions unchanged, but introducing reverse designs that each depict a part of the Royal Shield of Arms and form (most of) the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement (see photo). The exception, the 2008 one-pound coin, depicts the entire shield of arms on the reverse. All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX , meaning `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God, Queen and Defender of the Faith '' . In addition to the circulating coinage, the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins ( crowns ) in the denomination of five pounds. Prior to decimalisation, the denomination of special commemorative coins was five shillings, that is, ⁄ of a pound. Crowns, therefore, had a face value of 25p from decimalisation until 1981, when the last 25p crown was struck. Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns , half sovereigns , and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced. Some territories outside the United Kingdom, which use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs. In the years just before decimalisation, the circulating British coins were the half crown (2/6, withdrawn 1 January 1970), two shillings or florin (2/-), shilling (1/-), sixpence (6d), threepence (3d), penny (1d) and halfpenny ( ⁄ d). The farthing ( ⁄ d) had been withdrawn in 1960. There was also the Crown (5/-), which was (and still is) legal tender but only minted on special occasions and not normally circulated. All modern coins feature a profile of the current monarch's head. The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch, a pattern that began with the Stuarts . For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts, both left and right-facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch. In the Middle Ages, portrait images tended to be full face. From a very early date, British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced, and a longer or shorter title, always in Latin; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia , which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX , `` King Offa'' . The English silver penny was derived from another silver coin, the sceat , of 20 troy grains weight, which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages . In the 12th century, Henry II established the sterling silver standard for English coinage, of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper, replacing the earlier use of fine silver in the Middle Ages. The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight/value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins. Silver was eliminated from coins, except Maundy coins, in 1947. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Manufacture 1.2 Origins of the penny 1.3 Silver content 1.4 Monarch's head 2 Currently circulating coinage 2.1 Production and distribution 2.2 Coins in circulation 2.3 Dimensions 2.4 UK decimal coinage history 2.4.1 Decimalisation 2.4.2 Post 1982 2.4.3 2008 redesign 2.4.4 Steel 5p and 10p coins 2.4.5 2016 £ 1 coin design change 2.5 Summary of denominations 2.6 Specifications 2.6.1 Circulating coinage 2.6.2 Commemorative Issues 2.7 Obsolete coinage 2.8 UK designs 2.8.1 Obverse 2.8.2 Original reverse designs 2.8.3 Royal Shield reverse 2.8.4 Edge designs 2.8.5 Commemorative designs 2.9 Non-UK coinage 3 Non-circulating coins 3.1 25p and £ 5 coins 3.2 Maundy money 3.3 Bullion coinage 4 Pre-decimal coinage 4.1 System 4.2 Denominations 4.3 Slang and everyday usage 4.4 Coins in the colonies 5 Minting errors reaching circulation 6 Regal Titles 7 Mottos 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Manufacture ( edit ) The history of the Royal Mint stretches back to AD 886. For many centuries production was in London, initially at the Tower of London , and then at premises nearby in Tower Hill in what is today known as Royal Mint Court . In the 1970s production was transferred to Llantrisant in South Wales. Historically Scotland and England had separate coinage; the last Scottish coins were struck in 1709 shortly after union with England . Coins were originally hand-hammered -- an ancient technique in which two dies are struck together with a blank coin between them. This was the traditional method of manufacturing coins in the Western world from the classical Greek era onwards, in contrast with Asia, where coins were traditionally cast. Milled (that is, machine-made) coins were produced first during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-- 1603) and periodically during the subsequent reigns of James I and Charles I , but there was initially opposition to mechanisation from the moneyers, who ensured that most coins continued to be produced by hammering. All British coins produced since 1662 have been milled. Origins of the penny ( edit ) See also: Penny (English coin) and Scottish coinage The English penny first appeared in Anglo-Saxon times, as a silver coin. It was derived from another silver coin, the sceat , of 20 troy grains weight, which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages . The weight of the English penny was fixed at 22 ⁄ troy grains (about 1.46 grams) by Offa of Mercia , an 8th-century contemporary of Charlemagne . The coin's designated value, however, was that of 24 troy grains of silver (one pennyweight , or ⁄ of a troy pound , or about 1.56 grams), with the difference being a premium attached by virtue of the minting into coins. Thus, 240 pennyweights made one troy pound of silver in weight, and the monetary value of 240 pennies also became known as a `` pound'' . (240 actual pennies, however, weighed only 5400 troy grains, known as tower pound , a unit used only by mints. The tower pound was abolished in the 16th century.) The silver penny remained the primary unit of coinage for about 500 years. The purity of 92.5% silver (i.e., sterling silver ) was instituted by Henry II in 1158 with the `` Tealby Penny'' -- a hammered coin . Over the years, the penny was gradually debased until by the 16th century it contained about a third the silver content of a proper troy 24 grain pennyweight. By 1915, a penny was worth around one-sixth what it had been worth during the Middle Ages. British government sources suggest that prices have risen over 61-fold since 1914, so a medieval sterling silver penny might have had purchasing power equivalent to £ 4.50 today , and a farthing (a quarter penny) would have the value of slightly more than today's pound (about £ 1.125). Silver content ( edit ) From the time of Charlemagne until the 12th century, the silver currency of England was made from the highest purity silver available. But there were disadvantages to minting currency of fine silver , notably the level of wear it suffered, and the ease with which coins could be `` clipped '' , or trimmed. In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II -- the Sterling Silver standard of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. This was a harder-wearing alloy, yet it was still a rather high grade of silver. It went some way towards discouraging the practice of `` clipping'' , though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge we see on coins today. During the reign of Henry VIII, the silver content was gradually debased, reaching a low of one-third silver. However, in Edward VI's reign, silver purity was increased to sterling again and the first crowns and half-crowns were produced dated 1551. From this point onwards till 1920, sterling was the rule. By 1696, the currency had been seriously weakened by an increase in clipping during the Nine Years' War to the extent that it was decided to recall and replace all hammered silver coinage in circulation. The exercise came close to disaster due to fraud and mismanagement, but was saved by the personal intervention of Isaac Newton after his appointment as Warden of the Mint , a post which was intended to be a sinecure , but which he took seriously. Newton was subsequently given the post of Master of the Mint in 1699. Following the 1707 union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland , Newton used his previous experience to direct the 1707-- 1710 Scottish recoinage , resulting in a common currency for the new Kingdom of Great Britain . After 15 September 1709 no further silver coins were ever struck in Scotland. As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by Royal proclamation on 22 December 1717, forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings. Due to differing valuations in other European countries this unintentionally resulted in a silver shortage, as silver coins were used to pay for imports, while exports were paid for in gold, effectively moving Britain from the silver standard to its first gold standard , rather than the bimetallic standard implied by the proclamation. The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight/value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins. In 1920, the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5% to 50%, with some of the remainder consisting of manganese , which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for long. Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947, except for Maundy coinage , which returned to the pre-1920 92.5% silver composition. The 1816 weight/value ratio and size system survived the debasement of silver in 1920, and the adoption of token coins of cupronickel in 1947. It even persisted after decimalisation for those coins which had equivalents and continued to be minted with their values in new pence. The UK finally abandoned it in 1992 when smaller, more convenient, `` silver'' coins were introduced. Monarch's head ( edit ) All coins since the 17th century have featured a profile of the current monarch's head. The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch, a pattern that began with the Stuarts , as shown in the table below: Facing left Facing right Cromwell 1653-- 1658 Charles II 1660-- 1685 James II 1685-- 1688 William and Mary 1689-- 1694 William III 1694-- 1702 Anne 1702-- 1714 George I 1714-- 1727 George II 1727-- 1760 George III 1760-- 1820 George IV 1820-- 1830 William IV 1830-- 1837 Victoria 1837-- 1901 Edward VII 1901-- 1910 George V 1910-- 1936 Edward VIII 1936 (uncirculated issues) George VI 1936-- 1952 Elizabeth II 1952-- present For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts, both left- and right-facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch (left-facing images were more common). In the Middle Ages, portrait images tended to be full face. There was a small quirk in this alternating pattern when Edward VIII became king in January 1936 and was portrayed facing left, the same as his predecessor George V . This was because Edward thought his left to be his best side. However, Edward VIII abdicated in December 1936 and his coins were never put into general circulation. When George VI came to the throne, he had his coins struck with him facing the left, as if Edward VIII's coins had faced right (as they should have done according to tradition). Thus, in a timeline of circulating British coins, George V and VI's coins both feature left-facing portraits, although they follow directly chronologically. Currently circulating coinage ( edit ) Production and distribution ( edit ) All genuine UK coins are produced by the Royal Mint . The same coinage is used across the United Kingdom: unlike banknotes, local issues of coins are not produced for different parts of the UK. The pound coin until 2016 was produced in regional designs, but these circulate equally in all parts of the UK (see UK designs , below). Every year, newly minted coins are checked for size, weight, and composition at a Trial of the Pyx . Essentially the same procedure has been used since the 13th century. Assaying is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury . The 1p and 2p coins from 1971 are the oldest standard-issue coins still in circulation. Coins from the British dependencies and territories that use the pound as their currency are sometimes found in change in other jurisdictions. Strictly, they are not legal tender in the United Kingdom; however, since they have the same specifications as UK coins, they are sometimes tolerated in commerce, and can readily be used in vending machines. UK-issued coins are, on the other hand, generally fully accepted and freely mixed in other British dependencies and territories that use the pound. An extensive coinage redesign was commissioned by the Royal Mint in 2005, and new designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from summer 2008. The pre-2008 coins will remain legal tender and are expected to stay in circulation for the foreseeable future (except for the £ 1 coin). Coins in circulation ( edit ) Estimated as at March 2016 Denomination Number of pieces (millions) Face value (£ m) Two pounds 479 957.036 One pound 1,671 1,671.328 Fifty pence 1,053 526.153 Twenty-five pence 81 20 Twenty pence 3,004 600.828 Ten pence 1,713 171.312 Five pence 4,075 203.764 Two pence 6,714 134.273 One penny 11,430 114.299 Total 30,139 4,643.658 Dimensions ( edit ) Stated as largest value Denomination Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm) Ten pounds 65.0 2.5 Five pounds 38.61 2.5 Two pounds 28.4 2.5 Old one pound 22.5 3.15 2017+ one pound 23.43 2.8 Fifty pence 27.3 1.78 Twenty-five pence 38.61 2.5 Twenty pence 21.4 1.7 Ten pence 24.5 1.85 Five pence 18.0 1.7 Two pence 25.9 2.03 One penny 20.3 1.65 UK decimal coinage history ( edit ) Decimalisation ( edit ) Since decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the pound ( symbol `` £ '' ) has been divided into 100 pence. (Prior to decimalisation the pound was divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 (old) pence; thus, there were 240 (old) pence to the pound. The value of the pound itself was unchanged by decimalisation.) The first decimal coins -- the five pence (5p) and ten pence (10p) -- were introduced in 1968 in the run-up to decimalisation in order to familiarise the public with the new system. These initially circulated alongside the pre-decimal coinage and had the same size and value as the existing one shilling and two shilling coins respectively. The fifty pence (50p) coin followed in 1969, replacing the old ten shilling note. The remaining decimal coins -- at the time, the half penny ( ⁄ p), penny (1p) and two pence (2p) -- were issued in 1971 at decimalisation. A quarter-penny coin, to be struck in aluminium, was proposed at the time decimalisation was being planned, but was never minted. The new coins were initially marked with the wording NEW PENNY (singular) or NEW PENCE (plural). The word `` new'' was dropped in 1982. The symbol `` p'' was adopted to distinguish the new pennies from the old, which used the symbol `` d'' (from the Latin denarius , a coin used in the Roman Empire ). Post 1982 ( edit ) In the years since decimalisation, a number of changes have been made to the coinage. The twenty pence (20p) coin was introduced in 1982 to fill the gap between the 10p and 50p coins. The pound coin (£ 1) was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £ 1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984 (although the Scottish banks continued producing them for some time afterwards; the last of them, the Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note, is still in production as of 2013 ). The designs on the one pound coin change annually in a largely five-year cycle. The decimal half penny coin was demonetised in 1984 as its value was by then too small to be useful. The pre-decimal sixpence , shilling and two shilling coins, which had continued to circulate alongside the decimal coinage with values of 2 ⁄ p, 5p and 10p respectively, were finally withdrawn in 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively. However, the double florin and crown with values of 20p and 25p respectively have not been withdrawn. In the 1990s, the Royal Mint reduced the sizes of the 5p, 10p, and 50p coins. As a consequence, the oldest 5p coins in circulation date from 1990, the oldest 10p coins from 1992 and the oldest 50p coins come from 1997. Since 1997, many special commemorative designs of 50p have been issued. Some of these are found fairly frequently in circulation and some are rare. They are all legal tender. The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the current versions. These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively. With their high copper content (97%), the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s, until by 2006 the coins would, if melted down, have been worth about 50% more than their face value. (To do this, however, would be illegal, and they would have had to be melted in huge quantities, using quite a bit of energy, to achieve significant gain.) In later years, the price of copper fell considerably. Copper plated steel coins were introduced to replace them. A circulating bimetallic two pound (£ 2) coin was introduced in 1998 (first minted in, and dated, 1997). There had previously been unimetallic commemorative £ 2 coins which did not normally circulate. This tendency to use the two pound coin for commemorative issues has continued since the introduction of the bimetallic coin, and a few of the older unimetallic coins have since entered circulation. There are also commemorative issues of crowns . Before 1990, these had a face value of twenty-five pence (25p), equivalent to the five shilling crown used in pre-decimal Britain. However, in 1990 crowns were redenominated with a face value of five pounds (£ 5) as the previous value was considered not sufficient for such a high-status coin. The size and weight of the coin remained exactly the same. Decimal crowns are generally not found in circulation as their market value is likely to be higher than their face value, but they remain legal tender. 2008 redesign ( edit ) In 2008, UK coins underwent an extensive redesign, which changed the reverse designs, and some other details, of all coins except the £ 2. The original intention was to exclude both the £ 1 and £ 2 coins from the redesign because they were `` relatively new additions'' to the coinage, but it was later decided to include the £ 1 coin. This was the first wholesale change to British coinage since the first decimal coins were introduced in April 1968. The new coins were initially to be put into circulation in early 2008, although they did not actually start to appear until mid-2008. The major design feature was the introduction of a reverse design shared across six coins (1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p), that can be pieced together to form an image of the Royal Shield . This was the first time a coin design had been featured across multiple coins in this way. Completing the set, the new £ 1 reverse features the Shield in its entirety. The effigy of the Queen, by Ian Rank-Broadley , continued to appear on the obverse of all the coins until 2015 when it was replaced by the fifth and latest portrait, designed by Jody Clark . On all coins, the beading (ring of small dots) around the edge of the obverses has been removed. The obverse of the 20p coin has also been amended to incorporate the year, which had been on the reverse of the coin since its introduction in 1982 (giving rise to an unusual issue of a mule version without any date at all ). The orientation of both sides of the 50p coin has been rotated through 180 degrees, meaning the bottom of the coin is now a corner rather than a flat edge. The numerals showing the decimal value of each coin, previously present on all coins except £ 2 and £ 1, have been removed, leaving the values spelled out in words only. The redesign was the result of a competition launched by the Royal Mint in August 2005, which closed on 14 November 2005. The competition was open to the public and received over 4,000 entries. The winning entry was unveiled on 2 April 2008, designed by Matthew Dent . The Royal Mint stated the new designs were `` reflecting a twenty-first century Britain'' . An advisor to the Royal Mint described the new coins as `` post-modern '' and said that this was something that could not have been done 50 years previously. The redesign was criticised by some for having no specifically Welsh symbol (such as the Welsh Dragon ), because the Royal Shield does not include a specifically Welsh symbol. Wrexham MP Ian Lucas , who was also campaigning to have the Welsh Dragon included on the Union Flag , called the omission `` disappointing'' , and stated that he would be writing to the Queen to request that the Royal Standard be changed to include Wales. The Royal Mint stated that `` the Shield of the Royal Arms is symbolic of the whole of the United Kingdom and as such, represents Wales, Scotland, England and Northern Ireland.'' Designer Dent stated `` I am a Welshman and proud of it, but I never thought about the fact we did not have a dragon or another representation of Wales on the design because as far as I am concerned Wales is represented on the Royal Arms. This was never an issue for me.'' The designs were also criticised for not including a portrayal of Britannia , the female personification of Britain whose image has appeared on British coinage continuously since 1672. In response to the concern over the loss of Britannia, the chairman of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee stated `` There are 806 million Britannias in circulation at the moment (on the old 50p coin). They will remain in circulation. They will see all of us out, until they die a natural death. So whatever happens, Britannia stays around'' . The Royal Mint's choice of an inexperienced coin designer to produce the new coinage was criticised by Virginia Ironside , daughter of Christopher Ironside who designed the previous UK coins. She stated that the new designs were `` totally unworkable as actual coins'' , due to the loss of a numerical currency identifier, and the smaller typeface used. The German news magazine Der Spiegel claimed that the redesign signalled the UK's intention `` not to join the euro any time soon'' . Steel 5p and 10p coins ( edit ) As of 2012, 5p and 10p coins have been issued in nickel-plated steel, and much of the remaining cupronickel types withdrawn, in order to retrieve more expensive metals. The new coins are 11% thicker to maintain the same weight. There are heightened nickel allergy concerns over the new coins. Studies commissioned by the Royal Mint found no increased discharge of nickel from the coins when immersed in artificial sweat. However, an independent study found that the friction from handling results in four times as much nickel exposure as from the older-style coins. Sweden already plans to desist from using nickel in coins from 2015. 2016 £ 1 coin design change ( edit ) £ 1 coin design change In 2016, the £ 1 coin design was changed from a round single metal design to a 12 sided bi-metal design, with a slightly larger diameter. Summary of denominations ( edit ) Half penny ( ⁄ p; £ 0.005) 1971-- 1984, demonetised since then. One penny (1p; £ 0.01), 1971-- present Two pence (2p; £ 0.02), 1971-- present Five pence (5p; £ 0.05), 1968-- 1990 (reduced to present size); 1990-- present Ten pence (10p; £ 0.10), 1968-- 1992 (reduced to present size); 1992-- present Twenty pence (20p; £ 0.20), 1982-- present Twenty-five pence or crown (25p; £ 0.25), 1972-- 1981 (special issues, not in common circulation) Fifty pence (50p; £ 0.50), 1969-- 1997 (reduced to present size); 1997-- present One pound (£ 1.00), 1983-- 2016 (design changed from round coin to twelve-sided one), 2017-- present Two pounds (£ 2.00), 1986-- 1997 (special issues); 1997-- present (general issue -- bimetallic) Five pounds or crown (£ 5.00), 1990-- present (special issues, not in common circulation though still legal tender) (1) Twenty pounds (£ 20.00), 2013-- present (special issues, not in common circulation though still legal tender) Fifty Pounds (£ 50.00), 2015-- present (special issues, not in common circulation though still legal tender) One Hundred pounds (£ 100.00), 2015-- present (special issues, not in common circulation though still legal tender) Specifications ( edit ) Circulating coinage ( edit ) Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced One penny Queen Elizabeth II Crowned portcullis with chains `` New Penny'' 1971-- 1981 `` One Penny'' 1982-- 2008 20.3 mm 1.52 mm (bronze) 1.65 mm (copper-plated steel) 3.56 g Bronze (1971 -- Sept 1992) Copper-plated steel (Sept 1992 -- 2008) Smooth 1971 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.65 mm Copper-plated steel 2008 Two pence Plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet `` New Pence'' 1971-- 1981 `` Two Pence'' 1982-- 2008 25.9 mm 1.85 mm (bronze) 2.03 mm (copper-plated steel) 7.12 g Bronze (97% copper, 2.5% zinc, 0.5% tin) -- until September 1992 Copper-plated steel -- September 1992 -- 2008, except in 1998 when the 2p was made in both alloys 1971 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2.03 mm Copper-plated steel 2008 Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned thistle 18 mm 1.7 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel (75:25) Milled 1990 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.7 mm (cupronickel) 1.89 mm (nickel-plated steel) Cupronickel (75:25) 1990-2011 Nickel-plated steel 2012-- Present 2008 Ten pence * Crowned lion 24.5 mm 1.85 mm 6.5 g Cupronickel (75:25) 1992 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.85 mm (cupronickel) 2.05 mm (nickel-plated steel) Cupronickel (75:25) 1992-2012 Nickel-plated steel 2012-- Present 2008 Twenty pence Crowned Tudor Rose 21.4 mm 1.7 mm 5 g Cupronickel (84:16) Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon 1982 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008 Twenty-five pence No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled, with variable inscription 1972 (commemorative, not in general circulation) Fifty pence * Britannia and lion 27.3 mm 1.78 mm 8 g Cupronickel (75:25) Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon 1997 Various commemorative designs 1998 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008 One pound Queen Elizabeth II Rose, leek, thistle, and shamrock encircled by a coronet 23.03-- 23.43 mm 2.8 mm 8.75 g Inner: Nickel-plated alloy Outer: Nickel-brass Alternately milled and plain ( 12-sided ) 28 March 2017 Two pounds † No standard reverse design 28.4 mm 15.98 g Nickel-brass Milled 1986 (commemorative, not in general circulation) Design by Bruce Rushin 28.4 mm 2.5 mm 12 g Inner: Cupronickel Outer: Nickel-brass Milled with variable inscription and/or decoration 1997 (issued 1998) Various commemorative designs 1999 Five pounds Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled, with variable inscription 1990 (commemorative, not in general circulation) * The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the current versions. These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively. † This coin was originally issued in a smaller size in a single metal in 1986 for special issues only. It was redesigned as a bi-metallic issue for general circulation in 1997. With their high copper content (97%), the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s, until by 2006 the coins, would, if melted down, have been worth about 50% more than their face value. (To do this, however, would be illegal, and they would have had to be melted in huge quantities to achieve significant gain.) In subsequent years the price of copper fell considerably from these peaks. Commemorative issues ( edit ) The following are commemorative issues and are seldom encountered in normal circulation due to their precious metal content. Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Twenty-five pence Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Silver Milled, with variable inscription 1972 Five pounds 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Milled, with variable inscription and/or decoration 1990 Ten Pounds 65.0 mm 2.5 mm 155.5 g Milled 2012 Twenty pounds 27.00 mm 15.71 g 2013 Fifty Pounds Britannia 34.00 mm 31 g 2015 One Hundred Pounds Elizabeth Tower ' Big Ben ' 40.00 mm 62.86 g Obsolete coinage ( edit ) The following decimal coins have been withdrawn from circulation and have ceased to be legal tender. Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn Half Penny Queen Elizabeth II St Edward's Crown 17.4 mm 1 mm 1.78 g Bronze Smooth 1971 1984 Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned Thistle 23.59 mm 1.7 mm 5.65 g Cupronickel Milled 1968 1990 Ten pence * Crowned Lion 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1968 1992 Fifty pence * Seated Britannia alongside a Lion 30.0 mm 1.78 mm 13.5 g Smooth, Reuleaux heptagon 1969 1997 Various commemorative designs 1973 One Pound † Queen Elizabeth II Numerous different designs 22.5 mm 3.15 mm 9.5 g Nickel-brass Milled with variable inscription and/or decoration October 15, 2017 Royal Shield 2008 * The specifications and dates of 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the larger sizes issued in 1968 and 1969 respectively. † The specification refers to the round coin issued from 1983-2016. Although obsolete, this coin is still redeemable at banks and still legal tender on the Isle of Man. UK designs ( edit ) Obverse ( edit ) All modern British coins feature a profile of the current monarch's head on the obverse. There has been only one monarch since decimalisation, Queen Elizabeth II , so her head appears on all decimal coins, facing to the right (see also Monarch's head , above). However, five different effigies have been used, reflecting the Queen's changing appearance as she has aged. These are the effigies by Mary Gillick (until 1968), Arnold Machin (1968-- 1984), Raphael Maklouf (1985-- 1997), Ian Rank-Broadley (1998-- 2015), and Jody Clark (from 2015). All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX , meaning `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God , Queen and Defender of the Faith '' . The inscription appears on the coins in any of several abbreviated forms, typically ELIZABETH II DG REG FD . From 2008, the circle of dots between the lettering and the rim was removed from the 1p, 2p, 5, and 10p and £ 1. It was never on the 20p and 50p, and is retained on the £ 2. Original reverse designs ( edit ) The original standard-issue decimal coinage reverse designs are as follows: ⁄ p (discontinued 1984) -- A crown, symbolising the monarch. 1p -- A crowned portcullis with chains (the badge of the Houses of Parliament ). 2p -- The Prince of Wales's feathers : a plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet . 5p -- A crowned thistle , formally `` The Badge of Scotland, a thistle royally crowned'' . 10p -- A crowned lion, part of the British Coat of Arms (and often is the national animal of England) 20p -- A crowned Tudor Rose , a traditional heraldic emblem of England (NB With incuse design and lettering). 50p -- Britannia and lion. £ 1 -- Numerous different designs (see below). £ 2 -- An abstract design of concentric circles, representing technological development from the Iron Age to the modern day electronic age. Up until the 2008 redesign, the reverse designs of the one pound coin have followed a five-year cycle. This cycle successively represents, by using royal heraldic badges , each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, namely Scotland , Wales, Northern Ireland and England, with the Royal Coat of Arms used in every fifth year. From 2008 until 2016, a single design based on the Royal Coat of Arms was issued every year, with additional designs representing the nations issued sporadically. Reverse designs (Images: (2) ) Royal designs Themed designs Theme Scotland Wales Northern Ireland England 1983: Royal Coat of Arms National plants 1984: Thistle 1985: Leek 1986: Flax 1987: Oak 1988: Royal Shield & Crown 1989: Thistle 1990: Leek 1991: Flax 1992: Oak 1993: Royal Coat of Arms National symbols 1994: Lion Rampant 1995: Welsh dragon 1996: Celtic cross 1997: The Three Lions 1998: Royal Coat of Arms 1999: Lion Rampant 2000: Welsh dragon 2001: Celtic cross 2002: The Three Lions 2003: Royal Coat of Arms Bridges 2004: Forth Bridge 2005: Menai Suspension Bridge 2006: MacNeill's Egyptian Arch 2007: Gateshead Millennium Bridge 2008-- 2016: Royal Shield Capitals 2011: Edinburgh 2011: Cardiff 2010: Belfast 2010: London National plants 2014: Thistle & bluebell stem 2013: Leek & daffodil plant 2014: Shamrock & flax stem 2013: Rose & oak twig 2015: Royal Coat of Arms Heraldic beasts 2016: A unicorn (for Scotland), a dragon (for Wales), an Irish elk (for Northern Ireland) and a lion (for England). Royal Shield reverse ( edit ) The 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coin designs post 2008 each depicts a part of the Royal Shield , and form the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement. The Royal Shield is seen in its entirety on the £ 1 coin. The 1p coin depicts the lower part of the first quarter and the upper part of the third quarter of the shield, showing the lions passant of England and the harp of Ireland respectively The 2p coin depicts most of the second quarter of the shield, showing the lion rampant of Scotland The 5p coin depicts the centre of the shield, showing the meeting and parts of the constituent parts of the shield The 10p coin depicts most of the first quarter of the shield, containing the three lions passant of England The 20p coin depicts the lower part of the second quarter and upper part of the fourth quarter, showing the lion rampant of Scotland and the lions passant of England respectively The 50p coin depicts the point of the shield and the bottom portions of the second and third quarters showing the harp of Ireland and lions passant of England respectively The £ 1 coin depicts the whole of the Royal Shield The standard-issue £ 2 coin design remains unchanged Edge designs ( edit ) The 1p, 2p, 20p and 50p coins have smooth edges. The 5p, 10p, £ 1 and £ 2 coins have milled edges. The milling, in combination with the non-circular shape of the 20p and 50p, serve as the primary means of identification and differentiation between coinage for blind or visually impaired people. Historically, milling also served to discourage coin clipping . The £ 1 coin and £ 2 coins have, inscribed into the milling, words or a decoration related to their face design. Many issues of the £ 1 coin carry one of the following edge inscriptions: DECUS ET TUTAMEN -- Latin for `` An ornament and a safeguard'' , a phrase taken from Virgil 's Aeneid , and here referring to the fact that the inscription serves both as a decorative feature and as a safeguard against the clipping of the coin's edges (this is not a modern concern, but harks back to the days when circulating coins were made of precious metals). This appears on coins with English-themed, Northern Irish-themed or general UK-themed designs. PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD -- Welsh for `` True am I to my country'' , from the Welsh national anthem . This appears on coins with Welsh-themed designs. NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT -- Latin for `` No-one provokes me with impunity'' , the motto of the Order of the Thistle . This appears on coins with Scottish-themed designs. The standard-issue £ 2 coin carries the edge inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS . Other designs of the coin are issued from time to time to commemorate special events or anniversaries. These may have special edge inscriptions relevant to the theme, or the edge inscription may be replaced by a decorative motif. Commemorative designs ( edit ) Circulating fifty pence and two pound coins have been issued with various commemorative reverse designs, typically to mark the anniversaries of historical events or the births of notable people. Three commemorative designs were issued of the large version of the 50p: in 1973 (the EEC ), 1992-- 3 ( EC presidency) and 1994 ( D-Day anniversary). Commemorative designs of the smaller 50p coin have been issued (alongside the Britannia standard issue) in 1998 (two designs), 2000, and from 2003 to 2007 yearly (two designs in 2006). For a complete list, see Fifty pence (British decimal coin) . Prior to 1997, the two pound coin was minted in commemorative issues only -- in 1986, 1989, 1994, 1995 and 1996. Commemorative £ 2 coins have been regularly issued since 1999, alongside the standard-issue bi-metallic coins which were introduced in 1997. One or two designs have been minted each year, with the exception of none in 2000, and four regional 2002 issues marking the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. As well as a distinct reverse design, these coins have an edge inscription relevant to the subject. The anniversary themes are continued until at least 2009, with two designs announced. For a complete list, see Two pounds (British decimal coin) . Non-uk coinage ( edit ) The British Islands (red) and overseas territories (blue) using the Pound or their local issue. Outside the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey use the pound sterling as their currencies. However, they produce local issues of coinage in the same denominations and specifications, but with different designs. These circulate freely alongside UK coinage and English, Northern Irish, and Scottish banknotes within these territories, but must be converted in order to be used in the UK. The island of Alderney also produces occasional commemorative coins. (See coins of the Jersey pound , coins of the Guernsey pound , and Alderney pound for details.) . The Isle of Man is a unique case among the Crown Dependencies, issuing its own currency, the Manx pound . While the Isle of Man recognises the Pound Sterling as a secondary currency, coins of the Manx pound are not legal tender in the UK. The pound sterling is also the official currency of the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , British Antarctic Territory and Tristan da Cunha . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands produces occasional special collectors' sets of coins. In 2008, British Antarctic Territory issued a £ 2 coin commemorating the centenary of Britain's claim to the region. The currencies of the British overseas territories of Gibraltar , The Falkland Islands and Saint Helena / Ascension -- namely the Gibraltar pound , Falkland Islands pound and Saint Helena pound -- are pegged one-to-one to the pound sterling but are technically separate currencies. These territories issue their own coinage, again with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs, as coins of the Gibraltar pound , coins of the Falkland Islands pound and coins of the Saint Helena pound . The other British overseas territories do not use the pound as their official currency. Non-circulating coins ( edit ) 25p and £ 5 coins ( edit ) 1981 commemorative twenty-five pence coin, celebrating the marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer . Although these coins are in practice very rarely found in circulation, they are for convenience described with the circulating coins, above. Maundy money ( edit ) Maundy money is a ceremonial coinage traditionally given to the poor, and nowadays awarded annually to deserving senior citizens. There are Maundy coins in denominations of one, two, three and four pence. They bear dates from 1822 to the present and are minted in very small quantities. Though they are legal tender in the UK, they are never encountered in circulation. The pre-decimal Maundy pieces have the same legal tender status and value as post-decimal ones, and effectively increased in face value by 140% upon decimalisation. Their numismatic value is much greater. Maundy coins still bear the original portrait of the Queen as used in the circulating coins of the first years of her reign. Bullion coinage ( edit ) The traditional bullion coin issued by Britain is the gold sovereign , formerly a circulating coin with a face value of one pound. The Royal Mint continues to produce gold sovereigns and half sovereigns , with 2013 list prices of, respectively, £ 495 and £ 250. Between 1987-- 2012 a series of bullion coins, the Britannia , was issued, containing 1-troy-ounce (31 g), ⁄ -troy-ounce (16 g), ⁄ -troy-ounce (7.8 g), and ⁄ -troy-ounce (3.1 g) of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 916 (22 carat) and with face values of £ 100, £ 50, £ 25, and £ 10. Since 2013 Britannia bullion contains 1-troy-ounce (31 g) of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 999 (24 carat). Between 1997-- 2012 silver bullion coins have also been produced under the name `` Britannias'' . The alloy used was Britannia silver (millesimal fineness 958). The silver coins were available in 1-troy-ounce (31 g), ⁄ -troy-ounce (16 g), ⁄ -troy-ounce (7.8 g), and ⁄ -troy-ounce (3.1 g) sizes. Since 2013 the alloy used is silver at a (millesimal fineness 999). In 2016 the Royal Mint launched a series of 10 Queen's Beasts bullion coins , one for each beast available in both gold and silver. The Royal Mint also issues silver, gold and platinum proof sets of the circulating coins, as well as gift products such as gold coins set into jewellery. Pre-decimal coinage ( edit ) Half crown, 1953 Shilling, 1956, showing English and Scottish reverses For further information about the history of pre-decimal coinage, see Pound sterling . See also Decimal Day . System ( edit ) Before decimalisation in 1971, the pound was divided into 240 pence rather than 100, though it was rarely expressed in this way. Rather it was expressed in terms of pounds, shillings and pence , where: £ 1 = 20 shillings (20s). 1 shilling = 12 pence (12d). Thus: £ 1 = 240 pence. The penny was further subdivided at various times, though these divisions vanished as inflation made them irrelevant: 1 penny = 2 halfpennies and (earlier) 4 farthings ( half farthing , a third of a farthing , and quarter farthing coins were minted in the late 19th century, and into the early 20th century in the case of the third farthing, but circulated only in certain British colonies and not in the UK). Using the example of five shillings and sixpence, the standard ways of writing shillings and pence were: 5s 6d 5/6 5/- for 5 shillings only, with the dash to stand for zero pennies. The sum of 5/6 would be spoken as `` five shillings and sixpence'' or `` five and six'' . The abbreviation for the old penny, d, was derived from the Roman denarius , and the abbreviation for the shilling, s, from the Roman solidus . The shilling was also denoted by the slash symbol, also called a solidus for this reason, which was originally an adaptation of the long s . The symbol `` £ '' , for the pound, is derived from the first letter of the Latin word for pound, libra . A similar pre-decimal system operated in France, also based on the Roman currency , consisting of the livre (L), sol or sou (s) and denier (d). Until 1816 another similar system was used in the Netherlands , consisting of the gulden (G), stuiver (s; ⁄ G) and duit , (d; ⁄ s or ⁄ G). Denominations ( edit ) 2 shilling coin or florin For an extensive list of historical pre-decimal coin denominations, see List of British banknotes and coins . In the years just prior to decimalisation, the circulating British coins were: Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn Farthing ( ⁄ d) Various Monarchs Wren (Britannia on early mintages) 20.19 mm 2.83 g Bronze Smooth 1860 1961 Half Penny ( ⁄ d) Golden Hind (Britannia on early mintages) 25.48 mm 5.67 g 1969 Penny (1d) Britannia 31 mm 1971 Threepence (3d) King George VI 1944-1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953-- 1971 Thrift until 1952 Crowned portcullis with chains 21.0-- 21.8 mm 2.5 mm 6.8 g Nickel-brass Plain (12-sided) 1944 1971 Sixpence (6d) King George VI 1946-- 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953-- 1971 Floral design - Four Home Nations 19.41 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel Milled 1947 1980 Shilling (1/-) Coat of Arms of England or Scotland 23.60 mm 1.7 mm 5.66 g 1990 Florin (2/-) Crowned rose flanked by a thistle and shamrock 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1992 Half crown (2/6) Crowned Royal Shield 32.31 mm 14.14 g 1969 Crown (5/-) Various commemorative designs 38 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g 1951 Present The farthing ( ⁄ d) had been demonetised on 1 January 1961, while the crown (5/-) was issued periodically as a commemorative coin but rarely found in circulation. The crown, half crown, florin, shilling, and sixpence were cupronickel coins (in historical times silver or silver alloy); the penny, halfpenny, and farthing were bronze; and the threepence was a twelve-sided nickel-brass coin (historically it was a small silver coin). Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins, albeit with new names (the shilling became equivalent to the 5p coin, with the florin equating to 10p), and the others were withdrawn almost immediately. The use of florins and shillings as legal tender in this way ended in 1991 and 1993 when the 5p and 10p coins were replaced with smaller versions. Indeed, while pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins, for a while after decimalisation many people continued to call the new 5p coin a shilling, since it remained ⁄ of a pound, but was now counted as 5p (five new pence) instead of 12d (twelve old pennies). The pre-decimalisation sixpence, also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece, was equivalent to 2 ⁄ p, but was demonetised in 1980. Pre-decimal coins of the pound sterling Five pounds Two pounds Sovereign (Pound) Crown Half crown Florin Shilling Sixpence Groat Threepence Penny Halfpenny Farthing Half farthing Third farthing Quarter farthing Five pounds 2 ⁄ 5 20 40 50 100 200 300 400 1200 2400 4800 9600 14400 19200 Two pounds ⁄ 8 16 20 40 80 120 160 480 960 1920 3840 5760 7680 Sovereign (Pound) ⁄ ⁄ 8 10 20 40 60 80 240 480 960 1920 2880 3840 Crown ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 2 ⁄ 5 10 15 20 60 120 240 480 720 960 Half crown ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 2 ⁄ 5 7 ⁄ 10 30 60 120 240 360 480 Florin ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 8 24 48 96 192 288 384 Shilling ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 12 24 48 96 144 192 Sixpence ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 6 12 24 48 72 96 Groat ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ 8 16 32 48 64 Threepence ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 12 24 36 48 Penny ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 8 12 16 Halfpenny ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 6 8 Farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Half farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ Third farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ 1 ⁄ Quarter farthing ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Visualisation of some British currency terms before decimalisation Slang and everyday usage ( edit ) Some pre-decimalisation coins or denominations became commonly known by colloquial and slang terms, perhaps the most well known being bob for a shilling , and quid for a pound. A farthing was a mag , a silver threepence was a joey and the later nickel-brass threepence was called a threepenny bit ( / ˈθrʌpni / or / ˈθrɛpni / bit, i.e. thrup'ny or threp'ny bit -- the apostrophe was pronounced on a scale from full `` e'' down to complete omission); a sixpence was a tanner , the two-shilling coin or florin was a two-bob bit . Bob is still used in phrases such as `` earn/worth a bob or two'' , and `` bob‐ a‐ job week'' . The two shillings and sixpence coin or half-crown was a half dollar , also sometimes referred to as two and a kick . A value of two pence was universally pronounced / ˈtʌpəns / tuppence , a usage which is still heard today, especially among older people. The unaccented suffix `` -pence'' , pronounced / pəns / , was similarly appended to the other numbers up to twelve; thus `` fourpence'' , `` sixpence-three-farthings'' , `` twelvepence-ha'penny '' , but `` eighteen pence'' would usually be said `` one-and-six'' . Quid remains as popular slang for one or more pounds to this day in Britain in the form `` a quid'' and then `` two quid'' , and so on. Similarly, in some parts of the country, bob continued to represent one-twentieth of a pound, that is five new pence, and two bob is 10p. The introduction of decimal currency caused a new casual usage to emerge, where any value in pence is spoken using the suffix pee : e.g. `` twenty-three pee'' or, in the early years, `` two-and-a-half pee'' rather than the previous `` tuppence-ha'penny '' . Amounts over a pound are normally spoken thus: `` five pounds forty'' . A value with less than ten pence over the pound is sometimes spoken like this: `` one pound and a penny'' , `` three pounds and fourpence'' . The slang term `` bit'' has almost disappeared from use completely, although in Scotland a fifty pence is sometimes referred to as a `` ten bob bit'' . Decimal denomination coins are generally described using the terms piece or coin, for example, `` a fifty-pee piece'' , a `` ten-pence coin'' . Coins in the colonies ( edit ) A 1 ⁄ d coin was circulated in Jamaica in the nineteenth century. Jamaicans referred to the coin as a `` quatty'' . Minting errors reaching circulation ( edit ) Coins with errors in the minting process that reach circulation are often seen as valuable items by coin collectors . In 1983, the Royal Mint mistakenly produced some two pence pieces with the old wording `` New Pence'' on the reverse (tails) side, when the design had been changed from 1982 to `` Two Pence'' . In June 2009, the Royal Mint estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 dateless 20 pence coins had entered circulation, the first undated British coin to enter circulation in more than 300 years. It resulted from the accidental combination of old and new face tooling in a production batch, creating what is known as a mule , following the 2008 redesign which moved the date from the reverse (tails) to the obverse (heads) side. Regal titles ( edit ) From a very early date, British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced, and a longer or shorter title, always in Latin; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia , which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX `` King Offa'' . As the legends became longer, words in the inscriptions were often abbreviated so that they could fit on the coin; identical legends have often been abbreviated in different ways depending upon the size and decoration of the coin. Inscriptions which go around the edge of the coin generally have started at the center of the top edge and proceeded in a clockwise direction. A very lengthy legend would be continued on the reverse side of the coin. All but Edward III and both Elizabeths use Latinised names (which would have been EDWARDUS and ELIZABETHA respectively). More recent legends include the following (the full unabbreviated text is given here): EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC D HYB(E) `` Edward III , by the grace of God King of England and France, Lord of Ireland .'' EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL DNS HYB Z ACQ `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine .'' This version was used after the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) when Edward III temporarily gave up his claim to the French throne . EDWARD DEI G REX ANG Z FRA DNS HYB Z ACT `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine.'' This version was used after Anglo-French relations broke down and Edward III resumed his claim. HENRICUS VII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VII by the Grace of God, King of England and France'' . France had been claimed by the English continuously since 1369. HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God, King of England and France'' . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII. HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE & HIBERNIAE REX `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God, Of England, France and Ireland, King'' . Henry VIII made Ireland a kingdom in 1541. The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII. PHILIPPUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA REX & REGINA `` Philip and Mary by the Grace of God, King and Queen'' . The names of the realms were omitted from the coin for reasons of space. ELIZABETH DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Elizabeth , by the Grace of God, of England, France, and Ireland, Queen'' . IACOBUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James , by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King'' . James, King of Scotland, by succeeding to the English throne united the two kingdoms in his person; he dubbed the combination of the two kingdoms `` Great Britain'' (the name of the whole island) though they remained legislatively distinct for more than a century afterwards. CAROLUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles , by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King'' . OLIVARIUS DEI GRATIA REIPUBLICAE ANGLIAE SCOTIAE HIBERNIAE & CETERORUM PROTECTOR `` Oliver , by the Grace of God, of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, Ireland etc., Protector'' . Cromwell ruled as a monarch but did not claim the title of king. CAROLUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles II , by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King'' . IACOBUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James II , by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King'' . GULIELMUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX ET REGINA `` William and Mary by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King and Queen'' . The spouses William and Mary ruled jointly. GULIELMUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` William III by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King'' . William continued to rule alone after his wife's death. ANNA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Anne by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Queen'' . GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector .'' George I added the titles he already possessed as Elector of Hanover . He also added the title `` Defender of the Faith '' , which had been borne by the English kings since Henry VIII , but which had previously only rarely appeared on coins. GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George II by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector.'' GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George III by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector.'' GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George III, by the Grace of God, of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.'' By the Acts of Union 1800 , Ireland was united with Great Britain into a single kingdom, which is represented on the coinage by the Latin genitive plural Britanniarum `` of the Britains'' (often abbreviated BRITT ), signifying `` the United Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland'' . At the same time, the United Kingdom abandoned the traditional claim to the throne of France, which had become a Republic, and the other titles were dropped from the coinage. GEORGIUS IIII (IV) DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George IV , by the Grace of God, of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.'' The Roman numeral `` 4'' is represented by both IIII and IV in different issues. GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` William IV , by the Grace of God, of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.'' VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God, of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith.'' VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX INDIAE IMPERATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God, of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India .'' Queen Victoria was granted the title `` Empress of India'' in 1876. EDWARDUS VII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` Edward VII , by the Grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.'' Edward VII's coins added OMNIUM `` all'' after `` Britains'' to imply a rule over the British overseas colonies as well as the United Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. GEORGIUS V DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George V , by the Grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.'' GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.'' A 1937 George VI penny GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God, of all the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.'' The title `` Emperor of India'' was relinquished in 1948, after the independence of India and Pakistan. ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God, of all the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith.'' ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith.'' The `` of all the Britains'' was dropped from the coinage in 1954, and current coins do not name any realm. Mottos ( edit ) In addition to the title, a Latin or French motto might be included, generally on the reverse side of the coin. These varied between denominations and issues; some were personal to the monarch, others were more general. Some of the mottos were: POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM `` I have made God my helper'' . Coins of Henry VII , Henry VIII , Elizabeth I. Possibly refers to Psalm 52 :7, Ecce homo qui non posuit Deum adjutorem suum `` Behold the man who did not make God his helper'' . RUTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA `` A dazzling rose without a thorn'' . Coins of Henry VIII and Edward VI . Initially on the unsuccessful and very rare Crown of the Rose of Henry VIII and continued on subsequent small gold coinage into the reign of Edward VI. POSUIMUS DEUM ADIUTOREM NOSTRUM `` We have made God our helper'' . Coins of Philip and Mary . The same as above, but with a plural subject. FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM `` I shall make them into one nation'' . Coins of James I , signifying his desire to unite the English and Scottish nations. Refers to Ezekiel 37:2 in the Vulgate Bible. CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO `` I reign with Christ as my protector'' . Coins of Charles I . EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI `` May God rise up, may (his) enemies be scattered'' . Coins of Charles I , during the Civil War . Refers to Psalm 67:1 in the Vulgate Bible ( Psalm 68 in English Bible numbering). PAX QUAERITUR BELLO `` Peace is sought by war'' . Coins of the Protectorate ; personal motto of Oliver Cromwell . BRITANNIA `` Britain'' . Reign of Charles II to George III . Found on pennies and smaller denominations. HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE . `` Shamed be he who thinks ill of it.'' Sovereigns of George III . Motto of the Order of the Garter . DECUS ET TUTAMEN . `` A decoration and protection.'' Some pound coins of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and some crown coins including some of Victoria and George V. Refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal, as well as being a complimentary reference to the monarch and the monarchy. See also ( edit ) Banknotes of the pound sterling Britannia (coin) List of British bank notes and coins One hundred pounds (British coin) Royal Mint Roman currency Mark (money) Twenty pounds (British coin) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mintage Figures , Royal Mint Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom £ 5 Coin (Commemorative Crown)'' . The Royal Mint Limited. 3 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Coins -- Collector Gold & Silver Coins & Limited Edition Gifts -- The Royal Mint'' . The Royal Mint . Jump up ^ `` Llantrisant'' . Royal Mint. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . In April 1967 it was announced that the new Royal Mint would be built at Llantrisant in South Wales. Jump up ^ `` National Museums of Scotland - Balance and scales (detail)'' . Jump up ^ The 1696 Recoinage (1696-- 1699) , Richard Kleer, University of Regina, The Literary Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to: Newton and the Counterfeiter, Thomas Levenson , Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-22992-5 Jump up ^ The Scottish Mint after the recoinage, 1709-- 1836 , Athol L Murray, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1999 Jump up ^ Sir Isaac Newton and the Scottish recoinage, 1707-- 10 , Athol L Murray, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1997 Jump up ^ On the Value of Gold and Silver in European Currencies and the Consequences on the World-wide Gold- and Silver-Trade , Sir Isaac Newton, 21 September 1717. Jump up ^ By The King, A Proclamation Declaring the Rates at which Gold shall be current in Payments reproduced in the numismatic chronicle and journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Vol V., April 1842 -- January 1843 Jump up ^ Coins with Cromwell's image were first minted in 1656 by Pierre Blondeau . Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures'' . The Royal Mint . ^ Jump up to: `` Why coppers are rising in value'' , The Times , 12 May 2006 Jump up ^ Corporate FAQs Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: `` Royal Mint unveils coin designs'' . BBC News. 2 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ New Coin Designs FAQ Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Royal Mint ^ Jump up to: `` New Designs, Spring of 2008'' . Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Your Change is Changing'' . Bulletin . Royal Mint (107): 6. 2008. (Stephen Raw said) `` We couldn't have had post-modern designs like this 50 years ago -- the public simply wouldn't have accepted them ^ Jump up to: `` Wales short-changed by new coin designs'' , Daily Post (North Wales), 3 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Birmingham MP's crusade to bring back Britannia on coins'' , Birmingham Post , 9 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` I hate the new coins. My father must be turning in his grave'' . The Independent . UK. 6 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Make Way for Britain's New Coin Designs'' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cupro Nickel Replacement Programme'' . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury ' should foot coin change bill ' '' . BBC News. 5 November 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Anna Lacey (June 22, 2013). `` A bad penny? New coins and nickel allergy'' . BBC Health Check . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationwide.co.uk/guides/news/articles/2017/03/the-new-1-pound-coin-is-here?et_cid=16411777&et_rid=2364759607 Jump up ^ `` New 12-sided pound coin to enter circulation in March'' . BBC News. 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Penny Coin'' . The Royal Mint . Jump up ^ Copper price graphs Archived 7 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , LME Jump up ^ The Fifth Definitive Coinage Portrait First Edition Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2015-03-03. Jump up ^ The Royal Arms 1-pound coin Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 10 January 2016. Jump up ^ Blog: The 2016 UK coin designs revealed Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 10 January 2016. Jump up ^ Royal Mint Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Jump up ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles: British Antarctic Territory Jump up ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles: Tristan da Cunha Jump up ^ `` Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands'' . Jump up ^ The British Antarctic Territory Currency Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Antarctic Heritage Trust Jump up ^ The 2013 gold proof sovereign , Royal Mint Jump up ^ `` The Queen's Beasts are brought to life in a new bullion coin range'' , Royal Mint Blog , 31 March 2016 , retrieved 1 April 2016 Jump up ^ Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary, p. 126 , W.V. Quine, 1989 Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar'' . Jump up ^ `` '' bob or two'' - Google Search`` . Jump up ^ David Jones (7 April 2008). `` Two Bob Trouble'' . Blogspot . Jump up ^ Chalmers, Robert (1893). A History of Currency in the British Colonies . London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office . p. 110 . Retrieved 2014-11-15 . Jump up ^ Bingham, John (29 June 2009). `` Mix-up at Royal Mint creates dateless 20p pieces worth £ 50'' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . External links ( edit ) Current British coins with pictures Coins of England and Great Britain British Coin Denominations UK Coin Designs and Specifications from the Royal Mint 's website Current UK Coins -- Royal Mint Museum Obsolete UK Coins -- Royal Mint Museum Coin Designs -- Royal Mint competition designs British Coins -- catalogue ( hide ) British coinage Decimal ⁄ p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( ⁄ d) Third farthing ( ⁄ d) Half farthing ( ⁄ d) Farthing ( ⁄ d) Halfpenny ( ⁄ d) Penny (1d) Three halfpence ( 1 ⁄ d) Twopence (2d) Threepence (3d) Fourpence (4d) Sixpence (6d) Shilling (1/-) Florin (2/-) Half crown (2/6d) Double florin (4/-) Crown (5/-) Quarter guinea (5/3d) Third guinea (7/-) Half sovereign (10/-) Half guinea (10/6d) Sovereign (£ 1) Guinea (£ 1/1s) Double sovereign (£ 2) Two guineas (£ 2/2s) Five pound (£ 5) Five guineas (£ 5/5s) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Types of British coinage Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey St Helena and Ascension United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coins_of_the_pound_sterling&oldid=815768117 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Polski Русский中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon17December2017,at00:43.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -9208512232823647827 |
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"The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Acts of the Apostles , leading to the use of the titles `` Book of the Holy Spirit '' or the `` Acts of the Holy Spirit '' for that book of the New Testament . Of the about seventy occurrences of the word Pneuma in Acts , fifty five refer to the Holy Spirit .",
"From the start , in Acts 1 : 2 , the reader is reminded that the Ministry of Jesus , while he was on earth , was carried out through the power of the Holy Spirit and that the `` acts of the apostles '' are the continuing acts of Jesus , facilitated by the Holy Spirit . Acts thus presents the Holy Spirit as the `` life principle '' of the early Church and provides five separate and dramatic instances of its outpouring on believers in 2 : 1 - 4 , 4 : 28 - 31 , 8 : 15 - 17 , 10 : 44 and 19 : 6 .",
"Also Stephen in Acts 7 reproachfully exclaims to the Jewish authorities -- see Sanhedrin trial of Jesus : `` Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears , ye do always resist the Holy Ghost : as your fathers did , so do ye . '' Acts 7 : 51 ( KJV ) -- That means , as nobody ever told them before , they did not only resisted YHWH or Jesus , while he was on earth , but they resisted the Holy Spirit also thereafter ! It reminds oneself about the sin against the Holy Spirit , which Jesus taught , that ascribing the miracles of Jesus to the devil , it is resisting the Holy Spirit 's work through the life of Jesus . The context of the unpardonable sin is best described in this passage :",
"`` The scribes who came down from Jerusalem were saying , `` He is possessed by Beelzebul , '' and `` He casts out the demons by the ruler of the demons . '' And He called them to Himself and began speaking to them in parables , `` How can Satan cast out Satan ? If a kingdom is divided against itself , that kingdom can not stand . If a house is divided against itself , that house will not be able to stand . If Satan has risen up against himself and is divided , he can not stand , but he is finished ! But no one can enter the strong man 's house and plunder his property unless he first binds the strong man , and then he will plunder his house . `` Truly I say to you , all sins shall be forgiven the sons of men , and whatever blasphemies they utter ; but whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness , but is guilty of an eternal sin '' -- because they were saying , `` He has an unclean spirit . '' '' ( Mark 3 : 22 - 30 ( NASB ) )",
"The resistance of the Jews against the Holy Spirit has already been taught by Jesus . This was like a surprise for the Jews , since they believed they had been following YHWH . They may have been following his name , but , not his Spirit and not Jesus teachings about Love God and your neighbor as yourself . They have followed the part of Deuteronomy , but not the second part of Leviticus ( Deut. 6 : 3 ; Lev. 3 : 1 ( NASB ) . Jesus was the first in history to bring the two Bible passages to the point ! Mark 12 : 30 - 31 ( KJV ) : `` And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , and with all thy soul , and with all thy mind , and with all thy strength : this is the first commandment . And the second is like , namely this , Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself . There is none other commandment greater than these . '' But if the young ruler knew it , why did the Pharisees and the Scribes not see it ? They then were the same ones who stoned Stephen and instigated Herod to put James , brother of Jesus , to death by the sword ( Eusebius writes : beheaded ) , Saint Peter into jail ( Herod Agrippa I , a pagan , nominally a Jew by the conversion to Judaism from before his grandfathers time , Herod the Great ) , and his nephew Herod Antipas had beheaded John the Baptist and had Jesus sent back to Pontius Pilate , who was more favorable to Jesus than the Jews , but had to submit to the instigated crowd , because he wanted to let him go free at first ( they were all converts form paganism to nominal Judaism , trying to please the Jews ( Acts 12 : 3 Study Bible ) . So , the Herodians were resisting the Holy Spirit too .",
"References to the Holy Spirit appear throughout Acts 1 : 5 and 8 stating towards the beginning : `` For John indeed baptized with water ; but ye shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit ... ye shall receive power , when the Holy Spirit is come upon you '' referring to the fulfillment of the prophecy of John the Baptist in Luke 3 : 16 : `` he shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit '' .",
"In addition to the Holy Spirit and in its impacts on the Book of Acts , this should include the Lord 's direct communication to Paul . This encounter had a very pivotal in terms of Paul 's defense against the Roman Empire and Jewish authority empowered by the Holy Spirit . Several passages , for example , Acts 9 : 1 - 9 , Acts , 18 : 10 , Acts 23 : 11 , and Acts 27 : 23 all reveal a pneumatological element that reshapes the outcome of Paul 's trial bending towards the prevailing of God 's will rather than the agony of Paul 's death ."
] | Holy Spirit in the Acts of the apostles - wikipedia Holy Spirit in the Acts of the apostles A 14th century copy of the Book of Acts in Minuscule 223 The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Acts of the Apostles , leading to the use of the titles `` Book of the Holy Spirit'' or the `` Acts of the Holy Spirit'' for that book of the New Testament . Of the about seventy occurrences of the word Pneuma in Acts, fifty five refer to the Holy Spirit. From the start, in Acts 1:2 , the reader is reminded that the Ministry of Jesus , while he was on earth, was carried out through the power of the Holy Spirit and that the `` acts of the apostles'' are the continuing acts of Jesus, facilitated by the Holy Spirit. Acts thus presents the Holy Spirit as the `` life principle'' of the early Church and provides five separate and dramatic instances of its outpouring on believers in 2:1-4 , 4:28-31 , 8:15-17 , 10:44 and 19:6 . Also Stephen in Acts 7 reproachfully exclaims to the Jewish authorities-- see Sanhedrin trial of Jesus : `` Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.'' Acts 7:51 (KJV) -- That means, as nobody ever told them before, they did not only resisted YHWH or Jesus , while he was on earth, but they resisted the Holy Spirit also thereafter! It reminds oneself about the sin against the Holy Spirit, which Jesus taught, that ascribing the miracles of Jesus to the devil, it is resisting the Holy Spirit's work through the life of Jesus. The context of the unpardonable sin is best described in this passage: `` The scribes who came down from Jerusalem were saying, `` He is possessed by Beelzebul ,'' and `` He casts out the demons by the ruler of the demons.'' And He called them to Himself and began speaking to them in parables, `` How can Satan cast out Satan? If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. If a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand. If Satan has risen up against himself and is divided, he cannot stand, but he is finished! But no one can enter the strong man's house and plunder his property unless he first binds the strong man, and then he will plunder his house. `` Truly I say to you, all sins shall be forgiven the sons of men, and whatever blasphemies they utter; but whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is guilty of an eternal sin'' -- because they were saying, `` He has an unclean spirit.'' '' (Mark 3:22-30 (NASB)) The resistance of the Jews against the Holy Spirit has already been taught by Jesus. This was like a surprise for the Jews, since they believed they had been following YHWH. They may have been following his name, but, not his Spirit and not Jesus teachings about Love God and your neighbor as yourself. They have followed the part of Deuteronomy , but not the second part of Leviticus (Deut.6:3;Lev.3:1 (NASB) . Jesus was the first in history to bring the two Bible passages to the point! Mark 12:30-31 (KJV) : `` And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.'' But if the young ruler knew it, why did the Pharisees and the Scribes not see it? They then were the same ones who stoned Stephen and instigated Herod to put James, brother of Jesus , to death by the sword ( Eusebius writes: beheaded), Saint Peter into jail (Herod Agrippa I, a pagan, nominally a Jew by the conversion to Judaism from before his grandfathers time, Herod the Great), and his nephew Herod Antipas had beheaded John the Baptist and had Jesus sent back to Pontius Pilate , who was more favorable to Jesus than the Jews, but had to submit to the instigated crowd, because he wanted to let him go free at first (they were all converts form paganism to nominal Judaism, trying to please the Jews (Acts 12:3 Study Bible) . So, the Herodians were resisting the Holy Spirit too. References to the Holy Spirit appear throughout Acts 1:5 and 8 stating towards the beginning: `` For John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit ... ye shall receive power, when the Holy Spirit is come upon you'' referring to the fulfillment of the prophecy of John the Baptist in Luke 3:16 : `` he shall baptize you in the Holy Spirit'' . In addition to the Holy Spirit and in its impacts on the Book of Acts, this should include the Lord's direct communication to Paul. This encounter had a very pivotal in terms of Paul's defense against the Roman Empire and Jewish authority empowered by the Holy Spirit. Several passages, for example, Acts 9:1-9, Acts, 18:10, Acts 23:11, and Acts 27:23 all reveal a pneumatological element that reshapes the outcome of Paul's trial bending towards the prevailing of God's will rather than the agony of Paul's death. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: The Acts of the Apostles by Luke Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington 1992 ISBN 0814658075 pages 14-18 ^ Jump up to: A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles by Mal Couch 2004 ISBN 0825423910 pages 120-129 Jump up ^ `` Enduring Word Bible Commentary Acts Chapter 12'' . Jump up ^ `` Pontius Pilate - Biography, Facts, & Death'' . Jump up ^ Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles by Charles H. Talbert 2005 ISBN 1573122777 pages 24-25 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles&oldid=833686833 '' Categories : Biblical topics Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 23:24 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 5031015676734916815 |
who's running for governor in georgia 2018 | The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia . Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term - limited and thus can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term . The primary elections were held on May 22 , 2018 and a primary runoff will be held on July 24 , 2018 between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp . The Democrats have nominated Stacey Abrams . | [
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"Georgia gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → Nominee TBD Stacey Abrams Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Nathan Deal Republican",
"← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 →",
"← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 →",
"← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 →",
"Nominee TBD Stacey Abrams Party Republican Democratic",
"Nominee TBD Stacey Abrams Party Republican Democratic",
"",
"Nominee TBD Stacey Abrams",
"Party Republican Democratic",
"Incumbent Governor Nathan Deal Republican",
"Incumbent Governor Nathan Deal Republican",
"Incumbent Governor Nathan Deal Republican",
"Nathan Deal Republican",
"Elections in Georgia Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 U.S. Senate elections 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 6th 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 4th 8th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 6th district , 1999 Senate , 2000 10th district , 2007 9th district , 2010 6th district , 2017 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Other elections 2006 statewide 2008 statewide 2010 statewide 2006 2008 2014 General Assembly elections Ballot measures ( show ) Amendment 1 Atlanta government ( show ) Mayoral elections 1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017",
"Elections in Georgia",
"Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 U.S. Senate elections 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 6th 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 4th 8th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 6th district , 1999 Senate , 2000 10th district , 2007 9th district , 2010 6th district , 2017",
"Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 U.S. Senate elections 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 6th 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 4th 8th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 6th district , 1999 Senate , 2000 10th district , 2007 9th district , 2010 6th district , 2017",
"Presidential elections",
"1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016",
"1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016",
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"1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016",
"1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016",
"U.S. House elections",
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"6th 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 4th 8th 2008 2012 2014 2016",
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"6th",
"2006 4th 8th",
"4th 8th",
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"6th district , 1999 Senate , 2000 10th district , 2007 9th district , 2010 6th district , 2017",
"6th district , 1999",
"Senate , 2000",
"10th district , 2007",
"9th district , 2010",
"6th district , 2017",
"State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Other elections 2006 statewide 2008 statewide 2010 statewide 2006 2008 2014 General Assembly elections",
"Gubernatorial elections 1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Other elections 2006 statewide 2008 statewide 2010 statewide 2006 2008 2014 General Assembly elections",
"Gubernatorial elections",
"1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014",
"1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014",
"Other elections",
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"2006 statewide 2008 statewide 2010 statewide 2006 2008 2014",
"General Assembly elections",
"Ballot measures ( show ) Amendment 1",
"Amendment 1",
"Atlanta government ( show ) Mayoral elections 1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017",
"Mayoral elections 1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017",
"Mayoral elections",
"1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017",
"1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017",
"",
"",
"Wikinews has related news : Stacey Abrams becomes first black woman to gain major U.S. party nomination for governor of Georgia",
"Wikinews has related news : Stacey Abrams becomes first black woman to gain major U.S. party nomination for governor of Georgia",
"The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia . Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term - limited and thus can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term . The primary elections were held on May 22 , 2018 and a primary runoff will be held on July 24 , 2018 between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp . The Democrats have nominated Stacey Abrams .",
"Casey Cagle , Lieutenant Governor of Georgia Brian Kemp , Secretary of State of Georgia",
"Casey Cagle , Lieutenant Governor of Georgia",
"Brian Kemp , Secretary of State of Georgia",
"Hunter Hill , former State Senator Clay Tippins , consulting firm executive and retired Navy SEAL Michael Williams , State Senator",
"Hunter Hill , former State Senator",
"Clay Tippins , consulting firm executive and retired Navy SEAL",
"Michael Williams , State Senator",
"Marc Alan Urbach , journalist , former teacher and write - in candidate for President of the United States in 2016",
"Marc Alan Urbach , journalist , former teacher and write - in candidate for President of the United States in 2016",
"Nick Ayers , political strategist Burt Jones , State Senator Josh McKoon , State Senator ( running for Secretary of State ) David Perdue , U.S. Senator Sonny Perdue , United States Secretary of Agriculture and former Governor Tom Price , former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services David Ralston , Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives Lynn Westmoreland , former U.S. Representative",
"Nick Ayers , political strategist",
"Burt Jones , State Senator",
"Josh McKoon , State Senator ( running for Secretary of State )",
"David Perdue , U.S. Senator",
"Sonny Perdue , United States Secretary of Agriculture and former Governor",
"Tom Price , former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services",
"David Ralston , Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives",
"Lynn Westmoreland , former U.S. Representative",
"show Casey Cagle U.S. Senators Saxby Chambliss ( former ) U.S. Representatives Phil Gingrey ( former ) Jack Kingston ( former ) Lindsay Thomas ( former ) Lynn Westmoreland ( former ) State Senators John Albers , State Senator C. Ellis Black , State Senator Jack Hill , State Senator Chuck Hufstetler , State Senator Jeff Mullis , State Senator Jesse Stone , State Senator Ben Watson , State Senator Tim Golden , former State Senator State Representatives John Deffenbaugh , State Representative Dewayne Hill , State Representative Ron Stephens , State Representative Organizations National Rifle Association",
"show Casey Cagle",
"U.S. Senators Saxby Chambliss ( former ) U.S. Representatives Phil Gingrey ( former ) Jack Kingston ( former ) Lindsay Thomas ( former ) Lynn Westmoreland ( former ) State Senators John Albers , State Senator C. Ellis Black , State Senator Jack Hill , State Senator Chuck Hufstetler , State Senator Jeff Mullis , State Senator Jesse Stone , State Senator Ben Watson , State Senator Tim Golden , former State Senator State Representatives John Deffenbaugh , State Representative Dewayne Hill , State Representative Ron Stephens , State Representative Organizations National Rifle Association",
"U.S. Senators",
"Saxby Chambliss ( former )",
"Saxby Chambliss ( former )",
"U.S. Representatives",
"Phil Gingrey ( former ) Jack Kingston ( former ) Lindsay Thomas ( former ) Lynn Westmoreland ( former )",
"Phil Gingrey ( former )",
"Jack Kingston ( former )",
"Lindsay Thomas ( former )",
"Lynn Westmoreland ( former )",
"State Senators",
"John Albers , State Senator C. Ellis Black , State Senator Jack Hill , State Senator Chuck Hufstetler , State Senator Jeff Mullis , State Senator Jesse Stone , State Senator Ben Watson , State Senator Tim Golden , former State Senator",
"John Albers , State Senator",
"C. Ellis Black , State Senator",
"Jack Hill , State Senator",
"Chuck Hufstetler , State Senator",
"Jeff Mullis , State Senator",
"Jesse Stone , State Senator",
"Ben Watson , State Senator",
"Tim Golden , former State Senator",
"State Representatives",
"John Deffenbaugh , State Representative Dewayne Hill , State Representative Ron Stephens , State Representative",
"John Deffenbaugh , State Representative",
"Dewayne Hill , State Representative",
"Ron Stephens , State Representative",
"Organizations",
"National Rifle Association",
"National Rifle Association",
"show Hunter Hill U.S. Senators Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas State Representatives Michael Caldwell , State Representative Wes Cantrell , State Representative",
"show Hunter Hill",
"U.S. Senators Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas State Representatives Michael Caldwell , State Representative Wes Cantrell , State Representative",
"U.S. Senators",
"Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas",
"Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas",
"State Representatives",
"Michael Caldwell , State Representative Wes Cantrell , State Representative",
"Michael Caldwell , State Representative",
"Wes Cantrell , State Representative",
"show Brian Kemp U.S Representatives Bob Barr , former U.S. Representative State politicians Ralph Hudgens , Georgia Insurance Commissioner",
"show Brian Kemp",
"U.S Representatives Bob Barr , former U.S. Representative State politicians Ralph Hudgens , Georgia Insurance Commissioner",
"U.S Representatives",
"Bob Barr , former U.S. Representative",
"Bob Barr , former U.S. Representative",
"State politicians",
"Ralph Hudgens , Georgia Insurance Commissioner",
"Ralph Hudgens , Georgia Insurance Commissioner",
"show Clay Tippins State Representatives Allen Peake , State Representative",
"show Clay Tippins",
"State Representatives Allen Peake , State Representative",
"State Representatives",
"Allen Peake , State Representative",
"Allen Peake , State Representative",
"show Michael Williams Individuals Duane Chapman , better known as `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Darrell C. Scott , co-founder , National Diversity Coalition for Trump Roger Stone , political consultant and Donald Trump advisor",
"show Michael Williams",
"Individuals Duane Chapman , better known as `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Darrell C. Scott , co-founder , National Diversity Coalition for Trump Roger Stone , political consultant and Donald Trump advisor",
"Individuals",
"Duane Chapman , better known as `` Dog the Bounty Hunter '' Darrell C. Scott , co-founder , National Diversity Coalition for Trump Roger Stone , political consultant and Donald Trump advisor",
"Duane Chapman , better known as `` Dog the Bounty Hunter ''",
"Darrell C. Scott , co-founder , National Diversity Coalition for Trump",
"Roger Stone , political consultant and Donald Trump advisor",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle Hunter Hill Brian Kemp Clay Tippins Michael Williams Other Undecided Opinion Savvy May 15 -- 16 , 2018 515 ± 4.3 % 31 % 14 % 20 % 12 % 5 % 4 % 15 % SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 558 ± 5.1 % 35 % 10 % 17 % 8 % 3 % -- 27 % University of Georgia April 19 -- 26 , 2018 507 ± 4.4 % 41 % 9 % 10 % 4 % 3 % 1 % 33 % Meeting Street Research ( R - Citizens for Georgia 's Future ) March 1 and 3 -- 4 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 38 % 10 % 10 % 3 % 2 % 3 % 35 % Clarion Research ( R - Hill ) March 2 -- 3 , 2018 547 ± 4.5 % 48 % 21 % 15 % 8 % 7 % -- -- Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 27 % 11 % 13 % 12 % 5 % 1 % 31 % Meeting Street Research ( R - Citizens for Georgia 's Future ) February 6 -- 7 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 31 % 7 % 12 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 40 % The Wickers Group ( R - Kemp ) October 21 -- 24 , 2017 400 ± 4.5 % 34 % 1 % 13 % 0 % 1 % -- 48 % Landmark / RosettaStone October 16 -- 17 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 35 % 9 % 7 % 1 % 4 % -- 44 % McLaughlin & Associates ( R - Cagle ) September 28 -- October 1 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 41 % 4 % 12 % 2 % 3 % -- 39 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle Hunter Hill Brian Kemp Clay Tippins Michael Williams Other Undecided",
"Opinion Savvy May 15 -- 16 , 2018 515 ± 4.3 % 31 % 14 % 20 % 12 % 5 % 4 % 15 %",
"SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 558 ± 5.1 % 35 % 10 % 17 % 8 % 3 % -- 27 %",
"University of Georgia April 19 -- 26 , 2018 507 ± 4.4 % 41 % 9 % 10 % 4 % 3 % 1 % 33 %",
"Meeting Street Research ( R - Citizens for Georgia 's Future ) March 1 and 3 -- 4 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 38 % 10 % 10 % 3 % 2 % 3 % 35 %",
"Clarion Research ( R - Hill ) March 2 -- 3 , 2018 547 ± 4.5 % 48 % 21 % 15 % 8 % 7 % -- --",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 27 % 11 % 13 % 12 % 5 % 1 % 31 %",
"Meeting Street Research ( R - Citizens for Georgia 's Future ) February 6 -- 7 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 31 % 7 % 12 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 40 %",
"The Wickers Group ( R - Kemp ) October 21 -- 24 , 2017 400 ± 4.5 % 34 % 1 % 13 % 0 % 1 % -- 48 %",
"Landmark / RosettaStone October 16 -- 17 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 35 % 9 % 7 % 1 % 4 % -- 44 %",
"McLaughlin & Associates ( R - Cagle ) September 28 -- October 1 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 41 % 4 % 12 % 2 % 3 % -- 39 %",
"Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Casey Cagle 236,498 39.0 Republican Brian Kemp 154,913 25.5 Republican Hunter Hill 111,207 18.3 Republican Clay Tippins 74,053 12.2 Republican Michael Williams 29,544 4.9 Republican Eddie Hayes 739 0.1 Total votes 606,215 100",
"Party Candidate Votes %",
"Republican Casey Cagle 236,498 39.0",
"Republican Brian Kemp 154,913 25.5",
"Republican Hunter Hill 111,207 18.3",
"Republican Clay Tippins 74,053 12.2",
"Republican Michael Williams 29,544 4.9",
"Republican Eddie Hayes 739 0.1",
"Total votes 606,215 100",
"Republican primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Casey Cagle Republican Brian Kemp Total votes 100",
"Party Candidate Votes %",
"Republican Casey Cagle",
"Republican Brian Kemp",
"Total votes 100",
"Stacey Abrams , former State Representative and former Minority Leader of the Georgia House of Representatives",
"Stacey Abrams , former State Representative and former Minority Leader of the Georgia House of Representatives",
"Stacey Evans , former State Representative",
"Stacey Evans , former State Representative",
"John Barrow , former U.S. Representative ( running for Secretary of State ) Jason Carter , former State Senator , nominee for Governor in 2014 and grandson of former President Jimmy Carter Kasim Reed , former Mayor of Atlanta Teresa Tomlinson , Mayor of Columbus Sally Yates , former U.S. Deputy Attorney General",
"John Barrow , former U.S. Representative ( running for Secretary of State )",
"Jason Carter , former State Senator , nominee for Governor in 2014 and grandson of former President Jimmy Carter",
"Kasim Reed , former Mayor of Atlanta",
"Teresa Tomlinson , Mayor of Columbus",
"Sally Yates , former U.S. Deputy Attorney General",
"show Stacey Abrams Federal politicians Cory Booker , U.S. Senator ( D - NJ ) Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator ( D - CA ) Hank Johnson , U.S Representative ( D - GA ) John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( D - GA ) and prominent civil rights movement leader Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator ( I - VT ) David Scott , U.S Representative ( D - GA ) Statewide and local politicians Kimberly Alexander , State Representative Tonya Anderson , State Senator Debra Bazemore , State Representative Sharon Beasley - Teague , State Representative Karen Bennett , State Representative Darrel Bush Ealum , State Representative Rhonda Burnough , State Representative Park Cannon , State Representative Gail Davenport , State Senator Pam Dickerson , State Representative Gloria Frazier , State Representative Carl Gilliard , State Representative J. Craig Gordon , State Representative Ed Harbison , State Senator Carolyn Hugley , State Representative Brenda Lopez , State Representative Pedro Marin , State Representative Dewey McClain , State Representative Howard Mosby , State Representative Nan Orrock , State Senator Miriam Paris , State Representative Sam Park , State Representative Dexter Sharper , State Representative Pam Stephenson , State Representative Al Williams , State Representative Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee , Florida ; candidate for Governor in 2018 Individuals Hillary Rodham Clinton , 2016 Democratic Nominee for President , former US Secretary of State , former United States Senator ( NY ) , former First Lady Wendy Davis , former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014 Valerie Jarrett , former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs Jason Kander , former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016 Rev. Joseph Lowery , prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister Nina Turner , president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator Labor unions American Federation of Government Employees District 5 Building and Construction Trades Department , AFL -- CIO Georgia Association of Educators Georgia State AFL - CIO International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613 International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926 International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77 Southeast Council of Retail , Wholesale and Department Store Union Organizations Americans for Responsible Solutions / GiffordsPAC Democracy for America EMILY 's List Higher Heights for America Let America Vote Mijentes , a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing Moveon.org NARAL Pro-Choice America Our Revolution Planned Parenthood Action Fund The Working Families Party Websites and newspapers Daily Kos",
"show Stacey Abrams",
"Federal politicians Cory Booker , U.S. Senator ( D - NJ ) Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator ( D - CA ) Hank Johnson , U.S Representative ( D - GA ) John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( D - GA ) and prominent civil rights movement leader Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator ( I - VT ) David Scott , U.S Representative ( D - GA ) Statewide and local politicians Kimberly Alexander , State Representative Tonya Anderson , State Senator Debra Bazemore , State Representative Sharon Beasley - Teague , State Representative Karen Bennett , State Representative Darrel Bush Ealum , State Representative Rhonda Burnough , State Representative Park Cannon , State Representative Gail Davenport , State Senator Pam Dickerson , State Representative Gloria Frazier , State Representative Carl Gilliard , State Representative J. Craig Gordon , State Representative Ed Harbison , State Senator Carolyn Hugley , State Representative Brenda Lopez , State Representative Pedro Marin , State Representative Dewey McClain , State Representative Howard Mosby , State Representative Nan Orrock , State Senator Miriam Paris , State Representative Sam Park , State Representative Dexter Sharper , State Representative Pam Stephenson , State Representative Al Williams , State Representative Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee , Florida ; candidate for Governor in 2018 Individuals Hillary Rodham Clinton , 2016 Democratic Nominee for President , former US Secretary of State , former United States Senator ( NY ) , former First Lady Wendy Davis , former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014 Valerie Jarrett , former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs Jason Kander , former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016 Rev. Joseph Lowery , prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister Nina Turner , president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator Labor unions American Federation of Government Employees District 5 Building and Construction Trades Department , AFL -- CIO Georgia Association of Educators Georgia State AFL - CIO International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613 International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926 International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77 Southeast Council of Retail , Wholesale and Department Store Union Organizations Americans for Responsible Solutions / GiffordsPAC Democracy for America EMILY 's List Higher Heights for America Let America Vote Mijentes , a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing Moveon.org NARAL Pro-Choice America Our Revolution Planned Parenthood Action Fund The Working Families Party Websites and newspapers Daily Kos",
"Federal politicians",
"Cory Booker , U.S. Senator ( D - NJ ) Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator ( D - CA ) Hank Johnson , U.S Representative ( D - GA ) John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( D - GA ) and prominent civil rights movement leader Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator ( I - VT ) David Scott , U.S Representative ( D - GA )",
"Cory Booker , U.S. Senator ( D - NJ )",
"Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator ( D - CA )",
"Hank Johnson , U.S Representative ( D - GA )",
"John Lewis , U.S. Representative ( D - GA ) and prominent civil rights movement leader",
"Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator ( I - VT )",
"David Scott , U.S Representative ( D - GA )",
"Statewide and local politicians",
"Statewide and local politicians",
"Kimberly Alexander , State Representative Tonya Anderson , State Senator Debra Bazemore , State Representative Sharon Beasley - Teague , State Representative Karen Bennett , State Representative Darrel Bush Ealum , State Representative Rhonda Burnough , State Representative Park Cannon , State Representative Gail Davenport , State Senator Pam Dickerson , State Representative Gloria Frazier , State Representative Carl Gilliard , State Representative J. Craig Gordon , State Representative Ed Harbison , State Senator Carolyn Hugley , State Representative Brenda Lopez , State Representative Pedro Marin , State Representative Dewey McClain , State Representative Howard Mosby , State Representative Nan Orrock , State Senator Miriam Paris , State Representative Sam Park , State Representative Dexter Sharper , State Representative Pam Stephenson , State Representative Al Williams , State Representative Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee , Florida ; candidate for Governor in 2018",
"Kimberly Alexander , State Representative",
"Tonya Anderson , State Senator",
"Debra Bazemore , State Representative",
"Sharon Beasley - Teague , State Representative",
"Karen Bennett , State Representative",
"Darrel Bush Ealum , State Representative",
"Rhonda Burnough , State Representative",
"Park Cannon , State Representative",
"Gail Davenport , State Senator",
"Pam Dickerson , State Representative",
"Gloria Frazier , State Representative",
"Carl Gilliard , State Representative",
"J. Craig Gordon , State Representative",
"Ed Harbison , State Senator",
"Carolyn Hugley , State Representative",
"Brenda Lopez , State Representative",
"Pedro Marin , State Representative",
"Dewey McClain , State Representative",
"Howard Mosby , State Representative",
"Nan Orrock , State Senator",
"Miriam Paris , State Representative",
"Sam Park , State Representative",
"Dexter Sharper , State Representative",
"Pam Stephenson , State Representative",
"Al Williams , State Representative",
"Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee , Florida ; candidate for Governor in 2018",
"Individuals",
"Hillary Rodham Clinton , 2016 Democratic Nominee for President , former US Secretary of State , former United States Senator ( NY ) , former First Lady Wendy Davis , former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014 Valerie Jarrett , former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs Jason Kander , former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016 Rev. Joseph Lowery , prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister Nina Turner , president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator",
"Hillary Rodham Clinton , 2016 Democratic Nominee for President , former US Secretary of State , former United States Senator ( NY ) , former First Lady",
"Wendy Davis , former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014",
"Valerie Jarrett , former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs",
"Jason Kander , former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016",
"Rev. Joseph Lowery , prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister",
"Nina Turner , president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator",
"Labor unions",
"American Federation of Government Employees District 5 Building and Construction Trades Department , AFL -- CIO Georgia Association of Educators Georgia State AFL - CIO International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613 International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926 International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77 Southeast Council of Retail , Wholesale and Department Store Union",
"American Federation of Government Employees District 5",
"Building and Construction Trades Department , AFL -- CIO",
"Georgia Association of Educators",
"Georgia State AFL - CIO",
"International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613",
"International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926",
"International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77",
"Southeast Council of Retail , Wholesale and Department Store Union",
"Organizations",
"Americans for Responsible Solutions / GiffordsPAC Democracy for America EMILY 's List Higher Heights for America Let America Vote Mijentes , a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing Moveon.org NARAL Pro-Choice America Our Revolution Planned Parenthood Action Fund The Working Families Party",
"Americans for Responsible Solutions / GiffordsPAC",
"Democracy for America",
"EMILY 's List",
"Higher Heights for America",
"Let America Vote",
"Mijentes , a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing",
"NARAL Pro-Choice America",
"Planned Parenthood Action Fund",
"The Working Families Party",
"Websites and newspapers",
"Websites and newspapers",
"Daily Kos",
"show Stacey Evans Federal politicians Max Cleland , former U.S. Senator ( D - GA ) Buddy Darden , former U.S. Representative Statewide Politicians Roy Barnes , former Governor State Legislators LaDawn Blackett Jones , former State Representative Roger Bruce , State Representative David Dreyer , State Representative Virgil Fludd , former State Representative Vincent Fort , former State Senator Spencer Frye , State Representative Sheila Jones , State Representative Dar'shun Kendrick , State Representative Ronnie Mabra , former State Representative Elena Parent , State Senator Michael Rhett , State Senator Michael Smith , State Representative Erica Thomas , State Representative Keisha Waites , State Representative Earnest `` Coach '' Williams , State Representative Local politicians Sherry Boston , DeKalb County District Attorney",
"show Stacey Evans",
"Federal politicians Max Cleland , former U.S. Senator ( D - GA ) Buddy Darden , former U.S. Representative Statewide Politicians Roy Barnes , former Governor State Legislators LaDawn Blackett Jones , former State Representative Roger Bruce , State Representative David Dreyer , State Representative Virgil Fludd , former State Representative Vincent Fort , former State Senator Spencer Frye , State Representative Sheila Jones , State Representative Dar'shun Kendrick , State Representative Ronnie Mabra , former State Representative Elena Parent , State Senator Michael Rhett , State Senator Michael Smith , State Representative Erica Thomas , State Representative Keisha Waites , State Representative Earnest `` Coach '' Williams , State Representative Local politicians Sherry Boston , DeKalb County District Attorney",
"Federal politicians",
"Max Cleland , former U.S. Senator ( D - GA ) Buddy Darden , former U.S. Representative",
"Max Cleland , former U.S. Senator ( D - GA )",
"Buddy Darden , former U.S. Representative",
"Statewide Politicians",
"Roy Barnes , former Governor",
"Roy Barnes , former Governor",
"State Legislators",
"LaDawn Blackett Jones , former State Representative Roger Bruce , State Representative David Dreyer , State Representative Virgil Fludd , former State Representative Vincent Fort , former State Senator Spencer Frye , State Representative Sheila Jones , State Representative Dar'shun Kendrick , State Representative Ronnie Mabra , former State Representative Elena Parent , State Senator Michael Rhett , State Senator Michael Smith , State Representative Erica Thomas , State Representative Keisha Waites , State Representative Earnest `` Coach '' Williams , State Representative",
"LaDawn Blackett Jones , former State Representative",
"Roger Bruce , State Representative",
"David Dreyer , State Representative",
"Virgil Fludd , former State Representative",
"Vincent Fort , former State Senator",
"Spencer Frye , State Representative",
"Sheila Jones , State Representative",
"Dar'shun Kendrick , State Representative",
"Ronnie Mabra , former State Representative",
"Elena Parent , State Senator",
"Michael Rhett , State Senator",
"Michael Smith , State Representative",
"Erica Thomas , State Representative",
"Keisha Waites , State Representative",
"Earnest `` Coach '' Williams , State Representative",
"Local politicians",
"Sherry Boston , DeKalb County District Attorney",
"Sherry Boston , DeKalb County District Attorney",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Stacey Abrams Stacey Evans Undecided Opinion Savvy May 15 -- 16 , 2018 522 ± 4.3 % 58 % 19 % 23 % SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 475 ± 6.2 % 43 % 24 % 33 % 20 - 20 Insight ( D - Evans ) May 9 -- 15 , 2018 433 ± 5.4 % 42 % 34 % 25 % University of Georgia April 12 -- 18 , 2018 473 ± 4.5 % 33 % 15 % 52 % Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 29 % 17 % 54 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Stacey Abrams Stacey Evans Undecided",
"Opinion Savvy May 15 -- 16 , 2018 522 ± 4.3 % 58 % 19 % 23 %",
"SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 475 ± 6.2 % 43 % 24 % 33 %",
"20 - 20 Insight ( D - Evans ) May 9 -- 15 , 2018 433 ± 5.4 % 42 % 34 % 25 %",
"University of Georgia April 12 -- 18 , 2018 473 ± 4.5 % 33 % 15 % 52 %",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 29 % 17 % 54 %",
"Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Stacey Abrams 423,163 76.5 Democratic Stacey Evans 129,727 23.5 Total votes 553,397 100",
"Party Candidate Votes %",
"Democratic Stacey Abrams 423,163 76.5",
"Democratic Stacey Evans 129,727 23.5",
"Total votes 553,397 100",
"Ted Metz , Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia",
"Ted Metz , Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia",
"Doug Craig , former Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia",
"Doug Craig , former Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia",
"Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 104 ! Solid R August 7 , 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 103 ! Likely R November 10 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 103 ! Likely R November 14 , 2017",
"Source Ranking As of",
"The Cook Political Report 104 ! Solid R August 7 , 2017",
"Rothenberg Political Report 103 ! Likely R November 10 , 2017",
"Sabato 's Crystal Ball 103 ! Likely R November 14 , 2017",
"with Stacey Abrams and Casey Cagle",
"with Stacey Abrams and Casey Cagle",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 2,339 ± 3.5 % 46 % 41 % 14 % Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 45 % 39 % 16 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided",
"SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 2,339 ± 3.5 % 46 % 41 % 14 %",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 45 % 39 % 16 %",
"with Stacey Abrams and Brian Kemp",
"with Stacey Abrams and Brian Kemp",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 37 % 40 % 23 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 37 % 40 % 23 %",
"Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 37 % 43 % 20 % with Stacey Evans Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 2,339 ± 3.5 % 45 % 41 % 13 % Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 47 % 38 % 15 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 42 % 39 % 19 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 38 % 21 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 35 % 36 % 29 % with Casey Cagle Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 40 % 39 % 21 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 46 % 33 % 21 % with Brian Kemp Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 38 % 40 % 22 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 43 % 33 % 24 %",
"Hypothetical polling",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 37 % 43 % 20 % with Stacey Evans Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 2,339 ± 3.5 % 45 % 41 % 13 % Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 47 % 38 % 15 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 42 % 39 % 19 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 38 % 21 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 35 % 36 % 29 % with Casey Cagle Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 40 % 39 % 21 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 46 % 33 % 21 % with Brian Kemp Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 38 % 40 % 22 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 43 % 33 % 24 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 41 % 19 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 41 % 19 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 37 % 43 % 20 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Abrams ( D ) Undecided",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 37 % 43 % 20 %",
"with Stacey Evans",
"with Stacey Evans",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 2,339 ± 3.5 % 45 % 41 % 13 % Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 47 % 38 % 15 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided",
"SurveyUSA May 10 -- 15 , 2018 2,339 ± 3.5 % 45 % 41 % 13 %",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 47 % 38 % 15 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 42 % 39 % 19 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 42 % 39 % 19 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 38 % 21 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 38 % 21 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 35 % 36 % 29 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill ( R ) Stacey Evans ( D ) Undecided",
"Mason - Dixon February 20 -- 23 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 35 % 36 % 29 %",
"with Casey Cagle",
"with Casey Cagle",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 40 % 39 % 21 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided",
"Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 40 % 39 % 21 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 46 % 33 % 21 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided",
"Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 46 % 33 % 21 %",
"with Brian Kemp",
"with Brian Kemp",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 38 % 40 % 22 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Jason Carter ( D ) Undecided",
"Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 38 % 40 % 22 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 43 % 33 % 24 %",
"Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp ( R ) Kasim Reed ( D ) Undecided",
"Public Policy Polling May 27 -- 30 , 2016 724 ± 3.6 % 43 % 33 % 24 %"
] | Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018 - wikipedia Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018 Jump to: navigation , search See also: Georgia elections, 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, 2018 ← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 → Nominee TBD Stacey Abrams Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Nathan Deal Republican Elections in Georgia Federal government (show) Presidential elections 1788-89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 U.S. Senate elections 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 6th 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 4th 8th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 6th district, 1999 Senate, 2000 10th district, 2007 9th district, 2010 6th district, 2017 State government (show) Gubernatorial elections 1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Other elections 2006 statewide 2008 statewide 2010 statewide 2006 2008 2014 General Assembly elections Ballot measures (show) Amendment 1 Atlanta government (show) Mayoral elections 1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017 Wikinews has related news: Stacey Abrams becomes first black woman to gain major U.S. party nomination for governor of Georgia The 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia . Incumbent Republican Governor Nathan Deal is term-limited and thus cannot seek reelection to a third consecutive term. The primary elections were held on May 22, 2018 and a primary runoff will be held on July 24, 2018 between Republican candidates Casey Cagle and Brian Kemp . The Democrats have nominated Stacey Abrams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1.1 Advanced to Runoff 1.1.2 Defeated in primary 1.1.3 Withdrew 1.1.4 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 First Round 1.3.1 Polling 1.3.2 Results 1.4 Runoff 1.4.1 Polling 1.4.2 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1.1 Nominated 2.1.2 Declared 2.1.3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Libertarian primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1.1 Declared 3.1.2 Withdrew 4 General election 4.1 Predictions 4.2 Polling 5 References 6 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Advanced to Runoff ( edit ) Casey Cagle , Lieutenant Governor of Georgia Brian Kemp , Secretary of State of Georgia Defeated in primary ( edit ) Hunter Hill , former State Senator Clay Tippins, consulting firm executive and retired Navy SEAL Michael Williams , State Senator Withdrew ( edit ) Marc Alan Urbach, journalist, former teacher and write-in candidate for President of the United States in 2016 Declined ( edit ) Nick Ayers , political strategist Burt Jones , State Senator Josh McKoon, State Senator ( running for Secretary of State ) David Perdue , U.S. Senator Sonny Perdue , United States Secretary of Agriculture and former Governor Tom Price , former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services David Ralston , Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives Lynn Westmoreland , former U.S. Representative Endorsements ( edit ) show Casey Cagle U.S. Senators Saxby Chambliss (former) U.S. Representatives Phil Gingrey (former) Jack Kingston (former) Lindsay Thomas (former) Lynn Westmoreland (former) State Senators John Albers , State Senator C. Ellis Black , State Senator Jack Hill , State Senator Chuck Hufstetler , State Senator Jeff Mullis , State Senator Jesse Stone , State Senator Ben Watson , State Senator Tim Golden , former State Senator State Representatives John Deffenbaugh , State Representative Dewayne Hill , State Representative Ron Stephens , State Representative Organizations National Rifle Association show Hunter Hill U.S. Senators Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas State Representatives Michael Caldwell , State Representative Wes Cantrell , State Representative show Brian Kemp U.S Representatives Bob Barr , former U.S. Representative State politicians Ralph Hudgens , Georgia Insurance Commissioner show Clay Tippins State Representatives Allen Peake , State Representative show Michael Williams Individuals Duane Chapman , better known as `` Dog the Bounty Hunter'' Darrell C. Scott , co-founder, National Diversity Coalition for Trump Roger Stone , political consultant and Donald Trump advisor First Round ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle Hunter Hill Brian Kemp Clay Tippins Michael Williams Other Undecided Opinion Savvy May 15-- 16, 2018 515 ± 4.3% 31% 14% 20% 12% 5% 4% 15% SurveyUSA May 10-- 15, 2018 558 ± 5.1% 35% 10% 17% 8% 3% -- 27% University of Georgia April 19-- 26, 2018 507 ± 4.4% 41% 9% 10% 4% 3% 1% 33% Meeting Street Research (R-Citizens for Georgia's Future) March 1 and 3-- 4, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 38% 10% 10% 3% 2% 3% 35% Clarion Research (R-Hill) March 2-- 3, 2018 547 ± 4.5% 48% 21% 15% 8% 7% -- -- Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 500 ± 4.5% 27% 11% 13% 12% 5% 1% 31% Meeting Street Research (R-Citizens for Georgia's Future) February 6-- 7, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 31% 7% 12% 5% 2% 3% 40% The Wickers Group (R-Kemp) October 21-- 24, 2017 400 ± 4.5% 34% 1% 13% 0% 1% -- 48% Landmark/RosettaStone October 16-- 17, 2017 800 ± 3.5% 35% 9% 7% 1% 4% -- 44% McLaughlin & Associates (R-Cagle) September 28 -- October 1, 2017 600 ± 4.0% 41% 4% 12% 2% 3% -- 39% Results ( edit ) Initial primary results by county: Cagle-- 50-- 60% Cagle-- 40-- 50% Cagle-- < 40% Kemp-- < 40% Kemp-- 40-- 50% Hill-- < 40% Tie Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Casey Cagle 236,498 39.0 Republican Brian Kemp 154,913 25.5 Republican Hunter Hill 111,207 18.3 Republican Clay Tippins 74,053 12.2 Republican Michael Williams 29,544 4.9 Republican Eddie Hayes 739 0.1 Total votes 606,215 100 Runoff ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Results ( edit ) Republican primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Casey Cagle Republican Brian Kemp Total votes 100 Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Stacey Abrams , former State Representative and former Minority Leader of the Georgia House of Representatives Declared ( edit ) Stacey Evans , former State Representative Declined ( edit ) John Barrow , former U.S. Representative ( running for Secretary of State ) Jason Carter , former State Senator, nominee for Governor in 2014 and grandson of former President Jimmy Carter Kasim Reed , former Mayor of Atlanta Teresa Tomlinson , Mayor of Columbus Sally Yates , former U.S. Deputy Attorney General Endorsements ( edit ) show Stacey Abrams Federal politicians Cory Booker , U.S. Senator (D-NJ) Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator (D-CA) Hank Johnson , U.S Representative (D-GA) John Lewis , U.S. Representative (D-GA) and prominent civil rights movement leader Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator (I-VT) David Scott , U.S Representative (D-GA) Statewide and local politicians Kimberly Alexander , State Representative Tonya Anderson , State Senator Debra Bazemore, State Representative Sharon Beasley-Teague , State Representative Karen Bennett , State Representative Darrel Bush Ealum, State Representative Rhonda Burnough, State Representative Park Cannon , State Representative Gail Davenport , State Senator Pam Dickerson, State Representative Gloria Frazier, State Representative Carl Gilliard, State Representative J. Craig Gordon , State Representative Ed Harbison , State Senator Carolyn Hugley , State Representative Brenda Lopez , State Representative Pedro Marin , State Representative Dewey McClain , State Representative Howard Mosby , State Representative Nan Orrock , State Senator Miriam Paris, State Representative Sam Park , State Representative Dexter Sharper, State Representative Pam Stephenson , State Representative Al Williams, State Representative Andrew Gillum , Mayor of Tallahassee , Florida ; candidate for Governor in 2018 Individuals Hillary Rodham Clinton , 2016 Democratic Nominee for President, former US Secretary of State, former United States Senator (NY), former First Lady Wendy Davis , former Texas State Senator and nominee for Governor in Texas in 2014 Valerie Jarrett , former Director of the Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs Jason Kander , former Missouri Secretary of State and nominee for U.S Senate in Missouri in 2016 Rev. Joseph Lowery , prominent civil movement leader and United Methodist Church minister Nina Turner , president of Our Revolution and former Ohio State Senator Labor unions American Federation of Government Employees District 5 Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL-- CIO Georgia Association of Educators Georgia State AFL-CIO International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 613 International Union of Operating Engineers Local 926 International Union of Painters and Allied Trades District Council 77 Southeast Council of Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union Organizations Americans for Responsible Solutions/GiffordsPAC Democracy for America EMILY's List Higher Heights for America Let America Vote Mijentes, a digital and grassroots group for Latino and Chicano movement building and organizing Moveon.org NARAL Pro-Choice America Our Revolution Planned Parenthood Action Fund The Working Families Party Websites and newspapers Daily Kos show Stacey Evans Federal politicians Max Cleland , former U.S. Senator (D-GA) Buddy Darden , former U.S. Representative Statewide Politicians Roy Barnes , former Governor State Legislators LaDawn Blackett Jones, former State Representative Roger Bruce , State Representative David Dreyer, State Representative Virgil Fludd, former State Representative Vincent Fort , former State Senator Spencer Frye , State Representative Sheila Jones , State Representative Dar'shun Kendrick , State Representative Ronnie Mabra , former State Representative Elena Parent , State Senator Michael Rhett , State Senator Michael Smith, State Representative Erica Thomas , State Representative Keisha Waites , State Representative Earnest `` Coach'' Williams , State Representative Local politicians Sherry Boston, DeKalb County District Attorney Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Stacey Abrams Stacey Evans Undecided Opinion Savvy May 15-- 16, 2018 522 ± 4.3% 58% 19% 23% SurveyUSA May 10-- 15, 2018 475 ± 6.2% 43% 24% 33% 20-20 Insight (D-Evans) May 9-- 15, 2018 433 ± 5.4% 42% 34% 25% University of Georgia April 12-- 18, 2018 473 ± 4.5% 33% 15% 52% Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 500 ± 4.5% 29% 17% 54% Results ( edit ) Primary results by county: Abrams-- 80-- 90% Abrams-- 70-- 80% Abrams-- 60-- 70% Abrams-- 50-- 60% Evans-- 50-- 60% Evans-- 60-- 70% Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Stacey Abrams 423,163 76.5 Democratic Stacey Evans 129,727 23.5 Total votes 553,397 100 Libertarian primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ted Metz, Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia Withdrew ( edit ) Doug Craig, former Chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 104 ! Solid R August 7, 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 103 ! Likely R November 10, 2017 Sabato's Crystal Ball 103 ! Likely R November 14, 2017 Polling ( edit ) with Stacey Abrams and Casey Cagle Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle (R) Stacey Abrams (D) Undecided SurveyUSA May 10-- 15, 2018 2,339 ± 3.5% 46% 41% 14% Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 45% 39% 16% with Stacey Abrams and Brian Kemp Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp (R) Stacey Abrams (D) Undecided Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 37% 40% 23% Hypothetical polling Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins (R) Stacey Abrams (D) Undecided Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 40% 41% 19% Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill (R) Stacey Abrams (D) Undecided Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 37% 43% 20% with Stacey Evans Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle (R) Stacey Evans (D) Undecided SurveyUSA May 10-- 15, 2018 2,339 ± 3.5% 45% 41% 13% Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 47% 38% 15% Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp (R) Stacey Evans (D) Undecided Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 42% 39% 19% Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Clay Tippins (R) Stacey Evans (D) Undecided Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 41% 38% 21% Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Hunter Hill (R) Stacey Evans (D) Undecided Mason-Dixon February 20-- 23, 2018 625 ± 4.0% 35% 36% 29% with Casey Cagle Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle (R) Jason Carter (D) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27-- 30, 2016 724 ± 3.6% 40% 39% 21% Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Casey Cagle (R) Kasim Reed (D) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27-- 30, 2016 724 ± 3.6% 46% 33% 21% with Brian Kemp Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp (R) Jason Carter (D) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27-- 30, 2016 724 ± 3.6% 38% 40% 22% Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error Brian Kemp (R) Kasim Reed (D) Undecided Public Policy Polling May 27-- 30, 2016 724 ± 3.6% 43% 33% 24% References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (April 29, 2017). `` Georgia 2018: Cagle launches governor campaign with pledge to add 500k jobs'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved April 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (March 31, 2017). `` Georgia 2018: Brian Kemp enters race for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved March 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (April 25, 2017). `` Republican Hunter Hill will run for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (August 10, 2017). `` A fifth Republican could enter Georgia governor race'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved August 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (June 2, 2017). `` Pro-Trump loyalist Michael Williams enters governor race'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Catts, Everett (August 12, 2017). `` Dunwoody resident running for governor'' . Marietta Daily Journal . Retrieved August 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Soriano, Ashley. `` Georgia gubernatorial candidate Marc Urbach withdraws from race'' . The Red and Black . Retrieved 2018-05-04 . Jump up ^ Goldmacher, Shane (April 5, 2017). `` Pence adviser Nick Ayers eyes run for Georgia governor'' . Politico . Retrieved April 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (June 29, 2017). `` Georgia 2018: Nick Ayers is not running for governor'' . Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 30, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Bluestein, Greg (January 2, 2017). `` Georgia's next governor: Who could be running in 2018'' . Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (May 8, 2017). `` Burt Jones won't run for higher office'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams, Chuck (March 24, 2017). `` Sen. Josh McKoon leaves door open for possible run for Georgia governor'' . Ledger-Enquirer . Retrieved March 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Salzer, James (July 6, 2017). `` Georgia's `` religious liberty'' senator joins Secretary of State race`` . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved July 6, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Bluestein, Greg (November 13, 2016). `` Trump victory scrambles the field for 2018 Georgia governor's race'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved November 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wingfield, Kyle (April 14, 2017). `` David Perdue on 2018: Not running, nor seeking a candidate'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved April 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Richards, Doug (August 30, 2016). `` Is former Gov. Sonny Perdue pondering another run?'' . WXIA-TV . Retrieved September 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (June 29, 2016). `` Evidence that Tom Price might be mulling a 2018 race for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ Gould Sheinin, Aaron (March 8, 2017). `` David Ralston doesn't say yes, doesn't say no to bid for governor in 2018'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved March 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Galloway, Jim (July 26, 2017). `` David Ralston won't join the race for governor -- but he'll try to define it'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved August 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Galloway, Jim; Malloy, Daniel (January 7, 2016). `` Lynn Westmoreland says he won't seek re-election, considering run for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (May 24, 2017). `` Lynn Westmoreland is NOT running for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved May 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Cagle announces 500 endorsements'' . Casey Cagle . May 19, 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` Cagle announces wave of support in Southeast Georgia'' . Casey Cagle . August 1, 2017. Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CaseyCagle/status/996764751014367238 Jump up ^ Dixon, Kristal (April 25, 2018). `` Sen. Albers endorses Casey Cagle in governor's race'' . Patch Roswell . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Cagle Announces Endorsements in Northwest Georgia'' . georgiapol.com . June 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` NRA Endorses Cagle for Governor Shafer for Lt. Governor'' . National Rifle Association . April 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz endorses Hunter Hill'' . May 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Michael Caldwell. `` I could not be more excited to support @votehunterhill for Governor, @GeoffDuncanGA for Lt. Governor and @buzzbrockway for Secretary of State. Please consider these great, Conservative Georgians when you hit the ballot box today and Tuesday! #gapol #gahouse #gagop #gop'' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Wes Cantrell. `` Thank You @CherokeeTribune for publishing my editorial on why Georgians should vote for @votehunterhill as our next governor. Check it out!'' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to: Bluestein, Greg (August 25, 2017). `` Georgia 2018: Hudgens, Dooley and Barr back Kemp in gov race'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Galloway, Jim (March 31, 2018). `` Allen Peake and the state Capitol drug ring that is no more'' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved May 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitmire, Kelly (July 4, 2017). `` Dog the Bounty Hunter endorses Williams for governor bid'' . Forsyth County News . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Williams receives endorsement from member of President Trump's transition team'' . February 13, 2018 . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeomans, Curt (August 11, 2017). `` Trump advisor Roger Stone stumps for Williams' gubernatorial campaign in Peachtree Corners'' . Gwinnett Daily Post . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Eddie Hayes 1%, Marc Alan Urbach 0% Jump up ^ Marc Alan Urbach 1%, Other 2% Jump up ^ Marc Alan Urbach 1% Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (June 3, 2017). `` Stacey Abrams runs to be state's first black governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Bluestein, Greg (May 25, 2017). `` Stacey Evans launches a HOPE-themed campaign for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved May 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans, Randy (November 13, 2015). `` 2018 Gubernatorial Candidates in the Making'' . InsiderAdvantage . Retrieved September 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (September 25, 2017). `` John Barrow aims for comeback with bid for Georgia secretary of state'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved September 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (May 31, 2017). `` Jason Carter rules out bid for Georgia governor in 2018'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (September 6, 2015). `` Race for Georgia governor takes shape three years out'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Fennessy, Steve (September 21, 2015). `` Q&A : Mayor Kasim Reed on second-term goals, fatherhood, and the future of Turner Field'' . Atlanta Magazine . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (May 23, 2016). `` Kasim Reed: ' I think I've got another campaign in me ' '' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams, Chuck (April 12, 2017). `` Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson weighs run for governor, secretary of state'' . Ledger-Enquirer . Retrieved April 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams, Chuck (May 10, 2017). `` Mayor Teresa Tomlinson makes decision on running for 2018 statewide office'' . Ledger-Enquirer . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (January 31, 2017). `` Do Democrats have a candidate for governor in Sally Yates?'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved February 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (March 29, 2017). `` Kasim Reed is ' hopeful' Sally Yates runs for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved April 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamisar, Ben (May 11, 2017). `` Dems want Yates for governor race'' . The Hill . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Conway, Madeline (May 16, 2017). `` Sally Yates says she won't run for Georgia governor'' . Politico . Retrieved May 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Cory Booker (@CoryBooker) (August 11, 2017). `` I proudly support Stacey Abrams, a Governor for all of Georgia'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sands, Darren (May 2, 2018). `` Kamala Harris Endorses Stacey Abrams For Georgia Governor'' . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ Tamar Hallerman (July 24, 2017). `` Georgia 2018: John Lewis endorses Stacey Abrams' bid for Governor'' . AJC.com. Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (May 17, 2018). `` Georgia 2018: Abrams nabs Bernie Sanders' endorsement'' . politics.myajc . Jump up ^ Tom Spigolon (August 25, 2017). `` Douglas congressman endorses Abrams in 2018 governor's race'' . MDJOnline.com. ^ Jump up to: `` Support for Stacey Stacey Abrams for Governor'' . Stacey Abrams for Governor . Jump up ^ Gillum, Andrew (@AndrewGillum) (May 22, 2018). `` Tomorrow, all across America, little girls who look like mine will wake up to a country where they can be anything, including a Governor. Congratulations to my dear friend @staceyabrams! What a victory. Onto November!'' (Tweet) . Retrieved May 24, 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` GA-Gov: Wendy Davis (D. TX) Endorses Stacey Abrams (D) For Governor'' . Daily Kos. August 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` GA-Gov: Former Obama Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett Goes All In For Stacey Abrams' (D) Campaign'' . Daily Kos . March 30, 2018. Jump up ^ Jason Kander (@JasonKander) (June 5, 2017). `` My friend @staceyabrams is one of the smartest people I've ever met and I'm so excited to support her bid to be Georgia's next Governor'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Greg Bluestein (August 21, 2017). `` Civil rights icon backs Abrams in Georgia governor race'' . AJC.com. Jump up ^ `` My friend Nina Turner, former Ohio State Senator, is here to tell you why she's on #TeamAbrams:'' . Stacey Abrams. July 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Kelley, Everett (February 21, 2018). `` AFGE AFGE District 5 Endorses Stacey Abrams for Georgia Governor'' . www.afge.org . American Federation of Government Employees. ^ Jump up to: Stacey Abrams (@StaceyAbrams) (September 6, 2017). `` Honored to have the support of @BldgTrdsUnions, @IBEW613ATLANTA, IUOE Local 926, @RWDSU SE Council -- unions building GA's future #LaborWorks'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chapman, Sid (March 7, 2018). `` Educators endorse Stacey Abrams for Georgia's next governor'' . t.e2ma.net . Jump up ^ Greg Bluestein (October 20, 2017). `` Georgia 2018: Prominent labor group endorses Abrams after ' fervent' meeting'' . MyAJC.com. Jump up ^ Stacey Abrams (@StaceyAbrams) (October 20, 2017). `` Proud to be endorsed by @AFLCIOGeorgia! Together, we can build a brighter, stronger state where working families can thrive. #gapol'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ District Council 77 (July 28, 2017). `` IUPAT Endorses Gubernatorial Candidates in Illinois and Georgia'' . IUPAT. Jump up ^ Edgar Fields (August 2, 2017). `` SRWDSU Endorses Stacy(sic) Abrams for GA Governor'' . RWDSU. Jump up ^ Gabby Giffords (November 9, 2017). `` GIFFORDS ENDORSES STACEY ABRAMS FOR GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA'' . GiffordsPAC. Jump up ^ Jim Dean (June 3, 2017). `` Stacey Abrams Launches Campaign for Georgia Governor with Nationwide Grassroots Support'' . Democracy for America. Jump up ^ `` EMILY'S LIST ENDORSES STACEY ABRAMS FOR GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA'' . Emily's List. June 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Higher Heights for America enthusiastically endorses Stacey Abrams to become the next governor of Georgia'' . Higher Heights for America. Jump up ^ Brian Stewart (November 20, 2017). `` LET AMERICA VOTE PAC ENDORSES GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATES IN NEW JERSEY, VIRGINIA AND GEORGIA'' . Jason Kander. Jump up ^ `` Why is Mijente Mobilizing Latinxs for Stacey Abrams? -- Gente for Abrams'' . 165.227.67.224 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia MoveOn Members Endorse Stacey Abrams for Governor'' . Working Families Party National PAC. November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` NARAL Endorses Stacey Abrams for Georgia Governor'' . NARAL Pro-Choice America. August 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Turner, Nina (March 5, 2018). `` Our Revolution Endorses in Georgia and Oklahoma Governors Races'' . ourrevolution.com/ . Our Revolution. Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (April 16, 2018). `` Planned Parenthood endorses Abrams, making waves in Democratic race'' . politics.myajc . Jump up ^ `` WFP Endorses Stacey Abrams for Governor of Georgia'' . Working Families Party National PAC. November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Kelly Macias (October 4, 2017). `` Daily Kos endorses Stacey Abrams, who would be Georgia's -- and America's -- first black woman governor'' . Daily Kos. Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (March 2, 2018). `` Georgia 2018: Cleland endorses Evans in gov race'' . politics.myajc . Jump up ^ Galloway, Jim (June 26, 2017). `` Roy Barnes endorses Stacey Evans for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Darnell, Tim (June 24, 2017). `` Governor 2018: Evans endorsed by ex-Sanders leader'' . WXIA-TV . Retrieved June 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Galloway, Jim (August 15, 2017). `` Fourteen current, former lawmakers step out for Stacey Evans'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved August 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Darnell, Tim (May 3, 2018). `` Evans endorsed by Fort'' . WXIA-TV . Retrieved May 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (June 14, 2017). `` DeKalb DA Sherry Boston gives early punch to Stacey Evans' bid for governor'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Keenan, Sean (March 9, 2018). `` Meet the candidates running for Georgia governor in 2018'' . Atlanta . Retrieved April 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Bluestein, Greg (August 26, 2015). `` The 2018 race for Georgia governor has officially begun'' . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/crazyforliberty/posts/10155808844107248 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report'' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017-11-15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections'' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017-11-15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor`` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017-11-15 . 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is blackstrap molasses the same as fancy molasses | The sugars in molasses are sucrose ( 29 % of total carbohydrates ) , glucose ( 12 % ) and fructose ( 13 % ) ( data from USDA nutrition table ) . | [
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"Molasses , or black treacle ( British , for a molasses product similar to black strap molasses ) , is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar . Molasses varies by amount of sugar , method of extraction , and age of plant . Sugarcane molasses is primarily used for sweetening and flavoring foods in the United States , Canada , and elsewhere , while sugar beet molasses is foul - smelling and unpalatable , so it is mostly used as an animal feed additive in Europe and Russia , where it is chiefly produced . Molasses is a defining component of fine commercial brown sugar .",
"Sweet sorghum syrup may be colloquially called `` sorghum molasses '' in the southern United States . Similar products include treacle , honey , maple syrup , corn syrup , and invert syrup . Most of these alternative syrups have milder flavors .",
"The word comes from the Portuguese melaço . Cognates include Ancient Greek μέλι ( méli ) ( honey ) , Latin mel , Spanish melaza ( molasses ) , and French miel ( honey ) .",
"Cane molasses is an ingredient used in baking and cooking . It was popular in the Americas prior to the 20th century , when it used to be a common sweetener .",
"To make molasses , sugar cane is harvested and stripped of leaves . Its juice is extracted , usually by cutting , crushing , or mashing . The juice is boiled to concentrate it , promoting sugar crystallization . The result of this first boiling is called first syrup , and it has the highest sugar content . First syrup is usually referred to in the Southern states of the United States as cane syrup , as opposed to molasses . Second molasses is created from a second boiling and sugar extraction , and has a slightly bitter taste .",
"The third boiling of the sugar syrup yields dark , viscous blackstrap molasses , known for its robust flavor . The majority of sucrose from the original juice has crystallized and been removed . The caloric content of blackstrap molasses is mostly due to the small remaining sugar content .",
"Unlike highly refined sugars , it contains significant amounts of vitamin B and minerals , including calcium , magnesium , iron , and manganese ; one tablespoon provides up to 20 % of the recommended daily value of each of those nutrients . Blackstrap is also a good source of potassium . Blackstrap molasses has long been sold as a dietary supplement .",
"Blackstrap molasses is significantly more bitter than `` regular '' molasses . It is sometimes used in baking or for producing ethanol , as an ingredient in cattle feed , and as fertilizer .",
"The term `` black - strap '' or `` blackstrap '' is an Americanism dating from 1875 or before . Its first known use is in a book by detective Allan Pinkerton in 1877 .",
"The exaggerated health benefits sometimes claimed for blackstrap molasses were the topic of a 1951 novelty song , `` Black Strap Molasses '' , recorded by Groucho Marx , Jimmy Durante , Jane Wyman , and Danny Kaye .",
"Molasses made from sugar beets differs from sugarcane molasses . Only the syrup left from the final crystallization stage is called molasses . Intermediate syrups are called high green and low green , and these are recycled within the crystallization plant to maximize extraction . Beet molasses is 50 % sugar by dry weight , predominantly sucrose , but contains significant amounts of glucose and fructose . Beet molasses is limited in biotin ( vitamin H or B ) for cell growth ; hence , it may be supplemented with a biotin source . The nonsugar content includes many salts , such as calcium , potassium , oxalate , and chloride . It contains betaine and the trisaccharide raffinose . These are a result of concentration from the original plant material or chemicals in processing , and make it unpalatable to humans . So , it is mainly used as an additive to animal feed ( called `` molassed sugar beet feed '' ) or as a fermentation feedstock .",
"Extracting additional sugar from beet molasses is possible through molasses desugarization . This exploits industrial - scale chromatography to separate sucrose from non-sugar components . The technique is economically viable in trade - protected areas , where the price of sugar is supported above market price . As such , it is practiced in the U.S. and parts of Europe . Molasses is also used for yeast production .",
"Many kinds of molasses on the market come branded as `` unsulphured '' . Many foods , including molasses , were once treated with sulfur dioxide as a preservative , helping to kill off molds and bacteria . Sulfur dioxide is also used as a bleaching agent , and helped to lighten the color of molasses . Most brands have veered away from sulphured molasses , due to the relatively stable natural shelf life of untreated molasses , the off flavor and trace toxicity of low doses of sulfur dioxide .",
"In Middle Eastern cuisine , molasses is produced from carob , grapes , dates , pomegranates , and mulberries . In Nepal it is called chaku used in the preparation of Newari foods such as yomari .",
"Molasses can be used :",
"In dark rye breads or other whole grain breads In some cookies and pies In gingerbread ( particularly in the Americas ) In barbecue sauces In beer styles such as stouts and porters To stabilize emulsification of home - made vinaigrette The principal ingredient in the distillation of rum As a humectant in jerky processing An iron supplement An additive in livestock feeds An ingredient in fishing groundbait A source for yeast production The main ingredient in the production of citric acid An additive in mu'assel ( also known as shisha ) , the tobacco smoked in a hookah . Molasses can be found in the brands The King , Al Fakher Tobacco , Cedars Tobacco , Mazaya , Nakhla , Tangiers , Salloum , and Hookafina Blak , among others .",
"In dark rye breads or other whole grain breads",
"In some cookies and pies",
"In gingerbread ( particularly in the Americas )",
"In barbecue sauces",
"In beer styles such as stouts and porters",
"To stabilize emulsification of home - made vinaigrette",
"The principal ingredient in the distillation of rum",
"As a humectant in jerky processing",
"An iron supplement",
"An additive in livestock feeds",
"An ingredient in fishing groundbait",
"A source for yeast production",
"The main ingredient in the production of citric acid",
"An additive in mu'assel ( also known as shisha ) , the tobacco smoked in a hookah . Molasses can be found in the brands The King , Al Fakher Tobacco , Cedars Tobacco , Mazaya , Nakhla , Tangiers , Salloum , and Hookafina Blak , among others .",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The carbon source for in situ remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons Blended with magnesium chloride and used for de-icing A stock for ethanol fermentation to produce an alternative fuel for motor vehicles As a brightener in copper electroforming solution when used in tandem with thiourea",
"The carbon source for in situ remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons",
"Blended with magnesium chloride and used for de-icing",
"A stock for ethanol fermentation to produce an alternative fuel for motor vehicles",
"As a brightener in copper electroforming solution when used in tandem with thiourea",
"As a minor component of mortar for brickwork Mixed with gelatin glue and glycerine when casting composition ink rollers on early printing presses",
"As a minor component of mortar for brickwork",
"Mixed with gelatin glue and glycerine when casting composition ink rollers on early printing presses",
"As a soil additive to promote microbial activity As a potato plant cicatrizant after a hail storm",
"As a soil additive to promote microbial activity",
"As a potato plant cicatrizant after a hail storm",
"Molasses Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 1,213 kJ ( 290 kcal ) Carbohydrates 74.73 g Sugars 74.72 g Dietary fiber 0 g Fat 0.1 g Protein 0 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Thiamine ( B1 ) 4 % 0.041 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 0 % 0.002 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 6 % 0.93 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 16 % 0.804 mg Vitamin B6 52 % 0.67 mg Choline 3 % 13.3 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 21 % 205 mg Iron 36 % 4.72 mg Magnesium 68 % 242 mg Manganese 73 % 1.53 mg Phosphorus 4 % 31 mg Potassium 31 % 1464 mg Sodium 2 % 37 mg Zinc 3 % 0.29 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 21.9 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database",
"Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz )",
"Energy 1,213 kJ ( 290 kcal )",
"Carbohydrates 74.73 g",
"Sugars 74.72 g",
"Dietary fiber 0 g",
"Fat 0.1 g",
"Protein 0 g",
"Vitamins Quantity % DV",
"Thiamine ( B1 ) 4 % 0.041 mg",
"Riboflavin ( B2 ) 0 % 0.002 mg",
"Niacin ( B3 ) 6 % 0.93 mg",
"Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 16 % 0.804 mg",
"Vitamin B6 52 % 0.67 mg",
"Choline 3 % 13.3 mg",
"Minerals Quantity % DV",
"Calcium 21 % 205 mg",
"Iron 36 % 4.72 mg",
"Magnesium 68 % 242 mg",
"Manganese 73 % 1.53 mg",
"Phosphorus 4 % 31 mg",
"Potassium 31 % 1464 mg",
"Sodium 2 % 37 mg",
"Zinc 3 % 0.29 mg",
"Other constituents Quantity",
"Water 21.9 g",
"Link to USDA Database entry",
"Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units",
"Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units",
"μg = micrograms mg = milligrams",
"IU = International units",
"Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database",
"Molasses is composed of 22 % water , 75 % carbohydrates , and no protein or fat ( table ) . In a 100 gram reference amount , molasses is a rich source ( 20 % or more of the Daily Value , DV ) of vitamin B6 and several dietary minerals , including manganese , magnesium , iron , potassium , and calcium ( table ) .",
"The sugars in molasses are sucrose ( 29 % of total carbohydrates ) , glucose ( 12 % ) and fructose ( 13 % ) ( data from USDA nutrition table ) ."
] | Molasses - wikipedia Molasses Not to be confused with molasse . `` Black treacle'' redirects here. For the Arctic Monkeys song, see Black Treacle . For the 1951 novelty song, see Black Strap Molasses (song) . Blackstrap molasses Molasses , or black treacle (British, for a molasses product similar to black strap molasses), is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar . Molasses varies by amount of sugar, method of extraction, and age of plant. Sugarcane molasses is primarily used for sweetening and flavoring foods in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere, while sugar beet molasses is foul-smelling and unpalatable, so it is mostly used as an animal feed additive in Europe and Russia, where it is chiefly produced. Molasses is a defining component of fine commercial brown sugar . Sweet sorghum syrup may be colloquially called `` sorghum molasses'' in the southern United States. Similar products include treacle , honey , maple syrup , corn syrup , and invert syrup . Most of these alternative syrups have milder flavors. Contents 1 Name 2 Cane molasses 2.1 Blackstrap molasses 3 Sugar beet molasses 4 Unsulphured molasses 5 Other forms 6 Other uses 6.1 Food products and additives 6.2 Chemical 6.3 Industrial 6.4 Horticultural 7 Nutritional information 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Name ( edit ) The word comes from the Portuguese melaço . Cognates include Ancient Greek μέλι ( méli ) (honey), Latin mel , Spanish melaza (molasses), and French miel (honey). Cane molasses ( edit ) A bottle of molasses Cane molasses is an ingredient used in baking and cooking. It was popular in the Americas prior to the 20th century, when it used to be a common sweetener. To make molasses, sugar cane is harvested and stripped of leaves. Its juice is extracted, usually by cutting, crushing, or mashing. The juice is boiled to concentrate it, promoting sugar crystallization . The result of this first boiling is called first syrup , and it has the highest sugar content. First syrup is usually referred to in the Southern states of the United States as cane syrup , as opposed to molasses. Second molasses is created from a second boiling and sugar extraction, and has a slightly bitter taste. Blackstrap molasses ( edit ) The third boiling of the sugar syrup yields dark, viscous blackstrap molasses, known for its robust flavor. The majority of sucrose from the original juice has crystallized and been removed. The caloric content of blackstrap molasses is mostly due to the small remaining sugar content. Unlike highly refined sugars, it contains significant amounts of vitamin B and minerals , including calcium , magnesium , iron , and manganese ; one tablespoon provides up to 20% of the recommended daily value of each of those nutrients. Blackstrap is also a good source of potassium . Blackstrap molasses has long been sold as a dietary supplement . Blackstrap molasses is significantly more bitter than `` regular'' molasses. It is sometimes used in baking or for producing ethanol , as an ingredient in cattle feed , and as fertilizer . The term `` black-strap'' or `` blackstrap'' is an Americanism dating from 1875 or before. Its first known use is in a book by detective Allan Pinkerton in 1877. The exaggerated health benefits sometimes claimed for blackstrap molasses were the topic of a 1951 novelty song , `` Black Strap Molasses '' , recorded by Groucho Marx , Jimmy Durante , Jane Wyman , and Danny Kaye . Sugar beet molasses ( edit ) Molasses made from sugar beets differs from sugarcane molasses. Only the syrup left from the final crystallization stage is called molasses. Intermediate syrups are called high green and low green, and these are recycled within the crystallization plant to maximize extraction. Beet molasses is 50% sugar by dry weight, predominantly sucrose , but contains significant amounts of glucose and fructose . Beet molasses is limited in biotin (vitamin H or B ) for cell growth; hence, it may be supplemented with a biotin source. The nonsugar content includes many salts, such as calcium , potassium , oxalate , and chloride . It contains betaine and the trisaccharide raffinose . These are a result of concentration from the original plant material or chemicals in processing, and make it unpalatable to humans. So, it is mainly used as an additive to animal feed (called `` molassed sugar beet feed'' ) or as a fermentation feedstock. Extracting additional sugar from beet molasses is possible through molasses desugarization. This exploits industrial-scale chromatography to separate sucrose from non-sugar components. The technique is economically viable in trade-protected areas, where the price of sugar is supported above market price. As such, it is practiced in the U.S. and parts of Europe. Molasses is also used for yeast production. Unsulphured molasses ( edit ) Many kinds of molasses on the market come branded as `` unsulphured'' . Many foods, including molasses, were once treated with sulfur dioxide as a preservative, helping to kill off molds and bacteria. Sulfur dioxide is also used as a bleaching agent, and helped to lighten the color of molasses. Most brands have veered away from sulphured molasses, due to the relatively stable natural shelf life of untreated molasses, the off flavor and trace toxicity of low doses of sulfur dioxide. Other forms ( edit ) Yomari : rice flour breads filled with chaku In Middle Eastern cuisine , molasses is produced from carob , grapes, dates , pomegranates , and mulberries . In Nepal it is called chaku used in the preparation of Newari foods such as yomari . Other uses ( edit ) Food products and additives ( edit ) Bhapa pitha , a popular Bangladeshi -style rice cake , is often sweetened with molasses. Molasses can be used: In dark rye breads or other whole grain breads In some cookies and pies In gingerbread (particularly in the Americas) In barbecue sauces In beer styles such as stouts and porters To stabilize emulsification of home-made vinaigrette The principal ingredient in the distillation of rum As a humectant in jerky processing An iron supplement An additive in livestock feeds An ingredient in fishing groundbait A source for yeast production The main ingredient in the production of citric acid An additive in mu'assel (also known as shisha ), the tobacco smoked in a hookah . Molasses can be found in the brands The King, Al Fakher Tobacco, Cedars Tobacco, Mazaya, Nakhla, Tangiers, Salloum, and Hookafina Blak, among others. Chemical ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The carbon source for in situ remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons Blended with magnesium chloride and used for de-icing A stock for ethanol fermentation to produce an alternative fuel for motor vehicles As a brightener in copper electroforming solution when used in tandem with thiourea Industrial ( edit ) As a minor component of mortar for brickwork Mixed with gelatin glue and glycerine when casting composition ink rollers on early printing presses Horticultural ( edit ) As a soil additive to promote microbial activity As a potato plant cicatrizant after a hail storm Nutritional information ( edit ) Molasses Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 1,213 kJ (290 kcal) Carbohydrates 74.73 g Sugars 74.72 g Dietary fiber 0 g Fat 0.1 g Protein 0 g Vitamins Quantity %DV Thiamine (B1 ) 4% 0.041 mg Riboflavin (B2 ) 0% 0.002 mg Niacin (B3 ) 6% 0.93 mg Pantothenic acid (B5 ) 16% 0.804 mg Vitamin B6 52% 0.67 mg Choline 3% 13.3 mg Minerals Quantity %DV Calcium 21% 205 mg Iron 36% 4.72 mg Magnesium 68% 242 mg Manganese 73% 1.53 mg Phosphorus 4% 31 mg Potassium 31% 1464 mg Sodium 2% 37 mg Zinc 3% 0.29 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 21.9 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database Molasses is composed of 22% water, 75% carbohydrates , and no protein or fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, molasses is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of vitamin B6 and several dietary minerals , including manganese , magnesium , iron , potassium , and calcium (table). The sugars in molasses are sucrose (29% of total carbohydrates), glucose (12%) and fructose (13%) (data from USDA nutrition table). See also ( edit ) Anadama bread Brown sugar Caramelization Great Molasses Flood Maillard reaction Pekmez Shoofly pie Syrup Treacle Kuromitsu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2009; 2010). Codex Alimentarius -- 212.1 Scope and Description. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Jump up ^ Rapuano, Rina (September 12, 2012). `` Sorghum Travels From The South To The Mainstream'' . npr.org . Archived from the original on May 23, 2014 . Retrieved May 22, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bitzer, Morris (2002). `` Sweet Sorghum for Syrup'' (PDF) . N.p.: University of Kentucky. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Molasses'' Archived 2009-04-23 at the Wayback Machine . at Dictionary.com Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. `` Molasses'' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Cooking with Molasses - Brer Rabbit Molasses Recipes - Easy Baking Recipes'' . Brer Rabbit . Archived from the original on 2014-04-24. Jump up ^ `` Molasses' Bittersweet History'' . SF Gate . Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Jump up ^ `` Molasses, blackstrap'' . NutritionData. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local and Personal'' . The Cambria Freeman (1867-1938) . Ebensburg, Pa. March 26, 1875. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-24 . Jump up ^ Pinkerton, Allan (1877). The Molly Maguires and the Detectives, 1905 ed . New York: G.W. Dillingham Co. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03 . Retrieved 2009-07-08 . Jump up ^ Fleck, H.C. (1968). Toward Better Teaching of Home Economics . Macmillan. p. 195. Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Jump up ^ `` Chromatographic Separator Optimization'' Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback Machine . at Amalgamated Research Inc. Jump up ^ T, Eric (October 8, 2012). `` Why Does my Mollases say Unsulphured? Was Sulphur Removed From it?'' . CulinaryLore.com . Archived from the original on September 18, 2015 . Retrieved August 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Locals prepare molasses for festival in Nepal'' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2017-09-21 . Retrieved 2017-09-20 . Jump up ^ `` Hookah (Shisha, Narghile) Smoking and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). A Critical Review of the Relevant Literature and the Public Health Consequences'' . PMC 2672364 . (T)he smoke of hookah is chemically much less complex than that of cigarettes. This is due to the much lower temperatures to which the tobacco-molasses mixture is subjected: actually hundreds of degrees below that of cigarettes. (...) Another team described the `` chillum'' as being a pipe made of clay and in which `` tobacco is burnt along with molasses and coal and smoked from the other end either directly at the mouth or through a long pipe with the smoke passing through a water container'' . (...) Mixing tobacco with molasses is a very ancient habit. A WHO report dates back `` the addition of molasses to burley tobacco in the nineteenth century to create `` American'' blended tobacco'' . (E)arly health-oriented anthropological research on hookah smoking showed that it (...) can be traced back (to) the 17th century Missing or empty url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Hidden Chemicals in Hookah Tobacco Smoke'' . Hookah users inhale smoke, which is generated by heating hookah tobacco that is fermented with molasses and fruits and combined with burning charcoal. Jump up ^ `` Our Range'' . الفاخر . شركة الفاخر لتجارة التبغ . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Heath, Arthur Henry (1893). A Manual on Lime and Cement, Their Treatment and Use in Construction . Mackaye Press. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06 . Retrieved 2015-10-24 . Jump up ^ `` Bioactive materials for sustainable soil management'' (PDF) . bfa.com.au . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-27. External links ( edit ) Media related to Molasses at Wikimedia Commons Sugar (as food commodity) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Monosaccharide Fructose Galactose Glucose Xylose Disaccharide Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil-cheong Mogwa-cheong Yuja-cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High-fructose corn syrup High-maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region (current) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region (historical) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production NDL : 00573258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molasses&oldid=854510153 '' Categories : Biofuels Sugar Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 21:56 (UTC) . 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sarah brightman phantom of the opera all i ask of you | US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` All I Ask of You '' Single by Cliff Richard and Sarah Brightman from the album The Phantom of the Opera B - side `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' `` Only You '' Released 26 September 1986 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1986 Genre Operatic pop Length 4 : 11 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Cliff Richard singles chronology `` Born to Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Slow Rivers '' ( 1986 ) Sarah Brightman singles chronology `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Doretta 's Dream '' ( 1987 )",
"`` All I Ask of You ''",
"Single by Cliff Richard and Sarah Brightman",
"from the album The Phantom of the Opera",
"B - side `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' `` Only You ''",
"`` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' `` Only You ''",
"`` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) ''",
"`` Only You ''",
"Released 26 September 1986",
"Format 7 '' 12 ''",
"7 '' 12 ''",
"Recorded 1986",
"Genre Operatic pop",
"Length 4 : 11",
"Label Polydor",
"Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe",
"Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe",
"Andrew Lloyd Webber",
"Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber",
"Cliff Richard singles chronology",
"`` Born to Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Slow Rivers '' ( 1986 )",
"`` Born to Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Slow Rivers '' ( 1986 )",
"`` Born to Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Slow Rivers '' ( 1986 )",
"Sarah Brightman singles chronology",
"`` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Doretta 's Dream '' ( 1987 )",
"`` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Doretta 's Dream '' ( 1987 )",
"`` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) `` Doretta 's Dream '' ( 1987 )",
"`` All I Ask of You '' is a song from the English musical The Phantom of the Opera , between characters Christine Daaé and Raoul , originally played on stage by Sarah Brightman and Steve Barton , respectively . It was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe , and solely produced by Lloyd Webber . An operatic pop piece , its lyrics serve as dialogue between the two characters and discuss themes such as commitment and romance . Like Lloyd Webber 's song `` The Music of the Night '' , `` All I Ask of You '' was compared to the music found in Giacomo Puccini 's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West .",
"Critically , the song has generally been regarded as one of the finest cuts made for The Phantom of the Opera . It was released as a single by Polydor Records on 26 September 1986 on 7 '' and 12 `` , performed by Brightman and Cliff Richard . The song achieved commercial success in several territories , including in Ireland and South Africa , where it topped the charts and the United Kingdom , where it peaked at number three . It was later certified Silver in the latter country for shipments of 250,000 copies . `` All I Ask of You '' has been covered by multiple artists , including The Shadows , Lloyd Webber 's brother Julian , Elaine Paige , and Jackie Evancho . Susan Boyle and Donny Osmond , Josh Groban and Kelly Clarkson , and Marina Prior and Mark Vincent have also continued with duet versions of the song .",
"A notable cover of `` All I Ask of You '' was recorded by Barbra Streisand for her studio album Till I Loved You ( 1988 ) . It was released as the record 's second single on 15 December 1988 by Columbia Records as a 7 `` , 12 '' , and CD . It was generally noted as a standout track on Till I Loved You and was commercially successful , entering the charts in the Netherlands , the United Kingdom , and on the United States ' Adult Contemporary chart .",
"`` All I Ask of You '' was written and produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber , whereas Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe provided the lyrics for the track . It was created specifically for the 1986 English musical The Phantom of the Opera , which was developed by Lloyd Webber and served as a live adaptation of Gaston Leroux 's 1910 novel of the same name . It is performed by characters Christine Daaé and Raoul , where the former protests and asks for love of the latter . The song appears towards the end of Act I , immediately after it is revealed that the two characters `` have met again and felt a sexual attraction '' . The single version of `` All I Ask of You '' is performed by Cliff Richard and Sarah Brightman , although Richard 's vocals are replaced by Steve Barton 's during the musical production and its accompanying inclusion on the live album .",
"In the early 2000s , Lloyd Webber was sued by the estate of Giacomo Puccini for similarities between the former 's song `` The Music of the Night '' ( 1986 ) , also from The Phantom of the Opera , and a melody titled `` Quello che tacete '' which was used in Puccini 's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West . The matter was settled out of court between the two parties soon after the lawsuit was revealed . However , author John Snelson , who wrote a biography on Lloyd Webber in 2009 , further compared `` All I Ask of You '' to the same aforementioned melody , citing similar `` motivic connections '' and `` operatic and emotional cross-references '' as his evidence .",
"Polydor , an English - based record label , first released `` All I Ask of You '' as a single on 26 September 1986 . It was distributed in several formats . The 7 '' single features the track plus B - side `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' , which is performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . The 12 '' version features the same two aforementioned songs , but it includes a second B - side `` Only You '' , which was featured in Lloyd Webber 's 1984 musical Starlight Express . Along with its placement as the 13th track on the album for The Phantom of the Opera , a reprise of `` All I Ask of You '' follows on the track listing . During the reprise , lead character Erik , voiced by Michael Crawford , provides vocals .",
"Besides the accompanying live album to the musical , Richard and Brightman 's version of `` All I Ask of You '' was not featured on any compilation album or greatest hits album until Richard released Private Collection : 1979 -- 1988 in November 1988 . Brightman did not include `` All I Ask of You '' on any albums either until her compilation titled The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection was released in the United States in 1997 .",
"Personnel working on the album for The Phantom of the Opera included recording engineer Martin Levan , conductor Michael Reed , Steve Pierce on clarinet , and Richard Wall on trumpet . The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was headed by Lloyd Webber and David Cullen whereas the musical direction was led by Harold Prince and David Caddick .",
"`` All I Ask of You '' is a piano ballad ; according to the official sheet music published by Alfred Publishing , it is written in the key of D ♭ major with the partners ' vocals ranging from A ♭ to A ♭ . It contains a common time with a `` heartfelt '' tempo consisting of 60 beats per minute . Author Ethan Mordden described the track 's genre as operatic pop and noted the high vocals achieved by the singers . Lyrically , Daaé 's character is singing about her desire for romance when she demands , `` Say you love me every waking moment '' . In exchange , Raoul claims that he can fulfill her wants as long as she will `` let ( him ) be ( her ) freedom '' . In an additional comparison to Puccini 's opera , John Snelson claimed that the song 's lyrics contained similar symbolism to the music found in La fanciulla del West ; however , he stated that there were several differences between the two works . Although they both featured romantic symbolism , Snelson wrote that Puccini 's work was much longer and contained a vocal - heavy delivery when compared to Lloyd Webber 's work .",
"Author and music historian Ethan Mordden stated that the song contains `` lyrical magnificence '' and noted that its brilliance helped it `` accomplish wonderful things '' on stage . The song was described as one of the biggest and most commercially successful hits from The Phantom of the Opera by the staff at Show Music .",
"`` All I Ask of You '' was commercially successful in several territories internationally . In the United Kingdom , it became Richard 's 52nd top ten single by peaking at number three on 4 October 1986 . Its success allowed it to be listed on the year - end chart in that country , where it was ranked at number 31 . The song was later certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry on 1 October 1986 for shipments of 250,000 physical copies . It topped the Irish Singles Chart for one week , replacing Status Quo 's cover of `` In the Army Now '' ( 1986 ) . The song reached the same peak in South Africa on the country 's Springbok Radio chart , while in Australia , it peaked at number 24 , according to the Kent Music Report .",
"7 '' single A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42 12 '' single A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42 B2 `` Only You '' -- 3 : 37",
"7 '' single A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42 12 '' single A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42 B2 `` Only You '' -- 3 : 37",
"7 '' single",
"A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42",
"A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11",
"B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42",
"12 '' single",
"A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture ( Act II ) '' ( performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2 : 42 B2 `` Only You '' -- 3 : 37",
"A1 `` All I Ask of You '' -- 4 : 11",
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"Several musicians have created their own versions of `` All I Ask of You '' . The Shadows created an instrumental version of the song in 1989 for their covers album , Steppin ' to the Shadows . As a duet , Stephanie Lawrence and Carl Wayne included it on The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection in 1991 . It is covered by Webber 's younger brother and cello player Julian on the 2001 album , Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber . A separate choral arrangement of `` All I Ask of You '' appears on The King 's Singers 's Chanson d'Amour ( 1992 ) . Elaine Paige released a solo version for Essential Musicals in 2006 . American vocalist Jackie Evancho 's version of `` All I Ask of You '' was included on her 2011 studio album Dream with Me and peaked at number four on Billboard 's Classical Digital Songs component chart following its release .",
"On Susan Boyle 's album Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) , she and featured artist Donny Osmond recorded a cover of `` All I Ask of You '' ; in addition , Boyle also recorded two other Lloyd Webber compositions . American singers Josh Groban and Kelly Clarkson performed the duet for the former 's musical - influenced seventh studio album , Stages ( 2015 ) . After its release , it entered and peaked on the Pop Digital Songs in the United States at number 32 . Groban had previously performed `` All I Ask of You '' to David Foster during an audition to sing `` The Prayer '' live at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards with Celine Dion . Marina Prior and Mark Vincent , both Australian vocalists , covered it for their 2016 collaborative effort , Together .",
"`` All I Ask of You '' Single by Barbra Streisand from the album Till I Loved You B - side `` On My Way to You '' `` Memory '' `` Send in the Clowns '' `` Life Story '' `` Emotion '' `` Make No Mistake , He 's Mine '' `` Since I Fell for You '' Released 15 December 1988 Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Length 4 : 02 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone Barbra Streisand singles chronology `` Till I Loved You '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1988 ) `` What Were We Thinking Of '' ( 1989 ) `` Till I Loved You '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1988 ) `` What Were We Thinking Of '' ( 1989 )",
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"American singer Barbra Streisand recorded a cover of `` All I Ask of You '' for her 29th studio album , Till I Loved You ( 1988 ) . It was released as the album 's second single on 15 December 1988 by Columbia Records . Till I Loved You is a concept album chronicling the different stages during a romantic relationship , where the beginning songs detail the good times and the final tracks discuss a painful breakup ; accordingly , `` All I Ask of You '' was placed as the record 's sixth track . It was produced by frequent Streisand collaborator Phil Ramone . Considering its placement on Till I Loved You , it was noted by The New York Times 's Stephen Holden as the only song that is not a `` nontheatrical pop tune '' . Streisand would later include her cover on two of her greatest hits albums : A Collection : Greatest Hits ... and More in 1989 and The Essential Barbra Streisand in 2002 .",
"Streisand 's cover was released physically in several formats by Columbia Records . The standard edition 7 '' release featured B - side track `` On My Way to You '' while the promotional version used `` All I Ask of You '' as both the A-side and B - side . In Spain , a 7 '' record with no B - side was distributed . Three different extended plays ( EPs ) were released in the United Kingdom . The 7 '' and 12 '' varieties included tracks such as `` Somewhere '' , `` Memory '' , `` Send in the Clowns , `` On My Way to You '' , `` Life Story '' , and `` Emotion '' ; both of these editions were also released on CD . The limited edition EP featured `` On My Way to You '' , `` Make No Mistake , He 's Mine '' , `` Since I Fell for You '' , and a large colored poster of Streisand from the Till I Loved You photoshoots .",
"Stephen Holden called the song one of the `` moments of sweeping majesty '' on Till I Loved You . He stated that Streisand `` makes a powerful case ( by ) negotiating its octave vocal dives with a grand finesse while taking the song at a pleasingly brisk pace '' . Los Angeles Times 's Paul Grein highlighted the song as the greatest track on the album . He compared its dramatics to Streisand 's 1981 single `` Memory '' and later wrote , `` but ( it ) is much warmer and less grandiose . It 's one of Streisand 's greatest recordings '' .",
"The single did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , but it did reach the same publication 's Adult Contemporary chart . `` All I Ask of You '' also entered the charts in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . In the former country , it peaked at number 56 after entering at number 79 . In the United Kingdom , it peaked at number 77 and spent five weeks charting .",
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] | All I Ask of You - wikipedia All I Ask of You 1986 single by Sarah Brightman and Cliff Richard For the Marina Prior album of the same name, see All I Ask of You (album) . `` All I Ask of You'' Single by Cliff Richard and Sarah Brightman from the album The Phantom of the Opera B-side `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture (Act II)'' `` Only You '' Released 26 September 1986 Format 7'' 12'' Recorded 1986 Genre Operatic pop Length 4 : 11 Label Polydor Songwriter(s) Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Producer(s) Andrew Lloyd Webber Cliff Richard singles chronology `` Born to Rock ' n' Roll'' (1986) `` All I Ask of You '' (1986) `` Slow Rivers'' (1986) Sarah Brightman singles chronology `` The Phantom of the Opera '' (1986) `` All I Ask of You '' (1986) `` Doretta's Dream '' (1987) `` All I Ask of You '' is a song from the English musical The Phantom of the Opera , between characters Christine Daaé and Raoul , originally played on stage by Sarah Brightman and Steve Barton , respectively. It was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe , and solely produced by Lloyd Webber. An operatic pop piece, its lyrics serve as dialogue between the two characters and discuss themes such as commitment and romance. Like Lloyd Webber's song `` The Music of the Night '' , `` All I Ask of You'' was compared to the music found in Giacomo Puccini 's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West . Critically , the song has generally been regarded as one of the finest cuts made for The Phantom of the Opera . It was released as a single by Polydor Records on 26 September 1986 on 7'' and 12`` , performed by Brightman and Cliff Richard . The song achieved commercial success in several territories, including in Ireland and South Africa, where it topped the charts and the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number three. It was later certified Silver in the latter country for shipments of 250,000 copies. `` All I Ask of You'' has been covered by multiple artists, including The Shadows , Lloyd Webber's brother Julian , Elaine Paige , and Jackie Evancho . Susan Boyle and Donny Osmond , Josh Groban and Kelly Clarkson , and Marina Prior and Mark Vincent have also continued with duet versions of the song. A notable cover of `` All I Ask of You'' was recorded by Barbra Streisand for her studio album Till I Loved You (1988). It was released as the record's second single on 15 December 1988 by Columbia Records as a 7`` , 12'' , and CD . It was generally noted as a standout track on Till I Loved You and was commercially successful, entering the charts in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and on the United States' Adult Contemporary chart . Contents 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Reception 4 Track listings 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Cover versions 8 Barbra Streisand version 8.1 Background and release 8.2 Reception 8.3 Track listings and formats 8.4 Charts 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography Background and release Andrew Lloyd Webber , co-writer and sole producer of `` All I Ask of You'' . `` All I Ask of You'' was written and produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber , whereas Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe provided the lyrics for the track. It was created specifically for the 1986 English musical The Phantom of the Opera , which was developed by Lloyd Webber and served as a live adaptation of Gaston Leroux 's 1910 novel of the same name . It is performed by characters Christine Daaé and Raoul , where the former protests and asks for love of the latter. The song appears towards the end of Act I , immediately after it is revealed that the two characters `` have met again and felt a sexual attraction'' . The single version of `` All I Ask of You'' is performed by Cliff Richard and Sarah Brightman , although Richard's vocals are replaced by Steve Barton 's during the musical production and its accompanying inclusion on the live album. In the early 2000s, Lloyd Webber was sued by the estate of Giacomo Puccini for similarities between the former's song `` The Music of the Night '' (1986), also from The Phantom of the Opera , and a melody titled `` Quello che tacete'' which was used in Puccini's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West . The matter was settled out of court between the two parties soon after the lawsuit was revealed. However, author John Snelson, who wrote a biography on Lloyd Webber in 2009, further compared `` All I Ask of You'' to the same aforementioned melody, citing similar `` motivic connections'' and `` operatic and emotional cross-references'' as his evidence. Polydor , an English-based record label, first released `` All I Ask of You'' as a single on 26 September 1986. It was distributed in several formats. The 7'' single features the track plus B-side `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture (Act II)'' , which is performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . The 12'' version features the same two aforementioned songs, but it includes a second B-side `` Only You '' , which was featured in Lloyd Webber's 1984 musical Starlight Express . Along with its placement as the 13th track on the album for The Phantom of the Opera , a reprise of `` All I Ask of You'' follows on the track listing. During the reprise, lead character Erik , voiced by Michael Crawford , provides vocals. Besides the accompanying live album to the musical, Richard and Brightman's version of `` All I Ask of You'' was not featured on any compilation album or greatest hits album until Richard released Private Collection: 1979-- 1988 in November 1988. Brightman did not include `` All I Ask of You'' on any albums either until her compilation titled The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection was released in the United States in 1997. Composition and lyrics Personnel working on the album for The Phantom of the Opera included recording engineer Martin Levan , conductor Michael Reed, Steve Pierce on clarinet, and Richard Wall on trumpet. The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was headed by Lloyd Webber and David Cullen whereas the musical direction was led by Harold Prince and David Caddick. `` All I Ask of You'' is a piano ballad ; according to the official sheet music published by Alfred Publishing , it is written in the key of D♭ major with the partners' vocals ranging from A♭ to A♭ . It contains a common time with a `` heartfelt'' tempo consisting of 60 beats per minute . Author Ethan Mordden described the track's genre as operatic pop and noted the high vocals achieved by the singers. Lyrically, Daaé 's character is singing about her desire for romance when she demands, `` Say you love me every waking moment'' . In exchange, Raoul claims that he can fulfill her wants as long as she will `` let (him) be (her) freedom'' . In an additional comparison to Puccini's opera, John Snelson claimed that the song's lyrics contained similar symbolism to the music found in La fanciulla del West ; however, he stated that there were several differences between the two works. Although they both featured romantic symbolism, Snelson wrote that Puccini's work was much longer and contained a vocal-heavy delivery when compared to Lloyd Webber's work. Reception Author and music historian Ethan Mordden stated that the song contains `` lyrical magnificence'' and noted that its brilliance helped it `` accomplish wonderful things'' on stage. The song was described as one of the biggest and most commercially successful hits from The Phantom of the Opera by the staff at Show Music . `` All I Ask of You'' was commercially successful in several territories internationally. In the United Kingdom, it became Richard's 52nd top ten single by peaking at number three on 4 October 1986. Its success allowed it to be listed on the year-end chart in that country, where it was ranked at number 31. The song was later certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry on 1 October 1986 for shipments of 250,000 physical copies. It topped the Irish Singles Chart for one week, replacing Status Quo 's cover of `` In the Army Now '' (1986). The song reached the same peak in South Africa on the country's Springbok Radio chart, while in Australia, it peaked at number 24, according to the Kent Music Report . Track listings 7'' single A1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture (Act II)'' (performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) -- 2:42 12'' single A1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:11 B1 `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture (Act II)'' (performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) -- 2:42 B2 `` Only You '' -- 3:37 Charts Weekly charts Chart (1986) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) UK Singles (Official Charts Company) Year-end charts Chart (1986) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 87 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 29 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions Several musicians have created their own versions of `` All I Ask of You'' . The Shadows created an instrumental version of the song in 1989 for their covers album, Steppin' to the Shadows . As a duet, Stephanie Lawrence and Carl Wayne included it on The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection in 1991. It is covered by Webber's younger brother and cello player Julian on the 2001 album, Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber . A separate choral arrangement of `` All I Ask of You'' appears on The King's Singers 's Chanson d'Amour (1992). Elaine Paige released a solo version for Essential Musicals in 2006. American vocalist Jackie Evancho 's version of `` All I Ask of You'' was included on her 2011 studio album Dream with Me and peaked at number four on Billboard 's Classical Digital Songs component chart following its release. On Susan Boyle 's album Standing Ovation: The Greatest Songs from the Stage (2012), she and featured artist Donny Osmond recorded a cover of `` All I Ask of You'' ; in addition, Boyle also recorded two other Lloyd Webber compositions. American singers Josh Groban and Kelly Clarkson performed the duet for the former's musical -influenced seventh studio album, Stages (2015). After its release, it entered and peaked on the Pop Digital Songs in the United States at number 32. Groban had previously performed `` All I Ask of You'' to David Foster during an audition to sing `` The Prayer '' live at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards with Celine Dion . Marina Prior and Mark Vincent , both Australian vocalists, covered it for their 2016 collaborative effort, Together . Barbra Streisand version `` All I Ask of You'' Single by Barbra Streisand from the album Till I Loved You B-side `` On My Way to You'' `` Memory '' `` Send in the Clowns '' `` Life Story'' `` Emotion'' `` Make No Mistake, He's Mine '' `` Since I Fell for You '' Released 15 December 1988 Format 7'' 12'' CD Length 4 : 02 Label Columbia Songwriter(s) Andrew Lloyd Webber Charles Hart Richard Stilgoe Producer(s) Phil Ramone Barbra Streisand singles chronology `` Till I Loved You '' (1988) `` All I Ask of You '' (1988) `` What Were We Thinking Of '' (1989) `` Till I Loved You '' (1988) `` All I Ask of You '' (1988) `` What Were We Thinking Of '' (1989) Background and release American singer Barbra Streisand recorded a cover of `` All I Ask of You'' for her 29th studio album, Till I Loved You (1988). It was released as the album's second single on 15 December 1988 by Columbia Records . Till I Loved You is a concept album chronicling the different stages during a romantic relationship, where the beginning songs detail the good times and the final tracks discuss a painful breakup; accordingly, `` All I Ask of You'' was placed as the record's sixth track. It was produced by frequent Streisand collaborator Phil Ramone . Considering its placement on Till I Loved You , it was noted by The New York Times 's Stephen Holden as the only song that is not a `` nontheatrical pop tune'' . Streisand would later include her cover on two of her greatest hits albums : A Collection: Greatest Hits...and More in 1989 and The Essential Barbra Streisand in 2002. Streisand's cover was released physically in several formats by Columbia Records. The standard edition 7'' release featured B-side track `` On My Way to You'' while the promotional version used `` All I Ask of You'' as both the A-side and B-side. In Spain, a 7'' record with no B-side was distributed. Three different extended plays (EPs) were released in the United Kingdom. The 7'' and 12'' varieties included tracks such as `` Somewhere '' , `` Memory '' , `` Send in the Clowns , `` On My Way to You'' , `` Life Story'' , and `` Emotion'' ; both of these editions were also released on CD . The limited edition EP featured `` On My Way to You'' , `` Make No Mistake, He's Mine '' , `` Since I Fell for You '' , and a large colored poster of Streisand from the Till I Loved You photoshoots. Reception Stephen Holden called the song one of the `` moments of sweeping majesty'' on Till I Loved You . He stated that Streisand `` makes a powerful case (by) negotiating its octave vocal dives with a grand finesse while taking the song at a pleasingly brisk pace'' . Los Angeles Times 's Paul Grein highlighted the song as the greatest track on the album. He compared its dramatics to Streisand's 1981 single `` Memory'' and later wrote, `` but (it) is much warmer and less grandiose. It's one of Streisand's greatest recordings'' . The single did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, but it did reach the same publication's Adult Contemporary chart . `` All I Ask of You'' also entered the charts in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In the former country, it peaked at number 56 after entering at number 79. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number 77 and spent five weeks charting. Track listings and formats Standard 7'' single A1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 B1 `` On My Way to You'' -- 3:43 Promotional 7'' single A1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 B1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 Spain 7'' single A1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 United Kingdom 7'' and CD EP A1/1. `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 A2/2. `` Somewhere '' -- 4:51 B1/3. `` Memory '' -- 3:52 B2/4. `` Send in the Clowns '' -- 4:39 United Kingdom 12'' and CD EP A1/1. `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 A2/2. `` On My Way to You'' -- 3:43 B1/3. `` Life Story'' -- 5:02 B2/4. `` Emotion'' -- 4:59 United Kingdom 12'' limited edition EP A1 `` All I Ask of You'' -- 4:02 A2 `` On My Way to You'' -- 3:43 B1 `` Make No Mistake, He's Mine '' -- 4:12 B2 `` Since I Fell for You '' -- 3:23 Charts Chart (1988-- 1989) Peak position Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 56 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 77 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 See also List of number-one singles of 1986 (Ireland) References Citations ^ Jump up to: `` All I Ask of You'' / `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture (Act II)'' (Liner notes). Cliff Richard, Sarah Brightman (7'' ed.). Polydor. 1986. POSP 802. ^ Jump up to: Snelson 2009 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to: Hogle 2016 , p. 200 ^ Jump up to: The Phantom of the Opera (Liner notes). Various artists. Polydor. 1986. PODV9. Jump up ^ Stearns, David Patrick (December 2011). `` La fanciulla del West review'' . Gramophone . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Seckerson, Edward (21 June 2004). `` La fanciulla del West , Opera Holland Park London'' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian, Richard (2 January 2006). `` Aspects of Andrew'' . Toronto Star . ^ Jump up to: `` British single certifications -- Cliff Richard & Sarah Brightman -- All I Ask of You'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Type All I Ask of You in the `` Search BPI Awards'' field and then press Enter. ^ Jump up to: `` All I Ask of You'' / `` The Phantom of the Opera Overture (Act II)'' (Liner notes). Cliff Richard, Sarah Brightman (12'' ed.). Polydor. 1986. 885 336-1. Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave. `` Cliff Richard -- Private Collection: His Personal Best 1979-1988 '' . AllMusic. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection (Liner notes). Sarah Brightman (CD ed.). Really Useful Records . 1997. 314 539 330-2. Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber, Andrew ; Hart, Charles ; Stilgoe, Richard (1986). `` The Phantom of the Opera ' All I Ask of You' Digital Sheet Music'' . Musicnotes.com . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ivie, Devon (August 25, 2018). `` Kelly Clarkson and Josh Groban Destroy This Phantom of the Opera Ballad in Front of World's Most Intense Audience'' . Vulture.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber, Andrew; Hart, Charles ; Stilgoe, Richard (1986). `` The Phantom of the Opera ' All I Ask of You' (Easy Piano) Digital Sheet Music'' . Musicnotes.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Mordden 2015 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Show Music staff (2002). `` New releases, from page 12'' . Show Music . M.O. Preeo. 18 : 57 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` End Of Year Chart -- Top 50 Singles of 1986'' . Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Cliff Richard'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 18 August 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` South African Charts 1969 - 1989'' . rock.co.za. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-- 1992 . Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s'' . Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Steppin' to the Shadows (Liner notes). The Shadows . Polydor. 1989. 839 357-2. Jump up ^ The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection (Liner notes). Various artists. Pickwick Music. 1991. PWKS 4065. Jump up ^ Clarke 1998 , p. 763 Jump up ^ Chanson d'Amour (Liner notes). The King's Singers . RCA Victor . 1992. 09026 61427 2. Jump up ^ Essential Musicals (Liner notes). Elaine Paige . W14 Music. 2006. 1709789. Jump up ^ Monger, James Christopher. `` Jackie Evancho -- Dream with Me '' . AllMusic. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff (2 July 2011). `` Billboard Digital Songs: Classical'' . Billboard . 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Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Till I Loved You (Liner notes). Barbra Streisand . Columbia . 1988. CK 40880. Jump up ^ Okun 1989 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Okun 1989 , p. 25 Jump up ^ `` For Immediate Release: Barbra Streisand Releases ' All I Ask of You,' Second Single from ' Till I Loved You;' Song Taken from Broadway Smash, ' The Phantom of the Opera;' Albums Hits Top 10'' . Columbia Records Press & Publicity Department . 13 December 1988. Jump up ^ Kimbrell 1989 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to: Holden, Stephen (6 November 1988). `` Recordings; Barbra Streisand and the Showstopper Syndrome'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. `` Barbra Streisand -- A Collection: Greatest Hits...And More '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. `` Barbra Streisand -- The Essential Barbra Streisand '' . AllMusic. 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CBS. 1988. 653011 3. ^ Jump up to: `` All I Ask of You'' / `` Make No Mistake, He's Mine '' (Liner notes). Barbra Streisand (United Kingdom 12'' EP, limited ed.). CBS. 1988. BARB QT3. Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (26 October 1988). `` Pop Record Review: Post-' Broadway' Streisand Goes Lush and Romantic'' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Barbra Streisand -- All I Ask of You'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved 18 August 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand Chart History (Adult Contemporary)'' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 August 2017. Bibliography Clarke, Donald (1998). The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0140513707 . Foster, David (1 December 2009). Hitman: Forty Years Making Music, Topping the Charts, and Winning Grammys . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 1-4391-6665-X . Hogle, Jerrold E. (30 April 2016). The Undergrounds of the Phantom of the Opera: Sublimation and the Gothic in Leroux's Novel and Its Progeny . Springer. ISBN 1-1371-1288-3 . Kimbrell, James (1989). Barbra, an Actress Who Sings: An Unauthorized Biography, Volume 1 . Branden Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8283-1923-5 . Mordden, Ethan (7 April 2015). The Happiest Corpse I've Ever Seen: The Last Twenty-Five Years of the Broadway Musical . St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1-4668-9344-3 . Okun, Milton (1989). Barbra Streisand: Till I Loved You . Cherry Lane Music. ISBN 0-8952-4421-7 . Snelson, John (2009). Andrew Lloyd Webber (illustrated, reprinted ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-3001-5113-6 . Cliff Richard singles discography 1950s `` Move It '' (1958) `` High Class Baby'' (1958) `` Livin' Lovin' Doll'' (1959) `` Mean Streak'' (1959) `` Living Doll '' (1959) `` Travellin' Light '' (1959) 1960s `` Please Don't Tease '' (1960) `` I Love You '' (1960) `` A Girl Like You '' (1961) `` When the Girl in Your Arms... '' (1961) `` The Young Ones '' / `` We Say Yeah '' (1962) `` I'm Lookin' Out the Window '' / `` Do You Want to Dance? '' (1962) `` It'll Be Me '' (1962) `` The Next Time '' / `` Bachelor Boy '' (1962) `` Summer Holiday '' (1963) `` Lucky Lips '' (1963) `` It's All in the Game '' (1963) `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' (1964) `` Constantly (L'Edera ) '' (1964) `` The Twelfth of Never '' (1964) `` The Minute You're Gone '' (1965) `` Blue Turns to Grey '' (1966) `` Visions '' (1966) `` The Day I Met Marie '' (1967)'' `` All My Love '' (1967) `` Congratulations '' (1968) `` Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon '' (1968) `` Marianne '' (1968) `` Early in the Morning '' (1969) 1970s `` Sunny Honey Girl '' (1971) `` Power to All Our Friends '' (1973) `` Honky Tonk Angel '' (1975) `` Miss You Nights '' (1976) `` Devil Woman '' (1976) `` Hey Mr. Dream Maker '' (1976) `` My Kinda Life '' (1977) `` When Two Worlds Drift Apart '' (1977) `` Green Light '' (1979) `` We Don't Talk Anymore '' (1979) 1980s `` Carrie '' (1980) `` Dreamin' '' (1980) `` Suddenly '' (1980) `` A Little in Love '' (1980) `` Wired for Sound '' (1981) `` Daddy's Home '' (live) (1981) `` The Only Way Out '' (1982) `` True Love Ways '' (live) (1983) `` Baby You're Dynamite '' / `` Ocean Deep '' (1984) `` Donna '' (1984 US) `` Two to the Power of Love '' (1984) `` Living Doll '' (1986) `` All I Ask of You '' (1986) `` My Pretty One '' (1987) `` Some People '' (1987) `` Remember Me '' (1987) `` Two Hearts '' (1988) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' (1988) `` The Best of Me '' (1989) `` I Just Don't Have the Heart '' (1989) `` Lean On You '' (1989) `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' (1989) 1990s `` Stronger Than That '' (1990) `` Silhouettes '' (live) (1990) `` From a Distance '' (live) (1990) `` Saviour's Day '' (1990) `` Scarlet Ribbons '' (1991) `` We Should Be Together '' (1991) `` Peace in Our Time '' (1993) `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' (live) / `` Miss You Nights '' (1994) `` Can't Keep this Feeling In '' (1998) `` The Millennium Prayer '' (1999) 2000s `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' /`` What a Wonderful World '' (medley) (2001) `` Yesterday Once More '' (2006) `` Move It '' (2006) `` When I Need You '' (2007) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' (re-entry) (2008) `` Thank You for a Lifetime '' (2008) `` Singing the Blues '' (2009) 2010s `` Rip It Up '' (2013) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' (2014) `` Roll Over Beethoven '' (2016) `` Blue Suede Shoes '' (2017) Book:Cliff Richard Sarah Brightman Studio albums The Trees They Grow So High (Early One Morning) The Songs That Got Away As I Came of Age Sings the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber Dive Fly Timeless (Time to Say Goodbye) Eden La Luna Harem Symphony A Winter Symphony Dreamchaser Hymn Compilations Surrender The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection The Very Best of 1990-- 2000 Classics Encore The Harem Tour Love Changes Everything Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman Diva: The Singles Collection Amalfi -- Sarah Brightman Love Songs Bella Voce Rarities Volume 1 Rarities Volume 2 Rarities Volume 3 Gala -- The Collection Live albums and videos Sarah Brightman: In Concert A Gala Christmas in Vienna One Night in Eden La Luna: Live in Concert Classics: The Best of Sarah Brightman The Harem World Tour: Live from Las Vegas Diva: The Video Collection Symphony: Live in Vienna Dreamchaser in Concert Singles `` I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper '' `` The Adventures of the Love Crusader '' `` My Boyfriend's Back '' `` Him '' `` Rhythm of the Rain '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Doretta's Dream '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Amigos Para Siempre '' `` Captain Nemo '' `` The Second Element '' `` A Question of Honour '' `` How Can Heaven Love Me '' `` Heaven Is Here '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Just Show Me How to Love You '' `` Who Wants to Live Forever '' `` Tú Quieres Volver '' `` There for Me '' `` Eden '' `` Deliver Me '' `` So Many Things '' `` The Last Words You Said '' `` Scarborough Fair '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Harem '' `` It's a Beautiful Day '' `` Free '' `` I Will Be with You (Where the Lost Ones Go) '' `` Running '' `` Pasión '' `` I Believe in Father Christmas '' `` Angel '' `` One Day Like This '' `` Sogni'' Tours `` A Timeless Evening with Sarah Brightman '' (UK and Germany) 1997 `` One Night in Eden Tour '' 1999 `` La Luna World Tour '' 2000-- 2001 `` Harem World Tour '' 2004-- 2005 `` The Symphony World Tour '' 2008-- 2009 (Austria, North America, Asia) `` Sarah Brightman in Concert '' 2009 (Latin America) `` Sarah Brightman in Concert with Orchestra '' 2010 (Japan, Korea and Macau) `` Dreamchaser World Tour '' 2013-2014 `` Gala: An Evening with Sarah Brightman '' 2016 (Asia, Turkey and Mexico) `` Royal Christmas Gala '' 2017 (Europe) `` Hymn: Sarah Brightman In Concert '' 2018-2019 (Worldwide) Related articles Discography Soyuz TMA-18M Book Category Barbra Streisand Studio albums The Barbra Streisand Album (1963) The Second Barbra Streisand Album (1963) The Third Album (1964) People (1964) My Name Is Barbra (1965) My Name Is Barbra, Two... (1965) Color Me Barbra (1966) Je m'appelle Barbra (1966) Simply Streisand (1967) A Christmas Album (1967) What About Today? (1969) Stoney End (1971) Barbra Joan Streisand (1971) Barbra Streisand...and Other Musical Instruments (1973) The Way We Were (1974) ButterFly (1974) Lazy Afternoon (1975) Classical Barbra (1976) Superman (1977) Songbird (1978) Wet (1979) Guilty (1980) Emotion (1984) The Broadway Album (1985) Till I Loved You (1988) Back to Broadway (1993) Higher Ground (1997) A Love Like Ours (1999) Christmas Memories (2001) The Movie Album (2003) Guilty Pleasures (2005) Love Is the Answer (2009) What Matters Most (2011) Partners (2014) Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway (2016) Walls (2018) Live albums A Happening in Central Park (1968) Live Concert at the Forum (1972) One Voice (1987) Barbra: The Concert (1994) Timeless: Live in Concert (2000) Live in Concert 2006 (2007) Back to Brooklyn (2013) The Music...The Mem'ries ...The Magic! (2017) Compilations Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits (1970) Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits Volume 2 (1978) Memories (1981) A Collection: Greatest Hits...and More (1989) Just for the Record... (1991) The Essential Barbra Streisand (2002) Duets (2002) Barbra: The Ultimate Collection (2010) Release Me (2012) The Classic Christmas Album (2013) Cast recordings and soundtracks Funny Girl (1964) Funny Girl (1968) Hello, Dolly! (1969) The Owl and the Pussycat (1970) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970) The Way We Were (1974) Funny Lady (1975) A Star Is Born (1976) Yentl (1983) Nuts (1987) Television specials and videos My Name Is Barbra (1965) Timeless: Live in Concert (2001) One Night Only: Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard (2010) Tours Barbra Streisand in Concert Timeless Streisand Barbra Live Barbra: The Music, The Mem'ries , The Magic Films directed Yentl (1983) The Prince of Tides (1991) The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996) Related articles Discography Streisand effect Elliott Gould (first husband) Jason Gould (son) James Brolin (second husband) Book Category Portal Josh Groban Studio albums Josh Groban (2001) Closer (2003) Awake (2006) Noël (2007) Illuminations (2010) All That Echoes (2013) Stages (2015) Bridges (2018) Live albums Awake Live (2008) Compilation albums A Collection (2008) Singles `` To Where You Are '' `` You Raise Me Up '' `` Believe '' `` You Are Loved (Don't Give Up) '' `` I'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Prayer '' `` Hidden Away '' `` Você Existe Em Mim '' `` Higher Window '' `` Brave '' `` I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever) '' Other songs `` All I Ask of You '' `` Sous le ciel de Paris '' Concert tours Closer Tour (2004-- 2005) Awake Tour (2007) Straight to You Tour (2011) All That Echoes World Tour (2013) Summer Symphony Tour (2014) Josh Groban on Stage (2015-- 2016) Related articles Discography Kelly Clarkson songs Discography Thankful `` The Trouble with Love Is '' `` Miss Independent '' `` Low '' `` Beautiful Disaster '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` Before Your Love '' Breakaway `` Breakaway '' `` Since U Been Gone '' `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' `` Because of You '' `` Gone '' `` Walk Away '' My December `` Never Again '' `` One Minute '' `` Sober '' `` Don't Waste Your Time '' `` Be Still '' All I Ever Wanted `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' `` I Do Not Hook Up '' `` Cry '' `` All I Ever Wanted '' `` Already Gone '' `` If I Can't Have You '' `` Save You '' `` Whyyawannabringmedown '' `` Long Shot '' `` Can We Go Back '' Stronger `` Mr. Know It All '' `` Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You) '' `` Dark Side '' `` Einstein '' `` I Forgive You '' `` Hello '' `` The War Is Over '' `` Don't You Wanna Stay '' `` Why Don't You Try '' Greatest Hits -- Chapter One `` Catch My Breath '' `` People Like Us '' `` Don't Rush '' Wrapped in Red `` Wrapped in Red '' `` Underneath the Tree '' `` Winter Dreams (Brandon's Song) '' `` 4 Carats '' `` Just for Now '' `` I'll Be Home for Christmas '' Piece by Piece `` Heartbeat Song '' `` Invincible '' `` Someone '' `` Take You High '' `` Piece by Piece '' `` Run Run Run '' `` Dance with Me '' `` Nostalgic '' `` Good Goes the Bye '' Meaning of Life `` Love So Soft '' `` Heat '' `` Meaning of Life '' `` Move You '' `` Whole Lotta Woman '' `` I Don't Think About You '' Collaborations `` Foolish Games '' `` Little Green Apples '' `` PrizeFighter '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Second Hand Heart '' Other songs `` (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman '' `` My Grown Up Christmas List '' `` Up to the Mountain '' `` Get Up (A Cowboys Anthem) '' `` Tie It Up '' `` It's Quiet Uptown '' `` Christmas Eve '' Book Songs Portal Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game (aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Don't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Don't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Cats Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber (father) Julian Lloyd Webber (brother) Imogen Lloyd Webber (daughter) Sarah Brightman (second wife) Madeleine Gurdon (third wife) Jiaxin Cheng (sister-in-law) Company Really Useful Group The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera (1909-- 1910) Phantom (1990) The Canary Trainer (1993) The Phantom of Manhattan (1999) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera (1976) The Phantom of the Opera (1986) Phantom (1991) Love Never Dies (2010) Film and television Das Phantom der Oper (1916) The Phantom of the Opera (1925) Song at Midnight (1937) Phantom of the Opera (1943) The Phantom of the Opera (1962) The Phantom of Hollywood (1974) Phantom of the Paradise (1974) Opera (1987) The Phantom of the Opera (1989) Phantom of the Mall: Eric's Revenge (1989) The Phantom of the Opera (1990) The Phantom Lover (1995) The Phantom of the Opera (1998) Phantom of the Megaplex (2000) The Phantom of the Opera (2004) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall (2011) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Ask_of_You&oldid=866410076 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1986 singles 1986 songs 1988 singles Barbra Streisand songs Columbia Records singles Pop ballads Sarah Brightman songs Songs from The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical) Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Vocal duets Songs with lyrics by Charles Hart (lyricist) Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Good articles EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Norsk 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when does the wwe hall of fame start | WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame . It was announced on the March 22 , 1993 episode of Monday Night Raw where André the Giant , who had died nearly two months prior , was announced as the sole inductee . | [
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"WWE Hall of Fame WWE Hall of Fame logo , used since 2015 Established March 22 , 1993 Founder WWE Members 110 individuals 12 groups ( 33 members ) 10 celebrities 4 Warrior Award recipients 26 Legacy inductees ( 183 total inductees )",
"WWE Hall of Fame logo , used since 2015",
"Established March 22 , 1993",
"Founder WWE",
"Members 110 individuals 12 groups ( 33 members ) 10 celebrities 4 Warrior Award recipients 26 Legacy inductees ( 183 total inductees )",
"The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE . The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay - per - view events . In 1996 , the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event , for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers , after which , the Hall of Fame went on hiatus .",
"In 2004 , WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX . This ceremony , like its predecessors , was not broadcast on television . However , it was released on DVD on June 1 , 2004 . Beginning with the 2005 ceremony , an edited version of the Hall of Fame was broadcast on Spike TV ( 2005 ) and on the USA Network ( 2006 -- present ) ; these were aired on tape delay . Since 2005 , the entire Hall of Fame ceremony has been packaged as part of the annual WrestleMania DVD release , and from 2014 , has been broadcast live on the WWE Network . In 2015 , historical WWE Hall of Fame ceremonies became available on the WWE Network .",
"Although a building has never been built to represent the Hall of Fame , WWE has looked into constructing a facility . In 2008 , Shane McMahon , then - Executive Vice President of Global Media of WWE , stated that WWE had been storing wrestling memorabilia in a warehouse for years , with all items categorized and dated in case a facility is created .",
"As of 2018 , there have been 183 inductees -- with 110 wrestlers inducted individually , 12 group inductions ( consisting of 33 wrestlers within those groups ) , ten celebrities , four Warrior Award recipients , and 26 Legacy Inductees. 46 members were inducted posthumously . Also as of 2017 , Ric Flair is the only Hall of Famer to be inducted twice , first individually in 2008 , then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012 .",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) Information Promotion WWF WWE Hall of Fame chronology First WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 )",
"Information",
"Promotion WWF",
"WWE Hall of Fame chronology",
"First WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 )",
"First WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 )",
"First WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame . It was announced on the March 22 , 1993 episode of Monday Night Raw where André the Giant , who had died nearly two months prior , was announced as the sole inductee .",
"During the episode of Monday Night Raw a video package announcing his induction was shown . No ceremony took place , and André was inducted posthumously . In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to no original ceremony , the 1993 introduction of André was discussed by Gene Okerlund and Renee Young as part of the 1994 commentary .",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades Andre the Giant ! André the Giant ( André Roussimoff ) None One - time WWF World Heavyweight Champion , one - time WWF World Tag Team Champion .",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades",
"Andre the Giant ! André the Giant ( André Roussimoff ) None One - time WWF World Heavyweight Champion , one - time WWF World Tag Team Champion .",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) Information Promotion WWF Date 000000001994 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1994 Venue Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel City Baltimore , Maryland WWE Hall of Fame chronology WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 )",
"Information",
"Promotion WWF",
"Date 000000001994 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1994",
"Venue Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel",
"City Baltimore , Maryland",
"WWE Hall of Fame chronology",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1993 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) was the event which featured introduction of the 2nd class to the WWE Hall of Fame . The event was produced by the WWF on June 6 , 1994 from the Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel in Baltimore , Maryland . The event took place the same weekend as King of the Ring .",
"In March 2015 a condensed version of the ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air , Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary .",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades N / A Skaaland , Arnold Arnold Skaaland Backlund , Bob Bob Backlund One - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion and long - time manager of Bruno Sammartino and Bob Backlund in WWF N / A Brazil , Bobo Bobo Brazil ( Houston Harris ) Ladd , Ernie Ernie Ladd Seven - time WWWF United States Heavyweight Champion , one - time NWA United States Heavyweight Champion N / A Rogers , `` Nature Boy '' Buddy `` Nature Boy '' Buddy Rogers ( Herman Rohde Jr . ) Hart , Bret Bret Hart Posthumous inductee : One - time NWA World Heavyweight Champion and first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion N / A Strongbow , Chief Jay Chief Jay Strongbow ( Luke Scarpa ) Tatanka Four - time WWWF / WWF World Tag Team Champion Blassie , `` Classy '' Freddie `` Classy '' Freddie Blassie McMahon , Shane Shane McMahon Held over 30 NWA regional championships . Long - time manager in WWF N / A Monsoon , Gorilla Gorilla Monsoon ( Robert Marella ) Ross , Jim Jim Ross Two - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion . Former WWF announcer and onscreen President N / A Dudley , James James Dudley McMahon , Vince Vince McMahon First African American to run a major arena in the United States",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades",
"N / A Skaaland , Arnold Arnold Skaaland Backlund , Bob Bob Backlund One - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion and long - time manager of Bruno Sammartino and Bob Backlund in WWF",
"N / A Brazil , Bobo Bobo Brazil ( Houston Harris ) Ladd , Ernie Ernie Ladd Seven - time WWWF United States Heavyweight Champion , one - time NWA United States Heavyweight Champion",
"N / A Rogers , `` Nature Boy '' Buddy `` Nature Boy '' Buddy Rogers ( Herman Rohde Jr . ) Hart , Bret Bret Hart Posthumous inductee : One - time NWA World Heavyweight Champion and first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion",
"N / A Strongbow , Chief Jay Chief Jay Strongbow ( Luke Scarpa ) Tatanka Four - time WWWF / WWF World Tag Team Champion",
"Blassie , `` Classy '' Freddie `` Classy '' Freddie Blassie McMahon , Shane Shane McMahon Held over 30 NWA regional championships . Long - time manager in WWF",
"N / A Monsoon , Gorilla Gorilla Monsoon ( Robert Marella ) Ross , Jim Jim Ross Two - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion . Former WWF announcer and onscreen President",
"N / A Dudley , James James Dudley McMahon , Vince Vince McMahon First African American to run a major arena in the United States",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) Information Promotion WWF Date 000000001995 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1995 Venue Marriott Hotel City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania WWE Hall of Fame chronology WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 )",
"Information",
"Promotion WWF",
"Date 000000001995 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1995",
"Venue Marriott Hotel",
"City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania",
"WWE Hall of Fame chronology",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1994 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) was the event which featured the introduction of the 3rd class to the WWE Hall of Fame . The event was produced by the WWF on June 24 , 1995 from the Marriott Hotel in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The event took place the same weekend as King of the Ring .",
"In March 2015 a condensed version of the ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air , Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary .",
"The 1995 class featured two posthumous inductees . Antonino Rocca was presented by his wife , and The Grand Wizard was represented by Bobby Harmon .",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades Rocca , Antonino Antonino Rocca ( Antonino Biasetton ) Diesel One - time WWF International Heavyweight Champion . Pioneer of the acrobatic wrestling style N / A Ladd , `` Big Cat '' Ernie `` Big Cat '' Ernie Ladd Brazil , Bobo Bobo Brazil Won several NWA regional titles , and was one of few professional wrestlers to have had a successful career in American football Steele , George `` The Animal '' George `` The Animal '' Steele ( William Myers ) Doink the Clown One of professional wrestling 's first monster heels N / A Putski , Ivan Ivan Putski ( Józef Bednarski ) Putski , Scott Scott Putski One - time WWF Tag Team Champion Fabulous Moolah ! The Fabulous Moolah ( Mary Ellison ) Blayze , Alundra Alundra Blayze A four - time WWF Women 's Champion prior to her induction , her first reign is recognized as lasting a record 28 years N / A Grand Wizard ! The Grand Wizard ( Irwin Roth ) Slaughter , Sgt. Sgt . Slaughter Long - time heel manager in WWF Morales , Pedro Pedro Morales Vega , Savio Savio Vega Savio Vega accepted the induction . One - time WWWF World Heavyweight Champion whose reign lasted nearly three years , and the first WWF Triple Crown Champion He was also the first Latino to win the world title",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades",
"Rocca , Antonino Antonino Rocca ( Antonino Biasetton ) Diesel One - time WWF International Heavyweight Champion . Pioneer of the acrobatic wrestling style",
"N / A Ladd , `` Big Cat '' Ernie `` Big Cat '' Ernie Ladd Brazil , Bobo Bobo Brazil Won several NWA regional titles , and was one of few professional wrestlers to have had a successful career in American football",
"Steele , George `` The Animal '' George `` The Animal '' Steele ( William Myers ) Doink the Clown One of professional wrestling 's first monster heels",
"N / A Putski , Ivan Ivan Putski ( Józef Bednarski ) Putski , Scott Scott Putski One - time WWF Tag Team Champion",
"Fabulous Moolah ! The Fabulous Moolah ( Mary Ellison ) Blayze , Alundra Alundra Blayze A four - time WWF Women 's Champion prior to her induction , her first reign is recognized as lasting a record 28 years",
"N / A Grand Wizard ! The Grand Wizard ( Irwin Roth ) Slaughter , Sgt. Sgt . Slaughter Long - time heel manager in WWF",
"Morales , Pedro Pedro Morales Vega , Savio Savio Vega Savio Vega accepted the induction . One - time WWWF World Heavyweight Champion whose reign lasted nearly three years , and the first WWF Triple Crown Champion He was also the first Latino to win the world title",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) Information Promotion WWF Date 000000001996 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1996 Venue Marriott Marquis City New York City , New York WWE Hall of Fame chronology WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) WWE Hall of Fame ( 2004 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 )",
"Information",
"Promotion WWF",
"Date 000000001996 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1996",
"Venue Marriott Marquis",
"City New York City , New York",
"WWE Hall of Fame chronology",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) WWE Hall of Fame ( 2004 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) WWE Hall of Fame ( 2004 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) WWE Hall of Fame ( 2004 )",
"WWF Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) was the event which featured the introduction of the 4th class to the WWE Hall of Fame . The event was produced by the WWF on November 16 , 1996 from the Marriott Marquis in New York City , New York . The event took place the same weekend as Survivor Series .",
"In March 2015 a condensed version of the ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air , Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary .",
"Due to Vincent J. McMahon 's passing in 1984 , he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family .",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades N / A Scicluna , `` Baron '' Mikel `` Baron '' Mikel Scicluna Monsoon , Gorilla Gorilla Monsoon One - time WWWF World Tag Team Champion and one - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion Albano , `` Captain '' Lou `` Captain '' Lou Albano Franklin , Joe Joe Franklin One - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion . As a manager , he led 13 different tag teams to a record 17 tag team titles , and four singles wrestlers to various championships . His association with Cyndi Lauper was pivotal in turning professional wrestling into a mainstream phenomenon Snuka , Jimmy `` Superfly '' Jimmy `` Superfly '' Snuka Muraco , Don Don Muraco One - time NWA United States Heavyweight Champion , two - time NWA World Tag Team Champion , two - time ECW Heavyweight Champion Rodz , Johnny Johnny Rodz ( Johnny Rodriguez ) Skaaland , Arnold Arnold Skaaland Wrestled in WWF for nearly two decades Kowalski , Killer Killer Kowalski ( Walter Kowalski ) Triple H One - time WWWF World Tag Team Champion , held seventeen NWA regional championships Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson Hart , Bret Bret Hart One - time and first WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion , one - time AWA World Tag Team Champion and held over 20 NWA regional championships . Credited as the creator of the Royal Rumble match N / A McMahon , Vincent J. Vincent J. McMahon McMahon , Shane Shane McMahon Founder and longtime promoter of the World ( Wide ) Wrestling Federation",
"Image Ring name ( Birth Name ) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades",
"N / A Scicluna , `` Baron '' Mikel `` Baron '' Mikel Scicluna Monsoon , Gorilla Gorilla Monsoon One - time WWWF World Tag Team Champion and one - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion",
"Albano , `` Captain '' Lou `` Captain '' Lou Albano Franklin , Joe Joe Franklin One - time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion . As a manager , he led 13 different tag teams to a record 17 tag team titles , and four singles wrestlers to various championships . His association with Cyndi Lauper was pivotal in turning professional wrestling into a mainstream phenomenon",
"Snuka , Jimmy `` Superfly '' Jimmy `` Superfly '' Snuka Muraco , Don Don Muraco One - time NWA United States Heavyweight Champion , two - time NWA World Tag Team Champion , two - time ECW Heavyweight Champion",
"Rodz , Johnny Johnny Rodz ( Johnny Rodriguez ) Skaaland , Arnold Arnold Skaaland Wrestled in WWF for nearly two decades",
"Kowalski , Killer Killer Kowalski ( Walter Kowalski ) Triple H One - time WWWF World Tag Team Champion , held seventeen NWA regional championships",
"Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson Hart , Bret Bret Hart One - time and first WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion , one - time AWA World Tag Team Champion and held over 20 NWA regional championships . Credited as the creator of the Royal Rumble match",
"N / A McMahon , Vincent J. Vincent J. McMahon McMahon , Shane Shane McMahon Founder and longtime promoter of the World ( Wide ) Wrestling Federation",
"Group Inducted by WWE recognized accolades The Valiant Brothers British Bulldog and Hart , Owen Owen Hart One - time WWWF World Tag Team Champions , first tag team to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Jimmy Valiant ( James Fanning ) -- four - time NWA Television Champion Johnny Valiant ( John Sullivan ) -- became a manager in the WWF and AWA during the 1980s",
"Group Inducted by WWE recognized accolades",
"The Valiant Brothers British Bulldog and Hart , Owen Owen Hart One - time WWWF World Tag Team Champions , first tag team to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame",
"Jimmy Valiant ( James Fanning ) -- four - time NWA Television Champion Johnny Valiant ( John Sullivan ) -- became a manager in the WWF and AWA during the 1980s",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Studd , Big John Big John Studd Big Show Muraco , Don Don Muraco Foley , Mick Mick Foley Valentine , Greg `` The Hammer '' Greg `` The Hammer '' Valentine Hart , Jimmy Jimmy Hart Race , Harley Harley Race Flair , Ric Ric Flair Ventura , Jesse `` The Body '' Jesse `` The Body '' Ventura Tyrel Ventura Junkyard Dog Ladd , Ernie Ernie Ladd Slaughter , Sgt. Sgt . Slaughter Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson Superstar Billy Graham , Superstar Billy Graham Triple H , Triple H Santana , Tito Tito Santana Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels Heenan , Bobby `` The Brain '' Bobby `` The Brain '' Heenan Blackjack Lanza , Blackjack Lanza Celebrity Rose , Pete Pete Rose Kane",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Studd , Big John Big John Studd Big Show",
"Muraco , Don Don Muraco Foley , Mick Mick Foley",
"Valentine , Greg `` The Hammer '' Greg `` The Hammer '' Valentine Hart , Jimmy Jimmy Hart",
"Race , Harley Harley Race Flair , Ric Ric Flair",
"Ventura , Jesse `` The Body '' Jesse `` The Body '' Ventura Tyrel Ventura",
"Junkyard Dog Ladd , Ernie Ernie Ladd",
"Slaughter , Sgt. Sgt . Slaughter Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson",
"Superstar Billy Graham , Superstar Billy Graham Triple H , Triple H",
"Santana , Tito Tito Santana Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels",
"Heenan , Bobby `` The Brain '' Bobby `` The Brain '' Heenan Blackjack Lanza , Blackjack Lanza",
"Celebrity Rose , Pete Pete Rose Kane",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Hogan , Hulk Hulk Hogan Stallone , Sylvester Sylvester Stallone Piper , `` Rowdy '' Roddy `` Rowdy '' Roddy Piper Flair , Ric Ric Flair Orton Jr. , `` Cowboy '' Bob `` Cowboy '' Bob Orton Jr . Orton , Randy Randy Orton Hart , Jimmy Jimmy Hart Lawler , Jerry Jerry Lawler Orndorff , `` Mr. Wonderful '' Paul `` Mr. Wonderful '' Paul Orndorff Heenan , Bobby Bobby Heenan Volkoff , Nikolai Nikolai Volkoff Ross , Jim Jim Ross Sheik , Iron Iron Sheik Slaughter , Sgt. Sgt . Slaughter",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Hogan , Hulk Hulk Hogan Stallone , Sylvester Sylvester Stallone",
"Piper , `` Rowdy '' Roddy `` Rowdy '' Roddy Piper Flair , Ric Ric Flair",
"Orton Jr. , `` Cowboy '' Bob `` Cowboy '' Bob Orton Jr . Orton , Randy Randy Orton",
"Hart , Jimmy Jimmy Hart Lawler , Jerry Jerry Lawler",
"Orndorff , `` Mr. Wonderful '' Paul `` Mr. Wonderful '' Paul Orndorff Heenan , Bobby Bobby Heenan",
"Volkoff , Nikolai Nikolai Volkoff Ross , Jim Jim Ross",
"Sheik , Iron Iron Sheik Slaughter , Sgt. Sgt . Slaughter",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Hart , Bret `` Hit Man '' Bret `` Hit Man '' Hart Stone Cold Steve Austin , Stone Cold Steve Austin Guerrero , Eddie Eddie Guerrero Benoit , Chris Chris Benoit , Mysterio , Rey Rey Mysterio , and Guerrero , Chavo Chavo Guerrero Okerlund , `` Mean '' Gene `` Mean '' Gene Okerlund Hogan , Hulk Hulk Hogan Sherri , Sensational Sensational Sherri DiBiase , Ted Ted DiBiase Gagne , Verne Verne Gagne Gagne , Greg Greg Gagne Atlas , `` Mr. USA '' Tony `` Mr. USA '' Tony Atlas Jones , S.D. S.D. Jones Group The Blackjacks ( Blackjack Mulligan and Blackjack Lanza ) Heenan , Bobby Bobby Heenan Celebrity Perry , William `` The Refrigerator '' William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry John Cena",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Hart , Bret `` Hit Man '' Bret `` Hit Man '' Hart Stone Cold Steve Austin , Stone Cold Steve Austin",
"Guerrero , Eddie Eddie Guerrero Benoit , Chris Chris Benoit , Mysterio , Rey Rey Mysterio , and Guerrero , Chavo Chavo Guerrero",
"Okerlund , `` Mean '' Gene `` Mean '' Gene Okerlund Hogan , Hulk Hulk Hogan",
"Sherri , Sensational Sensational Sherri DiBiase , Ted Ted DiBiase",
"Gagne , Verne Verne Gagne Gagne , Greg Greg Gagne",
"Atlas , `` Mr. USA '' Tony `` Mr. USA '' Tony Atlas Jones , S.D. S.D. Jones",
"Group The Blackjacks ( Blackjack Mulligan and Blackjack Lanza ) Heenan , Bobby Bobby Heenan",
"Celebrity Perry , William `` The Refrigerator '' William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry John Cena",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Rhodes , `` The American Dream '' Dusty `` The American Dream '' Dusty Rhodes Runnels , Cody Cody Runnels and Rhodes , Dustin Dustin Rhodes Hennig , `` Mr. Perfect '' Curt `` Mr. Perfect '' Curt Hennig Boggs , Wade Wade Boggs Lawler , Jerry `` The King '' Jerry `` The King '' Lawler Shatner , William William Shatner Bockwinkel , Nick Nick Bockwinkel Heenan , Bobby Bobby Heenan Fuji , Mr.Mr . Fuji Muraco , Don Don Muraco Sheik ! The Sheik Van Dam , Rob Rob Van Dam and Sabu Ross , Jim Jim Ross Stone Cold Steve Austin , Stone Cold Steve Austin Group The Wild Samoans ( Afa and Sika ) Anoa'i , Samu ! Samu and Anoaʻi , Matt Matt Anoaʻi",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Rhodes , `` The American Dream '' Dusty `` The American Dream '' Dusty Rhodes Runnels , Cody Cody Runnels and Rhodes , Dustin Dustin Rhodes",
"Hennig , `` Mr. Perfect '' Curt `` Mr. Perfect '' Curt Hennig Boggs , Wade Wade Boggs",
"Lawler , Jerry `` The King '' Jerry `` The King '' Lawler Shatner , William William Shatner",
"Bockwinkel , Nick Nick Bockwinkel Heenan , Bobby Bobby Heenan",
"Fuji , Mr.Mr . Fuji Muraco , Don Don Muraco",
"Sheik ! The Sheik Van Dam , Rob Rob Van Dam and Sabu",
"Ross , Jim Jim Ross Stone Cold Steve Austin , Stone Cold Steve Austin",
"Group The Wild Samoans ( Afa and Sika ) Anoa'i , Samu ! Samu and Anoaʻi , Matt Matt Anoaʻi",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Flair , `` Nature Boy '' Ric `` Nature Boy '' Ric Flair , H , Triple Triple H Maivia , `` High Chief '' Peter `` High Chief '' Peter Maivia Rock , The The Rock Johnson , `` Soulman '' Rocky `` Soulman '' Rocky Johnson Rock , The The Rock Young , Mae Mae Young Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson Graham , Eddie Eddie Graham Rhodes , Dusty Dusty Rhodes Solie , Gordon Gordon Solie Ross , Jim Jim Ross Group The Brisco Brothers ( Jack Brisco and Gerald Brisco ) Layfield , John `` Bradshaw '' John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Flair , `` Nature Boy '' Ric `` Nature Boy '' Ric Flair , H , Triple Triple H",
"Maivia , `` High Chief '' Peter `` High Chief '' Peter Maivia Rock , The The Rock",
"Johnson , `` Soulman '' Rocky `` Soulman '' Rocky Johnson Rock , The The Rock",
"Young , Mae Mae Young Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson",
"Graham , Eddie Eddie Graham Rhodes , Dusty Dusty Rhodes",
"Solie , Gordon Gordon Solie Ross , Jim Jim Ross",
"Group The Brisco Brothers ( Jack Brisco and Gerald Brisco ) Layfield , John `` Bradshaw '' John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Stone Cold Steve Austin , Stone Cold Steve Austin McMahon , Vince Vince McMahon Steamboat , Ricky `` The Dragon '' Ricky `` The Dragon '' Steamboat Flair , Ric Ric Flair Watts , `` Cowboy '' Bill `` Cowboy '' Bill Watts Ross , Jim Jim Ross Finkel , Howard Howard Finkel Okerlund , Gene Gene Okerlund Ware , Koko B. Koko B. Ware Honky Tonk Man , The The Honky Tonk Man Group The Funks ( Terry Funk and Dory Funk Jr . ) Dusty Rhodes The Von Erichs ( Fritz Von Erich , Kevin Von Erich , David Von Erich , Kerry Von Erich , Mike Von Erich and Chris Von Erich ) Michael Hayes",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Stone Cold Steve Austin , Stone Cold Steve Austin McMahon , Vince Vince McMahon",
"Steamboat , Ricky `` The Dragon '' Ricky `` The Dragon '' Steamboat Flair , Ric Ric Flair",
"Watts , `` Cowboy '' Bill `` Cowboy '' Bill Watts Ross , Jim Jim Ross",
"Finkel , Howard Howard Finkel Okerlund , Gene Gene Okerlund",
"Ware , Koko B. Koko B. Ware Honky Tonk Man , The The Honky Tonk Man",
"Group The Funks ( Terry Funk and Dory Funk Jr . ) Dusty Rhodes",
"The Von Erichs ( Fritz Von Erich , Kevin Von Erich , David Von Erich , Kerry Von Erich , Mike Von Erich and Chris Von Erich ) Michael Hayes",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual DiBiase , Ted Ted DiBiase DiBiase Jr. , Ted Ted DiBiase Jr. and DiBiase , Brett Brett DiBiase Inoki , Antonio Antonio Inoki Hansen , Stan Stan Hansen Richter , Wendi Wendi Richter Piper , Roddy Roddy Piper Vachon , Maurice `` Mad Dog '' Maurice `` Mad Dog '' Vachon Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson George , Gorgeous Gorgeous George Beyer , Dick Dick Beyer Hart , Stu Stu Hart Hart , Bret Bret Hart Celebrity Uecker , Bob Bob Uecker Ebersol , Dick Dick Ebersol",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual DiBiase , Ted Ted DiBiase DiBiase Jr. , Ted Ted DiBiase Jr. and DiBiase , Brett Brett DiBiase",
"Inoki , Antonio Antonio Inoki Hansen , Stan Stan Hansen",
"Richter , Wendi Wendi Richter Piper , Roddy Roddy Piper",
"Vachon , Maurice `` Mad Dog '' Maurice `` Mad Dog '' Vachon Patterson , Pat Pat Patterson",
"George , Gorgeous Gorgeous George Beyer , Dick Dick Beyer",
"Hart , Stu Stu Hart Hart , Bret Bret Hart",
"Celebrity Uecker , Bob Bob Uecker Ebersol , Dick Dick Ebersol",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels H , Triple Triple H Duggan , `` Hacksaw '' Jim `` Hacksaw '' Jim Duggan DiBiase , Ted Ted DiBiase Armstrong , `` Bullet '' Bob `` Bullet '' Bob Armstrong Armstrong ! Scott , Brad , and Brian Armstrong Sunny WWE Divas Abdullah the Butcher Funk , Terry Terry Funk Group The Road Warriors ( Road Warrior Hawk , Road Warrior Animal , and `` Precious '' Paul Ellering ) Dusty Rhodes Celebrity Carey , Drew Drew Carey Kane",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels H , Triple Triple H",
"Duggan , `` Hacksaw '' Jim `` Hacksaw '' Jim Duggan DiBiase , Ted Ted DiBiase",
"Armstrong , `` Bullet '' Bob `` Bullet '' Bob Armstrong Armstrong ! Scott , Brad , and Brian Armstrong",
"Sunny WWE Divas",
"Abdullah the Butcher Funk , Terry Terry Funk",
"Group The Road Warriors ( Road Warrior Hawk , Road Warrior Animal , and `` Precious '' Paul Ellering ) Dusty Rhodes",
"Celebrity Carey , Drew Drew Carey Kane",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Máscaras , Mil Mil Máscaras Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio Edge Christian Simmons , Ron Ron Simmons Layfield , John `` Bradshaw '' John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield Yokozuna Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso Group The Four Horsemen ( `` Nature Boy '' Ric Flair , Barry Windham , `` The Enforcer '' Arn Anderson , Tully Blanchard and James J. Dillon ) Dusty Rhodes Celebrity Tyson , Mike Mike Tyson D - Generation X ( Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels and Triple H )",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Máscaras , Mil Mil Máscaras Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio",
"Edge Christian",
"Simmons , Ron Ron Simmons Layfield , John `` Bradshaw '' John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield",
"Yokozuna Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso",
"Group The Four Horsemen ( `` Nature Boy '' Ric Flair , Barry Windham , `` The Enforcer '' Arn Anderson , Tully Blanchard and James J. Dillon ) Dusty Rhodes",
"Celebrity Tyson , Mike Mike Tyson D - Generation X ( Michaels , Shawn Shawn Michaels and Triple H )",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Foley , Mick Mick Foley Funk , Terry Terry Funk Backlund , Bob Bob Backlund Menounos , Maria Maria Menounos Trish Stratus McMahon , Stephanie Stephanie McMahon Sammartino , Bruno Bruno Sammartino Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Booker T Stevie Ray Celebrity Trump , Donald Donald Trump McMahon , Vince Vince McMahon",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Foley , Mick Mick Foley Funk , Terry Terry Funk",
"Backlund , Bob Bob Backlund Menounos , Maria Maria Menounos",
"Trish Stratus McMahon , Stephanie Stephanie McMahon",
"Sammartino , Bruno Bruno Sammartino Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger",
"Booker T Stevie Ray",
"Celebrity Trump , Donald Donald Trump McMahon , Vince Vince McMahon",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual The Ultimate Warrior Linda McMahon Jake Roberts Diamond Dallas Page Lita Trish Stratus Paul Bearer Kane Carlos Colón Sr . Carlito , Eddie , and Orlando Colón Scott Hall Kevin Nash Celebrity T , Mr.Mr . T Gene Okerlund",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual The Ultimate Warrior Linda McMahon",
"Jake Roberts Diamond Dallas Page",
"Lita Trish Stratus",
"Paul Bearer Kane",
"Carlos Colón Sr . Carlito , Eddie , and Orlando Colón",
"Scott Hall Kevin Nash",
"Celebrity T , Mr.Mr . T Gene Okerlund",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Randy Savage Hulk Hogan Rikishi The Usos Alundra Blayze Natalya Neidhart Larry Zbyszko Bruno Sammartino Tatsumi Fujinami Ric Flair Kevin Nash Shawn Michaels Group The Bushwhackers ( Luke Williams and Butch Miller ) John Laurinaitis Celebrity Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Triple H Warrior Award Connor `` The Crusher '' Michalek Dana Warrior and Daniel Bryan",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Randy Savage Hulk Hogan",
"Rikishi The Usos",
"Alundra Blayze Natalya Neidhart",
"Larry Zbyszko Bruno Sammartino",
"Tatsumi Fujinami Ric Flair",
"Kevin Nash Shawn Michaels",
"Group The Bushwhackers ( Luke Williams and Butch Miller ) John Laurinaitis",
"Celebrity Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Triple H",
"Warrior Award Connor `` The Crusher '' Michalek Dana Warrior and Daniel Bryan",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Sting Ric Flair The Godfather The Acolytes Protection Agency Big Boss Man Slick Jacqueline The Dudley Boyz Stan Hansen Vader Group The Fabulous Freebirds ( Michael Hayes , Terry Gordy , Buddy Roberts , and Jimmy Garvin ) The New Day Celebrity Snoop Dogg John Cena Warrior Award Joan Lunden Dana Warrior Legacy Burke , Mildred ! Mildred Burke N / A Gotch , Frank ! Frank Gotch Hackenschmidt , George ! George Hackenschmidt Lewis , Ed ! Ed `` Strangler '' Lewis O'Connor , Pat Pat O'Connor Thesz , Lou ! Lou Thesz Thomas , Art ! `` Sailor '' Art Thomas",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Sting Ric Flair",
"The Godfather The Acolytes Protection Agency",
"Big Boss Man Slick",
"Jacqueline The Dudley Boyz",
"Stan Hansen Vader",
"Group The Fabulous Freebirds ( Michael Hayes , Terry Gordy , Buddy Roberts , and Jimmy Garvin ) The New Day",
"Celebrity Snoop Dogg John Cena",
"Warrior Award Joan Lunden Dana Warrior",
"Legacy Burke , Mildred ! Mildred Burke N / A",
"Gotch , Frank ! Frank Gotch",
"Hackenschmidt , George ! George Hackenschmidt",
"Lewis , Ed ! Ed `` Strangler '' Lewis",
"O'Connor , Pat Pat O'Connor",
"Thesz , Lou ! Lou Thesz",
"Thomas , Art ! `` Sailor '' Art Thomas",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Kurt Angle John Cena Theodore Long The Acolytes Protection Agency Diamond Dallas Page Eric Bischoff Beth Phoenix Natalya Neidhart Rick Rude Ricky Steamboat Group The Rock ' n ' Roll Express ( Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson ) Jim Cornette Warrior Award Eric LeGrand Dana Warrior Legacy Burns , Martin ! Martin `` Farmer '' Burns N / A Byers , June ! June Byers Calhoun , Haystacks Haystacks Calhoun Grable , Judy ! Judy Grable Graham , Jerry ! Dr. Jerry Graham Lindsay , Luther ! Luther Lindsay Toots , Mondt ! Toots Mondt Rikidōzan ! Rikidōzan Wright , Bearcat ! Bearcat Wright",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Kurt Angle John Cena",
"Theodore Long The Acolytes Protection Agency",
"Diamond Dallas Page Eric Bischoff",
"Beth Phoenix Natalya Neidhart",
"Rick Rude Ricky Steamboat",
"Group The Rock ' n ' Roll Express ( Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson ) Jim Cornette",
"Warrior Award Eric LeGrand Dana Warrior",
"Legacy Burns , Martin ! Martin `` Farmer '' Burns N / A",
"Byers , June ! June Byers",
"Calhoun , Haystacks Haystacks Calhoun",
"Grable , Judy ! Judy Grable",
"Graham , Jerry ! Dr. Jerry Graham",
"Lindsay , Luther ! Luther Lindsay",
"Toots , Mondt ! Toots Mondt",
"Rikidōzan ! Rikidōzan",
"Wright , Bearcat ! Bearcat Wright",
"Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Goldberg Paul Heyman Ivory Molly Holly Jeff Jarrett Road Dogg Hillbilly Jim Jimmy Hart Mark Henry Big Show Group The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D - Von Dudley ) Edge and Christian Warrior Award Jarrius `` JJ '' Robertson Dana Warrior Celebrity Kid Rock Triple H Legacy Stan Stasiak N / A Lord Alfred Hayes Dara Singh Cora Combs El Santo Jim Londos Rufus R. Jones Sputnik Monroe Boris Malenko Hiro Matsuda",
"Category Inductee Inducted by",
"Individual Goldberg Paul Heyman",
"Ivory Molly Holly",
"Jeff Jarrett Road Dogg",
"Hillbilly Jim Jimmy Hart",
"Mark Henry Big Show",
"Group The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D - Von Dudley ) Edge and Christian",
"Warrior Award Jarrius `` JJ '' Robertson Dana Warrior",
"Celebrity Kid Rock Triple H",
"Legacy Stan Stasiak N / A",
"Lord Alfred Hayes",
"Dara Singh",
"Cora Combs",
"El Santo",
"Jim Londos",
"Rufus R. Jones",
"Sputnik Monroe",
"Boris Malenko",
"Hiro Matsuda",
"The `` celebrity wing '' of the Hall of Fame is dedicated to celebrities that have made memorable appearances on WWE programming , and / or have had longtime associations with WWE .",
"In 2015 , WWE introduced the Warrior Award for those who have `` exhibited unwavering strength and perseverance , and who lives life with the courage and compassion that embodies the indomitable spirit of the Ultimate Warrior . ''",
"While WWE promotes Warrior Award recipients as Hall of Fame inductees , they are not included in the Hall of Fame section at WWE.com. and an image gallery which shows `` every WWE Hall of Famer ever '' does not contain any recipient .",
"The award was created following The Ultimate Warrior 's death . During his April 2014 Hall of Fame speech shortly before his death , he proposed that there be a special category called the `` Jimmy Miranda Award '' for WWE 's behind - the - scenes employees . Miranda , who died in 2002 , was part of the WWE merchandise department for more than 20 years Former WWE ring announcer Justin Roberts expressed disappointment at how WWE used portions of Warrior 's Hall of Fame speech to promote the award , but left out Warrior 's intentions of honoring WWE 's off - screen employees WWE responded , `` It is offensive to suggest that WWE and its executives had anything but altruistic intentions in honoring Connor and his legacy with The Warrior Award '' , adding that `` moving forward the award will be given annually to acknowledge other unsung heroes among WWE 's employees and fans '' .",
"Traditionally , Dana Warrior ( widow of The Ultimate Warrior ) presents the award .",
"In 2016 , WWE introduced a new category for the Hall of Fame called the `` Legacy '' wing . Inductees under this new category feature wrestlers from the early years of professional wrestling , primarily during the early part of the 20th century . All inductees thus far have been inducted posthumously and were recognized with a video package at the ceremony .",
"Date Location Venue Host Associated Event 000000001994 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1994 Baltimore , Maryland Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel N / A King of the Ring ( 1994 ) 000000001995 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1995 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Marriott Hotel King of the Ring ( 1995 ) 000000001996 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1996 New York City , New York Marriott Marquis Survivor Series ( 1996 ) 000000002004 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2004 New York City , New York The Hilton Gene Okerlund 20 ! WrestleMania XX 000000002005 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2005 Los Angeles , California Universal Amphitheatre 21 ! WrestleMania 21 000000002006 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2006 Rosemont , Illinois Rosemont Theatre Jerry Lawler 22 ! WrestleMania 22 000000002007 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2007 Detroit , Michigan Fox Theatre Todd Grisham 23 ! WrestleMania 23 000000002008 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2008 Orlando , Florida Amway Arena Gene Okerlund and Todd Grisham 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV 000000002009 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2009 Houston , Texas Toyota Center Jerry Lawler and Todd Grisham 25 ! WrestleMania XXV 000000002010 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2010 Phoenix , Arizona Dodge Theater Jerry Lawler 26 ! WrestleMania XXVI 000000002011 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2011 Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII 000000002012 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2012 Miami , Florida American Airlines Arena 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII 000000002013 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2013 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden 29 ! WrestleMania 29 000000002014 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2014 New Orleans , Louisiana Smoothie King Center 30 ! WrestleMania XXX 000000002015 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2015 San Jose , California SAP Center 31 ! WrestleMania 31 000000002016 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2016 Dallas , Texas American Airlines Center 32 ! WrestleMania 32 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2017 Orlando , Florida Amway Center 33 ! WrestleMania 33 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana Smoothie King Center 34 ! WrestleMania 34 000000002019 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2019 Brooklyn , New York Barclays Center TBA 34 ! WrestleMania 35",
"Date Location Venue Host Associated Event",
"000000001994 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1994 Baltimore , Maryland Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel N / A King of the Ring ( 1994 )",
"000000001995 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1995 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Marriott Hotel King of the Ring ( 1995 )",
"000000001996 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1996 New York City , New York Marriott Marquis Survivor Series ( 1996 )",
"000000002004 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2004 New York City , New York The Hilton Gene Okerlund 20 ! WrestleMania XX",
"000000002005 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2005 Los Angeles , California Universal Amphitheatre 21 ! WrestleMania 21",
"000000002006 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2006 Rosemont , Illinois Rosemont Theatre Jerry Lawler 22 ! WrestleMania 22",
"000000002007 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2007 Detroit , Michigan Fox Theatre Todd Grisham 23 ! WrestleMania 23",
"000000002008 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2008 Orlando , Florida Amway Arena Gene Okerlund and Todd Grisham 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV",
"000000002009 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2009 Houston , Texas Toyota Center Jerry Lawler and Todd Grisham 25 ! WrestleMania XXV",
"000000002010 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2010 Phoenix , Arizona Dodge Theater Jerry Lawler 26 ! WrestleMania XXVI",
"000000002011 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2011 Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII",
"000000002012 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2012 Miami , Florida American Airlines Arena 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII",
"000000002013 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2013 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden 29 ! WrestleMania 29",
"000000002014 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2014 New Orleans , Louisiana Smoothie King Center 30 ! WrestleMania XXX",
"000000002015 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2015 San Jose , California SAP Center 31 ! WrestleMania 31",
"000000002016 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2016 Dallas , Texas American Airlines Center 32 ! WrestleMania 32",
"000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2017 Orlando , Florida Amway Center 33 ! WrestleMania 33",
"000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana Smoothie King Center 34 ! WrestleMania 34",
"000000002019 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2019 Brooklyn , New York Barclays Center TBA 34 ! WrestleMania 35",
"In 2012 , The Post and Courier noted that the Hall has garnered criticism due to the inductions of questionable performers , and the omissions of major names within the industry . Bob Backlund declined induction multiple times , and The Ultimate Warrior wrote that he refused the honor in 2010 ; they were eventually inducted in 2013 and 2014 , respectively . Randy Savage was recognized as being noticeably absent ; Chris Jericho said that the Hall achieved a level of legitimacy by inducting him in 2015 . Slam Wrestling questioned how Koko B. Ware , who primarily wrestled in the undercard , was inducted but former WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Ivan Koloff never was before his 2017 death .",
"Bruno Sammartino , the longest reigning WWWF World Heavyweight Champion , was once critical of the Hall of Fame . Sammartino disapproved of celebrity inductees such as Pete Rose and William Perry , and said of the ceremony : `` What 's the point to a Hall of Fame ? Is it a building I can actually go to ? No . Give me a break '' . Sammartino declined previous induction offers , before accepting in 2013 . Paul `` Triple H '' Levesque said that it was important for Sammartino to be inducted from a `` legitimacy standpoint '' and ESPN said that his induction is an opportunity to legitimize the Hall of Fame . After being announced as an inductee , Sammartino said he considers the Hall to be legitimate .",
"Superstar Billy Graham publicly slammed the hall and demanded that WWE remove him from it , due to the 2011 induction of Abdullah the Butcher . Graham wrote : `` It is a shameless organization to induct a bloodthirsty animal such as Abdullah the Butcher into their worthless and embarrassing Hall of Fame and I want the name of Superstar Billy Graham to be no part of it '' . Sabu also criticized the Hall of Fame , saying `` I 'd only do it because I need the money ... I do n't consider it a real Hall of Fame . ''",
"2015 Hall of Fame headliner Kevin Nash stated that two things in the professional wrestling business are real : `` When you win your first championship and when you get inducted into the Hall of Fame . '' Nash claimed this is a sentiment to which colleague Ric Flair also subscribes . During his 2013 induction , future U.S. president Donald Trump said that the honor meant more than `` having the highest ratings in TV , being a best - selling author or getting a spot on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . ''",
"Dave Scherer of PWInsider has questioned how WWE can sustain the 2004 -- present Hall of Fame model , due to legends being rapidly inducted . He wrote : `` There are only so many people that they can have headline a class . They really need to make more new stars to ensure that they can keep filling arenas for the ceremony '' ."
] | WWE Hall of Fame - wikipedia WWE Hall of Fame Jump to: navigation , search WWE Hall of Fame WWE Hall of Fame logo, used since 2015 Established March 22, 1993 Founder WWE Members 110 individuals 12 groups (33 members) 10 celebrities 4 Warrior Award recipients 26 Legacy inductees (183 total inductees) The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE . The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996, the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event, for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers, after which, the Hall of Fame went on hiatus. In 2004, WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX . This ceremony, like its predecessors, was not broadcast on television. However, it was released on DVD on June 1, 2004. Beginning with the 2005 ceremony, an edited version of the Hall of Fame was broadcast on Spike TV (2005) and on the USA Network (2006 -- present ); these were aired on tape delay . Since 2005, the entire Hall of Fame ceremony has been packaged as part of the annual WrestleMania DVD release, and from 2014, has been broadcast live on the WWE Network . In 2015, historical WWE Hall of Fame ceremonies became available on the WWE Network. Although a building has never been built to represent the Hall of Fame, WWE has looked into constructing a facility. In 2008, Shane McMahon , then-Executive Vice President of Global Media of WWE, stated that WWE had been storing wrestling memorabilia in a warehouse for years, with all items categorized and dated in case a facility is created. As of 2018, there have been 183 inductees -- with 110 wrestlers inducted individually, 12 group inductions (consisting of 33 wrestlers within those groups), ten celebrities, four Warrior Award recipients, and 26 Legacy Inductees. 46 members were inducted posthumously. Also as of 2017, Ric Flair is the only Hall of Famer to be inducted twice, first individually in 2008, then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012. Contents ( hide ) 1 Classes 1.1 Class of 1993 1.2 Class of 1994 1.3 Class of 1995 1.4 Class of 1996 1.5 Class of 2004 1.6 Class of 2005 1.7 Class of 2006 1.8 Class of 2007 1.9 Class of 2008 1.10 Class of 2009 1.11 Class of 2010 1.12 Class of 2011 1.13 Class of 2012 1.14 Class of 2013 1.15 Class of 2014 1.16 Class of 2015 1.17 Class of 2016 1.18 Class of 2017 1.19 Class of 2018 2 Specialty inductees 2.1 Celebrity wing 2.2 Warrior Award 2.3 Legacy inductees 3 Ceremony dates and locations 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Classes Class of 1993 WWF Hall of Fame (1993) Information Promotion WWF WWE Hall of Fame chronology First WWF Hall of Fame (1993) WWF Hall of Fame (1994) WWF Hall of Fame (1993) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame. It was announced on the March 22, 1993 episode of Monday Night Raw where André the Giant , who had died nearly two months prior, was announced as the sole inductee. During the episode of Monday Night Raw a video package announcing his induction was shown. No ceremony took place, and André was inducted posthumously. In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to no original ceremony, the 1993 introduction of André was discussed by Gene Okerlund and Renee Young as part of the 1994 commentary. Image Ring name (Birth Name) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades Andre the Giant ! André the Giant ( André Roussimoff ) None One-time WWF World Heavyweight Champion , one-time WWF World Tag Team Champion . Class of 1994 WWF Hall of Fame (1994) Information Promotion WWF Date 000000001994-06-09-0000 June 9, 1994 Venue Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel City Baltimore, Maryland WWE Hall of Fame chronology WWF Hall of Fame (1993) WWF Hall of Fame (1994) WWF Hall of Fame (1995) WWF Hall of Fame (1994) was the event which featured introduction of the 2nd class to the WWE Hall of Fame. The event was produced by the WWF on June 6, 1994 from the Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel in Baltimore, Maryland . The event took place the same weekend as King of the Ring . In March 2015 a condensed version of the ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Image Ring name (Birth Name) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades N/A Skaaland, Arnold Arnold Skaaland Backlund, Bob Bob Backlund One-time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion and long-time manager of Bruno Sammartino and Bob Backlund in WWF N/A Brazil, Bobo Bobo Brazil ( Houston Harris ) Ladd, Ernie Ernie Ladd Seven-time WWWF United States Heavyweight Champion , one-time NWA United States Heavyweight Champion N/A Rogers, `` Nature Boy'' Buddy `` Nature Boy'' Buddy Rogers ( Herman Rohde Jr. ) Hart, Bret Bret Hart Posthumous inductee: One-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion and first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion N/A Strongbow, Chief Jay Chief Jay Strongbow ( Luke Scarpa ) Tatanka Four-time WWWF/WWF World Tag Team Champion Blassie, `` Classy'' Freddie `` Classy'' Freddie Blassie McMahon, Shane Shane McMahon Held over 30 NWA regional championships. Long-time manager in WWF N/A Monsoon, Gorilla Gorilla Monsoon ( Robert Marella ) Ross, Jim Jim Ross Two-time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion . Former WWF announcer and onscreen President N/A Dudley, James James Dudley McMahon, Vince Vince McMahon First African American to run a major arena in the United States Class of 1995 WWF Hall of Fame (1995) Information Promotion WWF Date 000000001995-06-24-0000 June 24, 1995 Venue Marriott Hotel City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania WWE Hall of Fame chronology WWF Hall of Fame (1994) WWF Hall of Fame (1995) WWF Hall of Fame (1996) WWF Hall of Fame (1995) was the event which featured the introduction of the 3rd class to the WWE Hall of Fame. The event was produced by the WWF on June 24, 1995 from the Marriott Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . The event took place the same weekend as King of the Ring . In March 2015 a condensed version of the ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. The 1995 class featured two posthumous inductees. Antonino Rocca was presented by his wife, and The Grand Wizard was represented by Bobby Harmon. Image Ring name (Birth Name) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades Rocca, Antonino Antonino Rocca ( Antonino Biasetton ) Diesel One-time WWF International Heavyweight Champion . Pioneer of the acrobatic wrestling style N/A Ladd, `` Big Cat'' Ernie `` Big Cat'' Ernie Ladd Brazil, Bobo Bobo Brazil Won several NWA regional titles, and was one of few professional wrestlers to have had a successful career in American football Steele, George `` The Animal'' George `` The Animal'' Steele ( William Myers ) Doink the Clown One of professional wrestling's first monster heels N/A Putski, Ivan Ivan Putski ( Józef Bednarski ) Putski, Scott Scott Putski One-time WWF Tag Team Champion Fabulous Moolah ! The Fabulous Moolah ( Mary Ellison ) Blayze, Alundra Alundra Blayze A four-time WWF Women's Champion prior to her induction, her first reign is recognized as lasting a record 28 years N/A Grand Wizard ! The Grand Wizard ( Irwin Roth ) Slaughter, Sgt. Sgt. Slaughter Long-time heel manager in WWF Morales, Pedro Pedro Morales Vega, Savio Savio Vega Savio Vega accepted the induction. One-time WWWF World Heavyweight Champion whose reign lasted nearly three years, and the first WWF Triple Crown Champion He was also the first Latino to win the world title Class of 1996 WWF Hall of Fame (1996) Information Promotion WWF Date 000000001996-11-16-0000 November 16, 1996 Venue Marriott Marquis City New York City , New York WWE Hall of Fame chronology WWF Hall of Fame (1995) WWF Hall of Fame (1996) WWE Hall of Fame (2004) WWF Hall of Fame (1996) was the event which featured the introduction of the 4th class to the WWE Hall of Fame. The event was produced by the WWF on November 16, 1996 from the Marriott Marquis in New York City , New York . The event took place the same weekend as Survivor Series . In March 2015 a condensed version of the ceremony was added to the WWE Network . Due to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Due to Vincent J. McMahon 's passing in 1984, he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family . Image Ring name (Birth Name) Inducted by WWE recognized accolades N/A Scicluna, `` Baron'' Mikel `` Baron'' Mikel Scicluna Monsoon, Gorilla Gorilla Monsoon One-time WWWF World Tag Team Champion and one-time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion Albano, `` Captain'' Lou `` Captain'' Lou Albano Franklin, Joe Joe Franklin One-time WWWF United States Tag Team Champion . As a manager, he led 13 different tag teams to a record 17 tag team titles, and four singles wrestlers to various championships. His association with Cyndi Lauper was pivotal in turning professional wrestling into a mainstream phenomenon Snuka, Jimmy `` Superfly'' Jimmy `` Superfly'' Snuka Muraco, Don Don Muraco One-time NWA United States Heavyweight Champion , two-time NWA World Tag Team Champion , two-time ECW Heavyweight Champion Rodz, Johnny Johnny Rodz ( Johnny Rodriguez ) Skaaland, Arnold Arnold Skaaland Wrestled in WWF for nearly two decades Kowalski, Killer Killer Kowalski ( Walter Kowalski ) Triple H One-time WWWF World Tag Team Champion , held seventeen NWA regional championships Patterson, Pat Pat Patterson Hart, Bret Bret Hart One-time and first WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion , one-time AWA World Tag Team Champion and held over 20 NWA regional championships. Credited as the creator of the Royal Rumble match N/A McMahon, Vincent J. Vincent J. McMahon McMahon, Shane Shane McMahon Founder and longtime promoter of the World (Wide) Wrestling Federation Group Inducted by WWE recognized accolades The Valiant Brothers British Bulldog and Hart, Owen Owen Hart One-time WWWF World Tag Team Champions , first tag team to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Jimmy Valiant ( James Fanning ) -- four-time NWA Television Champion Johnny Valiant ( John Sullivan ) -- became a manager in the WWF and AWA during the 1980s Class of 2004 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2004) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Studd, Big John Big John Studd Big Show Muraco, Don Don Muraco Foley, Mick Mick Foley Valentine, Greg `` The Hammer'' Greg `` The Hammer'' Valentine Hart, Jimmy Jimmy Hart Race, Harley Harley Race Flair, Ric Ric Flair Ventura, Jesse `` The Body'' Jesse `` The Body'' Ventura Tyrel Ventura Junkyard Dog Ladd, Ernie Ernie Ladd Slaughter, Sgt. Sgt. Slaughter Patterson, Pat Pat Patterson Superstar Billy Graham, Superstar Billy Graham Triple H, Triple H Santana, Tito Tito Santana Michaels, Shawn Shawn Michaels Heenan, Bobby `` The Brain'' Bobby `` The Brain'' Heenan Blackjack Lanza, Blackjack Lanza Celebrity Rose, Pete Pete Rose Kane Class of 2005 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2005) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Hogan, Hulk Hulk Hogan Stallone, Sylvester Sylvester Stallone Piper, `` Rowdy'' Roddy `` Rowdy'' Roddy Piper Flair, Ric Ric Flair Orton Jr., `` Cowboy'' Bob `` Cowboy'' Bob Orton Jr. Orton, Randy Randy Orton Hart, Jimmy Jimmy Hart Lawler, Jerry Jerry Lawler Orndorff, `` Mr. Wonderful'' Paul `` Mr. Wonderful'' Paul Orndorff Heenan, Bobby Bobby Heenan Volkoff, Nikolai Nikolai Volkoff Ross, Jim Jim Ross Sheik, Iron Iron Sheik Slaughter, Sgt. Sgt. Slaughter Class of 2006 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2006) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Hart, Bret `` Hit Man'' Bret `` Hit Man'' Hart Stone Cold Steve Austin, Stone Cold Steve Austin Guerrero, Eddie Eddie Guerrero Benoit, Chris Chris Benoit , Mysterio, Rey Rey Mysterio , and Guerrero, Chavo Chavo Guerrero Okerlund, `` Mean'' Gene `` Mean'' Gene Okerlund Hogan, Hulk Hulk Hogan Sherri, Sensational Sensational Sherri DiBiase, Ted Ted DiBiase Gagne, Verne Verne Gagne Gagne, Greg Greg Gagne Atlas, `` Mr. USA'' Tony `` Mr. USA'' Tony Atlas Jones, S.D. S.D. Jones Group The Blackjacks ( Blackjack Mulligan and Blackjack Lanza ) Heenan, Bobby Bobby Heenan Celebrity Perry, William `` The Refrigerator'' William `` The Refrigerator'' Perry John Cena Class of 2007 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2007) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Rhodes, `` The American Dream'' Dusty `` The American Dream'' Dusty Rhodes Runnels, Cody Cody Runnels and Rhodes, Dustin Dustin Rhodes Hennig, `` Mr. Perfect'' Curt `` Mr. Perfect'' Curt Hennig Boggs, Wade Wade Boggs Lawler, Jerry `` The King'' Jerry `` The King'' Lawler Shatner, William William Shatner Bockwinkel, Nick Nick Bockwinkel Heenan, Bobby Bobby Heenan Fuji, Mr.Mr . Fuji Muraco, Don Don Muraco Sheik ! The Sheik Van Dam, Rob Rob Van Dam and Sabu Ross, Jim Jim Ross Stone Cold Steve Austin, Stone Cold Steve Austin Group The Wild Samoans ( Afa and Sika ) Anoa'i , Samu ! Samu and Anoaʻi , Matt Matt Anoaʻi Class of 2008 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2008) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Flair, `` Nature Boy'' Ric `` Nature Boy'' Ric Flair , H, Triple Triple H Maivia, `` High Chief'' Peter `` High Chief'' Peter Maivia Rock, The The Rock Johnson, `` Soulman'' Rocky `` Soulman'' Rocky Johnson Rock, The The Rock Young, Mae Mae Young Patterson, Pat Pat Patterson Graham, Eddie Eddie Graham Rhodes, Dusty Dusty Rhodes Solie, Gordon Gordon Solie Ross, Jim Jim Ross Group The Brisco Brothers ( Jack Brisco and Gerald Brisco ) Layfield, John `` Bradshaw'' John `` Bradshaw'' Layfield Class of 2009 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2009) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Stone Cold Steve Austin, Stone Cold Steve Austin McMahon, Vince Vince McMahon Steamboat, Ricky `` The Dragon'' Ricky `` The Dragon'' Steamboat Flair, Ric Ric Flair Watts, `` Cowboy'' Bill `` Cowboy'' Bill Watts Ross, Jim Jim Ross Finkel, Howard Howard Finkel Okerlund, Gene Gene Okerlund Ware, Koko B. Koko B. Ware Honky Tonk Man, The The Honky Tonk Man Group The Funks ( Terry Funk and Dory Funk Jr. ) Dusty Rhodes The Von Erichs ( Fritz Von Erich , Kevin Von Erich , David Von Erich , Kerry Von Erich , Mike Von Erich and Chris Von Erich ) Michael Hayes Class of 2010 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2010) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual DiBiase, Ted Ted DiBiase DiBiase Jr., Ted Ted DiBiase Jr. and DiBiase, Brett Brett DiBiase Inoki, Antonio Antonio Inoki Hansen, Stan Stan Hansen Richter, Wendi Wendi Richter Piper, Roddy Roddy Piper Vachon, Maurice `` Mad Dog'' Maurice `` Mad Dog'' Vachon Patterson, Pat Pat Patterson George, Gorgeous Gorgeous George Beyer, Dick Dick Beyer Hart, Stu Stu Hart Hart, Bret Bret Hart Celebrity Uecker, Bob Bob Uecker Ebersol, Dick Dick Ebersol Class of 2011 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2011) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Michaels, Shawn Shawn Michaels H, Triple Triple H Duggan, `` Hacksaw'' Jim `` Hacksaw'' Jim Duggan DiBiase, Ted Ted DiBiase Armstrong, `` Bullet'' Bob `` Bullet'' Bob Armstrong Armstrong ! Scott , Brad , and Brian Armstrong Sunny WWE Divas Abdullah the Butcher Funk, Terry Terry Funk Group The Road Warriors ( Road Warrior Hawk , Road Warrior Animal , and `` Precious'' Paul Ellering ) Dusty Rhodes Celebrity Carey, Drew Drew Carey Kane Class of 2012 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2012) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Máscaras , Mil Mil Máscaras Del Rio, Alberto Alberto Del Rio Edge Christian Simmons, Ron Ron Simmons Layfield, John `` Bradshaw'' John `` Bradshaw'' Layfield Yokozuna Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso Group The Four Horsemen ( `` Nature Boy'' Ric Flair , Barry Windham , `` The Enforcer'' Arn Anderson , Tully Blanchard and James J. Dillon ) Dusty Rhodes Celebrity Tyson, Mike Mike Tyson D-Generation X ( Michaels, Shawn Shawn Michaels and Triple H ) Class of 2013 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2013) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Foley, Mick Mick Foley Funk, Terry Terry Funk Backlund, Bob Bob Backlund Menounos, Maria Maria Menounos Trish Stratus McMahon, Stephanie Stephanie McMahon Sammartino, Bruno Bruno Sammartino Schwarzenegger, Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Booker T Stevie Ray Celebrity Trump, Donald Donald Trump McMahon, Vince Vince McMahon Class of 2014 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2014) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual The Ultimate Warrior Linda McMahon Jake Roberts Diamond Dallas Page Lita Trish Stratus Paul Bearer Kane Carlos Colón Sr. Carlito , Eddie , and Orlando Colón Scott Hall Kevin Nash Celebrity T, Mr.Mr . T Gene Okerlund Class of 2015 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2015) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Randy Savage Hulk Hogan Rikishi The Usos Alundra Blayze Natalya Neidhart Larry Zbyszko Bruno Sammartino Tatsumi Fujinami Ric Flair Kevin Nash Shawn Michaels Group The Bushwhackers ( Luke Williams and Butch Miller ) John Laurinaitis Celebrity Schwarzenegger, Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Triple H Warrior Award Connor `` The Crusher'' Michalek Dana Warrior and Daniel Bryan Class of 2016 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2016) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Sting Ric Flair The Godfather The Acolytes Protection Agency Big Boss Man Slick Jacqueline The Dudley Boyz Stan Hansen Vader Group The Fabulous Freebirds ( Michael Hayes , Terry Gordy , Buddy Roberts , and Jimmy Garvin ) The New Day Celebrity Snoop Dogg John Cena Warrior Award Joan Lunden Dana Warrior Legacy Burke, Mildred ! Mildred Burke N/A Gotch, Frank ! Frank Gotch Hackenschmidt, George ! George Hackenschmidt Lewis, Ed ! Ed `` Strangler'' Lewis O'Connor , Pat Pat O'Connor Thesz, Lou ! Lou Thesz Thomas, Art ! `` Sailor'' Art Thomas Class of 2017 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2017) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Kurt Angle John Cena Theodore Long The Acolytes Protection Agency Diamond Dallas Page Eric Bischoff Beth Phoenix Natalya Neidhart Rick Rude Ricky Steamboat Group The Rock ' n' Roll Express ( Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson ) Jim Cornette Warrior Award Eric LeGrand Dana Warrior Legacy Burns, Martin ! Martin `` Farmer'' Burns N/A Byers, June ! June Byers Calhoun, Haystacks Haystacks Calhoun Grable, Judy ! Judy Grable Graham, Jerry ! Dr. Jerry Graham Lindsay, Luther ! Luther Lindsay Toots, Mondt ! Toots Mondt Rikidōzan ! Rikidōzan Wright, Bearcat ! Bearcat Wright Class of 2018 Main article: WWE Hall of Fame (2018) Category Inductee Inducted by Individual Goldberg Paul Heyman Ivory Molly Holly Jeff Jarrett Road Dogg Hillbilly Jim Jimmy Hart Mark Henry Big Show Group The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray and D-Von Dudley ) Edge and Christian Warrior Award Jarrius `` JJ'' Robertson Dana Warrior Celebrity Kid Rock Triple H Legacy Stan Stasiak N/A Lord Alfred Hayes Dara Singh Cora Combs El Santo Jim Londos Rufus R. Jones Sputnik Monroe Boris Malenko Hiro Matsuda Specialty inductees Celebrity wing The `` celebrity wing'' of the Hall of Fame is dedicated to celebrities that have made memorable appearances on WWE programming, and/or have had longtime associations with WWE. Warrior Award Dana Warrior presents the inaugural Warrior Award at the 2015 Hall of Fame ceremony In 2015, WWE introduced the Warrior Award for those who have `` exhibited unwavering strength and perseverance, and who lives life with the courage and compassion that embodies the indomitable spirit of the Ultimate Warrior.'' While WWE promotes Warrior Award recipients as Hall of Fame inductees, they are not included in the Hall of Fame section at WWE.com. and an image gallery which shows `` every WWE Hall of Famer ever'' does not contain any recipient. The award was created following The Ultimate Warrior 's death. During his April 2014 Hall of Fame speech shortly before his death, he proposed that there be a special category called the `` Jimmy Miranda Award'' for WWE's behind-the-scenes employees. Miranda, who died in 2002, was part of the WWE merchandise department for more than 20 years Former WWE ring announcer Justin Roberts expressed disappointment at how WWE used portions of Warrior's Hall of Fame speech to promote the award, but left out Warrior's intentions of honoring WWE's off-screen employees WWE responded, `` It is offensive to suggest that WWE and its executives had anything but altruistic intentions in honoring Connor and his legacy with The Warrior Award'' , adding that `` moving forward the award will be given annually to acknowledge other unsung heroes among WWE's employees and fans'' . Traditionally, Dana Warrior (widow of The Ultimate Warrior) presents the award. Legacy inductees In 2016, WWE introduced a new category for the Hall of Fame called the `` Legacy'' wing. Inductees under this new category feature wrestlers from the early years of professional wrestling, primarily during the early part of the 20th century. All inductees thus far have been inducted posthumously and were recognized with a video package at the ceremony. Ceremony dates and locations The induction of Bret Hart into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2006 WWE Hall of Fame 2009 ceremony Date Location Venue Host Associated Event 000000001994-06-09-0000 June 9, 1994 Baltimore, Maryland Omni Inner Harbor International Hotel N/A King of the Ring (1994) 000000001995-06-24-0000 June 24, 1995 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Marriott Hotel King of the Ring (1995) 000000001996-11-16-0000 November 16, 1996 New York City , New York Marriott Marquis Survivor Series (1996) 000000002004-03-13-0000 March 13, 2004 New York City , New York The Hilton Gene Okerlund 20 ! WrestleMania XX 000000002005-04-02-0000 April 2, 2005 Los Angeles, California Universal Amphitheatre 21 ! WrestleMania 21 000000002006-04-01-0000 April 1, 2006 Rosemont, Illinois Rosemont Theatre Jerry Lawler 22 ! WrestleMania 22 000000002007-03-31-0000 March 31, 2007 Detroit, Michigan Fox Theatre Todd Grisham 23 ! WrestleMania 23 000000002008-03-29-0000 March 29, 2008 Orlando, Florida Amway Arena Gene Okerlund and Todd Grisham 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV 000000002009-04-04-0000 April 4, 2009 Houston, Texas Toyota Center Jerry Lawler and Todd Grisham 25 ! WrestleMania XXV 000000002010-03-27-0000 March 27, 2010 Phoenix, Arizona Dodge Theater Jerry Lawler 26 ! WrestleMania XXVI 000000002011-04-02-0000 April 2, 2011 Atlanta, Georgia Philips Arena 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII 000000002012-03-31-0000 March 31, 2012 Miami, Florida American Airlines Arena 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII 000000002013-04-06-0000 April 6, 2013 New York City , New York Madison Square Garden 29 ! WrestleMania 29 000000002014-04-05-0000 April 5, 2014 New Orleans, Louisiana Smoothie King Center 30 ! WrestleMania XXX 000000002015-03-28-0000 March 28, 2015 San Jose, California SAP Center 31 ! WrestleMania 31 000000002016-04-02-0000 April 2, 2016 Dallas, Texas American Airlines Center 32 ! WrestleMania 32 000000002017-03-31-0000 March 31, 2017 Orlando, Florida Amway Center 33 ! WrestleMania 33 000000002018-04-06-0000 April 6, 2018 New Orleans, Louisiana Smoothie King Center 34 ! WrestleMania 34 000000002019-04-05-0000 April 5, 2019 Brooklyn , New York Barclays Center TBA 34 ! WrestleMania 35 Reception In 2012, The Post and Courier noted that the Hall has garnered criticism due to the inductions of questionable performers, and the omissions of major names within the industry. Bob Backlund declined induction multiple times, and The Ultimate Warrior wrote that he refused the honor in 2010; they were eventually inducted in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Randy Savage was recognized as being noticeably absent; Chris Jericho said that the Hall achieved a level of legitimacy by inducting him in 2015. Slam Wrestling questioned how Koko B. Ware , who primarily wrestled in the undercard , was inducted but former WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Ivan Koloff never was before his 2017 death. Bruno Sammartino , the longest reigning WWWF World Heavyweight Champion , was once critical of the Hall of Fame. Sammartino disapproved of celebrity inductees such as Pete Rose and William Perry , and said of the ceremony: `` What's the point to a Hall of Fame? Is it a building I can actually go to? No. Give me a break'' . Sammartino declined previous induction offers, before accepting in 2013. Paul `` Triple H'' Levesque said that it was important for Sammartino to be inducted from a `` legitimacy standpoint'' and ESPN said that his induction is an opportunity to legitimize the Hall of Fame. After being announced as an inductee, Sammartino said he considers the Hall to be legitimate. Superstar Billy Graham publicly slammed the hall and demanded that WWE remove him from it, due to the 2011 induction of Abdullah the Butcher . Graham wrote: `` It is a shameless organization to induct a bloodthirsty animal such as Abdullah the Butcher into their worthless and embarrassing Hall of Fame and I want the name of Superstar Billy Graham to be no part of it'' . Sabu also criticized the Hall of Fame, saying `` I'd only do it because I need the money... I don't consider it a real Hall of Fame.'' 2015 Hall of Fame headliner Kevin Nash stated that two things in the professional wrestling business are real: `` When you win your first championship and when you get inducted into the Hall of Fame.'' Nash claimed this is a sentiment to which colleague Ric Flair also subscribes. During his 2013 induction, future U.S. president Donald Trump said that the honor meant more than `` having the highest ratings in TV, being a best-selling author or getting a spot on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .'' Dave Scherer of PWInsider has questioned how WWE can sustain the 2004-- present Hall of Fame model, due to legends being rapidly inducted. He wrote: `` There are only so many people that they can have headline a class. They really need to make more new stars to ensure that they can keep filling arenas for the ceremony'' . See also List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump WWE Bronze Statues References ^ Jump up to: `` Pete Rose to Be Inducted Into Hall Of Fame.World Wrestling Entertainment Hall Of Fame'' . World Wrestling Entertainment Corporate. March 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Hall of Fame 2004 Induction Ceremony'' . For Your Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 21, 2009 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` World Wrestling Entertainment Invades Los Angeles Starting Tuesday, March 29, With Series of Public Events As Part of WrestleMania 21 Week'' . World Wrestling Entertainment Corporate. March 23, 2005. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Wrestling Entertainment Blows `` Big Time'' Into Chicago Starting Tuesday, March 28, With A Series of Public Events As Part of WrestleMania 22 Week`` . World Wrestling Entertainment Corporate. March 22, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin, Adam (March 29, 2008). `` 2008 WWE Hall of Fame airs live on WWE.com & USA tonight and more'' . WrestleView.com . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . Jump up ^ WrestleMania 21 , 22 , 23 , and XXIV DVD's Jump up ^ `` Triple H reveals the 2014 WWE Hall of Fame induction ceremony will be broadcast on WWE Network'' . WWE . February 12, 2014. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014 . Retrieved April 8, 2014 . Jump up ^ Scherer, Dave (April 8, 2008). `` SmackDown Rating, WWE Looking For A Location to Create A Hall of Fame, The Bash, and more'' . PWInsider . Retrieved March 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Hall of Fame'' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved April 24, 2007 . 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World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved January 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tyson'' . WWE . Retrieved April 7, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Foley'' . WWE . Retrieved January 11, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Backlund'' . WWE . Retrieved January 27, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trish Stratus'' . WWE . Retrieved April 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Sammartino'' . WWE . Retrieved April 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T'' . WWE . Retrieved April 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump'' . WWE . Retrieved April 7, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Warrior'' . WWE . Retrieved February 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jake `` The Snake'' Roberts`` . WWE . Retrieved February 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lita'' . WWE . Retrieved February 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Bearer'' . WWE . Retrieved March 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Colon'' . WWE . Retrieved February 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Hall'' . WWE . Retrieved March 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. T'' . WWE . Retrieved March 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Savage to be inducted into HOF'' . 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when did glad press and seal come out | In the novel Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace the final year of commercially subsidized time is referred to as the `` Year Of Glad '' in reference to the company . Additionally , James O. Incandenza , Sr. ( whose son James O. Incandenza , Jr. , and grandsons Orin , Mario , and Hal Incandenza are major characters ) is mentioned as having played the Man from Glad in his time as an actor in the timeline of the book . | [
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"This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The Glad Products Company Type Subsidiary Industry Plastic ware Founded 1963 ; 55 years ago ( 1963 ) Headquarters Oakland , California , U.S. Products plastic wrap food storage Owner Clorox ( 80 % ) , Procter & Gamble ( 20 % ) Website www.glad.com",
"Type Subsidiary",
"Industry Plastic ware",
"Founded 1963 ; 55 years ago ( 1963 )",
"Headquarters Oakland , California , U.S.",
"Products plastic wrap food storage",
"Owner Clorox ( 80 % ) , Procter & Gamble ( 20 % )",
"Website www.glad.com",
"The Glad Products Company is an American company specializing in trash bags and plastic food storage containers .",
"The Glad brand originated in the United States in 1963 when the owner and CEO of the company , David Darroch , launched `` Glad Wrap '' , a polyethylene film used as a food wrap . Douglas G. Taylor was transferred that same year from the Union Carbide facility in Pittsburgh , Pa. to spearhead the Glad project . Mr. Taylor headed Sales and Marketing for the Glad products until he was retired from Union Carbide in 1985 after putting together the sale to FirstBrands . At the time of the sale , Mr. Taylor was Sr. VP of the Home and Automotive products division as well as the head of STP brands . Douglas G. Taylor died in Hilton Head , South Carolina . August 13 , 1996 .",
"The brand originally belonged to Union Carbide , but was divested in 1985 to First Brands Corporation ( Eveready and Energizer batteries , Glad , Simoniz , and Prestone ) in the United States . In 1998 , First Brands was acquired by Clorox . In 2002 , Clorox allowed Procter & Gamble to buy a 10 % share in Glad Products Company , thus making it a joint venture . Three years later , P&G exercised its option under the agreement to increase its ownership to 20 % , the maximum allowed under the joint venture agreement .",
"Glad Wrap was invented in Australia by Union Carbide 's research chemist , Douglas Lyons Ford , in the early 1960s , working in Union Carbide Australia 's Rhodes plant in Sydney . The film was made from polyethylene with a stickifier added , produced as a continuous tube by the blown - film method , the tube then slit to make flat material that was put on rolls , and recently released in a newly designed `` Easy Cut Dispenser '' . It was first introduced to the American market in 1963 in competition with Saran Wrap .",
"Glad Wrap and Glad Bags were introduced in Australia in 1966 ; Glad was the first to introduce cling - type wrap to the Australian market .",
"In order to promote the product , a competition was run in The Australian Women 's Weekly asking readers to write in with suggested uses for the product . The winner of the competition was Lady Gwynnedd Casey , the wife of Lord Casey , the then Governor - General of Australia , who suggested it could be used to cover the hors d'ouvres before guests arrived at her garden party . Second prize went to a woman from western Sydney , who suggested it could be used to wrap up different kinds of buttons in her sewing kit to keep them separate from one another .",
"Union Carbide purchased the Brisbane company , OSO , and in 1968 , launched the OSO brand in competition with its own Glad brand . The OSO brand was made to be cheaper than , and inferior to , the Glad brand .",
"In Australia , the Glad brand was acquired by Industrial Equity Limited in 1988 , and then was floated as part of National Foods in 1991 . In 1997 , First Brands acquired the Glad brand from National Foods , thus consolidating worldwide ownership of the brand . Clorox took over ownership of Glad in Australia in 1998 as part of its acquisition of First Brands .",
"The Man from Glad is the Glad company 's spokesman featured in many of their advertisements . He is an older gentleman with white hair and is always dressed in a white suit . In the 1960s , he was known as the `` Man From Glad '' , and was summoned to various households in order to save housewives from their domestically challenged spouses . He wore a trenchcoat and would arrive in a wild variety of spy type contraptions ( such as a jet pack or gyroglider ) , in the style of The Man from U.N.C.L.E and Mission : Impossible .",
"He has been portrayed by several actors over the years , most famously Tom Bosley . The trash bags ' slogans were `` Why Take Chances , Get Glad ! '' and `` Do n't get mad ! Get Glad ! ''",
"In 2006 , following Hurricane Katrina , Glad became the first official sponsor of Mardi Gras in New Orleans . In addition to its significant program commitment , Glad worked with the City of New Orleans Department of Sanitation in the carnival 's sanitation maintenance and clean - up efforts , which would otherwise have mounted a considerable expense for the municipality . Glad also was a major sponsor of the 2007 Mardi Gras .",
"In the novel Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace the final year of commercially subsidized time is referred to as the `` Year Of Glad '' in reference to the company . Additionally , James O. Incandenza , Sr. ( whose son James O. Incandenza , Jr. , and grandsons Orin , Mario , and Hal Incandenza are major characters ) is mentioned as having played the Man from Glad in his time as an actor in the timeline of the book ."
] | The Glad products company - wikipedia The Glad products company This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Glad Products Company Type Subsidiary Industry Plastic ware Founded 1963 ; 55 years ago ( 1963 ) Headquarters Oakland, California , U.S. Products plastic wrap food storage Owner Clorox (80%), Procter & Gamble (20%) Website www.glad.com The Glad Products Company is an American company specializing in trash bags and plastic food storage containers . Contents 1 History 1.1 Australian history 2 The `` Man from Glad'' 3 Mardi Gras 2006 4 Year Of Glad 5 See also 6 External links History ( edit ) The Glad brand originated in the United States in 1963 when the owner and CEO of the company, David Darroch, launched `` Glad Wrap'' , a polyethylene film used as a food wrap. Douglas G. Taylor was transferred that same year from the Union Carbide facility in Pittsburgh, Pa. to spearhead the Glad project. Mr. Taylor headed Sales and Marketing for the Glad products until he was retired from Union Carbide in 1985 after putting together the sale to FirstBrands. At the time of the sale, Mr. Taylor was Sr. VP of the Home and Automotive products division as well as the head of STP brands. Douglas G. Taylor died in Hilton Head, South Carolina. August 13, 1996. The brand originally belonged to Union Carbide , but was divested in 1985 to First Brands Corporation (Eveready and Energizer batteries, Glad, Simoniz, and Prestone) in the United States. In 1998, First Brands was acquired by Clorox . In 2002, Clorox allowed Procter & Gamble to buy a 10% share in Glad Products Company, thus making it a joint venture . Three years later, P&G exercised its option under the agreement to increase its ownership to 20%, the maximum allowed under the joint venture agreement. Australian history ( edit ) Glad Wrap was invented in Australia by Union Carbide's research chemist, Douglas Lyons Ford, in the early 1960s, working in Union Carbide Australia's Rhodes plant in Sydney. The film was made from polyethylene with a stickifier added, produced as a continuous tube by the blown-film method, the tube then slit to make flat material that was put on rolls, and recently released in a newly designed `` Easy Cut Dispenser'' . It was first introduced to the American market in 1963 in competition with Saran Wrap . Glad Wrap and Glad Bags were introduced in Australia in 1966; Glad was the first to introduce cling-type wrap to the Australian market. In order to promote the product, a competition was run in The Australian Women's Weekly asking readers to write in with suggested uses for the product. The winner of the competition was Lady Gwynnedd Casey, the wife of Lord Casey , the then Governor-General of Australia , who suggested it could be used to cover the hors d'ouvres before guests arrived at her garden party. Second prize went to a woman from western Sydney, who suggested it could be used to wrap up different kinds of buttons in her sewing kit to keep them separate from one another. Union Carbide purchased the Brisbane company, OSO, and in 1968, launched the OSO brand in competition with its own Glad brand. The OSO brand was made to be cheaper than, and inferior to, the Glad brand. In Australia, the Glad brand was acquired by Industrial Equity Limited in 1988, and then was floated as part of National Foods in 1991. In 1997, First Brands acquired the Glad brand from National Foods, thus consolidating worldwide ownership of the brand. Clorox took over ownership of Glad in Australia in 1998 as part of its acquisition of First Brands. The `` Man from Glad'' ( edit ) The Man from Glad is the Glad company's spokesman featured in many of their advertisements. He is an older gentleman with white hair and is always dressed in a white suit. In the 1960s, he was known as the `` Man From Glad'' , and was summoned to various households in order to save housewives from their domestically challenged spouses. He wore a trenchcoat and would arrive in a wild variety of spy type contraptions (such as a jet pack or gyroglider ), in the style of The Man from U.N.C.L.E and Mission: Impossible . He has been portrayed by several actors over the years, most famously Tom Bosley . The trash bags' slogans were `` Why Take Chances, Get Glad!'' and `` Don't get mad! Get Glad!'' Mardi Gras 2006 ( edit ) In 2006, following Hurricane Katrina , Glad became the first official sponsor of Mardi Gras in New Orleans . In addition to its significant program commitment, Glad worked with the City of New Orleans Department of Sanitation in the carnival's sanitation maintenance and clean-up efforts, which would otherwise have mounted a considerable expense for the municipality. Glad also was a major sponsor of the 2007 Mardi Gras . Year of Glad ( edit ) In the novel Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace the final year of commercially subsidized time is referred to as the `` Year Of Glad'' in reference to the company. Additionally, James O. Incandenza, Sr. (whose son James O. Incandenza, Jr., and grandsons Orin, Mario, and Hal Incandenza are major characters) is mentioned as having played the Man from Glad in his time as an actor in the timeline of the book. See also ( edit ) Million Dollar Mystery External links ( edit ) Official website Glad Australia's commercial web site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glad_Products_Company&oldid=837310854 '' Categories : Clorox brands Plastics companies Manufacturing companies based in Oakland, California Manufacturing companies established in 1963 Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2011 All articles lacking in-text citations Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 01:14 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 5288454510140446273 |
who plays j edgar hoover in boardwalk empire | Recently , he has garnered fame for his portrayal of J. Edgar Hoover in HBO 's Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning series , Boardwalk Empire . | [
[]
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"This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Eric Ladin ( 1978 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor , voice actor Years active 2001 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katy Ladin Children Maxfield David Ladin ( son )",
"Eric Ladin",
"( 1978 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Houston , Texas , U.S.",
"Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S.",
"Nationality American",
"Occupation Actor , voice actor",
"Years active 2001 -- present",
"Spouse ( s ) Katy Ladin",
"Children Maxfield David Ladin ( son )",
"Eric Ladin ( born February 16 , 1978 ) is an American actor .",
"Ladin was born in Houston , Texas and studied at the USC School of Dramatic Arts . He has guest - starred as William Hofstadt on multiple episodes of the AMC show Mad Men and the HBO miniseries Generation Kill as Corporal James Chaffin . He also appeared in the movies Toolbox Murders , Cursed , Left in Darkness . He is also the voice of the character Ellis in the cooperative first - person shooter game Left 4 Dead 2 , as well as the voice of Cole MacGrath , the lead character of Infamous , in all media beginning with Infamous 2 .",
"Ladin played Jamie Wright for two seasons in AMC 's The Killing . He guest starred in Law & Order : SVU , episode `` Rhodium Nights '' .",
"Recently , he has garnered fame for his portrayal of J. Edgar Hoover in HBO 's Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning series , Boardwalk Empire .",
"Ladin is married to fashion designer and stylist Katy Ladin . The couple have a son named Maxfield David Ladin who was born on December 21 , 2012 . Ladin is Jewish .",
"Year Title Role Toolbox Murders Johnny Turnbull 2005 Cursed Louie 2005 Duck Addict # 4 2006 Left in Darkness Gopher 2008 Bar Starz Cory Lemuixk 2008 My Best Friend 's Girl Clay 2009 Back Nine Gary Sussman 2013 Highland Park Jessie 2014 Annabelle Detective Clarkin 2014 River Guard Sean Flynn 2014 American Sniper Squirrel 2015 The Missing Girl Skippy 2016 Beyond Valkyrie : Dawn of the 4th Reich Robert Sites 2016 Rebirth Todd",
"Year Title Role",
"Toolbox Murders Johnny Turnbull",
"2005 Cursed Louie",
"2005 Duck Addict # 4",
"2006 Left in Darkness Gopher",
"2008 Bar Starz Cory Lemuixk",
"2008 My Best Friend 's Girl Clay",
"2009 Back Nine Gary Sussman",
"2013 Highland Park Jessie",
"2014 Annabelle Detective Clarkin",
"2014 River Guard Sean Flynn",
"2014 American Sniper Squirrel",
"2015 The Missing Girl Skippy",
"2016 Beyond Valkyrie : Dawn of the 4th Reich Robert Sites",
"2016 Rebirth Todd",
"Year Title Role Detail Boston Public Johnson Episode : `` Chapter Eighteen '' 2002 The Nick Cannon Show Cadet Episode : `` Nick Takes Over the Law '' 2003 CSI : Miami Jeff Wilton Episode : `` Grave Young Men '' 2003 NCIS P.O. Thompson Episode : `` Sub Rosa '' 2005 ER Pvt . Perry Episode : `` Here and There '' 2005 Cold Case Crumbs ( 1945 ) Episode : `` Colors '' 2005 Surface George Owen 4 Episodes 2006 E-Ring Sgt . Michael Polard Episode : `` Brothers in Arms '' 2007 Shark Ronald Harper Episode : `` Starlet Fever '' 2007 The Unit Blaylock Episode : `` Dark of the Moon '' 2007 Veronica Mars Derrick 's Brother Episode : `` Un-American Graffiti '' 2008 Generation Kill Corporal James Chaffin 7 Episodes 2008 Bones Paul Stegman Episode : The Con Man in the Meth Lab '' 2008 Hawthorne Corporal Sharp Episode : Pilot 2008 - 2009 Mad Men William Hofstadt 4 Episodes 2009 The Mentalist Roddy Gerber Episode : `` Black Gold and Red Blood '' Big Love Dr. Roquet Walker 3 Episodes CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Delf Rod Episode : `` Take My Life , Please '' Criminal Minds Joshua Beardsley Episode : `` Exit Wounds '' Miami Medical Brad Episode : `` An Arm and a Leg '' Dark Blue Glenn Fischer Episode : `` Brother 's Keeper '' The Defenders Dan Shepard Episode : `` Pilot '' Fish Hooks Ron Episode : `` The Tale of Sir Oscar Fish '' 2011 Suits Wyatt Episode : `` Errors and Omission '' 2011 Castle Daniel Sullivan Episode : `` Heartbreak Hotel '' 2011 - 2012 The Killing Jamie Wright 26 Episodes 2012 Justified Wally Beckett Episode : `` Harlan Roulette '' 2012 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Clayton Hannigan Episode : `` Rhodium Nights '' 2012 Motorcity Red / Mystery Stalker 3 Episodes 2012 - 2013 Mudcats Narrator 18 Episodes 2013 Dexter Dr. Turner Episode : `` Remember the Monsters ? '' 2013 NCIS : Los Angeles William Garrett Episode : `` Unwritten Rule '' 2013 Grey 's Anatomy Victor Brown Episode : `` Thriller '' 2013 Boardwalk Empire J. Edgar Hoover 6 Episodes 2014 Bosch Nate Tyler Episode : `` Pilot '' ( Amazon Video ) 2014 Interrogations Gone Wrong ( Funny or Die ) Himself ( Also Director ) Episode : `` Bradley Cooper Stole George Clooney 's Credit Card '' 2015 The Brink Lt. Glenn Taylor Main character 2017 Six Trevor Main character",
"Year Title Role Detail",
"Boston Public Johnson Episode : `` Chapter Eighteen ''",
"2002 The Nick Cannon Show Cadet Episode : `` Nick Takes Over the Law ''",
"2003 CSI : Miami Jeff Wilton Episode : `` Grave Young Men ''",
"2003 NCIS P.O. Thompson Episode : `` Sub Rosa ''",
"2005 ER Pvt . Perry Episode : `` Here and There ''",
"2005 Cold Case Crumbs ( 1945 ) Episode : `` Colors ''",
"2005 Surface George Owen 4 Episodes",
"2006 E-Ring Sgt . Michael Polard Episode : `` Brothers in Arms ''",
"2007 Shark Ronald Harper Episode : `` Starlet Fever ''",
"2007 The Unit Blaylock Episode : `` Dark of the Moon ''",
"2007 Veronica Mars Derrick 's Brother Episode : `` Un-American Graffiti ''",
"2008 Generation Kill Corporal James Chaffin 7 Episodes",
"2008 Bones Paul Stegman Episode : The Con Man in the Meth Lab ''",
"2008 Hawthorne Corporal Sharp Episode : Pilot",
"2008 - 2009 Mad Men William Hofstadt 4 Episodes",
"2009 The Mentalist Roddy Gerber Episode : `` Black Gold and Red Blood ''",
"Big Love Dr. Roquet Walker 3 Episodes",
"CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Delf Rod Episode : `` Take My Life , Please ''",
"Criminal Minds Joshua Beardsley Episode : `` Exit Wounds ''",
"Miami Medical Brad Episode : `` An Arm and a Leg ''",
"Dark Blue Glenn Fischer Episode : `` Brother 's Keeper ''",
"The Defenders Dan Shepard Episode : `` Pilot ''",
"Fish Hooks Ron Episode : `` The Tale of Sir Oscar Fish ''",
"2011 Suits Wyatt Episode : `` Errors and Omission ''",
"2011 Castle Daniel Sullivan Episode : `` Heartbreak Hotel ''",
"2011 - 2012 The Killing Jamie Wright 26 Episodes",
"2012 Justified Wally Beckett Episode : `` Harlan Roulette ''",
"2012 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Clayton Hannigan Episode : `` Rhodium Nights ''",
"2012 Motorcity Red / Mystery Stalker 3 Episodes",
"2012 - 2013 Mudcats Narrator 18 Episodes",
"2013 Dexter Dr. Turner Episode : `` Remember the Monsters ? ''",
"2013 NCIS : Los Angeles William Garrett Episode : `` Unwritten Rule ''",
"2013 Grey 's Anatomy Victor Brown Episode : `` Thriller ''",
"2013 Boardwalk Empire J. Edgar Hoover 6 Episodes",
"2014 Bosch Nate Tyler Episode : `` Pilot '' ( Amazon Video )",
"2014 Interrogations Gone Wrong ( Funny or Die ) Himself ( Also Director ) Episode : `` Bradley Cooper Stole George Clooney 's Credit Card ''",
"2015 The Brink Lt. Glenn Taylor Main character",
"2017 Six Trevor Main character",
"Year Title Role Detail 2009 Left 4 Dead 2 Ellis Valve Software 2011 inFAMOUS 2 Cole MacGrath Sucker Punch Production 2011 inFAMOUS : Festival of Blood Cole MacGrath Sucker Punch Production 2011 L.A. Noire Mickey Joe Rockstar Games Uncredited 2012 Street Fighter X Tekken Cole MacGrath Capcom Games ( PlayStation Exclusive ) 2012 PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Cole MacGrath / Evil Cole MacGrath Sony Computer Entertainment 2013 Resident Evil 6 Ellis Capcom X Valve Crossover DLC 2016 Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare Private Todd Kashima Activision",
"Year Title Role Detail",
"2009 Left 4 Dead 2 Ellis Valve Software",
"2011 inFAMOUS 2 Cole MacGrath Sucker Punch Production",
"2011 inFAMOUS : Festival of Blood Cole MacGrath Sucker Punch Production",
"2011 L.A. Noire Mickey Joe Rockstar Games Uncredited",
"2012 Street Fighter X Tekken Cole MacGrath Capcom Games ( PlayStation Exclusive )",
"2012 PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Cole MacGrath / Evil Cole MacGrath Sony Computer Entertainment",
"2013 Resident Evil 6 Ellis Capcom X Valve Crossover DLC",
"2016 Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare Private Todd Kashima Activision"
] | Eric Ladin - Wikipedia Eric Ladin Jump to: navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eric Ladin ( 1978-02-16 ) February 16, 1978 (age 39) Houston , Texas , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor, voice actor Years active 2001-- present Spouse(s) Katy Ladin Children Maxfield David Ladin (son) Eric Ladin (born February 16, 1978) is an American actor. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Films 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Ladin was born in Houston, Texas and studied at the USC School of Dramatic Arts . He has guest-starred as William Hofstadt on multiple episodes of the AMC show Mad Men and the HBO miniseries Generation Kill as Corporal James Chaffin. He also appeared in the movies Toolbox Murders , Cursed , Left in Darkness . He is also the voice of the character Ellis in the cooperative first-person shooter game Left 4 Dead 2 , as well as the voice of Cole MacGrath, the lead character of Infamous , in all media beginning with Infamous 2 . Career ( edit ) Ladin played Jamie Wright for two seasons in AMC 's The Killing . He guest starred in Law & Order: SVU , episode `` Rhodium Nights '' . Recently, he has garnered fame for his portrayal of J. Edgar Hoover in HBO's Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning series, Boardwalk Empire . Personal life ( edit ) Ladin is married to fashion designer and stylist Katy Ladin. The couple have a son named Maxfield David Ladin who was born on December 21, 2012. Ladin is Jewish . Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role Toolbox Murders Johnny Turnbull 2005 Cursed Louie 2005 Duck Addict #4 2006 Left in Darkness Gopher 2008 Bar Starz Cory Lemuixk 2008 My Best Friend's Girl Clay 2009 Back Nine Gary Sussman 2013 Highland Park Jessie 2014 Annabelle Detective Clarkin 2014 River Guard Sean Flynn 2014 American Sniper Squirrel 2015 The Missing Girl Skippy 2016 Beyond Valkyrie: Dawn of the 4th Reich Robert Sites 2016 Rebirth Todd Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Detail Boston Public Johnson Episode: `` Chapter Eighteen'' 2002 The Nick Cannon Show Cadet Episode: `` Nick Takes Over the Law'' 2003 CSI: Miami Jeff Wilton Episode: `` Grave Young Men'' 2003 NCIS P.O. Thompson Episode: `` Sub Rosa'' 2005 ER Pvt. Perry Episode: `` Here and There'' 2005 Cold Case Crumbs (1945) Episode: `` Colors'' 2005 Surface George Owen 4 Episodes 2006 E-Ring Sgt. Michael Polard Episode: `` Brothers in Arms'' 2007 Shark Ronald Harper Episode: `` Starlet Fever'' 2007 The Unit Blaylock Episode: `` Dark of the Moon'' 2007 Veronica Mars Derrick's Brother Episode: `` Un-American Graffiti'' 2008 Generation Kill Corporal James Chaffin 7 Episodes 2008 Bones Paul Stegman Episode: The Con Man in the Meth Lab'' 2008 Hawthorne Corporal Sharp Episode: Pilot 2008-2009 Mad Men William Hofstadt 4 Episodes 2009 The Mentalist Roddy Gerber Episode: `` Black Gold and Red Blood'' Big Love Dr. Roquet Walker 3 Episodes CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Delf Rod Episode: `` Take My Life, Please'' Criminal Minds Joshua Beardsley Episode: `` Exit Wounds'' Miami Medical Brad Episode: `` An Arm and a Leg'' Dark Blue Glenn Fischer Episode: `` Brother's Keeper'' The Defenders Dan Shepard Episode: `` Pilot'' Fish Hooks Ron Episode: `` The Tale of Sir Oscar Fish'' 2011 Suits Wyatt Episode: `` Errors and Omission'' 2011 Castle Daniel Sullivan Episode: `` Heartbreak Hotel '' 2011-2012 The Killing Jamie Wright 26 Episodes 2012 Justified Wally Beckett Episode: `` Harlan Roulette'' 2012 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Clayton Hannigan Episode: `` Rhodium Nights'' 2012 Motorcity Red/Mystery Stalker 3 Episodes 2012-2013 Mudcats Narrator 18 Episodes 2013 Dexter Dr. Turner Episode: `` Remember the Monsters? '' 2013 NCIS: Los Angeles William Garrett Episode: `` Unwritten Rule'' 2013 Grey's Anatomy Victor Brown Episode: `` Thriller'' 2013 Boardwalk Empire J. Edgar Hoover 6 Episodes 2014 Bosch Nate Tyler Episode: `` Pilot'' ( Amazon Video ) 2014 Interrogations Gone Wrong ( Funny or Die ) Himself (Also Director) Episode: `` Bradley Cooper Stole George Clooney's Credit Card'' 2015 The Brink Lt. Glenn Taylor Main character 2017 Six Trevor Main character Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Detail 2009 Left 4 Dead 2 Ellis Valve Software 2011 inFAMOUS 2 Cole MacGrath Sucker Punch Production 2011 inFAMOUS: Festival of Blood Cole MacGrath Sucker Punch Production 2011 L.A. Noire Mickey Joe Rockstar Games Uncredited 2012 Street Fighter X Tekken Cole MacGrath Capcom Games (PlayStation Exclusive) 2012 PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale Cole MacGrath/Evil Cole MacGrath Sony Computer Entertainment 2013 Resident Evil 6 Ellis Capcom X Valve Crossover DLC 2016 Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Private Todd Kashima Activision References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Baby on the Way for Eric Ladin'' . People . May 23, 2012 . Retrieved May 23, 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie. `` Eric Ladin To Recur On HBO's ' Boardwalk Empire' , Luke Grimes Joins ' True Blood' '' . Deadline.com . Deadline . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ladin, Eric. `` I Met An Amazing Man Today...'' . ericladin.com . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Eric Ladin on IMDb Eric Ladin at AllMovie ericladin.com Eric Ladin Twitter This article about an American film and television actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Ladin&oldid=803416482 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people American male film actors Male actors from Houston The Kinkaid School alumni 21st-century American male actors USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni American male television actors Jewish American male actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American screen actor stubs Hidden categories: BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 12:08. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -991452497710839605 |
how many episodes of the good doctor in season 1 | The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . | [
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"The Good Doctor Genre Medical drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website",
"The Good Doctor",
"Genre Medical drama",
"Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum",
"Developed by David Shore",
"David Shore",
"Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita",
"Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita",
"Composer ( s ) Dan Romer",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons",
"No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes )",
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"Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran",
"David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran",
"Daniel Dae Kim",
"Thomas L. Moran",
"Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson",
"Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson",
"Min Soo Kee",
"Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia",
"Camera setup Single - camera",
"Running time 41 -- 44 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television",
"Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television",
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"Original network ABC",
"Picture format 720p ( HDTV )",
"Audio format 5.1 surround sound",
"Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present )",
"Chronology",
"Related shows Good Doctor",
"External links",
"Official website",
"The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award - winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series .",
"The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show .",
"The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season .",
"The series debuted on September 25 , 2017 . The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings .",
"The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to San Jose , California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital .",
"Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 . Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of Surgery , attending plastic surgeon , and board member . Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital 's funding .",
"Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere .",
"Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 .",
"Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun .",
"Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family .",
"Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman .",
"Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of Surgery , attending plastic surgeon , and board member .",
"Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 .",
"Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital 's funding .",
"Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor . Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment . Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) . Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) .",
"Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma .",
"Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks .",
"Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor .",
"Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim",
"Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment .",
"Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) .",
"Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) .",
"Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife .",
"Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode )",
"Jasika Nicole as Carly",
"Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday",
"Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them .",
"Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife .",
"No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning the helicopter ca n't take off due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . Meanwhile , at the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his transplant eligibility . Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients , the hospital denies Chuck the liver . Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save their baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life . Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Meanwhile , Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient , Olivia , who has a boil in her genital area . However , when doctors attempt to drain it , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve . The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy , Evan , who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve . Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm . However , we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer , a fact his parents have kept hidden from him . Meanwhile , the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man , brought in by his estranged son , with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull . A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways . 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father . 13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun . 14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving . 15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown . 16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88 Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him . 17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date . 18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews .",
"No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"`` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22",
"On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor .",
"`` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93",
"Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life .",
"`` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69",
"Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning the helicopter ca n't take off due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . Meanwhile , at the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his transplant eligibility . Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients , the hospital denies Chuck the liver . Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital .",
"`` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60",
"Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save their baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life . Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Meanwhile , Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient , Olivia , who has a boil in her genital area . However , when doctors attempt to drain it , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve . The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area .",
"5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39",
"Shaun notices a young boy , Evan , who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve . Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm . However , we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer , a fact his parents have kept hidden from him . Meanwhile , the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man , brought in by his estranged son , with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull . A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman .",
"6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60",
"Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site .",
"7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14",
"Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die .",
"8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97",
"While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim .",
"9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25",
"The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer .",
"10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03",
"Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children .",
"11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30",
"Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways .",
"12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33",
"Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father .",
"13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61",
"While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun .",
"14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63",
"The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving .",
"15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82",
"A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown .",
"16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88",
"Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him .",
"17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03",
"Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date .",
"18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52",
"Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews .",
"In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 .",
"On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . It will premiere in the fall of 2018 .",
"On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu ( originally Dr. Jared Unger ) ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews ( originally Dr. Horace Andrews ) ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman ( originally Dr. Ira Glassman ) , the hospital president and Shaun 's mentor . Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki .",
"In April 2018 , it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season , after recurring in the first as Alex , Morgan , Audrey , and Lea , respectively . In addition , it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season .",
"Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and concluded on March 1 , 2018 .",
"Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series .",
"The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . In the Netherlands , the series began airing on January 29 , 2018 , on RTL 4 and on video - on - demand service Videoland .",
"A full - length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook .",
"The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . On March 22 , 2018 , members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series , along with a screening of the season finale of the first season .",
"No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85",
"No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )",
"`` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21",
"`` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12",
"`` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22",
"`` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96",
"5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50",
"6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51",
"7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14",
"8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99",
"9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91",
"10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74",
"11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40",
"12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00",
"13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53",
"14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71",
"15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66",
"16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12",
"17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42",
"18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85",
"The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week .",
"The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' .",
"Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' .",
"The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . ''",
"Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's performance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work .",
"Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won Banff Rockie Awards Scripted Melodrama Series The Good Doctor Pending",
"Year Association Nominee Result Ref .",
"2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated",
"Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won",
"Banff Rockie Awards Scripted Melodrama Series The Good Doctor Pending"
] | The Good Doctor (TV series) - wikipedia The Good Doctor (TV series) Jump to: navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based, see Good Doctor (TV series) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae-bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer(s) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer(s) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location(s) Vancouver, British Columbia Camera setup Single-camera Running time 41-- 44 minutes Production company(s) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25, 2017 ( 2017-09-25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award-winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor, first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company. He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS, his home network in 2015. CBS decided against creating a pilot. Because Kim felt so strongly about the series, he bought back the rights from CBS. Eventually, Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama, House , to develop the series. The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions, 3AD , and Entermedia. David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show. The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy, a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show. The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017. On October 3, 2017, ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia . In March 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season. The series debuted on September 25, 2017. The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with particular praise given to Highmore's performance, and strong television ratings. Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper, Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome. His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents. He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12. Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne, a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun. Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu, a surgical resident from a wealthy family. Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman. Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews, Chief of Surgery, attending plastic surgeon , and board member. Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14. Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki, Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital's funding. Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks). He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks. Paige Spara as Lea: Shaun's love interest/ former neighbor. Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny, Shaun's new neighbor, who moves into Lea's apartment. Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick, a new resident (joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2). As a resident, Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire. (debuted in `` She'' ). Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park, an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor (debuted in `` Heartfelt'' ). Notable guests ( edit ) Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean, a surgical resident (only appears in the pilot, however had series regular status for said episode) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle, a suave doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he makes explicit advances towards one of them. Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes, Marcus' wife. Episodes ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) `` Burnt Food'' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25, 2017 ( 2017-09-25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor. `` Mount Rushmore'' Mike Listo David Shore October 2, 2017 ( 2017-10-02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned ' scut work' , where his attention to detail gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girl's life. `` Oliver'' John Dahl William Rotko October 9, 2017 ( 2017-10-09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning the helicopter can't take off due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. Meanwhile, at the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his transplant eligibility. Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients, the hospital denies Chuck the liver. Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital. `` Pipes'' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16, 2017 ( 2017-10-16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save their baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life. Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Meanwhile, Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient, Olivia, who has a boil in her genital area. However, when doctors attempt to drain it, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve. The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals. Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area. 5 `` Point Three Percent'' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23, 2017 ( 2017-10-23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy, Evan, who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve. Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm. However, we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer, a fact his parents have kept hidden from him. Meanwhile, the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man, brought in by his estranged son, with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull. A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman. 6 `` Not Fake'' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30, 2017 ( 2017-10-30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site. 7 `` 22 Steps'' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13, 2017 ( 2017-11-13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared deals with a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker; but the patient states his desire is to die. 8 `` Apple'' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20, 2017 ( 2017-11-20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim. 9 `` Intangibles'' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27, 2017 ( 2017-11-27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta'' . Meanwhile, Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer. 10 `` Sacrifice'' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr. December 4, 2017 ( 2017-12-04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children. 11 `` Islands Part One'' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8, 2018 ( 2018-01-08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father'' in other ways. 12 `` Islands Part Two'' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15, 2018 ( 2018-01-15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks' notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny's heart is failing. Despite the doctors' best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table. Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu's lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father. 13 `` Seven Reasons'' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22, 2018 ( 2018-01-22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun. 14 `` She'' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5, 2018 ( 2018-02-05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving. 15 `` Heartfelt'' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26, 2018 ( 2018-02-26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live. A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's , motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations. At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown. 16 `` Pain'' Allison Liddi-Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12, 2018 ( 2018-03-12 ) 9.88 Shaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery. Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence. Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him. 17 `` Smile'' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19, 2018 ( 2018-03-19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. Morgan and Claire's patient, `` Lucy Callard,'' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies of an infection. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date. 18 `` More'' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr. March 26, 2018 ( 2018-03-26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer; he will pursue treatment. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run'' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015. However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim. ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017. On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017. On March 7, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season. It will premiere in the fall of 2018. Casting ( edit ) On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun. A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital. The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger); Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor. Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman. In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki. In April 2018, it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season, after recurring in the first as Alex, Morgan, Audrey, and Lea, respectively. In addition, it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season. The Surrey, British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots. Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and concluded on March 1, 2018. Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series. Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States, and on CTV in Canada. Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland. Seven Network airs the series in Australia. Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018. In the Netherlands, the series began airing on January 29, 2018, on RTL 4 and on video-on-demand service Videoland . Marketing ( edit ) A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which /Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting'' . However, he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of (Highmore's ) character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace.'' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated'' . He added, `` Too much felt on-the-nose-- especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender'' , while also commentating that `` On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate.'' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon.'' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017. On March 22, 2018, members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series, along with a screening of the season finale of the first season. Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating/share (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) `` Burnt Food '' September 25, 2017 2.2/9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2, 2017 2.2/9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9, 2017 2.0/7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16, 2017 2.0/8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23, 2017 1.8/7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30, 2017 1.9/7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13, 2017 1.9/7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20, 2017 1.8/7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27, 2017 1.7/7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4, 2017 1.6/7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8, 2018 1.6/6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15, 2018 1.7/6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22, 2018 1.7/7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5, 2018 1.7/7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26, 2018 1.3/5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12, 2018 1.8/7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19, 2018 1.6/6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26, 2018 1.7/6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85 The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18-- 49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009. Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016. According to TV Guide 's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week. Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58% approval rating with an average rating of 5.49/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, `` The Good Doctor 's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve.'' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews'' . Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated, `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... (and) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone.'' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic'' of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as `` our emotional ' in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world'' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum'' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice'' . The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality.'' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his.'' Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him...'' Bradley feels that Highmore's performance has been `` the central key'' to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref. 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60-Minute Category David Shore Won Banff Rockie Awards Scripted Melodrama Series The Good Doctor Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koblin, John (November 19, 2017). `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 11, 2017). `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC'' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12, 2017 . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (February 24, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: The Good Doctor (@GoodDoctorABC) (August 17, 2017). `` #TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read! #TBT'' (Tweet) . Retrieved August 23, 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (February 17, 2017). `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (March 3, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (March 22, 2017). `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor' ABC Pilot; Sawyer Barth In Fox's ' Amy's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (March 8, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (March 13, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor: Season 1 Lead Sheet'' (Press release). ABC Press . July 24, 2017. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017 . Retrieved August 2, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (September 22, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22, 2017 . Retrieved September 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (2018-01-11). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Fiona Gubelmann Joins ABC Medical Drama As New Resident'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2018-01-11 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor Adds a New Rival for Shaun'' . TV Guide . 2018-01-11 . Retrieved 2018-01-11 . Jump up ^ Barnes, Hannah (January 19, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' Recruits Actor From ' Hawaii Five-0 ' '' . PopCulture.com. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 16, 2017). `` ABC Schedule: Primetime Fall 2017-2018'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Shore, David (October 6, 2017). `` Mount Rushmore'' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42:49. ABC . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 9, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (October 18, 2017). `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (September 26, 2017). `` ' Big Bang' and ' Young Sheldon' adjust up, ' Good Doctor,' ' DWTS,' ' The Brave,' ' Me, Myself & I' down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). `` ' Big Bang Theory,' ' Voice' adjust up; ' Good Doctor,' ' DWTS,' ' Kevin Can Wait,' ' The Brave' & ' Scorpion' down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). `` ' Big Bang Theory' and ' Good Doctor' adjust up, other CBS shows and ' The Brave' down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). `` ' Big Bang,' ' Voice,' ' Lucifer,' ' Me, Myself & I' adjust up, ABC and ' 9JKL' down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 24, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' adjusts down, ' Big Bang Theory' and ' Voice' adjust up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (October 31, 2017). `` ' Lucifer' adjusts up, ' Good Doctor' and ' Dancing With the Stars' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 14, 2017). `` ' The Voice,' ' Kevin Can Wait,' ' The Gifted' adjust up, ' DWTS' down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 21, 2017). `` ' Good Doctor,' ' Dancing with the Stars,' ' Kevin Can Wait,' ' Man with a Plan' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (November 29, 2017). `` ' CMA Country Christmas,' ' Good Doctor,' ' Pentatonix Christmas' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). `` ABC, NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 9, 2018). `` ' The Brave' and ' Supergirl' rerun adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 17, 2018). `` ' The Gifted' finale, ' The Good Doctor' and all others hold: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (January 23, 2018). `` ' The Brave' adjusts up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 6, 2018). `` ' The Resident,' ' Man with a Plan,' ' 9JKL' and ' Scorpion' adjust up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (February 27, 2018). `` ' The Voice' adjusts up, ' Superior Donuts' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 13, 2018). `` ' The Voice' and ' iZombie' adjust up, ' Good Girls' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 20, 2018). `` ' American Idol,' ' Good Girls,' all others hold: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (March 27, 2018). `` ' American Idol' and ' The Good Doctor' adjust up, ' Good Girls' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hyo-won, Lee (May 22, 2014). `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7, 2014 . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor' for CBS'' . The Korea Times . August 31, 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 . Retrieved August 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee, Sun-min (September 1, 2014). `` ' Good Doctor' to be adapted'' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 1, 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 6, 2016). `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 23, 2017). `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor' & ' Doomsday' From David Shore, Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (May 11, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 3, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' Gets Full-Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Hipes, Patrick (March 7, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' Renewed For Season 2 At ABC'' . Deadline . Retrieved March 7, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (April 2, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' : Will Yun Lee, Fiona Gubelmann, Christina Chang & Paige Spara Promoted To Series Regulars, Chuku Modu Not Returning For Season 2'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2, 2018 . Retrieved April 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro, Sal (November 3, 2017). `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor' compares to the real thing'' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 5, 2018 . Retrieved February 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi, Craig (March 20, 2017). `` Filming in Vancouver: Liam Neeson, Jeremy Piven, Sandra Oh, Freddie Highmore, and more'' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 7, 2017). `` Pilot Locations 2017: NY, Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up; LA, Toronto, Chicago Slip'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List'' (PDF) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2017 . Retrieved October 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer, Dan (@Dan_romer) (September 25, 2017). `` I scored @GoodDoctorABC and it's premiering tonight at 10'' (Tweet) . Retrieved September 26, 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 24, 2017). `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT, ' Black-ish' , ' The Good Doctor' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin' , Which Gets New Title'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24, 2017 . Retrieved July 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced ### CTV is Home of Television's Most-Anticipated Debuts of the Year'' (Press release). Bell Media . August 24, 2017. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved September 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland'' (Press release). Sky plc . August 2017. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros, Patrick (October 13, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now'' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29, 2017 . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling, Mark (December 15, 2017). `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor' for Japan'' . Variety . Retrieved December 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wereldwijde hitserie ' The Good Doctor' bij RTL 4 en Videoland'' . Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (May 17, 2017). `` Watch Trailers for ABC's New 2017-2018 Shows: ' Roseanne' Returns, Zach Braff Forms ' Alex, Inc.' & More'' . /Film . Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel (May 16, 2017). `` ABC's New Show Trailers: A Critic's Ranking'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers, Ben; Greene, Steve (May 16, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor,' ' The Gospel of Kevin,' ' Alex, Inc.' : ABC Fall TV Trailers, Ranked and Reviewed'' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 25, 2017). `` ' Roseanne' Revival Trailer: 33 Million Views And Counting'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8, 2017 . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer, Jeff (July 18, 2017). `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced'' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20, 2017 . Retrieved July 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 8, 2018). `` PaleyFest LA Sets Talent From ' Handmaid's Tale' , ' Queen Sugar' , ' Riverdale' For TV Event'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' and ' The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14, 2017 . Retrieved October 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). `` ' The Orville,' ' Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26, 2017 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). `` ' Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9, 2017 . Retrieved November 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). `` ' Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5, 2017 . Retrieved December 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). `` ' Chicago Med' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7, 2017 . Retrieved December 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). `` ' Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21, 2017 . Retrieved December 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). `` ' The Brave' goes from low to... less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). `` ' This Is Us,' ' The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9, 2018 . Retrieved February 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' and ' This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22, 2018 . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). `` ' Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15, 2018 . Retrieved March 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30, 2018 . Retrieved March 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). `` ' The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7, 2018 . Retrieved April 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). `` ' Roseanne' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live +7 ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 26, 2017). `` ' Young Sheldon' & ' Good Doctor' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28, 2017 . Retrieved September 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 6, 2017). `` ' The Good Doctor' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7, 2017 . Retrieved October 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph, Ileane (November 2017). `` Off the Charts'' . TV Guide . Vol. November 13-26. pp. 24-- 25. Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor: Season 1 (2017)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor: Season 1'' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (June 2, 2017). `` ABC's The Good Doctor: Our Fall TV First Impression'' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12, 2017 . Retrieved September 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (2017-11-12). `` On ' The Good Doctor,' the Anti-Antihero Is In'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-11-13 . Jump up ^ Bradley, Laura (December 11, 2017). `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom'' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley, Laura (December 11, 2017). `` How The Good Doctor Finally Won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom'' . Variety . Retrieved March 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners: Complete List'' . Variety . January 7, 2018. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018 . Retrieved January 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (February 16, 2018). `` Humanitas Prize Winners Include ' Mudbound' , ' The Post' & ' Lady Bird ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Rockies Program Competition Official Nominees'' . Banff World Media Festival . Archived from the original on May 6, 2018 . Retrieved May 6, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming (current and upcoming) Primetime 20/20 (since 1978) 20/20: In an Instant (since 2015) The $100,000 Pyramid (since 2016) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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when does the concept of co-insurance have relevance | Coinsurance is generally widely used in the European insurance market . In this context , a common insurance contract is used and the risk is shared based on percentages between the insurance companies . Often , one insurance company will lead . When leading the insurance company will be responsible for administering various aspects of the insurance policy , such as premium , any claims and the insurance documents . In this situation , a charge is levied ( termed lead office commission ) . | [
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"Coinsurance in insurance , is the splitting or spreading of risk among multiple parties .",
"In the U.S. insurance market , co-insurance is the joint assumption of risk between the insurer and the insured . In title insurance , it also means the sharing of risks between two or more title insurance companies .",
"In health insurance , coinsurance is sometimes used synonymously with copayment , but copayment is fixed while the coinsurance is a percentage that the insurer pays after the insurance policy 's deductible is exceeded , up to the policy 's stop loss . It can be expressed as a pair of percentages with the insurer 's portion stated first , or just a single percentage showing what the insured pays . The percentage due from the insured can range up to 100 % ( 100 % meaning the insured pays all costs until reaching the out of pocket maximum ) . Once the insured 's out - of - pocket expenses equal the stop loss the insurer will assume responsibility for 100 % of any additional costs . 70 -- 30 , 80 -- 20 , and 90 -- 10 insurer - insured coinsurance schemes are common , with stop loss limits of $1,000 to $3,000 after which the insurer covers all expenses .",
"Coinsurance is a penalty imposed on the insured by the insurance carrier for underreporting / declaring / insuring the value of the tangible property or business income . It also applies without a concealment for the insured to bear some sort of responsibility and thus reduce moral hazard . The penalty is based on a percentage stated within the policy and the amount underreported . As an example :",
"A buildings replacement cost actually valued at $1,000,000 has an 80 % coinsurance clause but is insured for only $750,000 . Since its insured value is less than 80 % of its replacement value , when it suffers a loss , the insurance payout will be subject to the underreporting penalty . For example , if it suffers a $200,000 loss , the insured would recover $750,000 ÷ ( 0.80 × 1,000,000 ) × 200,000 = $187,500 ( less any deductible ) . In this example , the underreporting penalty would be $12,500 . More generally , suppose a building with replacement cost R is insured for amount I , with a coinsurance requirement c , expressed as a number between 0 and 1 ( e.g. 0.8 for an 80 % coinsurance clause ) . If this building suffers a loss L , then the insurance payout ( less deductibles ) would be the smallest of the three amounts , L , I , and IL / ( cR ) . The first two alternatives reflect the fact that the payout will not exceed the loss nor the amount the building was insured for , while the last amount represents the intended action of the coinsurance requirement to penalize underreporting .",
"The most commonly issued coinsurance percentage would be 80 % but it can be as high as 100 % , which would impose the greatest penalty for underreporting . For this reason , it is vital for values of the property to be accurately reported and updated annually to reflect inflation and other increases in cost ...",
"Owner 's title insurance policy forms of the American Land Title Association created between 1987 and late 2006 , contain coinsurance clauses . For partial losses , they require the insured carry a percentage of the risk of loss in two circumstances . The first is if the insured did not insure its title for at least 80 % of its market value at the time the policy was issued . In that case , the insurer will pay only 80 % of the loss . The second is if improvements constructed on the property after the policy is issued increase the property 's value by at least 20 % above the amount of the policy . In that case , the insurer will pay a percentage of the claim equal to the ratio of 120 % of the amount of insurance purchased divided by the sum of the amount of insurance and the cost of the improvements .",
"Coinsurance is also used among U.S. domestic title insurers in a manner similar to that described below for the international insurance market .",
"In some cases , including employer 's liability insurance , coinsurance percent denotes a function analogous to the copay function that it has in health insurance , in which the insured covers a certain percentage of the losses up to a certain level .",
"In business income interruption insurance , a type of time - element insurance , the coinsurance percent indicates how long the coverage will last , and can range from 50 % to 125 % . The former coinsurance allows for 6 months of coverage , compared to 15 months for 125 % .",
"In the international insurance market , coinsurance refers to the joint assumption of risk between various insurers .",
"Coinsurance is generally widely used in the European insurance market . In this context , a common insurance contract is used and the risk is shared based on percentages between the insurance companies . Often , one insurance company will lead . When leading the insurance company will be responsible for administering various aspects of the insurance policy , such as premium , any claims and the insurance documents . In this situation , a charge is levied ( termed lead office commission ) ."
] | Coinsurance - wikipedia Coinsurance Coinsurance in insurance , is the splitting or spreading of risk among multiple parties. Contents 1 In the United States 1.1 In health insurance 1.2 In property insurance 1.3 In title insurance 1.4 In other insurance 2 In Europe 3 See also 4 References 5 External links In the united states ( edit ) In the U.S. insurance market, co-insurance is the joint assumption of risk between the insurer and the insured . In title insurance , it also means the sharing of risks between two or more title insurance companies. In health insurance ( edit ) In health insurance , coinsurance is sometimes used synonymously with copayment , but copayment is fixed while the coinsurance is a percentage that the insurer pays after the insurance policy 's deductible is exceeded, up to the policy's stop loss . It can be expressed as a pair of percentages with the insurer's portion stated first, or just a single percentage showing what the insured pays. The percentage due from the insured can range up to 100% (100% meaning the insured pays all costs until reaching the out of pocket maximum). Once the insured's out-of-pocket expenses equal the stop loss the insurer will assume responsibility for 100% of any additional costs. 70-- 30, 80-- 20, and 90-- 10 insurer-insured coinsurance schemes are common, with stop loss limits of $1,000 to $3,000 after which the insurer covers all expenses. In property insurance ( edit ) Coinsurance is a penalty imposed on the insured by the insurance carrier for underreporting/declaring/insuring the value of the tangible property or business income. It also applies without a concealment for the insured to bear some sort of responsibility and thus reduce moral hazard. The penalty is based on a percentage stated within the policy and the amount underreported. As an example: A buildings replacement cost actually valued at $1,000,000 has an 80% coinsurance clause but is insured for only $750,000. Since its insured value is less than 80% of its replacement value, when it suffers a loss, the insurance payout will be subject to the underreporting penalty. For example, if it suffers a $200,000 loss, the insured would recover $750,000 ÷ (0.80 × 1,000,000) × 200,000 = $187,500 (less any deductible). In this example, the underreporting penalty would be $12,500. More generally, suppose a building with replacement cost R is insured for amount I , with a coinsurance requirement c , expressed as a number between 0 and 1 (e.g. 0.8 for an 80% coinsurance clause). If this building suffers a loss L , then the insurance payout (less deductibles) would be the smallest of the three amounts, L , I , and IL/(cR) . The first two alternatives reflect the fact that the payout will not exceed the loss nor the amount the building was insured for, while the last amount represents the intended action of the coinsurance requirement to penalize underreporting. The most commonly issued coinsurance percentage would be 80% but it can be as high as 100%, which would impose the greatest penalty for underreporting. For this reason, it is vital for values of the property to be accurately reported and updated annually to reflect inflation and other increases in cost... In title insurance ( edit ) Owner's title insurance policy forms of the American Land Title Association created between 1987 and late 2006, contain coinsurance clauses. For partial losses, they require the insured carry a percentage of the risk of loss in two circumstances. The first is if the insured did not insure its title for at least 80% of its market value at the time the policy was issued. In that case, the insurer will pay only 80% of the loss. The second is if improvements constructed on the property after the policy is issued increase the property's value by at least 20% above the amount of the policy. In that case, the insurer will pay a percentage of the claim equal to the ratio of 120% of the amount of insurance purchased divided by the sum of the amount of insurance and the cost of the improvements. Coinsurance is also used among U.S. domestic title insurers in a manner similar to that described below for the international insurance market. In other insurance ( edit ) In some cases, including employer's liability insurance, coinsurance percent denotes a function analogous to the copay function that it has in health insurance, in which the insured covers a certain percentage of the losses up to a certain level. In business income interruption insurance, a type of time-element insurance, the coinsurance percent indicates how long the coverage will last, and can range from 50% to 125%. The former coinsurance allows for 6 months of coverage, compared to 15 months for 125%. In europe ( edit ) In the international insurance market, coinsurance refers to the joint assumption of risk between various insurers . Coinsurance is generally widely used in the European insurance market. In this context, a common insurance contract is used and the risk is shared based on percentages between the insurance companies. Often, one insurance company will lead. When leading the insurance company will be responsible for administering various aspects of the insurance policy, such as premium, any claims and the insurance documents. In this situation, a charge is levied (termed lead office commission). See also ( edit ) Cost sharing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ What is the difference between coinsurance and copayment? . FreeAdvice . Jump up ^ University of Puget Sound. Benefits update. 2006 medical plan frequently asked questions. What is the difference between co-payments, coinsurance, and deductibles? Jump up ^ Health Plan Explained . FAQ Jump up ^ glossary . coinsurance Jump up ^ What Is Coinsurance? . Insurancelane. Jump up ^ See, for example, Conditions and Stipulations No. 7(b) of the 1992 ALTA Owner's Policy . Jump up ^ StudentCover. What is Coinsurance? Know more about Copayment/Copay . Jump up ^ Miller M, Garko M. (2008). Time Element Coverage . Jump up ^ Taking time out for time-element insurance . American Agent & Broker . External links ( edit ) Insurance to Value from the Casualty Actuarial Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Co-insurance&oldid=840194935 '' Categories : Insurance Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Қазақша Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 09:39 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | -7350037463838251 |
when does vanessa come back to gossip girl | Vanessa Abrams is a fictional character in the Gossip Girl ( novel series ) . She is portrayed by Jessica Szohr in Gossip Girl . Vanessa was introduced on the first season as a recurring character , but became series regular after a successful run due to the popularity of their character , but left the series at the end of the fourth season . | [
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"Vanessa Abrams Gossip Girl character Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams First appearance Novel : You Know You Love Me Television : `` The Handmaiden 's Tale '' ( episode 1.06 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Jessica Szohr Information Full name Vanessa Abrams Aliases V , Brooklyn , Documentary Girls Occupation Novels : Filmmaker High school student ( at Constance Billard ; graduated ) College student ( at New York ) Television : Filmmaker Waitress ( former ) CNN production intern ( formerly in Haiti ) Publicist College student ( at New York ; departed ) Family Arlo and Gabriella Abrams ( parents ) Ruby Abrams ( sister )",
"Vanessa Abrams",
"Gossip Girl character",
"Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams",
"First appearance Novel : You Know You Love Me Television : `` The Handmaiden 's Tale '' ( episode 1.06 )",
"Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 )",
"Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage",
"Portrayed by Jessica Szohr",
"Information",
"Full name Vanessa Abrams",
"Aliases V , Brooklyn , Documentary Girls",
"Occupation Novels : Filmmaker High school student ( at Constance Billard ; graduated ) College student ( at New York ) Television : Filmmaker Waitress ( former ) CNN production intern ( formerly in Haiti ) Publicist College student ( at New York ; departed )",
"Family Arlo and Gabriella Abrams ( parents ) Ruby Abrams ( sister )",
"Vanessa Abrams is a fictional character in the Gossip Girl ( novel series ) . She is portrayed by Jessica Szohr in Gossip Girl . Vanessa was introduced on the first season as a recurring character , but became series regular after a successful run due to the popularity of their character , but left the series at the end of the fourth season .",
"Described as sullen , with a shaved head and black clothing , Vanessa is a budding filmmaker and Constance student on scholarship . Her dream is to one day attend NYU and major in film . Her hippie artist parents live in Vermont but allowed her to move to Williamsburg , Brooklyn to live with her sister Ruby .",
"In the first books , she stays away from Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen 's social scene , resenting the Upper East Side way of life and preferring the company of Dan Humphrey , her best friend , and her sister Ruby . She has had a huge crush on Dan ever since they met on a fire escape when they were both locked out of a party , but Dan had always been too in love with Serena van der Woodsen to realize it . Dan and Vanessa finally get together in the second book , but break up when Dan cheats on her with a writer named Mystery .",
"Vanessa is very fond of making dark films and spends most of her time filming people and objects . She later becomes friends with Blair Waldorf , and they become short - lived roommates . She takes much from her , becoming more open to the Upper East Side way of life and later semi-adapting to Blair 's sense of fashion ( though she once quipped that she would not be wearing snakeskin Manolos anytime soon ) She begins a relationship with Aaron Rose , Blair 's stepbrother , only to cheat on him with Dan come graduation .",
"Dan and Vanessa once again become a couple , but with Vanessa taking a job as an assistant for Ken Mogul ( and later a babysitter ) and Dan cheating on her yet again with a leggy blond named Bree , they break up . Dan has a period of crisis when he thinks that he is gay after kissing a guy at work , but Vanessa stands by him . She agrees to move in with Rufus Humphrey ( having been kicked out of her apartment by her sister Ruby and her new fiance Piotr ) during the fall when she goes to NYU. Dan turns out to be straight , and they spend the time they have together before college being a real couple . In I Will Aways Love You , it was revealed that Vanessa grew her hair out .",
"After a recurring role in the short - lived series What About Brian , Yahoo ! stated her `` capitalizing on that minor success '' and eventually earned the role of `` the stunning and unpredictable aspiring filmmaker ensconced in the highly dramatic lives of privileged teenagers on Manhattan 's Upper East Side world '' . Szohr began her stint on Gossip Girl in a recurring role until her promotion to regular status in the show 's fourteenth episode . Szohr said in Nylon magazine : Producers originally did n't want to cast her on Gossip Girl because her straight , shiny hair was too preppy . `` I told my agent , you send every picture of my hair short , curly , black , blonde , I do n't care . '' In Teen Vogue she said the story of how she snagged her breakthrough role on Gossip Girl : `` Two of my friends in L.A. invited me to this Labor Day barbecue , but I really just wanted to stay on the couch with my French bulldog , '' she says . They kept calling , though , so off she went . `` I remember hanging out by the pool in an old T - shirt and jean shorts , just talking to people . Three days later , my manager calls to tell me that I 'd been with the show 's executive producer and one of the creators and they want me to audition . '' Less than a week after that , Jessica was on her way to New York . `` Nuts , '' she says .",
"Szohr 's character enters the wealthy world of Manhattan and occasional love interest of her longtime best friend , Dan Humphrey . People magazine cites her television portrayal of her character especially Ziegesar saying that Vanessa on the show `` has more of a bohemian hipster look '' . During an interview for Ocean Drive magazine Szohr commented on her character 's noted honesty , stating that `` Vanessa does n't change for other people . She says what she thinks , and that 's a hard thing to do in high school ( ... ) she 's just a badass girl from Brooklyn '' . Szohr finds her character as the most relatable series since Vanessa does n't have the same lifestyle as most of the other wealthy characters on the show do . During an interview for Vanity Fair , Eric Daman described Vanessa 's style as `` a breath of fresh air . She 's the Lower East Side , Raising Victor Vargas home - girl . '' and cited two - time Grammy award - winning artist M.I.A. as an influence .",
"Vanessa is officially introduced in the sixth episode of the season , entitled `` The Handmaiden 's Tale . '' While talking on the phone with Dan , she appears on his fire escape and the two gladly reunite . She announces that she 's decided to move back to the city and live with her sister , Ruby . She also mentions that she missed Dan while she was away and has repeatedly thought about the last words he said to her before she moved to Vermont . Vanessa helps Dan 's younger sister , Jenny Humphrey , sneak into a masquerade ball , and she decides to sneak in herself , where she spots Dan and attempts to reconcile their relationship . It is then revealed that Dan 's last words to Vanessa were `` I love you , '' but despite this fact , Dan says that he 's moved on and is dating Serena . Vanessa gets teary - eyed and abandons the party , however the two friends make up later in Dan 's bedroom . They share a snack while Dan fills her in on everything that 's changed in his life .",
"In `` Victor / Victrola , '' Vanessa acts as a mentor for Jenny , giving the young blond some advice about parental issues . She seems to express some jealousy when she stumbles in on Dan and Serena about to have sex . However , in the next episode , she and Serena bond over Guitar Hero after Dan explains that Vanessa is his best friend and that the two will always share a special bond from their childhood . Later , Serena and Vanessa engage in conversation and get to know each other better . On Christmas Day , Serena feels a bit jealous when Vanessa gets Dan the perfect present ( by publishing his short story in The New Yorker ) . Vanessa makes a rival out of Blair Waldorf when Blair suspects her of liking Dan as ' more than a friend . ' Despite her suspicions , Vanessa helps Serena create the only thing Dan wanted for Christmas -- snow .",
"In `` School Lies , '' Vanessa accompanies Dan to a pool party on school property . Someone nearly dies at the party , however , and when Vanessa catches a confidential conversation between Chuck and Blair on camera , it becomes the most sought - after item on the Upper East Side . Chuck tries to bribe Vanessa into giving her the tape , but she tricks him and takes his money anyway . When Blair asks for the tape , Vanessa concedes without any conditions attached . Despite this , Blair pays Vanessa 's rent for a year to thank her for giving up the tape , which would have ruined Blair 's reputation .",
"When the SATs roll around , Vanessa helps Dan with his studying . This leads to her official introduction to Nate Archibald . The two bicker and banter light - heartedly , but when Vanessa finds a practice essay Nate wrote for the SATs , she sees a more vulnerable side to him . The two spend the day together and Vanessa listens to his problems . Despite their coming from different worlds , they realize they have a lot in common and end the night with a kiss . The next day , Nate takes Vanessa on a ' surprise date ' where he tells her she should take the SATs just to ensure that she has options . He pays and registers for her , and after finally giving in , the two enter into a relationship . When she finds out that Georgina Sparks is not who she says she is , Vanessa confronts her and says she knows her real name , as well as her intentions . Despite this fact , Georgina escapes with Dan , who continues to believe the lies she tells him .",
"In the season finale , `` Much ' I Do About Nothing '' Vanessa prepares for Lily and Bart Bass 's wedding . Once she 's all dressed up in one of Jenny 's designs , Dan tells her that she ' cleans up nice , ' before the two proceed to the wedding together . After the ceremony , Nate , burdened by the myriad of problems with his father , tells Vanessa he 's not ready to be in a relationship , and the two break up . Later , Vanessa and Dan 's friendship grows as they bond over their break - ups .",
"Vanessa spends the summer redecorating Rufus 's art gallery and turning the extra space into a cafe . Nate confides in her the financial circumstances of his father 's debts and although the two seem interested in each other , Nate is continuously too busy to hang out with her . Vanessa pushes him away because of this , but he confesses that he does want a relationship with her . During a citywide blackout , however , the older woman Nate slept with throughout summer , Catherine , threatens to turn Nate 's father into the police if Nate ever leaves her . Vanessa sacrifices her relationship with Nate for the Captain 's safety and tells Nate she does n't want to be with him . Later , Vanessa snaps a photo of Catherine when she sees the older woman making out with her stepson , hoping to use it as blackmail . She learns the consequences of her meddling , however , when she realizes that telling Catherine 's husband of her affairs left Nate as penniless as ever , whereas Blair was going to gain back the Archibald 's riches . Nate becomes upset with Vanessa , not because she made him lose the money , but because she never confided in him .",
"Vanessa helps Jenny convince Rufus to let her do home - schooling . She further displays her charitable side by helping save the Brooklyn Inn from auction and petitioning for landmark status . When Blair refuses to cooperate with the charity , Vanessa blackmails her by using the photo of Catherine and Lord Marcus kissing , which , if exploited , would humiliate Blair . The Queen of Constance is therefore forced to comply , but conspires with Chuck to destroy Vanessa . The two intend to seduce and humiliate her . At Lily 's housewarming party , Vanessa witnesses the more vulnerable side of Chuck and the two bond briefly . She 's embarrassed , however , when she learns it was all Blair 's ploy , and turns her back on them both . During Jenny 's guerrilla fashion show , Vanessa spots Nate and Jenny kissing . She feels betrayed by both of them , since she still had feelings for Nate and since she and Jenny were such close friends . In turn , on Thanksgiving , Vanessa hides an important letter from Jenny . This letter was a confession of Nate 's feelings for Jenny and his desire to be with her . Not knowing about the letter that was kept from her , Jenny reconciles her friendship with Vanessa .",
"Around Christmastime , Vanessa and Nate repair their relationship , which they try to hide from Jenny . The blond discovers a picture of them kissing on Gossip Girl , however , and embarrasses Vanessa by giving her a see - through dress , which everyone mocks at the Snowflake Ball . A teary - eyed Vanessa runs off , leaving Nate to tell Jenny that he 's not the girl he thought she was . He chooses Vanessa and the two speed away in a taxi as a brokenhearted Jenny watches from afar . Vanessa tries not to interfere with Serena and Dan 's relationship , and instead celebrates her 2 - month anniversary with Nate at the opera , where the two happily kiss and mock the other theater - goers .",
"When the seniors of Constance Billiard and St. Jude 's are forced to put on a play , Nate worries that Vanessa is attracted to the play 's director , seeing as the two have so much in common . This leads to a heated argument between Vanessa and him , in which the two fight about their differences and insecurities . Later , Vanessa goes to Nate 's house and they make up , deciding to watch the Age of Innocence together .",
"Vanessa and Nate make plans to travel Europe together over summer break . Nate feels manipulated by his family to intern at the mayor 's office and Vanessa worries that he 's being controlled by his grandfather . Eventually , Nate decides he will intern for the mayor , which he announces in a speech . After hearing this , a disappointed Vanessa leaves the party . She goes over to the Humphreys , where she tells Jenny that her relationship with Nate might in fact be over .",
"A week later , Vanessa and Chuck see Blair and Nate hugging . The two then conspire to tear their friendship apart . Vanessa attempts to make Nate jealous by kissing Chuck at Jenny 's party , but when Nate and Blair appear unfazed , Vanessa and Chuck really do sleep together . In `` Southern Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , '' Vanessa and Dan play the drinking game I Never , in which she admits to sleeping with Chuck twice and regretting it both times . In the season finale , Vanessa and Nate catch up and become friends at the Constance - St. Jude 's Graduation . A week later , Nate tells her that the mayor hit on him , so he quit his internship . He and Vanessa reinstate their summer plans to go backpacking through Europe . The three unknowingly get to know Scott Rosson , the lovechild of Lily and Rufus . Afterwards , Dan receives a suspicious phone call from Georgina who tells both Vanessa and Dan that she 'll be seeing them at NYU next year .",
"It 's revealed that Vanessa did indeed spend her summer backpacking through Europe with Nate and the two had a fling one night , but remain good friends and nothing more . When she returns to New York , she gets to know Scott Ronsson , and develops a crush on him . When she discovers that Dan 's been living the high life thanks to the van der Woodsens and has been hiding it from her , she fights with him and eventually tells him that despite his wealth , he needs to be himself in order for her to be friends with him . Scott and Vanessa begin dating and Scott encourages Vanessa to stay friends with Dan . When Vanessa moves into her dorm at NYU , she realizes that she shares the hall with Blair Waldorf and Georgina Sparks . Vanessa and Georgina become friends after Vanessa forgives her for her past behavior , whereas Vanessa and Blair 's rivalry deepens . She grows suspicious of Scott and eventually discovers he is not a student at NYU . When she confronts him , he confesses that he 's Lily and Rufus ' son and she encourages him to tell them . Scott eventually tells Lily and Rufus the truth at their wedding and moves back to Boston , promising to come down and visit the now broken - hearted Vanessa .",
"Famous actress Olivia Burke becomes Vanessa 's new roommate , and the two become immediate friends . Olivia and Dan embark on a relationship , but when they have a threesome with Vanessa , the trio become awkward around each other , resulting in Vanessa and Olivia fighting over Dan . Once Olivia realizes that Dan 's true feelings lie with Vanessa , she breaks up with him and moves out of NYU to continue pursuing her acting career . Dan finally confessed his love for Vanessa , who becomes confused and tries to brush off the subject . Later , however , she admits that she loves him as well and that although she does n't want to ruin her friendship with him , she wants to explore these feelings , starting with being `` friends with benefits '' . The two finally begin their relationship .",
"Their relationship becomes problematic when Vanessa secretly applies to NYU 's program for writers , Tisch , which Dan has also applied for . Despite their competition , Vanessa is chosen by the program and although this causes further issues between the two , Dan eventually expresses pride in Vanessa . Later , however , their relationship hits another obstacle when Dan discovers that Vanessa has received an offer difficult to reject : to work in Haiti , assisting the disaster aid as well as filming for CNN . When Dan tells Vanessa he knows she 's been offered this position , she insists on not going and staying in the city with Dan to work on their relationship . Dan eventually convinces Vanessa to accept the offer , however , when he informs her that it 's a once in a lifetime opportunity . Thus , Vanessa says a tearful goodbye to Dan and leaves , the couple planning on engaging in a long - distance relationship .",
"In the finale , while Vanessa is still in Haiti , Nate sends her a Gossip Girl blast that includes a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together , implying that Dan has cheated on her .",
"Vanessa returns from Haiti to find Dan with Georgina . Suspecting a relationship between the two , Vanessa is shocked to discover that they are raising his son , Milo . Vanessa confronts Dan regarding Milo 's paternity and realizes that Dan has kept his son 's existence from his immediate family . Before Georgina leaves for an extended vacation , she answers a call from Vanessa , who tells her to pass a message to Dan that she will be there for him when he needs her . After meeting Juliet Sharp , Vanessa gets entangled in one of her schemes to break the love triangle between Dan , Nate and Serena , using Vanessa 's feelings for Dan to sway him away from Serena . Vanessa later finds out that Dan does not feel the same way about her after sex but Dan comes forward to her and professes his love . With Dan 's struggles in raising Milo increase , Vanessa offers her aid to raise him and moves in with him . Dan accepts but Georgina returns to take Milo from Dan . Vanessa unsuccessfully attempts to comfort Dan on losing his son but only succeeds in driving him towards Serena and avoid facing his problems . Dan lies about his whereabouts until Vanessa finds out that he will be arriving at a party with Serena . Realizing his mistake , Dan and Vanessa reconcile and resume their relationship . With Serena 's enrollment in Columbia , Gossip Girl spreads a blast implying that Serena has a sexually transmitted disease , causing Vanessa and Juliet to panic considering that their respective partners have a sexual history with Serena . Hoping to confirm on whether or not Dan had slept with Serena and if he still had residual feelings for her , Vanessa and Juliet steal Serena 's phone . Vanessa happily finds out that Dan loves her and discovers that Juliet was responsible for another blast against Serena , one stating that she was soliciting sex for grades . Fearing backlash against her , Juliet frames Vanessa for the blast , causing Vanessa to leave and effectively ending her relationship with Dan . In the aftermath of ruining Blair 's 20th birthday , Vanessa listens to Dan 's troubles , replying to his conclusion on the contagious scheming of the Upper East side by saying that they need rest and a good dose of Brooklyn .",
"Nate turns to Vanessa when he uncovers one of her lies and she accepts , knowing that helping Nate would clear her name . Distracting Juliet from returning to her apartment , Nate calls off their scheme when he finds out about Juliet 's background but Vanessa sneaked in , finding pictures of Serena kissing her college professor , Colin . Vanessa confronts Juliet , hoping to recruit her in vindicating her name and exposing Serena but Juliet declines her offer , unaware that Vanessa took the pictures with her .",
"Following Charlie 's mental breakdown at the Constance Billiard alumni party , Vanessa scouts out Dan 's apartment to look for her but instead finds a novel that Dan has been working on and reads it . When Dan calls her if she found Charlie , Vanessa pours out her admiration for Dan 's work and suggests that he publish it , further concluding that in the five years that he wrote the novel , she deduced Dan 's secret desire to be a part of the Upper East side , one that even surpasses Jenny 's from years ago . Dan had been reluctant to publish it , fearing backlash against his friends for writing a novel that satirizes them . Vanessa tells him to stop dropping everything for his friends and instead be a great person , stating that he was a better person before he met Serena . Dan angrily shoots back at her , saying that his life was better before she climbed into his fire escape years ago . Vanessa steals his manuscript and has it published . When asked where the money will be directed , Vanessa reveals that she will be living in Spain and that she 'll make sure the money goes to the right place .",
"Vanessa received an SMS which reveals that Dan was `` Gossip Girl '' . Her cameo was filmed on the set of the Sex and The City prequel , The Carrie Diaries ; the producers like to imagine that she was directing an episode .",
"Originally set for a four or five - episode guest appearance , Yahoo ! cites Szohr `` who so clicked with viewers that producers eventually added her to series regular status . '' Szohr 's performance even led her to making People magazine 's famous yearly list of its `` Most Beautiful People '' in 2008 . Szohr 's portrayal of Vanessa in the TV series has drawn criticism from Ziegesar , who claimed Vanessa is `` one character they ruined '' , in response to the show 's deviation from the novels where Vanessa is bald and often clothed in black . TV Guide named her one of TV 's Worst - Dressed Characters .",
"Isabelle Carreau of TV Squad brushed off initial fans ' dislike of the character when reviewing the second - season episode , The Dark Night , stating `` I 'm glad that , contrary to how most characters on GG react , Vanessa did n't scream , throw things , and pull hair when telling Nate how disappointed in him she is . Vanessa is not my favorite character , but she is slowly growing on me because of the calmness and maturity she can show . '' .",
"Regarding the direction of her character as the show progressed to its fourth season , Vanessa received negative reviews from critics . Mark O. Estes from Tv Overmind was displeased with her character inconsistency that she displayed on the fourth - season episode , Gaslit , stating `` even I ca n't speak up for her throwing Jenny under the bus the way she did . '' and further expressed disappointment that the show 's writers are catering to fans ' negative reception of Vanessa . TV Guide heavily panned the character , describing her direction `` from a borderline interesting counterpoint to all the glamour of her surroundings to a sniveling buttinsky with nothing better to do than meddle for the sole sake of spoiling everyone 's fun . '' , laying out the possibility of her character leaving or becoming a villain . On May 9 , 2011 , it was announced that Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr would not be back as series regulars for the fifth season of the show , although both have been invited back as guest stars . Szohr left the show after discussing with producers on the direction of her character , having felt that her portrayal of Vanessa had run its course . `` I had so much fun and I made friends I 'll have for a lifetime and it was so great to work in the city , but I got the most I could out of Vanessa . ''"
] | Vanessa Abrams - wikipedia Vanessa Abrams Jump to: navigation , search Vanessa Abrams Gossip Girl character Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams First appearance Novel: You Know You Love Me Television: `` The Handmaiden's Tale '' (episode 1.06) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television: `` New York, I Love You XOXO '' (episode 6.10) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Jessica Szohr Information Full name Vanessa Abrams Aliases V, Brooklyn, Documentary Girls Occupation Novels : Filmmaker High school student (at Constance Billard; graduated) College student (at New York ) Television : Filmmaker Waitress (former) CNN production intern (formerly in Haiti ) Publicist College student (at New York ; departed) Family Arlo and Gabriella Abrams (parents) Ruby Abrams (sister) Vanessa Abrams is a fictional character in the Gossip Girl (novel series) . She is portrayed by Jessica Szohr in Gossip Girl . Vanessa was introduced on the first season as a recurring character, but became series regular after a successful run due to the popularity of their character, but left the series at the end of the fourth season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 Television series 2.1 Casting 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Season 1 2.4 Season 2 2.5 Season 3 2.6 Season 4 2.7 Season 6 3 Reception 4 References Novel series ( edit ) Described as sullen, with a shaved head and black clothing, Vanessa is a budding filmmaker and Constance student on scholarship. Her dream is to one day attend NYU and major in film. Her hippie artist parents live in Vermont but allowed her to move to Williamsburg, Brooklyn to live with her sister Ruby. In the first books, she stays away from Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen 's social scene, resenting the Upper East Side way of life and preferring the company of Dan Humphrey , her best friend, and her sister Ruby. She has had a huge crush on Dan ever since they met on a fire escape when they were both locked out of a party, but Dan had always been too in love with Serena van der Woodsen to realize it. Dan and Vanessa finally get together in the second book, but break up when Dan cheats on her with a writer named Mystery. Vanessa is very fond of making dark films and spends most of her time filming people and objects. She later becomes friends with Blair Waldorf, and they become short-lived roommates. She takes much from her, becoming more open to the Upper East Side way of life and later semi-adapting to Blair's sense of fashion (though she once quipped that she would not be wearing snakeskin Manolos anytime soon) She begins a relationship with Aaron Rose, Blair's stepbrother, only to cheat on him with Dan come graduation. Dan and Vanessa once again become a couple, but with Vanessa taking a job as an assistant for Ken Mogul (and later a babysitter) and Dan cheating on her yet again with a leggy blond named Bree, they break up. Dan has a period of crisis when he thinks that he is gay after kissing a guy at work, but Vanessa stands by him. She agrees to move in with Rufus Humphrey (having been kicked out of her apartment by her sister Ruby and her new fiance Piotr) during the fall when she goes to NYU. Dan turns out to be straight, and they spend the time they have together before college being a real couple. In I Will Aways Love You , it was revealed that Vanessa grew her hair out. Television series ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) After a recurring role in the short-lived series What About Brian , Yahoo! stated her `` capitalizing on that minor success'' and eventually earned the role of `` the stunning and unpredictable aspiring filmmaker ensconced in the highly dramatic lives of privileged teenagers on Manhattan's Upper East Side world'' . Szohr began her stint on Gossip Girl in a recurring role until her promotion to regular status in the show's fourteenth episode. Szohr said in Nylon magazine: Producers originally didn't want to cast her on Gossip Girl because her straight, shiny hair was too preppy. `` I told my agent, you send every picture of my hair short, curly, black, blonde, I don't care.'' In Teen Vogue she said the story of how she snagged her breakthrough role on Gossip Girl: `` Two of my friends in L.A. invited me to this Labor Day barbecue, but I really just wanted to stay on the couch with my French bulldog,'' she says. They kept calling, though, so off she went. `` I remember hanging out by the pool in an old T-shirt and jean shorts, just talking to people. Three days later, my manager calls to tell me that I'd been with the show's executive producer and one of the creators and they want me to audition.'' Less than a week after that, Jessica was on her way to New York. `` Nuts,'' she says. Characterization ( edit ) Szohr's character enters the wealthy world of Manhattan and occasional love interest of her longtime best friend, Dan Humphrey. People magazine cites her television portrayal of her character especially Ziegesar saying that Vanessa on the show `` has more of a bohemian hipster look'' . During an interview for Ocean Drive magazine Szohr commented on her character's noted honesty, stating that `` Vanessa doesn't change for other people. She says what she thinks, and that's a hard thing to do in high school(...) she's just a badass girl from Brooklyn'' . Szohr finds her character as the most relatable series since Vanessa doesn't have the same lifestyle as most of the other wealthy characters on the show do. During an interview for Vanity Fair , Eric Daman described Vanessa's style as `` a breath of fresh air. She's the Lower East Side , Raising Victor Vargas home-girl.'' and cited two-time Grammy award-winning artist M.I.A. as an influence. Season 1 ( edit ) Vanessa is officially introduced in the sixth episode of the season, entitled `` The Handmaiden's Tale.'' While talking on the phone with Dan, she appears on his fire escape and the two gladly reunite. She announces that she's decided to move back to the city and live with her sister, Ruby. She also mentions that she missed Dan while she was away and has repeatedly thought about the last words he said to her before she moved to Vermont. Vanessa helps Dan's younger sister, Jenny Humphrey, sneak into a masquerade ball, and she decides to sneak in herself, where she spots Dan and attempts to reconcile their relationship. It is then revealed that Dan's last words to Vanessa were `` I love you,'' but despite this fact, Dan says that he's moved on and is dating Serena. Vanessa gets teary-eyed and abandons the party, however the two friends make up later in Dan's bedroom. They share a snack while Dan fills her in on everything that's changed in his life. In `` Victor/Victrola,'' Vanessa acts as a mentor for Jenny, giving the young blond some advice about parental issues. She seems to express some jealousy when she stumbles in on Dan and Serena about to have sex. However, in the next episode, she and Serena bond over Guitar Hero after Dan explains that Vanessa is his best friend and that the two will always share a special bond from their childhood. Later, Serena and Vanessa engage in conversation and get to know each other better. On Christmas Day, Serena feels a bit jealous when Vanessa gets Dan the perfect present (by publishing his short story in The New Yorker ). Vanessa makes a rival out of Blair Waldorf when Blair suspects her of liking Dan as ' more than a friend.' Despite her suspicions, Vanessa helps Serena create the only thing Dan wanted for Christmas -- snow. In `` School Lies,'' Vanessa accompanies Dan to a pool party on school property. Someone nearly dies at the party, however, and when Vanessa catches a confidential conversation between Chuck and Blair on camera, it becomes the most sought-after item on the Upper East Side. Chuck tries to bribe Vanessa into giving her the tape, but she tricks him and takes his money anyway. When Blair asks for the tape, Vanessa concedes without any conditions attached. Despite this, Blair pays Vanessa's rent for a year to thank her for giving up the tape, which would have ruined Blair's reputation. When the SATs roll around, Vanessa helps Dan with his studying. This leads to her official introduction to Nate Archibald. The two bicker and banter light-heartedly, but when Vanessa finds a practice essay Nate wrote for the SATs, she sees a more vulnerable side to him. The two spend the day together and Vanessa listens to his problems. Despite their coming from different worlds, they realize they have a lot in common and end the night with a kiss. The next day, Nate takes Vanessa on a ' surprise date' where he tells her she should take the SATs just to ensure that she has options. He pays and registers for her, and after finally giving in, the two enter into a relationship. When she finds out that Georgina Sparks is not who she says she is, Vanessa confronts her and says she knows her real name, as well as her intentions. Despite this fact, Georgina escapes with Dan, who continues to believe the lies she tells him. In the season finale, `` Much ' I Do About Nothing'' Vanessa prepares for Lily and Bart Bass's wedding. Once she's all dressed up in one of Jenny's designs, Dan tells her that she ' cleans up nice,' before the two proceed to the wedding together. After the ceremony, Nate, burdened by the myriad of problems with his father, tells Vanessa he's not ready to be in a relationship, and the two break up. Later, Vanessa and Dan's friendship grows as they bond over their break-ups. Season 2 ( edit ) Vanessa spends the summer redecorating Rufus's art gallery and turning the extra space into a cafe. Nate confides in her the financial circumstances of his father's debts and although the two seem interested in each other, Nate is continuously too busy to hang out with her. Vanessa pushes him away because of this, but he confesses that he does want a relationship with her. During a citywide blackout, however, the older woman Nate slept with throughout summer, Catherine, threatens to turn Nate's father into the police if Nate ever leaves her. Vanessa sacrifices her relationship with Nate for the Captain's safety and tells Nate she doesn't want to be with him. Later, Vanessa snaps a photo of Catherine when she sees the older woman making out with her stepson, hoping to use it as blackmail. She learns the consequences of her meddling, however, when she realizes that telling Catherine's husband of her affairs left Nate as penniless as ever, whereas Blair was going to gain back the Archibald's riches. Nate becomes upset with Vanessa, not because she made him lose the money, but because she never confided in him. Vanessa helps Jenny convince Rufus to let her do home-schooling. She further displays her charitable side by helping save the Brooklyn Inn from auction and petitioning for landmark status. When Blair refuses to cooperate with the charity, Vanessa blackmails her by using the photo of Catherine and Lord Marcus kissing, which, if exploited, would humiliate Blair. The Queen of Constance is therefore forced to comply, but conspires with Chuck to destroy Vanessa. The two intend to seduce and humiliate her. At Lily's housewarming party, Vanessa witnesses the more vulnerable side of Chuck and the two bond briefly. She's embarrassed, however, when she learns it was all Blair's ploy, and turns her back on them both. During Jenny's guerrilla fashion show, Vanessa spots Nate and Jenny kissing. She feels betrayed by both of them, since she still had feelings for Nate and since she and Jenny were such close friends. In turn, on Thanksgiving, Vanessa hides an important letter from Jenny. This letter was a confession of Nate's feelings for Jenny and his desire to be with her. Not knowing about the letter that was kept from her, Jenny reconciles her friendship with Vanessa. Around Christmastime, Vanessa and Nate repair their relationship, which they try to hide from Jenny. The blond discovers a picture of them kissing on Gossip Girl, however, and embarrasses Vanessa by giving her a see-through dress, which everyone mocks at the Snowflake Ball. A teary-eyed Vanessa runs off, leaving Nate to tell Jenny that he's not the girl he thought she was. He chooses Vanessa and the two speed away in a taxi as a brokenhearted Jenny watches from afar. Vanessa tries not to interfere with Serena and Dan's relationship, and instead celebrates her 2-month anniversary with Nate at the opera, where the two happily kiss and mock the other theater-goers. When the seniors of Constance Billiard and St. Jude's are forced to put on a play, Nate worries that Vanessa is attracted to the play's director, seeing as the two have so much in common. This leads to a heated argument between Vanessa and him, in which the two fight about their differences and insecurities. Later, Vanessa goes to Nate's house and they make up, deciding to watch the Age of Innocence together. Vanessa and Nate make plans to travel Europe together over summer break. Nate feels manipulated by his family to intern at the mayor's office and Vanessa worries that he's being controlled by his grandfather. Eventually, Nate decides he will intern for the mayor, which he announces in a speech. After hearing this, a disappointed Vanessa leaves the party. She goes over to the Humphreys, where she tells Jenny that her relationship with Nate might in fact be over. A week later, Vanessa and Chuck see Blair and Nate hugging. The two then conspire to tear their friendship apart. Vanessa attempts to make Nate jealous by kissing Chuck at Jenny's party, but when Nate and Blair appear unfazed, Vanessa and Chuck really do sleep together. In `` Southern Gentlemen Prefer Blondes,'' Vanessa and Dan play the drinking game I Never, in which she admits to sleeping with Chuck twice and regretting it both times. In the season finale, Vanessa and Nate catch up and become friends at the Constance-St. Jude's Graduation. A week later, Nate tells her that the mayor hit on him, so he quit his internship. He and Vanessa reinstate their summer plans to go backpacking through Europe. The three unknowingly get to know Scott Rosson, the lovechild of Lily and Rufus. Afterwards, Dan receives a suspicious phone call from Georgina who tells both Vanessa and Dan that she'll be seeing them at NYU next year. Season 3 ( edit ) It's revealed that Vanessa did indeed spend her summer backpacking through Europe with Nate and the two had a fling one night, but remain good friends and nothing more. When she returns to New York, she gets to know Scott Ronsson, and develops a crush on him. When she discovers that Dan's been living the high life thanks to the van der Woodsens and has been hiding it from her, she fights with him and eventually tells him that despite his wealth, he needs to be himself in order for her to be friends with him. Scott and Vanessa begin dating and Scott encourages Vanessa to stay friends with Dan. When Vanessa moves into her dorm at NYU, she realizes that she shares the hall with Blair Waldorf and Georgina Sparks. Vanessa and Georgina become friends after Vanessa forgives her for her past behavior, whereas Vanessa and Blair's rivalry deepens. She grows suspicious of Scott and eventually discovers he is not a student at NYU. When she confronts him, he confesses that he's Lily and Rufus' son and she encourages him to tell them. Scott eventually tells Lily and Rufus the truth at their wedding and moves back to Boston, promising to come down and visit the now broken-hearted Vanessa. Famous actress Olivia Burke becomes Vanessa's new roommate, and the two become immediate friends. Olivia and Dan embark on a relationship, but when they have a threesome with Vanessa, the trio become awkward around each other, resulting in Vanessa and Olivia fighting over Dan. Once Olivia realizes that Dan's true feelings lie with Vanessa, she breaks up with him and moves out of NYU to continue pursuing her acting career. Dan finally confessed his love for Vanessa, who becomes confused and tries to brush off the subject. Later, however, she admits that she loves him as well and that although she doesn't want to ruin her friendship with him, she wants to explore these feelings, starting with being `` friends with benefits'' . The two finally begin their relationship. Their relationship becomes problematic when Vanessa secretly applies to NYU's program for writers, Tisch, which Dan has also applied for. Despite their competition, Vanessa is chosen by the program and although this causes further issues between the two, Dan eventually expresses pride in Vanessa. Later, however, their relationship hits another obstacle when Dan discovers that Vanessa has received an offer difficult to reject: to work in Haiti, assisting the disaster aid as well as filming for CNN. When Dan tells Vanessa he knows she's been offered this position, she insists on not going and staying in the city with Dan to work on their relationship. Dan eventually convinces Vanessa to accept the offer, however, when he informs her that it's a once in a lifetime opportunity. Thus, Vanessa says a tearful goodbye to Dan and leaves, the couple planning on engaging in a long-distance relationship. In the finale, while Vanessa is still in Haiti, Nate sends her a Gossip Girl blast that includes a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together, implying that Dan has cheated on her. Season 4 ( edit ) Vanessa returns from Haiti to find Dan with Georgina. Suspecting a relationship between the two, Vanessa is shocked to discover that they are raising his son, Milo. Vanessa confronts Dan regarding Milo's paternity and realizes that Dan has kept his son's existence from his immediate family. Before Georgina leaves for an extended vacation, she answers a call from Vanessa, who tells her to pass a message to Dan that she will be there for him when he needs her. After meeting Juliet Sharp, Vanessa gets entangled in one of her schemes to break the love triangle between Dan, Nate and Serena, using Vanessa's feelings for Dan to sway him away from Serena. Vanessa later finds out that Dan does not feel the same way about her after sex but Dan comes forward to her and professes his love. With Dan's struggles in raising Milo increase, Vanessa offers her aid to raise him and moves in with him. Dan accepts but Georgina returns to take Milo from Dan. Vanessa unsuccessfully attempts to comfort Dan on losing his son but only succeeds in driving him towards Serena and avoid facing his problems. Dan lies about his whereabouts until Vanessa finds out that he will be arriving at a party with Serena. Realizing his mistake, Dan and Vanessa reconcile and resume their relationship. With Serena's enrollment in Columbia, Gossip Girl spreads a blast implying that Serena has a sexually transmitted disease, causing Vanessa and Juliet to panic considering that their respective partners have a sexual history with Serena. Hoping to confirm on whether or not Dan had slept with Serena and if he still had residual feelings for her, Vanessa and Juliet steal Serena's phone. Vanessa happily finds out that Dan loves her and discovers that Juliet was responsible for another blast against Serena, one stating that she was soliciting sex for grades. Fearing backlash against her, Juliet frames Vanessa for the blast, causing Vanessa to leave and effectively ending her relationship with Dan. In the aftermath of ruining Blair's 20th birthday, Vanessa listens to Dan's troubles, replying to his conclusion on the contagious scheming of the Upper East side by saying that they need rest and a good dose of Brooklyn. Nate turns to Vanessa when he uncovers one of her lies and she accepts, knowing that helping Nate would clear her name. Distracting Juliet from returning to her apartment, Nate calls off their scheme when he finds out about Juliet's background but Vanessa sneaked in, finding pictures of Serena kissing her college professor, Colin. Vanessa confronts Juliet, hoping to recruit her in vindicating her name and exposing Serena but Juliet declines her offer, unaware that Vanessa took the pictures with her. Following Charlie's mental breakdown at the Constance Billiard alumni party, Vanessa scouts out Dan's apartment to look for her but instead finds a novel that Dan has been working on and reads it. When Dan calls her if she found Charlie, Vanessa pours out her admiration for Dan's work and suggests that he publish it, further concluding that in the five years that he wrote the novel, she deduced Dan's secret desire to be a part of the Upper East side, one that even surpasses Jenny's from years ago. Dan had been reluctant to publish it, fearing backlash against his friends for writing a novel that satirizes them. Vanessa tells him to stop dropping everything for his friends and instead be a great person, stating that he was a better person before he met Serena. Dan angrily shoots back at her, saying that his life was better before she climbed into his fire escape years ago. Vanessa steals his manuscript and has it published. When asked where the money will be directed, Vanessa reveals that she will be living in Spain and that she'll make sure the money goes to the right place. Season 6 ( edit ) Vanessa received an SMS which reveals that Dan was `` Gossip Girl'' . Her cameo was filmed on the set of the Sex and The City prequel , The Carrie Diaries ; the producers like to imagine that she was directing an episode. Reception ( edit ) Originally set for a four or five-episode guest appearance, Yahoo! cites Szohr `` who so clicked with viewers that producers eventually added her to series regular status.'' Szohr's performance even led her to making People magazine's famous yearly list of its `` Most Beautiful People'' in 2008. Szohr's portrayal of Vanessa in the TV series has drawn criticism from Ziegesar, who claimed Vanessa is `` one character they ruined'' , in response to the show's deviation from the novels where Vanessa is bald and often clothed in black. TV Guide named her one of TV's Worst-Dressed Characters. Isabelle Carreau of TV Squad brushed off initial fans' dislike of the character when reviewing the second-season episode, The Dark Night , stating `` I'm glad that, contrary to how most characters on GG react, Vanessa didn't scream, throw things, and pull hair when telling Nate how disappointed in him she is. Vanessa is not my favorite character, but she is slowly growing on me because of the calmness and maturity she can show.'' . Regarding the direction of her character as the show progressed to its fourth season, Vanessa received negative reviews from critics. Mark O. Estes from Tv Overmind was displeased with her character inconsistency that she displayed on the fourth-season episode, Gaslit , stating `` even I can't speak up for her throwing Jenny under the bus the way she did.'' and further expressed disappointment that the show's writers are catering to fans' negative reception of Vanessa. TV Guide heavily panned the character, describing her direction `` from a borderline interesting counterpoint to all the glamour of her surroundings to a sniveling buttinsky with nothing better to do than meddle for the sole sake of spoiling everyone's fun.'' , laying out the possibility of her character leaving or becoming a villain. On May 9, 2011, it was announced that Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr would not be back as series regulars for the fifth season of the show, although both have been invited back as guest stars. Szohr left the show after discussing with producers on the direction of her character, having felt that her portrayal of Vanessa had run its course. `` I had so much fun and I made friends I'll have for a lifetime and it was so great to work in the city, but I got the most I could out of Vanessa.'' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Jessica Szohr -- Yahoo! TV'' . January 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 16, 2007). `` Exclusive Girl Gossip: Brian Babe Joins Cast!'' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2010-09-03 . Jump up ^ Byrne, Fiona (November 20, 2007). `` The Night We Met Vanessa From ' Gossip Girl' and Didn't Kill Her'' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010-10-25 . ^ Jump up to: Tapper, Christina (January 8, 2011). `` Gossip Girl Author Loves the Show, Hates Vanessa'' . People . Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Jump up ^ `` Szohr's High School ' Very Different' From ' Gossip Girl' World'' . AOL News . Retrieved 2010-08-20 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome Back, Gossip Girl'' . Vanity Fair . March 17, 2011. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Jump up ^ http://uk.eonline.com/news/372400/gossip-girl-finale-dan-was-almost-revealed-in-episode-1-and-more-surprises-you-didn-t-know Jump up ^ `` TV's Worst-Dressed Characters'' . TV Guide . February 27, 2013 . Retrieved April 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Carreau, Isabelle (September 15, 2008). `` Gossip Girl: The Dark Night'' . TV Squad . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gossip Girl 4.10 `` Gaslit'' Review/Recap . TV Overmind. December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2011. Jump up ^ Holbrook, Damian (April 26, 2011). `` Watercooler: Gossip Girl's Vanessa Needs to Go!'' . Retrieved April 30, 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 9, 2011). `` Gossip Girl Exclusive: Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr Not Returning For Season 5'' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Gibson, Cristina (June 28, 2011). `` Jessica Szohr on Leaving Gossip Girl: `` I'm Ready for a Change '' `` . E! Online . ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor, Victrola '' `` Hi, Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer, Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango, Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes, Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York, I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl: Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl: Thailand The Transcenders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Abrams&oldid=801657114 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional college students Fictional poets Fictional bullies Fictional directors Teenage characters in television Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017, at 01:04. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8841454271448877418 |
where did the custom of tipping your hat come from | In Western societies of the 19th and early 20th centuries , a hat tip was a common non-verbal greeting between friends or acquaintances while walking or meeting at a social gathering . Typically , two men ( female hat tipping was rare ) would lift or tip their hats to each other , rather than exchange words of greeting . Where the ritual was used to emphasize social distance , the subordinate was obliged to make the more elaborate gesture , for example fully removing his hat while the superior merely touched his . The military hand salute is thought to have originated as a stylized hat tip ; while the civilian may return a salute via a hat tip . In its modern use , the hat tip has been replaced by the nod as a manner of respect . If one man gives another the nod , he should return in kind with either the casual nod up or the formal nod down . | [
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"A hat tip is an act of tipping or ( especially in British English ) doffing one 's hat as a cultural expression of recognition , respect , gratitude , or simple salutation and acknowledgement between two persons .",
"In Western societies of the 19th and early 20th centuries , a hat tip was a common non-verbal greeting between friends or acquaintances while walking or meeting at a social gathering . Typically , two men ( female hat tipping was rare ) would lift or tip their hats to each other , rather than exchange words of greeting . Where the ritual was used to emphasize social distance , the subordinate was obliged to make the more elaborate gesture , for example fully removing his hat while the superior merely touched his . The military hand salute is thought to have originated as a stylized hat tip ; while the civilian may return a salute via a hat tip . In its modern use , the hat tip has been replaced by the nod as a manner of respect . If one man gives another the nod , he should return in kind with either the casual nod up or the formal nod down .",
"Erving Goffman emphasized the role of hat - tipping as a means of closing encounters between male and female , and restoring both parties thereby to a state of civil inattention . He also suggested that the hat tip was used for greeting a stranger , whereas the equivalent greeting for an acquaintance was the bow .",
"In Desmond Morris 's terms , the hat tip is a modification of a ( symbolic ) submissive posture -- lowering the body height by removing the hat -- a `` token token '' .",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"In 1929 , syndicated cartoonist Jimmy Hatlo started thanking readers who suggested a funny idea for a strip with the phrase `` Thanx and a tip of the Hatlo hat to ( name ) '' at the bottom of his comic strip panel They 'll Do It Every Time . He continued drawing the hat tip box in the strip until his death in 1963 .",
"In the 2000s , the term `` hat tip '' ( often abbreviated to `` HT '' , `` H / T '' or `` h / t '' ) rose to prominence in the blogosphere to acknowledge someone who has made a significant contribution toward an effort , or someone who drew attention to something new or interesting . It is considered good netiquette when sharing a link or news item to give a hat tip to the person from whom you learned of the item . The on - line versions of the Wall Street Journal and The New York Times regularly give hat tips to users who bring ideas for articles to their attention ."
] | Hat tip - wikipedia Hat tip A tip o' the hat (US President Calvin Coolidge , 1924). A hat tip is an act of tipping or (especially in British English ) doffing one's hat as a cultural expression of recognition, respect , gratitude , or simple salutation and acknowledgement between two persons. Contents 1 Traditional 2 Metaphor 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Traditional ( edit ) In Western societies of the 19th and early 20th centuries, a hat tip was a common non-verbal greeting between friends or acquaintances while walking or meeting at a social gathering. Typically, two men (female hat tipping was rare) would lift or tip their hats to each other, rather than exchange words of greeting. Where the ritual was used to emphasize social distance , the subordinate was obliged to make the more elaborate gesture, for example fully removing his hat while the superior merely touched his. The military hand salute is thought to have originated as a stylized hat tip; while the civilian may return a salute via a hat tip. In its modern use, the hat tip has been replaced by the nod as a manner of respect. If one man gives another the nod, he should return in kind with either the casual nod up or the formal nod down. Erving Goffman emphasized the role of hat-tipping as a means of closing encounters between male and female, and restoring both parties thereby to a state of civil inattention . He also suggested that the hat tip was used for greeting a stranger, whereas the equivalent greeting for an acquaintance was the bow. In Desmond Morris 's terms, the hat tip is a modification of a (symbolic) submissive posture -- lowering the body height by removing the hat -- a `` token token'' . Metaphor ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (November 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1929, syndicated cartoonist Jimmy Hatlo started thanking readers who suggested a funny idea for a strip with the phrase `` Thanx and a tip of the Hatlo hat to (name)'' at the bottom of his comic strip panel They'll Do It Every Time . He continued drawing the hat tip box in the strip until his death in 1963. In the 2000s, the term `` hat tip'' (often abbreviated to `` HT'' , `` H/T'' or `` h/t'' ) rose to prominence in the blogosphere to acknowledge someone who has made a significant contribution toward an effort, or someone who drew attention to something new or interesting. It is considered good netiquette when sharing a link or news item to give a hat tip to the person from whom you learned of the item. The on-line versions of the Wall Street Journal and The New York Times regularly give hat tips to users who bring ideas for articles to their attention. See also ( edit ) Emily Post Etiquette Ethology Forms of greeting Gesture List of gestures Respect References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oretha D. Swartz, Service Etiquett (1988) p. 473 Jump up ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 121 Jump up ^ Goffman, p. 121n Jump up ^ Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape Trilogy (1994) p. 110 Jump up ^ Desmond Morris, Manwatching (1987) p. 144 Jump up ^ `` How to steal an extra slice of pizza without anyone noticing'' . Newstalk . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Price, Courtney (15 July 2015). `` Netiquette: Pointers for Social Media Users and Bloggers'' . TheHuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Emily Post, Etiquette (1937) J. Willeblood, The Polite World (1973) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hat tipping . Hat Etiquette for Men by Marian T Hovat, traditioninaction.org How to tip your hat to someone at Wikihow.com An example of a Wall Street Journal article with a hat tip noted to a user New York Times sports writer Dave Anderson tips his hat to admirable people in sports Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Añjali Mudrā Bow Curtsy Gadaw Genuflection Hand-kiss Kowtow Kuji-in Mano Mudra Namaste Pranāma Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three-finger salute Two-finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger-counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb/index-finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Awkward turtle Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand-in-waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Merkel diamond Pointing Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language Surya Namaskara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hat_tip&oldid=841200843 '' Categories : Gestures Greetings Gestures of respect Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 15:45 (UTC) . 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where were st. bernards utilized as rescue dogs in mountains | The St. Bernard or St Bernard ( UK : / ˈbɜːrnərd / , US : / bərˈnɑːrd / ) is a breed of very large working dog from the western Alps . They were originally bred for rescue at the Great St Bernard Pass on the Italian - Swiss border , and Little St Bernard Pass in the Italian - French border , located close to one another . The two hospices were built and run by the same monk brotherhood . The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues , as well as for its enormous size . | [
[
"the Great St Bernard Pass on the Italian-Swiss border",
"Little St Bernard Pass in the Italian-French border"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"St. Bernard St. Bernard Other names St. Bernhardshund Bernhardiner Alpine Mastiff ( archaic ) Common nicknames Saint Origin Italy Switzerland France ( standard held in Switzerland ) hide Classification / standards FCI Group 2 , Section 2.2 Molossian : Mountain type # 61 standard AKC Working Group standard ANKC Utility Group standard CKC Working Group standard KC ( UK ) Working Group standard NZKC Utility standard UKC Guardian Dog standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris )",
"St. Bernard",
"Other names St. Bernhardshund Bernhardiner Alpine Mastiff ( archaic )",
"Common nicknames Saint",
"Origin Italy Switzerland France ( standard held in Switzerland )",
"hide Classification / standards FCI Group 2 , Section 2.2 Molossian : Mountain type # 61 standard AKC Working Group standard ANKC Utility Group standard CKC Working Group standard KC ( UK ) Working Group standard NZKC Utility standard UKC Guardian Dog standard",
"hide Classification / standards FCI Group 2 , Section 2.2 Molossian : Mountain type # 61 standard AKC Working Group standard ANKC Utility Group standard CKC Working Group standard KC ( UK ) Working Group standard NZKC Utility standard UKC Guardian Dog standard",
"hide Classification / standards",
"FCI Group 2 , Section 2.2 Molossian : Mountain type # 61 standard",
"AKC Working Group standard",
"ANKC Utility Group standard",
"CKC Working Group standard",
"KC ( UK ) Working Group standard",
"NZKC Utility standard",
"UKC Guardian Dog standard",
"Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris )",
"The St. Bernard or St Bernard ( UK : / ˈbɜːrnərd / , US : / bərˈnɑːrd / ) is a breed of very large working dog from the western Alps . They were originally bred for rescue at the Great St Bernard Pass on the Italian - Swiss border , and Little St Bernard Pass in the Italian - French border , located close to one another . The two hospices were built and run by the same monk brotherhood . The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues , as well as for its enormous size .",
"The St. Bernard is a giant dog . The average weight of the breed is between 65 and 120 kg ( 140 and 260 lb ) or more , and the approximate height at the withers is 70 to 90 cm ( 28 to 35 in ) .",
"The coat can be either smooth or rough ; the smooth coat being close and flat while the rough is dense , flat , and more profuse around the neck and legs . The colour is typically a red shade with white , or a mahogany brindle with white . Black shading is usually found on the face and ears .",
"The tail is long and heavy , hanging low .",
"Eyes are usually brown , but sometimes can be icy blue , and should have naturally tight lids , with haws only slightly visible .",
"The ancestors of the St. Bernard share a history with the Sennenhunds . The St. Bernard , also called Alpine Mountain Dogs or Alpine Cattle Dogs , are the large farm dogs of the farmers and dairymen of most notably the French Alps , livestock guardians , herding dogs , and draft dogs as well as hunting dogs , search and rescue dogs , and watchdogs . These dogs are thought to be descendants of molosser type dogs brought into the Alps by the ancient Romans , and the St. Bernard is recognized internationally today as one of the Molossoid breeds .",
"The earliest written records of the St. Bernard breed are from monks at the Great St Bernard Hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass in 1707 , with paintings and drawings of the dog dating even earlier . The most famous St. Bernard to save people at the pass was Barry ( sometimes spelled Berry ) , who reportedly saved somewhere between 40 and 100 lives . There is a monument to Barry in the Cimetière des Chiens , and his body was preserved in the Natural History Museum in Berne . Another famous dog was Rutor , the faithful companion of the priest Pierre Chanoux , who was named after the peak Tête du Rutor located above the Little St Bernard pass . The classic St. Bernard looked very different from the St. Bernard of today because of cross-breeding . Severe winters from 1816 to 1818 led to increased numbers of avalanches , killing many of the dogs used for breeding while they were performing rescues . In an attempt to preserve the breed , the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s , and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down .",
"The dogs never received any special training from the monks . Instead , younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs .",
"The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded in Basel on 15 March 1884 . The St. Bernard was the very first breed entered into the Swiss Stud Book in 1884 , and the breed standard was finally approved in 1888 . Since then , the breed has been a Swiss national dog .",
"The dogs at the St Bernard hospice were working dogs that were smaller than today 's show St Bernard 's dogs . Originally about the size of a German Shepherd Dog , the St Bernard grew to the size of today 's dog as kennel clubs and dog shows emphasized appearance over the dog 's working ability , along with a closed stud book .",
"An open stud book would have allowed breeders to correct such errors by breeding in Working dogs of other dog breeds .",
"The name `` St. Bernard '' originates from the passes of Great and Little St Bernard . The two traveler 's hospices and passes are located only few miles away in the Western Alps between Switzerland Italy and France , near the Mont - Blanc . The passes , the lodges , and the dogs are named for Bernard of Menthon , the 11th century monk who established the stations .",
"`` St. Bernard '' was not in widespread use until the middle of the 19th century . The dogs were called `` Saint Dogs '' , `` Noble Steeds '' , `` Alpenmastiff '' , or `` Barry Dogs '' before that time .",
"The breed is strikingly similar to the English Mastiff , with which it shares a common ancestor known as the Alpine Mastiff . The modern St. Bernard breed is radically different than the original dogs kept at the St. Bernard hospice , most notably by being much larger in size and build . Since the late 1800s , the St. Bernard breed has been ever refined and improved using many different large Molosser breeds , including the Newfoundland , Great Pyrenees , Greater Swiss Mountain Dog , Bernese Mountain Dog , Great Dane , English Mastiff , and possibly the Tibetan Mastiff and Caucasian Ovcharka . Other breeds such as the Rottweiler , Boxer , and English Bulldog may have contributed to the St. Bernard 's bloodline as well . It is suspected that many of these large breeds were used to redevelop each other to combat the threat of their extinction after World War II , which may explain why all of them played a part in the creation of the St. Bernard as seen today .",
"The four Sennenhund breeds , the Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund ( Greater Swiss Mountain Dog ) , the Berner Sennenhund , ( Bernese Mountain Dog ) , the Appenzeller Sennenhund , ( Appenzeller ) , and the Entlebucher Sennenhund ( Entlebucher Mountain Dog ) are similar in appearance and share the same location and history , but are tricolor rather than red and white .",
"The Russian army kennels crossbreed St Bernards with Caucasian Ovcharka to produce the Moscow Watchdogs that are still used as military service dogs in Russia today . St Bernards have in common many characteristics of other Mountain dog breeds .",
"Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler by Edwin Landseer ( 1820 ) A St. Bernard with short coat St. Bernard Dog in winter Longhaired St. Bernards Longhaired St. Bernard Dog St. Bernard puppy with colours not distinctively pronounced",
"Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler by Edwin Landseer ( 1820 )",
"Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler by Edwin Landseer ( 1820 )",
"A St. Bernard with short coat",
"A St. Bernard with short coat",
"St. Bernard Dog in winter",
"St. Bernard Dog in winter",
"Longhaired St. Bernards",
"Longhaired St. Bernards",
"Longhaired St. Bernard Dog",
"Longhaired St. Bernard Dog",
"St. Bernard puppy with colours not distinctively pronounced",
"St. Bernard puppy with colours not distinctively pronounced",
"The St. Bernard is recognised internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a Molosser in Group 2 , Section 2 . The breed is recognised by The Kennel Club ( UK ) , the Canadian Kennel Club , and the American Kennel Club in the Working Dog breed group . The United Kennel Club in the United States places the breed in the Guardian Dog Group . The New Zealand Kennel Club and the Australian National Kennel Council place the breed in the Utility Group",
"St. Bernard dogs are no longer used for Alpine rescues , the last recorded instance of which was in 1955 . As late as 2004 , the Great St Bernard Hospice still retained 18 of the dogs for reasons of tradition and sentiment . In that year the Barry Foundation created breeding kennels for the breed at the town of Martigny down the Great Saint Bernard Pass , and purchased the remaining dogs from the Hospice . During the summer months each year a number of the animals are temporarily relocated from Martigny to the Hospice for viewing by tourists .",
"An annual celebration of the breed takes place on the Little Saint Bernard Pass and at the town of Rosières - Montvalzan on the French side . Saint Bernard dog enthusiasts and breeders gather for a dog show and parades .",
"The animals bred by the Foundation are trained to participate in a variety of dog sports including carting and weight pulling . The dogs at the Barry Foundation are reportedly smaller than the average St Bernard .",
"The very fast growth rate and the weight of a St. Bernard can lead to very serious deterioration of the bones if the dog does not get proper food and exercise . Many dogs are genetically affected by hip dysplasia or elbow dysplasia . Osteosarcoma ( bone cancer ) has been shown to be hereditary in the breed . They are susceptible to eye disorders called entropion and ectropion , in which the eyelid turns in or out . The breed standard indicates that this is a major fault . The breed is also susceptible to epilepsy and seizures , a heart disease called dilated cardiomyopathy , and eczema .",
"US and UK breed clubs put the average lifespan for a St. Bernard at 8 -- 10 years . A 2003 Danish breed survey ( 35 dogs ) puts the median lifespan at 9.5 years while a UK breed survey in 2004 ( 53 dogs ) puts the median lifespan at 7 years . In the UK survey about one in five lived to > 10 years with the longest lived dog at 12 years and 9 months .",
"A study of genetically related polyneuropathy in the breed was conducted .",
"Known as a classic example of a Gentle Giant , the Saint Bernard is calm , patient and sweet with adults , and especially children . However St. Bernards , like all very large dogs , must be well socialized with people and other dogs in order to prevent fearfulness and any possible aggression or territoriality . The biggest threat to small children is being knocked over by this breed 's larger size . Overall they are a sweet , gentle , calm , loyal and affectionate breed , and if socialized are very friendly . Because of its large adult size , it is essential that proper training and socialization begin while the St. Bernard is still a puppy , so as to avoid the difficulties that normally accompany training large dogs . An unruly St. Bernard may present problems for even a strong adult , so control needs to be asserted from the beginning of the dog 's training . While generally not instinctively protective , a St. Bernard may bark at strangers , and their size makes them good deterrents against possible intruders .",
"The Saint Bernard was bred to be a working companion and to this day the St. Bernard lives to please its master and is an amiable yet hard worker . St. Bernards have retained their natural ability for scent work and depending on the skill of the trainer and the talents of the dog , St. Bernards can participate in tracking events or even become involved in search and rescue work .",
"St. Bernards were exported to England in the mid-19th century , where they were bred with mastiffs to create an even larger dog . Plinlimmon , a famous St. Bernard of the time , was measured at 95 kg ( 210 lbs ) and 87.5 cm ( 34 ⁄ ins ) , and was sold to an American for $7000 . Commercial pressure encouraged breeding ever larger dogs until `` the dogs became so gross that they had difficulties in getting from one end of a show ring to another '' .",
"An 1895 New York Times report mentions a St. Bernard named Major F. measuring 8 feet 6 inches ( 2.59 m ) in length , who , if the claims are true , would be the longest dog in history . Another St. Bernard named Benedictine V Schwarzwald Hof ( Pierson , Michigan - USA ) also reached 315 lb ( 143 kg ) , which earned a place in the 1981 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records .",
"St. Bernards are often portrayed , especially in old live action comedies such as Swiss Miss , the TV series Topper , and classic cartoons , wearing small barrels of brandy around their necks . Avalanche victims supposedly drank the brandy to stay warm while awaiting rescue , although this is medically unsound . The monks of the St. Bernard Hospice deny that any St. Bernard has ever carried casks or small barrels around their necks ; they attribute the image to an 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer , perhaps Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler ( which became a popular engraving in 1831 by Charles Landseer ) . The monks did keep casks around for photographs by tourists .",
"There was apparently at least one dog that really did carry brandy . In The Percy Anecdotes , by Thomas Byerley , published in 1823 , the following anecdote appears , and was often quoted in other books in the 19th century :",
"The breed of dogs kept by the monks to assist them ... has been long celebrated for its sagacity and fidelity . All the oldest and most tried of them were lately buried , along with some unfortunate travellers , under a valanche ( sic ) ; but three or four hopeful puppies were left at home in the convent , and still survive . The most celebrated of those who are no more , was a dog called Barry . This animal served the hospital for the space of twelve years , during which time he saved the lives of forty individuals . His zeal was indefatigable . Whenever the mountain was enveloped in fogs and snow , he set out in search of lost travellers . He was accustomed to run barking until he lost breath , and would frequently venture on the most perilous places . When he found his strength was insufficient to draw from the snow a traveller benumbed with cold , he would run back to the hospital in search of the monks ... .",
"When old age deprived him of strength , the Prior of the Convent pensioned him at Berney , by way of reward . After his death , his hide was stuffed and deposited in the museum of that town . The little phial , in which he carried a reviving liquor for the distressed travellers whom he found among the mountains , is still suspended from his neck .",
"A Punch magazine cartoon from 1949 depicts a man with a St. Bernard and several puppies , all of which are wearing neck casks . The man explains , `` Of course , I only breed them for the brandy . ''",
"A frequent joke in old MGM and Warner Brothers shorts is to depict the dogs as compulsive alcoholics who engage in frequent nips from their own casks .",
"Bachelor , Resident Dog , The Ritz - Carlton , Bachelor Gulch Burtonswood ( Bossy Boots ) . English and Irish Crufts Supreme Champion ( 1974 ) , Breeder was the late Miss Marjorie Hinds . Bamse , a Norwegian dog honoured for exploits during World War II memorial statue in Montrose , Scotland where he died in 1944 Barry , famous Alpine rescue dog Bernie , mascot of the Colorado Avalanche Bernie `` Saint '' Bernard , mascot of the saints in Dubuque Bernie , mascot of the Northampton Saints Gumbo , team mascot for the New Orleans Saints Porthos , J.M. Barrie 's dog Schnorbitz , on - stage partner of British comedian Bernie Winters during his later career Schotzie & Schotzie `` 02 '' , beloved pets and mascots of Cincinnati Reds ' owner Scipio Saint Bernard of Orville Wright ( Wayback Machine ) Shirley Temple and a St. Bernard friend Wallace ( currently Wallace VI ) , mascot of The Canadian Scottish Regiment ( Princess Mary 's )",
"Bachelor , Resident Dog , The Ritz - Carlton , Bachelor Gulch",
"Burtonswood ( Bossy Boots ) . English and Irish Crufts Supreme Champion ( 1974 ) , Breeder was the late Miss Marjorie Hinds .",
"Bamse , a Norwegian dog honoured for exploits during World War II memorial statue in Montrose , Scotland where he died in 1944",
"Barry , famous Alpine rescue dog",
"Bernie , mascot of the Colorado Avalanche",
"Bernie `` Saint '' Bernard , mascot of the saints in Dubuque",
"Bernie , mascot of the Northampton Saints",
"Gumbo , team mascot for the New Orleans Saints",
"Porthos , J.M. Barrie 's dog",
"Schnorbitz , on - stage partner of British comedian Bernie Winters during his later career",
"Schotzie & Schotzie `` 02 '' , beloved pets and mascots of Cincinnati Reds ' owner",
"Scipio Saint Bernard of Orville Wright ( Wayback Machine )",
"Shirley Temple and a St. Bernard friend",
"Wallace ( currently Wallace VI ) , mascot of The Canadian Scottish Regiment ( Princess Mary 's )",
"See generally : List of fictional dogs",
"See generally : List of fictional dogs",
"Båtsman , a St. Bernard in Astrid Lindgren 's story Vi på Saltkråkan Beethoven ( from the movie series of the same name ) The 1992 comedy film Beethoven features a large , friendly but troublesome St. Bernard and , in later sequels , his mate and their brood of unruly pups . According to the producers of the sequel Beethoven 's 2nd , the St. Bernards used in the film grew so fast during filming that over 100 St. Bernard puppies were cast to portray the sequel 's four puppies ( Tchaikovsky , Chubby , Dolly , and Mo ) and a mother St. Bernard named Missy . Bolivar a / k / a Bornworthy and Bernie , Donald Duck 's non-anthropomorphic pet , and Bolivar 's son , Behemoth Buck , from Jack London 's novel , The Call of the Wild , is described as half St. Bernard and half `` Scotch shepherd dog '' , but was rendered as full St. Bernard in at least one of the six movie versions . Cujo , a dog who contracts rabies and becomes crazed , terrorizing the residents of the fictional town of Castle Rock , Maine from the 1981 Stephen King novel Cujo and the 1983 film of the same name . George , from the 1971 movie and its 1972 -- 74 spinoff television series . Josef , from the Japanese anime series Heidi , Girl of the Alps ( Alps no Shoujo Heidi ) . Nana , in the Disney and Columbia Pictures Peter Pan movies ( but a Newfoundland in J.M. Barrie 's original play and novel ) Neil , the martini - slurping St. Bernard of George and Marion Kerby in the 1950s television series Topper . This was a follow up to Topper , Topper Takes a Trip , and Topper Returns. \\ Sumo , a St. Bernard belonging to Lt. Hank Anderson in the video game Detroit : Become Human . Unnamed `` faithful hound '' who discovers the frozen body of a traveller bearing `` a banner with a strange device '' attempting to cross the Saint Bernard Pass in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Excelsior '' .",
"Båtsman , a St. Bernard in Astrid Lindgren 's story Vi på Saltkråkan",
"Beethoven ( from the movie series of the same name ) The 1992 comedy film Beethoven features a large , friendly but troublesome St. Bernard and , in later sequels , his mate and their brood of unruly pups . According to the producers of the sequel Beethoven 's 2nd , the St. Bernards used in the film grew so fast during filming that over 100 St. Bernard puppies were cast to portray the sequel 's four puppies ( Tchaikovsky , Chubby , Dolly , and Mo ) and a mother St. Bernard named Missy .",
"Bolivar a / k / a Bornworthy and Bernie , Donald Duck 's non-anthropomorphic pet , and Bolivar 's son , Behemoth",
"Buck , from Jack London 's novel , The Call of the Wild , is described as half St. Bernard and half `` Scotch shepherd dog '' , but was rendered as full St. Bernard in at least one of the six movie versions .",
"Cujo , a dog who contracts rabies and becomes crazed , terrorizing the residents of the fictional town of Castle Rock , Maine from the 1981 Stephen King novel Cujo and the 1983 film of the same name .",
"George , from the 1971 movie and its 1972 -- 74 spinoff television series .",
"Josef , from the Japanese anime series Heidi , Girl of the Alps ( Alps no Shoujo Heidi ) .",
"Nana , in the Disney and Columbia Pictures Peter Pan movies ( but a Newfoundland in J.M. Barrie 's original play and novel )",
"Neil , the martini - slurping St. Bernard of George and Marion Kerby in the 1950s television series Topper . This was a follow up to Topper , Topper Takes a Trip , and Topper Returns. \\",
"Sumo , a St. Bernard belonging to Lt. Hank Anderson in the video game Detroit : Become Human .",
"Unnamed `` faithful hound '' who discovers the frozen body of a traveller bearing `` a banner with a strange device '' attempting to cross the Saint Bernard Pass in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Excelsior '' .",
"The famous St. Bernard dog Barry found a small boy in the snow and persuaded the boy to climb on his back , and then carried the boy to safety ."
] | St. Bernard (dog) - wikipedia St. Bernard (dog) St. Bernard St. Bernard Other names St. Bernhardshund Bernhardiner Alpine Mastiff (archaic) Common nicknames Saint Origin Italy Switzerland France (standard held in Switzerland ) hide Classification / standards FCI Group 2 , Section 2.2 Molossian: Mountain type #61 standard AKC Working Group standard ANKC Utility Group standard CKC Working Group standard KC (UK) Working Group standard NZKC Utility standard UKC Guardian Dog standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The St. Bernard or St Bernard ( UK : / ˈbɜːrnərd / , US : / bərˈnɑːrd / ) is a breed of very large working dog from the western Alps . They were originally bred for rescue at the Great St Bernard Pass on the Italian - Swiss border, and Little St Bernard Pass in the Italian- French border, located close to one another. The two hospices were built and run by the same monk brotherhood. The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues, as well as for its enormous size. Contents 1 Appearance 2 History 2.1 Naming 2.2 Related breeds 2.3 Kennel Club recognition 3 Modern activities - Great St Bernard & Little St Bernard Pass 4 Health 4.1 Temperament 5 Notability 5.1 Record size 5.2 In media 5.3 Famous St. Bernards 5.3.1 Fictional dogs 5.4 Legend 6 See also 7 Bibliography 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 References 8 External links Appearance ( edit ) St Bernard with the iconic barrel. The monks of the St Bernard Hospice attribute this legend to an 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer (see below) fr:Pierre Chanoux and his faithful St Bernard dog, Rutor St. Bernard rescue dog in Valais Painting by John Emms portraying St. Bernards as rescue dogs The St. Bernard is a giant dog . The average weight of the breed is between 65 and 120 kg (140 and 260 lb) or more, and the approximate height at the withers is 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in). The coat can be either smooth or rough; the smooth coat being close and flat while the rough is dense, flat, and more profuse around the neck and legs. The colour is typically a red shade with white, or a mahogany brindle with white. Black shading is usually found on the face and ears. The tail is long and heavy, hanging low. Eyes are usually brown, but sometimes can be icy blue, and should have naturally tight lids, with haws only slightly visible. History ( edit ) The ancestors of the St. Bernard share a history with the Sennenhunds . The St. Bernard, also called Alpine Mountain Dogs or Alpine Cattle Dogs, are the large farm dogs of the farmers and dairymen of most notably the French Alps, livestock guardians, herding dogs , and draft dogs as well as hunting dogs , search and rescue dogs , and watchdogs . These dogs are thought to be descendants of molosser type dogs brought into the Alps by the ancient Romans, and the St. Bernard is recognized internationally today as one of the Molossoid breeds. The earliest written records of the St. Bernard breed are from monks at the Great St Bernard Hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass in 1707, with paintings and drawings of the dog dating even earlier. The most famous St. Bernard to save people at the pass was Barry (sometimes spelled Berry), who reportedly saved somewhere between 40 and 100 lives. There is a monument to Barry in the Cimetière des Chiens , and his body was preserved in the Natural History Museum in Berne . Another famous dog was Rutor, the faithful companion of the priest Pierre Chanoux , who was named after the peak Tête du Rutor located above the Little St Bernard pass. The classic St. Bernard looked very different from the St. Bernard of today because of cross-breeding. Severe winters from 1816 to 1818 led to increased numbers of avalanches, killing many of the dogs used for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded in Basel on 15 March 1884. The St. Bernard was the very first breed entered into the Swiss Stud Book in 1884, and the breed standard was finally approved in 1888. Since then, the breed has been a Swiss national dog. The dogs at the St Bernard hospice were working dogs that were smaller than today's show St Bernard's dogs. Originally about the size of a German Shepherd Dog , the St Bernard grew to the size of today's dog as kennel clubs and dog shows emphasized appearance over the dog's working ability, along with a closed stud book. An open stud book would have allowed breeders to correct such errors by breeding in Working dogs of other dog breeds. Naming ( edit ) The name `` St. Bernard'' originates from the passes of Great and Little St Bernard. The two traveler's hospices and passes are located only few miles away in the Western Alps between Switzerland Italy and France , near the Mont-Blanc . The passes, the lodges, and the dogs are named for Bernard of Menthon , the 11th century monk who established the stations. `` St. Bernard'' was not in widespread use until the middle of the 19th century. The dogs were called `` Saint Dogs'' , `` Noble Steeds'' , `` Alpenmastiff'' , or `` Barry Dogs'' before that time. Related breeds ( edit ) The breed is strikingly similar to the English Mastiff , with which it shares a common ancestor known as the Alpine Mastiff . The modern St. Bernard breed is radically different than the original dogs kept at the St. Bernard hospice, most notably by being much larger in size and build. Since the late 1800s, the St. Bernard breed has been ever refined and improved using many different large Molosser breeds, including the Newfoundland , Great Pyrenees , Greater Swiss Mountain Dog , Bernese Mountain Dog , Great Dane , English Mastiff , and possibly the Tibetan Mastiff and Caucasian Ovcharka . Other breeds such as the Rottweiler , Boxer , and English Bulldog may have contributed to the St. Bernard's bloodline as well. It is suspected that many of these large breeds were used to redevelop each other to combat the threat of their extinction after World War II, which may explain why all of them played a part in the creation of the St. Bernard as seen today. The four Sennenhund breeds, the Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund ( Greater Swiss Mountain Dog ), the Berner Sennenhund, ( Bernese Mountain Dog ), the Appenzeller Sennenhund , (Appenzeller), and the Entlebucher Sennenhund ( Entlebucher Mountain Dog ) are similar in appearance and share the same location and history, but are tricolor rather than red and white. The Russian army kennels crossbreed St Bernards with Caucasian Ovcharka to produce the Moscow Watchdogs that are still used as military service dogs in Russia today. St Bernards have in common many characteristics of other Mountain dog breeds. St. Bernard in use as an avalanche dog (1929) Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler by Edwin Landseer (1820) A St. Bernard with short coat St. Bernard Dog in winter Longhaired St. Bernards Longhaired St. Bernard Dog St. Bernard puppy with colours not distinctively pronounced Kennel Club recognition ( edit ) The St. Bernard is recognised internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a Molosser in Group 2, Section 2. The breed is recognised by The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club , and the American Kennel Club in the Working Dog breed group. The United Kennel Club in the United States places the breed in the Guardian Dog Group . The New Zealand Kennel Club and the Australian National Kennel Council place the breed in the Utility Group Modern activities - Great St.Bernard & Little St.Bernard Pass ( edit ) A St. Bernard performing agility at the Rose City Classic AKC Show 2007, Portland, Oregon, USA Main articles: Great St Bernard Pass , Great St Bernard Hospice , and Little St Bernard Pass St. Bernard dogs are no longer used for Alpine rescues, the last recorded instance of which was in 1955. As late as 2004, the Great St Bernard Hospice still retained 18 of the dogs for reasons of tradition and sentiment. In that year the Barry Foundation created breeding kennels for the breed at the town of Martigny down the Great Saint Bernard Pass, and purchased the remaining dogs from the Hospice. During the summer months each year a number of the animals are temporarily relocated from Martigny to the Hospice for viewing by tourists. An annual celebration of the breed takes place on the Little Saint Bernard Pass and at the town of Rosières -Montvalzan on the French side. Saint Bernard dog enthusiasts and breeders gather for a dog show and parades. The animals bred by the Foundation are trained to participate in a variety of dog sports including carting and weight pulling . The dogs at the Barry Foundation are reportedly smaller than the average St Bernard. Health ( edit ) The very fast growth rate and the weight of a St. Bernard can lead to very serious deterioration of the bones if the dog does not get proper food and exercise. Many dogs are genetically affected by hip dysplasia or elbow dysplasia . Osteosarcoma (bone cancer) has been shown to be hereditary in the breed. They are susceptible to eye disorders called entropion and ectropion, in which the eyelid turns in or out. The breed standard indicates that this is a major fault. The breed is also susceptible to epilepsy and seizures, a heart disease called dilated cardiomyopathy , and eczema . US and UK breed clubs put the average lifespan for a St. Bernard at 8-- 10 years. A 2003 Danish breed survey (35 dogs) puts the median lifespan at 9.5 years while a UK breed survey in 2004 (53 dogs) puts the median lifespan at 7 years. In the UK survey about one in five lived to > 10 years with the longest lived dog at 12 years and 9 months. A study of genetically related polyneuropathy in the breed was conducted. Temperament ( edit ) Known as a classic example of a Gentle Giant, the Saint Bernard is calm, patient and sweet with adults, and especially children. However St. Bernards, like all very large dogs, must be well socialized with people and other dogs in order to prevent fearfulness and any possible aggression or territoriality. The biggest threat to small children is being knocked over by this breed's larger size. Overall they are a sweet, gentle, calm, loyal and affectionate breed, and if socialized are very friendly. Because of its large adult size, it is essential that proper training and socialization begin while the St. Bernard is still a puppy, so as to avoid the difficulties that normally accompany training large dogs. An unruly St. Bernard may present problems for even a strong adult, so control needs to be asserted from the beginning of the dog's training. While generally not instinctively protective, a St. Bernard may bark at strangers, and their size makes them good deterrents against possible intruders. The Saint Bernard was bred to be a working companion and to this day the St.Bernard lives to please its master and is an amiable yet hard worker. St.Bernards have retained their natural ability for scent work and depending on the skill of the trainer and the talents of the dog, St. Bernards can participate in tracking events or even become involved in search and rescue work. Notability ( edit ) Record size ( edit ) A female Saint Bernard Dog St. Bernards were exported to England in the mid-19th century, where they were bred with mastiffs to create an even larger dog. Plinlimmon, a famous St. Bernard of the time, was measured at 95 kg (210 lbs) and 87.5 cm (34 ⁄ ins), and was sold to an American for $7000. Commercial pressure encouraged breeding ever larger dogs until `` the dogs became so gross that they had difficulties in getting from one end of a show ring to another'' . An 1895 New York Times report mentions a St. Bernard named Major F. measuring 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m) in length, who, if the claims are true, would be the longest dog in history. Another St. Bernard named Benedictine V Schwarzwald Hof (Pierson, Michigan - USA) also reached 315 lb (143 kg), which earned a place in the 1981 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records . In media ( edit ) St. Bernard puppy St. Bernards are often portrayed, especially in old live action comedies such as Swiss Miss , the TV series Topper , and classic cartoons , wearing small barrels of brandy around their necks. Avalanche victims supposedly drank the brandy to stay warm while awaiting rescue, although this is medically unsound. The monks of the St. Bernard Hospice deny that any St. Bernard has ever carried casks or small barrels around their necks; they attribute the image to an 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer , perhaps Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler (which became a popular engraving in 1831 by Charles Landseer ). The monks did keep casks around for photographs by tourists. There was apparently at least one dog that really did carry brandy. In The Percy Anecdotes , by Thomas Byerley , published in 1823, the following anecdote appears, and was often quoted in other books in the 19th century: The breed of dogs kept by the monks to assist them ... has been long celebrated for its sagacity and fidelity. All the oldest and most tried of them were lately buried, along with some unfortunate travellers, under a valanche (sic); but three or four hopeful puppies were left at home in the convent, and still survive. The most celebrated of those who are no more, was a dog called Barry. This animal served the hospital for the space of twelve years, during which time he saved the lives of forty individuals. His zeal was indefatigable. Whenever the mountain was enveloped in fogs and snow, he set out in search of lost travellers. He was accustomed to run barking until he lost breath, and would frequently venture on the most perilous places. When he found his strength was insufficient to draw from the snow a traveller benumbed with cold, he would run back to the hospital in search of the monks.... When old age deprived him of strength, the Prior of the Convent pensioned him at Berney, by way of reward. After his death, his hide was stuffed and deposited in the museum of that town. The little phial, in which he carried a reviving liquor for the distressed travellers whom he found among the mountains, is still suspended from his neck. A Punch magazine cartoon from 1949 depicts a man with a St. Bernard and several puppies, all of which are wearing neck casks. The man explains, `` Of course, I only breed them for the brandy.'' A frequent joke in old MGM and Warner Brothers shorts is to depict the dogs as compulsive alcoholics who engage in frequent nips from their own casks. Famous St. Bernards ( edit ) Drawing of Barry rescuing a small child Bachelor, Resident Dog, The Ritz-Carlton, Bachelor Gulch Burtonswood (Bossy Boots). English and Irish Crufts Supreme Champion (1974), Breeder was the late Miss Marjorie Hinds. Bamse , a Norwegian dog honoured for exploits during World War II memorial statue in Montrose, Scotland where he died in 1944 Barry , famous Alpine rescue dog Bernie, mascot of the Colorado Avalanche Bernie `` Saint'' Bernard, mascot of the saints in Dubuque Bernie, mascot of the Northampton Saints Gumbo, team mascot for the New Orleans Saints Porthos, J.M. Barrie 's dog Schnorbitz, on-stage partner of British comedian Bernie Winters during his later career Schotzie & Schotzie `` 02'' , beloved pets and mascots of Cincinnati Reds ' owner Scipio Saint Bernard of Orville Wright (Wayback Machine) Shirley Temple and a St. Bernard friend Wallace (currently Wallace VI), mascot of The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's ) Fictional dogs ( edit ) Long-haired Short-haired See generally: List of fictional dogs Båtsman , a St. Bernard in Astrid Lindgren 's story Vi på Saltkråkan Beethoven (from the movie series of the same name ) The 1992 comedy film Beethoven features a large, friendly but troublesome St. Bernard and, in later sequels, his mate and their brood of unruly pups. According to the producers of the sequel Beethoven's 2nd , the St. Bernards used in the film grew so fast during filming that over 100 St. Bernard puppies were cast to portray the sequel's four puppies (Tchaikovsky, Chubby, Dolly, and Mo) and a mother St. Bernard named Missy. Bolivar a/k/a Bornworthy and Bernie, Donald Duck 's non-anthropomorphic pet, and Bolivar's son, Behemoth Buck , from Jack London 's novel, The Call of the Wild , is described as half St. Bernard and half `` Scotch shepherd dog'' , but was rendered as full St. Bernard in at least one of the six movie versions. Cujo, a dog who contracts rabies and becomes crazed, terrorizing the residents of the fictional town of Castle Rock , Maine from the 1981 Stephen King novel Cujo and the 1983 film of the same name . George, from the 1971 movie and its 1972-- 74 spinoff television series . Josef, from the Japanese anime series Heidi, Girl of the Alps (Alps no Shoujo Heidi) . Nana, in the Disney and Columbia Pictures Peter Pan movies (but a Newfoundland in J.M. Barrie's original play and novel) Neil, the martini -slurping St. Bernard of George and Marion Kerby in the 1950s television series Topper . This was a follow up to Topper , Topper Takes a Trip , and Topper Returns. \ Sumo, a St. Bernard belonging to Lt. Hank Anderson in the video game Detroit: Become Human . Unnamed `` faithful hound'' who discovers the frozen body of a traveller bearing `` a banner with a strange device'' attempting to cross the Saint Bernard Pass in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Excelsior '' . Legend ( edit ) The famous St. Bernard dog Barry found a small boy in the snow and persuaded the boy to climb on his back, and then carried the boy to safety. See also ( edit ) Dog sports Bibliography ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buck in `` Call of the Wild'' is described thus: `` His (Buck's ) father, Elmo, a huge St Bernard, had been the Judge's inseparable companion, and Buck bid fair to follow in the J way of his father. He was not so large,-- he weighed only one hundred and forty pounds,-- for his mother, Shep, had been a Scotch shepherd dog. Nevertheless, one hundred and forty pounds, to which was added the dignity that comes of good living and universal respect, enabled him to carry himself in right royal fashion.'' Call of the Wild (novel). Jump up ^ The use of the term `` Scotch shepherd dog'' is an archaic Victorian phrase which probably refers to Scotch Collie , or Old Time Farm Shepherd , but might refer to English Shepherd . `` Name That Breed -- A Collie By Any Other Name...'' . Old-Time Farm Shepherd . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . `` Defining a Breed: An Apologia of the OTFS'' . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ A St. Bernard was used in the Clark Gable version, The Call of the Wild (1935 film) . Three Leonberger ' actors' (one was a female, and two males) played the starring dog `` Buck'' in The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon (1997), `` Call of the Wild - Dog of the Yukon'' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . a Canadian rendition of Jack London 's Call of the Wild starring Rutger Hauer as John Thornton (narrated by Richard Dreyfuss ). `` Leonberger Facts'' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Nevertheless, films and television renditions have varied the dog breed. The book was also adapted in The Call of the Wild by D.W. Griffith (1908); a second silent film (1923) by Hal Roach ; The Call of the Wild (1972 film) and Call of the Wild 3D (2009). It has also been the subject of three television programs or films: The Call of the Wild , a 1976 American TV film starring John Beck , with a screenplay by James Dickey ; The Call of the Wild , a 1993 American TV film starring Rick Schroder ; and Call of the Wild (TV series) , a 2000 adventure series on Animal Planet. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ (1) , Fédération Cynologique Internationale: Saint Bernard Breed Standard. Retrieved 9 August 2016 Jump up ^ `` History of the Saint Bernard breed'' . Relais du Petit Saint Bernard . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian National Kennel Council'' . Ankc.org.au. 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds nomenclature'' (PDF) . Fédération Cynologique Internationale . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to: St. Bernard, Vertebrate Animals Department , Naturhistoriches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, archived from the original on 2 September 2011 , retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Barry at the Natural History Museum'' . Natural History Museum of Bern . Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgermendiz Bern . Archived from the original on 7 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Blumberg, Jess (1 January 2008). `` A Brief History of the St. Bernard Rescue Dog: The canine's evolution from hospice hound to household companion'' . Smithsonian magazine . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Newfoundland'' . Dog Owners Guide . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Clark, Anne Rogers ; Andrew H. Brace (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs . Howell Book House. pp. 381-- 383. ISBN 0-87605-624-9 . Jump up ^ `` Dogs Learn by Modeling the Behavior of Other Dogs'' . Jump up ^ `` In 1962, an avalanche dog over to Great Dixence is organized at the initiative of Canine Club of Sion. A TSR camera is present on The working St Bernard dogs at the hospice was still smaller than the show St Bernard dogs during 1962 and premises'' . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St Bernard breeding: why Barry got a bigger head'' . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Dog Owner's Guide Profile: The St. Bernard'' . Canismajor.com . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Mastiff -- English Mastiff -- dog of dogs'' . Webbusiness.no . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 470 Методико -кинологический центр служебного собаководства ВС РФ (470th Methodology-сynology centre of military dog breeding)'' . http://vitalykuzmin.net/ . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . External link in publisher= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Little Saint Bernard pass, dog parade'' . Le Dauphiné Libéré . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bech-Nielsen; S.; Haskins; M.E. ; et al. (1978). `` Frequency of osteosarcoma among first-degree relatives of St. Bernard dogs'' . J Natl Cancer Inst. 60 (2): 349-- 53. doi : 10.1093/jnci/60.2.349 . PMID 271748 . Jump up ^ `` Breed Information'' . The English Saint Bernard Club . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breeder Advertisements'' . Saint Bernard Club of America . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Cassidy, Kelly M. (1 February 2008). `` Breed Longevity Data'' . Dog Longevity . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Proschowsky, H.F. ; Rugbjerg, H.; Ersbøll , A.K.R. (2003). `` Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark'' . Preventive Veterinary Medicine . 58 (1-- 2): 63-- 74. doi : 10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2 . PMID 12628771 . Jump up ^ `` Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for the St Bernard breed'' (PDF) . Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ekenstedt, Kari J.; Becker, Doreen; Minor, Katie M.; Shelton, G. Diane; Patterson, Edward E.; Bley, Tim; Oevermann, Anna; Bilzer, Thomas; Leeb, Tosso; Drögemüller , Cord; Mickelson, James R. (2 October 2014). `` An ARHGEF10 Deletion Is Highly Associated with a Juvenile-Onset Inherited Polyneuropathy in Leonberger and Saint Bernard Dogs'' . PLOS Genetics . PLOS. 10 (10): e1004635. doi : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004635 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stenmark, Betty-Anne. A New Owner's Guide to Saint Bernards . New Jersey, U.S.A.: T.F.H. pp. 23-- 25. ISBN 0-7938-2810-4 . Jump up ^ Walker, Joan Hustace (1998). Saint Bernards A Complete Pet Owner's Manual . Hong Kong: Barrons. pp. 14-- 22. ISBN 0-7641-0288-5 . Jump up ^ Hustace Walker, Joan (2000). Saint Bernards: Everything About Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, Behavior and Training (Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manuals) . p. 11. Jump up ^ `` A Large St. Bernard Dog Killed'' (PDF) . The New York Times . 31 December 1895. Jump up ^ `` Dogs from Our Past'' . Schwarzwald Hof Kennels . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Legend of the St. Bernard Barrel'' . It's the dogs' life . Archived from the original (http) on 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pickow, George (1957). `` The Great St. Bernard Hospice Today'' . National Geographic, January 1957 . Archived from the original (http) on 15 December 2005 . Retrieved 26 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Byerley, Thomas (1823). The Percy Anecdotes (1826 ed.). London: T. Boys. pp. 25-- 26 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McPherson, Stephanie Sammartino; Gardner, Joseph Sammartino (2003). Wilbur & Orville Wright: taking flight . Minneapolis, MN: Carolrhoda, Inc. p. 103. ISBN 1-57505-443-4 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Hyde, W.W. , ' The Great St. Bernard Pass and its Hospice' , in Isis , vol. 27, 1937, pp. 306-- 320, Available on JStor External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Bernard dog . St. Bernard at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Dogs originating in Switzerland Extant Appenzeller Sennenhund Berger Blanc Suisse Bernese Mountain Dog Bruno Jura Hound Entlebucher Mountain Dog Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Schweizer Laufhund Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund St. Bernard St. Hubert Jura Hound Swiss mountain dog Extinct Alpine Mastiff Alpine Spaniel Dogs originating in Italy Hounds Cirneco dell'Etna Italian Greyhound Levriero Italiano Levriero Sardo Piccolo Segugio dell'Appennino Segugio Cravin Segugio Italiano Segugio Maremmano Gundogs Bracco Italiano Lagotto Romagnolo Spinone Italiano Pastoral dogs Bergamasco Shepherd Cane di Oropa Cane Lupino del Gigante Cane Toccatore Pastore Italiano Maremma Sheepdog Mastino Abruzzese Pastore Fonnese Molossers Cane Corso Cane da presa Neapolitan Mastiff St. Bernard Miscellaneous Bolognese Lupo Italiano Maltese Montanino delle Alpi Volpino Italiano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bernard_(dog)&oldid=856853210 '' Categories : Dog breeds Dog breeds originating in Switzerland Dog breeds originating in Italy Molossers Mountain dogs Hidden categories: CS1 errors: external links CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles with ' species' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018, at 23:06 (UTC) . 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main points of politics and the english language | The themes in `` Politics and the English Language '' anticipate Orwell 's development of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty - Four . Michael Shelden calls Newspeak `` the perfect language for a society of bad writers ... because it reduces the number of choices available to them '' . Shelden says that Newspeak first corrupts writers morally , then politically , `` since it allows writers to cheat themselves and their readers with ready - made prose '' . | [
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"`` Politics and the English Language '' ( 1946 ) is an essay by George Orwell that criticised the `` ugly and inaccurate '' written English of his time and examines the connection between political orthodoxies and the debasement of language .",
"The essay focuses on political language , which , according to Orwell , `` is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable , and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind '' . Orwell believed that the language used was necessarily vague or meaningless because it was intended to hide the truth rather than express it . This unclear prose was a `` contagion '' which had spread to those who did not intend to hide the truth , and it concealed a writer 's thoughts from himself and others . Orwell encourages concreteness and clarity instead of vagueness , and individuality over political conformity .",
"Orwell relates what he believes to be a close association between bad prose and oppressive ideology :",
"In our time , political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible . Things like the continuance of British rule in India , the Russian purges and deportations , the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan , can indeed be defended , but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face , and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties . Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism , question - begging and sheer cloudy vagueness . Defenceless villages are bombarded from the air , the inhabitants driven out into the countryside , the cattle machine - gunned , the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets : this is called pacification . Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry : this is called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers . People are imprisoned for years without trial , or shot in the back of the neck or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic lumber camps : this is called elimination of unreliable elements . Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them .",
"One of Orwell 's points is :",
"The great enemy of clear language is insincerity . When there is a gap between one 's real and one 's declared aims , one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms , like a cuttlefish spurting out ink .",
"The insincerity of the writer perpetuates the decline of the language as people ( particularly politicians , Orwell later notes ) attempt to disguise their intentions behind euphemisms and convoluted phrasing . Orwell says that this decline is self - perpetuating . He argues that it is easier to think with poor English because the language is in decline ; and , as the language declines , `` foolish '' thoughts become even easier , reinforcing the original cause :",
"A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure , and then fail all the more completely because he drinks . It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language . It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish , but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts .",
"Orwell discusses `` pretentious diction '' and `` meaningless words '' . `` Pretentious diction '' is used to make biases look impartial and scientific , while `` meaningless words '' are used to stop the reader from seeing the point of the statement . According to Orwell : `` In certain kinds of writing , particularly in art criticism and literary criticism , it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking in meaning . ''",
"Orwell chooses five passages of text which `` illustrate various of the mental vices from which we now suffer . '' The samples are : by Harold Laski ( `` five negatives in 53 words '' ) , Lancelot Hogben ( mixed metaphors ) , an essay by Paul Goodman on psychology in the July 1945 issue of Politics ( `` simply meaningless '' ) , a communist pamphlet ( `` an accumulation of stale phrases '' ) and a reader 's letter in Tribune ( in which `` words and meaning have parted company '' ) . From these , Orwell identifies a `` catalogue of swindles and perversions '' which he classifies as `` dying metaphors '' , `` operators or verbal false limbs '' , `` pretentious diction '' and `` meaningless words '' . ( see cliches , prolixity , peacock terms and weasel words ) .",
"Orwell notes that writers of modern prose tend not to write in concrete terms but use a `` pretentious latinized style '' ( compare Anglish ) . He claims writers find it is easier to gum together long strings of words than to pick words specifically for their meaning -- particularly in political writing , where Orwell notes that `` ( o ) rthodoxy ... seems to demand a lifeless , imitative style '' . Political speech and writing are generally in defence of the indefensible and so lead to a euphemistic inflated style .",
"Orwell criticises bad writing habits which spread by imitation . He argues that writers must think more clearly because thinking clearly `` is a necessary first step toward political regeneration '' . He later emphasises that he was not `` considering the literary use of language , but merely language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought '' .",
"As a further example , Orwell `` translates '' Ecclesiastes 9 : 11 :",
"I returned and saw under the sun , that the race is not to the swift , nor the battle to the strong , neither yet bread to the wise , nor yet riches to men of understanding , nor yet favour to men of skill ; but time and chance happeneth to them all .",
"-- into `` modern English of the worst sort '' :",
"Objective consideration of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity , but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account .",
"Orwell points out that this `` translation '' contains many more syllables but gives no concrete illustrations , as the original did , nor does it contain any vivid , arresting images or phrases .",
"The headmaster 's wife at St Cyprian 's School , Mrs. Cicely Vaughan Wilkes ( nicknamed `` Flip '' ) , taught English to Orwell and used the same method to illustrate good writing to her pupils . She would use simple passages from the King James Bible and then `` translate '' them into poor English to show the clarity and brilliance of the original . Walter John Christie , who followed Orwell to Eton College , wrote that she preached the virtues of `` simplicity , honesty , and avoidance of verbiage '' , and pointed out that the qualities Flip most prized were later to be seen in Orwell 's writing .",
"Orwell said it was easy for his contemporaries to slip into bad writing of the sort he had described and that the temptation to use meaningless or hackneyed phrases was like a `` packet of aspirins always at one 's elbow '' . In particular , such phrases are always ready to form the writer 's thoughts for him , to save him the bother of thinking -- or writing -- clearly . However , he concluded that the progressive decline of the English language was reversible and suggested six rules which , he claimed , would prevent many of these faults , although `` one could keep all of them and still write bad English '' .",
"Never use a metaphor , simile , or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print . ( Examples that Orwell gave included `` ring the changes '' , `` Achilles ' heel '' , `` swan song '' , and `` hotbed '' . He described such phrases as `` dying metaphors '' and argued that they were used without knowing what was truly being said . Furthermore , he said that using metaphors of this kind made the original meaning of the phrases meaningless , because those who used them did not know their original meaning . He wrote that `` some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning without those who use them even being aware of the fact '' . ) Never use a long word where a short one will do . If it is possible to cut a word out , always cut it out . Never use the passive where you can use the active . Never use a foreign phrase , a scientific word , or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent . Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous .",
"Never use a metaphor , simile , or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print . ( Examples that Orwell gave included `` ring the changes '' , `` Achilles ' heel '' , `` swan song '' , and `` hotbed '' . He described such phrases as `` dying metaphors '' and argued that they were used without knowing what was truly being said . Furthermore , he said that using metaphors of this kind made the original meaning of the phrases meaningless , because those who used them did not know their original meaning . He wrote that `` some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning without those who use them even being aware of the fact '' . )",
"Never use a long word where a short one will do .",
"If it is possible to cut a word out , always cut it out .",
"Never use the passive where you can use the active .",
"Never use a foreign phrase , a scientific word , or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent .",
"Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous .",
"`` Politics and the English Language '' was first noted in Orwell 's payment book of 11 December 1945 . The essay was originally published in the April 1946 issue of the journal Horizon ( volume 13 , issue 76 , pages 252 -- 265 ) ; it was Orwell 's last major article for the journal . The essay was originally intended for George Weidenfeld 's Contact magazine but it was turned down .",
"From the time of his wife 's death in March 1945 Orwell had maintained a high work rate , producing some 130 literary contributions , many of them lengthy . Animal Farm had been published in August 1945 and Orwell was experiencing a time of critical and commercial literary success . He was seriously ill in February and was desperate to get away from London to the island of Jura , Scotland , where he wanted to start work on Nineteen Eighty - Four .",
"`` Politics and the English Language '' was published nearly simultaneously with another of Orwell 's essays , `` The Prevention of Literature '' . Both reflect Orwell 's concern with truth and how truth depends upon the use of language . Orwell noted the deliberate use of misleading language to hide unpleasant political and military facts and also identified a laxity of language among those he identified as pro-Soviet . In `` The Prevention of Literature '' he also speculated on the type of literature under a future totalitarian society which he predicted would be formulaic and low grade sensationalism . Around the same time Orwell wrote an unsigned editorial for Polemic in response to an attack from Modern Quarterly . In this he highlights the double - talk and appalling prose of J.D. Bernal in the same magazine , and cites Edmund Wilson 's damnation of the prose of Joseph E. Davies in Mission to Moscow .",
"In his biography of Orwell , Michael Shelden called the article `` his most important essay on style '' , while Bernard Crick made no reference to the work at all in his original biography , reserving his praise for Orwell 's essays in Polemic , which cover a similar political theme . John Rodden asserts , given that much of Orwell 's work was polemical , that he sometimes violated these rules and Orwell himself concedes that if you look back through his essay , `` for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against '' . Rodden also says that Terry Eagleton had praised the essay 's demystification of political language but had later become disenchanted with Orwell .",
"Linguist Geoffrey Pullum -- despite being an admirer of Orwell 's writing -- criticised the essay for `` its insane and unfollowable insistence that good writing must avoid all phrases and word uses that are familiar '' . Orwell 's admonition to avoid using the passive voice has also been criticised . Merriam -- Webster 's Dictionary of English Usage refers to three statistical studies of passive versus active sentences in various periodicals , stating : `` the highest incidence of passive constructions was 13 percent . Orwell runs to a little over 20 percent in ' Politics and the English Language ' . Clearly he found the construction useful in spite of his advice to avoid it as much as possible '' .",
"Introductory writing courses frequently cite this essay . A 1999 study found that it was reprinted 118 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1946 and 1996 that were intended for use in college - level composition courses .",
"In 1981 , Carl Freedman 's article `` Writing Ideology , and Politics : Orwell 's ' Politics and the English Language ' and English Composition '' set in motion a `` wide variety of critiques , reconsiderations , and outright attacks against the plain style '' that Orwell argues for . The main issue found was Orwell 's `` simplistic faith about thought and language existing in a dialectical relation with one another ; others quickly cut to the chase by insisting that politics , rightly considered , meant the insertion of an undercutting whose before every value word the hegemony holds dear '' . These critics also began to question Orwell 's argument for the absoluteness of the English language , and asked whose values and truths were being represented through the language .",
"Orwell 's writings on the English language have had a large impact on classrooms , journalism and other writing . George Trail , in `` Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell 's ' Politics and the English Language ' '' , says that `` A large part of Orwell 's rhetorical approach consists of attempting at every opportunity to acquire reader participation , to involve the reader as an active and engaged consumer of the essay . Popular journalism is full of what may be the inheritance of Orwell 's reader involvement devices '' . Haltom and Ostrom 's work , Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove 's World : ' Politics and the English Language ' in the 21st Century Classroom , discusses how following of Orwell 's six rules of English writing and speaking can have a place in the high school and university setting .",
"Orwell 's preoccupation with language as a theme can be seen in protagonist Gordon Comstock 's dislike of advertising slogans in Keep the Aspidistra Flying , an early work of his . This preoccupation is also visible in Homage to Catalonia , and continued as an underlying theme of Orwell 's work for the years after World War II .",
"The themes in `` Politics and the English Language '' anticipate Orwell 's development of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty - Four . Michael Shelden calls Newspeak `` the perfect language for a society of bad writers ... because it reduces the number of choices available to them '' . Shelden says that Newspeak first corrupts writers morally , then politically , `` since it allows writers to cheat themselves and their readers with ready - made prose '' ."
] | Politics and the English language - wikipedia Politics and the English language Cover of the Penguin edition `` Politics and the English Language '' (1946) is an essay by George Orwell that criticised the `` ugly and inaccurate'' written English of his time and examines the connection between political orthodoxies and the debasement of language. The essay focuses on political language, which, according to Orwell, `` is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind'' . Orwell believed that the language used was necessarily vague or meaningless because it was intended to hide the truth rather than express it. This unclear prose was a `` contagion'' which had spread to those who did not intend to hide the truth, and it concealed a writer's thoughts from himself and others. Orwell encourages concreteness and clarity instead of vagueness, and individuality over political conformity. Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Five passages 1.2 `` Translation'' of Ecclesiastes 1.3 Remedy of Six Rules 2 Publication 3 Critical reception 4 Connection to other works 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Summary ( edit ) Orwell relates what he believes to be a close association between bad prose and oppressive ideology: In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenceless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called pacification . Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers . People are imprisoned for years without trial, or shot in the back of the neck or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic lumber camps: this is called elimination of unreliable elements . Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them. One of Orwell's points is: The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink. The insincerity of the writer perpetuates the decline of the language as people (particularly politicians, Orwell later notes) attempt to disguise their intentions behind euphemisms and convoluted phrasing . Orwell says that this decline is self-perpetuating. He argues that it is easier to think with poor English because the language is in decline; and, as the language declines, `` foolish'' thoughts become even easier, reinforcing the original cause: A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. Orwell discusses `` pretentious diction'' and `` meaningless words'' . `` Pretentious diction'' is used to make biases look impartial and scientific, while `` meaningless words'' are used to stop the reader from seeing the point of the statement. According to Orwell: `` In certain kinds of writing, particularly in art criticism and literary criticism, it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking in meaning.'' Five passages ( edit ) Orwell chooses five passages of text which `` illustrate various of the mental vices from which we now suffer.'' The samples are: by Harold Laski (`` five negatives in 53 words'' ), Lancelot Hogben (mixed metaphors), an essay by Paul Goodman on psychology in the July 1945 issue of Politics (`` simply meaningless'' ), a communist pamphlet (`` an accumulation of stale phrases'' ) and a reader's letter in Tribune (in which `` words and meaning have parted company'' ). From these, Orwell identifies a `` catalogue of swindles and perversions'' which he classifies as `` dying metaphors'' , `` operators or verbal false limbs'' , `` pretentious diction'' and `` meaningless words'' . (see cliches , prolixity , peacock terms and weasel words ) . Orwell notes that writers of modern prose tend not to write in concrete terms but use a `` pretentious latinized style'' (compare Anglish ) . He claims writers find it is easier to gum together long strings of words than to pick words specifically for their meaning-- particularly in political writing, where Orwell notes that `` (o)rthodoxy ... seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style'' . Political speech and writing are generally in defence of the indefensible and so lead to a euphemistic inflated style. Orwell criticises bad writing habits which spread by imitation. He argues that writers must think more clearly because thinking clearly `` is a necessary first step toward political regeneration'' . He later emphasises that he was not `` considering the literary use of language, but merely language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought'' . `` Translation'' of Ecclesiastes ( edit ) As a further example, Orwell `` translates'' Ecclesiastes 9:11: I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all. -- into `` modern English of the worst sort'' : Objective consideration of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account. Orwell points out that this `` translation'' contains many more syllables but gives no concrete illustrations, as the original did, nor does it contain any vivid, arresting images or phrases. The headmaster's wife at St Cyprian's School , Mrs. Cicely Vaughan Wilkes (nicknamed `` Flip'' ), taught English to Orwell and used the same method to illustrate good writing to her pupils. She would use simple passages from the King James Bible and then `` translate'' them into poor English to show the clarity and brilliance of the original. Walter John Christie , who followed Orwell to Eton College , wrote that she preached the virtues of `` simplicity, honesty, and avoidance of verbiage'' , and pointed out that the qualities Flip most prized were later to be seen in Orwell's writing. Remedy of six rules ( edit ) Orwell said it was easy for his contemporaries to slip into bad writing of the sort he had described and that the temptation to use meaningless or hackneyed phrases was like a `` packet of aspirins always at one's elbow'' . In particular, such phrases are always ready to form the writer's thoughts for him, to save him the bother of thinking-- or writing-- clearly. However, he concluded that the progressive decline of the English language was reversible and suggested six rules which, he claimed, would prevent many of these faults, although `` one could keep all of them and still write bad English'' . Never use a metaphor , simile , or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. (Examples that Orwell gave included `` ring the changes'' , `` Achilles' heel'' , `` swan song'' , and `` hotbed'' . He described such phrases as `` dying metaphors'' and argued that they were used without knowing what was truly being said. Furthermore, he said that using metaphors of this kind made the original meaning of the phrases meaningless, because those who used them did not know their original meaning. He wrote that `` some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning without those who use them even being aware of the fact'' .) Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive where you can use the active . Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. Publication ( edit ) `` Politics and the English Language'' was first noted in Orwell's payment book of 11 December 1945. The essay was originally published in the April 1946 issue of the journal Horizon (volume 13, issue 76, pages 252-- 265); it was Orwell's last major article for the journal. The essay was originally intended for George Weidenfeld 's Contact magazine but it was turned down. From the time of his wife's death in March 1945 Orwell had maintained a high work rate, producing some 130 literary contributions, many of them lengthy. Animal Farm had been published in August 1945 and Orwell was experiencing a time of critical and commercial literary success. He was seriously ill in February and was desperate to get away from London to the island of Jura, Scotland , where he wanted to start work on Nineteen Eighty-Four . `` Politics and the English Language'' was published nearly simultaneously with another of Orwell's essays, `` The Prevention of Literature '' . Both reflect Orwell's concern with truth and how truth depends upon the use of language. Orwell noted the deliberate use of misleading language to hide unpleasant political and military facts and also identified a laxity of language among those he identified as pro-Soviet. In `` The Prevention of Literature'' he also speculated on the type of literature under a future totalitarian society which he predicted would be formulaic and low grade sensationalism. Around the same time Orwell wrote an unsigned editorial for Polemic in response to an attack from Modern Quarterly . In this he highlights the double-talk and appalling prose of J.D. Bernal in the same magazine, and cites Edmund Wilson 's damnation of the prose of Joseph E. Davies in Mission to Moscow . Critical reception ( edit ) In his biography of Orwell, Michael Shelden called the article `` his most important essay on style'' , while Bernard Crick made no reference to the work at all in his original biography, reserving his praise for Orwell's essays in Polemic , which cover a similar political theme. John Rodden asserts, given that much of Orwell's work was polemical, that he sometimes violated these rules and Orwell himself concedes that if you look back through his essay, `` for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against'' . Rodden also says that Terry Eagleton had praised the essay's demystification of political language but had later become disenchanted with Orwell. Linguist Geoffrey Pullum -- despite being an admirer of Orwell's writing-- criticised the essay for `` its insane and unfollowable insistence that good writing must avoid all phrases and word uses that are familiar'' . Orwell's admonition to avoid using the passive voice has also been criticised. Merriam-- Webster's Dictionary of English Usage refers to three statistical studies of passive versus active sentences in various periodicals, stating: `` the highest incidence of passive constructions was 13 percent. Orwell runs to a little over 20 percent in ' Politics and the English Language' . Clearly he found the construction useful in spite of his advice to avoid it as much as possible'' . Introductory writing courses frequently cite this essay. A 1999 study found that it was reprinted 118 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1946 and 1996 that were intended for use in college-level composition courses . In 1981, Carl Freedman 's article `` Writing Ideology, and Politics: Orwell's ' Politics and the English Language' and English Composition'' set in motion a `` wide variety of critiques, reconsiderations, and outright attacks against the plain style'' that Orwell argues for. The main issue found was Orwell's `` simplistic faith about thought and language existing in a dialectical relation with one another; others quickly cut to the chase by insisting that politics, rightly considered, meant the insertion of an undercutting whose before every value word the hegemony holds dear'' . These critics also began to question Orwell's argument for the absoluteness of the English language, and asked whose values and truths were being represented through the language. Orwell's writings on the English language have had a large impact on classrooms, journalism and other writing. George Trail, in `` Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's ' Politics and the English Language' '' , says that `` A large part of Orwell's rhetorical approach consists of attempting at every opportunity to acquire reader participation, to involve the reader as an active and engaged consumer of the essay. Popular journalism is full of what may be the inheritance of Orwell's reader involvement devices'' . Haltom and Ostrom's work, Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: ' Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom , discusses how following of Orwell's six rules of English writing and speaking can have a place in the high school and university setting. Connection to other works ( edit ) Orwell's preoccupation with language as a theme can be seen in protagonist Gordon Comstock's dislike of advertising slogans in Keep the Aspidistra Flying , an early work of his. This preoccupation is also visible in Homage to Catalonia , and continued as an underlying theme of Orwell's work for the years after World War II . The themes in `` Politics and the English Language'' anticipate Orwell's development of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four . Michael Shelden calls Newspeak `` the perfect language for a society of bad writers ... because it reduces the number of choices available to them'' . Shelden says that Newspeak first corrupts writers morally, then politically, `` since it allows writers to cheat themselves and their readers with ready-made prose'' . See also ( edit ) Plain English Pleonasm Verbosity The Elements of Style A Dictionary of Modern English Usage Orwell Awards Doublespeak Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shelden 1991 , p. 393 Jump up ^ Goodman, Paul (July 1945). `` The Political Meaning of Some Recent Revisions of Freud'' . politics : 197-- 203. Jump up ^ Shelden 1991 , p. 56 Jump up ^ WJH Christie St. Cyprian's Days , Blackwood's Magazine May 1971 Jump up ^ Pearce, Robert (August 1992). `` Truth and Falsehood: Orwell's Prep School Woes'' . The Review of English Studies, New Series . 43 (171). Jump up ^ Hammond 1982 , p. 218 Jump up ^ George Orwell bibliography ^ Jump up to: Taylor 2003 , p. 376 Jump up ^ I Belong to the Left , p.431 ^ Jump up to: Shelden 1991 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Crick, Bernard (1980). George Orwell: A Life . Secker & Warburg. Jump up ^ Rodden 1989 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Quoted in Rodden 1989 , p. 379 Jump up ^ `` A load of old Orwellian cobblers from Fisk'' . Geoffrey Pullum - Language Log . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of English Usage p. 720 . Merriam-Webster. Jump up ^ Rodden 1989 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Bloom, L.Z. (1999). `` The Essay Canon'' (PDF) . College English . 61 (4): 401-- 430. doi : 10.2307/378920 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Pinsker 1997 Jump up ^ Trail, George (1995). `` Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's `` Politics and the English Language '' `` . College English . 57 (5). Jump up ^ Haltom, William; Hans Ostrom (2009). `` Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: ' Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom'' . Western Political Science Association . Jump up ^ Hammond 1982 , pp. 218-- 21 9 Bibliography ( edit ) Haltom, William and Hans Ostrom. (2009). Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: ' Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom . Western Political Science Association. Hammond, J.R. (1982). A George Orwell Companion . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-32452-9 . Orwell, George (2006). Politics and the English Language . Peterborough: Broadview Press. Pinsker, Sanford (1997). `` Musing About Orwell's ' Politics and the English Language' -- 50 Years Later'' . Virginia Quarterly Review (57) . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Rodden, John (1989). The Politics of Literary Reputation: The Making and Claiming of ' St. George' Orwell . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-03954-8 . Shelden, Michael (1991). Orwell: The Authorized Biography . New York: HarperCollins. p. 393. ISBN 0-060-16709-2 . Taylor, D.J. (2003). Orwell: A Life . New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-7473-2 . Trail, George (1995). Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's `` Politics and the English Language . College English. Further reading ( edit ) Chase, Stuart (1938). The Tyranny of Words . San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-156-92394-7 . Chomsky, Noam (2004). Language and Politics . Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-1888-X . Klemperer, Victor (2013). Language of the Third Reich -- LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii . London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0826491308 . Kress, Gunther ; Hodge, Robert (1979). Language as Ideology . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0215-7 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info/dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Politics and the English Language '' dated 2007-01-21, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Politics and the English Language at Faded Page (Canada) Politics and the English Language -- Original text Politics and the English Language -- Reformatted for online reading and printing George Orwell Bibliography Novels Burmese Days (1934) A Clergyman's Daughter (1935) Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) Coming Up for Air (1939) Animal Farm (1945) Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) Nonfiction Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) Homage to Catalonia (1938) Essays `` A Hanging '' (1931) `` The Spike '' (1931) `` Bookshop Memories '' (1936) `` Shooting an Elephant '' (1936) `` Spilling the Spanish Beans '' (1937) `` Boys' Weeklies '' (1940) `` Inside the Whale '' (1940) `` My Country Right or Left '' (1940) `` England Your England '' (1941) `` The Lion and the Unicorn '' (1941) `` The Art of Donald McGill '' (1940) `` Poetry and the Microphone '' (1943) `` Raffles and Miss Blandish '' (1944) `` Good Bad Books '' (1945) `` Notes on Nationalism '' (1945) `` Books v. Cigarettes '' (1946) `` Confessions of a Book Reviewer '' (1946) `` Decline of the English Murder '' (1946) `` A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray '' (1946) `` How the Poor Die '' (1946) `` The Moon Under Water '' (1946) `` A Nice Cup of Tea '' (1946) `` Pleasure Spots '' (1946) `` Politics and the English Language '' (1946) `` The Politics of Starvation '' (1946) `` Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels '' (1946) `` The Prevention of Literature '' (1946) `` Riding Down from Bangor '' (1946) `` Second Thoughts on James Burnham '' (1946) `` Some Thoughts on the Common Toad '' (1946) `` Why I Write '' (1946) `` Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool '' (1947) `` The English People '' (1947) `` Such, Such Were the Joys '' (1952) Collections `` As I Please '' (1943-- 1947) `` London Letters '' (1941-- 1946) Betrayal of the Left (1941) Inside the Whale and Other Essays (1940) Critical Essays (1946) Related Orwellian Searchlight Books Secker and Warburg Victor Gollancz Ltd Eileen O'Shaughnessy Sonia Orwell Orwell's list (1949) Eric & Us Why Orwell Matters Orwell Award Orwell Prize Statue Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&oldid=858211850 '' Categories : 1946 essays English language Essays by George Orwell Essays in literary criticism Works originally published in Horizon (magazine) Hidden categories: EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Esperanto Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2018, at 19:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 7894701859916088960 |
who does everyone end up with in how i met your mother | In an interview with David Letterman , Neil Patrick Harris declared himself a fan of the way the finale ended the series : `` Some people just hated it , and I think that that 's a compliment to the show in a weird way because it means that they have grown up with these characters and feel like they wanted it to go a certain way , though I think it 's great . But our show really did cross the line between funny funny and really serious , and that was kind of the balance that this show had . And as the show grew up , and as we grew up in the show , it ended in a more adult way and I think it was a nice , reflective , kind of sad , but happy ending to a long , long story . '' | [
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"`` Last Forever '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Ted finally meets the Mother . Episode nos . Season 9 Episodes 23 ( Part 1 ) Episode 24 ( Part 2 ) Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas Original air date ( s ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Jim Nantz as Himself Judith Drake as Bernice Lyndsy Fonseca as Daughter David Henrie as Son Episode chronology ← Previous `` The End of the Aisle '' Next → --",
"`` Last Forever ''",
"How I Met Your Mother episodes",
"Ted finally meets the Mother .",
"Episode nos . Season 9 Episodes 23 ( Part 1 ) Episode 24 ( Part 2 )",
"Directed by Pamela Fryman",
"Written by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas",
"Original air date ( s ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 )",
"Guest appearance ( s )",
"Jim Nantz as Himself Judith Drake as Bernice Lyndsy Fonseca as Daughter David Henrie as Son",
"Jim Nantz as Himself Judith Drake as Bernice Lyndsy Fonseca as Daughter David Henrie as Son",
"Jim Nantz as Himself",
"Judith Drake as Bernice",
"Lyndsy Fonseca as Daughter",
"David Henrie as Son",
"Episode chronology",
"← Previous `` The End of the Aisle '' Next → --",
"← Previous `` The End of the Aisle '' Next → --",
"← Previous `` The End of the Aisle '' Next → --",
"`` Last Forever '' is the final episode of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The episode serves as the 23rd and 24th episode of season nine , and the 207th and 208th episode overall ; the episode 's two parts are classified as two separate episodes . It aired on March 31 , 2014 .",
"`` Last Forever '' received a polarized response from fans and TV critics , primarily in regard to the final twist ending , the relationship between Ted and Robin , and the fate of the series ' titular mother . Many viewers expressed considerable disdain for the apparent disregard for character development , while some praised it for tying up loose ends . However , additional praise was directed to the acting , especially Neil Patrick Harris 's performance .",
"In a flashback to September 2005 , Ted ( Josh Radnor ) , Marshall ( Jason Segel ) , Lily ( Alyson Hannigan ) and Barney ( Neil Patrick Harris ) accept Robin ( Cobie Smulders ) into their group . Lily , optimistic about Robin 's friendship , decrees that Ted and Barney can not hook up with her unless they marry her , and Barney scoffs at the idea .",
"In May 2013 , Ted discusses his move to Chicago with Marshall and Lily at Barney and Robin 's wedding reception . Meanwhile , Barney recognizes the bass player -- already introduced in previous episodes as the Mother ( Cristin Milioti ) -- as the woman who advised him to pursue Robin . He approaches Ted with the intent to introduce her to him , but Ted declines the idea . After the group sadly bids Ted farewell , he goes to the Farhampton train station , where an elderly lady ( Judith Drake ) asks Ted many questions about destiny and spots the Mother standing nearby . Ted insists he ca n't talk to her because he 's moving . The next night , Marshall and Lily are surprised to see Ted sitting at their table in MacLaren 's . He tells them that he met a girl , which they approve after finding out she is the bass player from the wedding .",
"In 2015 , Ted , now engaged , meets Robin and Barney at MacLaren 's to discuss wedding ideas . As Robin goes to buy drinks , Barney admits their marriage is suffering because of Robin 's rising career , which requires her to travel frequently . The Mother arrives and tells Ted they have to delay their wedding because she is pregnant .",
"In May 2016 , Ted and the Mother host a get - together with the rest of the gang . Marshall is miserable at his new job , having been forced to return to being a corporate lawyer . Barney and Robin reveal that after three years of marriage , they have divorced . The mood turns positive when Barney realizes that Marshall and Lily are expecting their third child , but Lily is worried about the group breaking apart . Together they promise they will all be there for the big moments and will remain friends .",
"In October 2016 , Marshall and Lily decide to move out of their old apartment and put together a final Halloween roof party . Robin is sad to see Ted and the Mother with matching `` hanging chad '' outfits , alongside Barney who has returned to his womanizing ways . She decides to leave and confesses to Lily that she ca n't be in the group any longer as she has outgrown them and still has unresolved feelings for Ted , which devastates Lily .",
"In 2018 , Barney gets ready for another night at MacLaren 's , even though Ted and Lily , both being parents , are n't intending to stay out late . Marshall arrives and announces he is replacing a retiring judge in Queens , which prompts a celebration . When Barney attempts to score with a young woman , Lily blasts him for fully regressing into his previous self . After Barney defends his behavior by telling her that he will never make it work with anyone except Robin , Lily relents and Barney leaves to enjoy his night .",
"In 2019 , Ted , the Mother , Marshall and Lily are at Robots Versus Wrestlers . A depressed Barney shows up to say that while he recently completed a `` perfect month '' using a new Playbook , the last woman is pregnant with his child . Sometime later , Ted runs into Robin , now a famous news reporter , while showing Penny the GNB building he designed . Marshall , Lily , and Ted gather at the birth of Barney 's daughter , Ellie . Despite his initial misgivings , Barney is moved to tears .",
"At Ted and the Mother 's house , Ted re-proposes to the Mother , and says they are getting married the following Thursday . Before the wedding , the gang meets up at MacLaren 's , and Marshall announces he is running for the New York State Supreme Court . Barney sees two young women at the bar and scolds them for dressing inappropriately , which genuinely surprised Lily . While reconciling with the gang , Robin admits to Ted that after initially declining to come , the Mother told her to reconsider . Lily gives a toast praising Ted for all he has been through , and Future Ted narrates how he never stopped loving the Mother for a second , even when she became terminally ill and died in 2024 .",
"Returning the story to May 2013 , Ted gets the courage to introduce himself to the bass player , and she invites him underneath her yellow umbrella . The two engage in a conversation where she tells Ted she remembers him on his first day as a professor , and reveals her name is Tracy McConnell . Their conversation continue as the train arrives .",
"In 2030 , when Future Ted finishes his story , Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) and Luke ( David Henrie ) deduce that it was actually about how he still has feelings for their `` Aunt '' Robin , and give their blessings to continue his relationship with her . Ted decides to go to her apartment with the blue French horn , presenting it the same way he had 25 years earlier . Robin , who is revealed to be living alone , seems moved , and they both smile at each other .",
"Before writing the episode , Carter Bays and Craig Thomas decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms for inspiration . They said that they crafted the last ten minutes of the series right from the start . In February 2014 , Bays tweeted that he found a rough draft of the series finale that he first wrote in 2006 .",
"The scene involving Ted 's future children ( Lyndsy Fonseca and David Henrie ) was secretly shot in 2006 during the production of Season 2 . This was primarily done so the teenage characters would not age , since Fonseca and Henrie were adults by the time the final episode aired . The scene was filmed on a set closed to everyone except Bays , Thomas , executive producer / director Pamela Fryman , a camera operator , and Fonseca and Henrie , who signed non-disclosure agreements . Fonseca stated that she had forgotten the details of the scene in the years since its filming , while Henrie said , `` I do remember . I think I remember . We 'll see . '' Josh Radnor was also told some parts of the finale from the start , but neither he nor the rest of the cast were informed how the series would end . Radnor , not Bob Saget , plays future Ted when he appears on camera . When asked whether he should have played the role , Saget said that Radnor doing so `` felt appropriate to me . It 's not The Matrix , it 's where Ted CGI 's into a narrator of his voice that was done as a sweet way to tell his story from almost his conscience from the future of his own life '' .",
"Before the airing of the series finale , debates raged amongst fans concerning the fate of Ted and the Mother , fueled by scenes from `` Vesuvius '' and other previous episodes that seemed to point to a tragic ending .",
"According to tweets from Alyson Hannigan , approximately 18 minutes of the original episode had to be cut to fit the broadcast time . One cut sequence features Lily paying back Marshall regarding a bet on whether Ted and Robin end up together , first referenced in the episode `` No Pressure '' . Other cut scenes feature Robin , wearing her Robin Sparkles jeans jacket over her wedding dress , singing `` Let 's Go to The Mall '' with the Mother 's band at the wedding reception , and a `` one - second '' montage showing Tracy 's funeral .",
"An alternative cut of the ending appeared on the season nine DVD and the box set . It did not contain any new footage , but is edited in a way that changes the fates of Ted , Tracy and Robin . The voiceover is performed by Saget , rather than Radnor , and is completely different .",
"Everything but the Girl 's acoustic cover of the Tom Waits song `` Downtown Train '' was used in the scene where Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station . Music supervisor Andy Gowan says that Carter Bays `` basically put it in the script , and wrote that script with that song in mind '' ; Gowan described the song as `` heartbreakingly beautiful '' and captured both the `` sweet and romantic '' and the `` somber , dark part '' of the scene .",
"`` Heaven '' by The Walkmen features in the final scene of `` Last Forever '' . Gowan said that `` it seemed like it was written for our show '' . Gowan had suggested the song before , especially for use in the season 8 premiere , and said that when he pitched it for use in the season 9 finale , `` ( the song ) was just the one that resonated with all of us the most '' .",
"`` Last Forever '' received a polarizing reaction from fans and critics alike , with the majority opinion being negative . Many viewers expressed considerable dissatisfaction regarding the resolution of Ted 's story , his relationship to Robin , and the fate of the titular mother . Additionally , the season - long buildup for Barney and Robin 's wedding and their divorce 10 minutes into the next episode was criticized . Fans took to social media , such as Tumblr and Twitter , to express their disappointment . Some fans joked that the episode was an early April Fools ' joke , because it aired on March 31 .",
"Some fans of the show called on CBS to commission the creators of the show via a change.org petition to rewrite and reshoot the finale . As of April 2 , 2014 , the petition had received more than 5,000 signatures . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternative ending , from the same filmed material , would be included on the Season 9 DVD .",
"Bill Kuchman of Popculturology said that the success of Milioti as the Mother made it hard to write the character away so quickly , saying , `` Thanks to the show 's writing staff and Cristin Milioti , HIMYM had a huge victory on its hands with The Mother . Asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request . '' Kuchman noted that `` ( over ) the course of this final season , HIMYM made us care about Tracy . It made us believe that she and Ted belonged together . It was earned . That 's why it was sad to see HIMYM just brush Tracy away . ''",
"Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+ , saying , `` The hour finale was a strange ride , marvelous in some ways , confounding in others . Endings are difficult , and I do n't think any objective assessment would say they nailed this one . '' Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was more blunt in saying that `` Bays and Thomas simply looked like shitty long - term planners , unable to understand that getting the audience so invested in the Barney and Robin coupling or in Tracy as a character would make it all the harder when the series finale abruptly dissolved the former and treated the latter 's death as an aside in the narration . That the show never seemed to suggest Ted mourned her feels like a vital betrayal of his character . ''",
"Alan Sepinwall of HitFix cited three reasons why Bays and Thomas should not have stuck with the ending they had originally envisioned at the start : the show 's lengthy run forced them to stretch out events like Barney 's and Robin 's wedding , which would have to be quickly undone in the finale ; the chemistry between Cobie Smulders and Neil Patrick Harris caused many fans to become deeply invested in Robin and Barney 's relationship more than Robin and Ted 's ; and the casting of Cristin Milioti as the Mother caused fans to become invested in that character as well . Sepinwall stated that `` so much of what was terrible here was terrible because Bays and Thomas had a very specific vision for the ending of their show and would not -- or , perhaps , after they filmed the kids ' reactions , could not -- deviate from it . And based on the initial reaction I 've seen to the episode , it 's going to forever sour the opinion many fans of the show had for it . ''",
"Joyce Eng of TV Guide said that she 'd prefer Ted not to have ended up with Robin , but `` as I consider the romantics that co-creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas are , it 's obvious they would bring this long , winding love story full circle back to the person Ted wanted to be with when we met him . And The Mother -- excuse us , Tracy -- is reunited with her first true love , Max , too . '' Though the Mother served as a `` cheap plot device '' to a degree , Eng said that `` Ted 's time with her also taught him nothing lasts forever , nothing 's perfect . And he needs to move on with his life , but that does n't make his relationship with The Mother any less important . I do n't think the Ted of 2005 would 've done the same . ''",
"Andrew Meola from MStars praised the episode , saying `` I could n't believe that they actually killed the Mother . But I let it sit for a bit , and then I felt something profoundly beautiful come out of this last hour of How I Met Your Mother . ''",
"In an interview with David Letterman , Neil Patrick Harris declared himself a fan of the way the finale ended the series : `` Some people just hated it , and I think that that 's a compliment to the show in a weird way because it means that they have grown up with these characters and feel like they wanted it to go a certain way , though I think it 's great . But our show really did cross the line between funny funny and really serious , and that was kind of the balance that this show had . And as the show grew up , and as we grew up in the show , it ended in a more adult way and I think it was a nice , reflective , kind of sad , but happy ending to a long , long story . ''"
] | Last Forever - wikipedia Last Forever Jump to: navigation , search `` Last Forever '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Ted finally meets the Mother. Episode nos. Season 9 Episodes 23 (Part 1) Episode 24 (Part 2) Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas Original air date(s) March 31, 2014 ( 2014-03-31 ) Guest appearance(s) Jim Nantz as Himself Judith Drake as Bernice Lyndsy Fonseca as Daughter David Henrie as Son Episode chronology ← Previous `` The End of the Aisle '' Next → -- `` Last Forever'' is the final episode of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The episode serves as the 23rd and 24th episode of season nine , and the 207th and 208th episode overall; the episode's two parts are classified as two separate episodes. It aired on March 31, 2014. `` Last Forever'' received a polarized response from fans and TV critics , primarily in regard to the final twist ending , the relationship between Ted and Robin , and the fate of the series' titular mother . Many viewers expressed considerable disdain for the apparent disregard for character development , while some praised it for tying up loose ends. However, additional praise was directed to the acting, especially Neil Patrick Harris 's performance. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part 1 1.2 Part 2 2 Production 3 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) In a flashback to September 2005, Ted ( Josh Radnor ), Marshall ( Jason Segel ), Lily ( Alyson Hannigan ) and Barney (Neil Patrick Harris) accept Robin ( Cobie Smulders ) into their group. Lily, optimistic about Robin's friendship, decrees that Ted and Barney cannot hook up with her unless they marry her, and Barney scoffs at the idea. In May 2013, Ted discusses his move to Chicago with Marshall and Lily at Barney and Robin's wedding reception. Meanwhile, Barney recognizes the bass player-- already introduced in previous episodes as the Mother ( Cristin Milioti )-- as the woman who advised him to pursue Robin. He approaches Ted with the intent to introduce her to him, but Ted declines the idea. After the group sadly bids Ted farewell, he goes to the Farhampton train station, where an elderly lady (Judith Drake) asks Ted many questions about destiny and spots the Mother standing nearby. Ted insists he can't talk to her because he's moving. The next night, Marshall and Lily are surprised to see Ted sitting at their table in MacLaren's . He tells them that he met a girl, which they approve after finding out she is the bass player from the wedding. In 2015, Ted, now engaged, meets Robin and Barney at MacLaren's to discuss wedding ideas. As Robin goes to buy drinks, Barney admits their marriage is suffering because of Robin's rising career, which requires her to travel frequently. The Mother arrives and tells Ted they have to delay their wedding because she is pregnant. In May 2016, Ted and the Mother host a get-together with the rest of the gang. Marshall is miserable at his new job, having been forced to return to being a corporate lawyer . Barney and Robin reveal that after three years of marriage, they have divorced. The mood turns positive when Barney realizes that Marshall and Lily are expecting their third child, but Lily is worried about the group breaking apart. Together they promise they will all be there for the big moments and will remain friends. In October 2016, Marshall and Lily decide to move out of their old apartment and put together a final Halloween roof party. Robin is sad to see Ted and the Mother with matching `` hanging chad'' outfits , alongside Barney who has returned to his womanizing ways. She decides to leave and confesses to Lily that she can't be in the group any longer as she has outgrown them and still has unresolved feelings for Ted, which devastates Lily. Part 2 ( edit ) In 2018, Barney gets ready for another night at MacLaren's , even though Ted and Lily, both being parents, aren't intending to stay out late. Marshall arrives and announces he is replacing a retiring judge in Queens , which prompts a celebration. When Barney attempts to score with a young woman, Lily blasts him for fully regressing into his previous self. After Barney defends his behavior by telling her that he will never make it work with anyone except Robin, Lily relents and Barney leaves to enjoy his night. In 2019, Ted, the Mother, Marshall and Lily are at Robots Versus Wrestlers . A depressed Barney shows up to say that while he recently completed a `` perfect month '' using a new Playbook , the last woman is pregnant with his child. Sometime later, Ted runs into Robin, now a famous news reporter, while showing Penny the GNB building he designed . Marshall, Lily, and Ted gather at the birth of Barney's daughter, Ellie. Despite his initial misgivings, Barney is moved to tears. At Ted and the Mother's house, Ted re-proposes to the Mother, and says they are getting married the following Thursday. Before the wedding, the gang meets up at MacLaren's , and Marshall announces he is running for the New York State Supreme Court. Barney sees two young women at the bar and scolds them for dressing inappropriately, which genuinely surprised Lily. While reconciling with the gang, Robin admits to Ted that after initially declining to come, the Mother told her to reconsider. Lily gives a toast praising Ted for all he has been through, and Future Ted narrates how he never stopped loving the Mother for a second, even when she became terminally ill and died in 2024. Returning the story to May 2013, Ted gets the courage to introduce himself to the bass player, and she invites him underneath her yellow umbrella. The two engage in a conversation where she tells Ted she remembers him on his first day as a professor , and reveals her name is Tracy McConnell. Their conversation continue as the train arrives. In 2030, when Future Ted finishes his story, Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) and Luke ( David Henrie ) deduce that it was actually about how he still has feelings for their `` Aunt'' Robin, and give their blessings to continue his relationship with her. Ted decides to go to her apartment with the blue French horn , presenting it the same way he had 25 years earlier. Robin, who is revealed to be living alone, seems moved, and they both smile at each other. Production ( edit ) Before writing the episode, Carter Bays and Craig Thomas decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms for inspiration. They said that they crafted the last ten minutes of the series right from the start. In February 2014, Bays tweeted that he found a rough draft of the series finale that he first wrote in 2006. The scene involving Ted's future children ( Lyndsy Fonseca and David Henrie ) was secretly shot in 2006 during the production of Season 2 . This was primarily done so the teenage characters would not age, since Fonseca and Henrie were adults by the time the final episode aired. The scene was filmed on a set closed to everyone except Bays, Thomas, executive producer/director Pamela Fryman , a camera operator, and Fonseca and Henrie, who signed non-disclosure agreements . Fonseca stated that she had forgotten the details of the scene in the years since its filming, while Henrie said, `` I do remember. I think I remember. We'll see.'' Josh Radnor was also told some parts of the finale from the start, but neither he nor the rest of the cast were informed how the series would end. Radnor, not Bob Saget , plays future Ted when he appears on camera. When asked whether he should have played the role, Saget said that Radnor doing so `` felt appropriate to me. It's not The Matrix , it's where Ted CGI's into a narrator of his voice that was done as a sweet way to tell his story from almost his conscience from the future of his own life'' . Before the airing of the series finale, debates raged amongst fans concerning the fate of Ted and the Mother, fueled by scenes from `` Vesuvius '' and other previous episodes that seemed to point to a tragic ending. According to tweets from Alyson Hannigan , approximately 18 minutes of the original episode had to be cut to fit the broadcast time. One cut sequence features Lily paying back Marshall regarding a bet on whether Ted and Robin end up together, first referenced in the episode `` No Pressure '' . Other cut scenes feature Robin, wearing her Robin Sparkles jeans jacket over her wedding dress, singing `` Let's Go to The Mall'' with the Mother's band at the wedding reception, and a `` one-second'' montage showing Tracy's funeral. An alternative cut of the ending appeared on the season nine DVD and the box set. It did not contain any new footage, but is edited in a way that changes the fates of Ted, Tracy and Robin. The voiceover is performed by Saget, rather than Radnor, and is completely different. Everything but the Girl 's acoustic cover of the Tom Waits song `` Downtown Train '' was used in the scene where Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station. Music supervisor Andy Gowan says that Carter Bays `` basically put it in the script, and wrote that script with that song in mind'' ; Gowan described the song as `` heartbreakingly beautiful'' and captured both the `` sweet and romantic'' and the `` somber, dark part'' of the scene. `` Heaven '' by The Walkmen features in the final scene of `` Last Forever'' . Gowan said that `` it seemed like it was written for our show'' . Gowan had suggested the song before, especially for use in the season 8 premiere, and said that when he pitched it for use in the season 9 finale, `` (the song) was just the one that resonated with all of us the most'' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Last Forever'' received a polarizing reaction from fans and critics alike, with the majority opinion being negative. Many viewers expressed considerable dissatisfaction regarding the resolution of Ted's story, his relationship to Robin, and the fate of the titular mother. Additionally, the season-long buildup for Barney and Robin's wedding and their divorce 10 minutes into the next episode was criticized. Fans took to social media, such as Tumblr and Twitter , to express their disappointment. Some fans joked that the episode was an early April Fools' joke, because it aired on March 31. Some fans of the show called on CBS to commission the creators of the show via a change.org petition to rewrite and reshoot the finale. As of April 2, 2014 , the petition had received more than 5,000 signatures. On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternative ending, from the same filmed material, would be included on the Season 9 DVD. Bill Kuchman of Popculturology said that the success of Milioti as the Mother made it hard to write the character away so quickly, saying, `` Thanks to the show's writing staff and Cristin Milioti , HIMYM had a huge victory on its hands with The Mother. Asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request.'' Kuchman noted that `` (over) the course of this final season, HIMYM made us care about Tracy. It made us believe that she and Ted belonged together. It was earned. That's why it was sad to see HIMYM just brush Tracy away.'' Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+, saying, `` The hour finale was a strange ride, marvelous in some ways, confounding in others. Endings are difficult, and I don't think any objective assessment would say they nailed this one.'' Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was more blunt in saying that `` Bays and Thomas simply looked like shitty long-term planners, unable to understand that getting the audience so invested in the Barney and Robin coupling or in Tracy as a character would make it all the harder when the series finale abruptly dissolved the former and treated the latter's death as an aside in the narration. That the show never seemed to suggest Ted mourned her feels like a vital betrayal of his character.'' Alan Sepinwall of HitFix cited three reasons why Bays and Thomas should not have stuck with the ending they had originally envisioned at the start: the show's lengthy run forced them to stretch out events like Barney's and Robin's wedding, which would have to be quickly undone in the finale; the chemistry between Cobie Smulders and Neil Patrick Harris caused many fans to become deeply invested in Robin and Barney's relationship more than Robin and Ted's ; and the casting of Cristin Milioti as the Mother caused fans to become invested in that character as well. Sepinwall stated that `` so much of what was terrible here was terrible because Bays and Thomas had a very specific vision for the ending of their show and would not -- or, perhaps, after they filmed the kids' reactions, could not -- deviate from it. And based on the initial reaction I've seen to the episode, it's going to forever sour the opinion many fans of the show had for it.'' Joyce Eng of TV Guide said that she'd prefer Ted not to have ended up with Robin, but `` as I consider the romantics that co-creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas are, it's obvious they would bring this long, winding love story full circle back to the person Ted wanted to be with when we met him. And The Mother -- excuse us, Tracy -- is reunited with her first true love, Max, too.'' Though the Mother served as a `` cheap plot device'' to a degree, Eng said that `` Ted's time with her also taught him nothing lasts forever, nothing's perfect. And he needs to move on with his life, but that doesn't make his relationship with The Mother any less important. I don't think the Ted of 2005 would've done the same.'' Andrew Meola from MStars praised the episode, saying `` I couldn't believe that they actually killed the Mother. But I let it sit for a bit, and then I felt something profoundly beautiful come out of this last hour of How I Met Your Mother.'' In an interview with David Letterman , Neil Patrick Harris declared himself a fan of the way the finale ended the series: `` Some people just hated it, and I think that that's a compliment to the show in a weird way because it means that they have grown up with these characters and feel like they wanted it to go a certain way, though I think it's great. But our show really did cross the line between funny funny and really serious, and that was kind of the balance that this show had. And as the show grew up, and as we grew up in the show, it ended in a more adult way and I think it was a nice, reflective, kind of sad, but happy ending to a long, long story.'' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch: Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014 . Retrieved April 3, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Akuna, Kirsten (March 31, 2014). `` Fans Are Not Happy With The ' How I Met Your Mother' Series Finale'' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ James Poniewozik (March 31, 2014). `` How I Met Your Mother Watch: Mate and Switch'' . Time Magazine . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A wedding, a funeral and a French horn... How I Met Your Mother delivers a legendary series finale'' . Mail Online . Daily Mail . April 1, 2014 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother: the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending'' . Guardian . April 1, 2014 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Henry Hanks (April 1, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' ends a legendary run'' . CNN . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Harnick (February 7, 2014). `` '' First Look'' at How I Met Your Mother Series Finale: Carter Bays Has Been Writing It Since 2006!`` . E! Online . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barney writes a book, Barney + Robin, Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother' news'' . Chicago Tribune. July 19, 2008 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother. That scene will be included in the show's series finale'' Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney's Breakup, Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn'' . Zap2it.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010 . Retrieved April 10, 2010 . Jump up ^ Vlada Gelman (September 29, 2013). `` Farewell, How I Met Your Mother: Ted's ' Daughter' and ' Son' Spill 7 Behind-the-Scenes Secrets'' . TV Line . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Climatic End To ' HIMYM' Shot Eight Years Ago,'' from AP/TVNewsCheck, January 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell (March 24, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' : Josh Radnor Has Always Known (Part of) How It All Ends'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Rachel Maresca (March 24, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' stars were left guessing about the sitcom's finale'' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Saget (April 4, 2014). `` I'm Bob Saget...comedian, actor and author of the new book DIRTY DADDY... ask me anything!'' . Reddit . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Margaret Eby (March 4, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' hints at tragic series finale'' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` alyson hannigan on Twitter: `` '' @TMillz55: @alydenisof @HIMYM_CBS I do believe lily owes Marshall money though! @jasonsegel'' YES & that scene was CUT!!! :(((. `` '' . Twitter . March 31, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ Erin Strecker (April 3, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' finale cut a Robin Sparkles performance'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (April 26, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother Star: `` Heart-Wrenching'' Funeral, Cut from Finale, May Have Softened Blow`` . TVLine . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Ashley Lee (April 1, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' Series Finale: The Story Behind the Music (Video)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Caroline Westbrook (April 1, 2014). `` How I Met Your Mother finally answers its own question in last ever episode -- but fans aren't happy'' . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . How I Met Your Mother's ending left many fans wanting -- and others suggesting it was all an April Fool's joke. Jump up ^ Kaitlin Thomas (April 1, 2014). `` How I Met Your Mother Series Finale Review: Well, That Happened'' . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . I might eventually come around to accepting the fact `` Last Forever'' wasn't just a one-day-early April Fool's Day prank. Jump up ^ Tierney McAfee (April 2, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' Ending Petition -- Fans Want To Officially Change Finale'' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter: `` Update for those who've been asking: Alt #himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set. '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved December 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (April 1, 2014). `` ' How I Met Your Mother' ' Last Forever' Recap: A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Popculturology . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). `` ' HIMYM' Finale Instant Reaction'' . Popculturology . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (March 31, 2014). `` Last Forever'' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff (April 1, 2014). `` Does How I Met Your Mother's finale ruin it for all time?'' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Alan Sepinwall (March 31, 2014). `` Series finale review: ' How I Met Your Mother' - ' Last Forever' : How they conned us all'' . HitFix . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng (March 31, 2014). `` How I Met Your Mother: Was It a Legendary Finale?'' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Meola (March 31, 2014). `` How I Met Your Mother ' Last Forever' Review: And that, kids...'' Mstarz.com . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube'' . YouTube . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Last Forever: Part One on IMDb Last Forever: Part Two on IMDb ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 9 `` The Locket '' `` Coming Back '' `` Last Time in New York '' `` The Broken Code '' `` The Poker Game '' `` Knight Vision '' `` No Questions Asked '' `` The Lighthouse '' `` Platonish '' `` Mom and Dad '' `` Bedtime Stories '' `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' `` Bass Player Wanted '' `` Slapsgiving 3: Slappointment in Slapmarra '' `` Unpause '' `` How Your Mother Met Me '' `` Sunrise '' `` Rally '' `` Vesuvius '' `` Daisy '' `` Gary Blauman '' `` The End of the Aisle '' `` Last Forever '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Forever&oldid=833082185 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes American television series finales How I Met Your Mother (season 9) episodes Television episodes in multiple parts Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from September 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 15:33. 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town in kent near the strait of dover one of the cinque ports | The Merchant Shipping Act 1872 ( 35 & 36 Vict c 73 s 10 ) | [
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"The Confederation of Cinque Ports ( / sɪŋk pɔːrts / ) is a historic series of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex . It was originally formed for military and trade purposes , but is now entirely ceremonial . It lies at the eastern end of the English Channel , where the crossing to the continent is narrowest . The name is Norman French , meaning `` five ports '' . They were :",
"Hastings New Romney Hythe Dover Sandwich",
"However , Rye , originally a subsidiary of New Romney , changed to become one of the Cinque Ports once New Romney was damaged by storms and silted up .",
"Other towns also contribute to the confederation , including two ' ancient towns ' , and seven ' limbs ' .",
"The five ports are supported by the two so - called Ancient Towns of Rye and Winchelsea , whose councils traditionally maintained defence contingents for the realm of England .",
"Apart from the five ports and the two Ancient Towns , there are seven other members of the Confederation , which are considered to be Limbs of the other towns . These are :",
"Lydd ( Limb of New Romney ) Folkestone ( Limb of Dover ) Faversham ( Limb of Dover ) Margate ( Limb of Dover ) Deal ( Limb of Sandwich ) Ramsgate ( Limb of Sandwich ) Tenterden ( Limb of Rye )",
"Lydd ( Limb of New Romney )",
"Folkestone ( Limb of Dover )",
"Faversham ( Limb of Dover )",
"Margate ( Limb of Dover )",
"Deal ( Limb of Sandwich )",
"Ramsgate ( Limb of Sandwich )",
"Tenterden ( Limb of Rye )",
"There are in addition some 23 towns , villages and offices which have varying degrees of connection to the ancient Liberties of the Cinque Ports .",
"The coastal confederation during its mediaeval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all . These include :",
"Limbs of Hastings -- Grange ( now part of Gillingham , Kent ) , Bekesbourne , Bulverhythe , Northeye ( former village in Sussex ) , Eastbourne , Hydney ( now Hampden Park , part of Eastbourne ) , Pebsham ( small village between Bulverhythe and Bexhill - on - Sea ( then as Bexhill ) , Pevensey and Seaford ( in Sussex ) Limbs of Sandwich -- Reculver , Sarre , Fordwich , Walmer , Stonar ( near Richborough ) , and Brightlingsea ( in Essex ) Limbs of Dover -- Birchington , St. Johns ( part of Margate ) , St. Peters , Ringwould , Woodchurch and Kingsdown Limbs of Hythe -- West Hythe Walmer , Ramsgate",
"Limbs of Hastings -- Grange ( now part of Gillingham , Kent ) , Bekesbourne , Bulverhythe , Northeye ( former village in Sussex ) , Eastbourne , Hydney ( now Hampden Park , part of Eastbourne ) , Pebsham ( small village between Bulverhythe and Bexhill - on - Sea ( then as Bexhill ) , Pevensey and Seaford ( in Sussex )",
"Limbs of Sandwich -- Reculver , Sarre , Fordwich , Walmer , Stonar ( near Richborough ) , and Brightlingsea ( in Essex )",
"Limbs of Dover -- Birchington , St. Johns ( part of Margate ) , St. Peters , Ringwould , Woodchurch and Kingsdown",
"Limbs of Hythe -- West Hythe",
"Walmer , Ramsgate",
"The origins of the Cinque Ports can be traced back to Anglo - Saxon times , when certain south - east ports were granted the local profits of justice in return for providing ships . By 1100 , the term Cinque Ports had come into use ; and in 1155 a Royal Charter established the ports to maintain ships ready for The Crown in case of need . The chief obligation laid upon the ports , as a corporate duty , was to provide 57 ships for 15 days ' service to the king annually , each port fulfilling a proportion of the whole duty . In return the towns received the following privileges :",
"Exemption from tax and tallage , right of soc and sac , tol and team , blodwit ( the right to punish shedders of blood ) and fledwit ( the right to punish those who were seized in an attempt to escape from justice ) , pillory and tumbril , infangentheof and outfangentheof , mundbryce ( the breaking into or violation of a man 's mund or property in order to erect banks or dikes as a defence against the sea ) , waifs and strays , flotsam and jetsam and ligan",
"That is to say :",
"Exemption from tax and tolls ; self - government ; permission to levy tolls , punish those who shed blood or flee justice , punish minor offences , detain and execute criminals both inside and outside the port 's jurisdiction , and punish breaches of the peace ; and possession of lost goods that remain unclaimed after a year , goods thrown overboard , and floating wreckage .",
"The leeway given to the Cinque Ports , and the turning of a blind eye to misbehaviour , led to smuggling , though common everywhere at this time becoming more or less one of the dominant industries .",
"A significant factor in the need to maintain the authority of the Cinque Ports by the King was the development of the Royal Navy . King Edward I of England granted the citizens of the Cinque Ports special privileges , including the right to bring goods into the country without paying import duties ; in return the Ports would supply him with men and ships in time of war ( as in the Welsh campaign of 1282 ) . The associated ports , known as `` limbs '' , were given the same privileges . The five head ports and two ancient towns were entitled to send two Members to Parliament . A Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports was appointed , and also held the title of Constable of Dover Castle , and whilst this office exists today , it is now a purely honorary title , with an official residence at Walmer Castle . The town of Hastings was the head port of the Cinque Ports in mediaeval times . The towns also had their own system of courts .",
"All Freemen of the ports , termed `` portsmen '' , were deemed in the age of Feudalism to be barons , and thus members of the baronage entitled to attend the king 's parliament - a privilege granted in 1322 in recognition of their earlier support of the Despensers , father and son . Termed `` Barons of the Cinque Ports '' , they reflected an early concept that military service at sea constituted land tenure per baroniam making them quasi feudal barons . The early - 14th - century treatise Modus Tenendi Parliamentum stated the Barons of the Cinque Ports to hold a place of precedence below the lay magnates ( Lords Temporal ) but above the representatives of the shires and boroughs ( Knights of the Shire and burgesses ) . During the deposition of Edward II , the chronicles made a specific point of noting the presence of the Barons in the embassy of deposition - `` praecipue de portubus ... barones des Portez '' ( ' especially the ( Cinque ) Ports ... the barones of the Ports ' ) . Writs of summons to parliament were sent to the warden following which representative barons of the Cinque Ports were selected to attend parliament . Thus the warden 's duty in this respect was similar to that of the sheriff who received the writs for distribution to the barons in the shires . The existence of common ( i.e. communal ) seals of the barons of the individual ports ( see illustration ) suggests they formed a corporation as the seal was designed to be affixed to charters and legal documents which would bind them as a single body . This no doubt related to their privileges as monopolies . The warden and barons often experienced clashes of jurisdiction . In the 21st century the title `` Baron of the Cinque Ports '' is now reserved for Freemen elected by the Mayor , Jurats and Common Council of the Ports to attend a Coronation , at which they hold the canopy above a new monarch , and is solely honorary in nature .",
"As time went by and some ports declined or silted up , others were added . Rye and Winchelsea were attached to Hastings as `` Ancient Towns '' in the 12th century , and later became members in their own right . The following `` corporate limbs '' were added in the 15th century : Lydd , Faversham , Folkestone , Deal , Tenterden , Margate and Ramsgate . Other places associated with the Cinque Ports and sometimes described as `` non-corporate limbs '' included Bekesbourne , Birchington , Brightlingsea , Fordwich , Pevensey , Reculver , Seaford , Stonor and Walmer . At one time there were 23 limbs .",
"The continuing decline of the confederation of the Cinque Ports may be ascribed to a variety of different circumstances . While they survived the raids from the Danes and the French , the numerous destructive impact of plagues , and the politics of the 13th - century Plantagenets and the subsequent War of the Roses , natural causes such as the silting of harbours and the withdrawal of the sea did much to undermine them . The rise of Southampton , and the need for larger ships than could be crewed by the 21 man service of the ports , also contributed to the decline .",
"Although by the 14th century the confederation faced wider challenges from a greater consolidation of national identity in the monarchy and Parliament , the legacy of the Saxon authority remained . Even after the 15th century , the Ancient Towns continued to serve with the supply of transport ships .",
"During the 15th century , New Romney , once a port of great importance at the mouth of the river Rother ( until it became completely blocked by the shifting of sands during the South England flood of February 1287 ) , was considered the central port in the confederation , and the place of assembly for the Cinque Port Courts , the oldest such authority being vested in the `` Kynges high courte of Shepway '' , which was being held from at least 1150 . It was here that from 1433 the White ( 1433 -- 1571 ) and Black ( 1572 -- 1955 ) Books of the Cinque Port Courts were kept .",
"Much of Hastings was washed away by the sea in the 13th century . During a naval campaign of 1339 , and again in 1377 , the town was raided and burnt by the French , and went into a decline during which it ceased to be a major port . It had no natural sheltered harbour . Attempts were made to build a stone harbour during the reign of Elizabeth I , but the foundations were destroyed by the sea in storms .",
"New Romney is now about a mile and a half from the seafront . It was originally a harbour town at the mouth of the River Rother . The Rother estuary was always difficult to navigate , with many shallow channels and sandbanks . In the latter part of the thirteenth century a series of severe storms weakened the coastal defences of Romney Marsh , and the South England flood of February 1287 almost destroyed the town . The harbour and town were filled with sand , silt , mud and debris , and the River Rother changed course , now running out into the sea near Rye , Sussex . New Romney ceased to be a port .",
"Hythe is still on the coast . However , although it is beside a broad bay , its natural harbour has been removed by centuries of silting .",
"Dover is still a major port .",
"Sandwich is now 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from the sea and no longer a port .",
"Ongoing changes in the coastline along the south east coast , from the Thames estuary to Hastings and the Isle of Wight inevitably reduced the significance of a number of the Cinque port towns as port authorities . However , ship building and repair , fishing , piloting , off shore rescue and sometimes even `` wrecking '' continued to play a large part in the activities of the local community .",
"By the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , the Cinque Ports had effectively ceased to be of any real significance , and were absorbed into the general administration of the Realm . Queen Elizabeth I sanctioned the first national lottery that was held in 1569 in an effort to raise funds for the crumbling Cinque Ports . With the advance in shipbuilding techniques came a growth in towns such as Bristol and Liverpool and the wider development of ports such as London , Gravesend , Southampton , Chichester , Plymouth and the royal dockyards of Chatham , Portsmouth , Greenwich , Woolwich and Deptford . A further reason for the decline of many older ports may be ascribed to the development of the railway network across Britain , and the increased quantity of overseas trade it could distribute from the new major ports developing from the 18th century .",
"Local Government reforms and Acts of Parliament passed during the 19th and 20th centuries ( notably the Great Reform Act of 1832 ) have eroded the administrative and judicial powers of the Confederation of the Cinque Ports , when New Romney and Winchelsea were disenfranchised from the Parliament , with representation provided through their Counties alone , while Hythe and Rye 's representation was halved .",
"In 1985 , HMS Illustrious established an affiliation with the Cinque Ports . In 2005 , the affiliation was changed to HMS Kent .",
"The distinctive heraldic emblem of the Cinque Ports is the front half of a lion joined to the back of a ship , seen in the coats of arms of several towns , and also in the heraldic banner ( flag ) of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports . This was originally created by heraldic dimidiation .",
"The Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872 is the collective title of the following Acts :",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1811 ( 51 Geo 3 c 36 ) The Cinque Ports Act 1821 ( 1 & 2 Geo 4 c 76 ) The Cinque Ports Act 1828 ( 9 Geo 4 c 37 ) The Pilotage Law Amendment Act 1853 ( 16 & 17 Vict c 129 ) The Cinque Ports Act 1855 ( 18 & 19 Vict c 48 ) The Cinque Ports Act 1857 ( 20 & 21 Vict c 1 ) The Cinque Ports Act 1869 ( 32 & 33 Vict c 53 ) The Merchant Shipping Act 1872 ( 35 & 36 Vict c 73 s 10 )",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1811 ( 51 Geo 3 c 36 )",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1821 ( 1 & 2 Geo 4 c 76 )",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1828 ( 9 Geo 4 c 37 )",
"The Pilotage Law Amendment Act 1853 ( 16 & 17 Vict c 129 )",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1855 ( 18 & 19 Vict c 48 )",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1857 ( 20 & 21 Vict c 1 )",
"The Cinque Ports Act 1869 ( 32 & 33 Vict c 53 )",
"The Merchant Shipping Act 1872 ( 35 & 36 Vict c 73 s 10 )"
] | Cinque Ports - wikipedia Cinque Ports For the galleon, see Cinque Ports (1703 ship) . Location of the Cinque Ports and their limbs. The Confederation of Cinque Ports ( / sɪŋk pɔːrts / ) is a historic series of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex . It was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now entirely ceremonial. It lies at the eastern end of the English Channel , where the crossing to the continent is narrowest. The name is Norman French , meaning `` five ports'' . They were: Hastings New Romney Hythe Dover Sandwich However, Rye , originally a subsidiary of New Romney, changed to become one of the Cinque Ports once New Romney was damaged by storms and silted up. Other towns also contribute to the confederation, including two ' ancient towns' , and seven ' limbs' . Contents 1 Ancient Towns 2 Limbs 3 Connected towns 4 History of the ports 4.1 Formation, duties and privileges 4.2 Barons 4.3 Changes in composition 5 Decline 6 Heraldry 7 Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Ancient towns ( edit ) The five ports are supported by the two so-called Ancient Towns of Rye and Winchelsea , whose councils traditionally maintained defence contingents for the realm of England. Limbs ( edit ) Apart from the five ports and the two Ancient Towns, there are seven other members of the Confederation, which are considered to be Limbs of the other towns. These are: Lydd (Limb of New Romney) Folkestone (Limb of Dover) Faversham (Limb of Dover) Margate (Limb of Dover) Deal (Limb of Sandwich) Ramsgate (Limb of Sandwich) Tenterden (Limb of Rye) Connected towns ( edit ) There are in addition some 23 towns, villages and offices which have varying degrees of connection to the ancient Liberties of the Cinque Ports . The coastal confederation during its mediaeval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all. These include: Limbs of Hastings -- Grange (now part of Gillingham, Kent ), Bekesbourne , Bulverhythe , Northeye (former village in Sussex ), Eastbourne , Hydney (now Hampden Park, part of Eastbourne ), Pebsham (small village between Bulverhythe and Bexhill-on-Sea (then as Bexhill), Pevensey and Seaford (in Sussex ) Limbs of Sandwich -- Reculver , Sarre , Fordwich , Walmer , Stonar (near Richborough ), and Brightlingsea (in Essex ) Limbs of Dover -- Birchington , St. Johns (part of Margate ), St. Peters , Ringwould , Woodchurch and Kingsdown Limbs of Hythe -- West Hythe Walmer, Ramsgate History of the Ports ( edit ) Formation, duties and privileges ( edit ) The origins of the Cinque Ports can be traced back to Anglo-Saxon times, when certain south-east ports were granted the local profits of justice in return for providing ships. By 1100, the term Cinque Ports had come into use; and in 1155 a Royal Charter established the ports to maintain ships ready for The Crown in case of need. The chief obligation laid upon the ports, as a corporate duty, was to provide 57 ships for 15 days' service to the king annually, each port fulfilling a proportion of the whole duty. In return the towns received the following privileges: Exemption from tax and tallage , right of soc and sac , tol and team , blodwit (the right to punish shedders of blood) and fledwit (the right to punish those who were seized in an attempt to escape from justice), pillory and tumbril , infangentheof and outfangentheof , mundbryce (the breaking into or violation of a man's mund or property in order to erect banks or dikes as a defence against the sea), waifs and strays , flotsam and jetsam and ligan That is to say: Exemption from tax and tolls; self-government; permission to levy tolls, punish those who shed blood or flee justice, punish minor offences, detain and execute criminals both inside and outside the port's jurisdiction, and punish breaches of the peace; and possession of lost goods that remain unclaimed after a year, goods thrown overboard, and floating wreckage. The leeway given to the Cinque Ports, and the turning of a blind eye to misbehaviour, led to smuggling , though common everywhere at this time becoming more or less one of the dominant industries. A significant factor in the need to maintain the authority of the Cinque Ports by the King was the development of the Royal Navy . King Edward I of England granted the citizens of the Cinque Ports special privileges, including the right to bring goods into the country without paying import duties; in return the Ports would supply him with men and ships in time of war (as in the Welsh campaign of 1282). The associated ports, known as `` limbs'' , were given the same privileges. The five head ports and two ancient towns were entitled to send two Members to Parliament . A Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports was appointed, and also held the title of Constable of Dover Castle , and whilst this office exists today, it is now a purely honorary title, with an official residence at Walmer Castle . The town of Hastings was the head port of the Cinque Ports in mediaeval times. The towns also had their own system of courts. Barons ( edit ) See also: Cinque Port constituency SIGILLUM COMMUNE BARONUM DE HETHE, common seal of the barons of Hythe SIGILLUM COMMUNE BARONUM DE HASTINGUIS, common seal of the barons of Hastings. 2 standards can be seen flying from the ship: one showing the Plantagenet arms of 3 lions, the other seemingly showing 3 ships, which arms are combined by dimidiation in the arms of the Cinque Ports All Freemen of the ports, termed `` portsmen'' , were deemed in the age of Feudalism to be barons , and thus members of the baronage entitled to attend the king's parliament - a privilege granted in 1322 in recognition of their earlier support of the Despensers, father and son . Termed `` Barons of the Cinque Ports'' , they reflected an early concept that military service at sea constituted land tenure per baroniam making them quasi feudal barons . The early-14th-century treatise Modus Tenendi Parliamentum stated the Barons of the Cinque Ports to hold a place of precedence below the lay magnates ( Lords Temporal ) but above the representatives of the shires and boroughs ( Knights of the Shire and burgesses ). During the deposition of Edward II , the chronicles made a specific point of noting the presence of the Barons in the embassy of deposition - `` praecipue de portubus...barones des Portez'' (' especially the (Cinque) Ports...the barones of the Ports' ). Writs of summons to parliament were sent to the warden following which representative barons of the Cinque Ports were selected to attend parliament. Thus the warden's duty in this respect was similar to that of the sheriff who received the writs for distribution to the barons in the shires . The existence of common (i.e. communal) seals of the barons of the individual ports (see illustration) suggests they formed a corporation as the seal was designed to be affixed to charters and legal documents which would bind them as a single body. This no doubt related to their privileges as monopolies . The warden and barons often experienced clashes of jurisdiction. In the 21st century the title `` Baron of the Cinque Ports'' is now reserved for Freemen elected by the Mayor, Jurats and Common Council of the Ports to attend a Coronation, at which they hold the canopy above a new monarch, and is solely honorary in nature. Changes in composition ( edit ) As time went by and some ports declined or silted up, others were added. Rye and Winchelsea were attached to Hastings as `` Ancient Towns'' in the 12th century, and later became members in their own right. The following `` corporate limbs'' were added in the 15th century: Lydd , Faversham , Folkestone , Deal , Tenterden , Margate and Ramsgate . Other places associated with the Cinque Ports and sometimes described as `` non-corporate limbs'' included Bekesbourne , Birchington , Brightlingsea , Fordwich , Pevensey , Reculver , Seaford , Stonor and Walmer . At one time there were 23 limbs. Decline ( edit ) The continuing decline of the confederation of the Cinque Ports may be ascribed to a variety of different circumstances. While they survived the raids from the Danes and the French , the numerous destructive impact of plagues, and the politics of the 13th-century Plantagenets and the subsequent War of the Roses , natural causes such as the silting of harbours and the withdrawal of the sea did much to undermine them. The rise of Southampton, and the need for larger ships than could be crewed by the 21 man service of the ports, also contributed to the decline. Although by the 14th century the confederation faced wider challenges from a greater consolidation of national identity in the monarchy and Parliament, the legacy of the Saxon authority remained. Even after the 15th century, the Ancient Towns continued to serve with the supply of transport ships. During the 15th century, New Romney, once a port of great importance at the mouth of the river Rother (until it became completely blocked by the shifting of sands during the South England flood of February 1287 ), was considered the central port in the confederation, and the place of assembly for the Cinque Port Courts, the oldest such authority being vested in the `` Kynges high courte of Shepway'' , which was being held from at least 1150. It was here that from 1433 the White (1433-- 1571) and Black (1572-- 1955) Books of the Cinque Port Courts were kept. Much of Hastings was washed away by the sea in the 13th century. During a naval campaign of 1339, and again in 1377, the town was raided and burnt by the French, and went into a decline during which it ceased to be a major port. It had no natural sheltered harbour. Attempts were made to build a stone harbour during the reign of Elizabeth I, but the foundations were destroyed by the sea in storms. New Romney is now about a mile and a half from the seafront. It was originally a harbour town at the mouth of the River Rother . The Rother estuary was always difficult to navigate, with many shallow channels and sandbanks. In the latter part of the thirteenth century a series of severe storms weakened the coastal defences of Romney Marsh , and the South England flood of February 1287 almost destroyed the town. The harbour and town were filled with sand, silt, mud and debris, and the River Rother changed course, now running out into the sea near Rye, Sussex. New Romney ceased to be a port. Hythe is still on the coast. However, although it is beside a broad bay, its natural harbour has been removed by centuries of silting. Dover is still a major port. Sandwich is now 3 km (1.9 mi) from the sea and no longer a port. Ongoing changes in the coastline along the south east coast, from the Thames estuary to Hastings and the Isle of Wight inevitably reduced the significance of a number of the Cinque port towns as port authorities. However, ship building and repair, fishing, piloting, off shore rescue and sometimes even `` wrecking '' continued to play a large part in the activities of the local community. By the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , the Cinque Ports had effectively ceased to be of any real significance, and were absorbed into the general administration of the Realm. Queen Elizabeth I sanctioned the first national lottery that was held in 1569 in an effort to raise funds for the crumbling Cinque Ports. With the advance in shipbuilding techniques came a growth in towns such as Bristol and Liverpool and the wider development of ports such as London , Gravesend , Southampton , Chichester , Plymouth and the royal dockyards of Chatham , Portsmouth , Greenwich , Woolwich and Deptford . A further reason for the decline of many older ports may be ascribed to the development of the railway network across Britain, and the increased quantity of overseas trade it could distribute from the new major ports developing from the 18th century. Local Government reforms and Acts of Parliament passed during the 19th and 20th centuries (notably the Great Reform Act of 1832) have eroded the administrative and judicial powers of the Confederation of the Cinque Ports, when New Romney and Winchelsea were disenfranchised from the Parliament, with representation provided through their Counties alone, while Hythe and Rye's representation was halved. In 1985, HMS Illustrious established an affiliation with the Cinque Ports. In 2005, the affiliation was changed to HMS Kent . Heraldry ( edit ) Coat of arms of Hastings The distinctive heraldic emblem of the Cinque Ports is the front half of a lion joined to the back of a ship, seen in the coats of arms of several towns, and also in the heraldic banner (flag) of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports . This was originally created by heraldic dimidiation . Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872 ( edit ) The Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872 is the collective title of the following Acts: The Cinque Ports Act 1811 (51 Geo 3 c 36) The Cinque Ports Act 1821 (1 & 2 Geo 4 c 76) The Cinque Ports Act 1828 (9 Geo 4 c 37) The Pilotage Law Amendment Act 1853 (16 & 17 Vict c 129) The Cinque Ports Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict c 48) The Cinque Ports Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict c 1) The Cinque Ports Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict c 53) The Merchant Shipping Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict c 73 s 10) See also ( edit ) Pentapolis Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports Channel Ports References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins English Dictionary (3rd ed.) ^ Jump up to: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). `` Cinque Ports '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 377-- 379. Jump up ^ History of the Cinque Ports: Cinque Port Limbs Jump up ^ Site of the Medieval Village of Northeye (C) Simon Carey :: Geograph Britain and Ireland . Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-17. Jump up ^ Hasted, Edward (1800). `` Parishes'' . The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent . Institute of Historical Research. 10 : 152-- 216 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cinque Ports 1155 to 1500 -- VillageNet History -- History effecting Kent & Sussex . Villagenet.co.uk (2012-05-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-17. Jump up ^ G.O. Sayles, The Medieval Foundations of England (London 1967) p. 186 Jump up ^ S.H. Steinberg ed. A New Dictionary of British History (London 1963) p. 71 ^ Jump up to: Roskell, J.S. History of Parliament , House of Commons 1386-- 1421, Stroud, 1992, vol.1, p. 751, Cinque Ports Jump up ^ JR Tanner ed., The Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge 1932) p. 517 Jump up ^ D. Jones, The Plantagenets (London 2012) p. 402 Jump up ^ JG Edwards ed., Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait (Mancheste 1933) p. 38 and 45 Jump up ^ Sigillum commune baronum , from mediaeval Latin baro, baronis (m), thus baronum is `` of the barons'' Jump up ^ S. Steinberg, A New Dictionary of British History (London 1963) p. 72 Jump up ^ Moore, Peter G. (1997). `` The Development of the UK National Lottery: 1992-96'' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society) . 160 (2): 169-- 185. doi : 10.1111/1467-985X.00055 . Jump up ^ Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry , 1909, pp. 182, 525. Jump up ^ The Short Titles Act 1896 , section 2(1) and Schedule 2 Sources ( edit ) Burrows, Montagu. Cinque Ports. London And New York, Longmans, Green, and Co, 1888. Ford, Ford Madox. The Cinque Ports : a historical and descriptive record. Edinburgh ; London : W. Blackwood and Sons. 1900. Hinings, Edward. The Cinque Ports: History People and Places Jessup, Ronald Frederick. The Cinque Ports. (2nd ed.) London, New York, Batsford, 1952. Murray, K.M. Elizabeth. The constitutional history of the Cinque ports. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1935. External links ( edit ) Cinque Ports' official site Website for Romney Marsh and New Romney As Parliamentary Constituencies Coordinates : 51° 4′ N 1° 5′ E / 51.067° N 1.083° E / 51.067; 1.083 Cinque Ports Hastings New Romney Hythe Dover Sandwich Jump up ^ From the Book entitled The Cinque Ports . Contains endpaper maps of this area of England , also contains black-and-white photographic plates of architectural artifacts, and published by Spurbooks UK with an ISBN 0-902875-90-6 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinque_Ports&oldid=832592690 '' Categories : Geography of Kent Cinque ports Thanet Dover (district) Transport in Swale Medieval Kent Geography of Sussex Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from May 2015 Use British English from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018, at 22:13 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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"This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Venus and Serena Venus Serena Highest singles ranking : No. 1 ( February 25 , 2002 ) No. 1 ( July 8 , 2002 ) Highest doubles ranking : No. 1 ( June 7 , 2010 ) No. 1 ( June 7 , 2010 ) Women 's Singles titles : 49 72 Women 's Doubles titles : 21 23 Grand Slam Women 's Singles titles : 7 ( Wimbledon 2000 / 01 / 05 / 07 / 08 , US Open 2000 / 01 ) 23 ( Aus Open 2003 / 05 / 07 / 09 / 10 / 15 / 17 , French Open 2002 / 13 / 15 , Wimbledon 2002 / 03 / 09 / 10 / 12 / 15 / 16 , US Open 1999 / 2002 / 08 / 12 / 13 / 14 ) Grand Slam Women 's Doubles titles : 14 ( Aus Open 2001 / 03 / 09 / 10 , French Open 1999 / 2010 , Wimbledon 2000 / 02 / 08 / 09 / 12 / 16 , US Open 1999 / 2009 ) 14 ( Aus Open 2001 / 03 / 09 / 10 , French Open 1999 / 2010 , Wimbledon 2000 / 02 / 08 / 09 / 12 / 16 , US Open 1999 / 2009 ) Grand Slam Mixed Doubles titles : 2 ( Aus Open 1998 , French Open 1998 ) ( Wimbledon 1998 , US Open 1998 ) Summer Olympics Singles titles : Gold ( Sydney 2000 ) Gold ( London 2012 ) Summer Olympics Doubles titles : Gold ( Sydney 2000 , Beijing 2008 , London 2012 ) Gold ( Sydney 2000 , Beijing 2008 , London 2012 ) Fed Cup titles : 1 ( 1999 ) ( 1999 ) Plays : Right - handed ( two - handed backhand ) Right - handed ( two - handed backhand ) Career Earnings : $36,785,743 ( 2nd ) $85,461,751 ( 1st )",
"",
"Venus Serena",
"Highest singles ranking : No. 1 ( February 25 , 2002 ) No. 1 ( July 8 , 2002 )",
"Highest doubles ranking : No. 1 ( June 7 , 2010 ) No. 1 ( June 7 , 2010 )",
"Women 's Singles titles : 49 72",
"Women 's Doubles titles : 21 23",
"Grand Slam Women 's Singles titles : 7 ( Wimbledon 2000 / 01 / 05 / 07 / 08 , US Open 2000 / 01 ) 23 ( Aus Open 2003 / 05 / 07 / 09 / 10 / 15 / 17 , French Open 2002 / 13 / 15 , Wimbledon 2002 / 03 / 09 / 10 / 12 / 15 / 16 , US Open 1999 / 2002 / 08 / 12 / 13 / 14 )",
"Grand Slam Women 's Doubles titles : 14 ( Aus Open 2001 / 03 / 09 / 10 , French Open 1999 / 2010 , Wimbledon 2000 / 02 / 08 / 09 / 12 / 16 , US Open 1999 / 2009 ) 14 ( Aus Open 2001 / 03 / 09 / 10 , French Open 1999 / 2010 , Wimbledon 2000 / 02 / 08 / 09 / 12 / 16 , US Open 1999 / 2009 )",
"Grand Slam Mixed Doubles titles : 2 ( Aus Open 1998 , French Open 1998 ) ( Wimbledon 1998 , US Open 1998 )",
"Summer Olympics Singles titles : Gold ( Sydney 2000 ) Gold ( London 2012 )",
"Summer Olympics Doubles titles : Gold ( Sydney 2000 , Beijing 2008 , London 2012 ) Gold ( Sydney 2000 , Beijing 2008 , London 2012 )",
"Fed Cup titles : 1 ( 1999 ) ( 1999 )",
"Plays : Right - handed ( two - handed backhand ) Right - handed ( two - handed backhand )",
"Career Earnings : $36,785,743 ( 2nd ) $85,461,751 ( 1st )",
"The Williams sisters are two professional American tennis players : Venus Williams ( b . 1980 ) , a seven - time Grand Slam title winner ( singles ) , and Serena Williams ( b . 1981 ) , twenty - three - time Grand Slam title winner ( singles ) , both of whom were coached from an early age by their parents Richard Williams and Oracene Price . There is a noted professional rivalry between them -- between the 2001 US Open and the 2017 Australian Open tournaments , they met in nine Grand Slam singles finals . They became the first two players , female or male , to play in 4 consecutive grand slam singles finals from the 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open ; Serena famously won all 4 to complete the first of two `` Serena Slams '' . Between 2000 and 2016 , a 17 - year span , they collectively won 12 Wimbledon singles titles ( Venus won 5 and Serena won 7 ) . By winning the 2001 Australian Open women 's doubles title , they became the 5th pair to complete the Career Doubles Grand Slam and the only pair to complete the Career Doubles Golden Slam . At the time , Venus and Serena were only 20 and 19 years old , respectively . Since then they have gone on to add another two Olympic gold medals in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics . Nearly a decade later , the duo would go on to win 4 consecutive grand slam doubles titles from 2009 Wimbledon through 2010 Roland Garros , which would catapult them to co-No. 1 doubles players on 7 June 2010 . Two weeks later , on 21 June 2010 , Serena would hold the No. 1 singles ranking and Venus would be right behind her at No. 2 in singles . Their most recent grand slam doubles titles came at the 2012 Wimbledon & 2016 Wimbledon events . They remain very close , often watching each other 's matches in support , even after one of them has been knocked out of a tournament .",
"Both sisters have been ranked by the Women 's Tennis Association at the World No. 1 position in both singles & doubles . In 2002 , after the French Open , Venus Williams and Serena Williams were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 , respectively , marking the first time in history that sisters occupied the Top - 2 singles spots in the world rankings . During the 2010 French Open , they became the co-world No. 1 players in women 's doubles . On 21 June 2010 , Serena and Venus again held the No. 1 and No. 2 rankings spots in singles , respectively , some eight years after first accomplishing this feat . At the time , Serena was three months shy of her 29th birthday and Venus had just celebrated her 30th birthday .",
"Both players have won four gold medals at the Summer Olympics Games , one each in singles and three in doubles -- all won together -- the most of any tennis players . Venus has also won a silver in mixed doubles at the 2016 Rio Olympics . As a duo , they have also completed the Career Golden Slam in doubles , twice .",
"Winner -- Legend Grand Slam tournaments ( 14 -- 0 ) Olympic Gold ( 3 ) WTA Tour Championships ( 0 -- 0 ) Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 ( 2 -- 0 ) Premier ( 2 -- 1 ) International ( 1 -- 0 ) Finals by Surface Hard ( 10 -- 1 ) Grass ( 7 -- 0 ) Clay ( 3 -- 0 ) Carpet ( 2 -- 0 )",
"Winner -- Legend Grand Slam tournaments ( 14 -- 0 ) Olympic Gold ( 3 ) WTA Tour Championships ( 0 -- 0 ) Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 ( 2 -- 0 ) Premier ( 2 -- 1 ) International ( 1 -- 0 ) Finals by Surface Hard ( 10 -- 1 ) Grass ( 7 -- 0 ) Clay ( 3 -- 0 ) Carpet ( 2 -- 0 )",
"Winner -- Legend Grand Slam tournaments ( 14 -- 0 ) Olympic Gold ( 3 ) WTA Tour Championships ( 0 -- 0 ) Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 ( 2 -- 0 ) Premier ( 2 -- 1 ) International ( 1 -- 0 )",
"Winner -- Legend",
"Grand Slam tournaments ( 14 -- 0 )",
"Olympic Gold ( 3 )",
"WTA Tour Championships ( 0 -- 0 )",
"Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 ( 2 -- 0 )",
"Premier ( 2 -- 1 )",
"International ( 1 -- 0 )",
"Finals by Surface Hard ( 10 -- 1 ) Grass ( 7 -- 0 ) Clay ( 3 -- 0 ) Carpet ( 2 -- 0 )",
"Finals by Surface",
"Hard ( 10 -- 1 )",
"Grass ( 7 -- 0 )",
"Clay ( 3 -- 0 )",
"Carpet ( 2 -- 0 )",
"Outcome No . Date Championships Surface Opponents Score Winner 1 . February 23 , 1998 Oklahoma City , United States ( 1 ) Hard Cătălina Cristea Kristine Kunce 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Winner 2 . October 12 , 1998 Zürich , Switzerland ( 1 ) Carpet Mariaan de Swardt Elena Tatarkova 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 Winner 3 . February 15 , 1999 Hannover , Germany ( 1 ) Carpet Alexandra Fusai Nathalie Tauziat 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Winner 4 . May 24 , 1999 French Open , Paris , France ( 1 ) Clay Martina Hingis Anna Kournikova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 Runner - up 1 . August 8 , 1999 San Diego , U.S. ( 1 ) Hard Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 Winner 5 . August 30 , 1999 US Open , New York City , U.S. ( 1 ) Hard Chanda Rubin Sandrine Testud 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Winner 6 . June 26 , 2000 Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom ( 1 ) Grass Julie Halard - Decugis Ai Sugiyama 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Winner 7 . September 18 , 2000 Summer Olympic Games , Sydney , Australia ( 1 ) Hard Kristie Boogert Miriam Oremans 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Winner 8 . January 15 , 2001 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 1 ) Hard Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Winner 9 . June 24 , 2002 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 2 ) Grass Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 Winner 10 . January 13 , 2003 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 2 ) Hard Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Winner 11 . July 5 , 2008 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 3 ) Grass Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Winner 12 . August 17 , 2008 Summer Olympic Games , Beijing , China ( 2 ) Hard Anabel Medina Garrigues Virginia Ruano Pascual 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 Winner 13 . January 30 , 2009 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 3 ) Hard Ai Sugiyama Daniela Hantuchová 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Winner 14 . July 4 , 2009 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 4 ) Grass Samantha Stosur Rennae Stubbs 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Winner 15 . August 2 , 2009 Stanford , U.S. ( 1 ) Hard Chan Yung - jan Monica Niculescu 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 Winner 16 . September 14 , 2009 US Open , New York City , U.S. ( 2 ) Hard Cara Black Liezel Huber 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Winner 17 . January 29 , 2010 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 4 ) Hard Cara Black Liezel Huber 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Winner 18 . May 15 , 2010 Madrid , Spain ( 1 ) Clay Gisela Dulko Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 Winner 19 . June 3 , 2010 French Open , Paris , France ( 2 ) Clay Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Winner 20 . July 7 , 2012 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 5 ) Grass Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Winner 21 . August 5 , 2012 Summer Olympic Games , London , U.K. ( 3 ) Grass Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Winner 22 . July 9 , 2016 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 6 ) Grass Timea Babos Yaroslava Shvedova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4",
"Outcome No . Date Championships Surface Opponents Score",
"Winner 1 . February 23 , 1998 Oklahoma City , United States ( 1 ) Hard Cătălina Cristea Kristine Kunce 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2",
"Winner 2 . October 12 , 1998 Zürich , Switzerland ( 1 ) Carpet Mariaan de Swardt Elena Tatarkova 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3",
"Winner 3 . February 15 , 1999 Hannover , Germany ( 1 ) Carpet Alexandra Fusai Nathalie Tauziat 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2",
"Winner 4 . May 24 , 1999 French Open , Paris , France ( 1 ) Clay Martina Hingis Anna Kournikova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 8 -- 6",
"Runner - up 1 . August 8 , 1999 San Diego , U.S. ( 1 ) Hard Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 6",
"Winner 5 . August 30 , 1999 US Open , New York City , U.S. ( 1 ) Hard Chanda Rubin Sandrine Testud 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4",
"Winner 6 . June 26 , 2000 Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom ( 1 ) Grass Julie Halard - Decugis Ai Sugiyama 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2",
"Winner 7 . September 18 , 2000 Summer Olympic Games , Sydney , Australia ( 1 ) Hard Kristie Boogert Miriam Oremans 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1",
"Winner 8 . January 15 , 2001 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 1 ) Hard Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4",
"Winner 9 . June 24 , 2002 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 2 ) Grass Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5",
"Winner 10 . January 13 , 2003 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 2 ) Hard Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3",
"Winner 11 . July 5 , 2008 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 3 ) Grass Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2",
"Winner 12 . August 17 , 2008 Summer Olympic Games , Beijing , China ( 2 ) Hard Anabel Medina Garrigues Virginia Ruano Pascual 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0",
"Winner 13 . January 30 , 2009 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 3 ) Hard Ai Sugiyama Daniela Hantuchová 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3",
"Winner 14 . July 4 , 2009 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 4 ) Grass Samantha Stosur Rennae Stubbs 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4",
"Winner 15 . August 2 , 2009 Stanford , U.S. ( 1 ) Hard Chan Yung - jan Monica Niculescu 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1",
"Winner 16 . September 14 , 2009 US Open , New York City , U.S. ( 2 ) Hard Cara Black Liezel Huber 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2",
"Winner 17 . January 29 , 2010 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia ( 4 ) Hard Cara Black Liezel Huber 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3",
"Winner 18 . May 15 , 2010 Madrid , Spain ( 1 ) Clay Gisela Dulko Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5",
"Winner 19 . June 3 , 2010 French Open , Paris , France ( 2 ) Clay Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3",
"Winner 20 . July 7 , 2012 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 5 ) Grass Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4",
"Winner 21 . August 5 , 2012 Summer Olympic Games , London , U.K. ( 3 ) Grass Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4",
"Winner 22 . July 9 , 2016 Wimbledon , London , U.K. ( 6 ) Grass Timea Babos Yaroslava Shvedova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4",
"Outcome No . Date Championship Surface Partners Opponent Score Winner 1 . September 18 -- 19 , 1999 Fed Cup , Stanford , US Hard Lindsay Davenport Monica Seles Elena Makarova Elena Likhovtseva Elena Dementieva 4 -- 1",
"Outcome No . Date Championship Surface Partners Opponent Score",
"Winner 1 . September 18 -- 19 , 1999 Fed Cup , Stanford , US Hard Lindsay Davenport Monica Seles Elena Makarova Elena Likhovtseva Elena Dementieva 4 -- 1",
"Key SF QF # R RR Q # Z # PO F-S SF - B NMS NH",
"SF QF # R RR Q # Z # PO F-S SF - B NMS NH",
"Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Career W / L Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open 3R SF Absent QF Absent QF Absent 36 -- 4 French Open Absent Absent 3R Absent 3R 15 -- 2 Wimbledon 1R 3R 3R Absent 2R QF 2R 45 -- 5 US Open 1R SF 3R Absent Absent 3R SF QF 25 -- 6 Win - Loss 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 16 -- 1 10 -- 0 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 8 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 9 -- 1 20 -- 1 14 -- 1 0 -- 0 8 -- 1 7 -- 2 4 -- 2 0 -- 0 115 -- 12 Olympic Games Summer Olympics Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held 1R 15 -- 1 Year - End Championships WTA Finals Did Not Qualify Did Not Qualify SF Did Not Qualify 0 -- 1",
"Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Career W / L",
"Grand Slam Tournaments",
"Australian Open 3R SF Absent QF Absent QF Absent 36 -- 4",
"French Open Absent Absent 3R Absent 3R 15 -- 2",
"Wimbledon 1R 3R 3R Absent 2R QF 2R 45 -- 5",
"US Open 1R SF 3R Absent Absent 3R SF QF 25 -- 6",
"Win - Loss 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 16 -- 1 10 -- 0 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 8 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 9 -- 1 20 -- 1 14 -- 1 0 -- 0 8 -- 1 7 -- 2 4 -- 2 0 -- 0 115 -- 12",
"Olympic Games",
"Summer Olympics Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held 1R 15 -- 1",
"Year - End Championships",
"WTA Finals Did Not Qualify Did Not Qualify SF Did Not Qualify 0 -- 1",
"Neither withdrawals nor walkovers are included in wins and losses .",
"Neither withdrawals nor walkovers are included in wins and losses .",
"Note : Serena Williams did not play at the 2004 Olympics because of injury . Venus partnered with American Chanda Rubin and lost in the first - round to eventual gold - medalists Sun Tiantian and Li Ting .",
"During the 2001 Indian Wells Masters tournament in Indian Wells , California , controversy erupted when Venus Williams withdrew four minutes prior to her semifinal match with her sister Serena .",
"The following day , Serena played Kim Clijsters in the final . Venus and her father , ( coach to her and Serena ) Richard Williams were booed as they made their way to their seats . Serena was booed intermittently during the final , in which she defeated Clijsters , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , and even during the presentation ceremony .",
"Richard accused the crowds at Indian Wells of overt racism , saying , `` The white people at Indian Wells , what they 've been wanting to say all along to us finally came out : ' Nigger , stay away from here , we do n't want you here . ' '' However , no other reports of verbal racism were reported to tournament officials , although Venus has stated without elaboration , `` I heard what he heard . '' Oracene Price ( mother and coach of Venus and Serena ) accused the crowd of `` taking off their hoods '' .",
"After the initial controversy , neither Williams sister played the tournament in Indian Wells for 14 years . The Women 's Tennis Association currently classifies the Indian Wells tournament as a Premier Mandatory event for all eligible players . Exceptions are made when players engage in tournament promotions , but Venus and Serena both declined to promote the tournament ; WTA Tour CEO Larry Scott agreed he would not , promotionally , `` put them in a position that is going to be awkward , '' and tournament director Charlie Pasarell has stated he would accept the WTA tour 's ruling .",
"Allegations had been made before Venus 's withdrawal that Richard Williams decided who won the matches between his daughters . Those allegations continued and increased as a result of her withdrawal .",
"Richard has said that racial epithets were used against him and Venus as they sat in the stands during the final , but no official complaints were recorded by the tournament . Venus and Serena have been criticized for refusing to discuss the controversy , as some believe that their silence perpetuates racism .",
"Serena discusses what happened in her view at Indian Wells in detail in an entire chapter titled `` The Fiery Darts of Indian Wells '' in her 2009 autobiography , On the Line . She says that on the morning of the semifinal , Venus told the tour trainer that she had injured her knee and did n't think she could play and tried for hours to get approval from the trainer to withdraw , but the tournament officials kept stalling .",
"`` What got me most of all was that it was n't just a scattered bunch of boos . It was n't coming from just one section . It was like the whole crowd got together and decided to boo all at once . The ugliness was just raining down on me , hard . I did n't know what to do . Nothing like this had ever happened to me . What was most surprising about this uproar was the fact that tennis fans are typically a well - mannered bunch . They 're respectful . They sit still . And in Palm Springs , especially , they tended to be pretty well - heeled , too . But I looked up and all I could see was a sea of rich people -- mostly older , mostly white -- standing and booing lustily , like some kind of genteel lynch mob . I do n't mean to use such inflammatory language to describe the scene , but that 's really how it seemed from where I was down on the court . Like these people were gon na come looking for me after the match ... There was no mistaking that all of this was meant for me . I heard the word nigger a couple times , and I knew . I could n't believe it . That 's just not something you hear in polite society on that stadium court ... Just before the start of play , my dad and Venus started walking down the aisle to the players ' box by the side of the court , and everybody turned and started to point and boo at them ... It was mostly just a chorus of boos , but I could still hear shouts of ' Nigger ! ' here and there . I even heard one angry voice telling us to go back to Compton . It was unbelievable ... We refused to return to Indian Wells . Even now , all these years later , we continue to boycott the event . It 's become a mandatory tournament on the tour , meaning that the WTA can fine a player if she does n't attend . But I do n't care if they fine me a million dollars , I will not play there again . ''",
"However , on February 3 , 2015 , Serena Williams wrote an exclusive column for TIME magazine stating her intentions to return to Indian Wells for a tournament on March 9 , 2015 . She did indeed return and won her opening match . Williams withdrew before her semi-final match with Simona Halep because of a knee injury .",
"The WTA announced on January 27 , 2016 that Venus would return to Indian Wells for the first time in 15 years .",
"Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR Australian Open QF QF 4R SF QF 3R 3R QF 3R 4R QF 4R 7 / 20 French Open 2R QF 4R QF QF SF QF 3R QF QF 3R QF QF 2R 2R 4R 3 / 19 Wimbledon 1R QF QF 3R 4R 4R 3R 12 / 21 US Open SF QF QF 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 8 / 19",
"Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR",
"Australian Open QF QF 4R SF QF 3R 3R QF 3R 4R QF 4R 7 / 20",
"French Open 2R QF 4R QF QF SF QF 3R QF QF 3R QF QF 2R 2R 4R 3 / 19",
"Wimbledon 1R QF QF 3R 4R 4R 3R 12 / 21",
"US Open SF QF QF 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 8 / 19",
"Player 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venus 205 216 22 5 11 9 10 46 8 6 6 5 102 24 49 18 7 17 5 Serena 99 20 6 6 7 95 7 12 22",
"Player 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017",
"Venus 205 216 22 5 11 9 10 46 8 6 6 5 102 24 49 18 7 17 5",
"Serena 99 20 6 6 7 95 7 12 22"
] | Williams sisters - wikipedia Williams sisters Jump to: navigation , search `` Venus and Serena'' redirects here. For the documentary, see Venus and Serena (film) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Venus and Serena Venus Serena Highest singles ranking: No. 1 (February 25, 2002) No. 1 (July 8, 2002) Highest doubles ranking: No. 1 (June 7, 2010) No. 1 (June 7, 2010) Women's Singles titles: 49 72 Women's Doubles titles: 21 23 Grand Slam Women's Singles titles: 7 (Wimbledon 2000/01/05/07/08, US Open 2000/01) 23 (Aus Open 2003/05/07/09/10/15/17, French Open 2002/13/15, Wimbledon 2002/03/09/10/12/15/16, US Open 1999/2002/08/12/13/14) Grand Slam Women's Doubles titles: 14 (Aus Open 2001/03/09/10, French Open 1999/2010, Wimbledon 2000/02/08/09/12/16, US Open 1999/2009) 14 (Aus Open 2001/03/09/10, French Open 1999/2010, Wimbledon 2000/02/08/09/12/16, US Open 1999/2009) Grand Slam Mixed Doubles titles: 2 (Aus Open 1998, French Open 1998) (Wimbledon 1998, US Open 1998) Summer Olympics Singles titles: Gold (Sydney 2000) Gold (London 2012) Summer Olympics Doubles titles: Gold (Sydney 2000, Beijing 2008, London 2012) Gold (Sydney 2000, Beijing 2008, London 2012) Fed Cup titles: 1 (1999) (1999) Plays: Right-handed (two-handed backhand) Right-handed (two-handed backhand) Career Earnings: $36,785,743 (2nd) $85,461,751 (1st) The Williams sisters are two professional American tennis players: Venus Williams (b. 1980), a seven-time Grand Slam title winner (singles), and Serena Williams (b. 1981), twenty-three-time Grand Slam title winner (singles), both of whom were coached from an early age by their parents Richard Williams and Oracene Price . There is a noted professional rivalry between them -- between the 2001 US Open and the 2017 Australian Open tournaments, they met in nine Grand Slam singles finals. They became the first two players, female or male, to play in 4 consecutive grand slam singles finals from the 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open; Serena famously won all 4 to complete the first of two `` Serena Slams'' . Between 2000 and 2016, a 17-year span, they collectively won 12 Wimbledon singles titles (Venus won 5 and Serena won 7). By winning the 2001 Australian Open women's doubles title, they became the 5th pair to complete the Career Doubles Grand Slam and the only pair to complete the Career Doubles Golden Slam. At the time, Venus and Serena were only 20 and 19 years old, respectively. Since then they have gone on to add another two Olympic gold medals in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics. Nearly a decade later, the duo would go on to win 4 consecutive grand slam doubles titles from 2009 Wimbledon through 2010 Roland Garros, which would catapult them to co-No. 1 doubles players on 7 June 2010. Two weeks later, on 21 June 2010, Serena would hold the No. 1 singles ranking and Venus would be right behind her at No. 2 in singles. Their most recent grand slam doubles titles came at the 2012 Wimbledon & 2016 Wimbledon events. They remain very close, often watching each other's matches in support, even after one of them has been knocked out of a tournament. Both sisters have been ranked by the Women's Tennis Association at the World No. 1 position in both singles & doubles. In 2002, after the French Open, Venus Williams and Serena Williams were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, respectively, marking the first time in history that sisters occupied the Top-2 singles spots in the world rankings. During the 2010 French Open , they became the co-world No. 1 players in women's doubles. On 21 June 2010, Serena and Venus again held the No. 1 and No. 2 rankings spots in singles, respectively, some eight years after first accomplishing this feat. At the time, Serena was three months shy of her 29th birthday and Venus had just celebrated her 30th birthday. Both players have won four gold medals at the Summer Olympics Games , one each in singles and three in doubles -- all won together -- the most of any tennis players. Venus has also won a silver in mixed doubles at the 2016 Rio Olympics. As a duo, they have also completed the Career Golden Slam in doubles, twice. Contents ( hide ) 1 Doubles: 23 (22 titles, 1 runner-up) 2 Team competition finals: 1 (1 titles) 3 Performance timelines 3.1 Women's doubles 4 Boycott of the Indian Wells Masters 4.1 Effects and criticism 5 Best result in Grand Slam singles (combined) 6 Year-end WTA ranking 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Doubles: 23 (22 titles, 1 runner-up) ( edit ) Winner -- Legend Grand Slam tournaments (14-- 0) Olympic Gold (3) WTA Tour Championships (0-- 0) Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 (2-- 0) Premier (2-- 1) International (1-- 0) Finals by Surface Hard (10-- 1) Grass (7-- 0) Clay (3-- 0) Carpet (2-- 0) Outcome No. Date Championships Surface Opponents Score Winner 1. February 23, 1998 Oklahoma City , United States (1) Hard Cătălina Cristea Kristine Kunce 7-- 5, 6-- 2 Winner 2. October 12, 1998 Zürich , Switzerland (1) Carpet Mariaan de Swardt Elena Tatarkova 5-- 7, 6-- 1, 6-- 3 Winner 3. February 15, 1999 Hannover , Germany (1) Carpet Alexandra Fusai Nathalie Tauziat 5-- 7, 6-- 2, 6-- 2 Winner 4. May 24, 1999 French Open , Paris , France (1) Clay Martina Hingis Anna Kournikova 6-- 3, 6-- 7 , 8-- 6 Runner-up 1. August 8, 1999 San Diego , U.S. (1) Hard Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu 4-- 6, 1-- 6 Winner 5. August 30, 1999 US Open , New York City , U.S. (1) Hard Chanda Rubin Sandrine Testud 4-- 6, 6-- 1, 6-- 4 Winner 6. June 26, 2000 Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom (1) Grass Julie Halard-Decugis Ai Sugiyama 6-- 3, 6-- 2 Winner 7. September 18, 2000 Summer Olympic Games , Sydney , Australia (1) Hard Kristie Boogert Miriam Oremans 6-- 1, 6-- 1 Winner 8. January 15, 2001 Australian Open , Melbourne , Australia (1) Hard Lindsay Davenport Corina Morariu 6-- 2, 4-- 6, 6-- 4 Winner 9. June 24, 2002 Wimbledon, London, U.K. (2) Grass Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 6-- 2, 7-- 5 Winner 10. January 13, 2003 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia (2) Hard Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 4-- 6, 6-- 4, 6-- 3 Winner 11. July 5, 2008 Wimbledon, London, U.K. (3) Grass Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur 6-- 2, 6-- 2 Winner 12. August 17, 2008 Summer Olympic Games , Beijing , China (2) Hard Anabel Medina Garrigues Virginia Ruano Pascual 6-- 2, 6-- 0 Winner 13. January 30, 2009 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia (3) Hard Ai Sugiyama Daniela Hantuchová 6-- 3, 6-- 3 Winner 14. July 4, 2009 Wimbledon, London, U.K. (4) Grass Samantha Stosur Rennae Stubbs 7-- 6 , 6-- 4 Winner 15. August 2, 2009 Stanford , U.S. (1) Hard Chan Yung-jan Monica Niculescu 6-- 4, 6-- 1 Winner 16. September 14, 2009 US Open, New York City, U.S. (2) Hard Cara Black Liezel Huber 6-- 2, 6-- 2 Winner 17. January 29, 2010 Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia (4) Hard Cara Black Liezel Huber 6-- 4, 6-- 3 Winner 18. May 15, 2010 Madrid , Spain (1) Clay Gisela Dulko Flavia Pennetta 6-- 2, 7-- 5 Winner 19. June 3, 2010 French Open, Paris, France (2) Clay Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik 6-- 2, 6-- 3 Winner 20. July 7, 2012 Wimbledon, London, U.K. (5) Grass Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 7-- 5, 6-- 4 Winner 21. August 5, 2012 Summer Olympic Games , London , U.K. (3) Grass Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 6-- 4, 6-- 4 Winner 22. July 9, 2016 Wimbledon, London, U.K. (6) Grass Timea Babos Yaroslava Shvedova 6-- 3, 6-- 4 Team competition finals: 1 (1 titles) ( edit ) Outcome No. Date Championship Surface Partners Opponent Score Winner 1. September 18-- 19, 1999 Fed Cup , Stanford, US Hard Lindsay Davenport Monica Seles Elena Makarova Elena Likhovtseva Elena Dementieva 4-- 1 Performance timelines ( edit ) Women's doubles ( edit ) Key SF QF #R RR Q# Z# PO F-S SF-B NMS NH (W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (F-S) silver or (SF-B) bronze Olympic medal; a (NMS) downgraded Masters Series/1000 tournament; (NH) not held. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament, or when the player's participation in the tournament has ended. Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Career W/L Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open 3R SF Absent QF Absent QF Absent 36-- 4 French Open Absent Absent 3R Absent 3R 15-- 2 Wimbledon 1R 3R 3R Absent 2R QF 2R 45-- 5 US Open 1R SF 3R Absent Absent 3R SF QF 25-- 6 Win-Loss 0-- 1 2-- 1 16-- 1 10-- 0 10-- 1 6-- 0 8-- 1 0-- 0 0-- 0 0-- 0 1-- 0 9-- 1 20-- 1 14-- 1 0-- 0 8-- 1 7-- 2 4-- 2 0-- 0 115-- 12 Olympic Games Summer Olympics Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held 1R 15-- 1 Year-End Championships WTA Finals Did Not Qualify Did Not Qualify SF Did Not Qualify 0-- 1 Neither withdrawals nor walkovers are included in wins and losses. Note: Serena Williams did not play at the 2004 Olympics because of injury. Venus partnered with American Chanda Rubin and lost in the first-round to eventual gold-medalists Sun Tiantian and Li Ting . Boycott of the Indian Wells Masters ( edit ) During the 2001 Indian Wells Masters tournament in Indian Wells, California , controversy erupted when Venus Williams withdrew four minutes prior to her semifinal match with her sister Serena . The following day, Serena played Kim Clijsters in the final. Venus and her father, (coach to her and Serena) Richard Williams were booed as they made their way to their seats. Serena was booed intermittently during the final, in which she defeated Clijsters, 4-- 6, 6-- 4, 6-- 2, and even during the presentation ceremony. Richard accused the crowds at Indian Wells of overt racism, saying, `` The white people at Indian Wells, what they've been wanting to say all along to us finally came out: ' Nigger, stay away from here, we don't want you here.' '' However, no other reports of verbal racism were reported to tournament officials, although Venus has stated without elaboration, `` I heard what he heard.'' Oracene Price (mother and coach of Venus and Serena) accused the crowd of `` taking off their hoods'' . Effects and criticism ( edit ) After the initial controversy, neither Williams sister played the tournament in Indian Wells for 14 years. The Women's Tennis Association currently classifies the Indian Wells tournament as a Premier Mandatory event for all eligible players. Exceptions are made when players engage in tournament promotions, but Venus and Serena both declined to promote the tournament; WTA Tour CEO Larry Scott agreed he would not, promotionally, `` put them in a position that is going to be awkward,'' and tournament director Charlie Pasarell has stated he would accept the WTA tour's ruling. Allegations had been made before Venus's withdrawal that Richard Williams decided who won the matches between his daughters. Those allegations continued and increased as a result of her withdrawal. Richard has said that racial epithets were used against him and Venus as they sat in the stands during the final, but no official complaints were recorded by the tournament. Venus and Serena have been criticized for refusing to discuss the controversy, as some believe that their silence perpetuates racism. Serena discusses what happened in her view at Indian Wells in detail in an entire chapter titled `` The Fiery Darts of Indian Wells'' in her 2009 autobiography, On the Line . She says that on the morning of the semifinal, Venus told the tour trainer that she had injured her knee and didn't think she could play and tried for hours to get approval from the trainer to withdraw, but the tournament officials kept stalling. `` What got me most of all was that it wasn't just a scattered bunch of boos. It wasn't coming from just one section. It was like the whole crowd got together and decided to boo all at once. The ugliness was just raining down on me, hard. I didn't know what to do. Nothing like this had ever happened to me. What was most surprising about this uproar was the fact that tennis fans are typically a well-mannered bunch. They're respectful. They sit still. And in Palm Springs, especially, they tended to be pretty well-heeled, too. But I looked up and all I could see was a sea of rich people-- mostly older, mostly white-- standing and booing lustily, like some kind of genteel lynch mob. I don't mean to use such inflammatory language to describe the scene, but that's really how it seemed from where I was down on the court. Like these people were gonna come looking for me after the match... There was no mistaking that all of this was meant for me. I heard the word nigger a couple times, and I knew. I couldn't believe it. That's just not something you hear in polite society on that stadium court... Just before the start of play, my dad and Venus started walking down the aisle to the players' box by the side of the court, and everybody turned and started to point and boo at them... It was mostly just a chorus of boos, but I could still hear shouts of ' Nigger!' here and there. I even heard one angry voice telling us to go back to Compton. It was unbelievable... We refused to return to Indian Wells. Even now, all these years later, we continue to boycott the event. It's become a mandatory tournament on the tour, meaning that the WTA can fine a player if she doesn't attend. But I don't care if they fine me a million dollars, I will not play there again.'' However, on February 3, 2015, Serena Williams wrote an exclusive column for TIME magazine stating her intentions to return to Indian Wells for a tournament on March 9, 2015. She did indeed return and won her opening match. Williams withdrew before her semi-final match with Simona Halep because of a knee injury. The WTA announced on January 27, 2016 that Venus would return to Indian Wells for the first time in 15 years. Best result in Grand Slam singles (combined) ( edit ) Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR Australian Open QF QF 4R SF QF 3R 3R QF 3R 4R QF 4R 7 / 20 French Open 2R QF 4R QF QF SF QF 3R QF QF 3R QF QF 2R 2R 4R 3 / 19 Wimbledon 1R QF QF 3R 4R 4R 3R 12 / 21 US Open SF QF QF 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 8 / 19 Year-end WTA ranking ( edit ) Player 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venus 205 216 22 5 11 9 10 46 8 6 6 5 102 24 49 18 7 17 5 Serena 99 20 6 6 7 95 7 12 22 See also ( edit ) Williams sisters rivalry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` What Happened at Indian Wells?'' Jump up ^ `` Off-court distractions'' Jump up ^ `` A fortnight of firsts at the French'' Jump up ^ Woolsey, Garth (2009-03-22). `` Williams sisters at Indian Wells? Forget it'' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2015-03-21 . Jump up ^ Edmondson, p. 91 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-15 . Retrieved 2015-03-14 . Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams WDs at Indian Wells'' . ESPN. 2015-03-21 . Retrieved 2015-03-21 . Jump up ^ `` Venus books return to Indian Wells'' . WTA. 2016-01-27 . Retrieved 2016-01-30 . Further reading ( edit ) Edmondson, Jacqueline (2005). Venus and Serena Williams: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33165-0 Sporting positions Preceded by Liezel Huber World No. 1 (doubles) June 7, 2010 -- August 1, 2010 Succeeded by Liezel Huber Awards and achievements Preceded by Martina Hingis & Anna Kournikova Cara Black & Liezel Huber WTA Doubles Team of the Year 2000 2009 Succeeded by Lisa Raymond & Rennae Stubbs Gisela Dulko & Flavia Pennetta Preceded by Cara Black & Liezel Huber ITF Women's Doubles World Champion 2009 Succeeded by Gisela Dulko & Flavia Pennetta Preceded by First Award Maria Kirilenko & Victoria Azarenka WTA Fan Favorite Doubles Team of the Year 2012 Succeeded by Maria Kirilenko & Victoria Azarenka Ekaterina Makarova & Elena Vesnina Serena Williams Entourage Oracene Price (mother/coach) Richard Williams (father/coach) Venus Williams (sister/doubles partner) Patrick Mouratoglou (coach) Career Achievements Statistics World No. 1 ranking United States Fed Cup team Williams sisters Rivalries Rivalry with Justine Henin Rivalry with Martina Hingis Rivalry with Venus Williams Seasons Early career 1999 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Open titles Singles 2003 2005 2007 2009 2015 2017 Doubles 2001 2003 2009 Mixed Doubles None French Open titles Singles 2002 2013 2015 Doubles 1999 Mixed Doubles None Wimbledon Championships titles Singles 2002 2003 2009 2012 2015 2016 Doubles 2000 2002 2008 2009 2012 2016 Mixed Doubles 1998 US Open titles Singles 1999 2002 2008 2012 2013 2014 Doubles 1999 2009 Mixed Doubles 1998 Olympics Gold Singles 2012 Doubles 2000 2008 2012 Mixed Doubles None Fed Cup titles 1999 Official Website * WTA Profile Venus Williams Entourage Oracene Price (mother/coach) Richard Williams (father/coach) Serena Williams (sister/doubles partner) David Witt (hitting coach) Esther Lee (physical therapist) Career Statistics World No. 1 ranking United States Fed Cup team Williams sisters Rivalry with Serena Williams Australian Open titles Singles None Doubles 2001 2003 2009 Mixed Doubles 1998 French Open titles Singles None Doubles 1999 Mixed Doubles 1998 Wimbledon Championships titles Singles 2000 2001 2005 2007 2008 Doubles 2000 2002 2008 2009 2012 2016 Mixed Doubles None US Open titles Singles 2000 2001 Doubles 1999 2009 Mixed Doubles None Olympics Gold Singles 2000 Doubles 2000 2008 2012 Mixed Doubles None Fed Cup titles 1999 Official Website * WTA Profile Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williams_sisters&oldid=815304082 '' Categories : Serena Williams Venus Williams Sports families of the United States Living people Sibling duos Tennis doubles teams Sportspeople from Compton, California People from Palm Beach Gardens, Florida Sportspeople from Saginaw, Michigan Sportspeople from West Palm Beach, Florida African-American tennis players American female tennis players Australian Open (tennis) champions French Open champions Wimbledon champions US Open (tennis) champions Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's singles Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the United States in tennis Olympic tennis players of the United States Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics World No. 1 tennis players 20th-century African-American people 20th-century sportswomen 21st-century sportswomen Hidden categories: Articles that may contain original research from April 2011 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 한국어 Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 01:48. 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treatment of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses | Horses that undergo surgical correction for upper airway dysfunction are rested , and are under environmentally controlled environments with reduced dust may see some benefit . | [
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"Exercise - Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage ( EIPH ) , also known as `` bleeding '' or a `` bleeding attack '' , refers to the presence of blood in the airways of the lung in association with exercise . EIPH is common in horses undertaking intense exercise , but it has also been reported in human athletes , racing camels and racing greyhounds . Horses that experience EIPH may also be referred to as `` bleeders '' or as having `` broken a blood vessel '' . In the majority of cases EIPH is not apparent unless an endoscopic examination of the airways is performed following exercise . However , a small proportion of horses may show bleeding at the nostrils after exercise , which is known as epistaxis .",
"EIPH often occurs in horses that race at high speeds , with the number of affected race horses increasing in proportion to the speed and intensity of the exercise . It may occur in racing Thoroughbreds ( flat racing , steeplechasing or jump racing ) , American Quarter Horses ( incidence of 50 -- 75 % ) , Standardbreds ( incidence of 40 -- 60 % ) , Arabians , and Appaloosas . EIPH also occurs in eventers , jumpers , polo ponies , endurance horses , draft horses that pull competitively , and horses taking part in Western speed events such as barrel racing , reining and cutting . It is rare in endurance horses or draft breeds .",
"The lowest intensities of exercise which may cause EIPH are intense trotting ( 40 -- 60 % maximal oxygen uptake ) and cantering at speeds of 16 -- 19 miles per hour ( 26 -- 31 km / h ) .",
"EIPH occurs less frequently in stallions than mares or geldings .",
"Approximately 43 to 75 % of horses have blood in the trachea and bronchi following a single post-race endoscopic examination . In one study , all horses endoscoped on at least three separate occasions following racing had EIPH at least once .",
"Epistaxis ( blood coming from one or both nostrils ) is much less common , occurring in 0.25 -- 13 % of cases . In a survey of over 220,000 horse starts in UK Flat and National Hunt ( jump ) racing , 185 cases of epistaxis were identified ( 0.83 per 1000 starts ) . Similar frequencies have been reported in Japan ( 1.5 per 1000 starts ) and South Africa ( 1.65 per 1000 starts ) , whereas a higher frequency has been reported in Korean ( 8.4 per 1000 starts ) .",
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"Unless a horse has severe EIPH , with blood present at the nostrils ( known as epistaxis ) , the main sign is usually poor athletic performance ; other signs are generally subtle and not easy to detect . Frequent swallowing and coughing in the immediate post-exercise recovery period , and poor appetite post-performance may be suggestive of EIPH . A definitive diagnosis can only be made by endoscopic examination of the trachea . In the case where no blood is visible in the trachea , EIPH in the small airways may still be present and can be confirmed by a bronchoalveolar lavage . Impaired arterial blood gas ( oxygen ) tensions during intense exercise , increased blood lactate , and rarely death have been noted ( likely due to ruptured chordae tendinae or a different mechanism of lung hemorrhage ) . Epistaxis is diagnosed when blood is visible at either or both nostrils during or following exercise . To confirm whether the blood is coming from the upper or lower airway requires further examination by endoscopy , although in some cases it is not possible to determine the location . In the majority of epistaxis cases , the blood originates from the lung . Epistaxis during or following exercise can less commonly occur as a result of upper airway hemorrhage , for example following head trauma , subepiglottic cysts , atrial fibrillation , or guttural pouch mycoses .",
"EIPH reduces a horse 's racing performance . Severe EIPH ( epistaxis ) shortens a horse 's racing career . Moderate to severe EIPH is associated with a worsened finishing position in a race , and finishing farther behind the winner . Horses with mild EIPH earn more prize money than those with more severe EIPH . While single bouts of EIPH may not even be apparent to the rider , owner or trainer of a horse unless an endoscopic examination is undertaken , the effect on performance within a single race appears to be significant but relatively subtle . In a 2005 study , horses finishing races with grade 4 EIPH were on average 6 metres behind those finishing with grade 0 . However , the effect of repeated bouts of EIPH that occur with daily training may lead to more significant changes and a greater degree of tissue damage over time with consequent loss of lung function .",
"As only one in ten cases of EIPH have epistaxis ( bleeding from the nostrils ) , and as epistaxis can have causes other than EIPH , various diagnostic tools are used to diagnose EIPH .",
"Endoscopy",
"EIPH is most commonly diagnosed by endoscopic examination of the trachea and larger bronchi , with the optimal timing for endoscopy being 60 -- 90 minutes after hard exercise . This post-exercise delay allows time for blood within the lungs to travel to the trachea . Blood can usually be detected in the trachea or bronchi for 1 -- 3 days after an episode of EIPH , but may be present for up to a week . The amount of blood visible in the trachea at the time of examination is most commonly graded on a scale of 0 ( no blood ) to 4 ( airways awash with blood ) . In some mildly - affected horses , endoscopy must be performed on multiple occasions to confirm a diagnosis of EIPH .",
"The level of restraint required to allow endoscopy to be performed depends on the horse ; a nose twitch or sedation may be required .",
"Bronchoalveolar lavage",
"Bronchoalveolar lavage ( BAL ) is a procedure whereby a small volume of fluid is put into the airways in order sample the cells and fluids of the aveoli and epithelium of the bronchi . BAL may be performed using a BAL tube , which allows fluid to be added to and removed from the bronchi , or may be performed during endoscopy , if the endoscope has an irrigation channel . To perform BAL , the horse is usually sedated , and local anaesthetic is usually instilled into the airways to reduce coughing .",
"BAL is less useful when severe hemorrhage has occurred . BAL results only reflect the situation in the localized region of the lung which has been lavaged , and may not be representative of the whole lung . The fluid obtained by BAL is submitted for cytological examination .",
"Cytopathology",
"Cytopathology ( examination under a microscope ) of either a tracheal wash or a BAL sample can determine whether EIPH has occurred . The number of red blood cells present can be quantified using a hemocytometer . A normal lung wash sample contains fewer than 10 red blood cells / μl of fluid . In the case of EIPH , the numbers will be several magnitudes or more higher . The presence of high numbers of hemosiderophages indicate that hemorrhage has occurred in the lung at some time in the past . Hemosiderophages are alveolar macrophages that have ingested and digested red blood cells from previous episodes of EIPH . The end product of the digestion of the red blood cells is an iron - storage complex known as hemosiderin .",
"Radiography",
"Imaging the lungs by taking a radiograph ( x-ray ) of the chest can not be used to diagnose EIPH , as the lungs of affected and unaffected horses share the same characteristics .",
"Pulmonary scintigraphy",
"Scintigraphy of the lungs may detect moderate to severe alterations in the perfusion and possibly ventilation of the dorso - caudal lung . The use of radio - labelled red blood cells and scintigraphy to localise and or quantify hemorrhage is not useful due to general sequestration of labeled RBC by the lung , even in the absence of hemorrhage .",
"Post-mortem examination",
"EIPH seldom causes the death of a horse , but if an affected horse dies and undergoes a post-mortem examination , repeated episodes of EIPH will have caused a characteristic blue - gray - brown staining in the lungs . The staining is due to the presence of hemosiderin . The staining is usually most intense in the dorso - caudal region of the left and right diaphragmatic lobes which often progresses cranioventral with repetitive damage . There are often distinct borders between healthy lung tissue and those parts of the lungs that have been affected by EIPH . Other histopathologic findings include fibrosis , bronchial artery neovascularization , venous remodeling , bronchiolitis , hemosiderin accumulation , increased tissue cellularity ( i.e. hemosiderophages ) , multifocal areas of inflammation , and increased thickness of vascular and airway walls .",
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"EIPH occurs when blood enters the air passages of a horse 's lung , due to fractured capillaries . A variety of causes have been proposed , but EIPH is most likely a multi-factorial condition , involving airway , vascular , inflammatory , blood , cardiac , locomotory , and remodelling components .",
"The primary mechanism is likely to be high pulmonary vascular pressures with concurrent negative airway pressures , causing extreme stress across the pulmonary capillary membrane ( the fragile membrane separating blood in the pulmonary capillaries from the air - filled alveoli ) and consequent hemorrhage into the air spaces of the lung . Other contributing factors may include upper airway obstruction , increased blood viscosity , abnormalities of cardiac origin ( small cross-sectional area of atrioventricular valves , stiff valves , slow left ventricular relaxation time , right tricuspid valve regurgitation ) , preferential distribution of blood flow to the dorsocaudal lung regions , mechanical trauma , lower airway obstruction , inflammation , abnormalities of blood coagulation , inhomogeneity of ventilation and locomotory trauma . EIPH begins in the dorso - caudal region of the lung and progresses in a cranioventral direction over time .",
"The most widely accepted theory is that high transmural pressures lead to pulmonary capillary stress failure . There may be contributions from the bronchial circulation . Pulmonary capillary transmural pressure is determined by pulmonary capillary pressure and airway pressure . The horse has very high pulmonary vascular pressures during intense exercise , exceeding 100 mmHg in the pulmonary artery during intense exercise . During expiration the high positive pressures in the pulmonary blood vessels pushing out are opposed by high positive airway pressures pushing back and this does not place undue stress on the thin blood vessel walls . During inspiration , the high positive pressures in the pulmonary blood vessels pushing out are met by negative pressures distending the blood vessel and placing increased stress on the walls . Studies in vitro show that significant disruption of the pulmonary capillaries occurs at pressures of approximately 80 mmHg . In vivo , significant EIPH occurs above a mean pulmonary artery pressure of around 80 -- 95 mmHg . On the basis of this theory , any factor or disease that would increase pulmonary vascular pressures ( e.g. hypervolaemia ) or increase the magnitude of the negative pressures in the lung during inspiration ( e.g. dynamic upper airway obstruction ) would increase the severity of EIPH ; however neither experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia nor dorsal displacement of the soft palate increase pulmonary capillary transmural pressure . Furthermore , the magnitude of exercise - induced pulmonary arterial , capillary and venous hypertension is reportedly similar in horses either with or without EIPH .",
"This theory is based on the fact that , during galloping , the absence of any bone attachment of the forelegs to the spine in the horse causes the shoulder to compress the cranial rib cage . The compression of the chest initiates a pressure wave of compression and expansion which spreads outwards . However , due to the shape of the lung and reflections off the chest wall , the wave of expansion and compression becomes focussed and amplified in the dorso - caudal lung . The alternate expansion and compression at the microscopic level in adjacent areas of lung tissue creates shear stress and capillary disruption . The theory predicts that hemorrhage would be more severe on hard track surfaces , but it does not explain why EIPH can occur in horses during swimming exercise .",
"This theory proposes how high pulmonary venous pressures may lead to the capillary rupture and the tissue changes observed in EIPH . Regional veno - occlusive remodeling , especially within the caudodorsal lung fields , contributes to the pathogenesis of EIPH , with the venous remodeling leading to regional vascular congestion and hemorrhage , hemosiderin accumulation , fibrosis , and bronchial angiogenesis .",
"While all horses undertaking intense exercise experience some degree of EIPH , some horses consistently experience greater haemorrhage and other horses experience isolated episodes of increased EIPH . In the case of horses that consistently demonstrate greater severity of EIPH this is most likely due to congenital factors , such as very high pulmonary vascular pressures . In horses that experience isolated episodes of increased severity of EIPH , possible contributing factors may include , amongst others , pulmonary infection or atrial fibrillation , inflammation , longer distances , longer duration of exercise , hard surfaces , steeplechasing / hurdling , increased length of career , breed ( i.e. Thoroughbred greater than Standardbred ) , time in training / racing , genetics , and cold temperatures .",
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"Furosemide ( trade name : Lasix ) administered prior to racing or strenuous exercise in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses reduces the severity EIPH in 68 % of horses . Up to 85 % of Thoroughbred racehorses in the United States have been administered furosemide at least once during their racing career . Furosemide decreases pulmonary arterial pressure via its diuretic effects , bronchodilates , and redistributes blood flow during exercise . It reduces EIPH ranging from 90 % at sub-maximal exercise and about 50 % at maximal exercise intensities . However , over time , it causes electrolyte imbalances and has reduced effectiveness . Furosemide is prohibited in competing horses in some countries , and by the International Olympic Committee . The United States and Canada are the only countries which permit furosemide use during racing .",
"Other vascular agents such as nitric oxide ( NO ) , n - nitro - l - arginine methyl ester ( L - Name ) , nitroglycerin , NO + phosphodiesterase inhibitors ( e.g. , sildenafil ) , and endothelin receptor antagonists have no effect , and in some cases worsen of the EIPH .",
"A non-pharmacological nasal strip , applied prophylactically , variably reduces EIPH , depending on the severity of EIPH in an individual horse , and the duration and intensity of the exercise bout . The strip minimizes the increase in resistance to breathing , and the work of breathing as exercise intensity increases . There is synergy with the nasal strip in combination with furosemide . The strip has a spring - like action that mechanically supports and maintains the size of the nasal passage at its narrowest part , the nasal valve . Resistance to breathing doubles during intense or long - duration endurance exercise , with > 50 % of the total resistance originating at the nasal passages . Decreased resistance reduces the airway forces across the pulmonary capillary membrane , reducing the EIPH . Use of the strip is permitted by the FEI , and in U.S. horse racing .",
"Bronchodilatation is already maximized in the exercising horse , therefore bronchodilatory agents such as ipratropium , albuterol , or clenbuterol are not effective in reducing EIPH .",
"Coagulation dysfunction is not a cause of EIPH , and anticoagulatory agents , including carbazochrome salicylate , aspirin , Premarin , Amicar , and vitamin K , are not effective in reducing EIPH , and in some cases may worsen it .",
"Omega - 3 fatty acids ( DHA and EPA reduce EIPH , presumably via increasing the functionality of the white blood cells ( WBCs ) in removing the blood from the lungs . Concentrated equine serum reduced EIPH by 53 % through a combined mechanism of a 30 % reduction in inflammation and an increased functionality of the WBCs . Other anti-inflammatory agents , such as hesperidin - citrus bioflavinoids , vitamin C , NSAIDs such as phenylbutazone , corticosteroids , heated water vapor therapy , cromoglicic acid or nedocromil , have no beneficial effects in reducing EIPH severity . Phenylbutazone can partially reverse the beneficial effects of furosemide .",
"Other ineffective treatments include leukocyte elastase protease inhibitors , the EIPH Patch , hyperbaric oxygen therapy , pentoxyfylline , guanabenz , clonidine , snake venom , and enalapril .",
"Horses that undergo surgical correction for upper airway dysfunction are rested , and are under environmentally controlled environments with reduced dust may see some benefit ."
] | Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage - wikipedia Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage Jump to: navigation , search Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage ( EIPH ), also known as `` bleeding '' or a `` bleeding attack '' , refers to the presence of blood in the airways of the lung in association with exercise. EIPH is common in horses undertaking intense exercise, but it has also been reported in human athletes, racing camels and racing greyhounds . Horses that experience EIPH may also be referred to as `` bleeders'' or as having `` broken a blood vessel'' . In the majority of cases EIPH is not apparent unless an endoscopic examination of the airways is performed following exercise. However, a small proportion of horses may show bleeding at the nostrils after exercise, which is known as epistaxis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Epidemiology 1.1 Prevalence 2 Clinical signs 2.1 Effects on performance 3 Diagnosis 4 Causes 4.1 High pulmonary blood pressures 4.2 Locomotory associated trauma 4.3 Veno-occlusive remodelling 4.4 Risk factors 5 Management and treatment 6 References 7 Sources 8 Additional reading Epidemiology ( edit ) EIPH often occurs in horses that race at high speeds, with the number of affected race horses increasing in proportion to the speed and intensity of the exercise. It may occur in racing Thoroughbreds ( flat racing , steeplechasing or jump racing ), American Quarter Horses (incidence of 50-- 75%), Standardbreds (incidence of 40-- 60%), Arabians , and Appaloosas . EIPH also occurs in eventers , jumpers , polo ponies , endurance horses , draft horses that pull competitively , and horses taking part in Western speed events such as barrel racing , reining and cutting . It is rare in endurance horses or draft breeds. The lowest intensities of exercise which may cause EIPH are intense trotting (40-- 60% maximal oxygen uptake) and cantering at speeds of 16-- 19 miles per hour (26-- 31 km/h). EIPH occurs less frequently in stallions than mares or geldings . Prevalence ( edit ) Approximately 43 to 75% of horses have blood in the trachea and bronchi following a single post-race endoscopic examination. In one study, all horses endoscoped on at least three separate occasions following racing had EIPH at least once. Epistaxis (blood coming from one or both nostrils) is much less common, occurring in 0.25-- 13% of cases. In a survey of over 220,000 horse starts in UK Flat and National Hunt (jump) racing, 185 cases of epistaxis were identified (0.83 per 1000 starts). Similar frequencies have been reported in Japan (1.5 per 1000 starts) and South Africa (1.65 per 1000 starts), whereas a higher frequency has been reported in Korean (8.4 per 1000 starts). Clinical signs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . (February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unless a horse has severe EIPH, with blood present at the nostrils (known as epistaxis ), the main sign is usually poor athletic performance; other signs are generally subtle and not easy to detect. Frequent swallowing and coughing in the immediate post-exercise recovery period, and poor appetite post-performance may be suggestive of EIPH. A definitive diagnosis can only be made by endoscopic examination of the trachea. In the case where no blood is visible in the trachea, EIPH in the small airways may still be present and can be confirmed by a bronchoalveolar lavage. Impaired arterial blood gas (oxygen) tensions during intense exercise, increased blood lactate, and rarely death have been noted (likely due to ruptured chordae tendinae or a different mechanism of lung hemorrhage). Epistaxis is diagnosed when blood is visible at either or both nostrils during or following exercise. To confirm whether the blood is coming from the upper or lower airway requires further examination by endoscopy, although in some cases it is not possible to determine the location. In the majority of epistaxis cases, the blood originates from the lung. Epistaxis during or following exercise can less commonly occur as a result of upper airway hemorrhage, for example following head trauma , subepiglottic cysts , atrial fibrillation , or guttural pouch mycoses . Effects on performance ( edit ) EIPH reduces a horse's racing performance. Severe EIPH (epistaxis) shortens a horse's racing career. Moderate to severe EIPH is associated with a worsened finishing position in a race, and finishing farther behind the winner. Horses with mild EIPH earn more prize money than those with more severe EIPH. While single bouts of EIPH may not even be apparent to the rider, owner or trainer of a horse unless an endoscopic examination is undertaken, the effect on performance within a single race appears to be significant but relatively subtle. In a 2005 study, horses finishing races with grade 4 EIPH were on average 6 metres behind those finishing with grade 0. However, the effect of repeated bouts of EIPH that occur with daily training may lead to more significant changes and a greater degree of tissue damage over time with consequent loss of lung function. Diagnosis ( edit ) As only one in ten cases of EIPH have epistaxis (bleeding from the nostrils), and as epistaxis can have causes other than EIPH, various diagnostic tools are used to diagnose EIPH. Endoscopy EIPH is most commonly diagnosed by endoscopic examination of the trachea and larger bronchi , with the optimal timing for endoscopy being 60-- 90 minutes after hard exercise. This post-exercise delay allows time for blood within the lungs to travel to the trachea. Blood can usually be detected in the trachea or bronchi for 1-- 3 days after an episode of EIPH, but may be present for up to a week. The amount of blood visible in the trachea at the time of examination is most commonly graded on a scale of 0 (no blood) to 4 (airways awash with blood). In some mildly-affected horses, endoscopy must be performed on multiple occasions to confirm a diagnosis of EIPH. The level of restraint required to allow endoscopy to be performed depends on the horse; a nose twitch or sedation may be required. Bronchoalveolar lavage Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a procedure whereby a small volume of fluid is put into the airways in order sample the cells and fluids of the aveoli and epithelium of the bronchi. BAL may be performed using a BAL tube, which allows fluid to be added to and removed from the bronchi, or may be performed during endoscopy, if the endoscope has an irrigation channel. To perform BAL, the horse is usually sedated, and local anaesthetic is usually instilled into the airways to reduce coughing. BAL is less useful when severe hemorrhage has occurred. BAL results only reflect the situation in the localized region of the lung which has been lavaged, and may not be representative of the whole lung. The fluid obtained by BAL is submitted for cytological examination . Cytopathology Cytopathology (examination under a microscope ) of either a tracheal wash or a BAL sample can determine whether EIPH has occurred. The number of red blood cells present can be quantified using a hemocytometer . A normal lung wash sample contains fewer than 10 red blood cells/μl of fluid. In the case of EIPH, the numbers will be several magnitudes or more higher. The presence of high numbers of hemosiderophages indicate that hemorrhage has occurred in the lung at some time in the past. Hemosiderophages are alveolar macrophages that have ingested and digested red blood cells from previous episodes of EIPH. The end product of the digestion of the red blood cells is an iron-storage complex known as hemosiderin . Radiography Imaging the lungs by taking a radiograph (x-ray) of the chest cannot be used to diagnose EIPH, as the lungs of affected and unaffected horses share the same characteristics. Pulmonary scintigraphy Scintigraphy of the lungs may detect moderate to severe alterations in the perfusion and possibly ventilation of the dorso-caudal lung. The use of radio-labelled red blood cells and scintigraphy to localise and or quantify hemorrhage is not useful due to general sequestration of labeled RBC by the lung, even in the absence of hemorrhage. Post-mortem examination EIPH seldom causes the death of a horse, but if an affected horse dies and undergoes a post-mortem examination , repeated episodes of EIPH will have caused a characteristic blue-gray-brown staining in the lungs. The staining is due to the presence of hemosiderin. The staining is usually most intense in the dorso-caudal region of the left and right diaphragmatic lobes which often progresses cranioventral with repetitive damage. There are often distinct borders between healthy lung tissue and those parts of the lungs that have been affected by EIPH. Other histopathologic findings include fibrosis , bronchial artery neovascularization , venous remodeling, bronchiolitis , hemosiderin accumulation, increased tissue cellularity (i.e. hemosiderophages), multifocal areas of inflammation, and increased thickness of vascular and airway walls. Causes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) EIPH occurs when blood enters the air passages of a horse's lung , due to fractured capillaries . A variety of causes have been proposed, but EIPH is most likely a multi-factorial condition, involving airway, vascular, inflammatory, blood, cardiac, locomotory, and remodelling components. The primary mechanism is likely to be high pulmonary vascular pressures with concurrent negative airway pressures, causing extreme stress across the pulmonary capillary membrane (the fragile membrane separating blood in the pulmonary capillaries from the air-filled alveoli) and consequent hemorrhage into the air spaces of the lung. Other contributing factors may include upper airway obstruction , increased blood viscosity , abnormalities of cardiac origin (small cross-sectional area of atrioventricular valves , stiff valves, slow left ventricular relaxation time, right tricuspid valve regurgitation ), preferential distribution of blood flow to the dorsocaudal lung regions, mechanical trauma, lower airway obstruction, inflammation, abnormalities of blood coagulation, inhomogeneity of ventilation and locomotory trauma. EIPH begins in the dorso-caudal region of the lung and progresses in a cranioventral direction over time. High pulmonary blood pressures ( edit ) The most widely accepted theory is that high transmural pressures lead to pulmonary capillary stress failure. There may be contributions from the bronchial circulation. Pulmonary capillary transmural pressure is determined by pulmonary capillary pressure and airway pressure. The horse has very high pulmonary vascular pressures during intense exercise, exceeding 100 mmHg in the pulmonary artery during intense exercise. During expiration the high positive pressures in the pulmonary blood vessels pushing out are opposed by high positive airway pressures pushing back and this does not place undue stress on the thin blood vessel walls. During inspiration, the high positive pressures in the pulmonary blood vessels pushing out are met by negative pressures distending the blood vessel and placing increased stress on the walls. Studies in vitro show that significant disruption of the pulmonary capillaries occurs at pressures of approximately 80 mmHg. In vivo , significant EIPH occurs above a mean pulmonary artery pressure of around 80-- 95 mmHg. On the basis of this theory, any factor or disease that would increase pulmonary vascular pressures (e.g. hypervolaemia) or increase the magnitude of the negative pressures in the lung during inspiration (e.g. dynamic upper airway obstruction) would increase the severity of EIPH; however neither experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia nor dorsal displacement of the soft palate increase pulmonary capillary transmural pressure. Furthermore, the magnitude of exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous hypertension is reportedly similar in horses either with or without EIPH. Locomotory associated trauma ( edit ) This theory is based on the fact that, during galloping , the absence of any bone attachment of the forelegs to the spine in the horse causes the shoulder to compress the cranial rib cage. The compression of the chest initiates a pressure wave of compression and expansion which spreads outwards. However, due to the shape of the lung and reflections off the chest wall, the wave of expansion and compression becomes focussed and amplified in the dorso-caudal lung. The alternate expansion and compression at the microscopic level in adjacent areas of lung tissue creates shear stress and capillary disruption. The theory predicts that hemorrhage would be more severe on hard track surfaces, but it does not explain why EIPH can occur in horses during swimming exercise. Veno-occlusive remodelling ( edit ) This theory proposes how high pulmonary venous pressures may lead to the capillary rupture and the tissue changes observed in EIPH. Regional veno-occlusive remodeling, especially within the caudodorsal lung fields, contributes to the pathogenesis of EIPH, with the venous remodeling leading to regional vascular congestion and hemorrhage, hemosiderin accumulation, fibrosis, and bronchial angiogenesis . Risk factors ( edit ) While all horses undertaking intense exercise experience some degree of EIPH, some horses consistently experience greater haemorrhage and other horses experience isolated episodes of increased EIPH. In the case of horses that consistently demonstrate greater severity of EIPH this is most likely due to congenital factors, such as very high pulmonary vascular pressures. In horses that experience isolated episodes of increased severity of EIPH, possible contributing factors may include, amongst others, pulmonary infection or atrial fibrillation, inflammation, longer distances, longer duration of exercise, hard surfaces, steeplechasing/hurdling, increased length of career, breed (i.e. Thoroughbred greater than Standardbred), time in training/racing, genetics, and cold temperatures. Management and treatment ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Furosemide (trade name: Lasix) administered prior to racing or strenuous exercise in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses reduces the severity EIPH in 68% of horses. Up to 85% of Thoroughbred racehorses in the United States have been administered furosemide at least once during their racing career. Furosemide decreases pulmonary arterial pressure via its diuretic effects, bronchodilates, and redistributes blood flow during exercise. It reduces EIPH ranging from 90% at sub-maximal exercise and about 50% at maximal exercise intensities. However, over time, it causes electrolyte imbalances and has reduced effectiveness. Furosemide is prohibited in competing horses in some countries, and by the International Olympic Committee . The United States and Canada are the only countries which permit furosemide use during racing. Other vascular agents such as nitric oxide (NO), n-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-Name), nitroglycerin , NO + phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil ), and endothelin receptor antagonists have no effect, and in some cases worsen of the EIPH. A non-pharmacological nasal strip , applied prophylactically, variably reduces EIPH, depending on the severity of EIPH in an individual horse, and the duration and intensity of the exercise bout. The strip minimizes the increase in resistance to breathing, and the work of breathing as exercise intensity increases. There is synergy with the nasal strip in combination with furosemide. The strip has a spring-like action that mechanically supports and maintains the size of the nasal passage at its narrowest part, the nasal valve. Resistance to breathing doubles during intense or long-duration endurance exercise, with > 50% of the total resistance originating at the nasal passages. Decreased resistance reduces the airway forces across the pulmonary capillary membrane, reducing the EIPH. Use of the strip is permitted by the FEI , and in U.S. horse racing. Bronchodilatation is already maximized in the exercising horse, therefore bronchodilatory agents such as ipratropium , albuterol , or clenbuterol are not effective in reducing EIPH. Coagulation dysfunction is not a cause of EIPH, and anticoagulatory agents , including carbazochrome salicylate , aspirin , Premarin , Amicar , and vitamin K , are not effective in reducing EIPH, and in some cases may worsen it. Omega-3 fatty acids ( DHA and EPA reduce EIPH, presumably via increasing the functionality of the white blood cells (WBCs) in removing the blood from the lungs. Concentrated equine serum reduced EIPH by 53% through a combined mechanism of a 30% reduction in inflammation and an increased functionality of the WBCs. Other anti-inflammatory agents, such as hesperidin -citrus bioflavinoids , vitamin C , NSAIDs such as phenylbutazone , corticosteroids , heated water vapor therapy, cromoglicic acid or nedocromil , have no beneficial effects in reducing EIPH severity. Phenylbutazone can partially reverse the beneficial effects of furosemide. Other ineffective treatments include leukocyte elastase protease inhibitors , the EIPH Patch, hyperbaric oxygen therapy , pentoxyfylline , guanabenz , clonidine , snake venom , and enalapril . Horses that undergo surgical correction for upper airway dysfunction are rested, and are under environmentally controlled environments with reduced dust may see some benefit. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Riegal, Ronald; Susan Hakola (14 June 2004). The Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse . 2 . Equistar Publications. p. . ISBN 0-9654461-1-5 . Jump up ^ Léguillette , R; Steinmann, M; Bond, SL; Stanton, B (July 2016). `` Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and airway inflammation in barrel racing horses'' . Journal of veterinary internal medicine . 30 (4): 1327-- 32. doi : 10.1111/jvim.13959 . PMC 5089608 . PMID 27278854 . Jump up ^ Hinchcliff, Kenneth W. `` Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage'' . Pulmonary Hemorrhage (PDF) . Versailles, Kentucky: Kentucky Equine Research, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-07. Jump up ^ Epp, TS; McDonough, P; Padilla, DJ; Gentile, JM; Edwards, KL; Erickson, HH; Poole, DC (August 2006). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage during submaximal exercise'' . Equine veterinary journal. Supplement. 38 (S36): 502-- 7. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05595.x . PMID 17402474 . Jump up ^ Oikawa, M (November 1999). `` Exercise-induced haemorrhagic lesions in the dorsocaudal extremities of the caudal lobes of the lungs of young thoroughbred horses'' . Journal of comparative pathology. 121 (4): 339-- 47. doi : 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0331 . PMID 10542123 . Jump up ^ Hillidge, CJ; Whitlock, TW (May 1986). `` Sex variation in the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing quarter horses'' . Research in veterinary science . 40 (3): 406-- 7. PMID 3738238 . ^ Jump up to: Hinchcliff, Kenneth (2009). `` Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage'' (PDF) . Advances in Equine Nutrition. 4 : 367-- 374 -- via Google Scholar. Jump up ^ Birks, EK; Shuler, KM; Soma, LR; Martin, BB; Marconato, L; Del Piero, F; Teleis, DC; Schar, D; Hessinger, AE; Uboh, CE (September 2002). `` EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds'' . Equine veterinary journal. Supplement (34): 375-- 8. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05451.x . PMID 12405719 . Jump up ^ Merck (2008). `` Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Epistaxis, `` Bleeder'' )`` . The Merck Veterinary Manual . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim, BS; Hwang, YK; Kwon, CJ; Lim, YJ (1998). `` Survey on Incidence of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) of Thoroughbred Race horses in Seoul Race course'' . Korean Journal of Veterinary Clinical Medicine . 15 : 417-- 426. Jump up ^ Wilkins, Pamela A. (2014). `` Chapter 31: Diseases of the respiratory system: Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage'' . In Smith, Bradford P. Large animal internal medicine (5 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 543-- 549. ISBN 9780323088404 . Jump up ^ Hinchcliff, K.W.; Couetil, L.L.; Knight, P.K.; Morley, P.S.; Robinson, N.E.; Sweeney, C.R.; van Erck, E. (May 2015). `` Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement'' . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine . 29 (3): 743-- 758. doi : 10.1111/jvim.12593 . ^ Jump up to: Hinchcliff, KW; Jackson, MA; Morley, PS; Brown, JA; Dredge, AE; O'Callaghan , PA; McCaffrey, JP; Slocombe, RE; Clarke, AE (1 September 2005). `` Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in Thoroughbred racehorses'' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . 227 (5): 768-- 74. doi : 10.2460/javma.2005.227.768 . PMID 16178399 . ^ Jump up to: Derksen, FJ; Williams, KJ; Pannirselvam, RR; de Feijter-Rupp, H; Steel, CM; Robinson, NE (July 2009). `` Regional distribution of collagen and haemosiderin in the lungs of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage'' . Equine veterinary journal . 41 (6): 586-- 91. doi : 10.2746/042516409X429419 . PMID 19803055 . ^ Jump up to: Barakzai, Safia (2006). `` Chapter 7: Trachea and bronchi'' . Handbook of equine respiratory endoscopy . Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 89-- 104. ISBN 9780702028182 . Jump up ^ Ramzan, Peter H.L. (2014). `` Respiratory conditions: lower airway disease'' . The racehorse: a veterinary manual . pp. 222-- 234. ISBN 9781482221916 . Jump up ^ Weese, Scott; Munroe, Graham, eds. (2011). `` Chapter 3: Respiratory system'' . Equine clinical medicine, surgery, and reproduction . London: Manson Publishing/The Veterinary Press. pp. 381-- 480. ISBN 9781840766080 . ^ Jump up to: Hinchcliff, KW (2013). `` Chapter 29: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)'' . In Hinchcliff, KW; Kaneps, AJ; Geor, RJ. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery E-Book (2nd, revised ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 633-- 648. ISBN 9780702054228 . Jump up ^ Léguillette , R.; Steinmann, M.; Bond, S.L.; Stanton, B. (July 2016). `` Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and airway inflammation in barrel racing horses'' . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine . 30 (4): 1327-- 1332. doi : 10.1111/jvim.13959 . ^ Jump up to: Reed, SM; Bayly,, WM; Sellon, DC, eds. (2009). `` Disorders of the respiratory system: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage'' . Equine internal medicine (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 346-- 349. ISBN 9781437708851 . Jump up ^ McKane, SA; Rose, RJ (10 June 2010). `` Effects of exercise intensity and training on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology'' . Equine Veterinary Journal . 27 (S18): 58-- 62. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04891.x . ^ Jump up to: Stack, A (2014). `` Chapter 58: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage'' . In Sprayberry, KA; Robinson, NE. Robinson's Current Therapy in Equine Medicine - E-Book (7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 252-- 256. ISBN 9780323242165 . Jump up ^ O'Callaghan , M.W. ; Pascoe, J.R. ; O'Brien , T.R. ; Hornof, W.J. ; Mason, D.K. (September 1987). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VI. Radiological/pathological correlations'' . Equine Veterinary Journal . 19 (5): 419-- 422. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02634.x . Jump up ^ Votion, DM; Roberts, CA; Marlin, DJ; Lekeux, PM (July 1999). `` Feasibility of scintigraphy in exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage detection and quantification: preliminary studies'' . Equine veterinary journal. Supplement (30): 137-- 42. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05204.x . PMID 10659238 . Jump up ^ Saulez, MN (2009). `` Chapter 71: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage'' . In Robinson, NE; Sprayberry, KA. Current therapy in equine medicine (6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 320-- 323. ISBN 9781416054757 . Jump up ^ Meyer, TS; Fedde, MR; Gaughan, EM; Langsetmo, I; Erickson, HH (July 1998). `` Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage'' . Equine veterinary journal . 30 (4): 284-- 8. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04098.x . PMID 9705109 . Jump up ^ Langsetmo, I.; Fedde, M.R.; Meyer, T.S.; Erickson, H.H. (September 2000). `` Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses'' . Equine veterinary journal . 32 (5): 379-- 84. doi : 10.2746/042516400777591066 . PMID 11037258 . Jump up ^ Jackson, JA; Ducharme, NG; Hackett, RP; Rehder, RS; Ainsworth, DM; Shannon, KJ; Erickson, BK; Erb, HN; Jansson, N; Soderholm LV, Jr; Thorson, LM (August 1997). `` Effects of airway obstruction on transmural pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses'' . American journal of veterinary research . 58 (8): 897-- 903. PMID 9256978 . Jump up ^ Hackett, RP; Ducharme, NG; Ainsworth, DM; Erickson, BK; Erb, HN; Soderholm LV, Jr; Thorson, LM (April 1999). `` Effects of extrathoracic airway obstruction on intrathoracic pressure and pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses'' . American journal of veterinary research . 60 (4): 485-- 94. PMID 10211694 . Jump up ^ Schroter, RC; Marlin, DJ; Denny, E (May 1998). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses results from locomotory impact induced trauma-a novel, unifying concept'' . Equine veterinary journal . 30 (3): 186-- 92. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04486.x . PMID 9622318 . Jump up ^ Schroter, RC; Leeming, A; Denny, E; Bharath, A; Marlin, DJ (July 1999). `` Modelling impact-initiated wave transmission through lung parenchyma in relation to the aetiology of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage'' . Equine veterinary journal. Supplement (30): 34-- 8. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05184.x . PMID 10659218 . Jump up ^ Sullivan, SL; Whittem, T; Morley, PS; Hinchcliff, KW (May 2015). `` A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of furosemide for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses'' . Equine veterinary journal . 47 (3): 341-- 9. doi : 10.1111/evj.12373 . PMID 25291214 . ^ Jump up to: Bayly, WM; Slocombe, RF; Schott HC, 2nd; Hines, MT; Sides, RH; Hakala, JE (May 2001). `` Effects of inhalation of albuterol sulphate, ipratroprium bromide and frusemide on breathing mechanics and gas exchange in healthy exercising horses'' . Equine veterinary journal . 33 (3): 302-- 10. doi : 10.2746/042516401776249741 . PMID 11352354 . Sources ( edit ) Hinchcliff, K.W. (2009). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage'' . Advances of Equine Nutrition, 4: 367-374. MacNamara, B; Bauer, S; Iafe, J (1 February 1990). `` Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing Standardbreds'' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . 196 (3): 443-- 5. PMID 2298674 . Mason, D.K. , E.A. Collins, et al. (1983). Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses. 1st International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology, Oxford, UK. Merck (2008). `` Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Epistaxis, `` Bleeder'' )`` . The Merck Veterinary Manual . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Newton, JR; Wood, JL (September 2002). `` Evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and EIPH in young Thoroughbreds during training'' . Equine veterinary journal. Supplement (34): 417-- 24. doi : 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05459.x . PMID 12405727 . Pascoe, JR; Ferraro, GL; Cannon, JH; Arthur, RM; Wheat, JD (May 1981). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds: a preliminary study'' . American journal of veterinary research . 42 (5): 703-- 7. PMID 7258791 . Raphel, CF; Soma, LR (July 1982). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing'' . American journal of veterinary research . 43 (7): 1123-- 7. PMID 7103190 . Riegal, Ronald; Susan Hakola (14 June 2004). The Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse . 2 . Equistar Publications. p. . ISBN 0-9654461-1-5 . Roberts, C.A., Hillidge, C. and Marlin, D.J. (1993) Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds in Great Britain. 1st International EIPH Conference, Guelph, Canada, p11. Speirs, VC; van Veenendaal, JC; Harrison, IW; Smyth, GB; Anderson, GA; Wilson, DV; Gilbo, B (August 1982). `` Pulmonary haemorrhage in standardbred horses after racing'' . Australian veterinary journal . 59 (2): 38-- 40. doi : 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1982.tb02712.x . PMID 6890804 . Additional reading ( edit ) Birks, EK; Durando, MM; McBride, S (April 2003). `` Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage'' . The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice . 19 (1): 87-- 100. doi : 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00068-8 . PMID 12747663 . Epp, TS; Edwards, KL; Poole, DC; Erickson, HH (17 December 2008). `` Effects of conjugated oestrogens and aminocaproic acid upon exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)'' . Comparative exercise physiology. 5 (02): 95-- 103. doi : 10.1017/S1478061508120242 ... Hinchclif, K.W. (2007) Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in equine respiratory medicine and surgery, eds McGorum, Dixon, Robinson and Schumacher, Saunders Elsevier, page 620-621. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exercise-induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage&oldid=839112508 '' Categories : Horse diseases Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2010 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018, at 10:09. 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who did zack morris date in saved by the bell | On November 6 , 2016 , Gosselaar voiced an animated version of Zack in the Family Guy episode `` Chris Has Got a Date , Date , Date , Date , Date '' , parodying the scene in `` Jessie 's Song , '' where Jessie takes prescription drugs to stay awake for a performance . | [
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"( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
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"Zack Morris First appearance `` Summer Love '' ( Good Morning , Miss Bliss ) Last appearance `` Goodbye Bayside Part 2 '' ( Saved by the Bell : The New Class ) Created by Sam Bobrick Portrayed by Mark - Paul Gosselaar Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Melanie Rhonda Morris ( mother ) Derek Morris ( father ) Peter Morris ( single father in Good Morning , Miss Bliss ) John Sanderford Spouse ( s ) Kelly Kapowski ( 1994 - present )",
"Zack Morris",
"First appearance `` Summer Love '' ( Good Morning , Miss Bliss )",
"Last appearance `` Goodbye Bayside Part 2 '' ( Saved by the Bell : The New Class )",
"Created by Sam Bobrick",
"Portrayed by Mark - Paul Gosselaar",
"Information",
"Gender Male",
"Occupation Student",
"Family Melanie Rhonda Morris ( mother ) Derek Morris ( father ) Peter Morris ( single father in Good Morning , Miss Bliss ) John Sanderford",
"Spouse ( s ) Kelly Kapowski ( 1994 - present )",
"Zack Morris is a fictional character from the sitcoms Good Morning , Miss Bliss ; Saved by the Bell ; Saved by the Bell : The College Years ; and Saved by the Bell : The New Class . He is portrayed by Mark - Paul Gosselaar . Though the character appeared in several different television programs , Gosselaar made a concerted effort to keep the character fundamentally the same through its various incarnations .",
"Set in a different continuity from the later series , Good Morning , Miss Bliss took place during Zack 's eighth grade year at John F. Kennedy Junior High School in Indianapolis , Indiana . Screech and Lisa are two of Zack 's friends in these episodes . Other friends that are regularly featured are Mikey Gonzalez , a close friend who is often involved in Zack 's scheming , and Nikki Coleman , who often butts heads with Zack on many issues . His best friend Mikey is a good student and is often supportive of him , and helps him with schoolwork a lot . Mr. Belding was the principal of JFK Junior High , and often had to deal with problems Zack had caused . Zack 's homeroom teacher and history teacher , Miss Carrie Bliss , also acts as a moral compass for Zack . In this series , Zack is already doing much of the scheming , betting , and manipulation for which he became known in the later series .",
"Zack demonstrates a flair for business throughout his teen years . However , in many subjects , notably history and literature , he is often seen receiving poor grades or displaying a lack of interest . Despite this , Zack achieves a very high score of 1502 on his SAT and gets accepted to Yale in his senior year . At the end of Saved by the Bell , Zack is planning on going to Yale . However , in Saved by the Bell : The College Years , we see Zack attending Cal U , along with Screech , Slater , who had originally planned on attending Iowa to join their wrestling program ) , and later on , Kelly , who joined the cast after the pilot episode . Their dorm was a suite , with the three guys in one room , three girls in another room and a common area in - between . The girls originally assigned to share the suite with them were Alex Tabor , an aspiring actress , Leslie Burke , the daughter of a major university donor and Danielle Marks , the daughter of a federal judge .",
"Danielle quickly transfers to a different school , allowing Kelly to move in after she is accepted into California University and put on the waiting list . Assigned to watch over Zack and his friends was Mike Rogers , a former football player for the San Francisco 49ers . He works as a resident adviser , while also working towards a graduate degree . Mike often steps in to keep Zack in line , while committing various cunning schemes reminiscent of the ones he concocted in high school . Generally Other university faculty and staff that were regularly featured in `` Saved by the Bell : The College Years '' were Professor Jeremiah Lasky and Dean Susan McMann . Zack generally gets along well with Professor Lasky , with the exception of a short period where Professor Lasky dates Kelly , which upsets Zack because it makes him realize he still had feelings for her . Dean McMann , however , is a more authoritative figure for whom Zack often causes problems .",
"When Zack attended Bayside , he was a very involved student . Athletically , Zack participated in cross country , basketball , and track . He experienced some success in each of these sports . In ninth grade , Zack finished in third place at a cross country meet . He was one of Bayside 's better basketball players , and it challenged the team when he sprained his knee in the locker room before a big game . When Zack was possibly not going to compete in a track meet , Mr. Belding and Zack 's team members became discouraged because they thought there was no way they could win without Zack .",
"Zack is also very musically talented . He offered to play for free at a school dance so that more money could be spent on decorations . This line - up featured Zack as a main vocalist while playing guitar , Jessie as a featured vocalist , Lisa on bass guitar , Screech on keyboard , and Slater on drums . However , when Slater had to take over the lead vocals during the dance because Zack was outside talking to Kelly , when they broke up Ollie ( a minor character on Saved by the Bell ) took over on drums . Zack was also the lead singer of a 1950s - style doo - wop group , The Five Aces ( a reference to the real - life group The Four Aces ) , that sang during a school sock hop . The other singers were Slater , Screech , Lisa , and Tori Scott , a student who transferred to Bayside during their senior year . He was also a member of the glee club for a short time .",
"Zack was also involved in various other activities throughout high school . He helped restart the school radio station , and hosted a radio - thon to save the local teen hangout . He created a carnival to raise money for a school ski trip , and helped with several dances . He was also a member of the school 's Junior ROTC program , and together with Screech , ran the Yearbook committee to produce a video yearbook . At one point , Zack took over as manager of the school store , and is also on the student council .",
"In Saved by the Bell , Zack breaks the fourth wall on numerous occasions . During many episodes , he would introduce the episode , or speak his opinion on different topics , such as Slater , Kelly , etc . Usually when he is notably worried about something Zack says `` Time Out '' , and make a motion with his hands similar to a basketball player requesting a time out from the referee , and everyone around him freezes . Immediately after , Zack usually offers his opinion , and says `` Time In ! '' when he is finished , and the episode continues .",
"In `` Video Yearbook , '' Zack uses his ability to stop time to alter the immediate future , when he `` Times - Out '' , to avoid getting punched by Slater . Slater instead punches Mr. Belding because Zack moves out of the room , yet surprising none of the characters seem to notice when Zack suddenly disappears . When he `` Times - Out '' in this instance he also places a piece of paper between the lips of Kelly and a boy she is pretending to kiss .",
"In another episode , `` Glee Club , '' Zack stops time to give Screech a cassette tape during a performance he was giving with the school choir . His power is able to selectively keep Screech unfrozen , much like Evie Garland 's ( from the television show Out of This World ) ability to freeze and unfreeze time with hand gestures and selectively unfreeze individuals by tagging them .",
"On June 8 , 2009 , Gosselaar appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , as part of Fallon 's long - running effort to reunite the cast of Saved by the Bell on his show in character as Zack Morris . In the interview , Zack explains that he relocated to Los Angeles and became an actor , assuming the stage name `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar '' because there was another Zack Morris already registered with the Screen Actors Guild . His marriage to Kelly also failed when she `` moved to a different ZIP code '' but that they remained on good terms . Zack engaged in several of his trademark bits such as calling `` time out '' .",
"On November 6 , 2016 , Gosselaar voiced an animated version of Zack in the Family Guy episode `` Chris Has Got a Date , Date , Date , Date , Date '' , parodying the scene in `` Jessie 's Song , '' where Jessie takes prescription drugs to stay awake for a performance ."
] | Zack Morris - wikipedia Zack Morris Jump to: navigation , search For the British actor, see Zack Morris (actor) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . (October 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zack Morris First appearance `` Summer Love'' ( Good Morning, Miss Bliss ) Last appearance `` Goodbye Bayside Part 2'' ( Saved by the Bell: The New Class ) Created by Sam Bobrick Portrayed by Mark-Paul Gosselaar Information Gender Male Occupation Student Family Melanie Rhonda Morris (mother) Derek Morris (father) Peter Morris (single father in Good Morning, Miss Bliss ) John Sanderford Spouse(s) Kelly Kapowski (1994-present) Zack Morris is a fictional character from the sitcoms Good Morning, Miss Bliss ; Saved by the Bell ; Saved by the Bell: The College Years ; and Saved by the Bell: The New Class . He is portrayed by Mark-Paul Gosselaar . Though the character appeared in several different television programs, Gosselaar made a concerted effort to keep the character fundamentally the same through its various incarnations. Contents ( hide ) 1 Junior high and Good Morning, Miss Bliss 2 High school and college years 2.1 Academics 2.2 Extracurricular activities 3 Breaking the fourth wall 4 Other appearances 5 References Junior high and good Morning, Miss Bliss ( edit ) Set in a different continuity from the later series, Good Morning, Miss Bliss took place during Zack's eighth grade year at John F. Kennedy Junior High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. Screech and Lisa are two of Zack's friends in these episodes. Other friends that are regularly featured are Mikey Gonzalez, a close friend who is often involved in Zack's scheming, and Nikki Coleman, who often butts heads with Zack on many issues. His best friend Mikey is a good student and is often supportive of him, and helps him with schoolwork a lot. Mr. Belding was the principal of JFK Junior High, and often had to deal with problems Zack had caused. Zack's homeroom teacher and history teacher, Miss Carrie Bliss, also acts as a moral compass for Zack. In this series, Zack is already doing much of the scheming, betting, and manipulation for which he became known in the later series. High school and College Years ( edit ) Academics ( edit ) Zack demonstrates a flair for business throughout his teen years. However, in many subjects, notably history and literature, he is often seen receiving poor grades or displaying a lack of interest. Despite this, Zack achieves a very high score of 1502 on his SAT and gets accepted to Yale in his senior year. At the end of Saved by the Bell , Zack is planning on going to Yale. However, in Saved by the Bell: The College Years , we see Zack attending Cal U, along with Screech, Slater, who had originally planned on attending Iowa to join their wrestling program), and later on, Kelly, who joined the cast after the pilot episode. Their dorm was a suite, with the three guys in one room, three girls in another room and a common area in-between. The girls originally assigned to share the suite with them were Alex Tabor, an aspiring actress, Leslie Burke, the daughter of a major university donor and Danielle Marks, the daughter of a federal judge. Danielle quickly transfers to a different school, allowing Kelly to move in after she is accepted into California University and put on the waiting list. Assigned to watch over Zack and his friends was Mike Rogers, a former football player for the San Francisco 49ers . He works as a resident adviser, while also working towards a graduate degree. Mike often steps in to keep Zack in line, while committing various cunning schemes reminiscent of the ones he concocted in high school. Generally Other university faculty and staff that were regularly featured in `` Saved by the Bell: The College Years'' were Professor Jeremiah Lasky and Dean Susan McMann. Zack generally gets along well with Professor Lasky, with the exception of a short period where Professor Lasky dates Kelly, which upsets Zack because it makes him realize he still had feelings for her. Dean McMann, however, is a more authoritative figure for whom Zack often causes problems. Extracurricular activities ( edit ) When Zack attended Bayside, he was a very involved student. Athletically, Zack participated in cross country , basketball , and track . He experienced some success in each of these sports. In ninth grade, Zack finished in third place at a cross country meet. He was one of Bayside's better basketball players, and it challenged the team when he sprained his knee in the locker room before a big game. When Zack was possibly not going to compete in a track meet, Mr. Belding and Zack's team members became discouraged because they thought there was no way they could win without Zack. Zack is also very musically talented. He offered to play for free at a school dance so that more money could be spent on decorations. This line-up featured Zack as a main vocalist while playing guitar, Jessie as a featured vocalist, Lisa on bass guitar, Screech on keyboard, and Slater on drums. However, when Slater had to take over the lead vocals during the dance because Zack was outside talking to Kelly, when they broke up Ollie (a minor character on Saved by the Bell ) took over on drums. Zack was also the lead singer of a 1950s-style doo-wop group, The Five Aces (a reference to the real-life group The Four Aces ), that sang during a school sock hop. The other singers were Slater, Screech, Lisa, and Tori Scott, a student who transferred to Bayside during their senior year. He was also a member of the glee club for a short time. Zack was also involved in various other activities throughout high school. He helped restart the school radio station, and hosted a radio-thon to save the local teen hangout. He created a carnival to raise money for a school ski trip, and helped with several dances. He was also a member of the school's Junior ROTC program, and together with Screech, ran the Yearbook committee to produce a video yearbook. At one point, Zack took over as manager of the school store, and is also on the student council. Breaking the fourth wall ( edit ) In Saved by the Bell , Zack breaks the fourth wall on numerous occasions. During many episodes, he would introduce the episode, or speak his opinion on different topics, such as Slater, Kelly, etc. Usually when he is notably worried about something Zack says `` Time Out'' , and make a motion with his hands similar to a basketball player requesting a time out from the referee, and everyone around him freezes. Immediately after, Zack usually offers his opinion, and says `` Time In!'' when he is finished, and the episode continues. In `` Video Yearbook,'' Zack uses his ability to stop time to alter the immediate future, when he `` Times-Out'' , to avoid getting punched by Slater. Slater instead punches Mr. Belding because Zack moves out of the room, yet surprising none of the characters seem to notice when Zack suddenly disappears. When he `` Times-Out'' in this instance he also places a piece of paper between the lips of Kelly and a boy she is pretending to kiss. In another episode, `` Glee Club,'' Zack stops time to give Screech a cassette tape during a performance he was giving with the school choir. His power is able to selectively keep Screech unfrozen, much like Evie Garland's (from the television show Out of This World ) ability to freeze and unfreeze time with hand gestures and selectively unfreeze individuals by tagging them. Other appearances ( edit ) On June 8, 2009, Gosselaar appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ,as part of Fallon's long-running effort to reunite the cast of Saved by the Bell on his show in character as Zack Morris. In the interview, Zack explains that he relocated to Los Angeles and became an actor, assuming the stage name `` Mark-Paul Gosselaar'' because there was another Zack Morris already registered with the Screen Actors Guild . His marriage to Kelly also failed when she `` moved to a different ZIP code '' but that they remained on good terms. Zack engaged in several of his trademark bits such as calling `` time out'' . On November 6, 2016, Gosselaar voiced an animated version of Zack in the Family Guy episode `` Chris Has Got a Date, Date, Date, Date, Date '' , parodying the scene in `` Jessie's Song,'' where Jessie takes prescription drugs to stay awake for a performance. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mark-Paul Gosselaar, Teen Star of Nbc's Saved by the Bell Learns That Fame Takes a Toll'' . People . Retrieved 2010-10-18 . Jump up ^ `` Zack And Kelly Tie The Knot In Finale'' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 2010-10-18 . Jump up ^ Gosselaar, Mark-Paul (2008-10-15). `` Catching Up With...'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-03-26 . Jump up ^ `` Teen line, this is Nitro Back in Zack - Arts'' . Jump up ^ `` Student Life'' . Student Life . ( hide ) Saved by the Bell Episodes Characters Zack Morris Films Hawaiian Style Wedding in Las Vegas Related series Good Morning, Miss Bliss The College Years The New Class episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zack_Morris&oldid=802526071 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1988 Fictional characters from Los Angeles Fictional gamblers Fictional musicians Fictional con artists Fictional characters from Indiana Fictional college students Hidden categories: Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing cleanup from March 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 18:36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 2117004842256027512 |
who is eliminated today from indias next superstar | The girls helped the guys with the dance moves and make up . Within two hours they guys had to prepare for this act . Gandotra looked very cute due to his boyish charm . The guys experienced the pain of waxing on their arms and legs . Prakash realized the pain which the stylists have to go through , when they have to do the tedious task of waxing . Gandotra was impressed with the wigs and the earrings which were given to them along with the costumes to make their acts look perfect . | [
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"This article may require copy editing for MOS issues ( Capitalization , bold , etc . ) . You can assist by editing it . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article may require copy editing for MOS issues ( Capitalization , bold , etc . ) . You can assist by editing it . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"India 's Next Superstars Genre Reality Based on Acting Presented by Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Judges INS Judges : Rohit Shetty Karan Johar INS Pathshala Judges : Mukesh Chhabra Mahesh Bhatt Country of origin India No. of seasons No. of episodes INS : 25 ( as of 7 April 2018 ) INS Pathshala : 60 ( as of 6 April 2018 ) Production Running time 1 hr 30 mins Production company ( s ) Dharma Productions Endemol Shine India Distributor Star India Release Original network STAR Plus Picture format 720p SDTV 1080p HDTV Original release 13 January ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) -- 8 April 2018 External links Hotstar",
"India 's Next Superstars",
"Genre Reality",
"Based on Acting",
"Presented by Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi",
"Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi",
"Judges INS Judges : Rohit Shetty Karan Johar INS Pathshala Judges : Mukesh Chhabra Mahesh Bhatt",
"Rohit Shetty Karan Johar",
"INS Pathshala Judges :",
"Mukesh Chhabra Mahesh Bhatt",
"Country of origin India",
"No. of seasons",
"No. of episodes INS : 25 ( as of 7 April 2018 ) INS Pathshala : 60 ( as of 6 April 2018 )",
"INS Pathshala : 60 ( as of 6 April 2018 )",
"Production",
"Running time 1 hr 30 mins",
"Production company ( s ) Dharma Productions Endemol Shine India",
"Dharma Productions Endemol Shine India",
"Endemol Shine India",
"Distributor Star India",
"Release",
"Original network STAR Plus",
"Picture format 720p SDTV 1080p HDTV",
"Original release 13 January ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) -- 8 April 2018",
"External links",
"Hotstar",
"India 's Next Superstars is a talent - searcher Indian reality show , which premiered on Star Plus and is streamed on Hotstar . Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty are the judges for the show . Aman Gandotra and Natasha Bharadwaj are declared winners of 2018 season , alongside Shruti Sharma who won a ' Special Mention ' award . Runners up in the male category were Aashish Mehrotra and Harshvardhan Deo and in the female category were Naina Singh and Shruti Sharma .",
"The new talent hunt show of Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty is concerned , ten males and ten females will be living under one roof , and every day they will be assigned for tasks and will be judged on the basis of their performances . Additionally , two more males and females , will join the competition as Wild - Cards . The two winners will be rewarded with a three - film deal with Dharma Productions house .",
"BOYS Names Notes Aashish Mehrotra RUNNER UP Ahmed Masih ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018 Aman Gandotra WINNER Ansh Bagri SEMIFINALIST ; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018 Harshvardhan Ahlawat ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018 Harshvardhan Deo WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 AND 2ND RUNNER UP Jash Bahl ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018 Karan Taluja ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018 Karanraj Sharma ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018 Shariq Nanda ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018 Shivank Choudhary ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018 Tapan Singh WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018",
"Names Notes",
"Aashish Mehrotra RUNNER UP",
"Ahmed Masih ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018",
"Aman Gandotra WINNER",
"Ansh Bagri SEMIFINALIST ; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018",
"Harshvardhan Ahlawat ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018",
"Harshvardhan Deo WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 AND 2ND RUNNER UP",
"Jash Bahl ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018",
"Karan Taluja ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018",
"Karanraj Sharma ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018",
"Shariq Nanda ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018",
"Shivank Choudhary ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018",
"Tapan Singh WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018",
"GIRLS Names Notes Angela Krislinzki ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018 Elisha Mayor WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018 Heli Vyas ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018 Kanikka Kapur ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018 Laveena Keswani ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018 Lekha Prajapati SEMIFINALIST ; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018 Naina Singh RUNNER UP Natasha Bharadwaj WINNER Pranati Rai Prakash ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018 Sahiba Bhasin ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018 Simran Choudhary WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018 Shruti Sharma 2nd Winner",
"Names Notes",
"Angela Krislinzki ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018",
"Elisha Mayor WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018",
"Heli Vyas ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018",
"Kanikka Kapur ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018",
"Laveena Keswani ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018",
"Lekha Prajapati SEMIFINALIST ; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018",
"Naina Singh RUNNER UP",
"Natasha Bharadwaj WINNER",
"Pranati Rai Prakash ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018",
"Sahiba Bhasin ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018",
"Simran Choudhary WILD - CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018",
"Shruti Sharma 2nd Winner",
"Episode 1 & 2 - Priyanka Chopra Episode 3 & 4 - Sidharth Malhotra Episode 5 & 6 - Kangana Ranaut Episode 9 & 10 - Kartik Aaryan , Nushrat Bharucha & Sunny Singh Episode 13 & 14 - Sonakshi Sinha Episode 18 - Urvashi Rautela Episode 19 - Shreyas Talpade Episode 22 - Tiger Shroff Finale - Badshah",
"Episode 1 & 2 - Priyanka Chopra",
"Episode 3 & 4 - Sidharth Malhotra",
"Episode 5 & 6 - Kangana Ranaut",
"Episode 9 & 10 - Kartik Aaryan , Nushrat Bharucha & Sunny Singh",
"Episode 13 & 14 - Sonakshi Sinha",
"Episode 18 - Urvashi Rautela",
"Episode 19 - Shreyas Talpade",
"Episode 22 - Tiger Shroff",
"Finale - Badshah",
"According to various outlets , Rani Mukherjee who was supposed to make an appearance on the show , to promote her latest film `` Hichki '' , was forced to cancel shooting of the 7th and 8th episode , after shooting some portions . She could not continue due to excruciating back pain and a high fever . Thus , there was no guest appearance in Episode 7 and 8 .",
"Place Actor / Actress Episodes Finals Total score ( 175 ) 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 - 10 11 - 12 13 - 14 15 - 16 17 - 18 19 - 20 21 - 22 23 - 24 25 - 26 Aman Gandotra 8 12 14 14 7 + 3 = 10 9 + 3 = 12 10 + 3 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 Winner 141 Natasha Bharadwaj 9 18 14 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 Winner 166 2 / 3 Finalists Aashish Mehrotra 8 16 18 20 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 8 + 5 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 156 Shruti Sharma 9 18 19 18 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 Runner up 166 Harshvardhan Deo NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 54 Naina Singh 7 15 15 18 10 + 4 = 14 7 + 3 = 10 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 5 = 13 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 147 Semifinalists Ansh Bagri 10 19 18 17 10 + 4 = 14 7 + 4 = 11 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 8 + 4 = 12 ELIMINATED 155 Lekha Prajapati 7 16 16 16 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 9 + 4 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 ELIMINATED 147 5 Shariq Nanda 9 16 14 14 10 + 3 = 13 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 3 = 11 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 5 = 13 ELIMINATED 116 Elisha Mayor NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 5 = 13 ELIMINATED 25 6 Tapan Singh NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 9 Simran Choudhary NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 ELIMINATED 12 7 Karan Taluja 7 17 16 16 6 + 3 = 9 8 + 4 = 12 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 86 Angela Krislinzki 9 18 20 16 8 + 5 = 13 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 97 8 Ahmed Masih 8 14 16 18 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 4 = 10 ELIMINATED 75 Kanikka Kapur 10 19 19 19 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 97 9 Harshvardhan Ahlawat 7 14 12 13 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 55 Pranati Rai Prakash 7 13 17 14 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 60 10 Jash Bahl 10 14 12 ELIMINATED 36 Heli Vyas 6 12 12 ELIMINATED 30 11 Shivank Chaudhary 6 12 ELIMINATED 18 Sahiba Bhasin 7 12 ELIMINATED 19 12 Karanraj Sharma 6 ELIMINATED 6 Laveena Keswani 6 ELIMINATED 6",
"Place Actor / Actress Episodes Finals Total score ( 175 )",
"3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 - 10 11 - 12 13 - 14 15 - 16 17 - 18 19 - 20 21 - 22 23 - 24 25 - 26",
"Aman Gandotra 8 12 14 14 7 + 3 = 10 9 + 3 = 12 10 + 3 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 Winner 141",
"Natasha Bharadwaj 9 18 14 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 Winner 166",
"2 / 3 Finalists Aashish Mehrotra 8 16 18 20 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 8 + 5 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 156",
"Shruti Sharma 9 18 19 18 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 Runner up 166",
"Harshvardhan Deo NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 54",
"Naina Singh 7 15 15 18 10 + 4 = 14 7 + 3 = 10 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 5 = 13 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 Runner up 147",
"Semifinalists Ansh Bagri 10 19 18 17 10 + 4 = 14 7 + 4 = 11 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 5 = 15 8 + 4 = 12 ELIMINATED 155",
"Lekha Prajapati 7 16 16 16 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 4 = 12 9 + 4 = 13 10 + 4 = 14 10 + 5 = 15 10 + 4 = 14 ELIMINATED 147",
"5 Shariq Nanda 9 16 14 14 10 + 3 = 13 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 3 = 11 10 + 4 = 14 8 + 5 = 13 ELIMINATED 116",
"Elisha Mayor NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 8 + 5 = 13 ELIMINATED 25",
"6 Tapan Singh NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 9",
"Simran Choudhary NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8 + 4 = 12 ELIMINATED 12",
"7 Karan Taluja 7 17 16 16 6 + 3 = 9 8 + 4 = 12 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 86",
"Angela Krislinzki 9 18 20 16 8 + 5 = 13 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 97",
"8 Ahmed Masih 8 14 16 18 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 4 = 10 ELIMINATED 75",
"Kanikka Kapur 10 19 19 19 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 97",
"9 Harshvardhan Ahlawat 7 14 12 13 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 55",
"Pranati Rai Prakash 7 13 17 14 6 + 3 = 9 ELIMINATED 60",
"10 Jash Bahl 10 14 12 ELIMINATED 36",
"Heli Vyas 6 12 12 ELIMINATED 30",
"11 Shivank Chaudhary 6 12 ELIMINATED 18",
"Sahiba Bhasin 7 12 ELIMINATED 19",
"12 Karanraj Sharma 6 ELIMINATED 6",
"Laveena Keswani 6 ELIMINATED 6",
"Indicates the contestant as a boy . Indicates the contestant as a girl . Indicates the contestant was immune that week . Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week . Indicates the contestant was in the bottom that week . The contestant was in a non-elimination bottom . Indicates the contestant is the runner up . Indicates the contestant won the competition .",
"Indicates the contestant as a boy .",
"Indicates the contestant as a girl .",
"Indicates the contestant was immune that week .",
"Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week .",
"Indicates the contestant was in the bottom that week .",
"The contestant was in a non-elimination bottom .",
"Indicates the contestant is the runner up .",
"Indicates the contestant won the competition .",
"In Episode 3 - 4 , the contestants were judged on 10 points . In Episode 11 - 12 onwards , the contestants were judged on 10 points on their acting and 5 points on their dance performance . In Episode 15 - 16 there were 4 wild - card entries introduced , Harshvardhan Deo , Tapan Singh , Elisha Mayor , and Simran Choudhary . The wild - card entries were not given scores but the other contestants were . The wild - card entries introduced themselves in front of the judges and did a debut acting performance , they did n't have to do dance performances . In episode 21 - 22 , there was no elimination . Ashish Mehrotra and Naina Singh were to be eliminated but the judges announced them safe by declaring Week 11 as a Non-Elimination week . Ashish Mehrotra was also advised by Judge Rohit Shetty on how to curb his feelings and not let them overpower his performances In episode 23 - 24 Ansh Bagri and Lekha Prajapati got eliminated . Ansh had a low score of 12 and Lekha had a score of 14 .",
"In Episode 3 - 4 , the contestants were judged on 10 points .",
"In Episode 11 - 12 onwards , the contestants were judged on 10 points on their acting and 5 points on their dance performance .",
"In Episode 15 - 16 there were 4 wild - card entries introduced , Harshvardhan Deo , Tapan Singh , Elisha Mayor , and Simran Choudhary . The wild - card entries were not given scores but the other contestants were . The wild - card entries introduced themselves in front of the judges and did a debut acting performance , they did n't have to do dance performances .",
"In episode 21 - 22 , there was no elimination . Ashish Mehrotra and Naina Singh were to be eliminated but the judges announced them safe by declaring Week 11 as a Non-Elimination week . Ashish Mehrotra was also advised by Judge Rohit Shetty on how to curb his feelings and not let them overpower his performances",
"In episode 23 - 24 Ansh Bagri and Lekha Prajapati got eliminated . Ansh had a low score of 12 and Lekha had a score of 14 .",
"The show was first aired on 13 Jan 2018 and Priyanka Chopra appeared as the special guest to motivate the contestants . Ace director and producer Karan Johar along with Rohit Shetty who is known for directing blockbuster movies started the show with a bang . The hosts of the show were two popular faces of the entertainment industry Karan Wahi and Rithvik Dhanjani .",
"Priyanka enters the stage citing a short poem ( Shayari ) Urdu Poetry -- ' ' Jo desh ka guroor ban jaye , andhere mein noor ban jaye , jiski kasmein khakar mar mite janta , wohi hota hai ek asli superstar . ' ' It can be translated as - ' ' Anyone who aspires to be a superstar becomes a pride of the nation and a shining light in the darkness . S / he reaches a stage of respect when the common man starts worshipping him / her . ' ' And then she performed a sizzling number ' ' Desi Girl ' ' from her super hit movie Dostana .",
"She lovingly tells that Karan Johar 's Dharma ( religion ) and Karma ( work ) , both are films , and Rohit Shetty 's name has ' ' hit ' ' hidden in it . Entry of Johar too was magical when he states in a filmy style that ' ' Supertars are not born , they are created by the KJo Magic ' ' and he dances to the tunes of ' ' Dil Chori Saada Ho Gaya . ' '",
"Shetty enters with a bang on a prototype of a car and shouts ' ' Lights , camera , action ' ' and both of them state that history will be created with this show . They also state that from Monday , the 20 contestants will enter the ' ' Superstars Academy ' ' where they will receive training in voice modulation , acting , choreography , dancing and various other aspects of a film which will make them a complete superstar . They will also have to face challenges every day , and between Mondays to Fridays , they will be in the academy preparing themselves for the gala performances to be presented on Saturdays and Sundays . Wahi and Dhanjani added to the fun quotient of the show and introduced themselves as BKBs ( Bollywood ke Bhawre - Bees of Bollywood ) . The theme of this episode is ' ' Picture Abhi Baaki Hai ' ' ( The movie is still remaining ) . The acts will try to explore the further possibilities of the plots of some super hit movies .",
"The first performance was presented by Ansh Bagri and Kanikka Kapur and they explored the life after the marriage of Badri and Vaidehi in the movie Badrinath Ki Dulhania . This comedy act was appreciated by Johar and he stated that his performance has the mixture of many heroes whom he has been idolizing . He wanted Bagri to stop imitating and urged him to come up with his own style . The dance moves were very romantic and Chopra stated that she will root for him . Johar stated that he liked the confidence of Kapur and her smiling face . Shetty wanted to wait for Kapur to perform as a full - fledged actress in the forthcoming days . Bagri told Chopra that he had performed in the chorus along with other dancers in the song ' ' Desi Girl ' ' and requested her to dance with him .",
"The next performance was by Natasha Bharadwaj and Shariq Nanda and they explored the life after the marriage for Suri ji and Tani ji in the Sharukh Khan Blockbuster movie Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi . The melodramatic performance of the act was appreciated by Shetty and Johar . The honesty and sincerity of both the actors was evident and Johar wished Nanda luck that one day his name will appear in the initial credits of a blockbuster film . Natasha 's mother who was present in the audience broke down with pride after watching her daughter perform . Chopra complimented them stating that this act was her favorite performance of the evening .",
"The third performance of the evening was of Karan Taluja and Jash Bahl and they based their act on the patriotic film Border . The emotional performance of Bahl when he died at the end of the act , was immensely appreciated by Johar . The judges mentioned that they would clap for Bahl when he receives his first filmfare award . Chopra loved the fact that the audience gave this act a standing ovation .",
"The fourth performance of the evening was given by Harshvardhan Ahlawat and Sahiba Bhasin . Their act was based on the after story of the blockbuster film of Sanjay Leela Bhansali Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . They aerial dance performance was appreciated by Chopra . The comedy entertained the audience and Johar , Shetty and Chopra gave acting tips to the actors .",
"The judges and hosts played dumb charades with some popular songs like ' ' Sarkai Leyo khatiya ' ' and entertained the audience .",
"The entire episode had the introductions of all the performers which were presented as audio visual clips in the background .",
"The second episode of this show was aired on 14 Jan 2018 ( Sunday ) and the remaining pairs performed today on the same theme as of episode 1 .",
"The first performance of this evening was presented by Pranati Rai Prakash and Karan Sharma . Their act was based on Aditya Chopra 's blockbuster film Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge . The act showed the married life of Raj ( played by Shahrukh Khan ) and Simran ( played by Kajol ) . This romantic act was filled with the memoirs of the original film and the sudden tragic end of the act left the audience dumbfounded . Prakash 's confidence was appreciated by Johar and Sharma 's screen presence was appreciated by Chopra .",
"Since Sharma did not tell his parents about his dreams of becoming an actor , the judges insisted him to make a phone call to his mom immediately . Chopra insisted that the clipping of Johar 's performance as the character of Raj 's friend in DDLJ should be shown and after that the judges entertained the audience by enacting that scene on stage .",
"The second act based on the movie Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani was performed by Aashish Mehrotra and Heli Vyas . The sweet romantic act of the honeymoon of Bunny ( played by Ranbir Kapoor ) and Naina ( played by Deepika Padukone ) took a thriller turn at the end and the audience loved the act . Mehrotra talked about his personal experience of casting couch in the industry and Shetty condemned it . The judges gave acting tips to the actors . Singham Returns inspired the plot for the fourth performance and Ahmad Masih Vali and Lekha Prajapati played the roles of a cop and his demanding wife . This comedy act was loved by Shetty . Vali was completely smitten by the presence of Chopra . She advised the actors to take the academy seriously and make the most of it .",
"Naina Singh from Moradabad made a great entry along with Shruti Sharma to present the sequel of Bhansali 's blockbuster movie Devdas which had done a business of close to 1000 million rupees . The comic punches made even the judges smile . The fifth act for the evening was quite a success due to the sizzling performance of both the talented actresses .",
"Aman Gandotra played the role Rehan ( Played by Aamir Khan ) and Angela Krislinzki played the role of Zooni ( Played by Kajol ) in the remake of the 1.05 billion rupees grossing movie Fanaa . The unusual ending left the audience mesmerized and the judges were quite impressed by the dancing and acting abilities of this duo . Both the judges gave some tips to them to make their performances better in the upcoming episodes , and Johar stated that only good looks and screen presence does not transform a performer into a superstar .",
"Shivank Choudhary who belongs to a family of doctors came on the stage to play the role of Ghajini 's son in the final act for this evening . Sweet looking Laveena Keswani played the role of his wife in the conceptualized sequel of 2008 blockbuster movie . This comedy act was enjoyed by the audience and other contestants alike . However , the judges were not very impressed by the act and gave some constructive feedback .",
"Wahi and Dhanjani entertained the judges by acting as posters of some popular movies and Chopra too added her oomph by being Kashibai for the poster of Bajirao Mastani . With the good wishes to all the contestants , Chopra left the show with this positive note that , she too has come from a non-filmy background and has made it big in the industry and has done some work in the US too . The contestants are very lucky that they have got this platform where such great talents will be honing their skills .",
"The introductions of all the performers which were presented as audio visual clips in the background continued in this episode too .",
"This episode which was aired on 20 Jan 2018 ( Saturday ) started with a bang as the scoring for the contestants started from today . Also the eliminations started from this episode . Sidharth Malhotra visited the show to promote his upcoming movie Aiyaary . Since Johar had created the debut of Malhotra in his blockbuster movie Student of the Year , he was quite proud of the moment that his career graph is growing . The theme of this episode was ' ' Khichdi ' ' ( mixture ) which meant that essence of two Bollywood movies were mixed and presented in a completely different manner . To add to the humor , the distorted face of Dhanjani was later fixed by Shetty .",
"The first performance saw the mixture of Dabangg and Don . Vali played the role of Don ( originally played by Shahrukh Khan ) and Nanda played the role of Chulbul Pandey ( originally played by Salman Khan in Dabangg . The comedy act became funnier when some elements of Karan Arjun were mixed with it . Vali got a score of eight and Nanda got nine from the judges .",
"Choudhary played the role of Babubhai from Hera Pheri which was originally played by Paresh Rawal . Prajapati played the role of Sulu from the latest movie Tumhari Sulu . The judges were not very impressed with Chaudhary 's performance as they felt that he could not bring out the body language and expressions of the character . Johar mentioned that Chaudhary ( Final score six - lowest in the episode ) is very talented , and if he took the feedback seriously , then he will do very well . However , they were fairly impressed by Prajapati 's sizzling dance moves and gave her a score of seven . However , the audiences enjoyed the performance a lot and there was a lot of hooting and whistling . Even Johar and Shetty were laughing in the middle of the act . And audio visual clip from the pathshala was shown and Choudhary was seen roaming around like a zombie and he confessed that he does not get proper sleep at nights . Johar called him ' ' Bhatke huye aatma ' ' ( lost spirit ) .",
"The spotlight challenge winner Kapur came in to portray the life and career of the famous tennis player Sania Mirza . This performance was hugely appreciated by Shetty and Johar and she managed to get the perfect score of ten . Even though the mike had fallen in the middle of the act , she did not let anything distract her . Shetty stated that this was a teaser for her forthcoming career which seems very bright . Kapur 's grandparents graced the stage and showed their togetherness which has spanned over five decades .",
"The next performance was presented by Bhasin , who played the role of Piku ( originally played by Deepika Padukone ) in the movie with the same name . Bagri played the role of chachi Lakshmi Godbole , from the movie Chachi 420 . Gandotra played the role of Piku 's father ( originally played by Amitabh Bacchan ) and this comic act was appreciated by the judges . Johar stated that he has never seen such a quirky act on Indian TV . Gandotra scooped up a high score of eight and Bagri scored a perfect ten . Bhasin managed to get seven for this act .",
"Bagri 's mother talked about the hardships their family had faced when her husband was detected with cancer . She also talked about how hard Bagri works , and plays the role of a perfect son . It was an emotional moment when Bagri 's eyes became moist .",
"The hosts played Bollywood related games with the judges and entertained the audience and Malhotra impressed everyone with his presence of mind . The last act for the evening brought out the essence of 1987 blockbuster film Mr. India and 2004 super hit film Main Hoon Na . Taluja played the role of Arun ( Originally played by Anil Kapoor ) and Vyas played the role of the sensuous chemistry teacher Chandni ( originally played by Sushmita Sen ) . This comic act with some great dance moves portrayed the love between the teacher and the student Arun . The iconic song ' ' Kaate Nahin Kat - te yeh din yeh raat ' ' got the audience go crazy . Taluja got a score of seven and Vyas scored quite low ( six marks ) . Johar advised Vyas to work on her pitch and other finer aspects of acting .",
"This episode which was aired on 21 Jan 2018 ( Sunday ) continued the same theme as of episode 3 .",
"The first act of the evening started with a bang , with the performance of Mehrotra and Bharadwaj . They mixed the essence of Baghban where the offspring of the family fail to take care of their ageing parents along with the essence of English Vinglish , wherein the kids of the family make fun of their mother due to her inability to speak in English . Bharadwaj played the role of the mother ( originally played by Sridevi ) and Mehrotra played the role of the father ( originally played by Amitabh Bacchan . The brilliance of their acting moved the audience and Mehrotra scored a high eight and Bharadwaj scored a high nine . Johar loved their performance and stated that he felt that this was an excerpt from a Hrishikesh Mukherjee film . The judges were made to inhale helium gas and blurt out famous dialogues . This sporting act of the judges entertained the audience and the contestants . Malhotra had given this challenge which turned out into a comedy act .",
"The second act was performed by Krislinzki and Ahlawat . Krislinzki played the role of Chameli ( Originally played by Kareena Kapoor ) from the famous movie with the same name . Ahlawat played the role of the villain ( originally played by Sidharth Malhotra ) . This soulful performance won the hearts of the judges and Krislinzki was awarded nine points for the same . Ahlawat got some tips from the judges to improve his acting skills , and he was given seven points . Malhotra was overwhelmed to see that other actors are working on the scripts of his movie and he wished that a sequel can be made based on this story .",
"Wahi and Ahlawat went shirtless and an opinion poll was taken from the ladies to judge them on their macho factor . Ahlawat 's love for eggs was revealed in a funny way and the audience was truly entertained by the comedies done by the hosts . Next act brought two blockbuster movies Dirty Picture and Maine Pyar Kiya together . Singh performed as Silk Smitha ( originally played by Vidya Balan ) and Keswani performed as Suman ( originally played by Bhagyashree ) . This comedy act had its highs and lows , and awarded seven to Singh and six ( lowest score ) to Keswani .",
"The fourth act of the evening brought the essence of girl power through a combination of two super hit movies Jab We Met and Bunty aur Babli . The bubbly Prakash played the role of Geet ( originally played by Kareena Kapoor and the talented Shruti Sharma played the role of Babli ( originally played by Rani Mukherjee . They garnered the scores of seven and nine respectively .",
"Shetty was upset with Prakash for her arrogance which she had shown in the academy . Later he mellowed her down with a bowl full of curd .",
"Next , the audience saw the extraterrestrial oomph presented by Karanraj Sharma as PK ( originally played by Aamir Khan and the cute innocence of Bahl as Rohit Mehra ( originally played by Hrithik Roshan . The act had some fun elements and made the contestants laugh a lot . Bahl scored a perfect ten ; however , Sharma unfortunately scored the lowest ( six ) and was eliminated later .",
"The lowest scorers were Choudhary and Karanraj Sharma among the male contestants and Vyas and Keswani among the female contestants . Finally with tears in their eyes , Keswani and Sharma had to leave the show as they were eliminated .",
"This episode which was aired on 27 Jan 2018 ( Saturday ) had the theme of Republic Day which projected the emotions of Indians .",
"Kangana Ranaut appeared on the show on the tunes of her popular song ' ' Banno tera sweater ' ' from her award - winning film Tanu Weds Manu Returns as a special guest . It seemed that the personal differences between her and Johar are getting dissolved and both are again exploring the opportunities of strengthening their friendship . In Johar 's show Koffee with Karan , Ranaut had put allegations pertaining to nepotism and giving break only to the offspring of stalwarts from the film fraternity . Ranaut stated during the show that Johar brings in the glamour quotient to any show . Johar took it sportingly and stated that he is a fan of Ranaut 's work . Shetty stated that it 's surprising that they have not yet worked together , however she is a brilliant performer .",
"In the first act for the evening was loosely based on the theme of Eklavya from Mahabharat . Bharadwaj played the role of an aspiring boxer Amrita , and Ahlawat was portrayed as the boxing Guru who urges her to lose her final fight so that his disciple can win . However , there was a twist at the end , and Ahlawat 's character realizes that he is disgracing his role as a coach , and urges her to win . Johar advised Ahlawat to create a connect with the co-actor while performing . Ranaut was very moved with the performance , and stated that she was choking with emotions by the time the act ended . Alhawat scored fourteen out of twenty and Bharadwaj got a high eighteen .",
"The judges entertained the audience by throwing dialogues in a sensuous way . Johar stated that there is a big dirty picture inside him , and urged Shetty to bare his naughty side . The audience roared with laughter with the funny side of the judges , hosts and Ranaut .",
"Mehrotra and Prajapati presented the emotion of the sanctity of Indian matrimony which believes that God creates the same couples for seven lifetimes , in the second act for the evening . The act had glimpses the TV commercial of Manyaver Mohey done by Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli . This slice of life act had some good comic moments and the dance sequence with contemporary dance moves was amazing . Mehrotra got sixteen and Prajapati got the same score for the act .",
"The third act of the evening was presented by Bahl and Prakash . The essence of the act of ' ' Atithi Devo Bhavo ' ' ( Guests are God ) was portrayed very nicely by the actors . Bahl reminded the audience of Aamir Khan from his iconic film Ghulam when he personified a rowdy of Mumbai donning the profession of an auto rickshaw driver . Bahl got a score of fourteen and Prakash got thirteen with a strong feedback to work on her acting skills . Shetty stated that her portrayal of an NRI girl looked quite caricaturish .",
"Obsessive passion was the essence of the fourth act for the evening . It was presented by Taluja and Sharma . The negative shades of the character of Taluja reminded the audiences of many movies like Raavan and his courage to play the role of an antagonist was appreciated by the judges . Sharma 's performance had the undertone of Sita 's character from Ramayan and her strong dance on the popular song ' ' Rakth Charit ' ' mesmerized the audience . Taluja got a high score of seventeen and Sharma got eighteen . Sharma 's mom was overwhelmed with her daughter 's performance . Sharma thanked Ranaut for being an inspiration for actors like her .",
"The next act brought the feelings of a girl next door , ( played by Vyas ) who is waiting for her boyfriend ( Gandotra ) to propose to her . Prakash and Mehrotra played the supporting roles of the friends of this duo . Unfortunately Gandotra got the lowest score of twelve for this act and Vyas managed to get the same score . Johar was not impressed with the act and stated that the actors were copying the moves and acting styles of the existing stars .",
"The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background .",
"This episode was aired on 28 Jan 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 5 continued . Krislinzki and Mehrotra had won immunity , and they were safe from the sword of elimination .",
"The first act of the evening had the essence of mom 's unconditional love . Krislinzki 's character played the role of the mother and Bagri 's character played the role of the son . It beautifully depicted that in today 's busy life , we often forget to take care of our ageing parents , however , they should mean the world to us , especially when they are old and need our support . This moving performance was loved by the judges and Krislinzki scored a high eighteen and Bagri got nineteen . Bagri shared some excerpts from his personal life , and the hardships his own mother had gone through . The hosts played a game and glass bottles were broken on their heads when the judges failed to answer to any question . The audience loved all the funny acts done by the hosts throughout the show .",
"The second act of the evening was presented by Singh and Choudhary wherein Choudhary played the role of an old gentleman , and Singh played that of a young girl . The sweet relationship which neighbors normally share in India was depicted in the act ; however , the judges did not like the performance of Choudhary and gave him twelve which lead to his elimination that week . Singh got a moderate score of fifteen .",
"Bhasin played the role of a married housewife , and Nanda played the role of a frustrated husband in the third act of the evening . The couple did not get much privacy at home , as they lived in a joint family and the comedy in the act made the audience rolling with laughter . The judges gave some constructive comments to both the actors , and gave a score of sixteen to Nanda and the lowest score of twelve to Bhasin which later led to her elimination from the academy .",
"The fourth act of the evening had the strong message of inter-caste marriages , and how they are perceived in India . Delhi 's baby doll Kapur played the role of a Muslim girl , and Vali that of a Hindu boy . Both of them were in love ; however , their families did not approve of it . The soulful performance moved the audience and judges alike and Johar stated that it 's difficult to give comments immediately after such intense acts . Vali scored fourteen and Kapur scored a high nineteen .",
"The hosts played a weird game of ' ' yes / no ' ' with the judges and special guest Ranaut and Johar confessed that he has stolen toiletries from hotel rooms . He also confessed that once he had stolen a pillow too . Ranaut was asked about her plans of marriage to which she stated that everyone will get to know about it , as everything about her personal life comes up on the newspapers .",
"Ranaut left the contestants with some motivating words , and stated that she would like to meet them again soon .",
"Choudhary and Bhasin were eliminated from the academy . Choudhary stated that he is unable to believe that he is out of the academy so soon . He also mentioned that everyone worked hard , he too had worked hard , maybe something was left out , however , he is happy and contended that he at least got a chance to showcase his talent . Bhasin stated that she believes in her own skills and she will go very far in this industry .",
"The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background .",
"This episode which was aired on 03 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) had the theme of this evening was nine emotions ( Nav Ras ) . The evening started with a dance performance by all the contestants and they gave a tribute to Shetty . Songs from his hit films Singham , Chennai Express , Dilwale were chosen for this performance . Johar and Shetty too shook a leg with the contestants .",
"Bagri and Vali 's performance was based on ' ' roudra ras ' ' ( Anger ) . Bagri played the role of a kidnapper and Vali that of the kidnapped ( Son of the judge who had given a jail sentence to Bagri twelve years ago ) . This soulful performance moved the audience and the judges alike when Vali at the end lies to save Bagri from imprisonment . Bagri garnered a high score of eighteen . Vali too was close to him in scores with sixteen points . The choreography on the song from the film Kaminey was enacted very well by the actors .",
"Sharma and Bahl 's performance was based on ' ' hasya ras ' ' ( comedy ) . It had glimpse of the movie Nagina ( Originally played by Sridevi ) . Johar appreciated Sharma 's performance and gave her a high nineteen , however , Bahl scored only twelve , and later he was eliminated from the show . After the act , Johar wore a humorous cloak and asked the contestants , that like the act was based on cobras , and cobras are known for their poison , who in the academy is the most poisonous person ? Many contestants took the name of Bagri and the mood was lightened .",
"Johar danced to the tune of ' ' Dafliwale ' ' from the famous film Sargam and the audience went gaga over the performance . Nanda , Vali , Prakash and Sharma were called on stage to drink shots of lemon juice , bitter gourd juice and many other stuffs and then deliver some dialogues . The audience loved this light - hearted moment and the comedy associated with it .",
"Mehrotra who had won the spotlight performance presented a short biopic on Sanjay Dutt . He was able to emote the body language of the superstar and danced on his famous song ' ' Main Nayak Nahin ' ' from his blockbuster movie Khalnayak . Different phases of his life like when he was jailed in Yerwada Pune , or the death of his mother Nargis was portrayed well by Mehrotra . The judges loved the performance and gave him a high score of eighteen . Mehrotra shared a moment from his personal life , when he had met Dutt for the first time . He also expressed his desire to work with him someday , and said that maybe , his strong desire to do something for his icon gave him this opportunity to work on an act which showcased his life .",
"' ' Shringar ras ' ' ( Compassion ) was the theme of the next act . Singh played the role of the female lead who donated her eyes to the character of Ahlawat ( Visually challenged ) after her death . This emotional act brought tears in the eyes of the audience and gave a score of fifteen to Singh and a low score of twelve to Ahlawat . Johar stated that Ahlawat has a very good personality , and he is extremely good looking , however , he needs to work on his expressions and acting skills . Singh talked about her sadness as she is tagged as a bad omen in the academy . The contestants think that if they are paired - up with her , then they are eliminated in that week . Johar and Shetty condemned this kind of negativity and advised Singh to concentrate on her skill - building journey .",
"The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background .",
"This episode was aired on 04 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 7 was continued .",
"The first act of the evening was presented by Prajapati and Kapur . This act was based on the theme ' ' Irshya ' ' ( Jealousy ) . The performance reminded everyone of the movie Heroine . Johar was impressed with the performance and he stated that he felt that two commercial film actresses were performing . They sizzled on stage on the famous song ' ' Main Heroine Hoon . ' ' Prajapati scored sixteen and Kapur scored a high nineteen .",
"The second performance of the evening brought Nanda , Vyas and Bharadwaj together . They presented shringar ras ( Love ) and the essence of sacrifice . The act reminded us of the movies like Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai . The plot of love triangle is an age - old formula which worked here too , however the judges had expected more from the contestants . Nanda scored fourteen , Vyas scored twelve which later created her exit from the show and Bharadwaj scored fourteen .",
"Krislinzki and Gandotra 's performance was based on ' ' bhayanak ras ' ' ( Horror ) . Krislinzki played the role of a possessed woman and at the end Johar too was scared with her performance . Gandotra played the role of her husband who tried to help his wife and tried to get rid of the spirit which had possessed her . However , the judges felt that even though this duo had performed in the first week together , and had developed a good rapport , however , in this act , there was no chemistry between them . It looked like they had rehearsed separately . Gandotra scored fourteen and Krislinzki scored perfect twenty .",
"Taluja and Prakash 's performance was based on ' ' vatsalya ras ' ' ( maternal or paternal love ) . Taluja played the role of a Kinnar ( transgender ) who takes care of an abandoned girl child ( Played by Prakash ) . When the child grew up , she first refused to accept this relationship , and later realized her mistake and thanked her foster mother for taking care of her . This act reminded the viewers of a path - breaking film Daayraa where actor Nirmal Pandey had left the audience spellbound with his performance as a transgender . There are quite a few movies in Hollywood and Bollywood and ad films which have explored similar themes in the past . Prakash scored seventeen and Taluja scored sixteen for this act .",
"The hosts and the judges played a game based on Bollywood songs . The judges made fun of the suit which Wahi was wearing which had watermelon stickers all - over . They also played another game where the body parts will exchange the names and the heart will become the bum . Songs which had the word ' ' Dil ' ' ( heart ) will be replaced with bum . The audience laughed aloud for all the fun which was created on the show .",
"Bahl and Ahlawat were the lowest scorers for this episode . Unfortunately , Bahl and Vyas were eliminated from the academy .",
"This episode was aired on 10 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was presenting acts based on some famous dialogues of Bollywood cinema .",
"Johar started the evening with a famous dialogue from his own movie Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . The contestants had prepared a special ' Karan Johar style ' performance as part of the upcoming Valentine 's Day week . They danced on the tunes of some famous numbers from the iconic films of Johar like Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , Ae Dil Hai Mushkil , Student of the Year . Johar was positively moved by this gesture .",
"' ' Hum ek baar jeete hain , hum ek baar marte hain ' ' ( We live once , die once ) which was initially delivered by Shahrukh Khan in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai was the first dialogue for the evening . Bagri and Kapur performed in the first act for the evening which was based on the nuances of a deadly disease Alzheimer 's disease . Shetty stated that this act reminded him of a famous movie by Ajay Devgan and Kajol - U Me Aur Hum . The story spans over a few decades and the actors had portrayed the changeover quite well . Bagri scored seventeen and Kapur scored nineteen for this performance . ' ' Waise aaj khush to bahut hoge tum ' ' ( Today you will be very happy ) was the dialogue for the second act which was originally delivered by the mega star Amitabh Bacchan . Prajapati and Gandotra played the roles of devotee and Lord Krishna in this act . The judges loved the comic timing of Gandotra and gave him fourteen points . They gave Prajapati sixteen points . This act reminded the audience of the movie OMG -- Oh My God ! .",
"In the academy there was a hashtag contest , and Prajapati had got the title of # tubelight . She was upset with the tag and as a result of which Vali and Prajapati were asked to pair up together for a romantic act . The contestants and judges were asked about their definition of love .",
"Prakash , Singh and Bharadwaj were called on stage by Shetty and they were asked to choose three guys . Gandotra , Ahlawat and Vali were asked to pair up with the ladies and dance with a prop ( Orange ) . This was a close dance and Singh and Gandotra won the contest . The fun quotient was enjoyed by the rest of the contestants a lot .",
"Sharma was the spotlight winner of this week and she portrayed the life of warrior queen Rani Lakshmibai . This power packed performance was loved by everyone . Shetty stated that he felt that he is watching a play on the stage . The difficulties of holding a baby and doing a sword fight was narrated by Sharma . She got a score of nineteen . It was also informed that she was the captain in the academy and she handled the ' ' Roudra Ras ' ' ( anger ) very well .",
"' ' Ek tarfa pyar ki taaqat hi kuch aur hoti hai ' ' ( One sided love has a lot of power ) was the dialogue for the third act . This dialogue was delivered by Ranbir Kapoor in Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . The story revolves around Prakash who is an obsessive lover and her performance reminded the viewers of Urmila Matondkar in Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya . Ahlawant played the role of a model and Prakash 's love interest in the act . This intense act was appreciated by the judges from a storyline and choreography perspective , however the feedback for the duo was not very positive in terms of their acting skills . However , they appreciated the efforts put in by the actors . Shetty stated that this was the most difficult act for the evening , and since they chose such a difficult act , they should be appreciated for their courage . Prakash managed to score fourteen and Ahlawat thirteen .",
"This episode was aired on 11 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 9 continued .",
"' ' Ek chutki sindoor ki keemat ' ' ( The value of one pinch of vermillion ) was the dialogue for the first act for the evening . It was originally delivered by Deepika Padukone in Om Shanti Om . Vali played the role of a frustrated husband who turned into a thief to meet the demands of his wife and Taluja played the role of a cop . This comic act had its moments and was appreciated by the judges . Taluja scored sixteen and Vali scored a high eighteen . Johar and Shetty were impressed by the growth of Vali .",
"' ' Main kisi ki zaroorat nahin , khwaish banna chati hoon ' ' ( I do n't want to be someone 's necessity , I want to be his desire ) was the dialogue for the second act of the evening . Nanda played the role of a gangster Narayan Mhatre and Bharadwaj supported him brilliantly with the role of a lady , who had come to take her revenge . The act was appreciated by the audience and Nanda scored fourteen and Bharadwaj scored fifteen respectively . Bharadwaj brought her mother on stage , and proposed to her as her valentine , and thanked her for everything .",
"' ' Mere paas bangla hai , gadi hai , tere paas kya hai ' ' Today I own bungalows , cars , what do you own ? ) was the dialogue for the third act for the evening . It was presented in a very different twist than the original one from Deewar . Krislinzki played the role of a high - society mother - in - law and Singh played the role of her daughter - in - law who came from lower strata of the society . The funny punches of this act were enjoyed by all and Krislinzki scored sixteen and Singh scored eighteen for their respective performances .",
"' ' Ek baar jo maine commitment kar di , to main apni bhi nahin suntan hoon ' ' ( Once I give a commitment , then I live up to it ) was the dialogue for the fourth act for the evening . Mehrotra played the role of Tara Singh and Sharma played the role of his wife Sakina . The audience was reminded of the brilliant performance of Sunny Deol in Gadar : Ek Prem Katha . The comic timing of Mehrotra was appreciated by both the judges , and Johar said that this is his finest performance so far . Mehrotra scored a perfect twenty . Sharma was just supporting Mehrotra in this act .",
"Mehrotra talked about a tragic incident of his life when his father was jailed . He talked about the fact that his father has taught him loyalty , and he is very inspired by him . He also talked about the fact that he took five years to prepare himself before he presents himself in front of Shetty and Johar . Shetty appreciated his passion and hard work , and promised that if he ever comes to his office , he will stand up for him .",
"The hosts played a game with the contestants and the judges . They had translated the famous dialogues in English , and had urged the contestants to decipher the dialogues . The audience enjoyed all the small acts of the hosts which they presented in between the acts .",
"The judges initially declared there will be four eliminations tonight . Gandotra , Bharadwaj , Nanda , Ahlawat , Prakash and were initially called on the stage . However , later the judges mentioned that this was just to shake them up , and there will be no eliminations tonight . However , they need to pull up their socks , and start preparing at a next level . Gandotra 's eyes were filled with tears , and he could n't rejoice even when it was announced that there are no eliminations .",
"This episode was aired on 17 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was , presenting the versatility of Indian culture through its various festivals and celebrations . From this week onwards , another challenge was introduced for scoring and along with the regular act ; the actors will have to present a separate dancing act . They will be scored on a scale of five .",
"Mehrotra and Bharadwaj donned the hats of secret agents and killed the notorious people in a New Year 's party . Their dance moves had the groove of jazz and salsa and they looked very elegant as a couple . Johar found a resemblance of Bharadwaj with Anushka Sharma . Mehrotra scored eight points and Bharadwaj scored a perfect ten . Since the actors have not been able to talk to their respective families for a long time , the judges insisted Aashish to call his parents . It was an emotional moment for everyone .",
"Vali and Prajapati brought the colors of Dandiya Raas on stage and this sweet romantic act had all the ingredients of a mushy performance . This blind date act had its funny moments . The actors along with a group danced on the tunes of the popular song ' Udi Udi jaye . ' ' Vali scored six ( Lowest ) and Prajapati scored eight .",
"Then all the girls came up with a sizzling dance performance on popular Bollywood item numbers . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored five , Prakash scored three , Kapur scored three and Krislinzki scored five respectively .",
"Sharma was the winner of the spotlight challenge and she depicted the life of the famous choreographer and director Farah Khan . The act was appreciated by Johar who is a very good friend of Khan . She scored a perfect ten for this act . Sharma 's father appeared on stage to bless her . He narrated the hardships he has gone through in the entertainment industry . He mentioned that now he wants his daughter to achieve what he could not achieve . The cast of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Kartik Aaryan , Sunny Singh and Nushrat Bharucha appeared to wish the contestants of the show . They stated that the contestants are really lucky , as they have got such a big platform and the stalwarts of the industry like Shetty and Johar are training them . The hosts urged the judges and the contestants to utter the tongue twister name of the movie five times and some other tongue twisters . The audience found these tit bits very funny .",
"Gandotra played the role of a Mumbai thief who stole the purse of Prakash . Finally the bad boy turned into a good boy , and came to the house of Prakash to give some gifts on Diwali and apologize for his mistakes . Gandotra 's performance was appreciated by the judges and he scored seven points . Johar mentioned that he danced very well , however , he needs to improve his acting skills further . Prakash scored six which later created her elimination .",
"The hosts asked the judges that according to them which couple has the best chemistry . Shetty named Mehrotra and Bharadwaj and Johar mentioned Vali and Prajapati . They were called on stage to participate on ' ' Close Paas Aao ' ' challenge and their dance act was enjoyed by the audience and other contestants . Finally Mehrotra and Bharadwaj won the challenge .",
"This episode was aired on 18 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 11 was continued .",
"Nanda and Singh portrayed a very touching scene from the blockbuster movie Sholay which was originally enacted by Amitabh Bacchan and Jaya Bacchan . It showed the appalling condition of widows in India and gave a social message of accepting them in the society and allowing them to live a normal life . Johar was very impressed with Nanda 's performance , and mentioned that this was his finest performance till now . Shetty appreciated the writers for such a beautiful script . He also stated that Singh is a born actor like Kajol . Nanda scored a perfect ten for this performance and Singh scored a perfect ten too .",
"Taluja and Krislinzki performed the roles of husband and his wife . Krislinzki got a chance to play double role in the act and the essence of Ganeshotsav was evident in the act that virtue always defeats evil . Krislinzki scored eight and Taluja scored six . The judges appreciated the acting prowess of Krislinzki and gave tips to Taluja to improve his expressions and acting skills .",
"The boys performed on some popular Bollywood numbers and set the stage on fire . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored three , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored four , Taluja scored three and Vali scored three respectively . The judges stated that they liked the performance of the girls more than that of the boys .",
"Bagri who was the winner of the spotlight challenge depicted the life of ace cricketer Yuvraj Singh very successfully on stage . The roars and clapping from the audience clearly showed how much they appreciated this act . The tragic portion of the act when Singh was battling with cancer brought tears to the eyes of many . Shetty was very impressed with the performance , and mentioned that it 's good that he did n't try to copy Singh , it would have looked comic . Bagri talked about the battle his father had to fight when he was detected with cancer . The final score for this act was a perfect ten .",
"Kapur and Ahlawat presented a sweet act based on Karva Chauth . The judges liked the way Ahlawat picked up the Hariyanvi dialect and gave him a score of six . They pointed out the areas of improvement for him . This was the lowest score for the evening which later created Ahlawat 's exit . Kapur scored six for the act too .",
"Vali , Taluja and Ahlawat and were the lowest scorers among the male contestants . Kapur and Prakash and were the lowest scorers among the female contestants . Finally Ahlawat and Prakash were eliminated . Prakash stated that she feels good now , as she has realized that she needs to work on her skills . Ahlawat kept it short by saying that he will keep on learning and improving all throughout his life .",
"This episode was aired on 24 Feb 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was ' ' bachpan special ' ' ( Childhood days ) . Child actors performed along with the contestants in this episode .",
"The episode started with two child actors Vansh Maheshwari ( Ro Sir ) and Nihaar Gite ( KJo ) sitting on the chairs of Shetty and Johar and mimicking them . They asked quite a few questions to the renowned directors pointing out the flaws in their films .",
"The contestants entered the show dancing on the popular song ' ' Swag se karenge sabka swagat ' ' from Tiger Zinda Hai along with the participant kids . In the first act of the evening , Gandotra played the role of Salim Jahangir , and Bharadwaj played the role of Anarkali . The child actor Kartikey Raj played the role of Salim 's father Akbar . The comic timing of all the actors made the act great and the dance ' ' chod chad ke apne Salim ki gali , anarkali disco chali ' ' added extra fun to the act . Shetty was very happy with the performance and stated that Gandotra involved the rest of the contestants and audience in this act . Both the judges agreed that he was the heart of the act . Gandotra scored a high nine and Bharadwaj scored perfect ten .",
"The second act the evening was presented by Taluja and Prajapati and the child actor who supported them was Twinkle Sharma . This sweet love story of guy next door was pretty much liked by all . Johar liked the improvement shown by Taluja , and Shetty mentioned that this was his best act so far . Taluja shared the story from his personal life , that he used to be a shy kid , and he was sent to an acting school by his parents so that he starts opening up . In the last episode , the judges had invited Taluja 's family , and his father graced the stage . He was thankful to both the directors for being a part of their family , and appreciating Taluja only for his hard work and talent . Taluja scored eight and Prajapati scored the same .",
"The boys performed on some popular Bollywood numbers and their improvement was evident . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored three , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored four , Taluja scored four respectively . The hosts were very excited with the performance and said that it was outstanding . Johar said , ' ' the boys killed it . ' '",
"Sonakshi Sinha came as a special guest and enjoyed a lot with the kids in the house . She entered the show with the kids as the kids wanted a royal entry in the show . Dhananjay welcomed the Dabangg famed actress with a shayari , ' ' Teri muskurahat mein agar noor na hota , to mera yeh dil majboor na hota , roz tere dar pe ate , kambakht bas tere dar pe khamosh ka board na hota ' ' ( I would have come to your house every day , if there would n't have been a ' ' shut up ' ' board on your door ) . Sonakshi also replied in a shayari and the audience loved this little leg pulling activity . She asked everyone to watch her movie ' ' Welcome to New York . ' '",
"Sharma emoted the iconic Charlie Chaplin along with the child actor Arushi . The entire act was without any dialogues and the performance brought tears of joy in the eyes of the viewers . The judges and Sinha gave a standing ovation . Johar was very impressed with her performance and mentioned that after Sridevi in Mr. India ( 1987 Film ) this was the finest performance given by a female actor donning the character of Chaplin . Shetty thanked the choreography and technical teams for coming up with this unique act . He mentioned that Chaplin is not about comedy alone , there is pathos in his acts and this act brought out that essence . Sharma thanked all the choreographers , and they were brought on the stage and respect was paid to them . She got a score of perfect ten .",
"The last performance of the day was given by Kapur and child artist Vansh . He was dressed up as little Krishna and Kapur was his disciple . Taluja played the role of her father . The judges were not impressed by Kapur 's performance and told her that her level of performance was declining . She got a low score of six which created her exit later .",
"All the kids got very good comments from the judges .",
"This episode was aired on 25 Feb 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 13 was continued .",
"Spotlight challenge winner Mehrotra depicted the mythological character of Karna . His stance , posture , style and dialogue delivery was appreciated by the judges and Mehrotra scored a perfect ten for this act . This was his third spotlight performance . Bharadwaj played the role of his mother Kunti . The act appeared larger than life on the screen with the sheer brilliance of Mehrotra 's skills . Shetty stated that even after the act is over ; it is giving him goosebumps due to the war kind of environment . The audience , judges and Sinha gave standing ovation . Sinha said that she felt that she is watching a magnum opus and the act was too short . She wanted to see it for a long time .",
"Singh played the role of a school teacher and Bagri played the iconic role of Circuit from the blockbuster movie Munna Bhai M.B.B.S ( Originally played by Arshad Warsi ) . The child actor Nihaar Gite played the role of Circuit 's son , ' ' short circuit . ' ' This comedy act made everyone laugh and Singh got a score of seven and Bagri got seven too . Bagri stated that he has worked with Sinha in a shoot . He also requested Sinha to perform a little with him , and she was happy to oblige .",
"Nanda played the role of Yama ( Hinduism ) and Prajapati played the role of granny named Imarti . The child artist Preetjyot Singh played the role of her grandson . This funny act was quite entertaining and gave Nanda a score of eight . Shetty stated that Nanda 's entry on a cycle with a prototype of bull ( Yama 's vehicle ) was amazing on the music of Dhoom .",
"After the guys , it was time for the girls to compete against each other in a dance - off . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored four , Kapur scored three and Krislinzki scored three respectively . The judges gave constructive feedback and Johar stated that the girls were looking very glamourous and from now on they will be stricter with their scoring parameters . Johar said that Bhardwaj 's performance was outstanding and her posture was amazing .",
"The guys also danced with Sonakshi Sinha on stage on her popular song ' ' Tere mast mast do nain . ' ' Sonakshi brought in singer Dhwani Bhanushali on the show from her movie Welcome to Newyork .",
"The fairytale of Jasmine ( Played by Krislinzki ) and Aladdin ( Played by Vali ) created a wow factor with an aerial dance on the popular song ' ' Yeh haseen wadiyan ' ' from the movie Roja . The child artist Raj Ostwal played the role of a genie . However , the judges were expecting more from Krislinzski and gave her only six points ( Lowest ) . Vali too got six points and later was eliminated from the show . So guess , the appearance of the genie was not that lucky for them .",
"The actors were asked what wishes they have which the genie can fulfill . Prajapati 's wish was fulfilled and her mother gave a surprise visit and made the environment a little emotional .",
"All the kids got very good comments from the judges .",
"Vali was the lowest scorer among the male contestants . Kapur and Krislinzki were the lowest scorers among the female contestants . Finally Vali and Kapur were eliminated . Vali stated that he feels relaxed now . He shared his story that last year he had gone for an audition for Johar 's movie ' ' Student of the Year part 2 ' ' and he thought he was good , and was expecting to bag the role . Now after spending so many days in the academy , he has realized his areas of improvements . Also he managed to steal 35 minutes of Johar 's time while presenting his acts . Johar invited him to come and have a cup of coffee with him in his office . He thanked Shetty for inspiring him . Kapur stated that when you try and fail , you fall forward , not backward .",
"This episode which was aired on 03 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was ' ' Costume Drama ' ' . The episode started with some blockbuster songs of Sridevi . Her recent death had caused a huge vacuum in the industry . There were four wild card entries today - Harshvardhan Deo , Elisha Mayor , Tapan Singh , Simran Choudhary . Top ten finalists for this show performed in this episode and episode 16 .",
"Gandotra and Sharma presented another comedy act based on ghosts . The audience loved the performance and Shetty stated that Gandotra 's comic timing is great . Gandotra mentioned that he was not aware of his talents as a good comedian . Shetty had given the tag of Lady Govinda and today she has again proven him right . They danced to the tunes of the popular song ' ' Party with the Bhootnath ' ' and it was extremely hilarious . He scored perfect ten and Sharma scored the same for this act . Sharma had gone to her hometown Lucknow , and she received a grand welcome from the residents there . She had got sweets for everyone on the set .",
"The hosts asked the contestants about their experience when the wild card entries came in the pathshala . Mayor mentioned that she thinks Sharma is a great performer , and Bharadwaj 's great dance moves has inspired her . ' ' She is a trained katthak dancer , and I am a Bharatnatyam dancer . ' ' In Dance pe chance round , the ladies performed on the block buster numbers from Madhuri Dixit 's movies . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored four , and Krislinzki scored three respectively . The judges loved this tribute and appreciated the screen presence of all the leading ladies .",
"Bharadwaj was the spotlight performance winner for the first time and she depicted the life of iconic dancer Helen ( actress ) . She scored eight points . Johar talked about his personal relationship with the iconic actress Helen , and he felt that Bharadwaj did justice to the biopic .",
"Mayor played the role of mythological character Mahishasura Mardini Durga and Deo played the role of Mahishasura . The brilliance of the performances made it a power packed act and Johar stated that this was a finale worthy performance . Mayor 's brilliance as a trained dancer too was visible . This was a debut week for the wild card entries and hence they were not scored for their performances .",
"Mehrotra played the role of Majnu and Krislinzki played the role of Laila . This age old love story was loved by the audience . However , the judges found their act a little slow and did not find the growth curve of Krislinzki showing an upward trend . Mehrotra scored eight and Krislinzki scored six which created her exit later . Johar stated that his intensity when he broke down on the song ' ' Tadap tadap ' ' is worth mentioning . Mehrotra 's biggest fan came up on to the stage and brought him a special gift .",
"Audio visual clippings for the new wild card entries were shown in the background to give more inputs about them .",
"This episode was aired on 04 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 15 was continued .",
"Bagri and Prajapati 's act reminded us of the iconic movie of Raj Kapoor Mera Naam Joker . The sheer brilliance of their performance brought tears to everyone 's eyes . Bagri played the role of the joker and Prajapati his daughter . This heart - wrenching performance based on a joker 's life left everyone teary - eyed . Johar appreciated Bagri 's performance and praised Prajapati 's growth on the show. Bagri scored eight and Prajapati scored the same .",
"The next performance was based on the friendship between Maharana Pratap and Bhamashah played by Taluja and Nanda . The judges felt that they failed to create the awe which such historical acts should create . Taluja scored six which created his exit later and Nanda scored eight .",
"The judges also came up with a fun Bollywood game for the contestants Nanda and Gandotra . They asked them a few questions about Bollywood films and advised them to improve their knowledge about the movies by watching the iconic ones .",
"The boys were given the challenge of dancing on Salman Khan 's super hit songs in the dance relay round . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored three , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored three , Taluja scored three respectively . Johar was impressed by the improvement shown by the guys .",
"Singh delivered a performance as Sita in her captive days in Lanka for her first spotlight challenge . Her acting skills were appreciated by the judges and she scored eight . Johar stated that she has multiple personalities within her , and she has brought out the essence of this character in a very dignified manner .",
"Wild card entries Choudhary and Tapan Singh performed on a sweet fairytale act when the prince reached to the expensive gem stone ( parasmani ) in order to get the love of his life . The judges and audience liked the act . Their dance on the popular song ' ' Bin pooche mera naam aur pata , bas char kadam chal do na saath mere ' ' too created a romantic environment on the screen . This was a debut week for the wild card entries and hence they were not scored for their performances .",
"Taluja was the lowest scorer among the male contestants . Krislinzki was the lowest scorer among the female contestants . Taluja and Krislinkzki were finally eliminated . Johar wished Krislinzki and mentioned that she has a great journey ahead . He also mentioned that he would like to meet her soon . He told Taluja that he is now a renowned face in the industry . Taluja and Krislinzki both thanked everyone and left with a positive note .",
"Audio visual clippings for the new wild card entries were shown in the background to give more inputs about them .",
"This episode which was aired on 10 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was women 's day . The tribute to Sridevi continued . Her contribution to Bollywood cinema in her career spanning over five decades was remembered with respect . The dance performances were done on her songs to express that gratitude .",
"In this special tribute to late actress Sridevi the contestants chose to showcase her colorful dance moves onstage . Prajapati scored four , Singh scored four , Bharadwaj scored five , Sharma scored four , Mayor scored four and Choudhary scored four respectively . Singh 's sizzling performance on the iconic song ' ' Kaate nahin katte ' ' was a show stopper . After the performances , judge Karan Johar talked about his memories with Sridevi . Shetty stated that she was truly a superstar . In an era of movies which starred only male actors as superstars , she came up with movies like Chaalbaaz , Nagina , Chandni etc. which were based on female protagonists . She had the caliber to carry the film on her shoulders .",
"The first performance for the day was given by Nanda and Gandotra . They presented a hilarious take on growing old and enjoying life which reminded the audience of the 1982 movie Shaukeen and 2014 comedy movie The Shaukeens . Johar added that he thought their act was crazy but he thoroughly enjoyed it and the dance move of the duo was loved by all . Both of them got perfect ten for this comic act .",
"Shetty talked about the compatibility of the actors in specially a comic act . Nanda and Gandotra are good friends and their chemistry was evident on the screen . The hosts made them play a game to see how good their chemistry is and the entire set was rolling with laughter .",
"In between the hosts made the audience laugh , and Shetty made fun of Dhanjani 's attire which resembled a track suit .",
"In the next segment , Bharadwaj teamed up with wild card contestant Deo where both played the roles of a budding and veteran choreographers respectively . They give a dance - based performance with hints of love , ego and jealousy between the husband and wife which reminded the audience of the iconic movie Abhimaan ( Originally starring Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan . The judges called their performance sensible and mature . The theme of women 's day was evident in the form of supporting the careers of women . Bharadwaj and Deo scored eight each for this emotional act . Bharadwaj 's experience of working with Deo was asked by the hosts and Deo tried to woo her with a song . The hosts pulled Mehrotra 's leg and said , ' ' You concentrate on spotlight , and Harsh will take away the girl . ' '",
"To celebrate the occasion of Women 's Day , Singh gave her second spotlight solo performance as Laxmi , an acid attack survivor . She later invited Laxmi to the stage to share her story . Everybody was moved by the performance and applauded Singh 's brave act . This social message was conveyed beautifully and comments on social media later talks how much the audience loved it . Shetty called Laxmi a real life fighter and thanked her for inspiring many others . Singh got a perfect ten from the judges .",
"Portraying the beautiful relationship between a brother and sister , Bagri delivered a performance with last week 's wildcard entry , Choudhary . This act too gives tribute to women by empowering women through education . The judges called their act sweet and simple . Shetty stated that Choudhary has a good command over the language and advised her to keep working hard . Bagri and Choudhary both scored eight points , however this performance was the last one for Choudhary in this show .",
"This episode was aired on 11 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 17 was continued .",
"In the latest episode of India 's Next Superstar , Prajapati and Sharma teamed up to portray the real life struggles of a housewife with her maid . The act left the judges rolling in laughter . They applauded the chemistry between the two . Sharma got a perfect ten again and Prajapati scored nine . After all women 's day needs to pay attention to this real life problem of modern working women . Sharma was asked to use her Bhojpuri accent and give comments on Dhanjani 's outfit . Johar calls his attire ' ' Fashionale Fungus . ' '",
"Next Mehrotra who was the spotlight performer ( Fourth ) for the week , gave an amazing performance as a freedom fighter Bhagat Singh . Johar called Mehrotra an excellent actor and felt his performance was pitch perfect . He appreciated Sharma 's help in helping him to prepare this act . She also had played the role of Bharat Mata . He also thanked Bhardwaj 's mom for helping him prepare for the act . He got a perfect score of ten . Shetty motivated the rest of the contstants and asked them to win spotlight . Shetty promised that he will come to the academy to help anyone who wins spotlight the next time .",
"Next up was the dance relay between all the guys . Mehrotra scored four , Gandotra scored four , Bagri scored four , Nanda scored four , Deo scored four and Singh scored three respectively . They danced on the popular number ' ' Khali Bali Ho gaya hai Dil ' ' from the blockbuster Padmaavat They all got a standing ovation from the audience while Rohit and Karan told them to work on their expressions and energy level . Shetty mentioned that the guys have improved , however still the girls were better .",
"Karan Wahi joined his co-star Urvashi Rautela from the film Hate Story 4 and they danced to the popular song ' ' Aashiq banaya . ' ' The duo promoted their film , and Shetty mentioned that from now on , he too has become a superstar . Dhanjani got nostalgic talking about Wahi 's journey and called him his true friend . They have performed together in many awards functions , hosted many shows together . They both have been participants / host in dance reality show Nach Baliye They both got emotional .",
"Mayor and Tapan Singh were the next pair to perform on stage based on the theme of love and revenge . Mayor played the role of a woman whose husband ( played by Bagri ) was killed by Singh . At the end she got to know the truth and regretted her decision to kill Singh . The judges advised Singh to concentrate on his voice modulation . Their dance on ' ' Tumhe apna banana ka junoon ' ' was quite romantic . Mayor scored four , and Singh scored the lowest three which later forced him to leave the show .",
"The contestants indulged in a little trivia game to give tribute to Sridevi . The judges and the contestants were asked some questions on the life and work of the late superstar .",
"After the performances , it was time for the leaderboard and elimination . Choudhary , Mayor and Tapan Singh were the lowest performers for the day . As per the judges ' decision Choudhary and Singh were eliminated . Choudhary stated that she is from Hyderabad , and she never knew that she will get a chance to perform in front of such great directors . Singh thanked the academy and the learnings from his co contestants and principal Mahesh Bhatt .",
"This episode which was aired on 17 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) and the theme of this evening was performing on famous Hindi idioms . From this week , the contestants have to give a duo dance performance , not a riley group dance as earlier . They will be judged on a ten pointer scale for their acting skills , and five pointer scale for their dancing skills . Also from this episode , the judges will judge the performance as ' ' Clap - worthy ' ' and give a clapstick along with a perfect ten .",
"' ' Aasmaan se gire , aur khajoor pe atke ' ' ( To get stuck in a tough situation ) was the first idiom . Gandotra did a complete makeover by playing the role of a sexy lady and his acting skills were highly appreciated by the judges . This act got him a perfect ten . Bagri , who played the role of a Haryanvi Cop , Inspector Dourkar , made the audience go in splits with his hilarious punches . There were usage of more idioms in between like ' ' Baal bal bachne ki koshish ' ' ( Try to safeguard one 's self ) made the audience laugh a lot . He too scored a perfect ten .",
"To entertain the audience , Wahi tries to woo the female version of Gandotra and create an extremely comic situation on the sets . There were loads of lipstick marks on his face after they were supposedly in a lip lock .",
"Nanda and Singh give a soulful contemporary dance performance which showed the problems of urban couples who do not have time for each other . Johar mentioned that he could relate to the story and they got perfect five each for their dance performance . The judges appreciated the choreography team for their brilliant work .",
"' ' Ghar ki murgi daal barabar ' ' ( One does not value what s / he has ) was the next idiom . Bharadwaj played the role of a Bharatnatyam dancer who is paralyzed now . Mayor who played the role of her daughter did not want to become a dancer and took up a banking job . The act portrayed the relationship of a mother and a daughter and the difference in thought processes between two generations . Bharadwaj scored eight and Mayor too scored the same . Shetty mentioned that now since Bharadwaj has spent a lot of time in the show , his expectations are much higher from her . Each dancer gave a Bharatnatyam performance which talked aloud about their base as classical dancers .",
"In ' ' Dance pe chance ' ' challenge , Sharma played the role of Raja Babu which was originally played by great comedian Govinda . Mehrotra took the role of Nandu , which was originally played by Shakti Kapoor . Their funny dance moves entertained the judges and audience and both got great comments . Mehrotra scored a perfect five and Sharma followed suit . This dancing act had all the elements of a perfect comedy act . Shetty mentioned that this was a commercial cinema performance . Mehrotra 's comic timings were highly appreciated by Shetty .",
"Mehrotra won his fifth spotlight challenge and explored the emotions of a lady by being a female dancer . The act shows the atrocities trans genders and the people of the LGBT community have to go through in India . Johar appreciated the effort and talked about his personal journey , when as a child he was labelled as panzy . He scored a perfect ten and clapboard along with it . Mehrotra talked about his struggles when he came to Mumbai . He became very emotional when he got so much appreciation for so many weeks . Bharadwaj supported him portraying the role of his wife .",
"Shetty again reminded the rest of the contestants that they will have to win spotlight challenge . Gandotra and Bagri stated that they were shortlisted for spotlight challenge , but missed it by a little margin . Bagri took the challenge and mentioned that he will win spotlight for sure .",
"Prajapati and Deo did a dance performance together and the act reminded everyone of the song ' ' Ae jaate huye lamhon ' ' from the movie Border , when a solider had to leave his newly married wife and go to the war front . This dancing act had a twist and instead of the man , the lady in the act goes to the war front at the end which again gave a strong message of women power and men supporting such spouses . Both the dancers scored four each . Director - producer Rohit Shetty , who turned 45 on 14 March , rang in his birthday early on the sets of the show . The team of INS had planned a surprise cake cutting for him and also invited his dear friend Shreyas Talpade to join the celebration .",
"Overwhelmed with the gesture , Shetty mentioned that he is n't too fond of celebrating birthdays and had last a party as a teenager . The contestants participated in the celebrations and had a good time . Co-judge , Johar along with the entire unit ensured that Shetty broke his diet and eat a piece of cake .",
"This episode was aired on 18 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) and the same theme from episode 17 was continued .",
"The dancing act of Gandotra as addiction and Bagri as the man who was trying to get rid of the addiction was extremely appreciated by the judges . This contemporary dance was played on the iconic song ' ' Is Lamhe ka ras nichod loon . ' ' Gandotra scored five for the first time in dancing and Bagri too scored five for the first time . Shetty appreciated Gandotra 's graph and the fact that he had prepared the comic act where he took the character of a lady , and this dance act was a serious one . Gandotra 's parents came to give confidence to their son . He danced on stage with his graceful mother . Indian sweet ( Kaju katli ) was distributed to everyone which his parents had got .",
"Prajapati played the role of a politician named Asha Pradhan and Deo played the role of his secretary . Deo tried to stop Pradhan from opening more sugar mills , however , she did not listen to him . As a result , Deo entered politics to improve the state of affairs . Johar mentioned that this was the first time a political act was presented on the show . Johar appreciated the natural tone and right paced performance of Prajapati . Shetty talked about Deo 's performance and his body language of an honest man was appreciated . Prajapati scored a perfect ten for the first time and Deo followed suit .",
"Sharma gave the performance as Meera bai , and made the judges spellbound with her performance . This spotlight performance ( Third time ) got her perfect ten and she shared the difficulties she faced while practicing for this act . Deo supported this act by playing the role of Ranaji . Shetty stated that every time he sees a performance of Sharma , he gets the feeling that it 's a different person altogether .",
"' ' Nehle pe dehla ' ' ( Turn tables ) was the next idiom . Nanda and Singh gave a sweet slice of life act which had some elements of comedy . It was a satire which had an underlying message of taking care of your ageing parents . Bagri who supported the act by playing the role of Nanda 's father taught a lesson to his son and daughter in law , who were planning to send him to an old age home . Both the actors scored eight each and got some constructive feedback from the judges to pull up their socks .",
"Mayor and Bharadwaj gave a Broadway style performance which had the mixture of jazz and lyrical hip hop . Johar was extremely impressed by this all girls performance and he felt that this dance performance was at an international level . Both scored a perfect five .",
"Mehrotra and Bharadwaj play a ' ' Close up paas aao challenge ' ' and show their chemistry , however Nanda and Singh win the challenge .",
"After the performances , it was time for the leaderboard and elimination . Mehrotra was the highest scorer with fifteen points and the clapboard . Nanda , Mayor , Singh , and Bharadwaj were the lowest performers for the day . Nanda and Mayor had to leave for their home today . Nanda had tears in his eyes , and stated that even though this was his last performance on this show , but he will be thankful to this show for giving him such a platform . With the last lines from Johar 's film , ' ' Junoon hai mera , banu main tere kaabil , tere bina guzara , ai dil hai mushkil ' ' he signed off . Mayor mentioned that this was a sweet and short journey , and she is leaving the show as a star .",
"This episode which was aired on 24 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) . In this episode of India 's Next Superstars , hosts Dhanjiani and Wahi showed off their dance moves with the remaining eight contestants on the show . In the song , the performers were appreciated for their skills and consistency .",
"Singh and Prajapati paired up for the first performance dressed up as fisherwomen . They impressed the judges with their dance moves and Johar found Singh 's dance as a complete item number material . He also applauded their comic timing and energy . They scored a perfect five each from the judges . Gandotra added to the comedy in a supporting role .",
"In the next performance , Bharadwajand Deo teamed up to show a story focused around a murder . This act reminded the audience of the movie Ittefaq where there were multiple versions of the same story . Deo gave an incredible performance as a psychotic killer , however , later it was revealed that Bharadwaj had killed him . The judges appreciated their performance and called it well - structured and interesting . Deo received amazing reviews for his negative role and during the act the judges were talking to each other about his acting prowess . Both the actors got ten points and a clap board . Singh played a supporting role of a police inspector .",
"Deo was asked , whom does he think to be his biggest competitor and he named Gandotra . Bharadwaj stated that since the age of six she had a dream to work in Dharma productions and she will live this dream now .",
"Bagri and Sharma teamed up for the next dance performance and they performed a classic contemporary dance on the song ' ' Main rahoon ya na rahoon , tum mujhme baki rehna . ' ' At the end when it was revealed that the couple who were happily dancing on their anniversary have a sad truth . The man was dead and his wife was day dreaming about him . The performance moved the judges and both scored a perfect five .",
"Sharma thought Bharadwaj is her biggest competitor . Bagri took Gandotra 's name and he was surprised to hear his name for the second time .",
"Sharma also gave a solo spotlight ( Fourth time ) performance as a police inspector for which she received special guidance from Shetty . She impressed the judges with her performance and got the clapstick for the first time along with the perfect ten score . It was a power packed performance which again showed the core strength of women . Deo supported the act by playing the role of a convict and Bagri played the role of her husband . The audience hooted and cheered throughout the performance and gave a standing ovation . Shetty came on stage to give the clapstick and all her co-contestants gave her a standing ovation . Johar gave a stash of Miss . Consistency .",
"Mehrotra and comedian number one Gandotra paired up in the next dance - based challenge , and acted as siblings . Mehrotra played the role of a gangster brother who wanted his younger brother to study in an American University . However , his sins became the reason for his death , and at the end when he committed suicide , the audience had tears in their eyes . Johar appreciated the choreography team and the concept of the entire act . He also presented a clapper for the choreographers who had conceptualized this act . Both got a perfect five score .",
"Gandotra shared his journey about how he improved himself , and mentioned that now he is confident that he can win the contract .",
"This episode was aired on 25 Mar 2018 ( Sunday ) . In the latest episode of India 's Next Superstars , Tiger Shroff joined in as the guest promoting his film Baaghi 2 . He later danced with all the contestants .",
"Spotlight ( second ) winner Bagri gave the first performance of the day depicting the struggles of a stuntman in the industry . Shetty gave his inputs and had coached him before the performance as he had promised earlier . The brilliance of his performance mesmerized the audience and the judges gave him a perfect ten . Sharma played the role of his wife , and Gandotra his friend . Real life stuntman of Shetty 's movies , the sixty nine year old Shankar Kotian was called on the stage and respect was given to him . Shroff mentioned that stuntmen in the industry do not get any recognition . All the credit goes to the hero , even though all the risk is taken by these bold people . He truly wants to do something for them in the near future .",
"Shroff came up on the stage to show some of his action moves . They made the hosts as their targets and the audience enjoyed this light moment a lot . Deo and Bharadwaj teamed up for the next dance based challenge . Deo played the role of an unpopular student of the college who loved the character of Bharadwaj and wanted to go to the prom night with her . The contemporary dance moves got five points for Bharadwaj and four for Deo . While the judges appreciated Dharadwaj 's dancing skills , they asked Deo to practice more . Bagri and Mehrotra played two supporting casts in this act .",
"In the next act , Gandotra and Mehrotra came together to stage a comic act based on a hospital setting . Mehrotra played the role of a doctor and Gandotra played the role of the lover of the nurse ( Played by Prajapati ) . Shetty appreciated Gandotra for his comic timing but was unhappy with Mehrotra 's performance . After a long time , Mehrotra scored anything less than ten ( eight ) and Gandotra scored a perfect ten .",
"Prajapati and Singh gave a touching performance on the taboo surrounding abortion and pregnancy of an unwed mother . Singh played the role of an unwed mother , and Prajapati that of an unborn daughter . The judges called their performance unique , difficult and well presented . Shetty said , it looked like two bodies and one soul . Each of them scored a perfect ten for their act . This emotional act left many spell bound .",
"Bharadwaj thought Singh was her biggest competitor . Singh thought Sharma is her biggest competitor and she felt very proud of her . If she had a choice to nominate someone else other than herself for a contract , then it will be her . Singh also talked about her journey in INS . She stated that today she played the role of a mother . In the last so many weeks she has played various roles ( Sita , acid attack victim etc . ) and she is progressing towards becoming a complete actor .",
"After all the performances ended , the elimination round took place based on the leaderboard rating . Mehrotra was the lowest scorers of the day ( Thirteen ) . All the ladies had scored fifteen , however since Sharma had got a clapboard , she was safe . Then the judges gave a surprise ruling and declared that nobody was to be eliminated . However , Shetty mentioned that even though they are great actors , they should not relax at this stage as anything can happen anytime . They just did this to shake them up . Shetty promised that he will come to the academy to guide all the contestants .",
"This episode was aired on 31 Mar 2018 ( Saturday ) . This was the semi-finale weekend .",
"The contestants were mentored by judge Shetty and all the contestants were very happy . Their performance appeared a notch above their previous ones . Johar and Shetty introduced all the eight semi-finalists and took a grand entry with them .",
"Sharma and Bharadwaj started the show with a traditional Ghoomar dance performance from the famous movie Padmaavat . The judges appreciated their performance and mentioned that it looked like two Deepika Padukone are dancing on the stage . This dance form is very difficult to perform with a pot on the head , and brass plates in hand . The mixed another dance form using elastics giving the feel of dolls dancing with strings ( Kathputli ) . It had some moves of robotics . Both scored a perfect five . Even when Sharma 's plate fell off , she still maintained her composure .",
"Later Deo and Gandotra were given the task of doing the same dance after balancing the pots on their head . The comedy made everyone laugh .",
"Portraying the turbulent father - son relationship , Deo and Gandotra teamed up for the next emotional performance . Gandotra portrayed his versatility through this act who had become an established comedian by now . Johar appreciated Deo for giving such a matured performance . He appreciated the growth graph of Gandotra and both scored a perfect ten . He also mentioned that drama is the heart of Bollywood movies and Shetty is the most successful director in that genre . Since the act was directed by him , that element came out every well and made the audience remain glued to their seats . Deo dedicated this act to his father who is an IPS officer . Prajapati played the role of Deo 's business partner .",
"The contestants also got some challenges from TV actors - Zain Imam ( Naamkarann ) , Surbhi Chandna ( Ishqbaaaz ) and Karanvir Bohra . Mehrotra and Bagri danced on the hook steps of some famous movies . The audience rolled out laughing and their co-contestants enjoyed a lot . Shetty loved Bagri 's performance . Prajapati was challenged by Surbhi to perform a blindfolded act with Dhanjani and everyone enjoyed the prank . Vohra asked Bharadwaj and Singh to put rosogollas in their mouth and do romantic scenes .",
"Bagri and Prajapati were the next performers and they gave a disco - themed performance . They covered the entire stage on multiple songs including ' ' Disco deewane ' ' from Johar 's film Student of the Year . Shetty called their act a little weak but entertaining , nonetheless . Both the dancers scored four points each .",
"Mehrotra gave a thrilling solo spotlight performance ( Sixth ) as a psychotic killer in his act . This act reminded the audience of the common man from the movie A Wednesday ! played by veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah . The act had a great social message that no one should take the law in his or her hands . Johar talked about the recent film of Rani Mukerji Hichki , where she has used her heart and head in a very balanced way . Shetty mentioned that Mehrotra 's intense acts might be taking a monotonous turn . So he had helped him to improvise a bit . After receiving criticism in the last episode , he thanked the mentors for guiding him . This intense act was appreciated by the judges and audience alike and he scored a perfect ten again . Deo supported the role by playing a cop .",
"This episode was aired on 01 Apr 2018 ( Sunday ) . This was the semi-finale weekend .",
"In this episode Mehrotra and Singh gave the first dance performance of the day , dedicating it to Shetty . The did a freestyle Bollywood dance on the tune of Shetty 's super hit song ' ' Golmaal . ' ' The dance had a lot of moves from South Indian movies . Shetty loved the performance , and he complimented stating that it looked like a Rohit Shetty film . However , he also felt that the dancers were hurrying the steps . Both scored four points each . The auto rickshaw which the dancers used in this act was later used by both the judges for a little bit of fun . The audience really enjoyed this fun part .",
"In the next act , Sharma and Bharadwaj teamed up to showcase the cracks in the relationship between two sisters . The strong feelings of hatred and jealousy were portrayed very well by both the sisters and later Sharma 's character makes her younger sister realise the virtue of love and compassion . Age old hatred which Bharadwaj 's character had accumulated for so many years melted and the sisters united as a family . Johar called their performance convincing and emotionally moving . He found it high - drama , volatile and emotional and both the actors maintained the picth very well . Both the actors scored a perfect ten .",
"In the dance off , Deo and Gandotra paired up and performed using a complicated prop of play structure . The judges felt that the act was good , however , the energy levels could have been better . Both scored four points each .",
"Karan Tacker gave a very interesting challenge to judge Johar . Johar had to cast a buffalo in his movie and had to do an act with it ( Played by Wahi ) . This act left everyone in splits .",
"Singh presented her spotlight ( Third ) performance playing the role of a rape victim Damini . Her performance moved the judges who called the script relevant and important . This act had a very strong social message , when the rape victim is treated like an outcaste , and the society makes her feel that it was her fault . She is asked to cover her face , and asked not to talk about the incident . The law often releases criminals due to a lack of evidence , and the victim has to pay for it throughout her life . She got a perfect ten for her act .",
"Prajapati played the role of a sister and Sharma supported the act playing the role of a paralysed sister . Bagri played the role of Prajapati 's husband who had tried to rape and murder Sharma 's character . This was a dramatic high voltage story with a grey character on stage . Bagri scored eight , and Prajapati scored a perfect ten . Later Bagri and Prajapati were eliminated from the show .",
"At the end of all the performances , it was time for the judges to award one contestant the clapper which would take them to the finale directly . The judges gave the clap worthy performance award to Mehrotra .",
"As per the results , Mehrotra and Sharma were the top scorers in this round while Bagri , Singh and Prajapati found themselves at the bottom . At the end , Bagri and Prajapati were sent home while Singh was given another chance . Prajapati said , this was a wonderful opportunity for her as she got to work with a stalwart like Shetty . Bagri said , when he initially came , he thought he wo n't stay more than two weeks , as he might be eliminated . However , after two weeks were over , when he could manage to continue , he thanked God every week . Now , when he will go out , he can tell everyone that Shetty and Johar know him personally , and they have appreciated him a lot .",
"This episode was aired on 07 Apr 2018 ( Saturday ) . The format of this episode was changed a bit . The contestants were scored on a forty pointer scale ( ten marks for acting and ten marks for dancing by each judge ) and the scores were put in a secret ballot to be revealed at the end of the show . Shetty declared that along with the movie contract with Dharma Productions , the contestants will win a cash prize of ten lakh rupees each and a gift hamper from close up . Also the contestants will have to perform today along with an established actor in the industry .",
"The trophy for the contest was presented to the audience and Johar talked about the importance of the first award . He talked about the special bond he shares with his first filmfare award .",
"There were audio visual clippings shown in the background where the contestants talked about their first day in the academy , and how they are feeling now while leaving it . They talked about the rehearsals , the friendship they shared , the fights they had and all other nostalgic moments .",
"This was the finale weekend and all the contestants entered the stage while dancing on the iconic number ' ' Tama Tama Loge ' ' from the film Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya which was originally performed by Madhuri Dixit and Sanjay Dutt in 1990 blockbuster movie Thanedaar .",
"The first act was between Bharadwaj and Priyank Sharma . It was a romantic act which had some elements of pathos in the form of Bharadwaj 's uncle ( played by Deo ) . He used to make her do all the household work in lieu of the money he was spending for her upbringing . Bharadwaj did a dancing act on roller skates which was appreciated by the judges and the audience . There was a romantic dance between the duo , which too had held the attention of the audience . Shetty complimented her by saying that she is looking like a Dharma Productions heroine today , and Bharadwaj thanked her mom for giving her everything in life .",
"The second act of the evening was a dance number between Gandotra and Sharma . Gandotra entered the stage like a hero and Shetty later mentioned that it reminded him of his first performance . He appreciated his growth a lot . Shetty told Sharma , that she does not give him any chance of finding any flaws in her performances .",
"The third act of the evening was a sizzling performance between Singh and Deo on the sensuous number ' ' Tumhe apna banana ka . ' ' The performance melted into another iconic number by Raveena Tandon ' ' tip tip barsa paani ' ' and the duo danced in water . Both the judges appreciated the performance a lot . Singh 's mother told that she came from a very orthodox background and she had to go through a lot of hardships in order to allow her daughter to pursue her dreams . Shetty mentioned that Singh has become an inspiration for thousands of such girls in India who do not get an opportunity to rise and shine . Her mom came on stage to take the first autograph of her daughter .",
"The fourth performance of the evening was between Sharma , Dhanjani and celebrity guest Asha Negi . Bagri played the role of a judge in the comedy act which entertained the judges and audience alike . Sharma thanked her father , and promised that she will fulfill his dreams .",
"Negi complained that her husband Dhanjani does not spend time with her anymore , and is giving more attention to Wahi these days . A game was played to check who knew Dhanjani better , and Wahi won it hands - down . This light moment was enjoyed by the audience a lot .",
"The fifth performance of the evening was between Mehrotra and celebrity actor Sanaya Irani . This thriller act was supported by Taluja , who played the role of a cop . The crime was narrated by the couple in a very convincing manner , and it ended as a mystery . Johar liked the concept of mystery ending and appreciated the performances of the actors . He talked about the restrained acting of Mehrotra .",
"The judges thanked all the guest celebrities for gracing the occasion and helping out the contestants . They also appreciated their acting prowess and screen presence .",
"This episode was aired on 08 Apr 2018 ( Sunday ) . This was the finale weekend and the same format of episode 25 was followed . The air was grim with anticipation , as the names of the winners will be announced in this episode .",
"The episode started with the dance performance by Shetty ( as Mr. Mutthu ) and Johar ( as Mr. Khanna ) . Their siblings wanted to get married ( played by Taluja and Prajapati ) , but the elders of the family were not ready for it due to the cultural differences between the North Indians and South Indians . Dhanjani and Wahi finally convinced them and the power packed dance and comedy performance set the mood for the finale .",
"The first performance of the evening was presented by Deo as the younger brother , who became a cop , and the celebrity Karanvir Bohra . Bohra played the role of a corrupt businessman who took to the inroads of crime in order to bring up his younger brother . The intense drama and tragedy in the act moved the judges a lot .",
"The next performance of the evening was a sizzling dance duet by Mehrotra and Bharadwaj which turned out to be a favorite pair during the season . They used the contemporary dance style on the popular tunes of ' ' Aashiq banaya ' ' and set the stage on fire . Johar was very impressed with Bharadwaj 's performance , and mentioned that the chemistry was like ' ' kambakht ishq . ' ' Mehrotra 's parents came on stage and the judges thanked them for coming to the show for the first time .",
"The next performance was by Gandotra who played the role of a groom who had to marry a buffalo as he had some problems in his horoscope ( Manglik ) . Celebrity Adaa Khan played the role of a ghost . The storyline was inspired by the movie Phillauri ( film ) . The serial dance acts were loved by the audience and the hooting and cheering from them proved , how much they loved this comedy act . Shetty asked Khan , how was her experience working with Gandotra . And she talked about his dedication and his journey in the show .",
"Badshah ( rapper ) graced the stage along with Aastha Gill . Later Priyank Sharma came to the stage to dance along with the rappers . They talked about their upcoming song ' ' Buzz . ' ' They started with their popular songs like ' ' Dj wale babu ' ' .",
"Fresher 's Party - Episode 1",
"This is not a weekend performance and this episode which was telecast on 16 Jan 2018 ( Tuesday ) was basically a Fresher 's party to welcome all the contestants into the academy of India 's Next Superstars . The contestants will live in this facility till they are not eliminated , and compete with each other for the coveted prize of the winner .",
"Dhanjani welcomed all the contestants and told everyone that getting a foothold in this industry is very difficult and urged the contestants to learn and absorb as much as possible from the who 's - who of the industry . All the contestants who look ravishing in their evening gowns and dinner jackets were asked to introduce themselves in Bollywood style .",
"Mehrotra stated that he is from Delhi and states , ' ' Dil ki baat zuban par lane ke liye log waqt laga dete hain , usi waqt mein hum itihass bana dete hain ' ' ( Nornal people take time just to express their opinions , and people like me make history in that time . ) Prakash , the next contestant states that she loves ' ' Lights , Camera and Action ' ' and she wants to start and end her life in Bollywood .",
"Next came Bagri , who stated ' ' Zero se Hero banne aaya hoon ' ' ( I have come to become a hero from zero ) is from Delhi and he is looking forward to leave his mark in the industry . Next came Gandotra , who stated that he does not like to talk about his capabilities , he just wants to mesmerize everyone with his killing look . He is from Jaipur and the rest of the contestants were truly impressed with his introduction .",
"Taluja , the fifth contestant stated ' ' Dil mein junoon , aankhon mein sapne liye , aaya hoon main yahan , banane ek mukaam apne liye , dilli se hoon , apke dilon mein basna chahta hoon , naam hai mera Karan Taluja , bas ab is naam ki ek pehchan banana chahta hoon . ' ' It means that , ' ' I have come from Delhi with a lot of dreams in my eyes and I want to leave a mark in your hearts . ' '",
"Krislinzki looked smoking hot in a scarlet evening gown and introduced herself as a Mumbaikar . She mentioned that she has worked in some South Indian movies and ad films and now has come here to become a superstar . She ended her introduction with the famous dialogue of Dabangg , ' ' Swagat nahin karoge hamara ? ' ' ( Wo n't you welcome me ? ) Dhanjani was quite impressed with her introduction , and helped her come down the stage by lifting her up . Singh gave a sweet and short introduction stating that her first name Naina has been used in many famous movies of Bollywood , and she would like to remain in the eyes of her audience , just like the meaning of her name . Dhanjani at this point stopped her and made her and Gandotra play a small game ' ' Nain Matakka ' ' ( ' ' Who bats the eyelid first . ' ' ) Singh won the game and the hearts of many in the academy .",
"Sharma gave her introduction in the DDLJ way ' ' who ladki main deewani si ' ' ( I am that passionate girl ) and talked about her determination of carving her niche in Bollywood . She went on by saying , ' ' Hai mehnat se parhez nahin , shohrat ka utna craze nahin , dilon mein basne ki tamanna meri , isse age mere paas koi phrase nahin . ' ' ( I am not afraid to work hard and I want to live in the hearts of everyone . )",
"The video clip of Remo D'Souza welcomed everyone to the academy and he advised everyone to ' ' work hard and party harder . ' ' And then the participants started dancing to the tunes of ' ' abhi to party shuru hui hai . ' ' Dhanjani stated after the dance party that the contestants now should get used to these parties as there will be more in the tow - like the launch parties of their films , award functions parties etc .",
"Then Dhanjani announced the Mr. and Miss Fresher selection criteria . Roses were distributed among the boys and girls and the highest collector of roses will be the winner . All the contestants showed their skills of wooing the opposite sex , and they had loads of fun when they saw some untold love stories forming .",
"There was a tie among the male contestants : Vali , Nanda and Alhawat as all of them had received two roses each . Nanda gave balloons to the ladies to win their hearts , Alhawat did push - ups and Vali bribed them with some eatables . Finally with popularity poll from the ladies , Vali was declared as the winner . Bharadwaj won the Miss Fresher 's award among the ladies as she had the highest number of roses . Then cake cutting completed the party .",
"This episode was telecast on 09 Feb 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Karan Wahi entered blurting the dialogue from the famous movie Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ' ' Battamizi ek aisi virus hai hai jo waqt ke saath dheere dheere budhape mein badal jati hai , to kyon na thodi si badtameezi kar lein ? ' ' ( Beingh naughy is fun ) .",
"He shows clipping from the academy where the contestants are going to spend another three months . Ahmed was seen taking massage all over his body with Naina 's massager . Harshvardhan was seen hiding eggs . Aman and Angela were seen getting cozy with each other .",
"Natasha was seen giving massage to Aashish and vice versa . Karan praised the caliber of Aashish who appeared to be more from Bangkok than Delhi , as he was seen giving and taking massages . But looks like Canadian Ahmed was not so lucky , and he had to manage with the body massage equipment .",
"Then they showed a funny clipping wherein Aman complains that he has not received his laundry bag , and he does not have enough underwear and regular clothes to wear . ' ' Chaddi ' ' ( underwear ) becomes the favorite topic of discussion in the academy .",
"Then Karan invited Aman , Aashish and Naina to get a better understanding of what 's going on . The leg pulling continued . He asked Aman why is he so attached to his underwear . Aman clarified that he had eight underwear and he had given seven of them for wash , but did not get them back . Aashish gave him an idea to wash the underwear while taking a bath .",
"Karan asked Aashish why did n't he share his underwear with Aman . Aashish gave a name to Aman 's underwear ' ' chaddu . ' ' Naina said that she has nicknamed Aashish as ' ' gyancho ' ' ( knowledgeable ) as he has a solution to every problem . Then Aashish gave the idea to Aman to get the underwear dried using a hair dryer . Aman talked about his embarrassing experience of drying his underwear .",
"They showed clippings of Aman and Angela getting close and spending a lot of time in the loo together . They showed the intervention of Shivank and his attempt to scare them by weird stories of cheetah etc .",
"Then he called in Shivank to get some more inputs . He stated that he has seen Aman and Angela were always visible in the cafeteria , in the dormitory and all other areas in the academy . That day since they were not visible , he went to the bathroom to look out for them and found them there . There was a funny suggestive joke that , they were busy with creating their own movie there .",
"Then he called Natasha and Shariq in ' ' Klasses with Karan . ' ' They stated that they were expecting Karan Johar , but are shocked to see Karan Wahi there . Then Karan asked them , ' ' how many times have you won spotlight ? ' ' Natasha stated that twice she was very close to winning it . Then Karan mentioned that the ones who miss spotlight get to meet Karan Wahi , not Johar .",
"Karan asked Natasha if she owned a massage parlor . Natasha clarified that since the actors get stressed out after such a hectic day , she tries to help them . Then they played a game , ' ' has mat pagle , haar jayega ' ' . Basically both try to make each other laugh by making facial expressions in the mirror . Shariq lost the game . Natasha got a gift hamper and ' ' Torchlight award . ' ' And then she gave a post award speech .",
"This episode was telecast on 16 Feb 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Rithvik Dhanjani entered the set with many toy cars and started playing with them telling that it is just like a block - buster Rohit Shetty film .",
"Then he talked about the inferiority complex which the people in the industry suffer from . And he also mentioned that in the academy , Angela has changed more colors than the cars of Rohit Shetty films . She took up a ' ' Weirdo Avatar ' ' and acted in a weird fashion in the academy . Then she took up a ' ' cutie poochie avatar ' ' and made sounds of puppies . She played a game with Lekha in that avatar . Then she took up ' ' desperate sleeping beauty avatar ' ' and slept during the rehearsals . Then she donned her favorite ' ' Daayan avatar ' ' and the rest of the inmates got scared .",
"Then Rithvik showed the clippings of Ansh playing the role of an uncle ( phufaji ) and consoling everyone in the academy . He was seen motivating all the actors and solving their problems . Then Shariq , Pranati and Ansh were called in to talk about their experiences . Shariq welcomed Ansh with a garland and green coconut .",
"Pranati and Shariq mentioned that they like the ' ' phufaji ' ' in Ansh and if they want to have a dose of laughter , they reach out to him . Then Ansh would tell a lot of stories and make them laugh . Then Ansh said ' ' Agar Rithvik hi na ho , to kaise chalega show ' ' ( the show can not run without Rithvik ) . Pranati mentioned that ' ' Phufaji ' ' is like a matchstick , he reaches out to any corner of the academy , where there is some tension between the co-contestants , and he would end up giving his expert opinion . They pull each other 's legs and crack funny one liners .",
"Then Ansh mentioned that Shariq performed with Sahiba , and she was eliminated in the third week . In the fourth week he performed with Heli and Natasha and Heli was eliminated . Natasha , who was the top performer of the academy , started scoring poorly . They had some fun and then Rithvik mentioned that to impress your girlfriend , you always should keep chocolates in your pockets . It seemed Aashish was the smartest in that department and always ended up impressing Natasha .",
"Then Rithvik gave another tip to impress your girl , and that is to teach her a few exercises and she will think that you really care for her . Also keep on reminding her , how much you care for her and destiny has brought them together .",
"Then Rithvik mentioned that he has learnt romance from Rohit Shetty 's films . Since Shetty makes mostly action or comedy films , this punch was quite funny . Then Rithvik called Angela and Lekha for a chat and mentioned that he is writing the story for ' ' Golmaal 5 ' ' and he has the full authority to select any actress for the lead role . He took the help of Lekha and Angela and created a completely weird script . Shetty got angry with this later . Finally Lekha won the ' ' torchlight ' ' challenge for helping Rithvik with the story . She was asked to enact in the style which Tusshar Kapoor adopts in his films . This was quite a funny act which Lekha presented .",
"This episode was telecast on 23 Feb 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Karan Wahi came on the set and he was asked about his POA ( Plan of Action ) for the day which he misunderstood as POK ( Pakistan Occupied Kashmir ) .",
"Then Karan Wahi called in his GFFs ( Gossip Friends Forever ) to get all the buzz that happened in the academy . Chocolaty Naina and ghostly Angela graced the show with their presence and pulled Karan 's leg . Karan mentioned that this is a ' ' Classy show , not a massy show . ' ' Karan welcomed them to his show ' ' cutting with Karan . ' ' Naina told about her dream of attending Koffee with Karan since her childhood .",
"The ladies mentioned that they are AKTs ( Academy ki titliyan - butterflies of the academy ) . They named this as ' ' Aao babes gossip karen ' ' ( Babes , let 's gossip ) . Angela complained that whenever she goes to Naina with some hot gossip , she does not give any expressions . She just gives a blank face and hence , she calls her a stone . Then Angela mentioned that lately Wahi is closer to Dhanjani , and he is seen kissing men , not women . What is the reason behind this transformation ?",
"They also blamed Ahmed for being very strict while he is made the captain of the academy . There were clips shown from the academy days trying to prove her point . Naina was so upset with him , that she suggested that Ahmed should get five punishments for being a bad captain . They gave some sassy answers during a rapid fire round . When Angela was asked kill , hook up , marry , Angela replied , ' ' I would like to kill Aman , hookup with Harsh and marry Ansh . ' ' When Angela was asked to rate the actors as per their acting skills , her answer was , ' ' Ansh , Karan Taluja , Shariq , Aashish , Harsh and Aman . ' '",
"Naina wanted to kill Aashish , hook up with Ahmed , and marry Shariq . She said that if there would have been an auto biography in the name of Angela , she would name it as ' ' Ek aur daayan ' ' ( one more witch ) . Angela won the rapid fire round and got a Close up hamper .",
"Then Aashish and Aman came to the show . He invited them to ' ' Cutting with Karan . ' ' He made them play faceket ball . Finally Aashish won the torchlight award . He gave a mind - blowing impromptu performance as Sholay 's Gabbar who did n't have hands .",
"This episode was telecast on 02 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . The episode opened with Rithvik answering to the reporters , and later a video message from Rohit Shetty was shown condemning his script writing skills ( In Ep. 3 what he did with Lekha and Angela ) . Then he was given the script for the day which again had the mention of Rohit Shetty films , and Rithvik got angry with it . He said from now on he will not talk about cars , look at the cars or do anything with the cars . And then a lot of punches continued with that .",
"Then he welcomed Karan Taluja , Phufaji ( Ansh ) and Shruti . Then they talked about the episode when the child actors had come to the academy to act with the contestants . All the contestants stated that initially they were very happy when the kids came . But later they realized that they are extremely naughty . They had hit everyone with pillows , done make up for the guys , and had smeared them with cakes etc .",
"Then the contestants talked about the naughty things they had done when they were children . Karan had urinated in his teacher 's helmet . Shruti sat with other kids on the rim of a well which was quite dangerous . Ansh had played a prank which was quite serious . He had covered a sleeping man with flowers etc. and made people think that he is dead . Rithvik talked about his incidents when he was a kid . His gang had burst crackers which had entered the clothes of a gentleman , and then later they had spoilt the outer painting of his house too .",
"Then Rithvik taught some funny yoga moves which he called ' ' Brawasan ' ' ( Movement of eyes ) and ' ' winkasan ' ' ( winking at someone ) . The contestants had a lot of fun .",
"Then Aman and Shariq were called in as guests and they played a game with Rithvik ' ' bechke to dekho ' ' ( Show your selling skills ) . This was the most hilarious game ever played . They were asked to sell a commodity without knowing what it is . Aman had to sell a banana and Shariq had to sell ' ' aman ka chaddu . ' '",
"All the punches had a lot of double meaning , and it was funny for the viewers to watch . Shariq won the close up gift hamper .",
"This episode was telecast on 09 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . After Rohit sir got upset with Rithvik , he did a lot of study on the scripts of Rohit sir 's films . His head was full of those stories and there was a chemical ' ' locha ' ' ( imbalance ) due to that in his brain .",
"Aashish , Shariq and Naina were called in as the first set of guests today . They talked about their experience with the new wild card entrants , and Naina mentioned that they are lucky for her , as she has been winning spotlights after they have come . Shariq mentioned that Harshvardhan drinks eight to ten cups of coffee , and surprisingly even after that he sleeps a lot .",
"They were asked about their first experience of watching a blue film ( adult film ) . They shared their embarrassing experiences and how they behaved when they were adolescent . Then even Rithvik too shared his experience .",
"The next set of guests was Tapan ( Wild card entry ) and Ansh . Tapan mentioned that he was very upset last week that his acting partner Angela had to leave the academy . However , he was very happy that she gave him the rights to sleep on the bed on which she used to sleep in . Then Rithvik played a game with both of them ' ' eat of wear . ' ' They had to pick up chits after giving a wrong answer , and eat / drink ( weird foods which were on display ) and wear weird stuffs which were kept there . It was quite funny to look at them till the end of the show . Finally Ansh won the gift hamper .",
"This episode was telecast on 16 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . In the beginning of the act when Rithvik was getting ready for shooting today 's episode , he got a call from a casting director Viola from Hollywood . She wanted to cast Rithvik in a Hollywood film and requested him to send some of his profile pictures .",
"He presented the entire episode in a weird American accent . He changed his name to Wick D. And he announced that this is his last episode . In the academy he showed how Harshvardhan was trying to impress everyone by serving coffee .",
"Then he welcomed Naina and Lekha as his first set of guests . Later Harshvardhan served coffee to the ladies . Then the chit chat started with how Tapan 's mosquito net T - shirts looked funny . And then the ladies talked about Aashish and his constant habit of passing unsolicited comments .",
"Then he invited Shariq and Shruti and played the last game in the show , as he was leaving for Hollywood . The game was called ' ' Blow your mind ' ' which he played with both of them . The riddles sounded very double meaning ones . Shruti won the competition and the gift hamper .",
"This episode was telecast on 23 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . Karan Wahi became and RJ and he called himself ' ' Wahiyaat Wahi . ' ' ( Weird Wahi ) . He took the calls from the callers and answers to their weird questions . He called Aman , Ansh and Shariq in his studio , and asked how they were doing . He mentioned that he observed that a string bond has formed between the three of them . He asked Aman , if there is a scarcity of girls in the academy , and why has he chosen to hang around with guys now . And then they pulled Aman 's leg a lot .",
"Then they showed the clipping of the evening when Urvashi Rautela had come to the show to promote their film Hate Story 4 and how Karan used to play ludo on the sets . The double meaning conversation made Rohit Shetty and Kjo laugh a lot . The leg pulling continued with Aman . Aman keeps on borrowing things from everyone in the academy . Ansh talked about the most embarrassing moment of his life .",
"At the end Karan played a game with Elisha and Naina ' ' Blow me if you can - dle . ' ' They were asked to blow the candles while wearing stockings on their face . The leg pulling and double meaning one liners made the game funny . Elisha won the game and won the close up hamper .",
"This episode was telecast on 30 Mar 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . In the beginning of the episode , they showed that there was an article in the newspaper which talked about people becoming famous by copying KJo . Wahi 's girlfriend called in , and mentioned that she is upset with the newspaper article which is based on Karan Wahi . He needs to do something original . KJo became an anchor , Wahi followed suit , KJo became an RJ , Wahi also tried his hands in that department in the last episode . KJo tried his hands in acting in Bombay Velvet , and Wahi played a meaty role in Hate Story 4 . She wanted to leave him as she was known as ' ' Cheater Cock 's ' ' girlfriend .",
"Looking for something new , in this episode , Karan Wahi tried his hand at politics and started hiring people for his party named as KLPD ( Karan Liberal Pure Democracy ) party . The double meanings of the punches were funny . Harshvardhan suggested that the name should be APDP ( Akhand Prachand , Dhakkan Party . ) Shruti suggested that it should be named as FUCK ( Future , Under Construction Kendra ) party . Finally this name was finalized .",
"Ansh came up with the name MCBC ( Meri Country Badi Country ) party . Shruti suggested that the symbol of the party should be commode and brush which signifies cleansing of the system . Harshvardhan suggested that a buffalo 's tail will be the best symbol for the party because this is a very popular phrase in the Hindi speaking regions of India . Ansh suggested that condom should be the party symbol as people will wear it , and remember their party . Then they did some gossiping , and Ansh took Lekha 's name when he was asked about who behaves like a politician in the academy . Then after some leg pulling , the next set of guests was called in - ' ' Gyancho ' ' baba Aashish and Natasha . Natasha was handcuffed and blind - folded , and then Karan and Aashish touched her with ice cubes , chocolate sauce , brush , balloon and other stuffs . Then was the turn of Aashish . Both of them sang item songs like ' ' Oo la la , ' ' ' ' baby doll main sone di , ' ' kaate nahin katte yeh din yeh raat ' ' to make the game seductive . Finally Aashish won the gift hamper .",
"This episode was telecast on 06 Apr 2018 ( Friday ) on hotstar . The finale episode started with KJo and Rohit Shetty speculating about the possibilities of different winners of this show . All the technicians were sad because the show was ending and they did n't have the next project in hand .",
"First set of guests were Harshvardhan , Natasha and Shruti . Karan Wahi showed the superstars their past and future via a Time Machine which was created by him . He made Harshvardhan sit on it first , and his future will be that of a milkman who makes women drink coffee . Natasha will open an English speaking training academy . Shruti will sell all her spotlights and open a shop of them .",
"Then Aashish and Lekha came to the show . Aashish will open ' ' Gyancho university . ' ' Lekha will open a gum manufacturing unit . Ansh will become a gossip columnist . Naina will open LOL ( Like only laughing ) classes . Aman will be the stamp man of every post office as he was known for sticking out his tongue a lot . There was a lot of leg pulling and laughter followed .",
"Then Aman and Naina were called in . Naina did not like Aman much initially , because her bff Angela had some issues with Aman . Karan gave an impromptu romantic act to them to perform on a situation . The name of the game was ' ' honth hai khule khule , aur ashiqui ki baat karte ho . ' ' They were made to wear dentures and enact the situation . It was quite funny to watch them enacting , and finally Naina got the gift hamper . Then all the contestants came to make Karan taste his own broth . BDSM , chaddu and everything what he had used to make fun of the contestants , was given back to him . The last episode ended with cake cutting and all the contestants took pictures to freeze these happy moments in their memories .",
"On Jan 15 ( Monday ) , the episode which was telecast at 22 : 30 on star plus had the theme of ' ' Gender Bender . ' ' Casting director Mukesh Chhabra had given this challenge to the actors and they had to shed off their inhibitions and act like a woman . Deepak Singh was introduced as the head choreographer for the academy and Punit Pathak was introduced as the chief choreographer for this show .",
"Gandotra 's closeness to Krislinzki was caught by the hidden cameras . She even shared the bunk bed with Gandotra . They had been paired up together for the first performance . Initially Gandotra had confessed that Krislinzki appeared very arrogant to him . Krislinzki stated that she has been facing this issue for a long time , and people think that she is very haughty and arrogant , but deep inside , she likes to make friends . They shared a good chemistry initially and played basketball together .",
"However later when Gandotra became closer to Kapur , Krislinzki was upset with it and there was a spat between her and Gandotra . Prakash was not able to accept the fact that she is a bottom performer , and tried to give her explanation to Chhabra . Wahi was upset with Prakash 's attitude and tried to pacify her .",
"Johar and Shetty came on the TV screen to advise the candidates in the academy that they are luckier than Amitabh Bacchan , Shahrukh Khan and Akshay Kumar as they have got this platform and will not have to go through the series of struggle which they had to go through . Shetty advised the candidates to leave their mobile phones and concentrate on their acts .",
"Chhabra and Singh appeared as judges , and the guys were quite nervous before their respective acts . Chhabra stated that even though this is the first challenge , he will not be lenient . He will look at the posture , eye contact , grace and other elements of a sizzling dance performance . He also advised the contestants to shed their inhibitions .",
"The first act was presented as mannequins of hot actresses . Bagri was excited with this and finally the iconic costume donned by Alia Bhatt in the movie Student of the Year was worn by Ahlawat and Nanda . Ahlawat 's strong muscles looked very abrupt in the performance as Bhatt , and his long skirt ( Ghaghra ) too created problems during the performance . Chhabra appreciated Nanda 's performance as he was able to emote the right expressions . In the end he was selected amongst the winners .",
"Bahl and Gadotra tried to show their oomph factor by donning the famous costume of Vidya Balan from the movie Dirty Picture . Gandotra 's moves with split leg was liked by the contestants and Chhabra , and brought the ' ' Oo la la ' ' moment for all . Krislinzki who had prepared Gandotra for the performance was very impressed with his moves and stated that Aman had set the stage on fire .",
"Sharma and Vali wore the sensuous costume of Shilpa Shetty for the song ' ' Shut up and Bounce ' ' from the movie Dostana . Singh liked his grace , pout and the feminine oomph in this performance . Chhabra told Sharma that he needs to work on his confidence levels and needs to come out of his shell for such performances .",
"Taluja and Bagri were seen performing on the sensuous song ' ' Main Lovely Ho Gayi Yaar ' ' ( Originally performed by Deepika Padukone ) in the movie Happy New Year . Singh told Bagri that he was out of sync in the performance .",
"Chaudhary and Mehrotra 's strong biceps were visible while performing on the sensuous number of Raveena Tandon ' ' Tip Tip Barsa Pani . ' '",
"Chaudhary , Sharma , Bahl , Ahlawat and Bagri could not clear the challenge and the rest of the boys Mehrotra , Vali , Gandotra , Nanda and Taluja were declared as the winners of this challenge . The winners were named as ' ' Team Heroes ' ' and ' ' Team Villains ' ' respectively . The girls got the privilege of choosing their respective teams . Finally , Prajapati , Bhasin , Singh , Vyas , Krislinzki chose ' ' Team Heroes . ' ' Kapur and Prakash chose ' ' Team Villains ' ' and Bharadwaj , Sharma and Keswani had to go to this team later .",
"The girls helped the guys with the dance moves and make up . Within two hours they guys had to prepare for this act . Gandotra looked very cute due to his boyish charm . The guys experienced the pain of waxing on their arms and legs . Prakash realized the pain which the stylists have to go through , when they have to do the tedious task of waxing . Gandotra was impressed with the wigs and the earrings which were given to them along with the costumes to make their acts look perfect ."
] | India's next Superstars - Wikipedia India's next Superstars Jump to: navigation , search This article may require copy editing for MOS issues (Capitalization, bold, etc.) . You can assist by editing it . (April 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India's Next Superstars Genre Reality Based on Acting Presented by Rithvik Dhanjani Karan Wahi Judges INS Judges: Rohit Shetty Karan Johar INS Pathshala Judges: Mukesh Chhabra Mahesh Bhatt Country of origin India No. of seasons No. of episodes INS: 25 (as of 7 April 2018) INS Pathshala: 60 (as of 6 April 2018) Production Running time 1 hr 30 mins Production company(s) Dharma Productions Endemol Shine India Distributor Star India Release Original network STAR Plus Picture format 720p SDTV 1080p HDTV Original release 13 January ( 2018-01-13 ) -- 8 April 2018 External links Hotstar India's Next Superstars is a talent-searcher Indian reality show, which premiered on Star Plus and is streamed on Hotstar . Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty are the judges for the show. Aman Gandotra and Natasha Bharadwaj are declared winners of 2018 season, alongside Shruti Sharma who won a ' Special Mention' award. Runners up in the male category were Aashish Mehrotra and Harshvardhan Deo and in the female category were Naina Singh and Shruti Sharma. Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Contestants 3 Guest appearance 4 Scoring chart 5 Synopsis of Episodes 6 Lights Camera Superstar cocktails 7 Superstars Ki Paathshaala 8 References 9 External links Concept ( edit ) The new talent hunt show of Karan Johar and Rohit Shetty is concerned, ten males and ten females will be living under one roof, and every day they will be assigned for tasks and will be judged on the basis of their performances. Additionally, two more males and females, will join the competition as Wild-Cards. The two winners will be rewarded with a three-film deal with Dharma Productions house. Contestants ( edit ) BOYS Names Notes Aashish Mehrotra RUNNER UP Ahmed Masih ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018 Aman Gandotra WINNER Ansh Bagri SEMIFINALIST; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018 Harshvardhan Ahlawat ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018 Harshvardhan Deo WILD-CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 AND 2ND RUNNER UP Jash Bahl ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018 Karan Taluja ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018 Karanraj Sharma ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018 Shariq Nanda ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018 Shivank Choudhary ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018 Tapan Singh WILD-CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018 GIRLS Names Notes Angela Krislinzki ELIMINATED ON 4 MARCH 2018 Elisha Mayor WILD-CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 18 MARCH 2018 Heli Vyas ELIMINATED ON 4 FEBRUARY 2018 Kanikka Kapur ELIMINATED ON 25 FEBRUARY 2018 Laveena Keswani ELIMINATED ON 21 JANUARY 2018 Lekha Prajapati SEMIFINALIST; ELIMINATED ON 1 APRIL 2018 Naina Singh RUNNER UP Natasha Bharadwaj WINNER Pranati Rai Prakash ELIMINATED ON 18 FEBRUARY 2018 Sahiba Bhasin ELIMINATED ON 28 JANUARY 2018 Simran Choudhary WILD-CARD ENTRY ON 3 MARCH 2018 ; ELIMINATED ON 11 MARCH 2018 Shruti Sharma 2nd Winner Guest appearance ( edit ) Episode 1 & 2 - Priyanka Chopra Episode 3 & 4 - Sidharth Malhotra Episode 5 & 6 - Kangana Ranaut Episode 9 & 10 - Kartik Aaryan , Nushrat Bharucha & Sunny Singh Episode 13 & 14 - Sonakshi Sinha Episode 18 - Urvashi Rautela Episode 19 - Shreyas Talpade Episode 22 - Tiger Shroff Finale- Badshah According to various outlets, Rani Mukherjee who was supposed to make an appearance on the show, to promote her latest film `` Hichki'' , was forced to cancel shooting of the 7th and 8th episode, after shooting some portions. She could not continue due to excruciating back pain and a high fever. Thus, there was no guest appearance in Episode 7 and 8. Scoring chart ( edit ) Place Actor/Actress Episodes Finals Total score (175) 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-20 21-22 23-24 25-26 Aman Gandotra 8 12 14 14 7+3=10 9+3=12 10+3=13 10+4=14 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+4=14 Winner 141 Natasha Bharadwaj 9 18 14 15 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+5=15 Winner 166 2 / 3 Finalists Aashish Mehrotra 8 16 18 20 8+4=12 10+4=14 8+4=12 10+4=14 10+5=15 8+5=13 10+4=14 Runner up 156 Shruti Sharma 9 18 19 18 10+5=15 10+4=14 10+4=14 10+4=14 10+5=15 10+5=15 10+5=15 Runner up 166 Harshvardhan Deo NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8+4=12 10+4=14 10+4=14 10+4=14 Runner up 54 Naina Singh 7 15 15 18 10+4=14 7+3=10 8+4=12 10+4=14 8+5=13 10+5=15 10+4=14 Runner up 147 Semifinalists Ansh Bagri 10 19 18 17 10+4=14 7+4=11 8+4=12 8+4=12 10+5=15 10+5=15 8+4=12 ELIMINATED 155 Lekha Prajapati 7 16 16 16 8+4=12 8+4=12 8+4=12 9+4=13 10+4=14 10+5=15 10+4=14 ELIMINATED 147 5 Shariq Nanda 9 16 14 14 10+3=13 8+4=12 8+3=11 10+4=14 8+5=13 ELIMINATED 116 Elisha Mayor NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8+4=12 8+5=13 ELIMINATED 25 6 Tapan Singh NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 6+3=9 ELIMINATED 9 Simran Choudhary NOT IN COMPETITION Debut 8+4=12 ELIMINATED 12 7 Karan Taluja 7 17 16 16 6+3=9 8+4=12 6+3=9 ELIMINATED 86 Angela Krislinzki 9 18 20 16 8+5=13 6+3=9 6+3=9 ELIMINATED 97 8 Ahmed Masih 8 14 16 18 6+3=9 6+4=10 ELIMINATED 75 Kanikka Kapur 10 19 19 19 6+3=9 6+3=9 ELIMINATED 97 9 Harshvardhan Ahlawat 7 14 12 13 6+3=9 ELIMINATED 55 Pranati Rai Prakash 7 13 17 14 6+3=9 ELIMINATED 60 10 Jash Bahl 10 14 12 ELIMINATED 36 Heli Vyas 6 12 12 ELIMINATED 30 11 Shivank Chaudhary 6 12 ELIMINATED 18 Sahiba Bhasin 7 12 ELIMINATED 19 12 Karanraj Sharma 6 ELIMINATED 6 Laveena Keswani 6 ELIMINATED 6 Indicates the contestant as a boy. Indicates the contestant as a girl. Indicates the contestant was immune that week. Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week. Indicates the contestant was in the bottom that week. The contestant was in a non-elimination bottom. Indicates the contestant is the runner up. Indicates the contestant won the competition. In Episode 3-4, the contestants were judged on 10 points. In Episode 11-12 onwards, the contestants were judged on 10 points on their acting and 5 points on their dance performance. In Episode 15-16 there were 4 wild-card entries introduced, Harshvardhan Deo, Tapan Singh, Elisha Mayor, and Simran Choudhary. The wild-card entries were not given scores but the other contestants were. The wild-card entries introduced themselves in front of the judges and did a debut acting performance, they didn't have to do dance performances. In episode 21-22, there was no elimination. Ashish Mehrotra and Naina Singh were to be eliminated but the judges announced them safe by declaring Week 11 as a Non-Elimination week. Ashish Mehrotra was also advised by Judge Rohit Shetty on how to curb his feelings and not let them overpower his performances In episode 23-24 Ansh Bagri and Lekha Prajapati got eliminated. Ansh had a low score of 12 and Lekha had a score of 14. Synopsis of episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 The show was first aired on 13 Jan 2018 and Priyanka Chopra appeared as the special guest to motivate the contestants. Ace director and producer Karan Johar along with Rohit Shetty who is known for directing blockbuster movies started the show with a bang. The hosts of the show were two popular faces of the entertainment industry Karan Wahi and Rithvik Dhanjani . Priyanka enters the stage citing a short poem (Shayari) Urdu Poetry -- ' ' Jo desh ka guroor ban jaye, andhere mein noor ban jaye, jiski kasmein khakar mar mite janta, wohi hota hai ek asli superstar.' ' It can be translated as- ' ' Anyone who aspires to be a superstar becomes a pride of the nation and a shining light in the darkness. S/he reaches a stage of respect when the common man starts worshipping him/her.' ' And then she performed a sizzling number ' ' Desi Girl' ' from her super hit movie Dostana . She lovingly tells that Karan Johar's Dharma (religion) and Karma (work), both are films, and Rohit Shetty's name has ' ' hit' ' hidden in it. Entry of Johar too was magical when he states in a filmy style that ' ' Supertars are not born, they are created by the KJo Magic' ' and he dances to the tunes of ' ' Dil Chori Saada Ho Gaya.' ' Shetty enters with a bang on a prototype of a car and shouts ' ' Lights, camera, action' ' and both of them state that history will be created with this show. They also state that from Monday, the 20 contestants will enter the ' ' Superstars Academy' ' where they will receive training in voice modulation, acting, choreography, dancing and various other aspects of a film which will make them a complete superstar. They will also have to face challenges every day, and between Mondays to Fridays, they will be in the academy preparing themselves for the gala performances to be presented on Saturdays and Sundays. Wahi and Dhanjani added to the fun quotient of the show and introduced themselves as BKBs (Bollywood ke Bhawre- Bees of Bollywood). The theme of this episode is ' ' Picture Abhi Baaki Hai' ' (The movie is still remaining). The acts will try to explore the further possibilities of the plots of some super hit movies. The first performance was presented by Ansh Bagri and Kanikka Kapur and they explored the life after the marriage of Badri and Vaidehi in the movie Badrinath Ki Dulhania . This comedy act was appreciated by Johar and he stated that his performance has the mixture of many heroes whom he has been idolizing. He wanted Bagri to stop imitating and urged him to come up with his own style. The dance moves were very romantic and Chopra stated that she will root for him. Johar stated that he liked the confidence of Kapur and her smiling face. Shetty wanted to wait for Kapur to perform as a full-fledged actress in the forthcoming days. Bagri told Chopra that he had performed in the chorus along with other dancers in the song ' ' Desi Girl' ' and requested her to dance with him. The next performance was by Natasha Bharadwaj and Shariq Nanda and they explored the life after the marriage for Suri ji and Tani ji in the Sharukh Khan Blockbuster movie Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi . The melodramatic performance of the act was appreciated by Shetty and Johar. The honesty and sincerity of both the actors was evident and Johar wished Nanda luck that one day his name will appear in the initial credits of a blockbuster film. Natasha's mother who was present in the audience broke down with pride after watching her daughter perform. Chopra complimented them stating that this act was her favorite performance of the evening. The third performance of the evening was of Karan Taluja and Jash Bahl and they based their act on the patriotic film Border . The emotional performance of Bahl when he died at the end of the act, was immensely appreciated by Johar. The judges mentioned that they would clap for Bahl when he receives his first filmfare award. Chopra loved the fact that the audience gave this act a standing ovation. The fourth performance of the evening was given by Harshvardhan Ahlawat and Sahiba Bhasin . Their act was based on the after story of the blockbuster film of Sanjay Leela Bhansali Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . They aerial dance performance was appreciated by Chopra. The comedy entertained the audience and Johar, Shetty and Chopra gave acting tips to the actors. The judges and hosts played dumb charades with some popular songs like ' ' Sarkai Leyo khatiya' ' and entertained the audience. The entire episode had the introductions of all the performers which were presented as audio visual clips in the background. Episode 2 The second episode of this show was aired on 14 Jan 2018 (Sunday) and the remaining pairs performed today on the same theme as of episode 1. The first performance of this evening was presented by Pranati Rai Prakash and Karan Sharma. Their act was based on Aditya Chopra 's blockbuster film Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge . The act showed the married life of Raj (played by Shahrukh Khan ) and Simran (played by Kajol ). This romantic act was filled with the memoirs of the original film and the sudden tragic end of the act left the audience dumbfounded. Prakash's confidence was appreciated by Johar and Sharma's screen presence was appreciated by Chopra. Since Sharma did not tell his parents about his dreams of becoming an actor, the judges insisted him to make a phone call to his mom immediately. Chopra insisted that the clipping of Johar's performance as the character of Raj's friend in DDLJ should be shown and after that the judges entertained the audience by enacting that scene on stage. The second act based on the movie Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani was performed by Aashish Mehrotra and Heli Vyas . The sweet romantic act of the honeymoon of Bunny (played by Ranbir Kapoor ) and Naina (played by Deepika Padukone ) took a thriller turn at the end and the audience loved the act. Mehrotra talked about his personal experience of casting couch in the industry and Shetty condemned it. The judges gave acting tips to the actors. Singham Returns inspired the plot for the fourth performance and Ahmad Masih Vali and Lekha Prajapati played the roles of a cop and his demanding wife. This comedy act was loved by Shetty. Vali was completely smitten by the presence of Chopra. She advised the actors to take the academy seriously and make the most of it. Naina Singh from Moradabad made a great entry along with Shruti Sharma to present the sequel of Bhansali's blockbuster movie Devdas which had done a business of close to 1000 million rupees. The comic punches made even the judges smile. The fifth act for the evening was quite a success due to the sizzling performance of both the talented actresses. Aman Gandotra played the role Rehan (Played by Aamir Khan ) and Angela Krislinzki played the role of Zooni (Played by Kajol ) in the remake of the 1.05 billion rupees grossing movie Fanaa . The unusual ending left the audience mesmerized and the judges were quite impressed by the dancing and acting abilities of this duo. Both the judges gave some tips to them to make their performances better in the upcoming episodes, and Johar stated that only good looks and screen presence does not transform a performer into a superstar. Shivank Choudhary who belongs to a family of doctors came on the stage to play the role of Ghajini 's son in the final act for this evening. Sweet looking Laveena Keswani played the role of his wife in the conceptualized sequel of 2008 blockbuster movie. This comedy act was enjoyed by the audience and other contestants alike. However, the judges were not very impressed by the act and gave some constructive feedback. Wahi and Dhanjani entertained the judges by acting as posters of some popular movies and Chopra too added her oomph by being Kashibai for the poster of Bajirao Mastani . With the good wishes to all the contestants, Chopra left the show with this positive note that, she too has come from a non-filmy background and has made it big in the industry and has done some work in the US too. The contestants are very lucky that they have got this platform where such great talents will be honing their skills. The introductions of all the performers which were presented as audio visual clips in the background continued in this episode too. Episode 3 This episode which was aired on 20 Jan 2018 (Saturday) started with a bang as the scoring for the contestants started from today. Also the eliminations started from this episode. Sidharth Malhotra visited the show to promote his upcoming movie Aiyaary . Since Johar had created the debut of Malhotra in his blockbuster movie Student of the Year , he was quite proud of the moment that his career graph is growing. The theme of this episode was ' ' Khichdi' ' (mixture) which meant that essence of two Bollywood movies were mixed and presented in a completely different manner. To add to the humor, the distorted face of Dhanjani was later fixed by Shetty. The first performance saw the mixture of Dabangg and Don. Vali played the role of Don (originally played by Shahrukh Khan ) and Nanda played the role of Chulbul Pandey (originally played by Salman Khan in Dabangg. The comedy act became funnier when some elements of Karan Arjun were mixed with it. Vali got a score of eight and Nanda got nine from the judges. Choudhary played the role of Babubhai from Hera Pheri which was originally played by Paresh Rawal . Prajapati played the role of Sulu from the latest movie Tumhari Sulu . The judges were not very impressed with Chaudhary's performance as they felt that he could not bring out the body language and expressions of the character. Johar mentioned that Chaudhary (Final score six-lowest in the episode) is very talented, and if he took the feedback seriously, then he will do very well. However, they were fairly impressed by Prajapati's sizzling dance moves and gave her a score of seven. However, the audiences enjoyed the performance a lot and there was a lot of hooting and whistling. Even Johar and Shetty were laughing in the middle of the act. And audio visual clip from the pathshala was shown and Choudhary was seen roaming around like a zombie and he confessed that he does not get proper sleep at nights. Johar called him ' ' Bhatke huye aatma' ' (lost spirit). The spotlight challenge winner Kapur came in to portray the life and career of the famous tennis player Sania Mirza . This performance was hugely appreciated by Shetty and Johar and she managed to get the perfect score of ten. Even though the mike had fallen in the middle of the act, she did not let anything distract her. Shetty stated that this was a teaser for her forthcoming career which seems very bright. Kapur's grandparents graced the stage and showed their togetherness which has spanned over five decades. The next performance was presented by Bhasin, who played the role of Piku (originally played by Deepika Padukone ) in the movie with the same name. Bagri played the role of chachi Lakshmi Godbole, from the movie Chachi 420 . Gandotra played the role of Piku's father (originally played by Amitabh Bacchan ) and this comic act was appreciated by the judges. Johar stated that he has never seen such a quirky act on Indian TV. Gandotra scooped up a high score of eight and Bagri scored a perfect ten. Bhasin managed to get seven for this act. Bagri's mother talked about the hardships their family had faced when her husband was detected with cancer. She also talked about how hard Bagri works, and plays the role of a perfect son. It was an emotional moment when Bagri's eyes became moist. The hosts played Bollywood related games with the judges and entertained the audience and Malhotra impressed everyone with his presence of mind. The last act for the evening brought out the essence of 1987 blockbuster film Mr. India and 2004 super hit film Main Hoon Na . Taluja played the role of Arun (Originally played by Anil Kapoor ) and Vyas played the role of the sensuous chemistry teacher Chandni (originally played by Sushmita Sen ). This comic act with some great dance moves portrayed the love between the teacher and the student Arun. The iconic song ' ' Kaate Nahin Kat-te yeh din yeh raat' ' got the audience go crazy. Taluja got a score of seven and Vyas scored quite low (six marks). Johar advised Vyas to work on her pitch and other finer aspects of acting. Episode 4 This episode which was aired on 21 Jan 2018 (Sunday) continued the same theme as of episode 3. The first act of the evening started with a bang, with the performance of Mehrotra and Bharadwaj. They mixed the essence of Baghban where the offspring of the family fail to take care of their ageing parents along with the essence of English Vinglish , wherein the kids of the family make fun of their mother due to her inability to speak in English. Bharadwaj played the role of the mother (originally played by Sridevi ) and Mehrotra played the role of the father (originally played by Amitabh Bacchan . The brilliance of their acting moved the audience and Mehrotra scored a high eight and Bharadwaj scored a high nine. Johar loved their performance and stated that he felt that this was an excerpt from a Hrishikesh Mukherjee film. The judges were made to inhale helium gas and blurt out famous dialogues. This sporting act of the judges entertained the audience and the contestants. Malhotra had given this challenge which turned out into a comedy act. The second act was performed by Krislinzki and Ahlawat. Krislinzki played the role of Chameli (Originally played by Kareena Kapoor ) from the famous movie with the same name. Ahlawat played the role of the villain (originally played by Sidharth Malhotra ). This soulful performance won the hearts of the judges and Krislinzki was awarded nine points for the same. Ahlawat got some tips from the judges to improve his acting skills, and he was given seven points. Malhotra was overwhelmed to see that other actors are working on the scripts of his movie and he wished that a sequel can be made based on this story. Wahi and Ahlawat went shirtless and an opinion poll was taken from the ladies to judge them on their macho factor. Ahlawat's love for eggs was revealed in a funny way and the audience was truly entertained by the comedies done by the hosts. Next act brought two blockbuster movies Dirty Picture and Maine Pyar Kiya together. Singh performed as Silk Smitha (originally played by Vidya Balan ) and Keswani performed as Suman (originally played by Bhagyashree ). This comedy act had its highs and lows, and awarded seven to Singh and six (lowest score) to Keswani. The fourth act of the evening brought the essence of girl power through a combination of two super hit movies Jab We Met and Bunty aur Babli . The bubbly Prakash played the role of Geet (originally played by Kareena Kapoor and the talented Shruti Sharma played the role of Babli (originally played by Rani Mukherjee . They garnered the scores of seven and nine respectively. Shetty was upset with Prakash for her arrogance which she had shown in the academy. Later he mellowed her down with a bowl full of curd. Next, the audience saw the extraterrestrial oomph presented by Karanraj Sharma as PK (originally played by Aamir Khan and the cute innocence of Bahl as Rohit Mehra (originally played by Hrithik Roshan . The act had some fun elements and made the contestants laugh a lot. Bahl scored a perfect ten; however, Sharma unfortunately scored the lowest (six) and was eliminated later. The lowest scorers were Choudhary and Karanraj Sharma among the male contestants and Vyas and Keswani among the female contestants. Finally with tears in their eyes, Keswani and Sharma had to leave the show as they were eliminated. Episode 5 This episode which was aired on 27 Jan 2018 (Saturday) had the theme of Republic Day which projected the emotions of Indians. Kangana Ranaut appeared on the show on the tunes of her popular song ' ' Banno tera sweater' ' from her award-winning film Tanu Weds Manu Returns as a special guest. It seemed that the personal differences between her and Johar are getting dissolved and both are again exploring the opportunities of strengthening their friendship. In Johar's show Koffee with Karan , Ranaut had put allegations pertaining to nepotism and giving break only to the offspring of stalwarts from the film fraternity. Ranaut stated during the show that Johar brings in the glamour quotient to any show. Johar took it sportingly and stated that he is a fan of Ranaut's work. Shetty stated that it's surprising that they have not yet worked together, however she is a brilliant performer. In the first act for the evening was loosely based on the theme of Eklavya from Mahabharat . Bharadwaj played the role of an aspiring boxer Amrita, and Ahlawat was portrayed as the boxing Guru who urges her to lose her final fight so that his disciple can win. However, there was a twist at the end, and Ahlawat's character realizes that he is disgracing his role as a coach, and urges her to win. Johar advised Ahlawat to create a connect with the co-actor while performing. Ranaut was very moved with the performance, and stated that she was choking with emotions by the time the act ended. Alhawat scored fourteen out of twenty and Bharadwaj got a high eighteen. The judges entertained the audience by throwing dialogues in a sensuous way. Johar stated that there is a big dirty picture inside him, and urged Shetty to bare his naughty side. The audience roared with laughter with the funny side of the judges, hosts and Ranaut. Mehrotra and Prajapati presented the emotion of the sanctity of Indian matrimony which believes that God creates the same couples for seven lifetimes, in the second act for the evening. The act had glimpses the TV commercial of Manyaver Mohey done by Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli . This slice of life act had some good comic moments and the dance sequence with contemporary dance moves was amazing. Mehrotra got sixteen and Prajapati got the same score for the act. The third act of the evening was presented by Bahl and Prakash. The essence of the act of ' ' Atithi Devo Bhavo' ' (Guests are God) was portrayed very nicely by the actors. Bahl reminded the audience of Aamir Khan from his iconic film Ghulam when he personified a rowdy of Mumbai donning the profession of an auto rickshaw driver. Bahl got a score of fourteen and Prakash got thirteen with a strong feedback to work on her acting skills. Shetty stated that her portrayal of an NRI girl looked quite caricaturish. Obsessive passion was the essence of the fourth act for the evening. It was presented by Taluja and Sharma. The negative shades of the character of Taluja reminded the audiences of many movies like Raavan and his courage to play the role of an antagonist was appreciated by the judges. Sharma's performance had the undertone of Sita 's character from Ramayan and her strong dance on the popular song ' ' Rakth Charit' ' mesmerized the audience. Taluja got a high score of seventeen and Sharma got eighteen. Sharma's mom was overwhelmed with her daughter's performance. Sharma thanked Ranaut for being an inspiration for actors like her. The next act brought the feelings of a girl next door, (played by Vyas) who is waiting for her boyfriend (Gandotra) to propose to her. Prakash and Mehrotra played the supporting roles of the friends of this duo. Unfortunately Gandotra got the lowest score of twelve for this act and Vyas managed to get the same score. Johar was not impressed with the act and stated that the actors were copying the moves and acting styles of the existing stars. The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background. Episode 6 This episode was aired on 28 Jan 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 5 continued. Krislinzki and Mehrotra had won immunity, and they were safe from the sword of elimination. The first act of the evening had the essence of mom's unconditional love. Krislinzki's character played the role of the mother and Bagri's character played the role of the son. It beautifully depicted that in today's busy life, we often forget to take care of our ageing parents, however, they should mean the world to us, especially when they are old and need our support. This moving performance was loved by the judges and Krislinzki scored a high eighteen and Bagri got nineteen. Bagri shared some excerpts from his personal life, and the hardships his own mother had gone through. The hosts played a game and glass bottles were broken on their heads when the judges failed to answer to any question. The audience loved all the funny acts done by the hosts throughout the show. The second act of the evening was presented by Singh and Choudhary wherein Choudhary played the role of an old gentleman, and Singh played that of a young girl. The sweet relationship which neighbors normally share in India was depicted in the act; however, the judges did not like the performance of Choudhary and gave him twelve which lead to his elimination that week. Singh got a moderate score of fifteen. Bhasin played the role of a married housewife, and Nanda played the role of a frustrated husband in the third act of the evening. The couple did not get much privacy at home, as they lived in a joint family and the comedy in the act made the audience rolling with laughter. The judges gave some constructive comments to both the actors, and gave a score of sixteen to Nanda and the lowest score of twelve to Bhasin which later led to her elimination from the academy. The fourth act of the evening had the strong message of inter-caste marriages, and how they are perceived in India. Delhi's baby doll Kapur played the role of a Muslim girl, and Vali that of a Hindu boy. Both of them were in love; however, their families did not approve of it. The soulful performance moved the audience and judges alike and Johar stated that it's difficult to give comments immediately after such intense acts. Vali scored fourteen and Kapur scored a high nineteen. The hosts played a weird game of ' ' yes/no' ' with the judges and special guest Ranaut and Johar confessed that he has stolen toiletries from hotel rooms. He also confessed that once he had stolen a pillow too. Ranaut was asked about her plans of marriage to which she stated that everyone will get to know about it, as everything about her personal life comes up on the newspapers. Ranaut left the contestants with some motivating words, and stated that she would like to meet them again soon. Choudhary and Bhasin were eliminated from the academy. Choudhary stated that he is unable to believe that he is out of the academy so soon. He also mentioned that everyone worked hard, he too had worked hard, maybe something was left out, however, he is happy and contended that he at least got a chance to showcase his talent. Bhasin stated that she believes in her own skills and she will go very far in this industry. The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background. Episode 7 This episode which was aired on 03 Feb 2018 (Saturday) had the theme of this evening was nine emotions (Nav Ras). The evening started with a dance performance by all the contestants and they gave a tribute to Shetty. Songs from his hit films Singham , Chennai Express , Dilwale were chosen for this performance. Johar and Shetty too shook a leg with the contestants. Bagri and Vali's performance was based on ' ' roudra ras' ' (Anger). Bagri played the role of a kidnapper and Vali that of the kidnapped (Son of the judge who had given a jail sentence to Bagri twelve years ago). This soulful performance moved the audience and the judges alike when Vali at the end lies to save Bagri from imprisonment. Bagri garnered a high score of eighteen. Vali too was close to him in scores with sixteen points. The choreography on the song from the film Kaminey was enacted very well by the actors. Sharma and Bahl's performance was based on ' ' hasya ras' ' (comedy). It had glimpse of the movie Nagina (Originally played by Sridevi ). Johar appreciated Sharma's performance and gave her a high nineteen, however, Bahl scored only twelve, and later he was eliminated from the show. After the act, Johar wore a humorous cloak and asked the contestants, that like the act was based on cobras, and cobras are known for their poison, who in the academy is the most poisonous person? Many contestants took the name of Bagri and the mood was lightened. Johar danced to the tune of ' ' Dafliwale' ' from the famous film Sargam and the audience went gaga over the performance. Nanda, Vali, Prakash and Sharma were called on stage to drink shots of lemon juice, bitter gourd juice and many other stuffs and then deliver some dialogues. The audience loved this light-hearted moment and the comedy associated with it. Mehrotra who had won the spotlight performance presented a short biopic on Sanjay Dutt . He was able to emote the body language of the superstar and danced on his famous song ' ' Main Nayak Nahin' ' from his blockbuster movie Khalnayak . Different phases of his life like when he was jailed in Yerwada Pune, or the death of his mother Nargis was portrayed well by Mehrotra. The judges loved the performance and gave him a high score of eighteen. Mehrotra shared a moment from his personal life, when he had met Dutt for the first time. He also expressed his desire to work with him someday, and said that maybe, his strong desire to do something for his icon gave him this opportunity to work on an act which showcased his life. ' ' Shringar ras' ' (Compassion) was the theme of the next act. Singh played the role of the female lead who donated her eyes to the character of Ahlawat (Visually challenged) after her death. This emotional act brought tears in the eyes of the audience and gave a score of fifteen to Singh and a low score of twelve to Ahlawat. Johar stated that Ahlawat has a very good personality, and he is extremely good looking, however, he needs to work on his expressions and acting skills. Singh talked about her sadness as she is tagged as a bad omen in the academy. The contestants think that if they are paired-up with her, then they are eliminated in that week. Johar and Shetty condemned this kind of negativity and advised Singh to concentrate on her skill-building journey. The various aspects of the lives of all the performers were presented as audio visual clips in the background. Episode 8 This episode was aired on 04 Feb 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 7 was continued. The first act of the evening was presented by Prajapati and Kapur. This act was based on the theme ' ' Irshya' ' (Jealousy). The performance reminded everyone of the movie Heroine . Johar was impressed with the performance and he stated that he felt that two commercial film actresses were performing. They sizzled on stage on the famous song ' ' Main Heroine Hoon.' ' Prajapati scored sixteen and Kapur scored a high nineteen. The second performance of the evening brought Nanda, Vyas and Bharadwaj together. They presented shringar ras (Love) and the essence of sacrifice. The act reminded us of the movies like Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai . The plot of love triangle is an age-old formula which worked here too, however the judges had expected more from the contestants. Nanda scored fourteen, Vyas scored twelve which later created her exit from the show and Bharadwaj scored fourteen. Krislinzki and Gandotra's performance was based on ' ' bhayanak ras' ' (Horror). Krislinzki played the role of a possessed woman and at the end Johar too was scared with her performance. Gandotra played the role of her husband who tried to help his wife and tried to get rid of the spirit which had possessed her. However, the judges felt that even though this duo had performed in the first week together, and had developed a good rapport, however, in this act, there was no chemistry between them. It looked like they had rehearsed separately. Gandotra scored fourteen and Krislinzki scored perfect twenty. Taluja and Prakash's performance was based on ' ' vatsalya ras' ' (maternal or paternal love). Taluja played the role of a Kinnar (transgender) who takes care of an abandoned girl child (Played by Prakash). When the child grew up, she first refused to accept this relationship, and later realized her mistake and thanked her foster mother for taking care of her. This act reminded the viewers of a path-breaking film Daayraa where actor Nirmal Pandey had left the audience spellbound with his performance as a transgender. There are quite a few movies in Hollywood and Bollywood and ad films which have explored similar themes in the past. Prakash scored seventeen and Taluja scored sixteen for this act. The hosts and the judges played a game based on Bollywood songs. The judges made fun of the suit which Wahi was wearing which had watermelon stickers all-over. They also played another game where the body parts will exchange the names and the heart will become the bum. Songs which had the word ' ' Dil' ' (heart) will be replaced with bum. The audience laughed aloud for all the fun which was created on the show. Bahl and Ahlawat were the lowest scorers for this episode. Unfortunately, Bahl and Vyas were eliminated from the academy. Episode 9 This episode was aired on 10 Feb 2018 (Saturday) and the theme of this evening was presenting acts based on some famous dialogues of Bollywood cinema. Johar started the evening with a famous dialogue from his own movie Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . The contestants had prepared a special ' Karan Johar style' performance as part of the upcoming Valentine's Day week. They danced on the tunes of some famous numbers from the iconic films of Johar like Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , Ae Dil Hai Mushkil , Student of the Year . Johar was positively moved by this gesture. ' ' Hum ek baar jeete hain, hum ek baar marte hain' ' (We live once, die once) which was initially delivered by Shahrukh Khan in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai was the first dialogue for the evening. Bagri and Kapur performed in the first act for the evening which was based on the nuances of a deadly disease Alzheimer's disease . Shetty stated that this act reminded him of a famous movie by Ajay Devgan and Kajol - U Me Aur Hum . The story spans over a few decades and the actors had portrayed the changeover quite well. Bagri scored seventeen and Kapur scored nineteen for this performance. ' ' Waise aaj khush to bahut hoge tum' ' (Today you will be very happy) was the dialogue for the second act which was originally delivered by the mega star Amitabh Bacchan . Prajapati and Gandotra played the roles of devotee and Lord Krishna in this act. The judges loved the comic timing of Gandotra and gave him fourteen points. They gave Prajapati sixteen points. This act reminded the audience of the movie OMG -- Oh My God! . In the academy there was a hashtag contest, and Prajapati had got the title of #tubelight. She was upset with the tag and as a result of which Vali and Prajapati were asked to pair up together for a romantic act. The contestants and judges were asked about their definition of love. Prakash, Singh and Bharadwaj were called on stage by Shetty and they were asked to choose three guys. Gandotra, Ahlawat and Vali were asked to pair up with the ladies and dance with a prop (Orange). This was a close dance and Singh and Gandotra won the contest. The fun quotient was enjoyed by the rest of the contestants a lot. Sharma was the spotlight winner of this week and she portrayed the life of warrior queen Rani Lakshmibai . This power packed performance was loved by everyone. Shetty stated that he felt that he is watching a play on the stage. The difficulties of holding a baby and doing a sword fight was narrated by Sharma. She got a score of nineteen. It was also informed that she was the captain in the academy and she handled the ' ' Roudra Ras' ' (anger) very well. ' ' Ek tarfa pyar ki taaqat hi kuch aur hoti hai' ' (One sided love has a lot of power) was the dialogue for the third act. This dialogue was delivered by Ranbir Kapoor in Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . The story revolves around Prakash who is an obsessive lover and her performance reminded the viewers of Urmila Matondkar in Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya . Ahlawant played the role of a model and Prakash's love interest in the act. This intense act was appreciated by the judges from a storyline and choreography perspective, however the feedback for the duo was not very positive in terms of their acting skills. However, they appreciated the efforts put in by the actors. Shetty stated that this was the most difficult act for the evening, and since they chose such a difficult act, they should be appreciated for their courage. Prakash managed to score fourteen and Ahlawat thirteen. Episode 10 This episode was aired on 11 Feb 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 9 continued. ' ' Ek chutki sindoor ki keemat' ' (The value of one pinch of vermillion) was the dialogue for the first act for the evening. It was originally delivered by Deepika Padukone in Om Shanti Om . Vali played the role of a frustrated husband who turned into a thief to meet the demands of his wife and Taluja played the role of a cop. This comic act had its moments and was appreciated by the judges. Taluja scored sixteen and Vali scored a high eighteen. Johar and Shetty were impressed by the growth of Vali. ' ' Main kisi ki zaroorat nahin, khwaish banna chati hoon' ' (I don't want to be someone's necessity, I want to be his desire) was the dialogue for the second act of the evening. Nanda played the role of a gangster Narayan Mhatre and Bharadwaj supported him brilliantly with the role of a lady, who had come to take her revenge. The act was appreciated by the audience and Nanda scored fourteen and Bharadwaj scored fifteen respectively. Bharadwaj brought her mother on stage, and proposed to her as her valentine, and thanked her for everything. ' ' Mere paas bangla hai, gadi hai, tere paas kya hai' ' Today I own bungalows, cars, what do you own?) was the dialogue for the third act for the evening. It was presented in a very different twist than the original one from Deewar . Krislinzki played the role of a high-society mother-in-law and Singh played the role of her daughter-in-law who came from lower strata of the society. The funny punches of this act were enjoyed by all and Krislinzki scored sixteen and Singh scored eighteen for their respective performances. ' ' Ek baar jo maine commitment kar di, to main apni bhi nahin suntan hoon' ' (Once I give a commitment, then I live up to it) was the dialogue for the fourth act for the evening. Mehrotra played the role of Tara Singh and Sharma played the role of his wife Sakina. The audience was reminded of the brilliant performance of Sunny Deol in Gadar: Ek Prem Katha . The comic timing of Mehrotra was appreciated by both the judges, and Johar said that this is his finest performance so far. Mehrotra scored a perfect twenty. Sharma was just supporting Mehrotra in this act. Mehrotra talked about a tragic incident of his life when his father was jailed. He talked about the fact that his father has taught him loyalty, and he is very inspired by him. He also talked about the fact that he took five years to prepare himself before he presents himself in front of Shetty and Johar. Shetty appreciated his passion and hard work, and promised that if he ever comes to his office, he will stand up for him. The hosts played a game with the contestants and the judges. They had translated the famous dialogues in English, and had urged the contestants to decipher the dialogues. The audience enjoyed all the small acts of the hosts which they presented in between the acts. The judges initially declared there will be four eliminations tonight. Gandotra, Bharadwaj, Nanda, Ahlawat, Prakash and were initially called on the stage. However, later the judges mentioned that this was just to shake them up, and there will be no eliminations tonight. However, they need to pull up their socks, and start preparing at a next level. Gandotra's eyes were filled with tears, and he couldn't rejoice even when it was announced that there are no eliminations. Episode 11 This episode was aired on 17 Feb 2018 (Saturday) and the theme of this evening was, presenting the versatility of Indian culture through its various festivals and celebrations. From this week onwards, another challenge was introduced for scoring and along with the regular act; the actors will have to present a separate dancing act. They will be scored on a scale of five. Mehrotra and Bharadwaj donned the hats of secret agents and killed the notorious people in a New Year's party. Their dance moves had the groove of jazz and salsa and they looked very elegant as a couple. Johar found a resemblance of Bharadwaj with Anushka Sharma . Mehrotra scored eight points and Bharadwaj scored a perfect ten. Since the actors have not been able to talk to their respective families for a long time, the judges insisted Aashish to call his parents. It was an emotional moment for everyone. Vali and Prajapati brought the colors of Dandiya Raas on stage and this sweet romantic act had all the ingredients of a mushy performance. This blind date act had its funny moments. The actors along with a group danced on the tunes of the popular song ' Udi Udi jaye.' ' Vali scored six (Lowest) and Prajapati scored eight. Then all the girls came up with a sizzling dance performance on popular Bollywood item numbers. Prajapati scored four, Singh scored four, Bharadwaj scored five, Sharma scored five, Prakash scored three, Kapur scored three and Krislinzki scored five respectively. Sharma was the winner of the spotlight challenge and she depicted the life of the famous choreographer and director Farah Khan . The act was appreciated by Johar who is a very good friend of Khan. She scored a perfect ten for this act. Sharma's father appeared on stage to bless her. He narrated the hardships he has gone through in the entertainment industry. He mentioned that now he wants his daughter to achieve what he could not achieve. The cast of Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety Kartik Aaryan, Sunny Singh and Nushrat Bharucha appeared to wish the contestants of the show. They stated that the contestants are really lucky, as they have got such a big platform and the stalwarts of the industry like Shetty and Johar are training them. The hosts urged the judges and the contestants to utter the tongue twister name of the movie five times and some other tongue twisters. The audience found these tit bits very funny. Gandotra played the role of a Mumbai thief who stole the purse of Prakash. Finally the bad boy turned into a good boy, and came to the house of Prakash to give some gifts on Diwali and apologize for his mistakes. Gandotra's performance was appreciated by the judges and he scored seven points. Johar mentioned that he danced very well, however, he needs to improve his acting skills further. Prakash scored six which later created her elimination. The hosts asked the judges that according to them which couple has the best chemistry. Shetty named Mehrotra and Bharadwaj and Johar mentioned Vali and Prajapati. They were called on stage to participate on ' ' Close Paas Aao' ' challenge and their dance act was enjoyed by the audience and other contestants. Finally Mehrotra and Bharadwaj won the challenge. Episode 12 This episode was aired on 18 Feb 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 11 was continued. Nanda and Singh portrayed a very touching scene from the blockbuster movie Sholay which was originally enacted by Amitabh Bacchan and Jaya Bacchan . It showed the appalling condition of widows in India and gave a social message of accepting them in the society and allowing them to live a normal life. Johar was very impressed with Nanda's performance, and mentioned that this was his finest performance till now. Shetty appreciated the writers for such a beautiful script. He also stated that Singh is a born actor like Kajol . Nanda scored a perfect ten for this performance and Singh scored a perfect ten too. Taluja and Krislinzki performed the roles of husband and his wife. Krislinzki got a chance to play double role in the act and the essence of Ganeshotsav was evident in the act that virtue always defeats evil. Krislinzki scored eight and Taluja scored six. The judges appreciated the acting prowess of Krislinzki and gave tips to Taluja to improve his expressions and acting skills. The boys performed on some popular Bollywood numbers and set the stage on fire. Mehrotra scored four, Gandotra scored three, Bagri scored four, Nanda scored four, Taluja scored three and Vali scored three respectively. The judges stated that they liked the performance of the girls more than that of the boys. Bagri who was the winner of the spotlight challenge depicted the life of ace cricketer Yuvraj Singh very successfully on stage. The roars and clapping from the audience clearly showed how much they appreciated this act. The tragic portion of the act when Singh was battling with cancer brought tears to the eyes of many. Shetty was very impressed with the performance, and mentioned that it's good that he didn't try to copy Singh, it would have looked comic. Bagri talked about the battle his father had to fight when he was detected with cancer. The final score for this act was a perfect ten. Kapur and Ahlawat presented a sweet act based on Karva Chauth . The judges liked the way Ahlawat picked up the Hariyanvi dialect and gave him a score of six. They pointed out the areas of improvement for him. This was the lowest score for the evening which later created Ahlawat's exit. Kapur scored six for the act too. Vali, Taluja and Ahlawat and were the lowest scorers among the male contestants. Kapur and Prakash and were the lowest scorers among the female contestants. Finally Ahlawat and Prakash were eliminated. Prakash stated that she feels good now, as she has realized that she needs to work on her skills. Ahlawat kept it short by saying that he will keep on learning and improving all throughout his life. Episode 13 This episode was aired on 24 Feb 2018 (Saturday) and the theme of this evening was ' ' bachpan special' ' (Childhood days). Child actors performed along with the contestants in this episode. The episode started with two child actors Vansh Maheshwari (Ro Sir) and Nihaar Gite (KJo) sitting on the chairs of Shetty and Johar and mimicking them. They asked quite a few questions to the renowned directors pointing out the flaws in their films. The contestants entered the show dancing on the popular song ' ' Swag se karenge sabka swagat' ' from Tiger Zinda Hai along with the participant kids. In the first act of the evening, Gandotra played the role of Salim Jahangir , and Bharadwaj played the role of Anarkali . The child actor Kartikey Raj played the role of Salim's father Akbar . The comic timing of all the actors made the act great and the dance ' ' chod chad ke apne Salim ki gali, anarkali disco chali' ' added extra fun to the act. Shetty was very happy with the performance and stated that Gandotra involved the rest of the contestants and audience in this act. Both the judges agreed that he was the heart of the act. Gandotra scored a high nine and Bharadwaj scored perfect ten. The second act the evening was presented by Taluja and Prajapati and the child actor who supported them was Twinkle Sharma . This sweet love story of guy next door was pretty much liked by all. Johar liked the improvement shown by Taluja, and Shetty mentioned that this was his best act so far. Taluja shared the story from his personal life, that he used to be a shy kid, and he was sent to an acting school by his parents so that he starts opening up. In the last episode, the judges had invited Taluja's family, and his father graced the stage. He was thankful to both the directors for being a part of their family, and appreciating Taluja only for his hard work and talent. Taluja scored eight and Prajapati scored the same. The boys performed on some popular Bollywood numbers and their improvement was evident. Mehrotra scored four, Gandotra scored three, Bagri scored four, Nanda scored four, Taluja scored four respectively. The hosts were very excited with the performance and said that it was outstanding. Johar said, ' ' the boys killed it.' ' Sonakshi Sinha came as a special guest and enjoyed a lot with the kids in the house. She entered the show with the kids as the kids wanted a royal entry in the show. Dhananjay welcomed the Dabangg famed actress with a shayari, ' ' Teri muskurahat mein agar noor na hota, to mera yeh dil majboor na hota, roz tere dar pe ate, kambakht bas tere dar pe khamosh ka board na hota' ' (I would have come to your house every day, if there wouldn't have been a ' ' shut up' ' board on your door). Sonakshi also replied in a shayari and the audience loved this little leg pulling activity. She asked everyone to watch her movie ' ' Welcome to New York.' ' Sharma emoted the iconic Charlie Chaplin along with the child actor Arushi. The entire act was without any dialogues and the performance brought tears of joy in the eyes of the viewers. The judges and Sinha gave a standing ovation. Johar was very impressed with her performance and mentioned that after Sridevi in Mr. India (1987 Film) this was the finest performance given by a female actor donning the character of Chaplin. Shetty thanked the choreography and technical teams for coming up with this unique act. He mentioned that Chaplin is not about comedy alone, there is pathos in his acts and this act brought out that essence. Sharma thanked all the choreographers, and they were brought on the stage and respect was paid to them. She got a score of perfect ten. The last performance of the day was given by Kapur and child artist Vansh. He was dressed up as little Krishna and Kapur was his disciple. Taluja played the role of her father. The judges were not impressed by Kapur's performance and told her that her level of performance was declining. She got a low score of six which created her exit later. All the kids got very good comments from the judges. Episode 14 This episode was aired on 25 Feb 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 13 was continued. Spotlight challenge winner Mehrotra depicted the mythological character of Karna . His stance, posture, style and dialogue delivery was appreciated by the judges and Mehrotra scored a perfect ten for this act. This was his third spotlight performance. Bharadwaj played the role of his mother Kunti . The act appeared larger than life on the screen with the sheer brilliance of Mehrotra's skills. Shetty stated that even after the act is over; it is giving him goosebumps due to the war kind of environment. The audience, judges and Sinha gave standing ovation. Sinha said that she felt that she is watching a magnum opus and the act was too short. She wanted to see it for a long time. Singh played the role of a school teacher and Bagri played the iconic role of Circuit from the blockbuster movie Munna Bhai M.B.B.S (Originally played by Arshad Warsi ). The child actor Nihaar Gite played the role of Circuit's son, ' ' short circuit.' ' This comedy act made everyone laugh and Singh got a score of seven and Bagri got seven too. Bagri stated that he has worked with Sinha in a shoot. He also requested Sinha to perform a little with him, and she was happy to oblige. Nanda played the role of Yama (Hinduism) and Prajapati played the role of granny named Imarti. The child artist Preetjyot Singh played the role of her grandson. This funny act was quite entertaining and gave Nanda a score of eight. Shetty stated that Nanda's entry on a cycle with a prototype of bull (Yama's vehicle) was amazing on the music of Dhoom . After the guys, it was time for the girls to compete against each other in a dance-off. Prajapati scored four, Singh scored four, Bharadwaj scored five, Sharma scored four, Kapur scored three and Krislinzki scored three respectively. The judges gave constructive feedback and Johar stated that the girls were looking very glamourous and from now on they will be stricter with their scoring parameters. Johar said that Bhardwaj's performance was outstanding and her posture was amazing. The guys also danced with Sonakshi Sinha on stage on her popular song ' ' Tere mast mast do nain.' ' Sonakshi brought in singer Dhwani Bhanushali on the show from her movie Welcome to Newyork . The fairytale of Jasmine (Played by Krislinzki) and Aladdin (Played by Vali) created a wow factor with an aerial dance on the popular song ' ' Yeh haseen wadiyan' ' from the movie Roja . The child artist Raj Ostwal played the role of a genie. However, the judges were expecting more from Krislinzski and gave her only six points (Lowest). Vali too got six points and later was eliminated from the show. So guess, the appearance of the genie was not that lucky for them. The actors were asked what wishes they have which the genie can fulfill. Prajapati's wish was fulfilled and her mother gave a surprise visit and made the environment a little emotional. All the kids got very good comments from the judges. Vali was the lowest scorer among the male contestants. Kapur and Krislinzki were the lowest scorers among the female contestants. Finally Vali and Kapur were eliminated. Vali stated that he feels relaxed now. He shared his story that last year he had gone for an audition for Johar's movie ' ' Student of the Year part 2' ' and he thought he was good, and was expecting to bag the role. Now after spending so many days in the academy, he has realized his areas of improvements. Also he managed to steal 35 minutes of Johar's time while presenting his acts. Johar invited him to come and have a cup of coffee with him in his office. He thanked Shetty for inspiring him. Kapur stated that when you try and fail, you fall forward, not backward. Episode 15 This episode which was aired on 03 Mar 2018 (Saturday) and the theme of this evening was ' ' Costume Drama ' ' . The episode started with some blockbuster songs of Sridevi . Her recent death had caused a huge vacuum in the industry. There were four wild card entries today - Harshvardhan Deo , Elisha Mayor , Tapan Singh , Simran Choudhary . Top ten finalists for this show performed in this episode and episode 16. Gandotra and Sharma presented another comedy act based on ghosts. The audience loved the performance and Shetty stated that Gandotra's comic timing is great. Gandotra mentioned that he was not aware of his talents as a good comedian. Shetty had given the tag of Lady Govinda and today she has again proven him right. They danced to the tunes of the popular song ' ' Party with the Bhootnath' ' and it was extremely hilarious. He scored perfect ten and Sharma scored the same for this act. Sharma had gone to her hometown Lucknow, and she received a grand welcome from the residents there. She had got sweets for everyone on the set. The hosts asked the contestants about their experience when the wild card entries came in the pathshala. Mayor mentioned that she thinks Sharma is a great performer, and Bharadwaj's great dance moves has inspired her. ' ' She is a trained katthak dancer, and I am a Bharatnatyam dancer.' ' In Dance pe chance round, the ladies performed on the block buster numbers from Madhuri Dixit 's movies. Prajapati scored four, Singh scored four, Bharadwaj scored five, Sharma scored four, and Krislinzki scored three respectively. The judges loved this tribute and appreciated the screen presence of all the leading ladies. Bharadwaj was the spotlight performance winner for the first time and she depicted the life of iconic dancer Helen (actress) . She scored eight points. Johar talked about his personal relationship with the iconic actress Helen, and he felt that Bharadwaj did justice to the biopic. Mayor played the role of mythological character Mahishasura Mardini Durga and Deo played the role of Mahishasura . The brilliance of the performances made it a power packed act and Johar stated that this was a finale worthy performance. Mayor's brilliance as a trained dancer too was visible. This was a debut week for the wild card entries and hence they were not scored for their performances. Mehrotra played the role of Majnu and Krislinzki played the role of Laila. This age old love story was loved by the audience. However, the judges found their act a little slow and did not find the growth curve of Krislinzki showing an upward trend. Mehrotra scored eight and Krislinzki scored six which created her exit later. Johar stated that his intensity when he broke down on the song ' ' Tadap tadap' ' is worth mentioning. Mehrotra's biggest fan came up on to the stage and brought him a special gift. Audio visual clippings for the new wild card entries were shown in the background to give more inputs about them. Episode 16 This episode was aired on 04 Mar 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 15 was continued. Bagri and Prajapati's act reminded us of the iconic movie of Raj Kapoor Mera Naam Joker . The sheer brilliance of their performance brought tears to everyone's eyes. Bagri played the role of the joker and Prajapati his daughter. This heart-wrenching performance based on a joker's life left everyone teary-eyed. Johar appreciated Bagri's performance and praised Prajapati's growth on the show.Bagri scored eight and Prajapati scored the same. The next performance was based on the friendship between Maharana Pratap and Bhamashah played by Taluja and Nanda. The judges felt that they failed to create the awe which such historical acts should create. Taluja scored six which created his exit later and Nanda scored eight. The judges also came up with a fun Bollywood game for the contestants Nanda and Gandotra. They asked them a few questions about Bollywood films and advised them to improve their knowledge about the movies by watching the iconic ones. The boys were given the challenge of dancing on Salman Khan's super hit songs in the dance relay round. Mehrotra scored four, Gandotra scored three, Bagri scored four, Nanda scored three, Taluja scored three respectively. Johar was impressed by the improvement shown by the guys. Singh delivered a performance as Sita in her captive days in Lanka for her first spotlight challenge. Her acting skills were appreciated by the judges and she scored eight. Johar stated that she has multiple personalities within her, and she has brought out the essence of this character in a very dignified manner. Wild card entries Choudhary and Tapan Singh performed on a sweet fairytale act when the prince reached to the expensive gem stone (parasmani) in order to get the love of his life. The judges and audience liked the act. Their dance on the popular song ' ' Bin pooche mera naam aur pata, bas char kadam chal do na saath mere' ' too created a romantic environment on the screen. This was a debut week for the wild card entries and hence they were not scored for their performances. Taluja was the lowest scorer among the male contestants. Krislinzki was the lowest scorer among the female contestants. Taluja and Krislinkzki were finally eliminated. Johar wished Krislinzki and mentioned that she has a great journey ahead. He also mentioned that he would like to meet her soon. He told Taluja that he is now a renowned face in the industry. Taluja and Krislinzki both thanked everyone and left with a positive note. Audio visual clippings for the new wild card entries were shown in the background to give more inputs about them. Episode 17 This episode which was aired on 10 Mar 2018 (Saturday) and the theme of this evening was women's day. The tribute to Sridevi continued. Her contribution to Bollywood cinema in her career spanning over five decades was remembered with respect. The dance performances were done on her songs to express that gratitude. In this special tribute to late actress Sridevi the contestants chose to showcase her colorful dance moves onstage. Prajapati scored four, Singh scored four, Bharadwaj scored five, Sharma scored four, Mayor scored four and Choudhary scored four respectively. Singh's sizzling performance on the iconic song ' ' Kaate nahin katte' ' was a show stopper. After the performances, judge Karan Johar talked about his memories with Sridevi. Shetty stated that she was truly a superstar. In an era of movies which starred only male actors as superstars, she came up with movies like Chaalbaaz , Nagina , Chandni etc. which were based on female protagonists. She had the caliber to carry the film on her shoulders. The first performance for the day was given by Nanda and Gandotra. They presented a hilarious take on growing old and enjoying life which reminded the audience of the 1982 movie Shaukeen and 2014 comedy movie The Shaukeens . Johar added that he thought their act was crazy but he thoroughly enjoyed it and the dance move of the duo was loved by all. Both of them got perfect ten for this comic act. Shetty talked about the compatibility of the actors in specially a comic act. Nanda and Gandotra are good friends and their chemistry was evident on the screen. The hosts made them play a game to see how good their chemistry is and the entire set was rolling with laughter. In between the hosts made the audience laugh, and Shetty made fun of Dhanjani's attire which resembled a track suit. In the next segment, Bharadwaj teamed up with wild card contestant Deo where both played the roles of a budding and veteran choreographers respectively. They give a dance-based performance with hints of love, ego and jealousy between the husband and wife which reminded the audience of the iconic movie Abhimaan (Originally starring Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan . The judges called their performance sensible and mature. The theme of women's day was evident in the form of supporting the careers of women. Bharadwaj and Deo scored eight each for this emotional act. Bharadwaj's experience of working with Deo was asked by the hosts and Deo tried to woo her with a song. The hosts pulled Mehrotra's leg and said, ' ' You concentrate on spotlight, and Harsh will take away the girl.' ' To celebrate the occasion of Women's Day, Singh gave her second spotlight solo performance as Laxmi, an acid attack survivor. She later invited Laxmi to the stage to share her story. Everybody was moved by the performance and applauded Singh's brave act. This social message was conveyed beautifully and comments on social media later talks how much the audience loved it. Shetty called Laxmi a real life fighter and thanked her for inspiring many others. Singh got a perfect ten from the judges. Portraying the beautiful relationship between a brother and sister, Bagri delivered a performance with last week's wildcard entry, Choudhary. This act too gives tribute to women by empowering women through education. The judges called their act sweet and simple. Shetty stated that Choudhary has a good command over the language and advised her to keep working hard. Bagri and Choudhary both scored eight points, however this performance was the last one for Choudhary in this show. Episode 18 This episode was aired on 11 Mar 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 17 was continued. In the latest episode of India's Next Superstar, Prajapati and Sharma teamed up to portray the real life struggles of a housewife with her maid. The act left the judges rolling in laughter. They applauded the chemistry between the two. Sharma got a perfect ten again and Prajapati scored nine. After all women's day needs to pay attention to this real life problem of modern working women. Sharma was asked to use her Bhojpuri accent and give comments on Dhanjani's outfit. Johar calls his attire ' ' Fashionale Fungus.' ' Next Mehrotra who was the spotlight performer(Fourth) for the week, gave an amazing performance as a freedom fighter Bhagat Singh . Johar called Mehrotra an excellent actor and felt his performance was pitch perfect. He appreciated Sharma's help in helping him to prepare this act. She also had played the role of Bharat Mata . He also thanked Bhardwaj's mom for helping him prepare for the act. He got a perfect score of ten. Shetty motivated the rest of the contstants and asked them to win spotlight. Shetty promised that he will come to the academy to help anyone who wins spotlight the next time. Next up was the dance relay between all the guys. Mehrotra scored four, Gandotra scored four, Bagri scored four, Nanda scored four, Deo scored four and Singh scored three respectively. They danced on the popular number ' ' Khali Bali Ho gaya hai Dil' ' from the blockbuster Padmaavat They all got a standing ovation from the audience while Rohit and Karan told them to work on their expressions and energy level. Shetty mentioned that the guys have improved, however still the girls were better. Karan Wahi joined his co-star Urvashi Rautela from the film Hate Story 4 and they danced to the popular song ' ' Aashiq banaya.' ' The duo promoted their film, and Shetty mentioned that from now on, he too has become a superstar. Dhanjani got nostalgic talking about Wahi's journey and called him his true friend. They have performed together in many awards functions, hosted many shows together. They both have been participants/host in dance reality show Nach Baliye They both got emotional. Mayor and Tapan Singh were the next pair to perform on stage based on the theme of love and revenge. Mayor played the role of a woman whose husband (played by Bagri) was killed by Singh. At the end she got to know the truth and regretted her decision to kill Singh. The judges advised Singh to concentrate on his voice modulation. Their dance on ' ' Tumhe apna banana ka junoon' ' was quite romantic. Mayor scored four, and Singh scored the lowest three which later forced him to leave the show. The contestants indulged in a little trivia game to give tribute to Sridevi . The judges and the contestants were asked some questions on the life and work of the late superstar. After the performances, it was time for the leaderboard and elimination. Choudhary, Mayor and Tapan Singh were the lowest performers for the day. As per the judges' decision Choudhary and Singh were eliminated. Choudhary stated that she is from Hyderabad, and she never knew that she will get a chance to perform in front of such great directors. Singh thanked the academy and the learnings from his co contestants and principal Mahesh Bhatt . Episode 19 This episode which was aired on 17 Mar 2018 (Saturday) and the theme of this evening was performing on famous Hindi idioms. From this week, the contestants have to give a duo dance performance, not a riley group dance as earlier. They will be judged on a ten pointer scale for their acting skills, and five pointer scale for their dancing skills. Also from this episode, the judges will judge the performance as ' ' Clap-worthy' ' and give a clapstick along with a perfect ten. ' ' Aasmaan se gire, aur khajoor pe atke' ' (To get stuck in a tough situation) was the first idiom. Gandotra did a complete makeover by playing the role of a sexy lady and his acting skills were highly appreciated by the judges. This act got him a perfect ten. Bagri, who played the role of a Haryanvi Cop, Inspector Dourkar, made the audience go in splits with his hilarious punches. There were usage of more idioms in between like ' ' Baal bal bachne ki koshish' ' (Try to safeguard one's self) made the audience laugh a lot. He too scored a perfect ten. To entertain the audience, Wahi tries to woo the female version of Gandotra and create an extremely comic situation on the sets. There were loads of lipstick marks on his face after they were supposedly in a lip lock. Nanda and Singh give a soulful contemporary dance performance which showed the problems of urban couples who do not have time for each other. Johar mentioned that he could relate to the story and they got perfect five each for their dance performance. The judges appreciated the choreography team for their brilliant work. ' ' Ghar ki murgi daal barabar' ' (One does not value what s/he has) was the next idiom. Bharadwaj played the role of a Bharatnatyam dancer who is paralyzed now. Mayor who played the role of her daughter did not want to become a dancer and took up a banking job. The act portrayed the relationship of a mother and a daughter and the difference in thought processes between two generations. Bharadwaj scored eight and Mayor too scored the same. Shetty mentioned that now since Bharadwaj has spent a lot of time in the show, his expectations are much higher from her. Each dancer gave a Bharatnatyam performance which talked aloud about their base as classical dancers. In ' ' Dance pe chance' ' challenge, Sharma played the role of Raja Babu which was originally played by great comedian Govinda . Mehrotra took the role of Nandu, which was originally played by Shakti Kapoor . Their funny dance moves entertained the judges and audience and both got great comments. Mehrotra scored a perfect five and Sharma followed suit. This dancing act had all the elements of a perfect comedy act. Shetty mentioned that this was a commercial cinema performance. Mehrotra's comic timings were highly appreciated by Shetty. Mehrotra won his fifth spotlight challenge and explored the emotions of a lady by being a female dancer. The act shows the atrocities trans genders and the people of the LGBT community have to go through in India. Johar appreciated the effort and talked about his personal journey, when as a child he was labelled as panzy. He scored a perfect ten and clapboard along with it. Mehrotra talked about his struggles when he came to Mumbai. He became very emotional when he got so much appreciation for so many weeks. Bharadwaj supported him portraying the role of his wife. Shetty again reminded the rest of the contestants that they will have to win spotlight challenge. Gandotra and Bagri stated that they were shortlisted for spotlight challenge, but missed it by a little margin. Bagri took the challenge and mentioned that he will win spotlight for sure. Prajapati and Deo did a dance performance together and the act reminded everyone of the song ' ' Ae jaate huye lamhon' ' from the movie Border , when a solider had to leave his newly married wife and go to the war front. This dancing act had a twist and instead of the man, the lady in the act goes to the war front at the end which again gave a strong message of women power and men supporting such spouses. Both the dancers scored four each. Director-producer Rohit Shetty, who turned 45 on 14 March, rang in his birthday early on the sets of the show. The team of INS had planned a surprise cake cutting for him and also invited his dear friend Shreyas Talpade to join the celebration. Overwhelmed with the gesture, Shetty mentioned that he isn't too fond of celebrating birthdays and had last a party as a teenager. The contestants participated in the celebrations and had a good time. Co-judge, Johar along with the entire unit ensured that Shetty broke his diet and eat a piece of cake. Episode 20 This episode was aired on 18 Mar 2018 (Sunday) and the same theme from episode 17 was continued. The dancing act of Gandotra as addiction and Bagri as the man who was trying to get rid of the addiction was extremely appreciated by the judges. This contemporary dance was played on the iconic song ' ' Is Lamhe ka ras nichod loon.' ' Gandotra scored five for the first time in dancing and Bagri too scored five for the first time. Shetty appreciated Gandotra's graph and the fact that he had prepared the comic act where he took the character of a lady, and this dance act was a serious one. Gandotra's parents came to give confidence to their son. He danced on stage with his graceful mother. Indian sweet (Kaju katli) was distributed to everyone which his parents had got. Prajapati played the role of a politician named Asha Pradhan and Deo played the role of his secretary. Deo tried to stop Pradhan from opening more sugar mills, however, she did not listen to him. As a result, Deo entered politics to improve the state of affairs. Johar mentioned that this was the first time a political act was presented on the show. Johar appreciated the natural tone and right paced performance of Prajapati. Shetty talked about Deo's performance and his body language of an honest man was appreciated. Prajapati scored a perfect ten for the first time and Deo followed suit. Sharma gave the performance as Meera bai, and made the judges spellbound with her performance. This spotlight performance (Third time) got her perfect ten and she shared the difficulties she faced while practicing for this act. Deo supported this act by playing the role of Ranaji. Shetty stated that every time he sees a performance of Sharma, he gets the feeling that it's a different person altogether. ' ' Nehle pe dehla' ' (Turn tables) was the next idiom. Nanda and Singh gave a sweet slice of life act which had some elements of comedy. It was a satire which had an underlying message of taking care of your ageing parents. Bagri who supported the act by playing the role of Nanda's father taught a lesson to his son and daughter in law, who were planning to send him to an old age home. Both the actors scored eight each and got some constructive feedback from the judges to pull up their socks. Mayor and Bharadwaj gave a Broadway style performance which had the mixture of jazz and lyrical hip hop. Johar was extremely impressed by this all girls performance and he felt that this dance performance was at an international level. Both scored a perfect five. Mehrotra and Bharadwaj play a ' ' Close up paas aao challenge' ' and show their chemistry, however Nanda and Singh win the challenge. After the performances, it was time for the leaderboard and elimination. Mehrotra was the highest scorer with fifteen points and the clapboard. Nanda, Mayor, Singh, and Bharadwaj were the lowest performers for the day. Nanda and Mayor had to leave for their home today. Nanda had tears in his eyes, and stated that even though this was his last performance on this show, but he will be thankful to this show for giving him such a platform. With the last lines from Johar's film, ' ' Junoon hai mera, banu main tere kaabil, tere bina guzara, ai dil hai mushkil' ' he signed off. Mayor mentioned that this was a sweet and short journey, and she is leaving the show as a star. Episode 21 This episode which was aired on 24 Mar 2018 (Saturday). In this episode of India's Next Superstars, hosts Dhanjiani and Wahi showed off their dance moves with the remaining eight contestants on the show. In the song, the performers were appreciated for their skills and consistency. Singh and Prajapati paired up for the first performance dressed up as fisherwomen. They impressed the judges with their dance moves and Johar found Singh's dance as a complete item number material. He also applauded their comic timing and energy. They scored a perfect five each from the judges. Gandotra added to the comedy in a supporting role. In the next performance, Bharadwajand Deo teamed up to show a story focused around a murder. This act reminded the audience of the movie Ittefaq where there were multiple versions of the same story. Deo gave an incredible performance as a psychotic killer, however, later it was revealed that Bharadwaj had killed him. The judges appreciated their performance and called it well-structured and interesting. Deo received amazing reviews for his negative role and during the act the judges were talking to each other about his acting prowess. Both the actors got ten points and a clap board. Singh played a supporting role of a police inspector. Deo was asked, whom does he think to be his biggest competitor and he named Gandotra. Bharadwaj stated that since the age of six she had a dream to work in Dharma productions and she will live this dream now. Bagri and Sharma teamed up for the next dance performance and they performed a classic contemporary dance on the song ' ' Main rahoon ya na rahoon, tum mujhme baki rehna.' ' At the end when it was revealed that the couple who were happily dancing on their anniversary have a sad truth. The man was dead and his wife was day dreaming about him. The performance moved the judges and both scored a perfect five. Sharma thought Bharadwaj is her biggest competitor. Bagri took Gandotra's name and he was surprised to hear his name for the second time. Sharma also gave a solo spotlight (Fourth time) performance as a police inspector for which she received special guidance from Shetty. She impressed the judges with her performance and got the clapstick for the first time along with the perfect ten score. It was a power packed performance which again showed the core strength of women. Deo supported the act by playing the role of a convict and Bagri played the role of her husband. The audience hooted and cheered throughout the performance and gave a standing ovation. Shetty came on stage to give the clapstick and all her co-contestants gave her a standing ovation. Johar gave a stash of Miss. Consistency. Mehrotra and comedian number one Gandotra paired up in the next dance-based challenge, and acted as siblings. Mehrotra played the role of a gangster brother who wanted his younger brother to study in an American University. However, his sins became the reason for his death, and at the end when he committed suicide, the audience had tears in their eyes. Johar appreciated the choreography team and the concept of the entire act. He also presented a clapper for the choreographers who had conceptualized this act. Both got a perfect five score. Gandotra shared his journey about how he improved himself, and mentioned that now he is confident that he can win the contract. Episode 22 This episode was aired on 25 Mar 2018 (Sunday). In the latest episode of India's Next Superstars, Tiger Shroff joined in as the guest promoting his film Baaghi 2 . He later danced with all the contestants. Spotlight (second) winner Bagri gave the first performance of the day depicting the struggles of a stuntman in the industry. Shetty gave his inputs and had coached him before the performance as he had promised earlier. The brilliance of his performance mesmerized the audience and the judges gave him a perfect ten. Sharma played the role of his wife, and Gandotra his friend. Real life stuntman of Shetty's movies, the sixty nine year old Shankar Kotian was called on the stage and respect was given to him. Shroff mentioned that stuntmen in the industry do not get any recognition. All the credit goes to the hero, even though all the risk is taken by these bold people. He truly wants to do something for them in the near future. Shroff came up on the stage to show some of his action moves. They made the hosts as their targets and the audience enjoyed this light moment a lot. Deo and Bharadwaj teamed up for the next dance based challenge. Deo played the role of an unpopular student of the college who loved the character of Bharadwaj and wanted to go to the prom night with her. The contemporary dance moves got five points for Bharadwaj and four for Deo. While the judges appreciated Dharadwaj's dancing skills, they asked Deo to practice more. Bagri and Mehrotra played two supporting casts in this act. In the next act, Gandotra and Mehrotra came together to stage a comic act based on a hospital setting. Mehrotra played the role of a doctor and Gandotra played the role of the lover of the nurse (Played by Prajapati). Shetty appreciated Gandotra for his comic timing but was unhappy with Mehrotra's performance. After a long time, Mehrotra scored anything less than ten (eight) and Gandotra scored a perfect ten. Prajapati and Singh gave a touching performance on the taboo surrounding abortion and pregnancy of an unwed mother. Singh played the role of an unwed mother, and Prajapati that of an unborn daughter. The judges called their performance unique, difficult and well presented. Shetty said, it looked like two bodies and one soul. Each of them scored a perfect ten for their act. This emotional act left many spell bound. Bharadwaj thought Singh was her biggest competitor. Singh thought Sharma is her biggest competitor and she felt very proud of her. If she had a choice to nominate someone else other than herself for a contract, then it will be her. Singh also talked about her journey in INS. She stated that today she played the role of a mother. In the last so many weeks she has played various roles (Sita, acid attack victim etc.) and she is progressing towards becoming a complete actor. After all the performances ended, the elimination round took place based on the leaderboard rating. Mehrotra was the lowest scorers of the day (Thirteen). All the ladies had scored fifteen, however since Sharma had got a clapboard, she was safe. Then the judges gave a surprise ruling and declared that nobody was to be eliminated. However, Shetty mentioned that even though they are great actors, they should not relax at this stage as anything can happen anytime. They just did this to shake them up. Shetty promised that he will come to the academy to guide all the contestants. Episode 23 This episode was aired on 31 Mar 2018 (Saturday). This was the semi-finale weekend. The contestants were mentored by judge Shetty and all the contestants were very happy. Their performance appeared a notch above their previous ones. Johar and Shetty introduced all the eight semi-finalists and took a grand entry with them. Sharma and Bharadwaj started the show with a traditional Ghoomar dance performance from the famous movie Padmaavat . The judges appreciated their performance and mentioned that it looked like two Deepika Padukone are dancing on the stage. This dance form is very difficult to perform with a pot on the head, and brass plates in hand. The mixed another dance form using elastics giving the feel of dolls dancing with strings (Kathputli). It had some moves of robotics. Both scored a perfect five. Even when Sharma's plate fell off, she still maintained her composure. Later Deo and Gandotra were given the task of doing the same dance after balancing the pots on their head. The comedy made everyone laugh. Portraying the turbulent father-son relationship, Deo and Gandotra teamed up for the next emotional performance. Gandotra portrayed his versatility through this act who had become an established comedian by now. Johar appreciated Deo for giving such a matured performance. He appreciated the growth graph of Gandotra and both scored a perfect ten. He also mentioned that drama is the heart of Bollywood movies and Shetty is the most successful director in that genre. Since the act was directed by him, that element came out every well and made the audience remain glued to their seats. Deo dedicated this act to his father who is an IPS officer. Prajapati played the role of Deo's business partner. The contestants also got some challenges from TV actors - Zain Imam ( Naamkarann ), Surbhi Chandna ( Ishqbaaaz ) and Karanvir Bohra . Mehrotra and Bagri danced on the hook steps of some famous movies. The audience rolled out laughing and their co-contestants enjoyed a lot. Shetty loved Bagri's performance. Prajapati was challenged by Surbhi to perform a blindfolded act with Dhanjani and everyone enjoyed the prank. Vohra asked Bharadwaj and Singh to put rosogollas in their mouth and do romantic scenes. Bagri and Prajapati were the next performers and they gave a disco-themed performance. They covered the entire stage on multiple songs including ' ' Disco deewane' ' from Johar's film Student of the Year . Shetty called their act a little weak but entertaining, nonetheless. Both the dancers scored four points each. Mehrotra gave a thrilling solo spotlight performance (Sixth) as a psychotic killer in his act. This act reminded the audience of the common man from the movie A Wednesday! played by veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah . The act had a great social message that no one should take the law in his or her hands. Johar talked about the recent film of Rani Mukerji Hichki , where she has used her heart and head in a very balanced way. Shetty mentioned that Mehrotra's intense acts might be taking a monotonous turn. So he had helped him to improvise a bit. After receiving criticism in the last episode, he thanked the mentors for guiding him. This intense act was appreciated by the judges and audience alike and he scored a perfect ten again. Deo supported the role by playing a cop. Episode 24 This episode was aired on 01 Apr 2018 (Sunday). This was the semi-finale weekend. In this episode Mehrotra and Singh gave the first dance performance of the day, dedicating it to Shetty. The did a freestyle Bollywood dance on the tune of Shetty's super hit song ' ' Golmaal.' ' The dance had a lot of moves from South Indian movies. Shetty loved the performance, and he complimented stating that it looked like a Rohit Shetty film. However, he also felt that the dancers were hurrying the steps. Both scored four points each. The auto rickshaw which the dancers used in this act was later used by both the judges for a little bit of fun. The audience really enjoyed this fun part. In the next act, Sharma and Bharadwaj teamed up to showcase the cracks in the relationship between two sisters. The strong feelings of hatred and jealousy were portrayed very well by both the sisters and later Sharma's character makes her younger sister realise the virtue of love and compassion. Age old hatred which Bharadwaj's character had accumulated for so many years melted and the sisters united as a family. Johar called their performance convincing and emotionally moving. He found it high-drama, volatile and emotional and both the actors maintained the picth very well. Both the actors scored a perfect ten. In the dance off, Deo and Gandotra paired up and performed using a complicated prop of play structure. The judges felt that the act was good, however, the energy levels could have been better. Both scored four points each. Karan Tacker gave a very interesting challenge to judge Johar. Johar had to cast a buffalo in his movie and had to do an act with it (Played by Wahi). This act left everyone in splits. Singh presented her spotlight (Third) performance playing the role of a rape victim Damini . Her performance moved the judges who called the script relevant and important. This act had a very strong social message, when the rape victim is treated like an outcaste, and the society makes her feel that it was her fault. She is asked to cover her face, and asked not to talk about the incident. The law often releases criminals due to a lack of evidence, and the victim has to pay for it throughout her life. She got a perfect ten for her act. Prajapati played the role of a sister and Sharma supported the act playing the role of a paralysed sister. Bagri played the role of Prajapati's husband who had tried to rape and murder Sharma's character. This was a dramatic high voltage story with a grey character on stage. Bagri scored eight, and Prajapati scored a perfect ten. Later Bagri and Prajapati were eliminated from the show. At the end of all the performances, it was time for the judges to award one contestant the clapper which would take them to the finale directly. The judges gave the clap worthy performance award to Mehrotra. As per the results, Mehrotra and Sharma were the top scorers in this round while Bagri, Singh and Prajapati found themselves at the bottom. At the end, Bagri and Prajapati were sent home while Singh was given another chance. Prajapati said, this was a wonderful opportunity for her as she got to work with a stalwart like Shetty. Bagri said, when he initially came, he thought he won't stay more than two weeks, as he might be eliminated. However, after two weeks were over, when he could manage to continue, he thanked God every week. Now, when he will go out, he can tell everyone that Shetty and Johar know him personally, and they have appreciated him a lot. Episode 25 This episode was aired on 07 Apr 2018 (Saturday). The format of this episode was changed a bit. The contestants were scored on a forty pointer scale (ten marks for acting and ten marks for dancing by each judge) and the scores were put in a secret ballot to be revealed at the end of the show. Shetty declared that along with the movie contract with Dharma Productions, the contestants will win a cash prize of ten lakh rupees each and a gift hamper from close up. Also the contestants will have to perform today along with an established actor in the industry. The trophy for the contest was presented to the audience and Johar talked about the importance of the first award. He talked about the special bond he shares with his first filmfare award. There were audio visual clippings shown in the background where the contestants talked about their first day in the academy, and how they are feeling now while leaving it. They talked about the rehearsals, the friendship they shared, the fights they had and all other nostalgic moments. This was the finale weekend and all the contestants entered the stage while dancing on the iconic number ' ' Tama Tama Loge' ' from the film Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya which was originally performed by Madhuri Dixit and Sanjay Dutt in 1990 blockbuster movie Thanedaar . The first act was between Bharadwaj and Priyank Sharma . It was a romantic act which had some elements of pathos in the form of Bharadwaj's uncle (played by Deo). He used to make her do all the household work in lieu of the money he was spending for her upbringing. Bharadwaj did a dancing act on roller skates which was appreciated by the judges and the audience. There was a romantic dance between the duo, which too had held the attention of the audience. Shetty complimented her by saying that she is looking like a Dharma Productions heroine today, and Bharadwaj thanked her mom for giving her everything in life. The second act of the evening was a dance number between Gandotra and Sharma. Gandotra entered the stage like a hero and Shetty later mentioned that it reminded him of his first performance. He appreciated his growth a lot. Shetty told Sharma, that she does not give him any chance of finding any flaws in her performances. The third act of the evening was a sizzling performance between Singh and Deo on the sensuous number ' ' Tumhe apna banana ka.' ' The performance melted into another iconic number by Raveena Tandon ' ' tip tip barsa paani' ' and the duo danced in water. Both the judges appreciated the performance a lot. Singh's mother told that she came from a very orthodox background and she had to go through a lot of hardships in order to allow her daughter to pursue her dreams. Shetty mentioned that Singh has become an inspiration for thousands of such girls in India who do not get an opportunity to rise and shine. Her mom came on stage to take the first autograph of her daughter. The fourth performance of the evening was between Sharma, Dhanjani and celebrity guest Asha Negi . Bagri played the role of a judge in the comedy act which entertained the judges and audience alike. Sharma thanked her father, and promised that she will fulfill his dreams. Negi complained that her husband Dhanjani does not spend time with her anymore, and is giving more attention to Wahi these days. A game was played to check who knew Dhanjani better, and Wahi won it hands-down. This light moment was enjoyed by the audience a lot. The fifth performance of the evening was between Mehrotra and celebrity actor Sanaya Irani . This thriller act was supported by Taluja, who played the role of a cop. The crime was narrated by the couple in a very convincing manner, and it ended as a mystery. Johar liked the concept of mystery ending and appreciated the performances of the actors. He talked about the restrained acting of Mehrotra. The judges thanked all the guest celebrities for gracing the occasion and helping out the contestants. They also appreciated their acting prowess and screen presence. Episode 26 This episode was aired on 08 Apr 2018 (Sunday). This was the finale weekend and the same format of episode 25 was followed. The air was grim with anticipation, as the names of the winners will be announced in this episode. The episode started with the dance performance by Shetty (as Mr. Mutthu) and Johar (as Mr. Khanna). Their siblings wanted to get married (played by Taluja and Prajapati), but the elders of the family were not ready for it due to the cultural differences between the North Indians and South Indians. Dhanjani and Wahi finally convinced them and the power packed dance and comedy performance set the mood for the finale. The first performance of the evening was presented by Deo as the younger brother, who became a cop, and the celebrity Karanvir Bohra . Bohra played the role of a corrupt businessman who took to the inroads of crime in order to bring up his younger brother. The intense drama and tragedy in the act moved the judges a lot. The next performance of the evening was a sizzling dance duet by Mehrotra and Bharadwaj which turned out to be a favorite pair during the season. They used the contemporary dance style on the popular tunes of ' ' Aashiq banaya' ' and set the stage on fire. Johar was very impressed with Bharadwaj's performance, and mentioned that the chemistry was like ' ' kambakht ishq.' ' Mehrotra's parents came on stage and the judges thanked them for coming to the show for the first time. The next performance was by Gandotra who played the role of a groom who had to marry a buffalo as he had some problems in his horoscope (Manglik). Celebrity Adaa Khan played the role of a ghost. The storyline was inspired by the movie Phillauri (film) . The serial dance acts were loved by the audience and the hooting and cheering from them proved, how much they loved this comedy act. Shetty asked Khan, how was her experience working with Gandotra. And she talked about his dedication and his journey in the show. Badshah (rapper) graced the stage along with Aastha Gill . Later Priyank Sharma came to the stage to dance along with the rappers. They talked about their upcoming song ' ' Buzz.' ' They started with their popular songs like ' ' Dj wale babu' ' . Lights camera superstar cocktails ( edit ) Fresher's Party- Episode 1 This is not a weekend performance and this episode which was telecast on 16 Jan 2018 (Tuesday) was basically a Fresher's party to welcome all the contestants into the academy of India's Next Superstars . The contestants will live in this facility till they are not eliminated, and compete with each other for the coveted prize of the winner. Dhanjani welcomed all the contestants and told everyone that getting a foothold in this industry is very difficult and urged the contestants to learn and absorb as much as possible from the who's -who of the industry. All the contestants who look ravishing in their evening gowns and dinner jackets were asked to introduce themselves in Bollywood style. Mehrotra stated that he is from Delhi and states, ' ' Dil ki baat zuban par lane ke liye log waqt laga dete hain, usi waqt mein hum itihass bana dete hain' ' (Nornal people take time just to express their opinions, and people like me make history in that time.) Prakash, the next contestant states that she loves ' ' Lights, Camera and Action' ' and she wants to start and end her life in Bollywood. Next came Bagri, who stated ' ' Zero se Hero banne aaya hoon' ' (I have come to become a hero from zero) is from Delhi and he is looking forward to leave his mark in the industry. Next came Gandotra, who stated that he does not like to talk about his capabilities, he just wants to mesmerize everyone with his killing look. He is from Jaipur and the rest of the contestants were truly impressed with his introduction. Taluja, the fifth contestant stated ' ' Dil mein junoon, aankhon mein sapne liye, aaya hoon main yahan, banane ek mukaam apne liye, dilli se hoon, apke dilon mein basna chahta hoon, naam hai mera Karan Taluja, bas ab is naam ki ek pehchan banana chahta hoon.' ' It means that, ' ' I have come from Delhi with a lot of dreams in my eyes and I want to leave a mark in your hearts.' ' Krislinzki looked smoking hot in a scarlet evening gown and introduced herself as a Mumbaikar. She mentioned that she has worked in some South Indian movies and ad films and now has come here to become a superstar. She ended her introduction with the famous dialogue of Dabangg , ' ' Swagat nahin karoge hamara?' ' (Won't you welcome me?) Dhanjani was quite impressed with her introduction, and helped her come down the stage by lifting her up. Singh gave a sweet and short introduction stating that her first name Naina has been used in many famous movies of Bollywood, and she would like to remain in the eyes of her audience, just like the meaning of her name. Dhanjani at this point stopped her and made her and Gandotra play a small game ' ' Nain Matakka' ' (' ' Who bats the eyelid first.' ' ) Singh won the game and the hearts of many in the academy. Sharma gave her introduction in the DDLJ way ' ' who ladki main deewani si' ' (I am that passionate girl) and talked about her determination of carving her niche in Bollywood. She went on by saying, ' ' Hai mehnat se parhez nahin, shohrat ka utna craze nahin, dilon mein basne ki tamanna meri, isse age mere paas koi phrase nahin.' ' (I am not afraid to work hard and I want to live in the hearts of everyone.) The video clip of Remo D'Souza welcomed everyone to the academy and he advised everyone to ' ' work hard and party harder.' ' And then the participants started dancing to the tunes of ' ' abhi to party shuru hui hai.' ' Dhanjani stated after the dance party that the contestants now should get used to these parties as there will be more in the tow- like the launch parties of their films, award functions parties etc. Then Dhanjani announced the Mr. and Miss Fresher selection criteria. Roses were distributed among the boys and girls and the highest collector of roses will be the winner. All the contestants showed their skills of wooing the opposite sex, and they had loads of fun when they saw some untold love stories forming. There was a tie among the male contestants: Vali, Nanda and Alhawat as all of them had received two roses each. Nanda gave balloons to the ladies to win their hearts, Alhawat did push-ups and Vali bribed them with some eatables. Finally with popularity poll from the ladies, Vali was declared as the winner. Bharadwaj won the Miss Fresher's award among the ladies as she had the highest number of roses. Then cake cutting completed the party. Episode 2 This episode was telecast on 09 Feb 2018 (Friday) on hotstar . Karan Wahi entered blurting the dialogue from the famous movie Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ' ' Battamizi ek aisi virus hai hai jo waqt ke saath dheere dheere budhape mein badal jati hai, to kyon na thodi si badtameezi kar lein?' ' (Beingh naughy is fun). He shows clipping from the academy where the contestants are going to spend another three months. Ahmed was seen taking massage all over his body with Naina's massager. Harshvardhan was seen hiding eggs. Aman and Angela were seen getting cozy with each other. Natasha was seen giving massage to Aashish and vice versa. Karan praised the caliber of Aashish who appeared to be more from Bangkok than Delhi, as he was seen giving and taking massages. But looks like Canadian Ahmed was not so lucky, and he had to manage with the body massage equipment. Then they showed a funny clipping wherein Aman complains that he has not received his laundry bag, and he does not have enough underwear and regular clothes to wear. ' ' Chaddi' ' (underwear) becomes the favorite topic of discussion in the academy. Then Karan invited Aman, Aashish and Naina to get a better understanding of what's going on. The leg pulling continued. He asked Aman why is he so attached to his underwear. Aman clarified that he had eight underwear and he had given seven of them for wash, but did not get them back. Aashish gave him an idea to wash the underwear while taking a bath. Karan asked Aashish why didn't he share his underwear with Aman. Aashish gave a name to Aman's underwear ' ' chaddu.' ' Naina said that she has nicknamed Aashish as ' ' gyancho' ' (knowledgeable) as he has a solution to every problem. Then Aashish gave the idea to Aman to get the underwear dried using a hair dryer. Aman talked about his embarrassing experience of drying his underwear. They showed clippings of Aman and Angela getting close and spending a lot of time in the loo together. They showed the intervention of Shivank and his attempt to scare them by weird stories of cheetah etc. Then he called in Shivank to get some more inputs. He stated that he has seen Aman and Angela were always visible in the cafeteria, in the dormitory and all other areas in the academy. That day since they were not visible, he went to the bathroom to look out for them and found them there. There was a funny suggestive joke that, they were busy with creating their own movie there. Then he called Natasha and Shariq in ' ' Klasses with Karan.' ' They stated that they were expecting Karan Johar, but are shocked to see Karan Wahi there. Then Karan asked them, ' ' how many times have you won spotlight?' ' Natasha stated that twice she was very close to winning it. Then Karan mentioned that the ones who miss spotlight get to meet Karan Wahi, not Johar. Karan asked Natasha if she owned a massage parlor. Natasha clarified that since the actors get stressed out after such a hectic day, she tries to help them. Then they played a game, ' ' has mat pagle, haar jayega' ' . Basically both try to make each other laugh by making facial expressions in the mirror. Shariq lost the game. Natasha got a gift hamper and ' ' Torchlight award.' ' And then she gave a post award speech. Episode 3 This episode was telecast on 16 Feb 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. Rithvik Dhanjani entered the set with many toy cars and started playing with them telling that it is just like a block-buster Rohit Shetty film. Then he talked about the inferiority complex which the people in the industry suffer from. And he also mentioned that in the academy, Angela has changed more colors than the cars of Rohit Shetty films. She took up a ' ' Weirdo Avatar' ' and acted in a weird fashion in the academy. Then she took up a ' ' cutie poochie avatar' ' and made sounds of puppies. She played a game with Lekha in that avatar. Then she took up ' ' desperate sleeping beauty avatar' ' and slept during the rehearsals. Then she donned her favorite ' ' Daayan avatar' ' and the rest of the inmates got scared. Then Rithvik showed the clippings of Ansh playing the role of an uncle (phufaji) and consoling everyone in the academy. He was seen motivating all the actors and solving their problems. Then Shariq, Pranati and Ansh were called in to talk about their experiences. Shariq welcomed Ansh with a garland and green coconut. Pranati and Shariq mentioned that they like the ' ' phufaji' ' in Ansh and if they want to have a dose of laughter, they reach out to him. Then Ansh would tell a lot of stories and make them laugh. Then Ansh said ' ' Agar Rithvik hi na ho, to kaise chalega show' ' (the show cannot run without Rithvik). Pranati mentioned that ' ' Phufaji' ' is like a matchstick, he reaches out to any corner of the academy, where there is some tension between the co-contestants, and he would end up giving his expert opinion. They pull each other's legs and crack funny one liners. Then Ansh mentioned that Shariq performed with Sahiba, and she was eliminated in the third week. In the fourth week he performed with Heli and Natasha and Heli was eliminated. Natasha, who was the top performer of the academy, started scoring poorly. They had some fun and then Rithvik mentioned that to impress your girlfriend, you always should keep chocolates in your pockets. It seemed Aashish was the smartest in that department and always ended up impressing Natasha. Then Rithvik gave another tip to impress your girl, and that is to teach her a few exercises and she will think that you really care for her. Also keep on reminding her, how much you care for her and destiny has brought them together. Then Rithvik mentioned that he has learnt romance from Rohit Shetty's films. Since Shetty makes mostly action or comedy films, this punch was quite funny. Then Rithvik called Angela and Lekha for a chat and mentioned that he is writing the story for ' ' Golmaal 5' ' and he has the full authority to select any actress for the lead role. He took the help of Lekha and Angela and created a completely weird script. Shetty got angry with this later. Finally Lekha won the ' ' torchlight' ' challenge for helping Rithvik with the story. She was asked to enact in the style which Tusshar Kapoor adopts in his films. This was quite a funny act which Lekha presented. Episode 4 This episode was telecast on 23 Feb 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. Karan Wahi came on the set and he was asked about his POA (Plan of Action) for the day which he misunderstood as POK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir). Then Karan Wahi called in his GFFs (Gossip Friends Forever) to get all the buzz that happened in the academy. Chocolaty Naina and ghostly Angela graced the show with their presence and pulled Karan's leg. Karan mentioned that this is a ' ' Classy show, not a massy show.' ' Karan welcomed them to his show ' ' cutting with Karan.' ' Naina told about her dream of attending Koffee with Karan since her childhood. The ladies mentioned that they are AKTs (Academy ki titliyan- butterflies of the academy). They named this as ' ' Aao babes gossip karen' ' (Babes, let's gossip). Angela complained that whenever she goes to Naina with some hot gossip, she does not give any expressions. She just gives a blank face and hence, she calls her a stone. Then Angela mentioned that lately Wahi is closer to Dhanjani, and he is seen kissing men, not women. What is the reason behind this transformation? They also blamed Ahmed for being very strict while he is made the captain of the academy. There were clips shown from the academy days trying to prove her point. Naina was so upset with him, that she suggested that Ahmed should get five punishments for being a bad captain. They gave some sassy answers during a rapid fire round. When Angela was asked kill, hook up, marry, Angela replied, ' ' I would like to kill Aman, hookup with Harsh and marry Ansh.' ' When Angela was asked to rate the actors as per their acting skills, her answer was, ' ' Ansh, Karan Taluja, Shariq, Aashish, Harsh and Aman.' ' Naina wanted to kill Aashish, hook up with Ahmed, and marry Shariq. She said that if there would have been an auto biography in the name of Angela, she would name it as ' ' Ek aur daayan' ' (one more witch). Angela won the rapid fire round and got a Close up hamper. Then Aashish and Aman came to the show. He invited them to ' ' Cutting with Karan.' ' He made them play faceket ball. Finally Aashish won the torchlight award. He gave a mind-blowing impromptu performance as Sholay 's Gabbar who didn't have hands. Episode 5 This episode was telecast on 02 Mar 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. The episode opened with Rithvik answering to the reporters, and later a video message from Rohit Shetty was shown condemning his script writing skills (In Ep. 3 what he did with Lekha and Angela). Then he was given the script for the day which again had the mention of Rohit Shetty films, and Rithvik got angry with it. He said from now on he will not talk about cars, look at the cars or do anything with the cars. And then a lot of punches continued with that. Then he welcomed Karan Taluja, Phufaji (Ansh) and Shruti. Then they talked about the episode when the child actors had come to the academy to act with the contestants. All the contestants stated that initially they were very happy when the kids came. But later they realized that they are extremely naughty. They had hit everyone with pillows, done make up for the guys, and had smeared them with cakes etc. Then the contestants talked about the naughty things they had done when they were children. Karan had urinated in his teacher's helmet. Shruti sat with other kids on the rim of a well which was quite dangerous. Ansh had played a prank which was quite serious. He had covered a sleeping man with flowers etc. and made people think that he is dead. Rithvik talked about his incidents when he was a kid. His gang had burst crackers which had entered the clothes of a gentleman, and then later they had spoilt the outer painting of his house too. Then Rithvik taught some funny yoga moves which he called ' ' Brawasan' ' (Movement of eyes) and ' ' winkasan' ' (winking at someone). The contestants had a lot of fun. Then Aman and Shariq were called in as guests and they played a game with Rithvik ' ' bechke to dekho' ' (Show your selling skills). This was the most hilarious game ever played. They were asked to sell a commodity without knowing what it is. Aman had to sell a banana and Shariq had to sell ' ' aman ka chaddu.' ' All the punches had a lot of double meaning, and it was funny for the viewers to watch. Shariq won the close up gift hamper. Episode 6 This episode was telecast on 09 Mar 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. After Rohit sir got upset with Rithvik, he did a lot of study on the scripts of Rohit sir's films. His head was full of those stories and there was a chemical ' ' locha' ' (imbalance) due to that in his brain. Aashish, Shariq and Naina were called in as the first set of guests today. They talked about their experience with the new wild card entrants, and Naina mentioned that they are lucky for her, as she has been winning spotlights after they have come. Shariq mentioned that Harshvardhan drinks eight to ten cups of coffee, and surprisingly even after that he sleeps a lot. They were asked about their first experience of watching a blue film (adult film). They shared their embarrassing experiences and how they behaved when they were adolescent. Then even Rithvik too shared his experience. The next set of guests was Tapan (Wild card entry) and Ansh. Tapan mentioned that he was very upset last week that his acting partner Angela had to leave the academy. However, he was very happy that she gave him the rights to sleep on the bed on which she used to sleep in. Then Rithvik played a game with both of them ' ' eat of wear.' ' They had to pick up chits after giving a wrong answer, and eat/drink (weird foods which were on display) and wear weird stuffs which were kept there. It was quite funny to look at them till the end of the show. Finally Ansh won the gift hamper. Episode 7 This episode was telecast on 16 Mar 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. In the beginning of the act when Rithvik was getting ready for shooting today's episode, he got a call from a casting director Viola from Hollywood. She wanted to cast Rithvik in a Hollywood film and requested him to send some of his profile pictures. He presented the entire episode in a weird American accent. He changed his name to Wick D. And he announced that this is his last episode. In the academy he showed how Harshvardhan was trying to impress everyone by serving coffee. Then he welcomed Naina and Lekha as his first set of guests. Later Harshvardhan served coffee to the ladies. Then the chit chat started with how Tapan's mosquito net T-shirts looked funny. And then the ladies talked about Aashish and his constant habit of passing unsolicited comments. Then he invited Shariq and Shruti and played the last game in the show, as he was leaving for Hollywood. The game was called ' ' Blow your mind' ' which he played with both of them. The riddles sounded very double meaning ones. Shruti won the competition and the gift hamper. Episode 8 This episode was telecast on 23 Mar 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. Karan Wahi became and RJ and he called himself ' ' Wahiyaat Wahi.' ' (Weird Wahi). He took the calls from the callers and answers to their weird questions. He called Aman, Ansh and Shariq in his studio, and asked how they were doing. He mentioned that he observed that a string bond has formed between the three of them. He asked Aman, if there is a scarcity of girls in the academy, and why has he chosen to hang around with guys now. And then they pulled Aman's leg a lot. Then they showed the clipping of the evening when Urvashi Rautela had come to the show to promote their film Hate Story 4 and how Karan used to play ludo on the sets. The double meaning conversation made Rohit Shetty and Kjo laugh a lot. The leg pulling continued with Aman. Aman keeps on borrowing things from everyone in the academy. Ansh talked about the most embarrassing moment of his life. At the end Karan played a game with Elisha and Naina ' ' Blow me if you can-dle.' ' They were asked to blow the candles while wearing stockings on their face. The leg pulling and double meaning one liners made the game funny. Elisha won the game and won the close up hamper. Episode 9 This episode was telecast on 30 Mar 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. In the beginning of the episode, they showed that there was an article in the newspaper which talked about people becoming famous by copying KJo. Wahi's girlfriend called in, and mentioned that she is upset with the newspaper article which is based on Karan Wahi. He needs to do something original. KJo became an anchor, Wahi followed suit, KJo became an RJ, Wahi also tried his hands in that department in the last episode. KJo tried his hands in acting in Bombay Velvet , and Wahi played a meaty role in Hate Story 4 . She wanted to leave him as she was known as ' ' Cheater Cock's ' ' girlfriend. Looking for something new, in this episode, Karan Wahi tried his hand at politics and started hiring people for his party named as KLPD (Karan Liberal Pure Democracy) party. The double meanings of the punches were funny. Harshvardhan suggested that the name should be APDP (Akhand Prachand, Dhakkan Party.) Shruti suggested that it should be named as FUCK (Future, Under Construction Kendra) party. Finally this name was finalized. Ansh came up with the name MCBC (Meri Country Badi Country) party. Shruti suggested that the symbol of the party should be commode and brush which signifies cleansing of the system. Harshvardhan suggested that a buffalo's tail will be the best symbol for the party because this is a very popular phrase in the Hindi speaking regions of India. Ansh suggested that condom should be the party symbol as people will wear it, and remember their party. Then they did some gossiping, and Ansh took Lekha's name when he was asked about who behaves like a politician in the academy. Then after some leg pulling, the next set of guests was called in- ' ' Gyancho' ' baba Aashish and Natasha. Natasha was handcuffed and blind-folded, and then Karan and Aashish touched her with ice cubes, chocolate sauce, brush, balloon and other stuffs. Then was the turn of Aashish. Both of them sang item songs like ' ' Oo la la,' ' ' ' baby doll main sone di, ' ' kaate nahin katte yeh din yeh raat' ' to make the game seductive. Finally Aashish won the gift hamper. Episode 10 This episode was telecast on 06 Apr 2018 (Friday) on hotstar. The finale episode started with KJo and Rohit Shetty speculating about the possibilities of different winners of this show. All the technicians were sad because the show was ending and they didn't have the next project in hand. First set of guests were Harshvardhan, Natasha and Shruti. Karan Wahi showed the superstars their past and future via a Time Machine which was created by him. He made Harshvardhan sit on it first, and his future will be that of a milkman who makes women drink coffee. Natasha will open an English speaking training academy. Shruti will sell all her spotlights and open a shop of them. Then Aashish and Lekha came to the show. Aashish will open ' ' Gyancho university.' ' Lekha will open a gum manufacturing unit. Ansh will become a gossip columnist. Naina will open LOL (Like only laughing) classes. Aman will be the stamp man of every post office as he was known for sticking out his tongue a lot. There was a lot of leg pulling and laughter followed. Then Aman and Naina were called in. Naina did not like Aman much initially, because her bff Angela had some issues with Aman. Karan gave an impromptu romantic act to them to perform on a situation. The name of the game was ' ' honth hai khule khule, aur ashiqui ki baat karte ho.' ' They were made to wear dentures and enact the situation. It was quite funny to watch them enacting, and finally Naina got the gift hamper. Then all the contestants came to make Karan taste his own broth. BDSM , chaddu and everything what he had used to make fun of the contestants, was given back to him. The last episode ended with cake cutting and all the contestants took pictures to freeze these happy moments in their memories. Superstars ki paathshaala ( edit ) Episode 1 On Jan 15 (Monday), the episode which was telecast at 22:30 on star plus had the theme of ' ' Gender Bender.' ' Casting director Mukesh Chhabra had given this challenge to the actors and they had to shed off their inhibitions and act like a woman. Deepak Singh was introduced as the head choreographer for the academy and Punit Pathak was introduced as the chief choreographer for this show. Gandotra's closeness to Krislinzki was caught by the hidden cameras. She even shared the bunk bed with Gandotra. They had been paired up together for the first performance. Initially Gandotra had confessed that Krislinzki appeared very arrogant to him. Krislinzki stated that she has been facing this issue for a long time, and people think that she is very haughty and arrogant, but deep inside, she likes to make friends. They shared a good chemistry initially and played basketball together. However later when Gandotra became closer to Kapur, Krislinzki was upset with it and there was a spat between her and Gandotra. Prakash was not able to accept the fact that she is a bottom performer, and tried to give her explanation to Chhabra. Wahi was upset with Prakash's attitude and tried to pacify her. Johar and Shetty came on the TV screen to advise the candidates in the academy that they are luckier than Amitabh Bacchan , Shahrukh Khan and Akshay Kumar as they have got this platform and will not have to go through the series of struggle which they had to go through. Shetty advised the candidates to leave their mobile phones and concentrate on their acts. Chhabra and Singh appeared as judges, and the guys were quite nervous before their respective acts. Chhabra stated that even though this is the first challenge, he will not be lenient. He will look at the posture, eye contact, grace and other elements of a sizzling dance performance. He also advised the contestants to shed their inhibitions. The first act was presented as mannequins of hot actresses. Bagri was excited with this and finally the iconic costume donned by Alia Bhatt in the movie Student of the Year was worn by Ahlawat and Nanda. Ahlawat's strong muscles looked very abrupt in the performance as Bhatt, and his long skirt (Ghaghra) too created problems during the performance. Chhabra appreciated Nanda's performance as he was able to emote the right expressions. In the end he was selected amongst the winners. Bahl and Gadotra tried to show their oomph factor by donning the famous costume of Vidya Balan from the movie Dirty Picture . Gandotra's moves with split leg was liked by the contestants and Chhabra, and brought the ' ' Oo la la' ' moment for all. Krislinzki who had prepared Gandotra for the performance was very impressed with his moves and stated that Aman had set the stage on fire. Sharma and Vali wore the sensuous costume of Shilpa Shetty for the song ' ' Shut up and Bounce' ' from the movie Dostana . Singh liked his grace, pout and the feminine oomph in this performance. Chhabra told Sharma that he needs to work on his confidence levels and needs to come out of his shell for such performances. Taluja and Bagri were seen performing on the sensuous song ' ' Main Lovely Ho Gayi Yaar' ' (Originally performed by Deepika Padukone ) in the movie Happy New Year . Singh told Bagri that he was out of sync in the performance. Chaudhary and Mehrotra's strong biceps were visible while performing on the sensuous number of Raveena Tandon ' ' Tip Tip Barsa Pani.' ' Chaudhary, Sharma, Bahl, Ahlawat and Bagri could not clear the challenge and the rest of the boys Mehrotra, Vali, Gandotra, Nanda and Taluja were declared as the winners of this challenge. The winners were named as ' ' Team Heroes' ' and ' ' Team Villains' ' respectively. The girls got the privilege of choosing their respective teams. Finally, Prajapati, Bhasin, Singh, Vyas, Krislinzki chose ' ' Team Heroes.' ' Kapur and Prakash chose ' ' Team Villains' ' and Bharadwaj, Sharma and Keswani had to go to this team later. The girls helped the guys with the dance moves and make up. Within two hours they guys had to prepare for this act. Gandotra looked very cute due to his boyish charm. The guys experienced the pain of waxing on their arms and legs. Prakash realized the pain which the stylists have to go through, when they have to do the tedious task of waxing. Gandotra was impressed with the wigs and the earrings which were given to them along with the costumes to make their acts look perfect. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar, Rohit Shetty to judge a new talent show'' . DNA. Chaya Unnikrishnan . Retrieved November 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masaba Gupta designs Karan Johar's outfits for India's Next Superstars'' . Firstpost. IANS . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Aman Gandotra, Natasha Bharadwaj and Shruti Sharma were declared winners of India's Next Superstars'' . The Indian Express . 2018-04-07 . Retrieved 2018-04-08 . External links ( edit ) India's Next Superstars Streaming on Hotstar Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Naamkarann Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Khichdi Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Roadies Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Dance Champions Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Dating MTV Splitsvilla Power Couple Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Kitchen Champion Game 10 Ka Dum Deal Ya No Deal India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready? 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what part of the world is belize in | Belize ( / bəˈliːz / ( listen ) ) , formerly British Honduras , is an independent Commonwealth realm on the eastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the north by Mexico , on the south and west by Guatemala , and on the east by the Caribbean Sea . Its mainland is about 290 km ( 180 mi ) long and 110 km ( 68 mi ) wide . | [
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"Belize Flag Seal Motto : `` Sub Umbra Floreo '' ( Latin ) `` Under the shade I flourish '' Anthem : `` Land of the Free '' Royal anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Capital Belmopan 17 ° 15 ′ N 88 ° 46 ′ W / 17.250 ° N 88.767 ° W / 17.250 ; - 88.767 Largest city Belize City Official languages English Recognized languages Belizean Creole , Garifuna , Mayan languages , Spanish Ethnic groups ( 2010 ) 53.9 % Mestizo 23.9 % Creole 11.3 % Mayan 6.1 % Garifuna 3.9 % South Asian 4.6 % European 1.2 % Other white 1.0 % East Asian 1.2 % Other 0.3 % Unknown Demonym Belizean ( since 1973 ) Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General Colville Young Prime Minister Dean Barrow Legislature National Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom 21 September 1981 Area Total 22,966 km ( 8,867 sq mi ) ( 147th ) Water ( % ) 0.8 Population 2017 estimate 387,879 2010 census 324,528 Density 14.1 / km ( 36.5 / sq mi ) ( 213th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $3.252 billion Per capita $8,399 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $1.829 billion Per capita $4,724 HDI ( 2014 ) 0.715 high 101st Currency Belize dollar ( BZD ) Time zone CST ( UTC − 6 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 501 ISO 3166 code BZ Internet TLD . bz",
"Belize",
"Flag Seal",
"Motto : `` Sub Umbra Floreo '' ( Latin ) `` Under the shade I flourish ''",
"Anthem : `` Land of the Free '' Royal anthem : `` God Save the Queen ''",
"Capital Belmopan 17 ° 15 ′ N 88 ° 46 ′ W / 17.250 ° N 88.767 ° W / 17.250 ; - 88.767",
"Largest city Belize City",
"Official languages English",
"Recognized languages Belizean Creole , Garifuna , Mayan languages , Spanish",
"Ethnic groups ( 2010 ) 53.9 % Mestizo 23.9 % Creole 11.3 % Mayan 6.1 % Garifuna 3.9 % South Asian 4.6 % European 1.2 % Other white 1.0 % East Asian 1.2 % Other 0.3 % Unknown",
"53.9 % Mestizo 23.9 % Creole 11.3 % Mayan 6.1 % Garifuna 3.9 % South Asian 4.6 % European 1.2 % Other white 1.0 % East Asian 1.2 % Other 0.3 % Unknown",
"53.9 % Mestizo",
"23.9 % Creole",
"11.3 % Mayan",
"6.1 % Garifuna",
"3.9 % South Asian",
"4.6 % European",
"1.2 % Other white",
"1.0 % East Asian",
"1.2 % Other",
"0.3 % Unknown",
"Demonym Belizean ( since 1973 )",
"Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy",
"Monarch Elizabeth II",
"Governor - General Colville Young",
"Prime Minister Dean Barrow",
"Legislature National Assembly",
"Upper house Senate",
"Lower house House of Representatives",
"Independence",
"from the United Kingdom 21 September 1981",
"Area",
"Total 22,966 km ( 8,867 sq mi ) ( 147th )",
"Water ( % ) 0.8",
"Population",
"2017 estimate 387,879",
"2010 census 324,528",
"Density 14.1 / km ( 36.5 / sq mi ) ( 213th )",
"GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate",
"Total $3.252 billion",
"Per capita $8,399",
"GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate",
"Total $1.829 billion",
"Per capita $4,724",
"HDI ( 2014 ) 0.715 high 101st",
"Currency Belize dollar ( BZD )",
"Time zone CST ( UTC − 6 )",
"Date format dd / mm / yyyy",
"Drives on the right",
"Calling code + 501",
"ISO 3166 code BZ",
"Internet TLD . bz",
"Belize ( / bəˈliːz / ( listen ) ) , formerly British Honduras , is an independent Commonwealth realm on the eastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the north by Mexico , on the south and west by Guatemala , and on the east by the Caribbean Sea . Its mainland is about 290 km ( 180 mi ) long and 110 km ( 68 mi ) wide .",
"Belize has an area of 22,800 square kilometres ( 8,800 sq mi ) and a population of 387,879 ( 2017 ) . It has the lowest population density in Central America . The country 's population growth rate of 1.87 % per year ( 2015 ) is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere .",
"Belize 's abundance of terrestrial and marine species and its diversity of ecosystems give it a key place in the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor .",
"Belize has a diverse society , composed of many cultures and languages that reflect its rich history . English is the official language of Belize , while Belizean Creole is an unofficial native language . Over half the population is multilingual , with Spanish being the second most common spoken language .",
"Belize is considered a Central American and Caribbean nation with strong ties to both the Latin American and Caribbean regions . It is a member of the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) , and the Central American Integration System ( SICA ) , the only country to hold full membership in all three regional organisations . Belize is a Commonwealth realm , with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state .",
"Belize is known for its September Celebrations , its extensive barrier reef coral reefs and punta music .",
"The original name of Belize was British Honduras . The earliest known record of the name `` Belize '' appears in the journal of the Dominican priest Fray José Delgado , dating to 1677 . Delgado recorded the names of three major rivers that he crossed while travelling north along the Caribbean coast : Rio Soyte , Rio Xibum and Rio Balis . The names of these waterways , which correspond to the Sittee River , Sibun River and Belize River , were provided to Delgado by his translator . It is likely that Delgado 's `` Balis '' was actually the Mayan word belix ( or beliz ) , meaning `` muddy - watered '' .",
"Some have suggested that the name derives from a Spanish pronunciation of the name of the Scottish buccaneer Peter Wallace , who established a settlement at the mouth of the Belize River in 1638 . There is no proof that Wallace settled in this area and some scholars have characterized this claim as a myth . Writers and historians have suggested several other possible etymologies , including postulated French and African origins .",
"The Maya civilization emerged at least three millennia ago in the lowland area of the Yucatán Peninsula and the highlands to the south , in what is now southeastern Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , and western Honduras . Many aspects of this culture persist in the area despite nearly 500 years of European domination . Prior to about 2500 BC , some hunting and foraging bands settled in small farming villages ; they later domesticated crops such as corn , beans , squash , and chili peppers .",
"A profusion of languages and subcultures developed within the Maya core culture . Between about 2500 BC and 250 AD , the basic institutions of Maya civilisation emerged . The peak of this civilization occurred during the classic period , which began about 250 AD .",
"The Maya civilization spread across what is now Belize around 1500 BC , and flourished there until about 900 AD . The recorded history of the middle and southern regions is dominated by Caracol , an urban political centre that may have supported over 140,000 people . North of the Maya Mountains , the most important political centre was Lamanai . In the late Classic Era of Maya civilisation ( 600 -- 1000 AD ) , as many as 1 million people may have lived in the area that is now Belize .",
"When Spanish explorers arrived in the 16th century , the area that is now Belize included three distinct Maya territories : Chetumal province , which encompassed the area around Corozal Bay ; Dzuluinicob province , which encompassed the area between the New River and the Sibun River , west to Tipu ; and a southern territory controlled by the Manche Ch'ol Maya , encompassing the area between the Monkey River and the Sarstoon River .",
"Spanish conquistadors explored the land and declared it a Spanish colony but chose not to settle and develop because of its lack of resources and the hostile Indian tribes of the Yucatán .",
"English and Scottish settlers and pirates known as the Baymen entered the area from the 17th century , with Baymen first settling on the coast of what is now Belize in 1638 , seeking a sheltered region from which they could attack Spanish ships ( see English settlement in Belize ) . The settlers established a trade colony and port in what became the Belize District , and during the 18th century , established a system using black slaves to cut logwood ( Haematoxylum campechianum ) trees . This yielded a valuable fixing agent for clothing dyes , and was one of the first ways to achieve a fast black before the advent of artificial dyes . The Spanish granted the British settlers the right to occupy the area and cut logwood in exchange for their help suppressing piracy .",
"The British first appointed a superintendent over the Belize area in 1786 . Before then the British government had not recognized the settlement as a colony for fear of provoking a Spanish attack . The delay in government oversight allowed the settlers to establish their own laws and forms of government . During this period , a few successful settlers gained control of the local legislature , known as the Public Meeting , as well as of most of the settlement 's land and timber .",
"The Battle of St. George 's Caye was a 1798 military engagement off the coast of Belize between an invading Spanish fleet and a small force of Baymen and their slaves . From 3 to 5 September , the Spaniards tried to force their way through Montego Caye shoal , but were blocked by defenders . Spain 's last attempt occurred on 10 September , when the Baymen repelled the Spanish fleet in a short engagement with no known casualties on either side . The anniversary of the battle is a national holiday in Belize and is celebrated to commemorate the `` first Belizeans '' and the defence of their territory .",
"In the early 19th century , the British sought to reform the settlers , threatening to suspend the Public Meeting unless it observed the government 's instructions to eliminate slavery outright . After a generation of wrangling , slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833 , As a result of their slaves ' abilities in the work of mahogany extraction , owners in British Honduras were compensated at £ 53.69 per slave on average , the highest amount paid in any British territory .",
"However , the end of slavery did little to change the former slaves ' working conditions if they stayed at their trade . A series of institutions restricted the ability of individuals to buy land , in a debt - peonage system . Former `` extra special '' mahogany or logwood cutters undergirded the early ascriptions of the capacities ( and consequently the limitations ) of people of African descent in the colony . Because a small elite controlled the settlement 's land and commerce , former slaves had little choice but to continue to work in timber cutting .",
"In 1836 , after the emancipation of Central America from Spanish rule , the British claimed the right to administer the region . In 1862 , Great Britain formally declared it a British Crown Colony , subordinate to Jamaica , and named it British Honduras .",
"As a colony , Belize began to attract British investors . Among the British firms that dominated the colony in the late 19th century was the Belize Estate and Produce Company , which eventually acquired half of all privately held land and eventually eliminated peonage . Belize Estate 's influence accounts in part for the colony 's reliance on the mahogany trade throughout the rest of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century .",
"The Great Depression of the 1930s caused a near - collapse of the colony 's economy as British demand for timber plummeted . The effects of widespread unemployment were worsened by a devastating hurricane that struck the colony in 1931 . Perceptions of the government 's relief effort as inadequate were aggravated by its refusal to legalize labour unions or introduce a minimum wage . Economic conditions improved during World War II as many Belizean men entered the armed forces or otherwise contributed to the war effort .",
"Following the war , the colony 's economy stagnated . Britain 's decision to devalue the British Honduras dollar in 1949 worsened economic conditions and led to the creation of the People 's Committee , which demanded independence . The People 's Committee 's successor , the People 's United Party ( PUP ) , sought constitutional reforms that expanded voting rights to all adults . The first election under universal suffrage was held in 1954 and was decisively won by the PUP , beginning a three - decade period in which the PUP dominated the country 's politics . Pro-independence activist George Cadle Price became PUP leader in 1956 and the effective head of government in 1961 , a post he would hold under various titles until 1984 .",
"Under a new constitution Britain granted British Honduras self - government in 1964 . On 1 June 1973 , British Honduras was officially renamed Belize . Progress toward independence , however , was hampered by a Guatemalan claim to sovereignty over Belizean territory .",
"Belize was granted independence on 21 September 1981 . Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation because of its longstanding territorial dispute with the British colony , claiming that Belize belonged to Guatemala . About 1,500 British troops remained in Belize to deter any possible incursions .",
"With Price at the helm , the PUP won all national elections until 1984 . In that election , the first national election after independence , the PUP was defeated by the United Democratic Party ( UDP ) . UDP leader Manuel Esquivel replaced Price as prime minister , with Price himself unexpectedly losing his own House seat to a UDP challenger . The PUP under Price returned to power after elections in 1989 . The following year the United Kingdom announced that it would end its military involvement in Belize , and the RAF Harrier detachment was withdrawn the same year , having remained stationed in the country continuously since its deployment had become permanent there in 1980 . British soldiers were withdrawn in 1994 , but the United Kingdom left behind a military training unit to assist with the newly created Belize Defence Force .",
"The UDP regained power in the 1993 national election , and Esquivel became prime minister for a second time . Soon afterwards Esquivel announced the suspension of a pact reached with Guatemala during Price 's tenure , claiming Price had made too many concessions to gain Guatemalan recognition . The pact may have curtailed the 130 - year - old border dispute between the two countries . Border tensions continued into the early 2000s , although the two countries cooperated in other areas .",
"The PUP won a landslide victory in the 1998 national elections , and PUP leader Said Musa was sworn in as prime minister . In the 2003 elections the PUP maintained its majority , and Musa continued as prime minister . He pledged to improve conditions in the underdeveloped and largely inaccessible southern part of Belize .",
"In 2005 , Belize was the site of unrest caused by discontent with the PUP government , including tax increases in the national budget . On 8 February 2008 , Dean Barrow was sworn in as prime minister after his UDP won a landslide victory in general elections . Barrow and the UDP were re-elected in 2012 with a considerably smaller majority .",
"Throughout Belize 's history , Guatemala has claimed ownership of all or part of Belizean territory . This claim is occasionally reflected in maps drawn by Guatemala 's government , showing Belize as Guatemala 's twenty - third department . As of 2016 , the border dispute with Guatemala remains unresolved and quite contentious . Guatemala 's claim to Belizean territory rests , in part , on Clause VII of the Anglo - Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 , which obligated the British to build a road between Belize City and Guatemala . At various times the issue has required mediation by the United Kingdom , Caribbean Community heads of government , the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , Mexico , and the United States . Notably , both Guatemala and Belize participate in confidence - building measures approved by the OAS such as the Guatemala - Belize Language Exchange Project .",
"Belize is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The structure of government is based on the British parliamentary system , and the legal system is modelled on the common law of England . The symbolic head of state is Queen Elizabeth II , who holds the title Queen of Belize . The Queen resides in the United Kingdom , and is represented in Belize by the Governor - General . Executive authority is exercised by the cabinet , which advises the Governor - General and is led by the Prime Minister of Belize , who is head of government . Cabinet ministers are members of the majority political party in parliament and usually hold elected seats within it concurrent with their cabinet positions .",
"The bicameral National Assembly of Belize is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate . The 31 members of the House are popularly elected to a maximum five - year term and introduce legislation affecting the development of Belize . The Governor - General appoints the 12 members of the Senate , with a Senate president selected by the members . The Senate is responsible for debating and approving bills passed by the House .",
"Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Belize . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech , press , worship , movement , and association . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature .",
"Members of the independent judiciary are appointed . The judicial system includes local magistrates grouped under the Magistrates ' Court , which hears less serious cases . The Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) hears murder and similarly serious cases , and the Court of Appeal , hears appeals from convicted individuals seeking to have their sentences overturned . Defendants may , under certain circumstances , appeal their cases to the Caribbean Court of Justice .",
"Since 1974 , the party system in Belize has been dominated by the centre - left People 's United Party and the centre - right United Democratic Party , although there have been other small parties that have participated at all levels of elections in the past . Though none of these small political parties have ever won any significant number of seats and / or offices , their challenge has been growing over the years .",
"Belize is a full participating member of the United Nations , Commonwealth of Nations , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , Central American Integration System ( SICA ) , Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) , CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) , Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) , and the Caribbean Court of Justice ( CCJ ) , which currently serves as a final court of appeal for only Barbados , Belize and Guyana . In 2001 the Caribbean Community heads of government voted on a measure declaring that the region should work towards replacing the UK 's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council with the Caribbean Court of Justice . It is still in the process of acceding to CARICOM and SICA treaties , including trade and single market treaties .",
"Belize is an original member ( 1995 ) of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and participates actively in its work . The pact involves the Caribbean Forum ( CARIFORUM ) subgroup of the Group of African , Caribbean , and Pacific states ( ACP ) . CARIFORUM presently the only part of the wider ACP - bloc that has concluded the full regional trade - pact with the European Union .",
"The Belize Defence Force ( BDF ) serves as the country 's military and is responsible for protecting the sovereignty of Belize . The BDF , with the Belize National Coast Guard and the Immigration Department , is a department of the Ministry of Defence and Immigration . In 1997 the regular army numbered over 900 , the reserve army 381 , the air wing 45 and the maritime wing 36 , amounting to an overall strength of approximately 1400 . In 2005 , the maritime wing became part of the Belizean Coast Guard . In 2012 , the Belizean government spent about $17 million on the military , constituting 1.08 % of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) .",
"After Belize achieved independence in 1981 the United Kingdom maintained a deterrent force ( British Forces Belize ) in the country to protect it from invasion by Guatemala ( see Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory ) . During the 1980s this included a battalion and No. 1417 Flight RAF of Harriers . The main British force left in 1994 , three years after Guatemala recognized Belizean independence , but the United Kingdom maintained a training presence via the British Army Training and Support Unit Belize ( BATSUB ) and 25 Flight AAC until 2011 when the last British Forces left Ladyville Barracks , with the exception of seconded advisers .",
"Belize is divided into six districts .",
"District Capital Area Population ( 2015 ) Population ( 2010 ) Change Population density ( 2015 ) Belize Belize City 1,663 sq mi ( 4,310 km ) 110,644 95,292 7001161104814674890 ♠ + 16.1 % 66.5 / sq mi ( 25.7 / km ) Cayo San Ignacio 2,006 sq mi ( 5,200 km ) 87,876 75,046 7001170961810089810 ♠ + 17.1 % 43.8 / sq mi ( 16.9 / km ) Corozal Corozal Town 718 sq mi ( 1,860 km ) 45,530 41,061 7001108838070188260 ♠ + 10.9 % 63.4 / sq mi ( 24.5 / km ) Orange Walk Orange Walk Town 1,790 sq mi ( 4,600 km ) 49,466 45,946 7000766116745745000 ♠ + 7.7 % 27.6 / sq mi ( 10.7 / km ) Stann Creek Dangriga 986 sq mi ( 2,550 km ) 39,865 34,324 7001161432234005360 ♠ + 16.1 % 40.4 / sq mi ( 15.6 / km ) Toledo Punta Gorda 1,704 sq mi ( 4,410 km ) 34,928 30,785 7001134578528504140 ♠ + 13.5 % 20.5 / sq mi ( 7.9 / km )",
"District Capital Area Population ( 2015 ) Population ( 2010 ) Change Population density ( 2015 )",
"Belize Belize City 1,663 sq mi ( 4,310 km ) 110,644 95,292 7001161104814674890 ♠ + 16.1 % 66.5 / sq mi ( 25.7 / km )",
"Cayo San Ignacio 2,006 sq mi ( 5,200 km ) 87,876 75,046 7001170961810089810 ♠ + 17.1 % 43.8 / sq mi ( 16.9 / km )",
"Corozal Corozal Town 718 sq mi ( 1,860 km ) 45,530 41,061 7001108838070188260 ♠ + 10.9 % 63.4 / sq mi ( 24.5 / km )",
"Orange Walk Orange Walk Town 1,790 sq mi ( 4,600 km ) 49,466 45,946 7000766116745745000 ♠ + 7.7 % 27.6 / sq mi ( 10.7 / km )",
"Stann Creek Dangriga 986 sq mi ( 2,550 km ) 39,865 34,324 7001161432234005360 ♠ + 16.1 % 40.4 / sq mi ( 15.6 / km )",
"Toledo Punta Gorda 1,704 sq mi ( 4,410 km ) 34,928 30,785 7001134578528504140 ♠ + 13.5 % 20.5 / sq mi ( 7.9 / km )",
"These districts are further divided into 31 constituencies . Local government in Belize comprises four types of local authorities : city councils , town councils , village councils and community councils . The two city councils ( Belize City and Belmopan ) and seven town councils cover the urban population of the country , while village and community councils cover the rural population .",
"Belize is on the Caribbean coast of northern Central America . It shares a border on the north with the Mexican state of Quintana Roo , on the west with the Guatemalan department of Petén , and on the south with the Guatemalan department of Izabal . To the east in the Caribbean Sea , the second - longest barrier reef in the world flanks much of the 386 kilometres ( 240 mi ) of predominantly marshy coastline . The area of the country totals 22,960 square kilometres ( 8,865 sq mi ) , an area slightly larger than El Salvador , Israel , New Jersey or Wales . The many lagoon s along the coasts and in the northern interior reduces the actual land area to 21,400 square kilometres ( 8,263 sq mi ) .",
"Belize is shaped like a rectangle that extends about 280 kilometres ( 174 mi ) north - south and about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) east - west , with a total land boundary length of 516 kilometres ( 321 mi ) . The undulating courses of two rivers , the Hondo and the Sarstoon River , define much of the course of the country 's northern and southern boundaries . The western border follows no natural features and runs north - south through lowland forest and highland plateau .",
"The north of Belize consists mostly of flat , swampy coastal plains , in places heavily forested . The flora is highly diverse considering the small geographical area . The south contains the low mountain range of the Maya Mountains . The highest point in Belize is Doyle 's Delight at 1,124 m ( 3,688 ft ) .",
"Belize 's rugged geography has also made the country 's coastline and jungle attractive to drug smugglers , who use the country as a gateway into Mexico . In 2011 , the United States added Belize to the list of nations considered major drug producers or transit countries for narcotics .",
"Belize is a country with a rich variety of wildlife , because of its unique position between both North and South America , and a wide range of climates and habitats for plant and animal life . Belize 's low human population and approximately 22,970 square kilometres ( 8,867 sq mi ) of undistributed land makes for an ideal home for the more than 5,000 species of plants , and hundreds of species of animals , including armadillos , snakes , and monkeys .",
"The Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary is a nature reserve in south - central Belize established to protect the forests , fauna and watersheds of an approximately 400 km ( 150 sq mi ) area of the eastern slopes of the Maya Mountains . The reserve was founded in 1990 as the first wilderness sanctuary for the jaguar and is regarded by one author as the premier site for jaguar preservation in the world .",
"While over 60 % of Belize 's land surface is covered by forest , some 20 % of the country 's land is covered by cultivated land ( agriculture ) and human settlements . Savanna , scrubland and wetland constitute the remainder of Belize 's land cover . Important mangrove ecosystems are also represented across Belize 's landscape . As a part of the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor that stretches from southern Mexico to Panama , Belize 's biodiversity -- both marine and terrestrial -- is rich , with abundant flora and fauna .",
"Belize is also a leader in protecting biodiversity and natural resources . According to the World Database on Protected Areas , 37 % of Belize 's land territory falls under some form of official protection , giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas . By contrast , Costa Rica only has 27 % of its land territory protected .",
"Around 13.6 % of Belize 's territorial waters , which contain the Belize Barrier Reef , are also protected . The Belize Barrier Reef is a UNESCO - recognized World Heritage Site and is the second - largest barrier reef in the world , behind Australia 's Great Barrier Reef .",
"A remote sensing study conducted by the Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean ( CATHALAC ) and NASA , in collaboration with the Forest Department and the Land Information Centre ( LIC ) of the government of Belize 's Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment ( MNRE ) , and published in August 2010 revealed that Belize 's forest cover in early 2010 was approximately 62.7 % , down from 75.9 % in late 1980 . A similar study by Belize Tropical Forest Studies and Conservation International revealed similar trends in terms of Belize 's forest cover . Both studies indicate that each year , 0.6 % of Belize 's forest cover is lost , translating to the clearing of an average of 24,835 acres ( 10,050 ha ) each year . The USAID - supported ERVIR study by CATHALAC , NASA , and the MNRE also showed that Belize 's protected areas have been extremely effective in protecting the country 's forests . While only some 6.4 % of forests inside of legally declared protected areas were cleared between 1980 and 2010 , over a quarter of forests outside of protected areas were lost between 1980 and 2010 .",
"As a country with a relatively high forest cover and a low deforestation rate , Belize has significant potential for participation in initiatives such as REDD . Significantly , the SERVIR study on Belize 's deforestation was also recognized by the Group on Earth Observations ( GEO ) , of which Belize is a member nation .",
"Belize is known to have a number of economically important minerals , but none in quantities large enough to warrant mining . These minerals include dolomite , barite ( source of barium ) , bauxite ( source of aluminium ) , cassiterite ( source of tin ) , and gold . In 1990 limestone , used in road - building , was the only mineral resource being exploited for either domestic or export use .",
"In 2006 , the cultivation of newly discovered crude oil in the town of Spanish Lookout has presented new prospects and problems for this developing nation .",
"The Belize Barrier Reef is a series of coral reefs straddling the coast of Belize , roughly 300 metres ( 980 ft ) offshore in the north and 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) in the south within the country limits . The Belize Barrier Reef is a 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) long section of the 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System , which is continuous from Cancún on the northeast tip of the Yucatán Peninsula through the Riviera Maya up to Honduras making it one of the largest coral reef systems in the world .",
"It is Belize 's top tourist destination , popular for scuba diving and snorkelling , and attracting almost half of its 260,000 visitors . It is also vital to its fishing industry . In 1842 Charles Darwin described it as `` the most remarkable reef in the West Indies '' .",
"The Belize Barrier Reef was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 due to its vulnerability and the fact that it contains important natural habitats for in - situ conservation of biodiversity .",
"The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals , and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the world :",
"70 hard coral species 36 soft coral species 500 species of fish hundreds of invertebrate species",
"70 hard coral species",
"36 soft coral species",
"500 species of fish",
"hundreds of invertebrate species",
"With 90 % of the reef still to be researched , some estimate that only 10 % of all species have been discovered .",
"Belize became the first country in the world to completely ban bottom trawling in December 2010 . In December 2015 , Belize banned offshore oil drilling within 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of the Barrier Reef and all of its 7 World Heritage Sites .",
"Despite these protective measures , the reef remains under threat from oceanic pollution as well as uncontrolled tourism , shipping , and fishing . Other threats include hurricanes , along with global warming and the resulting increase in ocean temperatures , which causes coral bleaching . It is claimed by scientists that over 40 % of Belize 's coral reef has been damaged since 1998 .",
"Belize has a tropical climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons , although there are significant variations in weather patterns by region . Temperatures vary according to elevation , proximity to the coast , and the moderating effects of the northeast trade winds off the Caribbean . Average temperatures in the coastal regions range from 24 ° C ( 75.2 ° F ) in January to 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) in July . Temperatures are slightly higher inland , except for the southern highland plateaus , such as the Mountain Pine Ridge , where it is noticeably cooler year round . Overall , the seasons are marked more by differences in humidity and rainfall than in temperature .",
"Average rainfall varies considerably , from 1,350 mm ( 53.1 in ) in the north and west to over 4,500 mm ( 177.2 in ) in the extreme south . Seasonal differences in rainfall are greatest in the northern and central regions of the country where , between January and April or May , less than 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) of rainfall per month . The dry season is shorter in the south , normally only lasting from February to April . A shorter , less rainy period , known locally as the `` little dry '' , usually occurs in late July or August , after the initial onset of the rainy season .",
"Hurricane s have played key -- and devastating -- roles in Belizean history . In 1931 , an unnamed hurricane destroyed over two - thirds of the buildings in Belize City and killed more than 1,000 people . In 1955 , Hurricane Janet levelled the northern town of Corozal . Only six years later , Hurricane Hattie struck the central coastal area of the country , with winds in excess of 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) and 4 m ( 13.1 ft ) storm tide s . The devastation of Belize City for the second time in thirty years prompted the relocation of the capital some 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) inland to the planned city of Belmopan .",
"In 1978 , Hurricane Greta caused more than US $25 million in damages along the southern coast . On 9 October 2001 , Hurricane Iris made landfall at Monkey River Town as a 233 km / h ( 145 mph ) Category Four storm . The storm demolished most of the homes in the village , and destroyed the banana crop . In 2007 , Hurricane Dean made landfall as a Category 5 storm only 40 km ( 25 mi ) north of the Belize -- Mexico border . Dean caused extensive damage in northern Belize .",
"In 2010 , Belize was directly affected by the Category 2 Hurricane Richard , which made landfall approximately 32 km ( 20 mi ) south - southeast of Belize City at around 00 : 45 UTC on 25 October 2010 . The storm moved inland towards Belmopan , causing estimated damage of BZ $ 33.8 million ( $17.4 million 2010 USD ) , primarily from damage to crops and housing .",
"The most recent hurricane to affect the nation was Hurricane Earl of 2016 .",
"Belize has a small , mostly private enterprise economy that is based primarily on export of petroleum and crude oil , agriculture , agro-based industry , and merchandising , with tourism and construction recently assuming greater importance . As of 2007 , oil production was 3,000 bbl / d ( 480 m / d ) and as of 2006 oil exports were 1,960 bbl / d ( 312 m / d ) . The country is also a producer of industrial minerals . In agriculture , sugar , like in colonial times , remains the chief crop , accounting for nearly half of exports , while the banana industry is the largest employer .",
"The new government of Belize faces important challenges to economic stability . Rapid action to improve tax collection has been promised , but a lack of progress in reining in spending could bring the exchange rate under pressure . The tourist and construction sectors strengthened in early 1999 , leading to a preliminary estimate of revived growth at 4 % . Infrastructure remains a major economic development challenge ; Belize has the region 's most expensive electricity . Trade is important and the major trading partners are the United States , Mexico , the European Union , and Central America .",
"Belize has five commercial banks , of which the largest and oldest is Belize Bank . The other four banks are Heritage Bank , Atlantic Bank , FirstCaribbean International Bank , and Scotiabank ( Belize ) . A robust complex of credit unions began in the 1940s under the leadership of Marion M. Ganey , S.J. , and is a continuing resource for the betterment of the peoples across economic and cultural lines .",
"Belize is located on the coast of Central America . Based on its location , it is seen as a beautiful destination for vacations . However , also due to its location , it is currently becoming known in the global arena for attracting many drug trafficking entities in North America . The Belize currency is pegged to the U.S. dollar . This entices drug traffickers and money launderers who want to utilize their current economic system . In addition , Belize also offers nonresidents the ability to establish offshore accounts . Because of this loophole , it is desirable for many drug traffickers and money launderers to utilize Belize as a money laundering banking entity . As a result , the United States Department of State has recently named Belize one of the world 's `` major money laundering countries . '' 2016 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency",
"This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2014 )",
"This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2014 )",
"The largest integrated electric utility and the principal distributor in Belize is Belize Electricity Limited . BEL was approximately 70 % owned by Fortis Inc. , a Canadian investor - owned distribution utility , which represented less than 2 % of Fortis assets . Fortis took over the management of BEL in 1999 , at the invitation of the government of Belize in an attempt to mitigate prior financial problems within the locally managed utility . In addition to its regulated investment in BEL , Fortis owns Belize Electric Company Limited ( BECOL ) , a non-regulated hydroelectric generation business that operates three hydroelectric generating facilities on the Macal River .",
"On 14 June 2011 , the government of Belize nationalized the majority ownership interest of Fortis Inc. in Belize Electricity Ltd . The Belize utility encountered serious financial problems after the country 's Public Utilities Commission ( PUC ) in 2008 disallowed `` the recovery of previously incurred fuel and purchased power costs in customer rates and set customer rates at a level that does not allow BEL to earn a fair and reasonable return '' , Fortis said in a June 2011 statement . BEL appealed this judgment to the Court of Appeal ; however , a hearing is not expected until 2012 . In May 2011 , the Supreme Court of Belize granted BEL 's application to prevent the PUC from taking any enforcement actions pending the appeal . The Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry issued a statement saying the government had acted in haste and expressed concern over the message it sent to investors .",
"In August 2009 , the government of Belize nationalized Belize Telemedia Limited ( BTL ) , which now competes directly with Speednet . As a result of the nationalisation process , the interconnection agreements are again subject to negotiations . Both BTL and Speednet boast a full range of products and services including basic telephone services , national and international calls , prepaid services , cellular services via GSM 1900 megahertz ( MHz ) and 3G CDMA 2000 respectively , international cellular roaming , fixed wireless , dial - up and internet , high - speed DSL , internet service , and national and international data networks .",
"A combination of natural factors -- climate , the Belize Barrier Reef , over 450 offshore Cays ( islands ) , excellent fishing , safe waters for boating , scuba diving , and snorkelling , numerous rivers for rafting , and kayaking , various jungle and wildlife reserves of fauna and flora , for hiking , bird watching , and helicopter touring , as well as many Maya ruins -- support the thriving tourism and ecotourism industry . It also has the largest cave system in Central America .",
"Development costs are high , but the government of Belize has made tourism its second development priority after agriculture . In 2012 , tourist arrivals totalled 917,869 ( with about 584,683 from the United States ) and tourist receipts amounted to over $1.3 billion .",
"Belize 's population is estimated to be 360,346 in 2017 . Belize 's total fertility rate in 2009 was 3.6 children per woman . Its birth rate was 27.33 births / 1,000 population , and the death rate was 5.8 deaths / 1,000 population . Substantial ethnic - demographic shift has been occurring since 1980 when Creoles / Mestizo ratio has shifted from 58 / 48 to now at 26 / 53 , with Creoles moving to the US and Mestizo birth rate and entry from El Salvador . Woods , Composition and Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Belize 1997",
"The Maya are thought to have been in Belize and the Yucatán region since the second millennium BC ; however , much of Belize 's original Maya population was wiped out by conflicts between constantly warring tribes . There were some who died of disease after contact and invasion by Europeans . Three Maya groups now inhabit the country : The Yucatec ( who came from Yucatán , Mexico , to escape the savage Caste War of the 1840s ) , the Mopan ( indigenous to Belize but were forced out to Guatemala by the British for raiding settlements ; they returned to Belize to evade enslavement by the Guatemalans in the 19th century ) , and Q'eqchi ' ( also fled from slavery in Guatemala in the 19th century ) . The latter groups are chiefly found in the Toledo District .",
"Creoles , also known as Kriols , make up roughly 21 % of the Belizean population and about 75 % of the diaspora . They are descendants of the Baymen slave owners , and slaves brought to Belize for the purpose of the logging industry . These slaves were ultimately of West and Central African descent ( many also of Miskito ancestry from Nicaragua ) and born Africans who had spent very brief periods in Jamaica and Bermuda . Bay Islanders and ethnic Jamaicans came in the late 19th century , further adding to these already varied peoples , creating this ethnic group .",
"For all intents and purposes , Creole is an ethnic and linguistic denomination . Some natives , even with blonde hair and blue eyes , may call themselves Creoles .",
"Belize Creole English or Kriol developed during the time of slavery , and historically was only spoken by former slaves . However , this ethnicity has become an integral part of the Belizean identity , and as a result it is now spoken by about 45 % of Belizeans . Belizean Creole is derived mainly from English . Its substrate languages are the Native American language Miskito , and the various West African and Bantu languages brought into the country by slaves . Creoles are found all over Belize , but predominantly in urban areas such as Belize City , coastal towns and villages , and in the Belize River Valley .",
"The Garinagu ( singular Garifuna ) , at around 4.5 % of the population , are a mix of West / Central African , Arawak , and Island Carib ancestry . Though they were captives removed from their homelands , these people were never documented as slaves . The two prevailing theories are that , in 1635 , they were either the survivors of two recorded shipwrecks or somehow took over the ship they came on .",
"Throughout history they have been incorrectly labelled as Black Caribs . When the British took over Saint Vincent and the Grenadines after the Treaty of Paris in 1763 , they were opposed by French settlers and their Garinagu allies . The Garinagu eventually surrendered to the British in 1796 . The British separated the more African - looking Garifunas from the more indigenous - looking ones . 5,000 Garinagu were exiled from the Grenadine island of Baliceaux . However , only about 2,500 of them survived the voyage to Roatán , an island off the coast of Honduras . The Garifuna language belongs to the Arawakan language family , but has a large number of loanwords from Carib languages and from English .",
"Because Roatán was too small and infertile to support their population , the Garinagu petitioned the Spanish authorities of Honduras to be allowed to settle on the mainland coast . The Spanish employed them as soldiers , and they spread along the Caribbean coast of Central America . The Garinagu settled in Seine Bight , Punta Gorda and Punta Negra , Belize , by way of Honduras as early as 1802 . However , in Belize , 19 November 1832 is the date officially recognized as `` Garifuna Settlement Day '' in Dangriga .",
"According to one genetic study , their ancestry is on average 76 % Sub Saharan African , 20 % Arawak / Island Carib and 4 % European .",
"The Mestizo culture are people of mixed Spanish and Maya descent . They originally came to Belize in 1847 , to escape the Caste War , which occurred when thousands of Mayas rose against the state in Yucatán and massacred over one - third of the population . The surviving others fled across the borders into British territory . The Mestizos are found everywhere in Belize but most make their homes in the northern districts of Corozal and Orange Walk . The Mestizos are the largest ethnic group in Belize and make up approximately half of the population . The Mestizo towns centre on a main square , and social life focuses on the Catholic Church built on one side of it . Spanish is the main language of most Mestizos and Spanish descendants , but many speak English and Belize Kriol fluently . Due to the influences of Kriol and English , many Mestizos speak what is known as `` Kitchen Spanish '' . The mixture of Latin and Maya foods like tamales , escabeche , chirmole , relleno , and empanadas came from their Mexican side and corn tortillas were handed down by their Mayan side . Music comes mainly from the marimba , but they also play and sing with the guitar . Dances performed at village fiestas include the Hog - Head , Zapateados , the Mestizada , Paso Doble and many more .",
"Some 4 % of the population are German - speaking Mennonite farmers and craftsmen . The vast majority are so - called Russian Mennonites of German descent who settled in the Russian Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries . Most Russian Mennonites live in Mennonite settlements like Spanish Lookout , Shipyard , Little Belize , and Blue Creek . These Mennonites speak Plautdietsch ( a German dialect ) in everyday life , but use mostly Standard German for reading ( the Bible ) and writing . The Plautdietsch - speaking Mennonites came mostly from Mexico in the years after 1958 . There are also some mainly Pennsylvania German - speaking Old Order Mennonites who came from the United States and Canada in the late 1960s . They live primarily in Upper Barton Creek and associated settlements . These Mennonites attracted people from different Anabaptist backgrounds who formed a new community . They look quite similar to Old Order Amish , but are different from them .",
"The remaining 5 % or so of the population consist of a mix of Indians , Chinese , Whites from the United States and Canada , and many other foreign groups brought to assist the country 's development . During the 1860s , a large influx of East Indians who spent brief periods in Jamaica and American Civil War veterans from Louisiana and other Southern states established Confederate settlements in British Honduras and introduced commercial sugar cane production to the colony , establishing 11 settlements in the interior . The 20th century saw the arrival of more Asian settlers from mainland China , South Korea , India , Syria , and Lebanon . Said Musa , the son of an immigrant from Palestine , was the Prime Minister of Belize from 1998 to 2008 . Central American immigrants and expatriate Americans and Africans also began to settle in the country .",
"Creoles and other ethnic groups are emigrating mostly to the United States , but also to the United Kingdom and other developed nations for better opportunities . Based on the latest US Census , the number of Belizeans in the United States is approximately 160,000 ( including 70,000 legal residents and naturalized citizens ) , consisting mainly of Creoles and Garinagu .",
"Because of conflicts in neighbouring Central American nations , Mestizo refugees from El Salvador , Guatemala , and Honduras have fled to Belize in significant numbers during the 1980s , and have been significantly adding to this group . These two events have been changing the demographics of the nation for the last 30 years .",
"English is the official language of Belize , a former British colony . Belize holds the distinction of being the only country in Central America whose official language is English . Also , English is the primary language of public education , government and most media outlets . About half of Belizeans regardless of ethnicity speak an English - based creole called Belizean Creole ( also referred to as Kriol ) for most informal , social and interethnic dialogue .",
"When a Creole language exists alongside its lexifier language , as is the case in Belize , a continuum forms between the Creole and the lexifier language . It is therefore difficult to substantiate or differentiate the number of Creole speakers compared to English speakers . Belizean Creole might best be described as the lingua franca of the nation .",
"Approximately 50 % of Belizeans self - identify as Mestizo , Latino , or Hispanic and 30 % speak Spanish as a native language . When Belize was a British colony , Spanish was banned in schools but today it is widely taught as a second language . `` Kitchen Spanish '' is an intermediate form of Spanish mixed with Belizean Creole , spoken in the northern towns such as Corozal and San Pedro .",
"Over half the population is multilingual . Being a small , multiethnic state , surrounded by Spanish - speaking nations , multilingualism is strongly encouraged .",
"Belize is also home to three Mayan languages : Q'eqchi ' , Mopan ( an endangered language ) , and Yucatec Maya . Approximately 16,100 people speak the Arawakan - based Garifuna language , and 6,900 Mennonites in Belize speak mainly Plautdietsch while a minority of Mennonites speak Pennsylvania German .",
"Largest cities or towns in Belize Belize Population and Housing Census 2010 Rank Name District Pop . Belize City San Ignacio Belize City Belize District 57,169 Belmopan Orange Walk Town San Ignacio Cayo District 17,878 Belmopan Cayo District 13,939 Orange Walk Town Orange Walk District 13,708 5 San Pedro Town Belize District 11,767 6 Corozal Town Corozal District 10,287 7 Dangriga Stann Creek District 9,593 8 Benque Viejo del Carmen Cayo District 6,140 9 Ladyville Belize District 5,458 10 Punta Gorda Toledo District 5,351",
"Largest cities or towns in Belize Belize Population and Housing Census 2010",
"",
"Rank Name District Pop .",
"Belize City San Ignacio Belize City Belize District 57,169 Belmopan Orange Walk Town",
"San Ignacio Cayo District 17,878",
"Belmopan Cayo District 13,939",
"Orange Walk Town Orange Walk District 13,708",
"5 San Pedro Town Belize District 11,767",
"6 Corozal Town Corozal District 10,287",
"7 Dangriga Stann Creek District 9,593",
"8 Benque Viejo del Carmen Cayo District 6,140",
"9 Ladyville Belize District 5,458",
"10 Punta Gorda Toledo District 5,351",
"Religion in Belize -- 2010 Census Religion percent Roman Catholic 40.1 % Protestant 31.8 % Jehovah 's Witnesses 1.7 % Mormon 0.4 % Other Christian 0.1 % Other religion 9.6 % No religion 15.6 % No response 0.3 %",
"Religion in Belize -- 2010 Census",
"Religion percent",
"Roman Catholic 40.1 %",
"Protestant 31.8 %",
"Jehovah 's Witnesses 1.7 %",
"Mormon 0.4 %",
"Other Christian 0.1 %",
"Other religion 9.6 %",
"No religion 15.6 %",
"No response 0.3 %",
"According to the 2010 census , 40.1 % of Belizeans are Roman Catholics , 31.8 % are Protestants ( 8.4 % Pentecostal ; 5.4 % Adventist ; 4.7 % Anglican ; 3.7 % Mennonite ; 3.6 % Baptist ; 2.9 % Methodist ; 2.8 % Nazarene ) , 1.7 % are Jehovah 's Witnesses , 10.3 % adhere to other religions ( Maya religion , Garifuna religion , Obeah and Myalism , and minorities of Mormons , Hindus , Buddhists , Muslims , Bahá'ís , Rastafarians and other ) and 15.5 % profess to be irreligious .",
"According to PROLADES , Belize was 64.6 % Roman Catholic , 27.8 % Protestant , 7.6 % Other in 1971 . Until the late 1990s , Belize was a Roman Catholic majority country . Catholics formed 57 % of the population in 1991 , and dropped to 49 % in 2000 . The percentage of Roman Catholics in the population has been decreasing in the past few decades due to the growth of Protestant churches , other religions and non-religious people .",
"In addition to Catholics , there has always been a large accompanying Protestant minority . It was brought by British , German , and other settlers to the British colony of British Honduras . From the beginning , it was largely Anglican and Mennonite in nature . The Protestant community in Belize experienced a large Pentecostal and Seventh - Day Adventist influx tied to the recent spread of various Evangelical Protestant denominations throughout Latin America . Geographically speaking , German Mennonites live mostly in the rural districts of Cayo and Orange Walk .",
"The Greek Orthodox Church has a presence in Santa Elena .",
"The Association of Religion Data Archives estimates there were 7,776 Bahá'ís in Belize in 2005 , or 2.5 % of the national population . Their estimates suggest this is the highest proportion of Bahá'ís in any country . Their data also states that the Bahá'í Faith is the second most common religion in Belize , followed by Hinduism ( 2.0 % ) and Judaism ( 1.1 % ) . Hinduism is followed by most Indian immigrants . Muslims claim that there have been Muslims in Belize since the 16th century having been brought over from Africa as slaves , but there are no sources for that claim . The Muslim population of today started the 1980s . Muslims numbered 243 in 2000 and 577 in 2010 according to the official statistics . and comprise 0.16 percent of the population . A mosque is at the Islamic Mission of Belize ( IMB ) , also known as the Muslim Community of Belize . Another mosque , Masjid Al - Falah , officially opened in 2008 in Belize City .",
"Belize has a high prevalence of communicable diseases such as malaria , respiratory diseases and intestinal illnesses .",
"A number of kindergartens , secondary , and tertiary schools in Belize provide quality education for students -- mostly funded by the government . Belize has about a dozen tertiary level institutions , the most prominent of which is the University of Belize , which evolved out of the University College of Belize founded in 1986 . Before that St. John 's College , founded in 1877 , dominated the tertiary education field .",
"Education in Belize is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 14 years . As of 2010 , the literacy rate in Belize was estimated at 79.7 % , one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere .",
"The educational policy is currently following the `` Education Sector Strategy 2011 -- 2016 '' , which sets 3 objectives for the years to come : Improving access , quality , and governance of the education system by providing technical and vocational education and training .",
"Belize has relatively high rates of violent crime . The majority of violence in Belize stems from gang activity , which includes trafficking of drugs and persons , protecting drug smuggling routes , and securing territory for drug dealing .",
"In 2015 , 119 murders were recorded in Belize , giving the country a homicide rate of 34 murders per 100,000 inhabitants , one of the highest in the world , but lower than the neighbouring countries of Honduras , El Salvador , and Guatemala . Compared to the other districts in Belize , Belize District ( containing Belize City ) had the most murders by far compared to all the other districts . In 2015 , 55 % of the murders occurred in the Belize District . The violence in Belize City ( especially the southern part of the city ) is largely due to gang warfare .",
"In 2015 , there were 40 reported cases of rape , 214 robberies , 742 burglaries , and 1027 cases of theft .",
"The Belize Police Department has implemented many protective measures in hopes of decreasing the high number of crimes . These measures include adding more patrols to `` hot spots '' in the city , obtaining more resources to deal with the predicament , creating the `` Do the Right Thing for Youths at Risk '' program , creating the Crime Information Hotline , creating the Yabra Citizen Development Committee , an organisation that helps youth , and many other initiatives . The Belize Police Department began an Anti-Crime Christmas campaign targeting criminals ; as a result , the crime rates dropped in that month . In 2011 , the government established a truce among many major gangs , lowering the murder rate .",
"Belize 's social structure is marked by enduring differences in the distribution of wealth , power , and prestige . Because of the small size of Belize 's population and the intimate scale of social relations , the social distance between the rich and the poor , while significant , is nowhere as vast as in other Caribbean and Central American societies , such as Jamaica and El Salvador . Belize lacks the violent class and racial conflict that has figured so prominently in the social life of its Central American neighbours .",
"Political and economic power remain vested in the hands of the local elite . The sizable middle group is composed of peoples of different ethnic backgrounds . This middle group does not constitute a unified social class , but rather a number of middle - class and working - class groups , loosely oriented around shared dispositions toward education , cultural respectability , and possibilities for upward social mobility . These beliefs and the social practices they engender , help distinguish the middle group from the grass roots majority of the Belizean people .",
"In 2013 , the World Economic Forum ranked Belize 101st out of 135 countries in its Global Gender Gap Report . Of all the countries in Latin America and the Caribbean , Belize ranked 3rd from last and had the lowest female - to - male ratio for primary school enrollment . In 2013 , the UN gave Belize a Gender Inequality Index score of 0.435 , ranking it 79th out of 148 countries .",
"As of 2013 , 48.3 % of women in Belize participate in the workforce , compared to 81.8 % of men. 13.3 % of the seats in Belize 's National Assembly are filled by women .",
"In Belizean folklore , there are the legends of Lang Bobi Suzi , La Llorona , La Sucia , Tata Duende , X'tabai , Anansi , Xtabay , Sisimite and the cadejo .",
"Most of the public holidays in Belize are traditional Commonwealth and Christian holidays , although some are specific to Belizean culture such as Garifuna Settlement Day and Baron Bliss Day . In addition , the month of September is considered a special time of national celebration . Besides Independence Day and St. George 's Caye Day , Belizeans also celebrate Carnival during September , which typically includes several events spread across multiple days . In some areas of Belize , however , Carnival is celebrated at the traditional time before Lent ( in February ) .",
"Belizean cuisine is an amalgamation of all ethnicity in the nation , and their respectively wide variety of foods . It might best be described as both similar to Mexican / Central American cuisine and Jamaican / Anglo - Caribbean cuisine .",
"Breakfast typically consists of bread , flour tortillas , or fry jacks that are often homemade . Fry jacks are eaten with various cheeses , refried beans , various forms of eggs or cereal , along with powdered milk , coffee , or tea . Midday meals vary , from foods such as rice and beans with or without coconut milk , tamales , `` panades '' ( fried maize shells with beans or fish ) , and meat pies , escabeche ( onion soup ) , chimole ( soup ) , caldo , stewed chicken and garnaches ( fried tortillas with beans , cheese , and sauce ) to various constituted dinners featuring some type of rice and beans , meat and salad or coleslaw .",
"In rural areas , meals are typically more simple than in cities . The Maya use maize , beans , or squash for most meals , and the Garifuna are fond of seafood , cassava ( particularly made into cassava bread or Ereba ) and vegetables . The nation abounds with restaurants and fast food establishments selling fairly cheaply . Local fruits are quite common , but raw vegetables from the markets less so . Mealtime is a communion for families and schools and some businesses close at midday for lunch , reopening later in the afternoon . Steak is also common .",
"Punta is a popular genre of Garifuna music and has become one of the most popular kinds of music in Belize . It is distinctly Afro - Caribbean , and is sometimes said to be ready for international popularization like similarly - descended styles ( reggae , calypso , merengue ) .",
"Brukdown is a modern style of Belizean music related to calypso . It evolved out of the music and dance of loggers , especially a form called buru . Reggae , dancehall , and soca imported from Jamaica and the rest of the West Indies , rap , hip - hop , heavy metal and rock music from the United States , are also popular among the youth of Belize .",
"The major sports in Belize are football , basketball , volleyball and cycling , with smaller followings of boat racing , athletics , softball , cricket , rugby and netball . Fishing is also popular in coastal areas of Belize .",
"The Cross Country Cycling Classic , also known as the `` cross country '' race or the Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic , is considered one of the most important Belize sports events . This one - day sports event is meant for amateur cyclists but has also gained worldwide popularity . The history of Cross Country Cycling Classic in Belize dates back to the period when Monrad Metzgen picked up the idea from a small village on the Northern Highway ( now Phillip Goldson Highway ) . The people from this village used to cover long distances on their bicycles to attend the weekly game of cricket . He improvised on this observation by creating a sporting event on the difficult terrain of the Western Highway , which was then poorly built .",
"Another major annual sporting event in Belize is the La Ruta Maya Belize River Challenge , a 4 - day canoe marathon held each year in March . The race runs from San Ignacio to Belize City , a distance of 180 miles ( 290 km ) .",
"On Easter day , citizens of Dangriga participate in a yearly fishing tournament . First , second , and third prize are awarded based on a scoring combination of size , species , and number . The tournament is broadcast over local radio stations , and prize money is awarded to the winners .",
"The Belize national basketball team is the only national team that has achieved major victories internationally . The team won the 1998 CARICOM Men 's Basketball Championship , held at the Civic Center in Belize City , and subsequently participated in the 1999 Centrobasquet Tournament in Havana . The national team finished seventh of eight teams after winning only 1 game despite playing close all the way . In a return engagement at the 2000 CARICOM championship in Barbados , Belize placed fourth . Shortly thereafter , Belize moved to the Central American region and won the Central American Games championship in 2001 .",
"The team has failed to duplicate this success , most recently finishing with a 2 and 4 record in the 2006 COCABA championship . The team finished second in the 2009 COCABA tournament in Cancun , Mexico where it went 3 -- 0 in group play . Belize won its opening match in the Centrobasquet Tournament , 2010 , defeating Trinidad and Tobago , but lost badly to Mexico in a rematch of the COCABA final . A tough win over Cuba set Belize in position to advance , but they fell to Puerto Rico in their final match and failed to qualify .",
"The national flower is the black orchid ( Prosthechea cochleata , also known as Encyclia cochleata ) . The national tree is the mahogany tree ( Swietenia macrophylla ) , which inspired the national motto Sub Umbra Floreo , which means `` Under the shade I flourish '' . The national animal is the Baird 's tapir and the national bird is the keel - billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulphuratus ) ."
] | Belize - Wikipedia Belize Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the country in Central America. For other uses, see Belize (disambiguation) . Belize Flag Seal Motto: `` Sub Umbra Floreo'' ( Latin ) `` Under the shade I flourish'' Anthem: `` Land of the Free '' Royal anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Capital Belmopan 17° 15′ N 88° 46′ W / 17.250° N 88.767° W / 17.250; -88.767 Largest city Belize City Official languages English Recognized languages Belizean Creole , Garifuna , Mayan languages , Spanish Ethnic groups (2010 ) 53.9% Mestizo 23.9% Creole 11.3% Mayan 6.1% Garifuna 3.9% South Asian 4.6% European 1.2% Other white 1.0% East Asian 1.2% Other 0.3% Unknown Demonym Belizean (since 1973) Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor-General Colville Young Prime Minister Dean Barrow Legislature National Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom 21 September 1981 Area Total 22,966 km (8,867 sq mi) ( 147th ) Water (%) 0.8 Population 2017 estimate 387,879 2010 census 324,528 Density 14.1/km (36.5/sq mi) ( 213th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $3.252 billion Per capita $8,399 GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate Total $1.829 billion Per capita $4,724 HDI (2014) 0.715 high 101st Currency Belize dollar ( BZD ) Time zone CST ( UTC − 6) Date format dd/mm/yyyy Drives on the right Calling code +501 ISO 3166 code BZ Internet TLD .bz Belize ( / bəˈliːz / ( listen ) ), formerly British Honduras , is an independent Commonwealth realm on the eastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the north by Mexico , on the south and west by Guatemala , and on the east by the Caribbean Sea . Its mainland is about 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. Belize has an area of 22,800 square kilometres (8,800 sq mi) and a population of 387,879 (2017). It has the lowest population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 1.87% per year (2015) is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere . Belize's abundance of terrestrial and marine species and its diversity of ecosystems give it a key place in the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor . Belize has a diverse society, composed of many cultures and languages that reflect its rich history. English is the official language of Belize, while Belizean Creole is an unofficial native language. Over half the population is multilingual , with Spanish being the second most common spoken language. Belize is considered a Central American and Caribbean nation with strong ties to both the Latin American and Caribbean regions. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and the Central American Integration System (SICA), the only country to hold full membership in all three regional organisations. Belize is a Commonwealth realm , with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state . Belize is known for its September Celebrations , its extensive barrier reef coral reefs and punta music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Maya civilization 2.3 Spanish conquest and early colonial period (1506-- 1862) 2.4 As part of the British Empire (1862-- 1981) 2.5 Independent Belize (since 1981) 3 Government and politics 3.1 Political culture 3.2 Foreign relations 3.3 Armed forces 3.4 Administrative divisions 4 Geography 4.1 Environment preservation and biodiversity 4.2 Vegetation and flora 4.3 Geology, mineral potential, and energy 4.4 Belize Barrier Reef 4.4.1 Species 4.4.2 Conservation 4.5 Climate 5 Economy 5.1 Industrial infrastructure 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Transport 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.2.1 The Maya 6.2.2 Creoles 6.2.3 Garinagu 6.2.4 Mestizos 6.2.5 German-speaking Mennonites 6.2.6 Other groups 6.2.7 Emigration, immigration, and demographic shifts 6.3 Languages 6.4 Largest cities 6.5 Religion 6.6 Health 6.7 Education 6.8 Crime 6.9 Social structure 6.10 Women 7 Culture 7.1 Cuisine 7.2 Music 7.3 Sports 7.4 National symbols 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The original name of Belize was British Honduras. The earliest known record of the name `` Belize'' appears in the journal of the Dominican priest Fray José Delgado, dating to 1677. Delgado recorded the names of three major rivers that he crossed while travelling north along the Caribbean coast: Rio Soyte, Rio Xibum and Rio Balis. The names of these waterways, which correspond to the Sittee River , Sibun River and Belize River , were provided to Delgado by his translator. It is likely that Delgado's `` Balis'' was actually the Mayan word belix (or beliz ), meaning `` muddy-watered'' . Some have suggested that the name derives from a Spanish pronunciation of the name of the Scottish buccaneer Peter Wallace , who established a settlement at the mouth of the Belize River in 1638. There is no proof that Wallace settled in this area and some scholars have characterized this claim as a myth. Writers and historians have suggested several other possible etymologies, including postulated French and African origins. History ( edit ) Main article: History of Belize Early history ( edit ) Extent of the Maya civilization The Maya civilization emerged at least three millennia ago in the lowland area of the Yucatán Peninsula and the highlands to the south, in what is now southeastern Mexico , Belize, Guatemala , and western Honduras . Many aspects of this culture persist in the area despite nearly 500 years of European domination. Prior to about 2500 BC, some hunting and foraging bands settled in small farming villages; they later domesticated crops such as corn, beans, squash , and chili peppers. A profusion of languages and subcultures developed within the Maya core culture. Between about 2500 BC and 250 AD, the basic institutions of Maya civilisation emerged. The peak of this civilization occurred during the classic period, which began about 250 AD. `` Caana'' at Caracol `` El Castillo'' at Xunantunich Maya civilization ( edit ) Main article: Pre-Columbian Belize The Maya civilization spread across what is now Belize around 1500 BC, and flourished there until about 900 AD. The recorded history of the middle and southern regions is dominated by Caracol , an urban political centre that may have supported over 140,000 people. North of the Maya Mountains , the most important political centre was Lamanai . In the late Classic Era of Maya civilisation (600-- 1000 AD), as many as 1 million people may have lived in the area that is now Belize. When Spanish explorers arrived in the 16th century, the area that is now Belize included three distinct Maya territories: Chetumal province , which encompassed the area around Corozal Bay ; Dzuluinicob province , which encompassed the area between the New River and the Sibun River , west to Tipu ; and a southern territory controlled by the Manche Ch'ol Maya, encompassing the area between the Monkey River and the Sarstoon River . Spanish conquest and early colonial period (1506-- 1862) ( edit ) Further information: History of Belize (1506-- 1862) Spanish conquistadors explored the land and declared it a Spanish colony but chose not to settle and develop because of its lack of resources and the hostile Indian tribes of the Yucatán . English and Scottish settlers and pirates known as the Baymen entered the area from the 17th century, with Baymen first settling on the coast of what is now Belize in 1638, seeking a sheltered region from which they could attack Spanish ships (see English settlement in Belize ) . The settlers established a trade colony and port in what became the Belize District , and during the 18th century, established a system using black slaves to cut logwood ( Haematoxylum campechianum ) trees. This yielded a valuable fixing agent for clothing dyes, and was one of the first ways to achieve a fast black before the advent of artificial dyes. The Spanish granted the British settlers the right to occupy the area and cut logwood in exchange for their help suppressing piracy. An excerpt from the 1898 Gazette that declared 10 September an official holiday, part of the efforts of the Centennial Committee The British first appointed a superintendent over the Belize area in 1786. Before then the British government had not recognized the settlement as a colony for fear of provoking a Spanish attack. The delay in government oversight allowed the settlers to establish their own laws and forms of government. During this period, a few successful settlers gained control of the local legislature, known as the Public Meeting, as well as of most of the settlement's land and timber. The Battle of St. George's Caye was a 1798 military engagement off the coast of Belize between an invading Spanish fleet and a small force of Baymen and their slaves. From 3 to 5 September, the Spaniards tried to force their way through Montego Caye shoal, but were blocked by defenders. Spain's last attempt occurred on 10 September, when the Baymen repelled the Spanish fleet in a short engagement with no known casualties on either side. The anniversary of the battle is a national holiday in Belize and is celebrated to commemorate the `` first Belizeans'' and the defence of their territory. As part of the British Empire (1862-- 1981) ( edit ) Main article: British Honduras In the early 19th century, the British sought to reform the settlers, threatening to suspend the Public Meeting unless it observed the government's instructions to eliminate slavery outright. After a generation of wrangling, slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, As a result of their slaves' abilities in the work of mahogany extraction, owners in British Honduras were compensated at £ 53.69 per slave on average, the highest amount paid in any British territory. However, the end of slavery did little to change the former slaves' working conditions if they stayed at their trade. A series of institutions restricted the ability of individuals to buy land, in a debt-peonage system. Former `` extra special'' mahogany or logwood cutters undergirded the early ascriptions of the capacities (and consequently the limitations) of people of African descent in the colony. Because a small elite controlled the settlement's land and commerce, former slaves had little choice but to continue to work in timber cutting. In 1836, after the emancipation of Central America from Spanish rule , the British claimed the right to administer the region. In 1862, Great Britain formally declared it a British Crown Colony , subordinate to Jamaica, and named it British Honduras. As a colony, Belize began to attract British investors. Among the British firms that dominated the colony in the late 19th century was the Belize Estate and Produce Company, which eventually acquired half of all privately held land and eventually eliminated peonage. Belize Estate's influence accounts in part for the colony's reliance on the mahogany trade throughout the rest of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Panoramic view of Belize City, c. 1914 The Great Depression of the 1930s caused a near-collapse of the colony's economy as British demand for timber plummeted. The effects of widespread unemployment were worsened by a devastating hurricane that struck the colony in 1931. Perceptions of the government's relief effort as inadequate were aggravated by its refusal to legalize labour unions or introduce a minimum wage. Economic conditions improved during World War II as many Belizean men entered the armed forces or otherwise contributed to the war effort. Following the war, the colony's economy stagnated. Britain's decision to devalue the British Honduras dollar in 1949 worsened economic conditions and led to the creation of the People's Committee, which demanded independence. The People's Committee's successor, the People's United Party (PUP), sought constitutional reforms that expanded voting rights to all adults. The first election under universal suffrage was held in 1954 and was decisively won by the PUP, beginning a three-decade period in which the PUP dominated the country's politics. Pro-independence activist George Cadle Price became PUP leader in 1956 and the effective head of government in 1961, a post he would hold under various titles until 1984. Under a new constitution Britain granted British Honduras self-government in 1964. On 1 June 1973, British Honduras was officially renamed Belize. Progress toward independence, however, was hampered by a Guatemalan claim to sovereignty over Belizean territory . Independent Belize (since 1981) ( edit ) Belize was granted independence on 21 September 1981. Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation because of its longstanding territorial dispute with the British colony, claiming that Belize belonged to Guatemala. About 1,500 British troops remained in Belize to deter any possible incursions. With Price at the helm, the PUP won all national elections until 1984 . In that election, the first national election after independence, the PUP was defeated by the United Democratic Party (UDP). UDP leader Manuel Esquivel replaced Price as prime minister, with Price himself unexpectedly losing his own House seat to a UDP challenger. The PUP under Price returned to power after elections in 1989 . The following year the United Kingdom announced that it would end its military involvement in Belize, and the RAF Harrier detachment was withdrawn the same year, having remained stationed in the country continuously since its deployment had become permanent there in 1980. British soldiers were withdrawn in 1994, but the United Kingdom left behind a military training unit to assist with the newly created Belize Defence Force . The UDP regained power in the 1993 national election , and Esquivel became prime minister for a second time. Soon afterwards Esquivel announced the suspension of a pact reached with Guatemala during Price's tenure, claiming Price had made too many concessions to gain Guatemalan recognition. The pact may have curtailed the 130-year-old border dispute between the two countries. Border tensions continued into the early 2000s, although the two countries cooperated in other areas. The PUP won a landslide victory in the 1998 national elections, and PUP leader Said Musa was sworn in as prime minister. In the 2003 elections the PUP maintained its majority, and Musa continued as prime minister. He pledged to improve conditions in the underdeveloped and largely inaccessible southern part of Belize. In 2005, Belize was the site of unrest caused by discontent with the PUP government, including tax increases in the national budget. On 8 February 2008, Dean Barrow was sworn in as prime minister after his UDP won a landslide victory in general elections. Barrow and the UDP were re-elected in 2012 with a considerably smaller majority. Throughout Belize's history, Guatemala has claimed ownership of all or part of Belizean territory. This claim is occasionally reflected in maps drawn by Guatemala's government, showing Belize as Guatemala's twenty-third department . As of 2016 , the border dispute with Guatemala remains unresolved and quite contentious. Guatemala's claim to Belizean territory rests, in part, on Clause VII of the Anglo-Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 , which obligated the British to build a road between Belize City and Guatemala. At various times the issue has required mediation by the United Kingdom, Caribbean Community heads of government, the Organization of American States (OAS), Mexico, and the United States. Notably, both Guatemala and Belize participate in confidence-building measures approved by the OAS such as the Guatemala-Belize Language Exchange Project. Government and politics ( edit ) Main article: Politics of Belize See also: Government of Belize Belize is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The structure of government is based on the British parliamentary system, and the legal system is modelled on the common law of England . The symbolic head of state is Queen Elizabeth II , who holds the title Queen of Belize . The Queen resides in the United Kingdom , and is represented in Belize by the Governor-General . Executive authority is exercised by the cabinet, which advises the Governor-General and is led by the Prime Minister of Belize , who is head of government. Cabinet ministers are members of the majority political party in parliament and usually hold elected seats within it concurrent with their cabinet positions. The bicameral National Assembly of Belize is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate . The 31 members of the House are popularly elected to a maximum five-year term and introduce legislation affecting the development of Belize. The Governor-General appoints the 12 members of the Senate, with a Senate president selected by the members. The Senate is responsible for debating and approving bills passed by the House. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Belize . Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Members of the independent judiciary are appointed. The judicial system includes local magistrates grouped under the Magistrates' Court, which hears less serious cases. The Supreme Court (Chief Justice) hears murder and similarly serious cases, and the Court of Appeal, hears appeals from convicted individuals seeking to have their sentences overturned. Defendants may, under certain circumstances, appeal their cases to the Caribbean Court of Justice . Political culture ( edit ) Since 1974, the party system in Belize has been dominated by the centre-left People's United Party and the centre-right United Democratic Party , although there have been other small parties that have participated at all levels of elections in the past. Though none of these small political parties have ever won any significant number of seats and/or offices, their challenge has been growing over the years. Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article: Foreign relations of Belize Belize is a full participating member of the United Nations , Commonwealth of Nations , Organization of American States (OAS), Central American Integration System (SICA), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME), Association of Caribbean States (ACS), and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which currently serves as a final court of appeal for only Barbados , Belize and Guyana . In 2001 the Caribbean Community heads of government voted on a measure declaring that the region should work towards replacing the UK's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council with the Caribbean Court of Justice. It is still in the process of acceding to CARICOM and SICA treaties, including trade and single market treaties. Belize is an original member (1995) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and participates actively in its work. The pact involves the Caribbean Forum ( CARIFORUM ) subgroup of the Group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific states (ACP). CARIFORUM presently the only part of the wider ACP-bloc that has concluded the full regional trade-pact with the European Union . Armed Forces ( edit ) Main article: Military of Belize Belizean Coast Guard working with the United States Navy The Belize Defence Force (BDF) serves as the country's military and is responsible for protecting the sovereignty of Belize. The BDF, with the Belize National Coast Guard and the Immigration Department, is a department of the Ministry of Defence and Immigration. In 1997 the regular army numbered over 900, the reserve army 381, the air wing 45 and the maritime wing 36, amounting to an overall strength of approximately 1400. In 2005, the maritime wing became part of the Belizean Coast Guard. In 2012, the Belizean government spent about $17 million on the military, constituting 1.08% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). After Belize achieved independence in 1981 the United Kingdom maintained a deterrent force (British Forces Belize) in the country to protect it from invasion by Guatemala (see Guatemalan claim to Belizean territory ). During the 1980s this included a battalion and No. 1417 Flight RAF of Harriers. The main British force left in 1994, three years after Guatemala recognized Belizean independence, but the United Kingdom maintained a training presence via the British Army Training and Support Unit Belize (BATSUB) and 25 Flight AAC until 2011 when the last British Forces left Ladyville Barracks, with the exception of seconded advisers. Administrative divisions ( edit ) Districts of Belize Belize is divided into six districts . District Capital Area Population (2015) Population (2010) Change Population density (2015) Belize Belize City 1,663 sq mi (4,310 km ) 110,644 95,292 7001161104814674890♠ +16.1% 66.5/sq mi (25.7/km ) Cayo San Ignacio 2,006 sq mi (5,200 km ) 87,876 75,046 7001170961810089810♠ +17.1% 43.8/sq mi (16.9/km ) Corozal Corozal Town 718 sq mi (1,860 km ) 45,530 41,061 7001108838070188260♠ +10.9% 63.4/sq mi (24.5/km ) Orange Walk Orange Walk Town 1,790 sq mi (4,600 km ) 49,466 45,946 7000766116745745000♠ +7.7% 27.6/sq mi (10.7/km ) Stann Creek Dangriga 986 sq mi (2,550 km ) 39,865 34,324 7001161432234005360♠ +16.1% 40.4/sq mi (15.6/km ) Toledo Punta Gorda 1,704 sq mi (4,410 km ) 34,928 30,785 7001134578528504140♠ +13.5% 20.5/sq mi (7.9/km ) These districts are further divided into 31 constituencies . Local government in Belize comprises four types of local authorities: city councils , town councils , village councils and community councils . The two city councils ( Belize City and Belmopan ) and seven town councils cover the urban population of the country, while village and community councils cover the rural population. Geography ( edit ) Main article: Geography of Belize Belize Topography Belizean jungles are home to the jaguar and many other mammals. Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary was founded in 1990 as the first wilderness sanctuary for the jaguar and is regarded by one author as the premier site for jaguar preservation in the world. Belize is on the Caribbean coast of northern Central America. It shares a border on the north with the Mexican state of Quintana Roo , on the west with the Guatemalan department of Petén , and on the south with the Guatemalan department of Izabal . To the east in the Caribbean Sea, the second-longest barrier reef in the world flanks much of the 386 kilometres (240 mi) of predominantly marshy coastline. The area of the country totals 22,960 square kilometres (8,865 sq mi), an area slightly larger than El Salvador, Israel, New Jersey or Wales. The many lagoon s along the coasts and in the northern interior reduces the actual land area to 21,400 square kilometres (8,263 sq mi). Belize is shaped like a rectangle that extends about 280 kilometres (174 mi) north-south and about 100 kilometres (62 mi) east-west, with a total land boundary length of 516 kilometres (321 mi). The undulating courses of two rivers, the Hondo and the Sarstoon River , define much of the course of the country's northern and southern boundaries. The western border follows no natural features and runs north-south through lowland forest and highland plateau. The north of Belize consists mostly of flat, swampy coastal plains, in places heavily forested. The flora is highly diverse considering the small geographical area. The south contains the low mountain range of the Maya Mountains . The highest point in Belize is Doyle's Delight at 1,124 m (3,688 ft). Belize's rugged geography has also made the country's coastline and jungle attractive to drug smugglers, who use the country as a gateway into Mexico. In 2011, the United States added Belize to the list of nations considered major drug producers or transit countries for narcotics. Environment preservation and biodiversity ( edit ) Main article: List of protected areas of Belize Scarlet macaws are native to Central and northern South America. Various bird sanctuaries exist in Belize, such as the Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary . Belize is a country with a rich variety of wildlife, because of its unique position between both North and South America, and a wide range of climates and habitats for plant and animal life. Belize's low human population and approximately 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) of undistributed land makes for an ideal home for the more than 5,000 species of plants, and hundreds of species of animals, including armadillos , snakes, and monkeys . The Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary is a nature reserve in south-central Belize established to protect the forests, fauna and watersheds of an approximately 400 km (150 sq mi) area of the eastern slopes of the Maya Mountains. The reserve was founded in 1990 as the first wilderness sanctuary for the jaguar and is regarded by one author as the premier site for jaguar preservation in the world. Vegetation and flora ( edit ) While over 60% of Belize's land surface is covered by forest, some 20% of the country's land is covered by cultivated land (agriculture) and human settlements. Savanna , scrubland and wetland constitute the remainder of Belize's land cover. Important mangrove ecosystems are also represented across Belize's landscape. As a part of the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor that stretches from southern Mexico to Panama, Belize's biodiversity -- both marine and terrestrial -- is rich, with abundant flora and fauna . Belize is also a leader in protecting biodiversity and natural resources. According to the World Database on Protected Areas , 37% of Belize's land territory falls under some form of official protection, giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas. By contrast, Costa Rica only has 27% of its land territory protected. Around 13.6% of Belize's territorial waters , which contain the Belize Barrier Reef , are also protected. The Belize Barrier Reef is a UNESCO -recognized World Heritage Site and is the second-largest barrier reef in the world, behind Australia 's Great Barrier Reef . A remote sensing study conducted by the Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean (CATHALAC) and NASA , in collaboration with the Forest Department and the Land Information Centre (LIC) of the government of Belize's Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MNRE), and published in August 2010 revealed that Belize's forest cover in early 2010 was approximately 62.7%, down from 75.9% in late 1980. A similar study by Belize Tropical Forest Studies and Conservation International revealed similar trends in terms of Belize's forest cover. Both studies indicate that each year, 0.6% of Belize's forest cover is lost, translating to the clearing of an average of 24,835 acres (10,050 ha) each year. The USAID -supported ERVIR study by CATHALAC, NASA, and the MNRE also showed that Belize's protected areas have been extremely effective in protecting the country's forests. While only some 6.4% of forests inside of legally declared protected areas were cleared between 1980 and 2010, over a quarter of forests outside of protected areas were lost between 1980 and 2010. As a country with a relatively high forest cover and a low deforestation rate, Belize has significant potential for participation in initiatives such as REDD . Significantly, the SERVIR study on Belize's deforestation was also recognized by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), of which Belize is a member nation. Geology, mineral potential, and energy ( edit ) Belize is known to have a number of economically important minerals, but none in quantities large enough to warrant mining. These minerals include dolomite , barite (source of barium ), bauxite (source of aluminium), cassiterite (source of tin), and gold. In 1990 limestone , used in road-building, was the only mineral resource being exploited for either domestic or export use. In 2006, the cultivation of newly discovered crude oil in the town of Spanish Lookout has presented new prospects and problems for this developing nation. Belize Barrier Reef ( edit ) Main article: Belize Barrier Reef Belize Barrier Reef, aerial view looking north. The Great Blue Hole , a phenomenon of karst topography . The Belize Barrier Reef is a series of coral reefs straddling the coast of Belize, roughly 300 metres (980 ft) offshore in the north and 40 kilometres (25 mi) in the south within the country limits. The Belize Barrier Reef is a 300 kilometres (190 mi) long section of the 900 kilometres (560 mi) long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System , which is continuous from Cancún on the northeast tip of the Yucatán Peninsula through the Riviera Maya up to Honduras making it one of the largest coral reef systems in the world. It is Belize's top tourist destination, popular for scuba diving and snorkelling , and attracting almost half of its 260,000 visitors. It is also vital to its fishing industry. In 1842 Charles Darwin described it as `` the most remarkable reef in the West Indies '' . The Belize Barrier Reef was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 due to its vulnerability and the fact that it contains important natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biodiversity. Species ( edit ) The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the world: 70 hard coral species 36 soft coral species 500 species of fish hundreds of invertebrate species With 90% of the reef still to be researched, some estimate that only 10% of all species have been discovered. Conservation ( edit ) Belize became the first country in the world to completely ban bottom trawling in December 2010. In December 2015, Belize banned offshore oil drilling within 1 km (0.6 mi) of the Barrier Reef and all of its 7 World Heritage Sites. Despite these protective measures, the reef remains under threat from oceanic pollution as well as uncontrolled tourism, shipping, and fishing. Other threats include hurricanes, along with global warming and the resulting increase in ocean temperatures, which causes coral bleaching . It is claimed by scientists that over 40% of Belize's coral reef has been damaged since 1998. Climate ( edit ) Belize has a tropical climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons , although there are significant variations in weather patterns by region. Temperatures vary according to elevation, proximity to the coast, and the moderating effects of the northeast trade winds off the Caribbean. Average temperatures in the coastal regions range from 24 ° C (75.2 ° F) in January to 27 ° C (80.6 ° F) in July. Temperatures are slightly higher inland, except for the southern highland plateaus, such as the Mountain Pine Ridge , where it is noticeably cooler year round. Overall, the seasons are marked more by differences in humidity and rainfall than in temperature. Average rainfall varies considerably, from 1,350 mm (53.1 in) in the north and west to over 4,500 mm (177.2 in) in the extreme south. Seasonal differences in rainfall are greatest in the northern and central regions of the country where, between January and April or May, less than 100 mm (3.9 in) of rainfall per month. The dry season is shorter in the south, normally only lasting from February to April. A shorter, less rainy period, known locally as the `` little dry'' , usually occurs in late July or August, after the initial onset of the rainy season. Hurricane s have played key-- and devastating-- roles in Belizean history . In 1931, an unnamed hurricane destroyed over two-thirds of the buildings in Belize City and killed more than 1,000 people. In 1955, Hurricane Janet levelled the northern town of Corozal . Only six years later, Hurricane Hattie struck the central coastal area of the country, with winds in excess of 300 km/h (186 mph) and 4 m (13.1 ft) storm tide s. The devastation of Belize City for the second time in thirty years prompted the relocation of the capital some 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland to the planned city of Belmopan . In 1978, Hurricane Greta caused more than US$25 million in damages along the southern coast. On 9 October 2001, Hurricane Iris made landfall at Monkey River Town as a 233 km/h (145 mph) Category Four storm. The storm demolished most of the homes in the village, and destroyed the banana crop. In 2007, Hurricane Dean made landfall as a Category 5 storm only 40 km (25 mi) north of the Belize-- Mexico border. Dean caused extensive damage in northern Belize. In 2010, Belize was directly affected by the Category 2 Hurricane Richard , which made landfall approximately 32 km (20 mi) south-southeast of Belize City at around 00:45 UTC on 25 October 2010. The storm moved inland towards Belmopan , causing estimated damage of BZ$ 33.8 million ($17.4 million 2010 USD), primarily from damage to crops and housing. The most recent hurricane to affect the nation was Hurricane Earl of 2016 . Economy ( edit ) Main article: Economy of Belize A proportional representation of Belize's exports, 2012. An oil well in Belize. Petroleum is one of Belize's chief exports. A sugar cane processing plant, Orange Walk Town, Belize. Sugar is one of Belize's top exports. Belize has a small, mostly private enterprise economy that is based primarily on export of petroleum and crude oil , agriculture, agro-based industry, and merchandising, with tourism and construction recently assuming greater importance. As of 2007 , oil production was 3,000 bbl/d (480 m /d) and as of 2006 oil exports were 1,960 bbl/d (312 m /d). The country is also a producer of industrial minerals . In agriculture, sugar , like in colonial times, remains the chief crop, accounting for nearly half of exports, while the banana industry is the largest employer. The new government of Belize faces important challenges to economic stability. Rapid action to improve tax collection has been promised, but a lack of progress in reining in spending could bring the exchange rate under pressure. The tourist and construction sectors strengthened in early 1999, leading to a preliminary estimate of revived growth at 4%. Infrastructure remains a major economic development challenge; Belize has the region's most expensive electricity. Trade is important and the major trading partners are the United States, Mexico, the European Union , and Central America. Belize has five commercial banks, of which the largest and oldest is Belize Bank . The other four banks are Heritage Bank, Atlantic Bank, FirstCaribbean International Bank , and Scotiabank (Belize). A robust complex of credit unions began in the 1940s under the leadership of Marion M. Ganey , S.J., and is a continuing resource for the betterment of the peoples across economic and cultural lines. Belize is located on the coast of Central America. Based on its location, it is seen as a beautiful destination for vacations. However, also due to its location, it is currently becoming known in the global arena for attracting many drug trafficking entities in North America. The Belize currency is pegged to the U.S. dollar. This entices drug traffickers and money launderers who want to utilize their current economic system. In addition, Belize also offers nonresidents the ability to establish offshore accounts. Because of this loophole, it is desirable for many drug traffickers and money launderers to utilize Belize as a money laundering banking entity. As a result, the United States Department of State has recently named Belize one of the world's `` major money laundering countries.'' 2016 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency Industrial infrastructure ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2014) The largest integrated electric utility and the principal distributor in Belize is Belize Electricity Limited . BEL was approximately 70% owned by Fortis Inc. , a Canadian investor-owned distribution utility, which represented less than 2% of Fortis assets. Fortis took over the management of BEL in 1999, at the invitation of the government of Belize in an attempt to mitigate prior financial problems within the locally managed utility. In addition to its regulated investment in BEL, Fortis owns Belize Electric Company Limited (BECOL), a non-regulated hydroelectric generation business that operates three hydroelectric generating facilities on the Macal River . On 14 June 2011, the government of Belize nationalized the majority ownership interest of Fortis Inc. in Belize Electricity Ltd. The Belize utility encountered serious financial problems after the country's Public Utilities Commission (PUC) in 2008 disallowed `` the recovery of previously incurred fuel and purchased power costs in customer rates and set customer rates at a level that does not allow BEL to earn a fair and reasonable return'' , Fortis said in a June 2011 statement. BEL appealed this judgment to the Court of Appeal; however, a hearing is not expected until 2012. In May 2011, the Supreme Court of Belize granted BEL's application to prevent the PUC from taking any enforcement actions pending the appeal. The Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry issued a statement saying the government had acted in haste and expressed concern over the message it sent to investors. In August 2009, the government of Belize nationalized Belize Telemedia Limited (BTL), which now competes directly with Speednet . As a result of the nationalisation process, the interconnection agreements are again subject to negotiations. Both BTL and Speednet boast a full range of products and services including basic telephone services, national and international calls, prepaid services, cellular services via GSM 1900 megahertz (MHz) and 3G CDMA 2000 respectively, international cellular roaming, fixed wireless, dial-up and internet, high-speed DSL , internet service, and national and international data networks. Tourism ( edit ) Main article: Tourism in Belize Panoramic view of Amigos del Mar diving dock and shop in Ambergris Caye A combination of natural factors-- climate, the Belize Barrier Reef , over 450 offshore Cays (islands), excellent fishing, safe waters for boating, scuba diving , and snorkelling , numerous rivers for rafting , and kayaking , various jungle and wildlife reserves of fauna and flora, for hiking, bird watching , and helicopter touring, as well as many Maya ruins-- support the thriving tourism and ecotourism industry. It also has the largest cave system in Central America. Development costs are high, but the government of Belize has made tourism its second development priority after agriculture. In 2012, tourist arrivals totalled 917,869 (with about 584,683 from the United States) and tourist receipts amounted to over $1.3 billion. Transport ( edit ) Further information: Transport in Belize Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles: Demographics of Belize and Belizean people Belize has a wide diversity of cultures and races. Belize's population is estimated to be 360,346 in 2017. Belize's total fertility rate in 2009 was 3.6 children per woman. Its birth rate was 27.33 births/1,000 population, and the death rate was 5.8 deaths/1,000 population. Substantial ethnic-demographic shift has been occurring since 1980 when Creoles/Mestizo ratio has shifted from 58/48 to now at 26/53, with Creoles moving to the US and Mestizo birth rate and entry from El Salvador. Woods, Composition and Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Belize 1997 Ethnic groups ( edit ) The Maya ( edit ) Mayan children The Maya are thought to have been in Belize and the Yucatán region since the second millennium BC; however, much of Belize's original Maya population was wiped out by conflicts between constantly warring tribes. There were some who died of disease after contact and invasion by Europeans. Three Maya groups now inhabit the country: The Yucatec (who came from Yucatán , Mexico, to escape the savage Caste War of the 1840s), the Mopan (indigenous to Belize but were forced out to Guatemala by the British for raiding settlements; they returned to Belize to evade enslavement by the Guatemalans in the 19th century), and Q'eqchi ' (also fled from slavery in Guatemala in the 19th century). The latter groups are chiefly found in the Toledo District . Creoles ( edit ) Main articles: Belizean Creole people and Baymen Creoles, also known as Kriols , make up roughly 21% of the Belizean population and about 75% of the diaspora . They are descendants of the Baymen slave owners, and slaves brought to Belize for the purpose of the logging industry. These slaves were ultimately of West and Central African descent (many also of Miskito ancestry from Nicaragua ) and born Africans who had spent very brief periods in Jamaica and Bermuda . Bay Islanders and ethnic Jamaicans came in the late 19th century, further adding to these already varied peoples, creating this ethnic group. For all intents and purposes, Creole is an ethnic and linguistic denomination. Some natives, even with blonde hair and blue eyes, may call themselves Creoles. Belize Creole English or Kriol developed during the time of slavery, and historically was only spoken by former slaves. However, this ethnicity has become an integral part of the Belizean identity, and as a result it is now spoken by about 45% of Belizeans. Belizean Creole is derived mainly from English. Its substrate languages are the Native American language Miskito , and the various West African and Bantu languages brought into the country by slaves. Creoles are found all over Belize, but predominantly in urban areas such as Belize City, coastal towns and villages, and in the Belize River Valley. Garinagu ( edit ) Main article: Garifuna people Traditional Garifuna dancers in Dangriga , Belize The Garinagu (singular Garifuna ), at around 4.5% of the population, are a mix of West/Central African, Arawak , and Island Carib ancestry. Though they were captives removed from their homelands, these people were never documented as slaves. The two prevailing theories are that, in 1635, they were either the survivors of two recorded shipwrecks or somehow took over the ship they came on. Throughout history they have been incorrectly labelled as Black Caribs . When the British took over Saint Vincent and the Grenadines after the Treaty of Paris in 1763, they were opposed by French settlers and their Garinagu allies. The Garinagu eventually surrendered to the British in 1796. The British separated the more African-looking Garifunas from the more indigenous-looking ones. 5,000 Garinagu were exiled from the Grenadine island of Baliceaux . However, only about 2,500 of them survived the voyage to Roatán , an island off the coast of Honduras. The Garifuna language belongs to the Arawakan language family , but has a large number of loanwords from Carib languages and from English. Because Roatán was too small and infertile to support their population, the Garinagu petitioned the Spanish authorities of Honduras to be allowed to settle on the mainland coast. The Spanish employed them as soldiers, and they spread along the Caribbean coast of Central America. The Garinagu settled in Seine Bight, Punta Gorda and Punta Negra, Belize, by way of Honduras as early as 1802. However, in Belize, 19 November 1832 is the date officially recognized as `` Garifuna Settlement Day '' in Dangriga. According to one genetic study, their ancestry is on average 76% Sub Saharan African , 20% Arawak / Island Carib and 4% European . Mestizos ( edit ) Main articles: Hispanic Belizean and Mestizo The Mestizo culture are people of mixed Spanish and Maya descent. They originally came to Belize in 1847, to escape the Caste War , which occurred when thousands of Mayas rose against the state in Yucatán and massacred over one-third of the population. The surviving others fled across the borders into British territory. The Mestizos are found everywhere in Belize but most make their homes in the northern districts of Corozal and Orange Walk. The Mestizos are the largest ethnic group in Belize and make up approximately half of the population. The Mestizo towns centre on a main square, and social life focuses on the Catholic Church built on one side of it. Spanish is the main language of most Mestizos and Spanish descendants, but many speak English and Belize Kriol fluently. Due to the influences of Kriol and English, many Mestizos speak what is known as `` Kitchen Spanish'' . The mixture of Latin and Maya foods like tamales, escabeche, chirmole, relleno, and empanadas came from their Mexican side and corn tortillas were handed down by their Mayan side. Music comes mainly from the marimba , but they also play and sing with the guitar. Dances performed at village fiestas include the Hog-Head, Zapateados, the Mestizada, Paso Doble and many more. German-speaking Mennonites ( edit ) Mennonite children selling peanuts near Lamanai in Belize. Roughly 10,000 Plautdietsch -speaking Mennonites live in Belize, farming the land and living according to their religious beliefs. Main article: Mennonites in Belize Some 4% of the population are German-speaking Mennonite farmers and craftsmen. The vast majority are so-called Russian Mennonites of German descent who settled in the Russian Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries. Most Russian Mennonites live in Mennonite settlements like Spanish Lookout , Shipyard , Little Belize , and Blue Creek. These Mennonites speak Plautdietsch (a German dialect ) in everyday life, but use mostly Standard German for reading (the Bible) and writing. The Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites came mostly from Mexico in the years after 1958. There are also some mainly Pennsylvania German -speaking Old Order Mennonites who came from the United States and Canada in the late 1960s. They live primarily in Upper Barton Creek and associated settlements. These Mennonites attracted people from different Anabaptist backgrounds who formed a new community. They look quite similar to Old Order Amish , but are different from them. Other groups ( edit ) The remaining 5% or so of the population consist of a mix of Indians , Chinese , Whites from the United States and Canada, and many other foreign groups brought to assist the country's development. During the 1860s, a large influx of East Indians who spent brief periods in Jamaica and American Civil War veterans from Louisiana and other Southern states established Confederate settlements in British Honduras and introduced commercial sugar cane production to the colony, establishing 11 settlements in the interior. The 20th century saw the arrival of more Asian settlers from mainland China, South Korea, India, Syria , and Lebanon . Said Musa , the son of an immigrant from Palestine , was the Prime Minister of Belize from 1998 to 2008. Central American immigrants and expatriate Americans and Africans also began to settle in the country. Emigration, Immigration, and demographic shifts ( edit ) Creoles and other ethnic groups are emigrating mostly to the United States, but also to the United Kingdom and other developed nations for better opportunities. Based on the latest US Census , the number of Belizeans in the United States is approximately 160,000 (including 70,000 legal residents and naturalized citizens), consisting mainly of Creoles and Garinagu. Because of conflicts in neighbouring Central American nations, Mestizo refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras have fled to Belize in significant numbers during the 1980s, and have been significantly adding to this group. These two events have been changing the demographics of the nation for the last 30 years. Languages ( edit ) Main article: Languages of Belize English is the official language of Belize, a former British colony. Belize holds the distinction of being the only country in Central America whose official language is English. Also, English is the primary language of public education, government and most media outlets. About half of Belizeans regardless of ethnicity speak an English-based creole called Belizean Creole (also referred to as Kriol ) for most informal, social and interethnic dialogue. When a Creole language exists alongside its lexifier language, as is the case in Belize, a continuum forms between the Creole and the lexifier language. It is therefore difficult to substantiate or differentiate the number of Creole speakers compared to English speakers. Belizean Creole might best be described as the lingua franca of the nation. Approximately 50% of Belizeans self-identify as Mestizo , Latino , or Hispanic and 30% speak Spanish as a native language. When Belize was a British colony, Spanish was banned in schools but today it is widely taught as a second language . `` Kitchen Spanish'' is an intermediate form of Spanish mixed with Belizean Creole, spoken in the northern towns such as Corozal and San Pedro. Over half the population is multilingual . Being a small, multiethnic state, surrounded by Spanish-speaking nations, multilingualism is strongly encouraged. Belize is also home to three Mayan languages : Q'eqchi ' , Mopan (an endangered language ), and Yucatec Maya . Approximately 16,100 people speak the Arawakan-based Garifuna language , and 6,900 Mennonites in Belize speak mainly Plautdietsch while a minority of Mennonites speak Pennsylvania German . Largest cities ( edit ) See also: List of municipalities in Belize Largest cities or towns in Belize Belize Population and Housing Census 2010 Rank Name District Pop. Belize City San Ignacio Belize City Belize District 57,169 Belmopan Orange Walk Town San Ignacio Cayo District 17,878 Belmopan Cayo District 13,939 Orange Walk Town Orange Walk District 13,708 5 San Pedro Town Belize District 11,767 6 Corozal Town Corozal District 10,287 7 Dangriga Stann Creek District 9,593 8 Benque Viejo del Carmen Cayo District 6,140 9 Ladyville Belize District 5,458 10 Punta Gorda Toledo District 5,351 Religion ( edit ) Main article: Religion in Belize Religion in Belize -- 2010 Census Religion percent Roman Catholic 40.1% Protestant 31.8% Jehovah's Witnesses 1.7% Mormon 0.4% Other Christian 0.1% Other religion 9.6% No religion 15.6% No response 0.3% According to the 2010 census, 40.1% of Belizeans are Roman Catholics , 31.8% are Protestants (8.4% Pentecostal ; 5.4% Adventist ; 4.7% Anglican ; 3.7% Mennonite ; 3.6% Baptist ; 2.9% Methodist ; 2.8% Nazarene ), 1.7% are Jehovah's Witnesses , 10.3% adhere to other religions ( Maya religion , Garifuna religion , Obeah and Myalism , and minorities of Mormons , Hindus , Buddhists , Muslims , Bahá'ís , Rastafarians and other) and 15.5% profess to be irreligious. According to PROLADES, Belize was 64.6% Roman Catholic, 27.8% Protestant, 7.6% Other in 1971. Until the late 1990s, Belize was a Roman Catholic majority country . Catholics formed 57% of the population in 1991, and dropped to 49% in 2000. The percentage of Roman Catholics in the population has been decreasing in the past few decades due to the growth of Protestant churches, other religions and non-religious people. In addition to Catholics, there has always been a large accompanying Protestant minority . It was brought by British , German , and other settlers to the British colony of British Honduras . From the beginning, it was largely Anglican and Mennonite in nature. The Protestant community in Belize experienced a large Pentecostal and Seventh-Day Adventist influx tied to the recent spread of various Evangelical Protestant denominations throughout Latin America . Geographically speaking, German Mennonites live mostly in the rural districts of Cayo and Orange Walk. The Greek Orthodox Church has a presence in Santa Elena . The Association of Religion Data Archives estimates there were 7,776 Bahá'ís in Belize in 2005, or 2.5% of the national population. Their estimates suggest this is the highest proportion of Bahá'ís in any country. Their data also states that the Bahá'í Faith is the second most common religion in Belize, followed by Hinduism (2.0%) and Judaism (1.1%). Hinduism is followed by most Indian immigrants. Muslims claim that there have been Muslims in Belize since the 16th century having been brought over from Africa as slaves, but there are no sources for that claim. The Muslim population of today started the 1980s. Muslims numbered 243 in 2000 and 577 in 2010 according to the official statistics. and comprise 0.16 percent of the population. A mosque is at the Islamic Mission of Belize (IMB), also known as the Muslim Community of Belize. Another mosque, Masjid Al-Falah, officially opened in 2008 in Belize City. Health ( edit ) Further information: Healthcare in Belize Belize has a high prevalence of communicable diseases such as malaria , respiratory diseases and intestinal illnesses. Education ( edit ) Main article: Education in Belize A number of kindergartens, secondary, and tertiary schools in Belize provide quality education for students-- mostly funded by the government. Belize has about a dozen tertiary level institutions , the most prominent of which is the University of Belize , which evolved out of the University College of Belize founded in 1986. Before that St. John's College , founded in 1877, dominated the tertiary education field. Education in Belize is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 14 years. As of 2010 , the literacy rate in Belize was estimated at 79.7%, one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere . The educational policy is currently following the `` Education Sector Strategy 2011-- 2016'' , which sets 3 objectives for the years to come: Improving access, quality, and governance of the education system by providing technical and vocational education and training. Crime ( edit ) Belize has relatively high rates of violent crime. The majority of violence in Belize stems from gang activity, which includes trafficking of drugs and persons, protecting drug smuggling routes, and securing territory for drug dealing. In 2015, 119 murders were recorded in Belize, giving the country a homicide rate of 34 murders per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest in the world, but lower than the neighbouring countries of Honduras , El Salvador , and Guatemala . Compared to the other districts in Belize, Belize District (containing Belize City) had the most murders by far compared to all the other districts. In 2015, 55% of the murders occurred in the Belize District. The violence in Belize City (especially the southern part of the city) is largely due to gang warfare. In 2015, there were 40 reported cases of rape, 214 robberies, 742 burglaries, and 1027 cases of theft. The Belize Police Department has implemented many protective measures in hopes of decreasing the high number of crimes. These measures include adding more patrols to `` hot spots'' in the city, obtaining more resources to deal with the predicament, creating the `` Do the Right Thing for Youths at Risk'' program, creating the Crime Information Hotline, creating the Yabra Citizen Development Committee, an organisation that helps youth, and many other initiatives. The Belize Police Department began an Anti-Crime Christmas campaign targeting criminals; as a result, the crime rates dropped in that month. In 2011, the government established a truce among many major gangs, lowering the murder rate. Social structure ( edit ) Further information: Belizean society Belize's social structure is marked by enduring differences in the distribution of wealth, power, and prestige. Because of the small size of Belize's population and the intimate scale of social relations, the social distance between the rich and the poor, while significant, is nowhere as vast as in other Caribbean and Central American societies, such as Jamaica and El Salvador . Belize lacks the violent class and racial conflict that has figured so prominently in the social life of its Central American neighbours. Political and economic power remain vested in the hands of the local elite. The sizable middle group is composed of peoples of different ethnic backgrounds. This middle group does not constitute a unified social class , but rather a number of middle-class and working-class groups, loosely oriented around shared dispositions toward education, cultural respectability, and possibilities for upward social mobility. These beliefs and the social practices they engender, help distinguish the middle group from the grass roots majority of the Belizean people . Women ( edit ) In 2013, the World Economic Forum ranked Belize 101st out of 135 countries in its Global Gender Gap Report . Of all the countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, Belize ranked 3rd from last and had the lowest female-to-male ratio for primary school enrollment. In 2013, the UN gave Belize a Gender Inequality Index score of 0.435, ranking it 79th out of 148 countries. As of 2013 , 48.3% of women in Belize participate in the workforce, compared to 81.8% of men. 13.3% of the seats in Belize's National Assembly are filled by women. Culture ( edit ) Main article: Culture of Belize In Belizean folklore, there are the legends of Lang Bobi Suzi , La Llorona , La Sucia , Tata Duende , X'tabai , Anansi , Xtabay , Sisimite and the cadejo . Most of the public holidays in Belize are traditional Commonwealth and Christian holidays , although some are specific to Belizean culture such as Garifuna Settlement Day and Baron Bliss Day . In addition, the month of September is considered a special time of national celebration . Besides Independence Day and St. George's Caye Day, Belizeans also celebrate Carnival during September, which typically includes several events spread across multiple days. In some areas of Belize, however, Carnival is celebrated at the traditional time before Lent (in February). Cuisine ( edit ) Main article: Cuisine of Belize Rice and beans (with coconut milk), stewed recado chicken and potato salad. An inter-ethnic staple meal Belizean cuisine is an amalgamation of all ethnicity in the nation, and their respectively wide variety of foods. It might best be described as both similar to Mexican/Central American cuisine and Jamaican/Anglo-Caribbean cuisine. Breakfast typically consists of bread, flour tortillas , or fry jacks that are often homemade. Fry jacks are eaten with various cheeses, refried beans , various forms of eggs or cereal, along with powdered milk, coffee, or tea. Midday meals vary, from foods such as rice and beans with or without coconut milk, tamales , `` panades'' (fried maize shells with beans or fish), and meat pies, escabeche (onion soup), chimole (soup), caldo , stewed chicken and garnaches (fried tortillas with beans, cheese, and sauce) to various constituted dinners featuring some type of rice and beans, meat and salad or coleslaw. In rural areas, meals are typically more simple than in cities. The Maya use maize , beans , or squash for most meals, and the Garifuna are fond of seafood, cassava (particularly made into cassava bread or Ereba) and vegetables. The nation abounds with restaurants and fast food establishments selling fairly cheaply. Local fruits are quite common, but raw vegetables from the markets less so. Mealtime is a communion for families and schools and some businesses close at midday for lunch, reopening later in the afternoon. Steak is also common. Music ( edit ) Main article: Music of Belize Punta is a popular genre of Garifuna music and has become one of the most popular kinds of music in Belize. It is distinctly Afro-Caribbean, and is sometimes said to be ready for international popularization like similarly-descended styles ( reggae , calypso , merengue ). Brukdown is a modern style of Belizean music related to calypso . It evolved out of the music and dance of loggers, especially a form called buru . Reggae , dancehall , and soca imported from Jamaica and the rest of the West Indies , rap , hip-hop , heavy metal and rock music from the United States, are also popular among the youth of Belize. Sports ( edit ) Main article: Sport in Belize Accomplished Belizean cyclist Shalini Zabaneh The major sports in Belize are football , basketball , volleyball and cycling , with smaller followings of boat racing , athletics , softball , cricket , rugby and netball . Fishing is also popular in coastal areas of Belize. The Cross Country Cycling Classic , also known as the `` cross country'' race or the Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic, is considered one of the most important Belize sports events. This one-day sports event is meant for amateur cyclists but has also gained worldwide popularity. The history of Cross Country Cycling Classic in Belize dates back to the period when Monrad Metzgen picked up the idea from a small village on the Northern Highway (now Phillip Goldson Highway). The people from this village used to cover long distances on their bicycles to attend the weekly game of cricket. He improvised on this observation by creating a sporting event on the difficult terrain of the Western Highway , which was then poorly built. Another major annual sporting event in Belize is the La Ruta Maya Belize River Challenge , a 4-day canoe marathon held each year in March. The race runs from San Ignacio to Belize City , a distance of 180 miles (290 km). On Easter day, citizens of Dangriga participate in a yearly fishing tournament. First, second, and third prize are awarded based on a scoring combination of size, species, and number. The tournament is broadcast over local radio stations, and prize money is awarded to the winners. The Belize national basketball team is the only national team that has achieved major victories internationally. The team won the 1998 CARICOM Men's Basketball Championship, held at the Civic Center in Belize City, and subsequently participated in the 1999 Centrobasquet Tournament in Havana. The national team finished seventh of eight teams after winning only 1 game despite playing close all the way. In a return engagement at the 2000 CARICOM championship in Barbados, Belize placed fourth. Shortly thereafter, Belize moved to the Central American region and won the Central American Games championship in 2001. The team has failed to duplicate this success, most recently finishing with a 2 and 4 record in the 2006 COCABA championship. The team finished second in the 2009 COCABA tournament in Cancun, Mexico where it went 3-- 0 in group play. Belize won its opening match in the Centrobasquet Tournament, 2010, defeating Trinidad and Tobago, but lost badly to Mexico in a rematch of the COCABA final. A tough win over Cuba set Belize in position to advance, but they fell to Puerto Rico in their final match and failed to qualify. National Symbols ( edit ) The keel-billed toucan The national flower is the black orchid ( Prosthechea cochleata , also known as Encyclia cochleata ). The national tree is the mahogany tree ( Swietenia macrophylla ), which inspired the national motto Sub Umbra Floreo , which means `` Under the shade I flourish'' . The national animal is the Baird's tapir and the national bird is the keel-billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulphuratus ). See also ( edit ) Belizean people Index of Belize-related articles Outline of Belize History of Catholicism in Belize The Forgotten District -- a documentary on Maya ecotourism in southern Belize Belize portal Central America portal Caribbean Community portal Commonwealth realms portal Geography portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Belize'' . CIA World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Belize Population and Housing Census 2010: Country Report (PDF) (Report). 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Jump up ^ Peddicord, Kathleen (11 February 2015). `` La Ruta Maya -- One of the World's Toughest and Most Historic River Races'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Symbols'' . Government of Belize: The Official Government Portal . Government of Belize . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBelizeat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of Belize -- Official governmental site Wikimedia Atlas of Belize Profile at U.S. Department of State Belize National Emergency Management Organization -- Official governmental site Belize Wildlife Conservation Network -- Belize Wildlife Conservation Network CATHALAC -- Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean LANIC Belize page `` Belize'' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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bay of pigs was a failed attempt to overthrow who | The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 . A counter-revolutionary military ( made up of Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro 's takeover ) , trained and funded by the CIA , Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Castro . | [
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"Bay of Pigs Invasion Part of the Cold War Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs Date 17 -- 20 April 1961 Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban victory Belligerents Cuba United States Cuban DRF Commanders and leaders Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva Units involved Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Brigade 2506 CIA U.S. Air Force Strength 25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police 1,500 ground forces 8 American B - 26 bombers 5 supply ships Casualties and losses Cuban army : 176 killed 500 + wounded or 4,000 killed , wounded , missing 6 Cuban aircraft shot down Brigade 2506 : 118 killed 360 wounded 1,202 captured United States : 4 killed 2 American B - 26 bomber aircraft shot down 2 supply ships sunk Location within North America",
"Bay of Pigs Invasion",
"Part of the Cold War",
"Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs",
"Date 17 -- 20 April 1961 Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban victory",
"Date 17 -- 20 April 1961 Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban victory",
"Date 17 -- 20 April 1961",
"Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba",
"Result Decisive Cuban victory",
"Belligerents",
"Cuba United States Cuban DRF",
"Commanders and leaders",
"Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva",
"Units involved",
"Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Brigade 2506 CIA U.S. Air Force",
"Strength",
"25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police 1,500 ground forces 8 American B - 26 bombers 5 supply ships",
"Casualties and losses",
"Cuban army : 176 killed 500 + wounded or 4,000 killed , wounded , missing 6 Cuban aircraft shot down Brigade 2506 : 118 killed 360 wounded 1,202 captured United States : 4 killed 2 American B - 26 bomber aircraft shot down 2 supply ships sunk",
"Location within North America",
"Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2001 Afghanistan 2004 Haiti 2011 Libyan civil war 2011 -- 2017 Syria view talk",
"Covert United States involvement in regime change",
"1949 Syrian coup d'état",
"1949 -- 1953 Albania",
"1951 -- 56 Tibet",
"1953 Iranian coup d'état",
"1954 Guatemalan coup d'état",
"1956 -- 57 Syria crisis",
"1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion",
"1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro",
"1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot ''",
"1960 Congo coup",
"1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion",
"1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose",
"1961 Dominican Republic",
"1963 South Vietnamese coup",
"1964 Bolivian coup d'état",
"1964 Brazilian coup d'état",
"1966 Ghana coup d'état",
"1970 Cambodian coup",
"1971 Bolivian coup d'état",
"1970 -- 73 Chile",
"1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone",
"1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras",
"1982 Chad",
"1991 Haiti",
"1996 Iraq coup attempt",
"2001 Afghanistan",
"2004 Haiti",
"2011 Libyan civil war",
"2011 -- 2017 Syria view talk",
"view talk",
"The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 . A counter-revolutionary military ( made up of Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro 's takeover ) , trained and funded by the CIA , Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Castro .",
"The Presidential coup of 1952 led by General Fulgencio Batista , an ally of the United States , against President Carlos Prio , forced Prio into exile to Miami , Florida . Prio 's exile was the reason for the 26th July Movement led by Castro . The movement , which did not succeed until after the Cuban Revolution of 31 December 1958 , severed the country 's formerly strong links with the US after nationalizing American economic assets ( banks , oil refineries , sugar and coffee plantations , along with other American owned businesses ) .",
"It was after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , that Castro forged strong economic links with the Soviet Union , with whom , at the time , the United States was engaged in the Cold War . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was very concerned at the direction Castro 's government was taking , and in March 1960 , he allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan Castro 's overthrow ( though the plan to overthrow Castro was put off for Kennedy to decide ) . The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces , training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala . Eisenhower 's successor , John F. Kennedy , approved the final invasion plan on 4 April 1961 .",
"Over 1,400 paramilitaries , divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion , assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on 13 April 1961 . Two days later , on 15 April , eight CIA - supplied B - 26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the US . On the night of 16 April , the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs . It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia . The Cuban Army 's counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández , before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation . As the US involvement became apparent to the world , Kennedy decided against providing further air cover for the invasion . As a result , the operation only had half the forces the CIA had deemed necessary . The original plan devised during Eisenhower 's presidency had required both air and naval support . On 20 April , the invaders surrendered after only three days , with the majority being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons .",
"The failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castro 's leadership , made him a national hero , and cemented the rocky relationship between the former allies . It also strengthened the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . This eventually led to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . The invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy ; Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America . Cuban forces under Castro 's leadership clashed directly with US forces during the Invasion of Grenada over 20 years later .",
"Since the middle of the 18th century Cuba had been the crown jewel of the Spanish colonial empire . In the late 19th century , Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance , resulting in three liberation wars : the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) , the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) and the Cuban War of Independence ( 1895 -- 1898 ) . The United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire , resulting in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . The US subsequently invaded the island , and forced the Spanish army out . On 20 May 1902 , a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba , with US Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma , a Cuban - born US citizen . Subsequently , large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba , and by 1905 , 60 % of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans . Between 1906 and 1909 , 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island , and returned in 1912 , 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs , sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government .",
"In March 1952 , a Cuban general and politician , Fulgencio Batista , seized power on the island , proclaimed himself president and deposed the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico . Batista canceled the planned presidential elections , and described his new system as `` disciplined democracy '' . Although Batista gained some popular support , many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one - man dictatorship . Many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government , sparking the Cuban Revolution . One of these groups was the National Revolutionary Movement ( Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario -- MNR ) , a militant organization containing largely middle class members that had been founded by the Professor of Philosophy Rafael García Bárcena . Another was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil ( DRE ) , which had been founded by the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) President José Antonio Echevarría ( 1932 -- 1957 ) . However , the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the `` 26th of July Movement '' ( MR - 26 - 7 ) , founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro . With Castro as the MR - 26 - 7 's head , the organization was based upon a clandestine cell system , with each cell containing ten members , none of whom knew the whereabouts or activities of the other cells .",
"Between December 1956 and 1959 , Castro led a guerrilla army against the forces of Batista from his base camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains . Batista 's repression of revolutionaries had earned him widespread unpopularity , and by 1958 his armies were in retreat . On 31 December 1958 , Batista resigned and fled into exile , taking with him an amassed fortune of more than US $ 300,000,000 . The presidency fell to Castro 's chosen candidate , the lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó , while members of the MR - 26 - 7 took control of most positions in the cabinet . On 16 February 1959 , Castro himself took on the role of Prime Minister . Dismissing the need for elections , Castro proclaimed the new administration an example of direct democracy , in which the Cuban populace could assemble en masse at demonstrations and express their democratic will to him personally . Critics instead condemned the new regime as un-democratic .",
"Soon after the success of the Cuban Revolution , militant counter-revolutionary groups developed in an attempt to overthrow the new regime . Undertaking armed attacks against government forces , some set up guerrilla bases in Cuba 's mountainous regions , leading to the six - year Escambray Rebellion . These dissidents were funded and armed by various foreign sources , including the exiled Cuban community , the US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and Rafael Trujillo 's regime in the Dominican Republic . No quarter was given during the suppression of the resistance in the Escambray Mountains , where former rebels from the war against Batista took different sides . On 3 April 1961 , a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia , and wounded eight more . On 6 April , the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas was destroyed by sabotage . On 14 April 1961 , guerrillas led by Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces , Montembo , Las Villas , where several government troops were killed and others wounded . Also on 14 April 1961 , a Cubana airliner was hijacked and flown to Jacksonville , Florida ; resultant confusion then helped the staged ' defection ' of a B - 26 and pilot at Miami on 15 April .",
"Castro 's government began a crackdown on this opposition movement , arresting hundreds of dissidents . Though it rejected the physical torture Batista 's regime had used , Castro 's government sanctioned psychological torture , subjecting some prisoners to solitary confinement , rough treatment , hunger , and threatening behavior . After conservative editors and journalists began expressing hostility towards the government following its left - ward turn , the pro-Castro printers ' trade union began to harass and disrupt editorial staff actions . In January 1960 , the government proclaimed that each newspaper was obliged to publish a `` clarification '' by the printers ' union at the end of any article that criticized the government . This was the start of press censorship in Castro 's Cuba .",
"Popular uproar across Cuba demanded that those figures who had been complicit in the widespread torture and killing of civilians be brought to justice . Although he remained a moderating force and tried to prevent the mass reprisal killings of Batistanos advocated by many Cubans , Castro helped to set up trials of many figures involved in the old regime across the country , resulting in hundreds of executions . Critics , in particular from the U.S. press , argued that many of these did not meet the standards of a fair trial , and condemned Cuba 's new government as being more interested in vengeance than justice . Castro retaliated strongly against such accusations , proclaiming that `` revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts , but on moral conviction . '' In a show of support for this `` revolutionary justice '' , he organized the first Havana trial to take place before a mass audience of 17,000 at the Sports Palace stadium ; when a group of aviators accused of bombing a village were found not guilty , he ordered a retrial , in which they were instead found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment . On 11 March 1961 , Jesus Carreras and American William Alexander Morgan ( a former Castro ally ) were executed after a trial .",
"Castro 's Cuban government ordered the country 's oil refineries -- then controlled by US corporations Esso and Standard Oil and Anglo - Dutch Shell -- to process crude oil purchased from the Soviet Union , but under pressure from the US government , these companies refused . Castro responded by expropriating the refineries and nationalizing them under state control . In retaliation , the US canceled its import of Cuban sugar , provoking Castro to nationalize most US - owned assets , including banks and sugar mills . Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion and sinking of a French vessel , the Le Coubre , in Havana harbor in March 1960 . The cause of the explosion was never determined , but Castro publicly insinuated that the US government were guilty of sabotage . On 13 October 1960 , the US government then prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba -- the exceptions being medicines and certain foodstuffs -- marking the start of an economic embargo . In retaliation , the Cuban National Institute for Agrarian Reform took control of 383 private - run businesses on 14 October , and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized , including Coca - Cola and Sears Roebuck . On 16 December , the US then ended its import quota of Cuban sugar .",
"The US government was becoming increasingly critical of Castro 's revolutionary government . At an August 1960 meeting of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) held in Costa Rica , the US Secretary of State , Christian Herter , publicly proclaimed that Castro 's administration was `` following faithfully the Bolshevik pattern '' by instituting a single - party political system , taking governmental control of trade unions , suppressing civil liberties , and removing both the freedom of speech and freedom of the press . He furthermore asserted that international communism was using Cuba as an `` operational base '' for spreading revolution in the western hemisphere , and called on other OAS members to condemn the Cuban government for its breach of human rights . In turn , Castro lambasted the treatment of black people and the working classes he had witnessed in New York , which he lampooned as that `` superfree , superdemocratic , superhumane , and supercivilized city '' . Proclaiming that the US poor were living `` in the bowels of the imperialist monster '' , he attacked the mainstream US media and accused it of being controlled by big business . It must be noted that , on the surface , the US was trying to improve its relationship with Cuba . Several negotiations between representatives from Cuba and the US took place around this time . Repairing financial international relations was the focal point of these discussions . Political relations were another hot topic of these conferences . The US stated that they would not interfere with Cuba 's choice of government or its domestic structure ; however , the US also ordered the Cubans to sever all ties with the Soviet Union",
"In August 1960 , the CIA contacted the Cosa Nostra in Chicago with the intention to draft a simultaneous assassination of Fidel Castro , Raúl Castro and Che Guevara . In exchange , if the operation was a success and if a pro-US government was restored in Cuba , the CIA agreed that the Mafia would get their `` monopoly on gaming , prostitution and drugs . ''",
"Tensions percolated when the CIA began to act on its desires to snuff out Castro . The general public became aware of the attempts to assassinate Castro in 1975 when a report was leaked . Frank Church was the leader of a Senate Committee that was responsible for drafting a report on these clandestine CIA operations . Fourteen reports were issued under the name `` Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders '' . Castro was one of the leaders that the `` alleged assassination plots '' referred to . Efforts to murder Castro officially commenced in 1960 . Some methods that the CIA undertook to murder Castro were ridiculously creative . Some examples of these creative ways are : `` poison pills , an exploding sea shell , and a planned gift of a diving suit contaminated with toxins . '' More traditional ways of slaying Castro were also planned , such as elimination via high - powered rifles with telescopic sights . CIA agents went to unbelievable lengths to try to murder Castro . Another example of this comes from operation AMLASH . Rolando Cubela was a Cuban Revolutionary hero that headlined this operation . He was contacted with hopes of possibly recruiting someone close to Fidel Castro that was interested in creating a military coup . However , this goal shifted from that to strictly hopes of recruiting someone close to Castro to murder him . All of the time , effort , and resources the CIA devoted to killing Castro were ultimately futile . Moreover , the time period selected by the CIA to carry out these missions stirs up a bit of controversy . In 1963 , the CIA made plans to murder Castro , while in the same year , the Kennedy administration had peace talks with Castro . To complicate things even further , a high level CIA agent by the name of Desmond Fitzgerald met with Rolando Cubela and portrayed himself as a personal representative of Robert Kennedy without Kennedy 's actually knowing about it .",
"The idea of overthrowing Castro 's dictatorship first emerged within the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government , in early 1960 . Founded in 1947 by the National Security Act , the CIA was `` a product of the Cold War '' , having been designed to counter the espionage activities of the Soviet Union 's own national security agency , the KGB . As the perceived threat of `` international communism '' grew larger , the CIA expanded its activities to undertake covert economic , political , and military activities that would advance causes favourable to U.S. interests ( often resulting in brutal dictatorships that favored US interests ) . The CIA 's Director at the time , Allen Dulles , was responsible for overseeing clandestine operations across the world , and although widely considered an ineffectual administrator , he was immensely popular among his employees , whom he had protected from the accusations of McCarthyism . Recognizing that Castro and his government were becoming increasingly hostile and openly opposed to the United States , President Dwight D. Eisenhower directed the Central Intelligence Agency to begin preparations of invading Cuba and overthrowing the Castro regime . The man overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion was Richard M. Bissell Jr. , the CIA 's Deputy Director for Plans ( DDP ) . Putting together a `` Special Group '' known as the 5412 Committee , he assembled a number of other agents to aid him in the plot , many of whom had worked on the 1954 Guatemalan coup six years before ; these included David Philips , Gerry Droller and E. Howard Hunt .",
"Bissell placed Droller in charge of liaising with anti-Castro segments of the Cuban - American community living in the United States , and asked Hunt to fashion a government - in - exile , which the CIA would effectively control . Hunt proceeded to travel to Havana , the capital city of Cuba , where he spoke with Cubans from various different backgrounds and discovered a brothel through the Mercedes - Benz agency . Returning to the US , he informed the Cuban - Americans with whom he was liaising that they would have to move their base of operations from Florida to Mexico City , because the State Department refused to permit the training of a militia on US soil . Although unhappy with the news , they conceded to the order .",
"On 17 March 1960 , the CIA put forward their plan for the overthrow of Castro 's administration to the U.S. National Security Council ( NSC ) , where it was given the support of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The stated first objective of the plan was to `` bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Cuban people and more acceptable to the US in such a manner to avoid any appearance of US intervention . '' Four major forms of action were to be taken to aid anti-communist opposition in Cuba at the time . These were to : provide a powerful propaganda offensive against the regime , perfect a covert intelligence network within Cuba , develop paramilitary forces outside of Cuba , and get the necessary logistical support for covert military operations on the island . At this stage it was still not clear that an invasion would take place .",
"On 18 August 1960 , Eisenhower approved a budget of $13,000,000 for the operation . By 31 October 1960 , most guerrilla infiltrations and supply drops directed by the CIA into Cuba had failed , and developments of further guerrilla strategies were replaced by plans to mount an initial amphibious assault , with a minimum of 1,500 men . On 18 November 1960 , Allen Dulles ( CIA Director ) and Richard Bissell ( CIA Deputy Director for Plans ) first briefed President - elect John Kennedy on the outline plans . Having experience in actions such as the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , Dulles was confident that the CIA was capable of overthrowing the Cuban government as led by Prime Minister Fidel Castro since 16 February 1959 . On 29 November 1960 , President Eisenhower met with the chiefs of the CIA , Defense , State and Treasury departments to discuss the new concept . No objections were expressed , and Eisenhower approved the plans , with the intention of persuading John Kennedy of their merit . On 8 December 1960 , Bissell presented outline plans to the `` Special Group '' while declining to commit details to written records . Further development of the plans continued , and on 4 January 1961 they consisted of an intention to carry out a `` lodgement '' by 750 men at an undisclosed site in Cuba , supported by considerable air power .",
"Meanwhile , in the 1960 presidential election , both main candidates , Richard Nixon of the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy of the Democratic Party , campaigned on the issue of Cuba , with both candidates taking a hardline stance on Castro . Nixon -- who was then Vice President -- sent a military aide to Dulles to ask how the planned invasion was progressing ; he believed that it was taking too long , considering the swift preparation of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat . Nixon insisted that Kennedy should not be informed of the military plans , to which Dulles conceded .",
"On 28 January 1961 , President Kennedy was briefed , together with all the major departments , on the latest plan ( code - named Operation Pluto ) , which involved 1,000 men landed in a ship - borne invasion at Trinidad , Cuba , about 270 km ( 170 mi ) south - east of Havana , at the foothills of the Escambray Mountains in Sancti Spiritus province . Kennedy authorized the active departments to continue , and to report progress . Trinidad had good port facilities , it was closer to many existing counter-revolutionary activities , it had an easily defensible beachhead , and it offered an escape route into the Escambray Mountains . When that scheme was subsequently rejected by the State Department , the CIA went on to propose an alternative plan . Kennedy rejected the landings at Trinidad largely because the airfield there was not large enough for B - 26 bombers and , since B - 26s were to play a prominent role in the invasion , this would destroy the façade that the invasion was just an uprising with no American involvement . On 4 April 1961 , President Kennedy then approved the Bay of Pigs plan ( also known as Operation Zapata ) , because it had an airfield that did not need extending to handle bomber operations , it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan , and it was less `` noisy '' militarily , which would make any future denial of direct US involvement more plausible . The invasion landing area was changed to beaches bordering the Bahía de Cochinos ( Bay of Pigs ) in Las Villas Province , 150 km south - east of Havana , and east of the Zapata Peninsula . The landings were to take place at Playa Girón ( code - named Blue Beach ) , Playa Larga ( code - named Red Beach ) , and Caleta Buena Inlet ( code - named Green Beach ) .",
"In March 1961 , the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council ( CRC ) , chaired by José Miró Cardona , former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959 . Cardona became the de facto leader - in - waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban government .",
"In April 1960 , the CIA began to recruit anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area . Until July 1960 , assessment and training was carried out on Useppa Island and at various other facilities in South Florida , such as Homestead AFB . Specialist guerrilla training took place at Fort Gulick , Panama and at Fort Clayton , Panama . The force that became Brigade 2506 started with 28 men , who initially were told that their training was being paid for by an anonymous Cuban millionaire émigré , but the recruits soon guessed who was paying the bills , calling their supposed anonymous benefactor `` Uncle Sam '' , and the pretense was dropped . The overall leader was Dr. Manuel Artime while the military leader was José `` Pepe '' Peréz San Román , a former Cuban Army officer imprisoned under both Batista and Castro .",
"For the increasing ranks of recruits , infantry training was carried out at a CIA - run base ( code - named JMTrax ) near Retalhuleu in the Sierra Madre on the Pacific coast of Guatemala . The exiled group named themselves Brigade 2506 ( Brigada Asalto 2506 ) . In summer 1960 , an airfield ( code - named JMadd , aka Rayo Base ) was constructed near Retalhuleu , Guatemala . Gunnery and flight training of Brigade 2506 aircrews was carried out by personnel from Alabama ANG ( Air National Guard ) under General Reid Doster , using at least six Douglas B - 26 Invaders in the markings of Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca , legitimate delivery of those being delayed by about six months . An additional 26 B - 26s were obtained from US military stocks , ' sanitized ' at ' Field Three ' to obscure their origins , and about 20 of them were converted for offensive operations by removal of defensive armament , standardization of the ' eight - gun nose ' , addition of underwing drop tanks and rocket racks . Paratroop training was at a base nicknamed Garrapatenango , near Quetzaltenango , Guatemala . Training for boat handling and amphibious landings took place at Vieques Island , Puerto Rico . Tank training took place at Fort Knox , Kentucky , and Fort Benning , Georgia . Underwater demolition and infiltration training took place at Belle Chase near New Orleans . To create a navy , the CIA purchased five cargo ships from the Cuban - owned , but Miami - based Garcia Line , thereby giving `` plausible deniability '' as the State Department had insisted no US ships could be involved in the invasion . The first four of the five ships , namely the Atlantico , the Caribe , the Houston and Rió Escondido were to carry enough supplies and weapons to last thirty days while the Lake Charles had 15 days of supplies and was intended to land the provisional government of Cuba . The ships were loaded with supplies at New Orleans and sailed to Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua . Additionally , the invasion force had two old Landing Craft Infantry ( LCI ) ships , the Blagar and Barbara J from World War II that were part of the CIA 's `` ghost ship '' fleet and served as command ships for the invasion . The crews of the supply ships were Cuban while the crews of the LCIs were Americans , borrowed by the CIA from the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) One CIA officer wrote that MSTS sailors were all professional and experienced , but not trained for combat .",
"In November 1960 , the Retalhuleu recruits took part in quelling an officers ' rebellion in Guatemala , in addition to the intervention of the US Navy .",
"The CIA transported people , supplies , and arms from Florida to all the bases at night , using Douglas C - 54 transports . On 9 April 1961 , Brigade 2506 personnel , ships , and aircraft started transferring from Guatemala to Puerto Cabezas . Curtiss C - 46s were also used for transport between Retalhuleu and a CIA base ( code - named JMTide , aka Happy Valley ) at Puerto Cabezas .",
"Facilities and limited logistical assistance were provided by the governments of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in Guatemala , and General Luis Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua , but no military personnel or equipment of those nations was directly employed in the conflict . Both governments later received military training and equipment , including some of the CIA 's remaining B - 26s .",
"In early 1961 , Cuba 's army possessed Soviet - designed T - 34 medium tanks , IS - 2 heavy tanks , SU - 100 tank destroyers , 122mm howitzers , other artillery and small arms plus Italian 105mm howitzers . The Cuban air force armed inventory included Douglas B - 26 Invader light bombers , Hawker Sea Fury fighters , and Lockheed T - 33 jets , all remaining from the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba ( FAEC ) , the Cuban air force of the Batista government .",
"Anticipating an invasion , Che Guevara stressed the importance of an armed civilian populace , stating : `` all of the Cuban people must become a guerrilla army ; each and every Cuban must learn to handle and if necessary use firearms in defense of the nation '' .",
"In April 1960 , FRD ( Frente Revolucionario Democratico - Democratic Revolutionary Front ) rebels were taken to Ussepa island , a private island off the coast of Florida , which was covertly leased by the CIA at the time . Once the rebels had arrived they were greeted by instructors from U.S army special forces groups , members from the U.S Airforce and Air National Guard and members of the CIA . The rebels were trained in amphibious assault tactics , guerrilla warfare , infantry and weapons training , unit tactics and land navigation .",
"Recruiting of Cuban exiles in Miami was organized by CIA staff officers E. Howard Hunt and Gerry Droller . Detailed planning , training and military operations were conducted by Jacob Esterline , Colonel Jack Hawkins and Colonel Stanley W. Beerli under the direction of Richard Bissell and his deputy Tracy Barnes .",
"Already , Fidel Castro was known as , and addressed as , the commander - in - chief of Cuban armed forces , with a nominal base at ' Point One ' in Havana . In early April 1961 , his brother Raúl Castro was assigned command of forces in the east , based in Santiago de Cuba . Che Guevara commanded western forces , based in Pinar del Río . Major Juan Almeida Bosque commanded forces in the central provinces , based in Santa Clara . Raúl Curbelo Morales was head of the air force . Sergio del Valle Jiménez was Director of Headquarters Operations at Point One . Efigenio Ameijeiras was the Head of the Revolutionary National Police . Ramiro Valdés Menéndez was Minister of the Interior and head of G - 2 ( Seguridad del Estado , or state security ) . His deputy was Comandante Manuel Piñeiro Losada , also known as ' Barba Roja ' . Captain José Ramón Fernández was head of the School of Militia Leaders ( Cadets ) at Matanzas .",
"Other commanders of units during the conflict included Major Raúl Menéndez Tomassevich , Major Filiberto Olivera Moya , Major René de los Santos , Major Augusto Martínez Sanchez , Major Félix Duque , Major Pedro Miret , Major Flavio Bravo , Major Antonio Lussón , Captain Orlando Pupo Pena , Captain Victor Dreke , Captain Emilio Aragonés , Captain Angel Fernández Vila , Arnaldo Ochoa , and Orlando Rodriguez Puerta .",
"Soviet - trained Spanish advisors were brought to Cuba from Eastern Bloc countries . These advisors had held high staff positions in the Soviet armies during World War II , and became known as `` Hispano - Soviets '' , having long resided in the Soviet Union . The most senior of these were the Spanish communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War , Francisco Ciutat de Miguel , Enrique Líster , and Cuban - born Alberto Bayo . Ciutat de Miguel ( Cuban alias : Ángel Martínez Riosola , commonly referred to as `` Angelito '' ) , was an advisor to forces in the central provinces . The role of other Soviet agents at the time is uncertain , but some of them acquired greater fame later . For example , two KGB colonels , Vadim Kochergin and Victor Simanov were first sighted in Cuba in about September 1959 .",
"The Cuban security apparatus knew the invasion was coming , via their extensive secret intelligence network , as well as loose talk by members of the brigade , some of which was heard in Miami , and was repeated in US and foreign newspaper reports . Nevertheless , days before the invasion , multiple acts of sabotage were carried out , such as the El Encanto fire , an arson attack in a department store in Havana on 13 April , that killed one shop worker . The Cuban government also had been warned by senior KGB agents Osvaldo Sánchez Cabrera and ' Aragon ' , who died violently before and after the invasion , respectively . The general Cuban population was not well informed , except for CIA - funded Radio Swan . As of May 1960 , almost all means of public communication were in the government 's hands .",
"On 29 April 2000 , a Washington Post article , `` Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack '' , reported that the CIA had information indicating that the Soviet Union knew the invasion was going to take place , and did not inform Kennedy . On 13 April 1961 , Radio Moscow broadcast an English - language newscast , predicting the invasion `` in a plot hatched by the CIA '' using paid `` criminals '' within a week . The invasion took place four days later .",
"David Ormsby - Gore , British Ambassador to the US , stated that British intelligence analysis , as made available to the CIA , indicated that the Cuban people were predominantly behind Castro , and that there was no likelihood of mass defections or insurrections .",
"From June to September 1960 , the most time consuming task was the acquisition of the aircraft to be used in the invasion . The anti-Castro effort depended on the success of these aircraft . Although models such as the C - 46 , C - 47 and C - 54 were to be used for airdrops and bomb drops as well as infiltration and exfiltration , they were looking for an aircraft that could perform tactical strikes . The two models that were going to be decided on were the Navy 's AD - 5 or the Air Forces light bomber , the B - 26 . The AD - 5 was readily available and ready for the Navy to train pilots , and in a meeting among a special group in the office of the Deputy Director of the CIA , the AD - 5 was approved and decided on . After a cost benefit analysis , word was sent that the AD - 5 plan would be abandoned and the B - 26 would take its place .",
"Under the cover of darkness , the invasion fleet set sail from Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua and headed towards the Bay of Pigs on the night of 14 April . Following behind the fleet was the carrier USS Essex and five destroyers .",
"During the night of 14 / 15 April , a diversionary landing was planned near Baracoa , Oriente Province , by about 164 Cuban exiles commanded by Higinio ' Nino ' Diaz . Their mother ship , named La Playa or Santa Ana , had sailed from Key West under a Costa Rican ensign . Several US Navy destroyers were stationed offshore near Guantánamo Bay to give the appearance of an impending invasion fleet . The reconnaissance boats turned back to the ship after their crews detected activities by Cuban militia forces along the coastline .",
"As a result of those activities , at daybreak , a reconnaissance sortie over the Baracoa area was launched from Santiago de Cuba . That was a FAR ( Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria ) ( Cuban Air Force ) T - 33 , piloted by Lt Orestes Acosta , and it crashed fatally into the sea . On 17 April , his name was falsely quoted as a defector among the disinformation circulating in Miami .",
"The CIA , with the backing of the Pentagon , had originally requested permission to produce sonic booms over Havana on 14 April to create an air of confusion . The request was a form of psychological warfare that had proven successful in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954 . The point was to create confusion in Havana and have it be a distraction to Castro if they could `` break all the windows in town '' . The request was denied , however , since officials thought such would be too obvious a sign of involvement by the United States .",
"On 15 April 1961 , at about 06 : 00 AM Cuban local time , eight Douglas B - 26B Invader bombers in three groups simultaneously attacked three Cuban airfields at San Antonio de los Baños and at Ciudad Libertad ( formerly named Campo Columbia ) , both near Havana , plus the Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba . The B - 26s had been prepared by the CIA on behalf of Brigade 2506 , and had been painted with the false flag markings of the FAR , the air force of the Cuban government . Each was armed with bombs , rockets and machine guns . They had flown from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua , and were crewed by exiled Cuban pilots and navigators of the self - styled Fuerza Aérea de Liberación ( FAL ) . The purpose of the action ( code - named Operation Puma ) was reportedly to destroy most or all of the armed aircraft of the FAR in preparation for the main invasion . At Santiago , the two attackers destroyed a C - 47 transport , a PBY Catalina flying boat , two B - 26s and a civilian DC - 3 plus various other civilian aircraft . At San Antonio , the three attackers destroyed three FAR B - 26s , one Sea Fury and one T - 33 , and one attacker diverted to Grand Cayman due to low usable fuel . Aircraft that diverted to the Caymans were aggressively seized since Great Britain was leery that the Cayman Islands might be perceived as a launch site for the invasion . At Ciudad Libertad , the three attackers destroyed only non-operational aircraft such as two P - 47 Thunderbolts . One of those attackers was damaged by anti-aircraft fire , and ditched about 50 km north of Cuba , with the loss of its crew Daniel Fernández Mon and Gaston Pérez . Its companion B - 26 , also damaged , continued north and landed at Boca Chica field ( Naval Air Station Key West ) , Florida . The crew , José Crespo and Lorenzo Pérez - Lorenzo , were granted political asylum , and made their way back to Nicaragua the next day via Miami and the daily CIA C - 54 flight from Opa - locka Airport to Puerto Cabezas Airport . Their B - 26 , purposely numbered 933 , the same as at least two other B - 26s that day for disinformation reasons , was held until late on 17 April .",
"About 90 minutes after the eight B - 26s had taken off from Puerto Cabezas to attack Cuban airfields , another B - 26 departed on a deception flight that took it close to Cuba but headed north towards Florida . Like the bomber groups , it carried false FAR markings and the same number 933 as painted on at least two of the others . Before departure , the cowling from one of the aircraft 's two engines was removed by CIA personnel , fired upon , then re-installed to give the false appearance that the aircraft had taken ground fire at some point during its flight . At a safe distance north of Cuba , the pilot feathered the engine with the pre-installed bullet holes in the cowling , radioed a mayday call , and requested immediate permission to land at Miami International airport . He landed and taxied to the military area of the airport near an Air Force C - 47 and was met by several government cars . The pilot was Mario Zúñiga , formerly of the FAEC ( Cuban Air Force under Batista ) , and after landing he masqueraded as ' Juan Garcia ' , and publicly claimed that three colleagues had also defected from the FAR . The next day he was granted political asylum , and that night he returned to Puerto Cabezas via Opa - Locka . This deception operation was successful at the time in convincing much of the world media that the attacks on the Cuban Air Force bases were the work of an internal anti-Communist faction , and did not involve outside actors .",
"At 10 : 30 am on 15 April at the United Nations , the Cuban Foreign Minister Raúl Roa accused the US of aggressive air attacks against Cuba , and that afternoon formally tabled a motion to the Political ( First ) Committee of the UN General Assembly . Only days earlier , the CIA had unsuccessfully attempted to entice Raúl Roa into defecting . In response to Roa 's accusations before the UN , US ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson stated that US armed forces would not `` under any conditions '' intervene in Cuba , and that the US would do everything in its power to ensure that no US citizens would participate in actions against Cuba . He also stated that Cuban defectors had carried out the attacks that day , and he presented a UPI wire photo of Zúñiga 's B - 26 in Cuban markings at Miami airport . Stevenson was later embarrassed to realize that the CIA had lied to him and to Secretary of State Dean Rusk .",
"President Kennedy supported the statement made by Stevenson : `` I have emphasized before that this was a struggle of Cuban patriots against a Cuban dictator . While we could not be expected to hide our sympathies , we made it repeatedly clear that the armed forces of this country would not intervene in any way '' .",
"On 15 April , the Cuban national police , led by Efigenio Ameijeiras , started the process of arresting thousands of suspected anti-revolutionary individuals , and detaining them in provisional locations such as the Karl Marx Theatre , the moat of Fortaleza de la Cabana and the Principe Castle all in Havana , and the baseball park in Matanzas .",
"On the night of 15 / 16 April , the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a fresh location near Baracoa .",
"On 16 April , Merardo Leon , Jose Leon , and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas , with only four surviving . Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside .",
"Following the air strikes on airfields on 15 April 1961 , the FAR managed to prepare for armed action at least four T - 33s , four Sea Furies and five or six B - 26s . All three types were armed with machine guns ( 20mm cannon , in the case of the Sea Furies ) for air - to - air combat and for strafing of ships and ground targets . CIA planners had failed to discover that the US - supplied T - 33 jets had long been armed with M - 3 machine guns . The three types could also carry bombs , for attacks against ships and tanks .",
"No additional air strikes against Cuban airfields and aircraft were specifically planned before 17 April , because B - 26 pilots ' exaggerated claims gave the CIA false confidence in the success of 15 April attacks , until U-2 reconnaissance photos taken on 16 April showed otherwise . Late on 16 April , President Kennedy ordered cancellation of further airfield strikes planned for dawn on 17 April , to attempt plausible deniability of US direct involvement .",
"Late on 16 April , the CIA / Brigade 2506 invasion fleet converged on ' Rendezvous Point Zulu ' , about 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) south of Cuba , having sailed from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua where they had been loaded with troops and other materiel , after loading arms and supplies at New Orleans . The US Navy operation was code - named Bumpy Road , having been changed from Crosspatch on 1 April 1961 . The fleet , labelled the ' Cuban Expeditionary Force ' ( CEF ) , included five 2,400 - ton ( empty weight ) freighter ships chartered by the CIA from the Garcia Line , and subsequently outfitted with anti-aircraft guns . Four of the freighters , Houston ( code name Aguja ) , Río Escondido ( code name Ballena ) , Caribe ( code name Sardina ) , and Atlántico ( code - name Tiburón ) , were planned to transport about 1,400 troops in seven battalions of troops and armaments near to the invasion beaches . The fifth freighter , Lake Charles , was loaded with follow - up supplies and some Operation 40 infiltration personnel . The freighters sailed under Liberian ensigns . Accompanying them were two LCIs ( Landing Craft Infantry ) outfitted with heavy armament at Key West . The LCIs were Blagar ( code - name Marsopa ) and Barbara J ( code - name Barracuda ) , sailing under Nicaraguan ensigns . After exercises and training at Vieques Island , the CEF ships were individually escorted ( outside visual range ) to Point Zulu by US Navy destroyers USS Bache , USS Beale , USS Conway , USS Cony , USS Eaton , USS Murray , USS Waller . US Navy Task Group 81.8 had already assembled off the Cayman Islands , commanded by Rear Admiral John E. Clark onboard aircraft carrier USS Essex , plus helicopter assault carrier USS Boxer , destroyers USS Hank , USS John W. Weeks , USS Purdy , USS Wren , and submarines USS Cobbler and USS Threadfin . Command and control ship USS Northampton and carrier USS Shangri - La were also reportedly active in the Caribbean at the time . USS San Marcos was a Landing Ship Dock that carried three LCUs ( Landing Craft Utility ) and four LCVPs ( Landing Craft , Vehicles , Personnel ) . San Marcos had sailed from Vieques Island . At Point Zulu , the seven CEF ships sailed north without the USN escorts , except for San Marcos that continued until the seven landing craft were unloaded when just outside the 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) Cuban territorial limit .",
"During the night of 16 / 17 April , a mock diversionary landing was organized by CIA operatives near Bahía Honda , Pinar del Río Province . A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area .",
"At about 00 : 00 on 17 April 1961 , the two CIA LCIs Blagar and Barbara J , each with a CIA ' operations officer ' and an Underwater Demolition Team ( UDT ) of five frogmen , entered the Bay of Pigs ( Bahía de Cochinos ) on the southern coast of Cuba . They headed a force of four transport ships ( Houston , Río Escondido , Caribe and Atlántico ) carrying about 1,400 Cuban exile ground troops of Brigade 2506 , plus tanks and other vehicles in the landing craft . At about 01 : 00 , Blagar , as the battlefield command ship , directed the principal landing at Playa Girón ( code - named Blue Beach ) , led by the frogmen in rubber boats followed by troops from Caribe in small aluminium boats , then LCVPs and LCUs . Barbara J , leading Houston , similarly landed troops 35 km further northwest at Playa Larga ( code - named Red Beach ) , using small fiberglass boats . Unloading troops at night was delayed , due to engine failures and boats damaged by unforeseen coral reefs . As the frogmen came in , they were shocked to discover that the Red Beach was lit with floodlights , which led to the location of the landing being hastily changed . As the frogmen landed , a firefight broke out when a jeep carrying Cuban militia happened by . The few militia in the area succeeded in warning Cuban armed forces via radio soon after the first landing , before the invaders overcame their token resistance . Castro was woken up at about 3 : 15 am to be informed of the landings , which led him to put all militia units in the area on the highest state of alert and to order airstrikes . The Cuban regime planned to strike the brigadistas at Playa Larga first as they were inland before turning on the brigadistas at Girón at the sea . El Comandante departed personally to lead his forces into battle against the brigadistas .",
"At daybreak around 06 : 30 AM , three FAR Sea Furies , one B - 26 bomber and two Lockheed T - 33 fighter jets started attacking those CEF ships still unloading troops . At about 06 : 50 , and 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) south of Playa Larga , Houston was damaged by several bombs and rockets from a Sea Fury and a T - 33 , and about two hours later captain Luis Morse intentionally beached it on the western side of the bay . About 270 troops had been unloaded , but about 180 survivors who struggled ashore were incapable of taking part in further action because of the loss of most of their weapons and equipment . The loss of Houston was a great blow to the bridgadistas as that ship was carrying much of the Brigade 2506 's medical supplies , which meant that wounded bridgadistas had to make do with inadequate medical care . At about 07 : 00 , two invading FAL B - 26s attacked and sank the Cuban Navy Patrol Escort ship El Baire at Nueva Gerona on the Isle of Pines . They then proceeded to Girón to join two other B - 26s to attack Cuban ground troops and provide distraction air cover for the paratroop C - 46s and the CEF ships under air attack . Brigade 2506 's tanks had been all landed by 7 : 30 am at Blue Beach and all of the troops by 8 : 30 am . Neither San Román at Blue Beach nor Erneido Oliva at Red Beach could communicate as all of the radios had been soaked in the water during the landings .",
"At about 07 : 30 , five C - 46 and one C - 54 transport aircraft dropped 177 paratroops from the parachute battalion of Brigade 2506 in an action code - named Operation Falcon . About 30 men , plus heavy equipment , were dropped south of the Central Australia sugar mill on the road to Palpite and Playa Larga , but the equipment was lost in the swamps , and the troops failed to block the road . Other troops were dropped at San Blas , at Jocuma between Covadonga and San Blas , and at Horquitas between Yaguaramas and San Blas . Those positions to block the roads were maintained for two days , reinforced by ground troops from Playa Girón . The paratroopers had landed amid a collection of militia , but their training allowed them to hold their own against the ill - trained militiamen . However , the dispersal of the paratroopers as they landed meant they were unable to take the road from the Central Australia sugar mill down to Playa Larga , which allowed the government to continue to send troops down to resist the invasion .",
"At about 08 : 30 , a FAR Sea Fury piloted by Carlos Ulloa Arauz crashed in the bay , due to stalling or anti-aircraft fire , after encountering a FAL C - 46 returning south after dropping paratroops . By 09 : 00 , Cuban troops and militia from outside the area had started arriving at the Central Australia sugar mill , Covadonga and Yaguaramas . Throughout the day they were reinforced by more troops , heavy armour and T - 34 tanks typically carried on flat - bed trucks . At about 09 : 30 , FAR Sea Furies and T - 33s fired rockets at Rio Escondido , which then ' blew up ' and sank about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) south of Girón . Rio Escondido was loaded with aviation fuel and as the ship started to burn , the captain gave the order to abandon ship with the ship being destroyed in three explosions shortly afterwards . Rio Escondido carried not only fuel , but also enough ammunition , food and medical supplies to last ten days and the radio that allowed the Brigade to communicate with the Liberation Air Force . The loss of the communications ship Rio Escondido meant that San Román was only able to issue orders to the forces at Blue Beach , and he had no idea of what was happening at Red Beach or with the paratroopers . A messenger from Red Beach arrived at about 10 : 00 am asking San Román to send tank and infantry to block the road from the Central Australia sugar mill , a request that he agreed to . It was not expected that government forces would be counter-attacking from this direction .",
"At about 11 : 00 , Premier Fidel Castro issued a statement over Cuba 's nationwide network saying that the invaders , members of the exiled Cuban revolutionary front , have come to destroy the revolution and take away the dignity and rights of men .",
"At about 11 : 00 , a FAR T - 33 attacked and shot down a FAL B - 26 ( serial number 935 ) piloted by Matias Farias , who then survived a crashlanding on the Girón airfield , his navigator Eduardo González already killed by gunfire . His companion B - 26 suffered damage and diverted to Grand Cayman Island ; pilot Mario Zúñiga ( the ' defector ' ) and navigator Oscar Vega returned to Puerto Cabezas via CIA C - 54 on 18 April . By about 11 : 00 , the two remaining freighters Caribe and Atlántico , and the CIA LCIs and LCUs , started retreating south to international waters , but still pursued by FAR aircraft . At about 12 : 00 , a FAR B - 26 exploded due to heavy anti-aircraft fire from Blagar , and pilot Luis Silva Tablada ( on his second sortie ) and his crew of three were lost .",
"By 12 : 00 , hundreds of Cuban militia cadets from Matanzas had secured Palpite , and cautiously advanced on foot south towards Playa Larga , suffering many casualties during attacks by FAL B - 26s . By dusk , other Cuban ground forces were gradually advancing southward from Covadonga and southwest from Yaguaramas toward San Blas , and westward along coastal tracks from Cienfuegos towards Girón , all without heavy weapons or armour . At 2 : 30 pm a group of militiamen from the 339th Battalion set up a position , which came under attack from the brigadista M41 Walker Bulldog tanks , who inflicted heavy losses on the defenders . This action is remembered in Cuba as the `` Slaughter of the Lost Battalion '' as most of the militiamen were killed .",
"Three FAL B - 26s were shot down by FAR T - 33s , with the loss of pilots Raúl Vianello , José Crespo , Osvaldo Piedra and navigators Lorenzo Pérez - Lorenzo and José Fernández . Vianello 's navigator Demetrio Pérez bailed out and was picked up by USS Murray . Pilot Crispín García Fernández and navigator Juan González Romero , in B - 26 serial 940 , diverted to Boca Chica , but late that night they attempted to fly back to Puerto Cabezas in B - 26 serial 933 that Crespo had flown to Boca Chica on 15 April . In October 1961 , the remains of the B - 26 and its two crew were found in dense jungle in Nicaragua . One FAL B - 26 diverted to Grand Cayman with engine failure . By 16 : 00 , Fidel Castro had arrived at the Central Australia sugar mill , joining José Ramón Fernández whom he had appointed as battlefield commander before dawn that day .",
"On 17 April 1961 , Osvaldo Ramírez ( leader of the rural resistance to Castro ) was captured by Castro 's forces in Aromas de Velázquez , and immediately executed .",
"At about 21 : 00 on 17 April 1961 , a night air strike by three FAL B - 26s on San Antonio de Los Baños airfield failed , reportedly due to incompetence and bad weather . Two other B - 26s had aborted the mission after take - off . Other sources allege that heavy anti-aircraft fire scared the aircrews As night fell , Atlantico and Caribe pulled away from Cuba , to be followed by Blagar and Barbara J. The ships were to return to the Bay of Pigs the next day to land more ammunition , but the captains of Atlantico and Caribe decided to abandon the invasion and headed out to the open sea out of fear of further air attacks by the FAR . Destroyers from the US Navy intercepted Atlantico about 110 miles south of Cuba , and persuaded the captain to return , but Caribe was not intercepted until she was 218 miles away from Cuba , and she was not to return until it was too late .",
"During the night of 17 -- 18 April , the force at Red Beach came under repeated counter-attacks from the Cuban Army and militia . As casualties mounted and ammunition was used up , the brigadistas steadily gave way . Airdrops from four C - 52s and 2 C - 46s had only limited success in landing more ammunition . Both the Blagar and Barbara J returned at midnight to land more ammunition , which proved insufficient for the brigadistas . Following desperate appeals for help from Oliva , San Román ordered all of his M41 tanks ' six mortars to assist in the defence . During the night fighting , a tank battle broke out with the brigadista tanks clashed with the T - 34 tanks of the Cuban Army , a sharp action that ended with the brigadistas being driven back . At 8 : 00 pm , the Cuban Army opened fire with its 76.2 mm and 122mm artillery guns on the brigadista forces at Playa Larga , which was followed by an attack by T - 34 tanks at about midnight . The 2,000 artillery rounds fired by the Cuban Army had mostly missed the brigadista defense positions and the T - 34 tanks rode into an ambush when they came under fire from the brigadista M41 tanks and mortar fire , and a number of T - 34 tanks were destroyed or knocked out . At 1 : 00 am , Cuban Army infantrymen and militiamen started an offensive . Despite heavy losses on the part of the Communist forces , the shortage of ammunition forced the brigadistas back and the T - 34 tanks continued to force their way past the wreckage of the battlefield to press on the assault . The Communist forces numbered about 2,100 consisting of about 300 FAR soldiers , 1,600 militiamen and 200 policemen supported by 20 T - 34s who were faced by 370 brigadistas . By 5 : 00 am , Oliva started to order his men to retreat as he had almost no ammunition or mortar rounds left . By about 10 : 30 am on 18 April , Cuban troops and militia , supported by the T - 34 tanks and 122mm artillery , took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Girón in the early hours . During the day , Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas . By then , both Fidel Castro and José Ramón Fernández had re-located to that battlefront area .",
"As the men from Red Beach arrived at Girón , San Román and Oliva met to discuss the situation . With ammunition running low , Oliva suggested that the Brigade 2506 retreat into the Escambray mountains to wage guerilla warfare , but San Román decided to hold the beachhead . At about 11 : 00 am , the Cuban government began an offensive to take San Blas . San Román ordered all of the paratroopers back in order to hold San Blas , and they halted the offensive . During the afternoon , Castro kept the brigadistas under steady air attack and artillery fire , but did not order any new major attacks .",
"At 14 : 00 , President Kennedy received a telegram from Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow , stating the Russians would not allow the US to enter Cuba , and implied swift nuclear retribution to the United States heartland if their warnings were not heeded .",
"At about 17 : 00 on 18 April , FAL B - 26s attacked a Cuban column of 12 civilian buses leading trucks carrying tanks and other armour , moving southeast between Playa Larga and Punta Perdiz . The vehicles , loaded with civilians , militia , police and soldiers , were attacked with bombs , napalm and rockets , suffering heavy casualties . The six B - 26s were piloted by two CIA contract pilots plus four pilots and six navigators from Brigade 2506 air force . The column later re-formed and advanced to Punta Perdiz , about 11 km northwest of Girón .",
"During the night of 18 April , a FAL C - 46 delivered arms and equipment to the Girón airstrip occupied by Brigade 2506 ground forces , and took off before daybreak on 19 April . The C - 46 also evacuated Matias Farias , the pilot of B - 26 serial ' 935 ' ( code - named Chico Two ) that had been shot down and crash - landed at Girón on 17 April . The crews of the Barbara J and Blagar had done their best to land what ammunition they had left onto the beachhead , but without air support the captains of both ships reported that it was too dangerous to be operating off the Cuban coast by day .",
"The final air attack mission ( code - named Mad Dog Flight ) comprised five B - 26s , four of which were manned by American CIA contract air crews and pilots from the Alabama Air Guard . One FAR Sea Fury ( piloted by Douglas Rudd ) and two FAR T - 33s ( piloted by Rafael del Pino and Alvaro Prendes ) shot down two of these B - 26s , killing four American airmen . Combat air patrols were flown by Douglas A4D - 2N Skyhawk jets of VA - 34 squadron operating from USS Essex , with nationality and other markings removed . Sorties were flown to reassure Brigade soldiers and pilots , and to intimidate Cuban government forces without directly engaging in acts of war . At 10 am , a tank battle had broken out , with the brigadista holding their line until about 2 : 00 pm , which led Olvia to order a retreat into Girón . Following the last air attacks , San Román ordered his paratroopers and the men of the 3rd Battalion to launch a surprise attack , which was initially successful , but soon failed . With the brigadistas in disorganized retreat , the Cuban Army and militiamen started to advance rapidly , taking San Blas and only being stopped outside of Girón at about 11 am . Later that afternoon , San Román heard the rumbling of the advancing T - 34s and reported with no more mortar rounds and bazooka rounds , he could not stop the tanks and ordered his men to fall back to the beach . Oliva arrived afterwards to find that the brigadistas were all heading out to the beach or retreating into the jungle or swamps . Without direct air support , and short of ammunition , Brigade 2506 ground forces retreated to the beaches in the face of considerable onslaught from Cuban government artillery , tanks and infantry .",
"Late on 19 April , destroyers USS Eaton ( code - named Santiago ) and USS Murray ( code - named Tampico ) moved into Cochinos Bay to evacuate retreating Brigade soldiers from beaches , before fire from Cuban army tanks caused Commodore Crutchfield to order a withdrawal .",
"From 19 April until about 22 April , sorties were flown by A4D - 2Ns to obtain visual intelligence over combat areas . Reconnaissance flights are also reported of Douglas AD - 5Ws of VFP - 62 and / or VAW - 12 squadron from USS Essex or another carrier , such as USS Shangri - La that was part of the task force assembled off the Cayman Islands .",
"On 21 April , Eaton and Murray , joined on 22 April by destroyers USS Conway and USS Cony , plus submarine USS Threadfin and a CIA PBY - 5A Catalina flying boat , continued to search the coastline , reefs and islands for scattered Brigade survivors , about 24 -- 30 being rescued .",
"114 Cuban exiles from Brigade 2506 were killed in action . Aircrews killed in action totalled 6 from the Cuban air force , 10 Cuban exiles and 4 American airmen . Paratrooper Eugene Herman Koch was killed in action , and the American airmen shot down were Thomas W. Ray , Leo F. Baker , Riley W. Shamburger , and Wade C. Gray . In 1979 , the body of Thomas ' Pete ' Ray was repatriated from Cuba . In the 1990s , the CIA admitted he was linked to the agency , and awarded him the Intelligence Star .",
"The final toll in Cuban armed forces during the conflict was 176 killed in action . This figure includes only the Cuban Army and it is estimated that about 2,000 militiamen were killed or wounded during the fighting . Other Cuban forces casualties were between 500 and 4,000 ( killed , wounded or missing ) . The airfield attacks on 15 April left 7 Cubans dead and 53 wounded .",
"In 2011 , the National Security Archive , in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act , released over 1200 pages of documents . One detail within these documents was incidents of friendly fire . The CIA had outfitted some B - 26 bombers to appear as Cuban aircraft , having ordered them to remain inland to avoid being fired upon by American - backed forces . Some of the planes did not heed the warning , and were fired upon . According to CIA operative Grayston Lynch , `` we could n't tell them from the Castro planes . We ended up shooting at two or three of them . We hit some of them there because when they came at us ... it was a silhouette , that was all you could see . ''",
"On 19 April 1961 , at least seven Cubans plus two CIA - hired US citizens ( Angus K. McNair and Howard F. Anderson ) were executed in Pinar del Rio province , after a two - day trial . On 20 April , Humberto Sorí Marin was executed at Fortaleza de la Cabaña , having been arrested on 18 March following infiltration into Cuba with 14 tons of explosives . His fellow conspirators Rogelio González Corzo ( alias `` Francisco Gutierrez '' ) , Rafael Diaz Hanscom , Eufemio Fernandez , Arturo Hernandez Tellaheche and Manuel Lorenzo Puig Miyar were also executed .",
"Between April and October 1961 , hundreds of executions took place in response to the invasion . They took place at various prisons , including the Fortaleza de la Cabaña and Morro Castle . Infiltration team leaders Antonio Diaz Pou and Raimundo E. Lopez , as well as underground students Virgilio Campaneria , Alberto Tapia Ruano , and more than one hundred other insurgents were executed .",
"About 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured , of whom nine died from asphyxiation during transfer to Havana in a closed truck . In May 1961 , Fidel Castro proposed to exchange the surviving Brigade prisoners for 500 large farm tractors , valued at US $ 28,000,000 . On 8 September 1961 , 14 Brigade prisoners were convicted of torture , murder and other major crimes committed in Cuba before the invasion , five being executed and nine jailed for 30 years . Three confirmed as executed were Ramon Calvino , Emilio Soler Puig ( `` el Muerte '' ) and Jorge King Yun ( `` el Chino '' ) . On 29 March 1962 , 1,179 men were put on trial for treason . On 7 April 1962 , all were convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison . On 14 April 1962 , 60 wounded and sick prisoners were freed and transported to the US .",
"On 21 December 1962 , Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan , a US lawyer aided by Milan C. Miskovsky , a CIA legal officer , signed an agreement to exchange 1,113 prisoners for US $53 million in food and medicine , sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions . On 24 December 1962 , some prisoners were flown to Miami , others following on the ship African Pilot , plus about 1,000 family members also allowed to leave Cuba . On 29 December 1962 , President Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline attended a `` welcome back '' ceremony for Brigade 2506 veterans at the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida .",
"The failed invasion severely embarrassed the Kennedy administration , and made Castro wary of future US intervention in Cuba . On 21 April , in a State Department press conference , President Kennedy said : `` There 's an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan ... Further statements , detailed discussions , are not to conceal responsibility because I 'm the responsible officer of the Government ... ''",
"The initial U.S. response concerning the first air attacks were of a dismissive quality . U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson denied any involvement in the first wave of air strikes , stating before the United Nations , `` These charges are totally false and I deny them categorically . '' Stevenson continued to promote a story of two Cuban planes that had reportedly defected to the United States , apparently unaware that they were in fact U.S. planes piloted by U.S. - backed Cuban pilots in an effort to promote a false story of defection .",
"In August 1961 , during an economic conference of the Organization of American States in Punta del Este , Uruguay , Che Guevara sent a note to Kennedy via Richard N. Goodwin , a secretary of the White House . It read : `` Thanks for Playa Girón . Before the invasion , the revolution was weak . Now it 's stronger than ever '' .",
"Additionally , Guevara answered a set of questions from Leo Huberman of Monthly Review following the invasion . In one reply , Guevara was asked to explain the growing number of Cuban counter-revolutionaries and defectors from the regime , to which he replied that the repelled invasion was the climax of counter revolution , and that afterwards such actions `` fell drastically to zero . '' In regard to the defections of some prominent figures within the Cuban government , Guevara remarked that this was because `` the socialist revolution left the opportunists , the ambitious , and the fearful far behind and now advances toward a new regime free of this class of vermin . ''",
"As Allen Dulles later stated , CIA planners believed that once the troops were on the ground , Kennedy would authorize any action required to prevent failure -- as Eisenhower had done in Guatemala in 1954 after that invasion looked as if it would collapse . President Kennedy was deeply dispirited and angered with the failure . Several years after his death , the New York Times reported that he told an unspecified high administration official of wanting `` to splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds . '' However , following a `` rigorous inquiry into the agency 's affairs , methods , and problems ... ( Kennedy ) did not ' splinter ' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision . '' Kennedy commented to his journalist friend Ben Bradlee , `` The first advice I 'm going to give my successor is to watch the generals and to avoid feeling that because they were military men their opinions on military matters were worth a damn . ''",
"The aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion and events involving Cuba that followed caused the US to feel threatened by their neighbor . Previous to the events at Playa Girón the US government imposed embargoes that limited trade with Cuba . An article that appeared in The New York Times on 6 January 1960 called trade with Cuba `` too risky '' and about six months later in July 1960 , the US reduced the import quota of Cuban sugar , which left the US to increase its sugar supply using other sources . Just following the Bay of Pigs invasion the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba . Five months later the president was authorized to do so . After Cuba 's declaration of Marxism , the Kennedy administration imposed a complete trade embargo against Cuba . After the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 the Kennedy Administration imposed strict travel restrictions for U.S. citizens .",
"According to author Jim Rasenberger , the Kennedy administration became very aggressive in regards to overthrowing Fidel Castro following failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion , reportedly doubling its efforts against Castro . Rasenberger elaborated on the fact that , almost every decision that was made by Kennedy following the Bay of Pigs had some correlation with the destruction of the Castro administration . Shortly after the invasion ended , Kennedy ordered the Pentagon to design secret operations to overthrow the Castro regime . Also , President Kennedy persuaded his brother Robert to set up a covert operation against Castro which was known as `` Operation Mongoose . '' This covert operation included sabotage and assassination plots . One major flaw with these operations was that , both Castro and Khrushchev were aware of these secret plots and even the plan to invade the Bay of Pigs which can possibly explain the failure of the operation .",
"On 22 April 1961 , President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group , to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation . On 13 June , General Taylor submitted the Board of Inquiry 's report to President Kennedy . The report attributed the defeat to lack of early realization of the impossibility of success by covert means , inadequate aircraft , limitations on armaments , pilots and air attacks to attempt plausible deniability -- and ultimately , loss of important ships and lack of ammunition .",
"The Taylor Commission received criticism due to implications of bias . Attorney General Robert Kennedy was included in the group and collectively , the commission was seen as a unit more preoccupied with deflecting the White House from blame than that of a group concerned with realizing the true depth of mistakes that promoted the failure in Cuba . Jack Pfeiffer , who worked as a historian for the CIA until the mid-1980s , simplified his own view of the failed Bay of Pigs effort by including a quote from Raúl Castro , Fidel 's brother , given to a Mexican media member in 1975 . `` Kennedy vacillated , '' Castro said . `` If at that moment he had decided to invade us , he could have suffocated the island in a sea of blood , but he could have destroyed the revolution . Lucky for us , he vacillated . ''",
"In November 1961 , CIA Inspector - General Lyman B Kirkpatrick , authored a report ' Survey of the Cuban Operation ' , that remained classified until 1996 . Conclusions were :",
"The C.I.A. exceeded its capabilities in developing the project from guerrilla support to overt armed action without any plausible deniability . Failure to realistically assess risks and to adequately communicate information and decisions internally and with other government principals . Insufficient involvement of leaders of the exiles . Failure to sufficiently organize internal resistance in Cuba . Failure to competently collect and analyze intelligence about Cuban forces . Poor internal management of communications and staff . Insufficient employment of high - quality staff . Insufficient Spanish - speakers , training facilities and material resources . Lack of stable policies and / or contingency plans .",
"The C.I.A. exceeded its capabilities in developing the project from guerrilla support to overt armed action without any plausible deniability .",
"Failure to realistically assess risks and to adequately communicate information and decisions internally and with other government principals .",
"Insufficient involvement of leaders of the exiles .",
"Failure to sufficiently organize internal resistance in Cuba .",
"Failure to competently collect and analyze intelligence about Cuban forces .",
"Poor internal management of communications and staff .",
"Insufficient employment of high - quality staff .",
"Insufficient Spanish - speakers , training facilities and material resources .",
"Lack of stable policies and / or contingency plans .",
"In spite of vigorous rebuttals by CIA management of the findings , CIA Director Allen Dulles , CIA Deputy Director Charles Cabell , and Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell were all forced to resign by early 1962 .",
"In later years , the CIA 's behavior in the event became the prime example cited for the psychology paradigm known as groupthink syndrome .",
"Further study shows that among various components of groupthink analyzed by Irving Janis , The Bay of Pigs Invasion followed the structural characteristics that led to an irrational decision making in foreign policy pushed by deficiency in impartial leadership . An account on the process of invasion decision reads ,",
"( At ) each meeting , instead of opening up the agenda to permit a full airing of the opposing considerations , he allowed the CIA representatives to dominate the entire discussion . The president permitted them to refute immediately each tentative doubt that one of the others might express , instead of asking whether anyone else had the same doubt or wanted to pursue the implications of the new worrisome issue that had been raised .",
"Referencing to both the Survey of the Cuban Operation and Groupthink : Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Irving Janis , the lack of communication and the mere assumption of concurrence can be identified to be the main causes behind the C.I.A and the president 's collective failure to efficiently evaluate the facts before them . In fact , a considerable amount of information presented before President Kennedy actually proved to be false in reality , making it inevitable to assess the situation and the future of the operation irrationally . The absence of the initiative to explore other options of the debate led the participants to remain optimistic and rigid in their belief that the operation would succeed , being unknowingly biased in the group psychology of wishful thinking as well .",
"In mid-1960 , CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana ; in a 1997 interview with CNN , he said , `` ... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro . ''",
"For many Latin Americans , the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the US could not be trusted . The invasion also illustrated that the US could be defeated , and thus , the failed invasion encouraged political groups across the Latin American region to find ways to undermine US influence .",
"The invasion is often recognized as making Castro even more popular , adding nationalistic sentiments to the support for his economic policies . Following the air attacks on Cuban airfields on 15 April , he declared the revolution `` Marxist - Leninist '' . After the invasion , he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union , partly for protection , that helped pave the way for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis . Castro was then increasingly wary of further US intervention , and more open to Soviet suggestions of placing nuclear weapons on Cuba to ensure its security .",
"In March 2001 , shortly before the 40th anniversary of the invasion , a conference took place in Havana , attended by about 60 American delegates . The conference was titled Bay of Pigs : 40 Years After , co-sponsored by the University of Havana and the US - based National Security Archive .",
"There are still yearly nationwide drills in Cuba during the ' Dia de la Defensa ' ( Defense Day ) , to prepare the population for an invasion .",
"Many who fought for the CIA in the conflict remained loyal after the event ; some Bay of Pigs veterans became officers in the US Army in Vietnam , including 6 colonels , 19 lieutenant colonels , 9 majors , and 29 captains . By March 2007 , about half of the Brigade had died .",
"In April 2010 , the Cuban Pilot 's Association unveiled a monument at the Kendall - Tamiami Executive Airport in memory of the 16 aviators for the exile side killed during the battle . The memorial consists of an obelisk and a restored B - 26 replica aircraft atop a large Cuban flag .",
"The name for the invasion in Spanish is politically contested . The Cuban government generally calls it `` Playa Girón '' , while Cuban exiles generally call it `` Bahía de Cochinos '' ."
] | Bay of Pigs invasion - wikipedia Bay of Pigs invasion Jump to: navigation , search `` Invasion of Cuba'' redirects here. For the British invasion in 1741, see Invasion of Cuba (1741) . Bay of Pigs Invasion Part of the Cold War Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs Date 17-- 20 April 1961 Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban victory Belligerents Cuba United States Cuban DRF Commanders and leaders Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva Units involved Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Brigade 2506 CIA U.S. Air Force Strength 25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police 1,500 ground forces 8 American B-26 bombers 5 supply ships Casualties and losses Cuban army: 176 killed 500+ wounded or 4,000 killed, wounded, missing 6 Cuban aircraft shot down Brigade 2506: 118 killed 360 wounded 1,202 captured United States: 4 killed 2 American B-26 bomber aircraft shot down 2 supply ships sunk Location within North America Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949-- 1953 Albania 1951-- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956-- 57 Syria crisis 1957-- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959-- 2000 Cuba, assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot'' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979-- 89 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone 1981-- 87 Nicaragua, Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2001 Afghanistan 2004 Haiti 2011 Libyan civil war 2011-- 2017 Syria view talk The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military (made up of Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's takeover), trained and funded by the CIA, Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Castro. The Presidential coup of 1952 led by General Fulgencio Batista , an ally of the United States, against President Carlos Prio , forced Prio into exile to Miami, Florida. Prio's exile was the reason for the 26th July Movement led by Castro. The movement, which did not succeed until after the Cuban Revolution of 31 December 1958, severed the country's formerly strong links with the US after nationalizing American economic assets (banks, oil refineries, sugar and coffee plantations, along with other American owned businesses). It was after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, that Castro forged strong economic links with the Soviet Union , with whom, at the time, the United States was engaged in the Cold War . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was very concerned at the direction Castro's government was taking, and in March 1960, he allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan Castro's overthrow (though the plan to overthrow Castro was put off for Kennedy to decide). The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces, training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala. Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy , approved the final invasion plan on 4 April 1961. Over 1,400 paramilitaries, divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion, assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on 13 April 1961. Two days later, on 15 April, eight CIA-supplied B-26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the US. On the night of 16 April, the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs . It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia. The Cuban Army's counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández , before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation. As the US involvement became apparent to the world, Kennedy decided against providing further air cover for the invasion. As a result, the operation only had half the forces the CIA had deemed necessary. The original plan devised during Eisenhower's presidency had required both air and naval support. On 20 April, the invaders surrendered after only three days, with the majority being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons. The failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castro's leadership, made him a national hero, and cemented the rocky relationship between the former allies. It also strengthened the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. This eventually led to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy ; Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America . Cuban forces under Castro's leadership clashed directly with US forces during the Invasion of Grenada over 20 years later. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution 1.2 The counter-revolution 1.3 Tensions with the United States 2 Preparation 2.1 Early plans 2.2 Eisenhower's approval 2.3 Kennedy's operational approval 2.4 Training 3 Participants 3.1 US Government personnel 3.2 Cuban government personnel 4 Prior warnings of invasion 5 Prelude to invasion 5.1 Acquisition of Aircraft 5.2 Fleet sets sail (14 April) 5.3 Air attacks on airfields (15 April) 5.4 Deception flight (Saturday, 15 April) 5.5 Reactions (15 April) 5.6 Phony war (16 April) 6 Invasion 6.1 Invasion day (17 April) 6.2 Invasion day plus one (D+1) 18 April 6.3 Invasion day plus two (D+2) 19 April 6.4 Invasion day plus three (D+3) 20 April 7 Aftermath 7.1 Casualties 7.2 Prisoners 7.3 Political reaction 8 Later analysis 8.1 Maxwell Taylor survey 8.2 C.I.A. report 8.3 Invasion legacy in Cuba 8.4 Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles 8.5 Spanish term for the event 9 See also 10 Explanatory notes 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Background ( edit ) Since the middle of the 18th century Cuba had been the crown jewel of the Spanish colonial empire . In the late 19th century, Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance, resulting in three liberation wars: the Ten Years' War (1868-- 1878), the Little War (1879-- 1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895-- 1898). The United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire, resulting in the Spanish-- American War (1898). The US subsequently invaded the island, and forced the Spanish army out. On 20 May 1902, a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba , with US Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma , a Cuban-born US citizen. Subsequently, large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba, and by 1905, 60% of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans. Between 1906 and 1909, 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island, and returned in 1912, 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs, sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government. Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution ( edit ) `` Until Castro, the US was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man, sometimes even more important than the Cuban president'' . -- Earl T. Smith , former American Ambassador to Cuba, during 1960 testimony to the US Senate In March 1952, a Cuban general and politician, Fulgencio Batista , seized power on the island, proclaimed himself president and deposed the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico . Batista canceled the planned presidential elections, and described his new system as `` disciplined democracy'' . Although Batista gained some popular support, many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one-man dictatorship. Many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government, sparking the Cuban Revolution . One of these groups was the National Revolutionary Movement ( Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario -- MNR), a militant organization containing largely middle class members that had been founded by the Professor of Philosophy Rafael García Bárcena . Another was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil (DRE), which had been founded by the Federation of University Students (FEU) President José Antonio Echevarría (1932-- 1957). However, the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the `` 26th of July Movement '' (MR-26-7), founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro . With Castro as the MR-26-7's head, the organization was based upon a clandestine cell system , with each cell containing ten members, none of whom knew the whereabouts or activities of the other cells. Between December 1956 and 1959, Castro led a guerrilla army against the forces of Batista from his base camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains. Batista's repression of revolutionaries had earned him widespread unpopularity, and by 1958 his armies were in retreat. On 31 December 1958, Batista resigned and fled into exile, taking with him an amassed fortune of more than US$ 300,000,000. The presidency fell to Castro's chosen candidate, the lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó , while members of the MR-26-7 took control of most positions in the cabinet. On 16 February 1959, Castro himself took on the role of Prime Minister. Dismissing the need for elections, Castro proclaimed the new administration an example of direct democracy , in which the Cuban populace could assemble en masse at demonstrations and express their democratic will to him personally. Critics instead condemned the new regime as un-democratic. The counter-revolution ( edit ) Che Guevara (left) and Castro , photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961. Soon after the success of the Cuban Revolution, militant counter-revolutionary groups developed in an attempt to overthrow the new regime. Undertaking armed attacks against government forces, some set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountainous regions, leading to the six-year Escambray Rebellion . These dissidents were funded and armed by various foreign sources, including the exiled Cuban community, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and Rafael Trujillo 's regime in the Dominican Republic . No quarter was given during the suppression of the resistance in the Escambray Mountains, where former rebels from the war against Batista took different sides. On 3 April 1961, a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia, and wounded eight more. On 6 April, the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas was destroyed by sabotage. On 14 April 1961, guerrillas led by Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces, Montembo, Las Villas, where several government troops were killed and others wounded. Also on 14 April 1961, a Cubana airliner was hijacked and flown to Jacksonville, Florida ; resultant confusion then helped the staged ' defection' of a B-26 and pilot at Miami on 15 April. Castro's government began a crackdown on this opposition movement, arresting hundreds of dissidents. Though it rejected the physical torture Batista's regime had used, Castro's government sanctioned psychological torture, subjecting some prisoners to solitary confinement, rough treatment, hunger, and threatening behavior. After conservative editors and journalists began expressing hostility towards the government following its left-ward turn, the pro-Castro printers' trade union began to harass and disrupt editorial staff actions. In January 1960, the government proclaimed that each newspaper was obliged to publish a `` clarification'' by the printers' union at the end of any article that criticized the government. This was the start of press censorship in Castro's Cuba. Popular uproar across Cuba demanded that those figures who had been complicit in the widespread torture and killing of civilians be brought to justice. Although he remained a moderating force and tried to prevent the mass reprisal killings of Batistanos advocated by many Cubans, Castro helped to set up trials of many figures involved in the old regime across the country, resulting in hundreds of executions. Critics, in particular from the U.S. press, argued that many of these did not meet the standards of a fair trial , and condemned Cuba's new government as being more interested in vengeance than justice. Castro retaliated strongly against such accusations, proclaiming that `` revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts, but on moral conviction.'' In a show of support for this `` revolutionary justice'' , he organized the first Havana trial to take place before a mass audience of 17,000 at the Sports Palace stadium ; when a group of aviators accused of bombing a village were found not guilty, he ordered a retrial, in which they were instead found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. On 11 March 1961, Jesus Carreras and American William Alexander Morgan (a former Castro ally) were executed after a trial. Tensions with the United States ( edit ) Castro's Cuban government ordered the country's oil refineries -- then controlled by US corporations Esso and Standard Oil and Anglo-Dutch Shell -- to process crude oil purchased from the Soviet Union , but under pressure from the US government, these companies refused. Castro responded by expropriating the refineries and nationalizing them under state control. In retaliation, the US canceled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most US-owned assets, including banks and sugar mills. Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion and sinking of a French vessel, the Le Coubre , in Havana harbor in March 1960. The cause of the explosion was never determined, but Castro publicly insinuated that the US government were guilty of sabotage. On 13 October 1960, the US government then prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba -- the exceptions being medicines and certain foodstuffs -- marking the start of an economic embargo . In retaliation, the Cuban National Institute for Agrarian Reform took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized, including Coca-Cola and Sears Roebuck . On 16 December, the US then ended its import quota of Cuban sugar. The US government was becoming increasingly critical of Castro's revolutionary government. At an August 1960 meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS) held in Costa Rica , the US Secretary of State , Christian Herter , publicly proclaimed that Castro's administration was `` following faithfully the Bolshevik pattern'' by instituting a single-party political system, taking governmental control of trade unions , suppressing civil liberties , and removing both the freedom of speech and freedom of the press . He furthermore asserted that international communism was using Cuba as an `` operational base'' for spreading revolution in the western hemisphere, and called on other OAS members to condemn the Cuban government for its breach of human rights . In turn, Castro lambasted the treatment of black people and the working classes he had witnessed in New York , which he lampooned as that `` superfree, superdemocratic, superhumane, and supercivilized city'' . Proclaiming that the US poor were living `` in the bowels of the imperialist monster'' , he attacked the mainstream US media and accused it of being controlled by big business. It must be noted that, on the surface, the US was trying to improve its relationship with Cuba. Several negotiations between representatives from Cuba and the US took place around this time. Repairing financial international relations was the focal point of these discussions. Political relations were another hot topic of these conferences. The US stated that they would not interfere with Cuba's choice of government or its domestic structure; however, the US also ordered the Cubans to sever all ties with the Soviet Union In August 1960, the CIA contacted the Cosa Nostra in Chicago with the intention to draft a simultaneous assassination of Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and Che Guevara. In exchange, if the operation was a success and if a pro-US government was restored in Cuba, the CIA agreed that the Mafia would get their `` monopoly on gaming, prostitution and drugs.'' Tensions percolated when the CIA began to act on its desires to snuff out Castro. The general public became aware of the attempts to assassinate Castro in 1975 when a report was leaked. Frank Church was the leader of a Senate Committee that was responsible for drafting a report on these clandestine CIA operations. Fourteen reports were issued under the name `` Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders'' . Castro was one of the leaders that the `` alleged assassination plots'' referred to. Efforts to murder Castro officially commenced in 1960. Some methods that the CIA undertook to murder Castro were ridiculously creative. Some examples of these creative ways are: `` poison pills, an exploding sea shell, and a planned gift of a diving suit contaminated with toxins.'' More traditional ways of slaying Castro were also planned, such as elimination via high-powered rifles with telescopic sights. CIA agents went to unbelievable lengths to try to murder Castro. Another example of this comes from operation AMLASH. Rolando Cubela was a Cuban Revolutionary hero that headlined this operation. He was contacted with hopes of possibly recruiting someone close to Fidel Castro that was interested in creating a military coup. However, this goal shifted from that to strictly hopes of recruiting someone close to Castro to murder him. All of the time, effort, and resources the CIA devoted to killing Castro were ultimately futile. Moreover, the time period selected by the CIA to carry out these missions stirs up a bit of controversy. In 1963, the CIA made plans to murder Castro, while in the same year, the Kennedy administration had peace talks with Castro. To complicate things even further, a high level CIA agent by the name of Desmond Fitzgerald met with Rolando Cubela and portrayed himself as a personal representative of Robert Kennedy without Kennedy's actually knowing about it. Preparation ( edit ) Early plans ( edit ) The idea of overthrowing Castro's dictatorship first emerged within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government, in early 1960. Founded in 1947 by the National Security Act , the CIA was `` a product of the Cold War '' , having been designed to counter the espionage activities of the Soviet Union's own national security agency, the KGB . As the perceived threat of `` international communism '' grew larger, the CIA expanded its activities to undertake covert economic, political, and military activities that would advance causes favourable to U.S. interests (often resulting in brutal dictatorships that favored US interests). The CIA's Director at the time, Allen Dulles , was responsible for overseeing clandestine operations across the world, and although widely considered an ineffectual administrator, he was immensely popular among his employees, whom he had protected from the accusations of McCarthyism . Recognizing that Castro and his government were becoming increasingly hostile and openly opposed to the United States, President Dwight D. Eisenhower directed the Central Intelligence Agency to begin preparations of invading Cuba and overthrowing the Castro regime . The man overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion was Richard M. Bissell Jr. , the CIA's Deputy Director for Plans (DDP). Putting together a `` Special Group'' known as the 5412 Committee , he assembled a number of other agents to aid him in the plot, many of whom had worked on the 1954 Guatemalan coup six years before; these included David Philips , Gerry Droller and E. Howard Hunt . Bissell placed Droller in charge of liaising with anti-Castro segments of the Cuban-American community living in the United States, and asked Hunt to fashion a government-in-exile , which the CIA would effectively control. Hunt proceeded to travel to Havana , the capital city of Cuba, where he spoke with Cubans from various different backgrounds and discovered a brothel through the Mercedes-Benz agency. Returning to the US, he informed the Cuban-Americans with whom he was liaising that they would have to move their base of operations from Florida to Mexico City , because the State Department refused to permit the training of a militia on US soil. Although unhappy with the news, they conceded to the order. Eisenhower's approval ( edit ) President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to plan the Bay of Pigs Invasion On 17 March 1960, the CIA put forward their plan for the overthrow of Castro's administration to the U.S. National Security Council (NSC), where it was given the support of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The stated first objective of the plan was to `` bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Cuban people and more acceptable to the US in such a manner to avoid any appearance of US intervention.'' Four major forms of action were to be taken to aid anti-communist opposition in Cuba at the time. These were to: provide a powerful propaganda offensive against the regime, perfect a covert intelligence network within Cuba, develop paramilitary forces outside of Cuba, and get the necessary logistical support for covert military operations on the island. At this stage it was still not clear that an invasion would take place. On 18 August 1960, Eisenhower approved a budget of $13,000,000 for the operation. By 31 October 1960, most guerrilla infiltrations and supply drops directed by the CIA into Cuba had failed, and developments of further guerrilla strategies were replaced by plans to mount an initial amphibious assault, with a minimum of 1,500 men. On 18 November 1960, Allen Dulles ( CIA Director ) and Richard Bissell (CIA Deputy Director for Plans) first briefed President-elect John Kennedy on the outline plans. Having experience in actions such as the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , Dulles was confident that the CIA was capable of overthrowing the Cuban government as led by Prime Minister Fidel Castro since 16 February 1959. On 29 November 1960, President Eisenhower met with the chiefs of the CIA, Defense, State and Treasury departments to discuss the new concept. No objections were expressed, and Eisenhower approved the plans, with the intention of persuading John Kennedy of their merit. On 8 December 1960, Bissell presented outline plans to the `` Special Group'' while declining to commit details to written records. Further development of the plans continued, and on 4 January 1961 they consisted of an intention to carry out a `` lodgement'' by 750 men at an undisclosed site in Cuba, supported by considerable air power. Meanwhile, in the 1960 presidential election , both main candidates, Richard Nixon of the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy of the Democratic Party , campaigned on the issue of Cuba, with both candidates taking a hardline stance on Castro. Nixon -- who was then Vice President -- sent a military aide to Dulles to ask how the planned invasion was progressing; he believed that it was taking too long, considering the swift preparation of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat . Nixon insisted that Kennedy should not be informed of the military plans, to which Dulles conceded. Kennedy's operational approval ( edit ) On 28 January 1961, President Kennedy was briefed, together with all the major departments, on the latest plan (code-named Operation Pluto ), which involved 1,000 men landed in a ship-borne invasion at Trinidad , Cuba , about 270 km (170 mi) south-east of Havana , at the foothills of the Escambray Mountains in Sancti Spiritus province. Kennedy authorized the active departments to continue, and to report progress. Trinidad had good port facilities, it was closer to many existing counter-revolutionary activities, it had an easily defensible beachhead, and it offered an escape route into the Escambray Mountains. When that scheme was subsequently rejected by the State Department, the CIA went on to propose an alternative plan. Kennedy rejected the landings at Trinidad largely because the airfield there was not large enough for B-26 bombers and, since B-26s were to play a prominent role in the invasion, this would destroy the façade that the invasion was just an uprising with no American involvement. On 4 April 1961, President Kennedy then approved the Bay of Pigs plan (also known as Operation Zapata ), because it had an airfield that did not need extending to handle bomber operations, it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan, and it was less `` noisy'' militarily, which would make any future denial of direct US involvement more plausible. The invasion landing area was changed to beaches bordering the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) in Las Villas Province , 150 km south-east of Havana, and east of the Zapata Peninsula . The landings were to take place at Playa Girón (code-named Blue Beach ), Playa Larga (code-named Red Beach ), and Caleta Buena Inlet (code-named Green Beach ). In March 1961, the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC), chaired by José Miró Cardona , former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959. Cardona became the de facto leader-in-waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban government. Training ( edit ) Douglas A-26 Invader `` B-26'' bomber aircraft disguised as a Cuban model Cuban defectors practicing parachute drops In April 1960, the CIA began to recruit anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area. Until July 1960, assessment and training was carried out on Useppa Island and at various other facilities in South Florida, such as Homestead AFB . Specialist guerrilla training took place at Fort Gulick , Panama and at Fort Clayton , Panama . The force that became Brigade 2506 started with 28 men, who initially were told that their training was being paid for by an anonymous Cuban millionaire émigré , but the recruits soon guessed who was paying the bills, calling their supposed anonymous benefactor `` Uncle Sam'' , and the pretense was dropped. The overall leader was Dr. Manuel Artime while the military leader was José `` Pepe'' Peréz San Román , a former Cuban Army officer imprisoned under both Batista and Castro. For the increasing ranks of recruits, infantry training was carried out at a CIA-run base (code-named JMTrax ) near Retalhuleu in the Sierra Madre on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. The exiled group named themselves Brigade 2506 ( Brigada Asalto 2506 ). In summer 1960, an airfield (code-named JMadd , aka Rayo Base ) was constructed near Retalhuleu, Guatemala. Gunnery and flight training of Brigade 2506 aircrews was carried out by personnel from Alabama ANG (Air National Guard) under General Reid Doster, using at least six Douglas B-26 Invaders in the markings of Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca , legitimate delivery of those being delayed by about six months. An additional 26 B-26s were obtained from US military stocks, ' sanitized' at ' Field Three' to obscure their origins, and about 20 of them were converted for offensive operations by removal of defensive armament, standardization of the ' eight-gun nose' , addition of underwing drop tanks and rocket racks. Paratroop training was at a base nicknamed Garrapatenango , near Quetzaltenango , Guatemala. Training for boat handling and amphibious landings took place at Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. Tank training took place at Fort Knox , Kentucky, and Fort Benning , Georgia. Underwater demolition and infiltration training took place at Belle Chase near New Orleans. To create a navy, the CIA purchased five cargo ships from the Cuban-owned, but Miami-based Garcia Line, thereby giving `` plausible deniability'' as the State Department had insisted no US ships could be involved in the invasion. The first four of the five ships, namely the Atlantico , the Caribe , the Houston and Rió Escondido were to carry enough supplies and weapons to last thirty days while the Lake Charles had 15 days of supplies and was intended to land the provisional government of Cuba. The ships were loaded with supplies at New Orleans and sailed to Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua . Additionally, the invasion force had two old Landing Craft Infantry (LCI) ships, the Blagar and Barbara J from World War II that were part of the CIA's `` ghost ship'' fleet and served as command ships for the invasion. The crews of the supply ships were Cuban while the crews of the LCIs were Americans, borrowed by the CIA from the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) One CIA officer wrote that MSTS sailors were all professional and experienced, but not trained for combat. In November 1960, the Retalhuleu recruits took part in quelling an officers' rebellion in Guatemala, in addition to the intervention of the US Navy. The CIA transported people, supplies, and arms from Florida to all the bases at night, using Douglas C-54 transports. On 9 April 1961, Brigade 2506 personnel, ships, and aircraft started transferring from Guatemala to Puerto Cabezas. Curtiss C-46s were also used for transport between Retalhuleu and a CIA base (code-named JMTide , aka Happy Valley ) at Puerto Cabezas. Facilities and limited logistical assistance were provided by the governments of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in Guatemala, and General Luis Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua, but no military personnel or equipment of those nations was directly employed in the conflict. Both governments later received military training and equipment, including some of the CIA's remaining B-26s. In early 1961, Cuba's army possessed Soviet -designed T-34 medium tanks, IS-2 heavy tanks, SU-100 tank destroyers , 122mm howitzers , other artillery and small arms plus Italian 105mm howitzers. The Cuban air force armed inventory included Douglas B-26 Invader light bombers, Hawker Sea Fury fighters, and Lockheed T-33 jets, all remaining from the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba (FAEC), the Cuban air force of the Batista government. Anticipating an invasion, Che Guevara stressed the importance of an armed civilian populace, stating: `` all of the Cuban people must become a guerrilla army; each and every Cuban must learn to handle and if necessary use firearms in defense of the nation'' . Participants ( edit ) US government personnel ( edit ) In April 1960, FRD ( Frente Revolucionario Democratico - Democratic Revolutionary Front) rebels were taken to Ussepa island, a private island off the coast of Florida, which was covertly leased by the CIA at the time. Once the rebels had arrived they were greeted by instructors from U.S army special forces groups, members from the U.S Airforce and Air National Guard and members of the CIA. The rebels were trained in amphibious assault tactics, guerrilla warfare, infantry and weapons training, unit tactics and land navigation. Recruiting of Cuban exiles in Miami was organized by CIA staff officers E. Howard Hunt and Gerry Droller . Detailed planning, training and military operations were conducted by Jacob Esterline , Colonel Jack Hawkins and Colonel Stanley W. Beerli under the direction of Richard Bissell and his deputy Tracy Barnes . Cuban government personnel ( edit ) Already, Fidel Castro was known as, and addressed as, the commander-in-chief of Cuban armed forces, with a nominal base at ' Point One' in Havana. In early April 1961, his brother Raúl Castro was assigned command of forces in the east, based in Santiago de Cuba . Che Guevara commanded western forces, based in Pinar del Río . Major Juan Almeida Bosque commanded forces in the central provinces, based in Santa Clara . Raúl Curbelo Morales was head of the air force. Sergio del Valle Jiménez was Director of Headquarters Operations at Point One. Efigenio Ameijeiras was the Head of the Revolutionary National Police. Ramiro Valdés Menéndez was Minister of the Interior and head of G-2 (Seguridad del Estado, or state security). His deputy was Comandante Manuel Piñeiro Losada , also known as ' Barba Roja' . Captain José Ramón Fernández was head of the School of Militia Leaders (Cadets) at Matanzas . Other commanders of units during the conflict included Major Raúl Menéndez Tomassevich, Major Filiberto Olivera Moya, Major René de los Santos, Major Augusto Martínez Sanchez , Major Félix Duque, Major Pedro Miret, Major Flavio Bravo, Major Antonio Lussón , Captain Orlando Pupo Pena, Captain Victor Dreke , Captain Emilio Aragonés , Captain Angel Fernández Vila, Arnaldo Ochoa , and Orlando Rodriguez Puerta. Soviet-trained Spanish advisors were brought to Cuba from Eastern Bloc countries. These advisors had held high staff positions in the Soviet armies during World War II , and became known as `` Hispano-Soviets'' , having long resided in the Soviet Union. The most senior of these were the Spanish communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War , Francisco Ciutat de Miguel , Enrique Líster , and Cuban-born Alberto Bayo . Ciutat de Miguel (Cuban alias: Ángel Martínez Riosola, commonly referred to as `` Angelito'' ), was an advisor to forces in the central provinces. The role of other Soviet agents at the time is uncertain, but some of them acquired greater fame later. For example, two KGB colonels, Vadim Kochergin and Victor Simanov were first sighted in Cuba in about September 1959. Prior warnings of invasion ( edit ) The Cuban security apparatus knew the invasion was coming, via their extensive secret intelligence network, as well as loose talk by members of the brigade, some of which was heard in Miami, and was repeated in US and foreign newspaper reports. Nevertheless, days before the invasion, multiple acts of sabotage were carried out, such as the El Encanto fire , an arson attack in a department store in Havana on 13 April, that killed one shop worker. The Cuban government also had been warned by senior KGB agents Osvaldo Sánchez Cabrera and ' Aragon' , who died violently before and after the invasion, respectively. The general Cuban population was not well informed, except for CIA-funded Radio Swan . As of May 1960, almost all means of public communication were in the government's hands. On 29 April 2000, a Washington Post article, `` Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack'' , reported that the CIA had information indicating that the Soviet Union knew the invasion was going to take place, and did not inform Kennedy. On 13 April 1961, Radio Moscow broadcast an English-language newscast, predicting the invasion `` in a plot hatched by the CIA'' using paid `` criminals'' within a week. The invasion took place four days later. David Ormsby-Gore , British Ambassador to the US, stated that British intelligence analysis, as made available to the CIA, indicated that the Cuban people were predominantly behind Castro, and that there was no likelihood of mass defections or insurrections. Prelude to invasion ( edit ) Acquisition of aircraft ( edit ) From June to September 1960, the most time consuming task was the acquisition of the aircraft to be used in the invasion. The anti-Castro effort depended on the success of these aircraft. Although models such as the C-46, C-47 and C-54 were to be used for airdrops and bomb drops as well as infiltration and exfiltration, they were looking for an aircraft that could perform tactical strikes. The two models that were going to be decided on were the Navy's AD-5 or the Air Forces light bomber, the B-26. The AD-5 was readily available and ready for the Navy to train pilots, and in a meeting among a special group in the office of the Deputy Director of the CIA, the AD-5 was approved and decided on. After a cost benefit analysis, word was sent that the AD-5 plan would be abandoned and the B-26 would take its place. Fleet sets sail (14 April) ( edit ) Under the cover of darkness, the invasion fleet set sail from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua and headed towards the Bay of Pigs on the night of 14 April. Following behind the fleet was the carrier USS Essex and five destroyers. Air attacks on airfields (15 April) ( edit ) During the night of 14/15 April, a diversionary landing was planned near Baracoa , Oriente Province , by about 164 Cuban exiles commanded by Higinio ' Nino' Diaz. Their mother ship, named La Playa or Santa Ana , had sailed from Key West under a Costa Rican ensign. Several US Navy destroyers were stationed offshore near Guantánamo Bay to give the appearance of an impending invasion fleet. The reconnaissance boats turned back to the ship after their crews detected activities by Cuban militia forces along the coastline. As a result of those activities, at daybreak, a reconnaissance sortie over the Baracoa area was launched from Santiago de Cuba. That was a FAR ( Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria ) (Cuban Air Force) T-33, piloted by Lt Orestes Acosta, and it crashed fatally into the sea. On 17 April, his name was falsely quoted as a defector among the disinformation circulating in Miami. The CIA, with the backing of the Pentagon, had originally requested permission to produce sonic booms over Havana on 14 April to create an air of confusion. The request was a form of psychological warfare that had proven successful in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954. The point was to create confusion in Havana and have it be a distraction to Castro if they could `` break all the windows in town'' . The request was denied, however, since officials thought such would be too obvious a sign of involvement by the United States. On 15 April 1961, at about 06:00 AM Cuban local time, eight Douglas B-26B Invader bombers in three groups simultaneously attacked three Cuban airfields at San Antonio de los Baños and at Ciudad Libertad (formerly named Campo Columbia), both near Havana, plus the Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba. The B-26s had been prepared by the CIA on behalf of Brigade 2506, and had been painted with the false flag markings of the FAR, the air force of the Cuban government. Each was armed with bombs, rockets and machine guns. They had flown from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua , and were crewed by exiled Cuban pilots and navigators of the self-styled Fuerza Aérea de Liberación (FAL). The purpose of the action (code-named Operation Puma ) was reportedly to destroy most or all of the armed aircraft of the FAR in preparation for the main invasion. At Santiago, the two attackers destroyed a C-47 transport, a PBY Catalina flying boat, two B-26s and a civilian DC-3 plus various other civilian aircraft. At San Antonio, the three attackers destroyed three FAR B-26s, one Sea Fury and one T-33, and one attacker diverted to Grand Cayman due to low usable fuel. Aircraft that diverted to the Caymans were aggressively seized since Great Britain was leery that the Cayman Islands might be perceived as a launch site for the invasion. At Ciudad Libertad, the three attackers destroyed only non-operational aircraft such as two P-47 Thunderbolts. One of those attackers was damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and ditched about 50 km north of Cuba, with the loss of its crew Daniel Fernández Mon and Gaston Pérez . Its companion B-26, also damaged, continued north and landed at Boca Chica field ( Naval Air Station Key West ), Florida. The crew, José Crespo and Lorenzo Pérez -Lorenzo, were granted political asylum, and made their way back to Nicaragua the next day via Miami and the daily CIA C-54 flight from Opa-locka Airport to Puerto Cabezas Airport . Their B-26, purposely numbered 933, the same as at least two other B-26s that day for disinformation reasons, was held until late on 17 April. Deception flight (saturday, 15 April) ( edit ) About 90 minutes after the eight B-26s had taken off from Puerto Cabezas to attack Cuban airfields, another B-26 departed on a deception flight that took it close to Cuba but headed north towards Florida. Like the bomber groups, it carried false FAR markings and the same number 933 as painted on at least two of the others. Before departure, the cowling from one of the aircraft's two engines was removed by CIA personnel, fired upon, then re-installed to give the false appearance that the aircraft had taken ground fire at some point during its flight. At a safe distance north of Cuba, the pilot feathered the engine with the pre-installed bullet holes in the cowling, radioed a mayday call, and requested immediate permission to land at Miami International airport. He landed and taxied to the military area of the airport near an Air Force C-47 and was met by several government cars. The pilot was Mario Zúñiga , formerly of the FAEC (Cuban Air Force under Batista), and after landing he masqueraded as ' Juan Garcia' , and publicly claimed that three colleagues had also defected from the FAR. The next day he was granted political asylum, and that night he returned to Puerto Cabezas via Opa-Locka. This deception operation was successful at the time in convincing much of the world media that the attacks on the Cuban Air Force bases were the work of an internal anti-Communist faction, and did not involve outside actors. Reactions (15 April) ( edit ) At 10:30 am on 15 April at the United Nations , the Cuban Foreign Minister Raúl Roa accused the US of aggressive air attacks against Cuba, and that afternoon formally tabled a motion to the Political (First) Committee of the UN General Assembly. Only days earlier, the CIA had unsuccessfully attempted to entice Raúl Roa into defecting. In response to Roa's accusations before the UN, US ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson stated that US armed forces would not `` under any conditions'' intervene in Cuba, and that the US would do everything in its power to ensure that no US citizens would participate in actions against Cuba. He also stated that Cuban defectors had carried out the attacks that day, and he presented a UPI wire photo of Zúñiga 's B-26 in Cuban markings at Miami airport. Stevenson was later embarrassed to realize that the CIA had lied to him and to Secretary of State Dean Rusk . President Kennedy supported the statement made by Stevenson: `` I have emphasized before that this was a struggle of Cuban patriots against a Cuban dictator. While we could not be expected to hide our sympathies, we made it repeatedly clear that the armed forces of this country would not intervene in any way'' . On 15 April, the Cuban national police, led by Efigenio Ameijeiras , started the process of arresting thousands of suspected anti-revolutionary individuals, and detaining them in provisional locations such as the Karl Marx Theatre, the moat of Fortaleza de la Cabana and the Principe Castle all in Havana, and the baseball park in Matanzas. Phony War (16 April) ( edit ) On the night of 15/16 April, the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a fresh location near Baracoa. On 16 April, Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside. Following the air strikes on airfields on 15 April 1961, the FAR managed to prepare for armed action at least four T-33s, four Sea Furies and five or six B-26s. All three types were armed with machine guns (20mm cannon, in the case of the Sea Furies) for air-to-air combat and for strafing of ships and ground targets. CIA planners had failed to discover that the US-supplied T-33 jets had long been armed with M-3 machine guns. The three types could also carry bombs, for attacks against ships and tanks. No additional air strikes against Cuban airfields and aircraft were specifically planned before 17 April, because B-26 pilots' exaggerated claims gave the CIA false confidence in the success of 15 April attacks, until U-2 reconnaissance photos taken on 16 April showed otherwise. Late on 16 April, President Kennedy ordered cancellation of further airfield strikes planned for dawn on 17 April, to attempt plausible deniability of US direct involvement. Late on 16 April, the CIA/Brigade 2506 invasion fleet converged on ' Rendezvous Point Zulu' , about 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of Cuba, having sailed from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua where they had been loaded with troops and other materiel , after loading arms and supplies at New Orleans. The US Navy operation was code-named Bumpy Road , having been changed from Crosspatch on 1 April 1961. The fleet, labelled the ' Cuban Expeditionary Force' (CEF), included five 2,400-ton (empty weight) freighter ships chartered by the CIA from the Garcia Line, and subsequently outfitted with anti-aircraft guns. Four of the freighters, Houston (code name Aguja ), Río Escondido (code name Ballena ), Caribe (code name Sardina ), and Atlántico (code-name Tiburón ), were planned to transport about 1,400 troops in seven battalions of troops and armaments near to the invasion beaches. The fifth freighter, Lake Charles , was loaded with follow-up supplies and some Operation 40 infiltration personnel. The freighters sailed under Liberian ensigns. Accompanying them were two LCIs ( Landing Craft Infantry ) outfitted with heavy armament at Key West. The LCIs were Blagar (code-name Marsopa ) and Barbara J (code-name Barracuda ), sailing under Nicaraguan ensigns. After exercises and training at Vieques Island, the CEF ships were individually escorted (outside visual range) to Point Zulu by US Navy destroyers USS Bache , USS Beale , USS Conway , USS Cony , USS Eaton , USS Murray , USS Waller . US Navy Task Group 81.8 had already assembled off the Cayman Islands, commanded by Rear Admiral John E. Clark onboard aircraft carrier USS Essex , plus helicopter assault carrier USS Boxer , destroyers USS Hank , USS John W. Weeks , USS Purdy , USS Wren , and submarines USS Cobbler and USS Threadfin . Command and control ship USS Northampton and carrier USS Shangri-La were also reportedly active in the Caribbean at the time. USS San Marcos was a Landing Ship Dock that carried three LCUs ( Landing Craft Utility ) and four LCVPs (Landing Craft, Vehicles, Personnel). San Marcos had sailed from Vieques Island. At Point Zulu , the seven CEF ships sailed north without the USN escorts, except for San Marcos that continued until the seven landing craft were unloaded when just outside the 5 kilometres (3 mi) Cuban territorial limit. Invasion ( edit ) Bahia de Cochinos 1961 Invasion day (17 April) ( edit ) During the night of 16/17 April, a mock diversionary landing was organized by CIA operatives near Bahía Honda , Pinar del Río Province . A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area. At about 00:00 on 17 April 1961, the two CIA LCIs Blagar and Barbara J , each with a CIA ' operations officer' and an Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) of five frogmen, entered the Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos) on the southern coast of Cuba. They headed a force of four transport ships ( Houston , Río Escondido , Caribe and Atlántico ) carrying about 1,400 Cuban exile ground troops of Brigade 2506, plus tanks and other vehicles in the landing craft. At about 01:00, Blagar , as the battlefield command ship, directed the principal landing at Playa Girón (code-named Blue Beach ), led by the frogmen in rubber boats followed by troops from Caribe in small aluminium boats, then LCVPs and LCUs . Barbara J , leading Houston , similarly landed troops 35 km further northwest at Playa Larga (code-named Red Beach ), using small fiberglass boats. Unloading troops at night was delayed, due to engine failures and boats damaged by unforeseen coral reefs. As the frogmen came in, they were shocked to discover that the Red Beach was lit with floodlights, which led to the location of the landing being hastily changed. As the frogmen landed, a firefight broke out when a jeep carrying Cuban militia happened by. The few militia in the area succeeded in warning Cuban armed forces via radio soon after the first landing, before the invaders overcame their token resistance. Castro was woken up at about 3:15 am to be informed of the landings, which led him to put all militia units in the area on the highest state of alert and to order airstrikes. The Cuban regime planned to strike the brigadistas at Playa Larga first as they were inland before turning on the brigadistas at Girón at the sea. El Comandante departed personally to lead his forces into battle against the brigadistas . At daybreak around 06:30 AM, three FAR Sea Furies, one B-26 bomber and two Lockheed T-33 fighter jets started attacking those CEF ships still unloading troops. At about 06:50, and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Playa Larga, Houston was damaged by several bombs and rockets from a Sea Fury and a T-33, and about two hours later captain Luis Morse intentionally beached it on the western side of the bay. About 270 troops had been unloaded, but about 180 survivors who struggled ashore were incapable of taking part in further action because of the loss of most of their weapons and equipment. The loss of Houston was a great blow to the bridgadistas as that ship was carrying much of the Brigade 2506's medical supplies, which meant that wounded bridgadistas had to make do with inadequate medical care. At about 07:00, two invading FAL B-26s attacked and sank the Cuban Navy Patrol Escort ship El Baire at Nueva Gerona on the Isle of Pines . They then proceeded to Girón to join two other B-26s to attack Cuban ground troops and provide distraction air cover for the paratroop C-46s and the CEF ships under air attack. Brigade 2506's tanks had been all landed by 7:30 am at Blue Beach and all of the troops by 8:30 am. Neither San Román at Blue Beach nor Erneido Oliva at Red Beach could communicate as all of the radios had been soaked in the water during the landings. The SU-100 from which Fidel Castro reportedly shelled the freighter Houston during morning of 17 April. At about 07:30, five C-46 and one C-54 transport aircraft dropped 177 paratroops from the parachute battalion of Brigade 2506 in an action code-named Operation Falcon . About 30 men, plus heavy equipment, were dropped south of the Central Australia sugar mill on the road to Palpite and Playa Larga, but the equipment was lost in the swamps, and the troops failed to block the road. Other troops were dropped at San Blas , at Jocuma between Covadonga and San Blas, and at Horquitas between Yaguaramas and San Blas. Those positions to block the roads were maintained for two days, reinforced by ground troops from Playa Girón . The paratroopers had landed amid a collection of militia, but their training allowed them to hold their own against the ill-trained militiamen. However, the dispersal of the paratroopers as they landed meant they were unable to take the road from the Central Australia sugar mill down to Playa Larga, which allowed the government to continue to send troops down to resist the invasion. At about 08:30, a FAR Sea Fury piloted by Carlos Ulloa Arauz crashed in the bay, due to stalling or anti-aircraft fire, after encountering a FAL C-46 returning south after dropping paratroops. By 09:00, Cuban troops and militia from outside the area had started arriving at the Central Australia sugar mill, Covadonga and Yaguaramas. Throughout the day they were reinforced by more troops, heavy armour and T-34 tanks typically carried on flat-bed trucks. At about 09:30, FAR Sea Furies and T-33s fired rockets at Rio Escondido , which then ' blew up' and sank about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Girón . Rio Escondido was loaded with aviation fuel and as the ship started to burn, the captain gave the order to abandon ship with the ship being destroyed in three explosions shortly afterwards. Rio Escondido carried not only fuel, but also enough ammunition, food and medical supplies to last ten days and the radio that allowed the Brigade to communicate with the Liberation Air Force. The loss of the communications ship Rio Escondido meant that San Román was only able to issue orders to the forces at Blue Beach, and he had no idea of what was happening at Red Beach or with the paratroopers. A messenger from Red Beach arrived at about 10:00 am asking San Román to send tank and infantry to block the road from the Central Australia sugar mill, a request that he agreed to. It was not expected that government forces would be counter-attacking from this direction. At about 11:00, Premier Fidel Castro issued a statement over Cuba's nationwide network saying that the invaders, members of the exiled Cuban revolutionary front, have come to destroy the revolution and take away the dignity and rights of men. At about 11:00, a FAR T-33 attacked and shot down a FAL B-26 (serial number 935) piloted by Matias Farias, who then survived a crashlanding on the Girón airfield, his navigator Eduardo González already killed by gunfire. His companion B-26 suffered damage and diverted to Grand Cayman Island; pilot Mario Zúñiga (the ' defector' ) and navigator Oscar Vega returned to Puerto Cabezas via CIA C-54 on 18 April. By about 11:00, the two remaining freighters Caribe and Atlántico , and the CIA LCIs and LCUs, started retreating south to international waters, but still pursued by FAR aircraft. At about 12:00, a FAR B-26 exploded due to heavy anti-aircraft fire from Blagar , and pilot Luis Silva Tablada (on his second sortie) and his crew of three were lost. By 12:00, hundreds of Cuban militia cadets from Matanzas had secured Palpite, and cautiously advanced on foot south towards Playa Larga, suffering many casualties during attacks by FAL B-26s. By dusk, other Cuban ground forces were gradually advancing southward from Covadonga and southwest from Yaguaramas toward San Blas, and westward along coastal tracks from Cienfuegos towards Girón , all without heavy weapons or armour. At 2:30 pm a group of militiamen from the 339th Battalion set up a position, which came under attack from the brigadista M41 Walker Bulldog tanks, who inflicted heavy losses on the defenders. This action is remembered in Cuba as the `` Slaughter of the Lost Battalion'' as most of the militiamen were killed. Three FAL B-26s were shot down by FAR T-33s, with the loss of pilots Raúl Vianello, José Crespo, Osvaldo Piedra and navigators Lorenzo Pérez -Lorenzo and José Fernández . Vianello's navigator Demetrio Pérez bailed out and was picked up by USS Murray . Pilot Crispín García Fernández and navigator Juan González Romero, in B-26 serial 940, diverted to Boca Chica, but late that night they attempted to fly back to Puerto Cabezas in B-26 serial 933 that Crespo had flown to Boca Chica on 15 April. In October 1961, the remains of the B-26 and its two crew were found in dense jungle in Nicaragua. One FAL B-26 diverted to Grand Cayman with engine failure. By 16:00, Fidel Castro had arrived at the Central Australia sugar mill, joining José Ramón Fernández whom he had appointed as battlefield commander before dawn that day. On 17 April 1961, Osvaldo Ramírez (leader of the rural resistance to Castro ) was captured by Castro's forces in Aromas de Velázquez , and immediately executed. At about 21:00 on 17 April 1961, a night air strike by three FAL B-26s on San Antonio de Los Baños airfield failed, reportedly due to incompetence and bad weather. Two other B-26s had aborted the mission after take-off. Other sources allege that heavy anti-aircraft fire scared the aircrews As night fell, Atlantico and Caribe pulled away from Cuba, to be followed by Blagar and Barbara J. The ships were to return to the Bay of Pigs the next day to land more ammunition, but the captains of Atlantico and Caribe decided to abandon the invasion and headed out to the open sea out of fear of further air attacks by the FAR. Destroyers from the US Navy intercepted Atlantico about 110 miles south of Cuba, and persuaded the captain to return, but Caribe was not intercepted until she was 218 miles away from Cuba, and she was not to return until it was too late. Invasion day plus one (D+1) 18 April ( edit ) During the night of 17-- 18 April, the force at Red Beach came under repeated counter-attacks from the Cuban Army and militia. As casualties mounted and ammunition was used up, the brigadistas steadily gave way. Airdrops from four C-52s and 2 C-46s had only limited success in landing more ammunition. Both the Blagar and Barbara J returned at midnight to land more ammunition, which proved insufficient for the brigadistas . Following desperate appeals for help from Oliva, San Román ordered all of his M41 tanks' six mortars to assist in the defence. During the night fighting, a tank battle broke out with the brigadista tanks clashed with the T-34 tanks of the Cuban Army, a sharp action that ended with the brigadistas being driven back. At 8:00 pm, the Cuban Army opened fire with its 76.2 mm and 122mm artillery guns on the brigadista forces at Playa Larga, which was followed by an attack by T-34 tanks at about midnight. The 2,000 artillery rounds fired by the Cuban Army had mostly missed the brigadista defense positions and the T-34 tanks rode into an ambush when they came under fire from the brigadista M41 tanks and mortar fire, and a number of T-34 tanks were destroyed or knocked out. At 1:00 am, Cuban Army infantrymen and militiamen started an offensive. Despite heavy losses on the part of the Communist forces, the shortage of ammunition forced the brigadistas back and the T-34 tanks continued to force their way past the wreckage of the battlefield to press on the assault. The Communist forces numbered about 2,100 consisting of about 300 FAR soldiers, 1,600 militiamen and 200 policemen supported by 20 T-34s who were faced by 370 brigadistas . By 5:00 am, Oliva started to order his men to retreat as he had almost no ammunition or mortar rounds left. By about 10:30 am on 18 April, Cuban troops and militia, supported by the T-34 tanks and 122mm artillery, took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Girón in the early hours. During the day, Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas. By then, both Fidel Castro and José Ramón Fernández had re-located to that battlefront area. As the men from Red Beach arrived at Girón , San Román and Oliva met to discuss the situation. With ammunition running low, Oliva suggested that the Brigade 2506 retreat into the Escambray mountains to wage guerilla warfare, but San Román decided to hold the beachhead. At about 11:00 am, the Cuban government began an offensive to take San Blas. San Román ordered all of the paratroopers back in order to hold San Blas, and they halted the offensive. During the afternoon, Castro kept the brigadistas under steady air attack and artillery fire, but did not order any new major attacks. At 14:00, President Kennedy received a telegram from Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, stating the Russians would not allow the US to enter Cuba, and implied swift nuclear retribution to the United States heartland if their warnings were not heeded. At about 17:00 on 18 April, FAL B-26s attacked a Cuban column of 12 civilian buses leading trucks carrying tanks and other armour, moving southeast between Playa Larga and Punta Perdiz. The vehicles, loaded with civilians, militia, police and soldiers, were attacked with bombs, napalm and rockets, suffering heavy casualties. The six B-26s were piloted by two CIA contract pilots plus four pilots and six navigators from Brigade 2506 air force. The column later re-formed and advanced to Punta Perdiz, about 11 km northwest of Girón . Invasion day plus two (D+2) 19 April ( edit ) Douglas A-4 Skyhawks from the USS Essex flying sorties over combat areas during the invasion During the night of 18 April, a FAL C-46 delivered arms and equipment to the Girón airstrip occupied by Brigade 2506 ground forces, and took off before daybreak on 19 April. The C-46 also evacuated Matias Farias, the pilot of B-26 serial ' 935' (code-named Chico Two ) that had been shot down and crash-landed at Girón on 17 April. The crews of the Barbara J and Blagar had done their best to land what ammunition they had left onto the beachhead, but without air support the captains of both ships reported that it was too dangerous to be operating off the Cuban coast by day. The final air attack mission (code-named Mad Dog Flight ) comprised five B-26s, four of which were manned by American CIA contract air crews and pilots from the Alabama Air Guard. One FAR Sea Fury (piloted by Douglas Rudd ) and two FAR T-33s (piloted by Rafael del Pino and Alvaro Prendes) shot down two of these B-26s, killing four American airmen. Combat air patrols were flown by Douglas A4D-2N Skyhawk jets of VA-34 squadron operating from USS Essex , with nationality and other markings removed. Sorties were flown to reassure Brigade soldiers and pilots, and to intimidate Cuban government forces without directly engaging in acts of war. At 10 am, a tank battle had broken out, with the brigadista holding their line until about 2:00 pm, which led Olvia to order a retreat into Girón . Following the last air attacks, San Román ordered his paratroopers and the men of the 3rd Battalion to launch a surprise attack, which was initially successful, but soon failed. With the brigadistas in disorganized retreat, the Cuban Army and militiamen started to advance rapidly, taking San Blas and only being stopped outside of Girón at about 11 am. Later that afternoon, San Román heard the rumbling of the advancing T-34s and reported with no more mortar rounds and bazooka rounds, he could not stop the tanks and ordered his men to fall back to the beach. Oliva arrived afterwards to find that the brigadistas were all heading out to the beach or retreating into the jungle or swamps. Without direct air support, and short of ammunition, Brigade 2506 ground forces retreated to the beaches in the face of considerable onslaught from Cuban government artillery, tanks and infantry. Late on 19 April, destroyers USS Eaton (code-named Santiago ) and USS Murray (code-named Tampico ) moved into Cochinos Bay to evacuate retreating Brigade soldiers from beaches, before fire from Cuban army tanks caused Commodore Crutchfield to order a withdrawal. Invasion day plus three (D+3) 20 April ( edit ) From 19 April until about 22 April, sorties were flown by A4D-2Ns to obtain visual intelligence over combat areas. Reconnaissance flights are also reported of Douglas AD-5Ws of VFP-62 and/or VAW-12 squadron from USS Essex or another carrier, such as USS Shangri-La that was part of the task force assembled off the Cayman Islands. On 21 April, Eaton and Murray , joined on 22 April by destroyers USS Conway and USS Cony , plus submarine USS Threadfin and a CIA PBY-5A Catalina flying boat, continued to search the coastline, reefs and islands for scattered Brigade survivors, about 24-- 30 being rescued. Aftermath ( edit ) Casualties ( edit ) 114 Cuban exiles from Brigade 2506 were killed in action. Aircrews killed in action totalled 6 from the Cuban air force, 10 Cuban exiles and 4 American airmen. Paratrooper Eugene Herman Koch was killed in action, and the American airmen shot down were Thomas W. Ray, Leo F. Baker, Riley W. Shamburger, and Wade C. Gray. In 1979, the body of Thomas ' Pete' Ray was repatriated from Cuba. In the 1990s, the CIA admitted he was linked to the agency, and awarded him the Intelligence Star . The final toll in Cuban armed forces during the conflict was 176 killed in action. This figure includes only the Cuban Army and it is estimated that about 2,000 militiamen were killed or wounded during the fighting. Other Cuban forces casualties were between 500 and 4,000 (killed, wounded or missing). The airfield attacks on 15 April left 7 Cubans dead and 53 wounded. In 2011, the National Security Archive , in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act , released over 1200 pages of documents. One detail within these documents was incidents of friendly fire. The CIA had outfitted some B-26 bombers to appear as Cuban aircraft, having ordered them to remain inland to avoid being fired upon by American-backed forces. Some of the planes did not heed the warning, and were fired upon. According to CIA operative Grayston Lynch, `` we couldn't tell them from the Castro planes. We ended up shooting at two or three of them. We hit some of them there because when they came at us...it was a silhouette, that was all you could see.'' Prisoners ( edit ) Havana gleefully noted the wealth of the captured invaders: 100 plantation owners, 67 landlords of apartment houses, 35 factory owners, 112 businessmen, 179 lived off unearned income, and 194 ex-soldiers of Batista. -- Life magazine On 19 April 1961, at least seven Cubans plus two CIA-hired US citizens (Angus K. McNair and Howard F. Anderson) were executed in Pinar del Rio province, after a two-day trial. On 20 April, Humberto Sorí Marin was executed at Fortaleza de la Cabaña , having been arrested on 18 March following infiltration into Cuba with 14 tons of explosives. His fellow conspirators Rogelio González Corzo (alias `` Francisco Gutierrez'' ), Rafael Diaz Hanscom, Eufemio Fernandez, Arturo Hernandez Tellaheche and Manuel Lorenzo Puig Miyar were also executed. Between April and October 1961, hundreds of executions took place in response to the invasion. They took place at various prisons, including the Fortaleza de la Cabaña and Morro Castle . Infiltration team leaders Antonio Diaz Pou and Raimundo E. Lopez, as well as underground students Virgilio Campaneria, Alberto Tapia Ruano, and more than one hundred other insurgents were executed. About 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured, of whom nine died from asphyxiation during transfer to Havana in a closed truck. In May 1961, Fidel Castro proposed to exchange the surviving Brigade prisoners for 500 large farm tractors, valued at US$ 28,000,000. On 8 September 1961, 14 Brigade prisoners were convicted of torture, murder and other major crimes committed in Cuba before the invasion, five being executed and nine jailed for 30 years. Three confirmed as executed were Ramon Calvino, Emilio Soler Puig (`` el Muerte'' ) and Jorge King Yun (`` el Chino'' ). On 29 March 1962, 1,179 men were put on trial for treason. On 7 April 1962, all were convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison. On 14 April 1962, 60 wounded and sick prisoners were freed and transported to the US. On 21 December 1962, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan , a US lawyer aided by Milan C. Miskovsky , a CIA legal officer, signed an agreement to exchange 1,113 prisoners for US $53 million in food and medicine, sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions. On 24 December 1962, some prisoners were flown to Miami, others following on the ship African Pilot , plus about 1,000 family members also allowed to leave Cuba. On 29 December 1962, President Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline attended a `` welcome back'' ceremony for Brigade 2506 veterans at the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida . Political reaction ( edit ) Robert F. Kennedy 's Statement on Cuba and Neutrality Laws, 20 April 1961 The failed invasion severely embarrassed the Kennedy administration , and made Castro wary of future US intervention in Cuba. On 21 April, in a State Department press conference, President Kennedy said: `` There's an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan ... Further statements, detailed discussions, are not to conceal responsibility because I'm the responsible officer of the Government ...'' The initial U.S. response concerning the first air attacks were of a dismissive quality. U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson denied any involvement in the first wave of air strikes, stating before the United Nations, `` These charges are totally false and I deny them categorically.'' Stevenson continued to promote a story of two Cuban planes that had reportedly defected to the United States, apparently unaware that they were in fact U.S. planes piloted by U.S.-backed Cuban pilots in an effort to promote a false story of defection. In August 1961, during an economic conference of the Organization of American States in Punta del Este , Uruguay , Che Guevara sent a note to Kennedy via Richard N. Goodwin , a secretary of the White House . It read: `` Thanks for Playa Girón . Before the invasion, the revolution was weak. Now it's stronger than ever'' . Additionally, Guevara answered a set of questions from Leo Huberman of Monthly Review following the invasion. In one reply, Guevara was asked to explain the growing number of Cuban counter-revolutionaries and defectors from the regime, to which he replied that the repelled invasion was the climax of counter revolution, and that afterwards such actions `` fell drastically to zero.'' In regard to the defections of some prominent figures within the Cuban government, Guevara remarked that this was because `` the socialist revolution left the opportunists, the ambitious, and the fearful far behind and now advances toward a new regime free of this class of vermin.'' As Allen Dulles later stated, CIA planners believed that once the troops were on the ground, Kennedy would authorize any action required to prevent failure -- as Eisenhower had done in Guatemala in 1954 after that invasion looked as if it would collapse. President Kennedy was deeply dispirited and angered with the failure. Several years after his death, the New York Times reported that he told an unspecified high administration official of wanting `` to splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds.'' However, following a `` rigorous inquiry into the agency's affairs, methods, and problems ... (Kennedy) did not ' splinter' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision.'' Kennedy commented to his journalist friend Ben Bradlee , `` The first advice I'm going to give my successor is to watch the generals and to avoid feeling that because they were military men their opinions on military matters were worth a damn.'' Aerial view of missile launch site at San Cristobal, Cuba The aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion and events involving Cuba that followed caused the US to feel threatened by their neighbor. Previous to the events at Playa Girón the US government imposed embargoes that limited trade with Cuba. An article that appeared in The New York Times on 6 January 1960 called trade with Cuba `` too risky'' and about six months later in July 1960, the US reduced the import quota of Cuban sugar, which left the US to increase its sugar supply using other sources. Just following the Bay of Pigs invasion the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba. Five months later the president was authorized to do so. After Cuba's declaration of Marxism, the Kennedy administration imposed a complete trade embargo against Cuba. After the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 the Kennedy Administration imposed strict travel restrictions for U.S. citizens. According to author Jim Rasenberger, the Kennedy administration became very aggressive in regards to overthrowing Fidel Castro following failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, reportedly doubling its efforts against Castro. Rasenberger elaborated on the fact that, almost every decision that was made by Kennedy following the Bay of Pigs had some correlation with the destruction of the Castro administration. Shortly after the invasion ended, Kennedy ordered the Pentagon to design secret operations to overthrow the Castro regime. Also, President Kennedy persuaded his brother Robert to set up a covert operation against Castro which was known as `` Operation Mongoose.'' This covert operation included sabotage and assassination plots. One major flaw with these operations was that, both Castro and Khrushchev were aware of these secret plots and even the plan to invade the Bay of Pigs which can possibly explain the failure of the operation. Later analysis ( edit ) Maxwell Taylor Survey ( edit ) On 22 April 1961, President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation. On 13 June, General Taylor submitted the Board of Inquiry's report to President Kennedy. The report attributed the defeat to lack of early realization of the impossibility of success by covert means, inadequate aircraft, limitations on armaments, pilots and air attacks to attempt plausible deniability -- and ultimately, loss of important ships and lack of ammunition. The Taylor Commission received criticism due to implications of bias. Attorney General Robert Kennedy was included in the group and collectively, the commission was seen as a unit more preoccupied with deflecting the White House from blame than that of a group concerned with realizing the true depth of mistakes that promoted the failure in Cuba. Jack Pfeiffer, who worked as a historian for the CIA until the mid-1980s, simplified his own view of the failed Bay of Pigs effort by including a quote from Raúl Castro, Fidel's brother, given to a Mexican media member in 1975. `` Kennedy vacillated,'' Castro said. `` If at that moment he had decided to invade us, he could have suffocated the island in a sea of blood, but he could have destroyed the revolution. Lucky for us, he vacillated.'' CIA Report ( edit ) In November 1961, CIA Inspector-General Lyman B Kirkpatrick , authored a report ' Survey of the Cuban Operation' , that remained classified until 1996. Conclusions were: The C.I.A. exceeded its capabilities in developing the project from guerrilla support to overt armed action without any plausible deniability. Failure to realistically assess risks and to adequately communicate information and decisions internally and with other government principals. Insufficient involvement of leaders of the exiles. Failure to sufficiently organize internal resistance in Cuba. Failure to competently collect and analyze intelligence about Cuban forces. Poor internal management of communications and staff. Insufficient employment of high-quality staff. Insufficient Spanish-speakers, training facilities and material resources. Lack of stable policies and/or contingency plans. In spite of vigorous rebuttals by CIA management of the findings, CIA Director Allen Dulles , CIA Deputy Director Charles Cabell , and Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell were all forced to resign by early 1962. In later years, the CIA's behavior in the event became the prime example cited for the psychology paradigm known as groupthink syndrome. Further study shows that among various components of groupthink analyzed by Irving Janis , The Bay of Pigs Invasion followed the structural characteristics that led to an irrational decision making in foreign policy pushed by deficiency in impartial leadership. An account on the process of invasion decision reads, (At) each meeting, instead of opening up the agenda to permit a full airing of the opposing considerations, he allowed the CIA representatives to dominate the entire discussion. The president permitted them to refute immediately each tentative doubt that one of the others might express, instead of asking whether anyone else had the same doubt or wanted to pursue the implications of the new worrisome issue that had been raised. Referencing to both the Survey of the Cuban Operation and Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Irving Janis , the lack of communication and the mere assumption of concurrence can be identified to be the main causes behind the C.I.A and the president's collective failure to efficiently evaluate the facts before them. In fact, a considerable amount of information presented before President Kennedy actually proved to be false in reality, making it inevitable to assess the situation and the future of the operation irrationally. The absence of the initiative to explore other options of the debate led the participants to remain optimistic and rigid in their belief that the operation would succeed, being unknowingly biased in the group psychology of wishful thinking as well. In mid-1960, CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana; in a 1997 interview with CNN , he said, `` ... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro.'' Invasion legacy in Cuba ( edit ) A Sea Fury F 50 preserved at the Museo Giron, Cuba in 2006 For many Latin Americans, the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the US could not be trusted. The invasion also illustrated that the US could be defeated, and thus, the failed invasion encouraged political groups across the Latin American region to find ways to undermine US influence. The invasion is often recognized as making Castro even more popular, adding nationalistic sentiments to the support for his economic policies. Following the air attacks on Cuban airfields on 15 April, he declared the revolution `` Marxist-Leninist '' . After the invasion, he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union, partly for protection, that helped pave the way for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis . Castro was then increasingly wary of further US intervention, and more open to Soviet suggestions of placing nuclear weapons on Cuba to ensure its security. In March 2001, shortly before the 40th anniversary of the invasion, a conference took place in Havana, attended by about 60 American delegates. The conference was titled Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After , co-sponsored by the University of Havana and the US-based National Security Archive . There are still yearly nationwide drills in Cuba during the ' Dia de la Defensa' (Defense Day), to prepare the population for an invasion. Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles ( edit ) The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana , Miami Many who fought for the CIA in the conflict remained loyal after the event; some Bay of Pigs veterans became officers in the US Army in Vietnam , including 6 colonels, 19 lieutenant colonels, 9 majors, and 29 captains. By March 2007, about half of the Brigade had died. In April 2010, the Cuban Pilot's Association unveiled a monument at the Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport in memory of the 16 aviators for the exile side killed during the battle. The memorial consists of an obelisk and a restored B-26 replica aircraft atop a large Cuban flag . Spanish term for the event ( edit ) The name for the invasion in Spanish is politically contested. The Cuban government generally calls it `` Playa Girón '' , while Cuban exiles generally call it `` Bahía de Cochinos'' . See also ( edit ) Cuba portal United States portal Military history portal Cold War portal Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Cuba-- United States relations Cuban Project (Operation Mongoose, 1961-- 1965) Cuban Revolution (1959) Guantánamo Bay Operation Northwoods (1962) Operation Ortsac (1962) Special Activities Division Swan Islands United States embargo against Cuba Escambray Rebellion (1959-- 1965) Explanatory notes ( edit ) ^ 1,500 ground forces (including 177 paratroops) -- c. 1,300 landed. Also Cuban exile aircrews, American aircrews, CIA operatives ^ 176 Cuban government forces killed ^ 500 Cuban forces wounded, or 4,000 killed, missing or wounded (includes militias and armed civilians) ^ 118 invaders killed (114 Cuban exiles plus 4 American aircrew) ^ 1,202 Brigade members captured (1,179 tried; 14 tried previously for pre-invasion crimes; 9 died in transit) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kellner 1989 , pp. 69-- 70. `` Historians give Guevara, who was director of instruction for Cuba's armed forces, a share of credit for the victory'' . Jump up ^ Szulc (1986), p. 450. `` The revolutionaries won because Castro's strategy was vastly superior to the Central Intelligence Agency's ; because the revolutionary morale was high; and because Che Guevara as the head of the militia training program and Fernández as commander of the militia officers' school, had done so well in preparing 200,000 men and women for war.'' ^ Jump up to: Szulc (1986) ^ Jump up to: FRUS X, documents 19, 24, 35, 245, 271. Jump up ^ Fineman, Mark (1990-01-24). `` Mongolia Reform Group Marches to Rock Anthem'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012-12-26 . Mongolia-watchers in Beijing said that... the democracy movement is rooted more in nationalism than in dissent... ' Watching it unfold, you get the feeling this is more a pro-nationalist and pro-Mongolian movement than it is anti-party or anti-government,' said a diplomat who left Ulan Bator on Monday. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 113. Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 115. Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . pp. 115-- 16. Jump up ^ Ernesto `` Che'' Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present) , by Douglas Kellner, 1989, Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN 1-55546-835-7 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 64-- 65. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 37-- 39. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 57-- 62. Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 146. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 71-- 72. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 45. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 72. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 122, 129-- 30. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 102-- 04, 114, 116. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 109. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 68-- 69. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 50-- 52. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 65. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 158-- 59. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 203, 207-- 08. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 137. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 153, 161. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 216. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 126, 141-- 42. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 173. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 228. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 313. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 330. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 167. Jump up ^ Ros 2006 . pp. 159-- 201. Jump up ^ Jones 2008 p. 64. Jump up ^ Dreke (2002), pp. 40-- 117. ^ Jump up to: Corzo (2003), pp. 79-- 90 ^ Jump up to: Fernandez (2001) Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965, p. 245. ^ Jump up to: Bourne 1986 . p. 197. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 168. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 181. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 176-- 77. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 165-- 66. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 163, 167-- 69. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 224-- 25, 228-- 30. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 147-- 49. ^ Jump up to: Thomas (1971) ^ Jump up to: Bay of Pigs, 40 Years After: Chronology Archived 5 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ...The National Security Archive. The George Washington University. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 205-- 06. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 316-- 19. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 173. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 201-- 02. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 302-- 02. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 172. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 214. Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 177. Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 215. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 329. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 344. ^ Jump up to: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB494/docs/Document%202.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Church Committee `` Alleged Assassination Plots Involving foreign Leaders.'' An Interim report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities United States Senate Together, Washington, Novembre, 1975. ^ Jump up to: `` Castro Assassination Plots'' . maryferrel.org . Mary Ferrell Foundation . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Quirk 1993 . p. 303. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 304. Jump up ^ `` State Department Office of the Historian'' . US State Department Office of the Historian: Milestones 1961-1968 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 307. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 307-- 08. ^ Jump up to: Quirk 1993 . p. 308. Jump up ^ FRUS VI, p. 850 Jump up ^ `` Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation'' (PDF) . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1995. pp. 9-- 19. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 346-- 47. Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 347. Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1995. p. 20. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de p. 16. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de p. 17. Jump up ^ Jones (2008) ^ Jump up to: Higgins (2008) ^ Jump up to: Faria (2002), pp. 93-- 98. ^ Jump up to: Kornbluh (1998) Jump up ^ Bethell (1993) Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 78. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 10. ^ Jump up to: Johnson (1964) Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 11-- 12. Jump up ^ (1) ^ Jump up to: Hagedorn (2006) ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 13. Jump up ^ Castro, Daniel (1999). Revolution and revolutionaries: Guerrilla movements in Latin America . pp. 97-- 99. ISBN 9780842026260 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn 1993 Jump up ^ Kellner 1989 , pp. 54-- 55. Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2016-featured-story-archive/the-bay-of-pigs-invasion.html Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 169. ^ Jump up to: Wyden (1979) ^ Jump up to: Kellner 1989 , p. 69. Jump up ^ Alfonso, Pablo. 2001. Los Ultimos Castristas. Centro de Documentacion y Formacion, Caracas. ISBN 978-980-07-5657-7 , pp. 125-- 26. Jump up ^ Dreke (2002) Jump up ^ Paz-Sanchez (2001), pp. 189-- 99. Jump up ^ British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London 2 September 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers. Foreign Offices Files for Cuba Part 1: Revolution in Cuba `` in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention'' . These two agents went on to train overseas personnel including Carlos the Jackal (Ilich Ramírez Sánchez ) and subcomandante Marcos (Rafael Sebastián Guillén ). Jump up ^ `` El campo de entrenamiento `` Punto Cero'' donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales'' (in Spanish). Cuban American Foundation. 7 November 2005. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. pp. 123-- 25. Jump up ^ Welch and Blight (1998), p. 113. Jump up ^ Montaner, Carlos Alberto (1999). `` Viaje al Corazón de Cuba'' (PDF) (in Spanish). Plaza & Janés . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times'' . 26 May 1960. p. 5. Jump up ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (4 October 1983). `` The Situation of Human Rights in Cuba, Seventh Report -- Chapter V'' . Organization of American States . Retrieved 24 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Galbraith, J.K. (2000) https://web.archive.org/web/20060904201459/http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965. p. 264. Jump up ^ http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/bop-vol1-part1.pdf ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 19. Jump up ^ Wyden (1979), p. 172 (footnote † ) Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. pp. 156-- 159. ^ Jump up to: Triay (2001), pp. 83-- 113 Jump up ^ FRUS X, document 198 ^ Jump up to: Ferrer (1975) Jump up ^ http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/ ^ Jump up to: `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shono (2012) p. 67 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 130. Jump up ^ Szulc, Tad. `` Asylum Granted to Three Airmen'' Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... New York Times . 17 April 1961 Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 20-- 21. Jump up ^ UPI Radio Archives (JFK) upi.com Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: MacPhall, Doug & Acree, Chuck (2003). `` Bay of Pigs: The Men and Aircraft of the Cuban Revolutionary Air Force'' Archived 9 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ FRUS X, document 87 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 183. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 24-- 25. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 25. Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. pp. 161, 167. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 28. ^ Jump up to: Cooper, Tom (2003) `` Clandestine US Operations: Cuba, 1961, Bay of Pigs'' Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 206. Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. pp. 195-- 96. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 29. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 29-- 30. Jump up ^ UPI Radio Archives (Castro) upi.com Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 30. Jump up ^ Pfeiffer 1979, Vol.I, Part 2, pp. 313-- 317. Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 168. Jump up ^ `` Nuevo Acción '' (in Spanish). Jump up ^ Rodriquez 1999. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 31. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 30-- 31. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 41. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de p. 41 Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 41-- 42 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 207. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de p. 42. Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de pp. 42-- 43. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 43. Jump up ^ State Department File CF611.37/5-361 Loyola University Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 197. ^ Jump up to: FRUS X, document 110 Jump up ^ Quesada, Alejandro de p. 44. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 45. ^ Jump up to: Quesada, Alejandro de p. 46. Jump up ^ De Paz-Sánchez (2001) Jump up ^ Vivés (1984) Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed in Cuba'' . Therealcuba.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas, Eric. `` Local Man Forever Tied To Cuban Leader: Father Frozen, Displayed by Fidel Castro'' . KGO ABC7, KGO-TV/DT . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bay of Pigs: Invasion and Aftermath by Life magazine, caption for the image entitled `` Jose Miro Greets His Ransomed Son'' Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 46. Jump up ^ Ros (1994), pp. 181-- 85. Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965. p. 713. Jump up ^ `` The People of the CIA ... Milan Miskovsky: Fighting for Justice'' . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JFK Library Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs Invasion Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . The President's News Conference 21 April 1961 Jump up ^ `` Bay of Pigs Declassified.'' History Undercover. Aired 9 July 2000. History Channel. Jump up ^ Anderson (1997), p. 509 Jump up ^ Huberman. Cuba and the U.S. Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . interview with Che Guevara, Monthly Review , September 1961 Jump up ^ Reeves, Richard (1993), pp. 71, 673. Jump up ^ `` CIA: Maker of Policy, or Tool?'' New York Times . 25 April 1966 Jump up ^ Dallek (2003) An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-- 1963 , p. 368 Jump up ^ `` State Department Office of the Historian: Milestones 1961-1968'' . US State Department Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Trade With Cuba Called Too Risky; U.S. Exporters Say Castro Policies Are Intolerable -- Near-Chaos Noted'' . The New York Times . 6 January 1960. access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sugar Needs Increase'' . The New York Times . 9 July 1960. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Considering Total Embargo on Cuban Trade; New Policy Being Studied -- White House Affirms Attack Responsibility U.S. Considers Total Embargo As Part of New Policy on Cuba'' . The New York Times . 25 April 1961. Jump up ^ Kornbluh 1998. p. 324. Jump up ^ Kornbluh, Peter. Volume IV and V. Top Secret CIA ' Official Story of the Bay of Pigs: Revelations. George Washington University National Security Archive, accessed 15 July 2016. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/ Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kornbluh 1998. p. 99. Jump up ^ Hart, Paul't (1991). `` Irving L. Janis' Victims of Groupthink'' . Political Psychology . 12 (2): 13. Jump up ^ Janis, Irving L. (1982). Groupthink: psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 42. Jump up ^ Hunt, Howard (1997). `` Episode 18: Backyard'' . Cold War . CNN. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 191. Jump up ^ NSA press release, 23 March 2001 Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After Archived 18 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ros, Enrique (1994), pp. 287-- 98. Jump up ^ Iuspa-Abbott, Paola. `` Palm Beach County Bay of Pigs veterans remember invasion of Cuba'' . South Florida Sun-Sentinel . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Yager, Richard. `` ' B-26 Bomber is part of Airport Monument'' Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Video: `` Miami Unveils Monument to Cuban Pilots'' , NBC News Miami, 16 April 2010 Jump up ^ Rodriguez 1999. p. 180. Jump up ^ Johnson 1964. p. 179. Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson, Jon L. 1997,1998. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life . Grove/Atlantic ISBN 0-8021-3558-7 ISBN 0-553-40664-7 Andrade, John. 1982. Latin-American Military Aviation . Midland Counties. ISBN 0-904597-31-8 Bethell, Leslie. 1993. Cuba . Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-43682-3 . Bohning, Don (2005). The Castro Obsession: U.S. Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959-- 1965 . Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-676-4 . Bourne, Peter G. (1986). Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro . New York City: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 978-0-396-08518-8 . Castro, Fidel; Ramonet, Ignacio (interviewer) (2009). My Life: A Spoken Autobiography . New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4165-6233-7 . Coltman, Leycester (2003). The Real Fidel Castro . New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10760-9 . Corzo, Pedro. 2003. Cuba Cronología de la lucha contra el totalitarismo . Ediciones Memorias, Miami ISBN 1-890829-24-2 Craughwell, Thomas J. 2008. Failures of the Presidents: From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and War in Iraq . Fair Winds Press, Massachusetts ISBN 0785830545 Dreke, Victor. 2002. From Escambray to the Congo: In the Whirlwind of the Cuban Revolution . Pathfinder ISBN 0-87348-947-0 ISBN 978-0-87348-947-8 Faria, Miguel, A. 2002. Cuba in Revolution -- Escape from a Lost Paradise . Hacienda Publishing, pp. 93-- 102, notes# 16 and 24. ISBN 0-9641077-3-2 Fernandez, Jose Ramon. 2001. Playa Giron/Bay of Pigs: Washington's First Military Defeat in the Americas . Pathfinder ISBN 0-87348-925-X ISBN 978-0-87348-925-6 Ferrer, Edward B. 1975 (sp), 1982 (en). Operation Puma: The Air Battle of the Bay of Pigs . International Aviation Consultants ISBN 0-9609000-0-4 Franqui, Carlos. 1984. Family portrait with Fidel . Random House ISBN 0-394-72620-0 ISBN 978-0-394-72620-5 pp. 111-- 28 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-- 1960 . (Glennon, John P., Editor) Cuba Volume VI. US Department of State FRUS X -- Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-- 1963 Volume X Cuba, 1961-- 1962. US Department of State Fineman, Mark. 1998. `` Bay of Pigs: the Secret Death of Pete Ray'' . (2) Gleijeses, Piero. `` Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs'' . Journal of Latin American Studies , Feb. 1995, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-- 42 (via JSTOR ) ISSN 0022-216X Gott, Richard (2004). Cuba: A New History . New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10411-0 . Hagedorn, Dan. 1993. Central American and Caribbean Air Forces . Air-Britain. ISBN 0-85130-210-6 Hagedorn, Dan and Hellström , Leif. 1994. Foreign Invaders -- The Douglas Invader in foreign military and US clandestine service . Midland Publishing ISBN 1-85780-013-3 Hagedorn, Dan. 2006. Latin American Air Wars & Aircraft . Hikoki ISBN 1-902109-44-9 Higgins, Trumbull. 1987, 2008. The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs . Norton ISBN 0-393-30563-5 ISBN 978-0-393-30563-0 Hunt, E. Howard. 1973. Give Us This Day . Arlington House ISBN 978-0-87000-228-1 Johnson, Haynes. 1964, 1974. The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506 . W.W. Norton & Co ISBN 0-393-04263-4 Jones, Howard. 2008. Bay of Pigs (Pivotal Moments in American History) . OUP USA ISBN 0-19-517383-X ISBN 978-0-19-517383-3 Kellner, Douglas (1989). Ernesto `` Che'' Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present) . Chelsea House Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 1-55546-835-7 . Kornbluh, Peter. 1998. Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba . The New Press ISBN 1-56584-494-7 ISBN 978-1-56584-494-0 Lagas, Jacques. 1964. Memorias de un capitán rebelde. Editorial del Pácifico . Santiago, Chile. ASIN B0014VJ2KS Lazo, Mario. 1968, 1970. Dagger in the heart: American policy failures in Cuba . Twin Circle. New York. 1968 edition Library of Congress number 6831632, 1970 edition, ASIN B0007DPNJS Lynch, Grayston L. 2000. Decision for Disaster: Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs . Potomac Books ISBN 1-57488-237-6 de Paz-Sánchez , Manuel. 2001. Zona de Guerra, España y la revolución Cubana (1960-- 1962), Taller de Historia, Tenerife Gran Canaria ISBN 84-7926-364-4 Priestland, Jane (editor). 2003. British Archives on Cuba: Cuba under Castro 1959-- 1962. Archival Publications International ISBN 1-903008-20-4 Pfeiffer, Jack B. 1979. Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol.I Air Operations, Part 1 Pfeiffer, Jack B. 1979. Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol.I Air Operations, Part 2 Pfeiffer, Jack B. 1979. Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol.II Participation in the Conduct of Foreign Policy , Part 1 Pfeiffer, Jack B. 1979. Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol.III Evolution of CIA's Anti-Castro Policies, 1959 -- January 1961 (14Mb) Quirk, Robert E. (1993). Fidel Castro . New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03485-1 . de Quesada, Alejandro; Walsh, Stephen. 2009. The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961 . Osprey Elite series #166 ISBN 978-1-84603-323-0 Rasenberger, Jim. 2011. The Brilliant Disaster: JFK, Castro, and America's Doomed Invasion of Cuba's Bay of Pigs . Scribner ISBN 978-1416596509 Reeves, Richard. 1993. President Kennedy: Profile of Power . Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-671-89289-4 Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. Bay of Pigs and the CIA . Ocean Press ISBN 1-875284-98-2 Ros, Enrique. 1994 (1998). Girón la verdadera historia . Ediciones Universales (Colección Cuba y sus jueces) third edition ISBN 0-89729-738-5 Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1965, 2002. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House . Houghton Mifflin ISBN 1-57912-449-6 ISBN 978-1-57912-449-6 Shono, LD Jr. He Died for Peace: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy . iUniverse; 2012. ISBN 978-1-4759-0524-3 . Jean Edward Smith . Bay of Pigs: The Unanswered Questions. The Nation , (13 April 1964), pp. 360-- 63. Somoza Debayle, Anastasio and Jack Cox. 1980. Nicaragua Betrayed . Western Islands Publishers, pp. 169-- 80 ISBN 0-88279-235-0 ISBN 978-0-88279-235-4 Szulc, Tad, and Karl E. Meyer. 1962. The Cuban Invasion. The chronicle of a disaster . Praegar ASIN B0018DMAV0 Szulc, Tad. 1986. Fidel -- A Critical Portrait . Hutchinson ISBN 0-09-172602-6 Thomas, Hugh. 1971, 1986. The Cuban Revolution . Weidenfeld and Nicolson (Shortened version of Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom, includes all history 1952-- 1970) ISBN 0-297-78954-6 Thomas, Hugh. 1998. Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom . Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-80827-7 Thompson, Scott. 2002. Douglas A-26 and B-26 Invader . Crowood Press ISBN 1-86126-503-4 Trest, Warren A. and Dodd, Donald B. 2001. Wings of Denial: The Alabama Air National Guard's Covert Role at the Bay of Pigs . NewSouth Books ISBN 1-58838-021-1 ISBN 978-1-58838-021-0 Triay, Victor Andres. 2001. Bay of Pigs: An Oral History of Brigade 2506 . University Press of Florida ISBN 0-8130-2090-5 ISBN 978-0-8130-2090-7 Vivés , Juan (Pseudonym, of a former veteran and Castro Intelligence Official; Translated to Spanish from 1981 Les Maîtres de Cuba . Opera Mundi, Paris by Zoraida Valcarcel) 1982 Los Amos de Cuba. EMCÉ Editores, Buenos Aires. ISBN 950-04-0075-8 Von Tunzelmann, Alex (2011). Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder, and the Cold War in the Caribbean . New York City: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-9067-3 . Wyden, Peter . 1979. Bay of Pigs -- The Untold Story . Simon and Schuster ISBN 0-671-24006-4 ISBN 0-224-01754-3 ISBN 978-0-671-24006-6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Pigs Invasion . Bay of Pigs: Invasion and Aftermath -- slideshow by Life magazine A film clip `` Cuba Invaded. 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how many finger lakes are there in new york state | The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long , narrow , roughly north -- south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York , in the United States . This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination . | [
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"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
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"Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York ( hide ) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley ( Lower ) Upstate New York ( hide ) Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places Places ( including hamlets ) Timelines of town creation ( show ) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York",
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"",
"The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long , narrow , roughly north -- south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York , in the United States . This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination .",
"The lakes ' shapes reminded early map - makers of human fingers , and the name stuck . They are also characteristic glacial finger lakes . Cayuga ( 435 feet deep , 133 m ) and Seneca ( 618 feet , 188 m ) Lakes are among the deepest in the United States , with bottoms well below sea level . They are also the longest Finger Lakes , though neither 's width exceeds 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) ; Seneca Lake is 38.1 miles ( 61.3 km ) long , and 66.9 square miles ( 173 km ) , the largest in total area .",
"Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes , but it is sometimes called the `` thumb '' .",
"The 11 Finger Lakes , from east to west , are :",
"Otisco Lake Skaneateles Lake Owasco Lake Cayuga Lake Seneca Lake Keuka Lake Canandaigua Lake Honeoye Lake Canadice Lake Hemlock Lake Conesus Lake",
"Cazenovia Lake to the east , although smaller , is sometimes called `` the 12th Finger Lake '' , because it is similar in shape . It is located in Appalachian hill terrain , with a historic village linked to other Finger Lakes by US 20 . It may have been formed in the same manner as the Finger Lakes , as satellite photos show three valleys similar in character and spacing to the Finger Lakes east of Otisco Lake . The first is the Tully Valley , which includes a chain of small lakes at the south end that could be a `` Finger Lake '' that never formed because of a terminal moraine . The moraine caused the Tioughnioga River to flow south instead of north , the opposite of the Finger Lakes ' waters . The next two valleys to the east contain Butternut Creek , which flows north , and the East Branch of the Tioughnioga River , which flows south . The next valley contains Limestone Creek , which flows north . The next valley after that contains Cazenovia Lake .",
"Oneida Lake , to the northeast of Syracuse , New York , is sometimes included as the `` thumb '' , although it is shallow and somewhat different in character from the rest . Onondaga Lake , though located just north of the Finger Lakes region , is not considered one of the Finger Lakes . As with Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes , it drains into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River . Likewise , Chautauqua Lake , Findley Lake and Kinzua Lake to the west are not considered Finger Lakes ; all three drain into the Allegheny River and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico , and in the case of Kinzua and Findley , the lakes are the artificial creation of dams .",
"Conesus , Hemlock , Canadice , Honeoye , and Otisco are considered the minor Finger Lakes . Other , smaller lakes , including Silver , Waneta , and Lamoka lakes , dot this region . Silver Lake , west of Conesus Lake , would seem to qualify because it is in the Great Lakes watershed , but Waneta and Lamoka lakes are part of the Susquehanna River watershed as they drain into a tributary of the Chemung River .",
"East of Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes are the headwaters of the Susquehanna River and Hudson River watersheds ( the former in the foothills of the Catskills , the latter through the Mohawk Valley and southern Adirondack Mountains ) .",
"The 2,000 - acre ( 8 km ) muckland of a valley located in Potter , New York , which is part of Torrey Farms , was almost a 12th Finger Lake , as the waterline is just below the surface . It lies between Lakes Canandaigua and Seneca , and was once a swamp .",
"These glacial finger lakes originated as a series of northward - flowing streams . Around two million years ago , the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area , initiating the Pleistocene glaciation . These scouring glaciers widened , deepened , and accentuated the existing river valleys . Glacial debris , possibly terminal moraine left behind by the receding ice , acted as dams , allowing lakes to form . Despite the deep erosion of the valleys , the surrounding uplands show little evidence of glaciation , suggesting that the ice was thin , or at least unable to cause much erosion at these higher altitudes . The deep cutting by the ice left some tributaries hanging high above the lakes -- both Seneca and Cayuga have tributaries hanging as much as 120 m above the valley floors .",
"Much of the Finger Lakes area lies upon the Marcellus Shale and the Utica Shale , two prominent natural gas reserves . Due to the recent popularization of fracking technology , the natural gas is now available to extraction . While some large landowners have leased their lands , and a number of small landowners would like to follow suit , many residents of the Finger Lakes oppose the process of extraction due to concerns about groundwater contamination and the industrial impact of the extraction related activities . The first direct actions and local legislative actions against fracking occurred in the Finger Lakes bioregion . In December 2014 , the government of New York banned all fracking within the state , citing pollution risks .",
"The Finger Lakes region contains evidence of pre-Iroquois habitation , such as The Bluff Point Stoneworks , but little is known about who may have constructed these enigmatic works .",
"The Finger Lakes region is a central part of the Iroquois homeland . The Iroquois tribes include the Seneca and Cayuga nations , for which the two largest Finger Lakes are named . The Tuscarora tribe lived in the Finger Lakes region as well , from ca . 1720 . The Onondaga and Oneida tribes lived at the eastern edge of the region , closer to their namesake lakes , Oneida Lake and Onondaga Lake . The easternmost Iroquois tribe was the Mohawk .",
"During colonial times , many other tribes moved to the Finger Lakes region , seeking the protection of the Iroquois . For example , in 1753 remnants of several Virginia Siouan tribes , collectively called the Tutelo - Saponi , moved to the town of Coreorgonel at the south end of Cayuga Lake near present - day Ithaca , until 1779 when their village was destroyed .",
"Major Iroquois towns in the Finger Lakes region included the Seneca town of Gen - nis - he - yo ( present - day Geneseo ) , Kanadaseaga ( Seneca Castle , near present - day Geneva ) , Goiogouen ( Cayuga Castle , east of Cayuga Lake ) , Chonodote ( Cayuga town , present - day Aurora ) , Catherine 's Town ( near present - day Watkins Glen ) and Ganondagan State Historic Site in Victor , New York .",
"As one of the most powerful Indian nations during colonial times , the Iroquois were able to prevent European colonization of the Finger Lakes region for nearly two centuries after first contact , often playing the French off against the British interests in savvy demonstrations of political competence . Tribal politics and the military reality that the Iroquois held the strongest military force in North America were well appreciated . By the late 18th century with the French governmental influence gone from Canada Iroquois power had weakened , relative to the steady growth in European - Americans ' populations , and internal strife eroded the political unity of the Iroquois Confederacy as they faced pressures from colonists itching to move west and a desire to keep them out of Amerindian lands . During the American Revolutionary War , some Iroquois sided with the British and some with the Americans , resulting in civil war among the Iroquois . In the late 1770s , British - allied Iroquois attacked various American frontier settlements , prompting counter-attacks , culminating in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 , which destroyed most of the Iroquois towns and effectively broke Iroquois power . After the Revolutionary War , the Iroquois and other Indians of the region were assigned reservations . Most of their land , including the Finger Lakes region , was opened up to purchase and settlement .",
"Roughly the western half of the Finger Lakes region comprised the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1790 . The region was rapidly settled at the turn of the 19th century , largely by a westward migration from New England , and to a lesser degree by northward influx from Pennsylvania . The regional architecture reflects these area traditions of the Federal and Greek Revival periods .",
"The Finger Lakes region , together with the Genesee Country of Western New York , has been referred to as the burned - over district . There , in the 19th century , the Second Great Awakening was a revival of Christianity ; some new religions were also formed .",
"The region was active in reform and utopian movements . Many of its Underground Railroad sites have been documented . For example , the Harriet Tubman Home at Auburn recalls the life and work of the African - American `` Moses of her people . ''",
"On the northern end of the Finger Lakes are also Seneca Falls , the birthplace of the Women 's suffrage movement ; Waterloo , the birthplace of Memorial Day ; and Palmyra , the birthplace of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . An annual outdoor drama , The Hill Cumorah Pageant , produced by the LDS Church , draws thousands of visitors each year .",
"Hammondsport was the home of aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss , and favorable air currents make the area a popular spot for glider pilots . Elmira , just to the south , was the home of Mark Twain in his later life , and the site of an infamous Civil War prison . Corning is most noted as the home of Corning Glass Works and the Corning Museum of Glass . Hornell , just southwest of the Finger Lakes , was a major railroad center ; locomotives were repaired there until recently . Conesus remains the home of the oldest producer of pure grape sacramental wine in the Western hemisphere .",
"Notable among the historic buildings of the region ( most linked below ) is the Granger Homestead ( 1816 ) , a large village house in Federal Style at Canandaigua , New York . Another example of the Federal Style is the Prouty - Chew House ( 1829 ) at Geneva , portions of which were altered at various times in new fashions .",
"Three Greek Revival mansions are situated near three lakes : The Richard DeZeng House , Skaneateles ( 1839 ) ; Rose Hill , Geneva ( 1839 ) ; and Esperanza , Penn Yan ( 1838 ) . The latter two are open to the public .",
"The Seward House in Auburn , a National Historic Landmark , is a mansion more characteristic of the Civil War era , virtually unchanged from the nineteenth century . Belhurst Castle , Geneva , a stone mansion in the Romanesque Revival style , now serves as an inn . Sonnenberg mansion at Canandaigua is later nineteenth - century residence in the Queen Anne style , known for its restored period gardens . Geneva on the Lake is a villa ( 1910 -- 14 ) that recalls those on Italian lakes . Now an inn , it has European - style gardens . Many buildings and historic districts of the Finger Lakes region are notable , other than these historic houses .",
"Implemented in August 2010 , the Hemlock - Canadice State Forest covers 6,684 acres ( 27.05 km ) that encompass the two western Finger Lakes , Hemlock and Canadice . These lakes have provided drinking water for the City of Rochester for more than 100 years . To protect water quality , the city acquired much of the property around the lakes . Over the decades , the land reforested , but a few traces of its past , such as stone walls or cottage foundations , remain . Today these two lakes , with their steep , forested , largely undeveloped shorelines and deep clear water , provide visitors a glimpse of the Finger Lakes of the past . The Department of Environmental Conservation ( DEC ) manages this State Forest for compatible public access for recreation , including fishing , hunting , nature study , boating and hiking . Activities in Hemlock - Canadice State Forest are subject the DEC 's Rules and Regulations for the Use of State Lands , 6 NYCRR Part 190 , as well as any other applicable state statutes , rules and regulations . These are sensitive areas because they protect public drinking water .",
"Hemlock Lake is home to the state 's oldest nesting bald eagle site , dating back to the early 1960s . The nesting bald eagles of Hemlock Lake have fostered a resurgence of bald eagles throughout New York State . Hemlock Lake , originally known as `` O - Neh - Da '' which is Seneca for `` Lake of Hemlock Trees '' , is home to the nation 's oldest sacramental winery , founded by Bishop McQuaid in 1872 . Today , O - Neh - Da Vineyard continues to make premium natural pure grape wine for churches and foodies alike .",
"The Finger Lakes area is New York 's largest wine producing region . Over 100 wineries and vineyards are located around Seneca , Cayuga , Canandaigua , Keuka , Conesus , and Hemlock Lakes . Because of the lakes ' great depth , they provide a lake effect to the lush vineyards that flank their shores . Retaining residual summer warmth in the winter , and winter 's cold in the spring , the grapes are protected from disastrous spring frost during shoot growth , and early frost before the harvest . The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay , Riesling , Gewürztraminer , Pinot noir , Cabernet Franc , Vidal blanc , Seyval blanc and many Vitis labrusca ( American native ) varieties or cultivars .",
"With the passage of the Farm Winery Act in 1976 , numerous wineries are now open to visitors . Wineries are a growth industry of the region , contributing through their production and by attracting visitors .",
"The Finger Lakes American Viticulture Area ( AVA ) includes two of America 's oldest wineries , O - Neh - Da Vineyard ( 1872 ) on Hemlock Lake and The Pleasant Valley Wine Company ( 1860 ) on Keuka Lake .",
"The area is also known for education ; the largest institution is Cornell University in Ithaca . Other notable schools are Ithaca College , also located in Ithaca ; the University of Rochester , St. John Fisher College and Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester ; Elmira College in Elmira ; Tompkins Cortland Community College in Dryden , Ithaca , and Cortland ; Wells College in Aurora ; Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva ; Keuka College in Keuka Park ; Finger Lakes Community College in Canandaigua and Geneva ; and The State University of New York at Cortland in Cortland ; New York Chiropractic College in Seneca Falls ; Cayuga Community College in Auburn ; and The State University of New York at Geneseo in Geneseo .",
"The Finger Lakes region is home to several museums . These include the Corning Museum of Glass , the Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University , the Strong National Museum of Play , the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum , the ( Finger Lakes Boating Museum ) , the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center , the Sciencenter , the Museum of the Earth , the National Soaring Museum , the Rockwell Museum , the Seward House Museum , the William H. Seward and the Samuel Warren Homesteads of the York Historical Society , birthplace of New York State 's first successful commercial winery .",
"The Women 's Rights National Historic Park is located in Seneca Falls . The park includes the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Wesleyan Chapel , where she held the first convention on women 's rights in 1848 ."
] | Finger Lakes - wikipedia Finger Lakes Jump to: navigation , search For Finger Lake in British Columbia, Canada, see Finger-Tatuk Provincial Park . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Satellite view. Lake Ontario is at top, Oneida Lake upper right, Cazenovia Lake directly below Oneida. Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York (hide) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley (Lower) Upstate New York (hide) Hudson Valley (Middle and Upper) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions (show) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census-designated places Places (including hamlets) Timelines of town creation (show) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long, narrow, roughly north-- south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York , in the United States . This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination. The lakes' shapes reminded early map-makers of human fingers, and the name stuck. They are also characteristic glacial finger lakes . Cayuga (435 feet deep, 133 m) and Seneca (618 feet, 188 m) Lakes are among the deepest in the United States, with bottoms well below sea level. They are also the longest Finger Lakes, though neither's width exceeds 3.5 miles (5.6 km); Seneca Lake is 38.1 miles (61.3 km) long, and 66.9 square miles (173 km ), the largest in total area. Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes, but it is sometimes called the `` thumb '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lakes 2 Geology 2.1 Ecological concern 3 History 4 Notable places 4.1 Wine 4.2 Educational institutions 4.3 Museums 5 References 6 External links Lakes ( edit ) Map of the Finger Lakes The 11 Finger Lakes, from east to west, are: Otisco Lake Skaneateles Lake Owasco Lake Cayuga Lake Seneca Lake Keuka Lake Canandaigua Lake Honeoye Lake Canadice Lake Hemlock Lake Conesus Lake Cazenovia Lake to the east, although smaller, is sometimes called `` the 12th Finger Lake'' , because it is similar in shape. It is located in Appalachian hill terrain, with a historic village linked to other Finger Lakes by US 20 . It may have been formed in the same manner as the Finger Lakes, as satellite photos show three valleys similar in character and spacing to the Finger Lakes east of Otisco Lake. The first is the Tully Valley, which includes a chain of small lakes at the south end that could be a `` Finger Lake'' that never formed because of a terminal moraine . The moraine caused the Tioughnioga River to flow south instead of north, the opposite of the Finger Lakes' waters. The next two valleys to the east contain Butternut Creek, which flows north, and the East Branch of the Tioughnioga River, which flows south. The next valley contains Limestone Creek, which flows north. The next valley after that contains Cazenovia Lake. The Finger Lakes are in the center bottom of this west facing image; Lake Erie (upper left), Lake Huron (upper right), and Lake Ontario (lower right) are three of the Great Lakes Oneida Lake , to the northeast of Syracuse, New York , is sometimes included as the `` thumb'' , although it is shallow and somewhat different in character from the rest. Onondaga Lake , though located just north of the Finger Lakes region, is not considered one of the Finger Lakes. As with Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes, it drains into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River . Likewise, Chautauqua Lake , Findley Lake and Kinzua Lake to the west are not considered Finger Lakes; all three drain into the Allegheny River and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico , and in the case of Kinzua and Findley, the lakes are the artificial creation of dams . Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, Honeoye, and Otisco are considered the minor Finger Lakes. Other, smaller lakes, including Silver, Waneta , and Lamoka lakes, dot this region. Silver Lake, west of Conesus Lake, would seem to qualify because it is in the Great Lakes watershed, but Waneta and Lamoka lakes are part of the Susquehanna River watershed as they drain into a tributary of the Chemung River . East of Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes are the headwaters of the Susquehanna River and Hudson River watersheds (the former in the foothills of the Catskills, the latter through the Mohawk Valley and southern Adirondack Mountains ). The 2,000-acre (8 km ) muckland of a valley located in Potter, New York , which is part of Torrey Farms , was almost a 12th Finger Lake, as the waterline is just below the surface. It lies between Lakes Canandaigua and Seneca, and was once a swamp. Geology ( edit ) Seneca Lake, from South Main Street in Geneva, New York . These glacial finger lakes originated as a series of northward-flowing streams. Around two million years ago, the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area, initiating the Pleistocene glaciation . These scouring glaciers widened, deepened, and accentuated the existing river valleys. Glacial debris, possibly terminal moraine left behind by the receding ice, acted as dams, allowing lakes to form. Despite the deep erosion of the valleys, the surrounding uplands show little evidence of glaciation, suggesting that the ice was thin, or at least unable to cause much erosion at these higher altitudes. The deep cutting by the ice left some tributaries hanging high above the lakes-- both Seneca and Cayuga have tributaries hanging as much as 120 m above the valley floors. Ecological concern ( edit ) Much of the Finger Lakes area lies upon the Marcellus Shale and the Utica Shale , two prominent natural gas reserves. Due to the recent popularization of fracking technology, the natural gas is now available to extraction. While some large landowners have leased their lands, and a number of small landowners would like to follow suit, many residents of the Finger Lakes oppose the process of extraction due to concerns about groundwater contamination and the industrial impact of the extraction related activities. The first direct actions and local legislative actions against fracking occurred in the Finger Lakes bioregion . In December 2014, the government of New York banned all fracking within the state, citing pollution risks. History ( edit ) Bluff Point on Keuka Lake Granger Homestead, Canandaigua The Finger Lakes region contains evidence of pre-Iroquois habitation, such as The Bluff Point Stoneworks , but little is known about who may have constructed these enigmatic works. The Finger Lakes region is a central part of the Iroquois homeland. The Iroquois tribes include the Seneca and Cayuga nations, for which the two largest Finger Lakes are named. The Tuscarora tribe lived in the Finger Lakes region as well, from ca. 1720. The Onondaga and Oneida tribes lived at the eastern edge of the region, closer to their namesake lakes, Oneida Lake and Onondaga Lake . The easternmost Iroquois tribe was the Mohawk . During colonial times, many other tribes moved to the Finger Lakes region, seeking the protection of the Iroquois. For example, in 1753 remnants of several Virginia Siouan tribes, collectively called the Tutelo - Saponi , moved to the town of Coreorgonel at the south end of Cayuga Lake near present-day Ithaca, until 1779 when their village was destroyed. Major Iroquois towns in the Finger Lakes region included the Seneca town of Gen-nis-he-yo (present-day Geneseo), Kanadaseaga (Seneca Castle, near present-day Geneva), Goiogouen (Cayuga Castle, east of Cayuga Lake), Chonodote (Cayuga town, present-day Aurora), Catherine's Town (near present-day Watkins Glen ) and Ganondagan State Historic Site in Victor, New York . As one of the most powerful Indian nations during colonial times, the Iroquois were able to prevent European colonization of the Finger Lakes region for nearly two centuries after first contact, often playing the French off against the British interests in savvy demonstrations of political competence. Tribal politics and the military reality that the Iroquois held the strongest military force in North America were well appreciated. By the late 18th century with the French governmental influence gone from Canada Iroquois power had weakened, relative to the steady growth in European-Americans' populations, and internal strife eroded the political unity of the Iroquois Confederacy as they faced pressures from colonists itching to move west and a desire to keep them out of Amerindian lands. During the American Revolutionary War , some Iroquois sided with the British and some with the Americans, resulting in civil war among the Iroquois. In the late 1770s, British-allied Iroquois attacked various American frontier settlements, prompting counter-attacks, culminating in the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, which destroyed most of the Iroquois towns and effectively broke Iroquois power. After the Revolutionary War, the Iroquois and other Indians of the region were assigned reservations. Most of their land, including the Finger Lakes region, was opened up to purchase and settlement. Roughly the western half of the Finger Lakes region comprised the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1790. The region was rapidly settled at the turn of the 19th century, largely by a westward migration from New England , and to a lesser degree by northward influx from Pennsylvania. The regional architecture reflects these area traditions of the Federal and Greek Revival periods. Notable places ( edit ) Canadice Lake is surrounded by the Hemlock-Canadice State Forest The Finger Lakes region, together with the Genesee Country of Western New York, has been referred to as the burned-over district . There, in the 19th century, the Second Great Awakening was a revival of Christianity ; some new religions were also formed. The region was active in reform and utopian movements. Many of its Underground Railroad sites have been documented. For example, the Harriet Tubman Home at Auburn recalls the life and work of the African-American `` Moses of her people.'' On the northern end of the Finger Lakes are also Seneca Falls , the birthplace of the Women's suffrage movement; Waterloo , the birthplace of Memorial Day ; and Palmyra , the birthplace of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). An annual outdoor drama, The Hill Cumorah Pageant , produced by the LDS Church, draws thousands of visitors each year. Hammondsport was the home of aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss , and favorable air currents make the area a popular spot for glider pilots. Elmira , just to the south, was the home of Mark Twain in his later life, and the site of an infamous Civil War prison. Corning is most noted as the home of Corning Glass Works and the Corning Museum of Glass . Hornell , just southwest of the Finger Lakes, was a major railroad center; locomotives were repaired there until recently. Conesus remains the home of the oldest producer of pure grape sacramental wine in the Western hemisphere. Hemlock Lake, one of the western Finger Lakes Notable among the historic buildings of the region (most linked below) is the Granger Homestead (1816), a large village house in Federal Style at Canandaigua, New York. Another example of the Federal Style is the Prouty-Chew House (1829) at Geneva, portions of which were altered at various times in new fashions. Three Greek Revival mansions are situated near three lakes: The Richard DeZeng House, Skaneateles (1839); Rose Hill, Geneva (1839); and Esperanza, Penn Yan (1838). The latter two are open to the public. The Seward House in Auburn, a National Historic Landmark , is a mansion more characteristic of the Civil War era, virtually unchanged from the nineteenth century. Belhurst Castle , Geneva, a stone mansion in the Romanesque Revival style, now serves as an inn. Sonnenberg mansion at Canandaigua is later nineteenth-century residence in the Queen Anne style, known for its restored period gardens. Geneva on the Lake is a villa (1910-- 14) that recalls those on Italian lakes. Now an inn, it has European-style gardens. Many buildings and historic districts of the Finger Lakes region are notable, other than these historic houses. Implemented in August 2010, the Hemlock-Canadice State Forest covers 6,684 acres (27.05 km ) that encompass the two western Finger Lakes, Hemlock and Canadice . These lakes have provided drinking water for the City of Rochester for more than 100 years. To protect water quality, the city acquired much of the property around the lakes. Over the decades, the land reforested, but a few traces of its past, such as stone walls or cottage foundations, remain. Today these two lakes, with their steep, forested, largely undeveloped shorelines and deep clear water, provide visitors a glimpse of the Finger Lakes of the past. The Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) manages this State Forest for compatible public access for recreation, including fishing, hunting , nature study, boating and hiking . Activities in Hemlock-Canadice State Forest are subject the DEC's Rules and Regulations for the Use of State Lands, 6 NYCRR Part 190, as well as any other applicable state statutes, rules and regulations. These are sensitive areas because they protect public drinking water. Hemlock Lake is home to the state's oldest nesting bald eagle site, dating back to the early 1960s. The nesting bald eagles of Hemlock Lake have fostered a resurgence of bald eagles throughout New York State. Hemlock Lake, originally known as `` O-Neh-Da'' which is Seneca for `` Lake of Hemlock Trees'' , is home to the nation's oldest sacramental winery , founded by Bishop McQuaid in 1872. Today, O-Neh-Da Vineyard continues to make premium natural pure grape wine for churches and foodies alike. Wine ( edit ) Main article: Finger Lakes AVA Sunrise overlooking a vineyard on Canandaigua Lake The Finger Lakes area is New York's largest wine producing region. Over 100 wineries and vineyards are located around Seneca, Cayuga, Canandaigua, Keuka, Conesus, and Hemlock Lakes. Because of the lakes' great depth, they provide a lake effect to the lush vineyards that flank their shores. Retaining residual summer warmth in the winter, and winter's cold in the spring, the grapes are protected from disastrous spring frost during shoot growth, and early frost before the harvest. The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay , Riesling , Gewürztraminer , Pinot noir , Cabernet Franc , Vidal blanc , Seyval blanc and many Vitis labrusca (American native) varieties or cultivars. With the passage of the Farm Winery Act in 1976 , numerous wineries are now open to visitors. Wineries are a growth industry of the region, contributing through their production and by attracting visitors. The Finger Lakes American Viticulture Area (AVA) includes two of America's oldest wineries, O-Neh-Da Vineyard (1872) on Hemlock Lake and The Pleasant Valley Wine Company (1860) on Keuka Lake. Educational institutions ( edit ) Wells College , Aurora The area is also known for education; the largest institution is Cornell University in Ithaca. Other notable schools are Ithaca College , also located in Ithaca; the University of Rochester , St. John Fisher College and Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester; Elmira College in Elmira; Tompkins Cortland Community College in Dryden, Ithaca, and Cortland; Wells College in Aurora; Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva; Keuka College in Keuka Park ; Finger Lakes Community College in Canandaigua and Geneva; and The State University of New York at Cortland in Cortland ; New York Chiropractic College in Seneca Falls ; Cayuga Community College in Auburn; and The State University of New York at Geneseo in Geneseo . Museums ( edit ) The Finger Lakes region is home to several museums. These include the Corning Museum of Glass , the Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University , the Strong National Museum of Play , the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum , the ( Finger Lakes Boating Museum ), the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center , the Sciencenter , the Museum of the Earth , the National Soaring Museum , the Rockwell Museum , the Seward House Museum, the William H. Seward and the Samuel Warren Homesteads of the York Historical Society, birthplace of New York State's first successful commercial winery. The Women's Rights National Historic Park is located in Seneca Falls. The park includes the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Wesleyan Chapel, where she held the first convention on women's rights in 1848. References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Flint, R.F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology . (Wiley and Sons, NY), p. 117. Jump up ^ http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/local/2015/01/09/new-york-fracking-history/21534581/ Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/nyregion/cuomo-to-ban-fracking-in-new-york-state-citing-health-risks.html Bibliography Thompson, John H., ed. Geography of New York State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1977) Engeln, O.D. , von. The Finger Lakes Region: Its Origin and Nature (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961, 1988) Finger Lakes Tourism Statistics (1) House, Kirk W. and Mitchell, Charles R. Finger Lakes (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2008) Bloomfield, Jay A., ed. Lakes of New York State: Volume I: Ecology of the Finger Lakes (New York, NY: Academic Press, 1978) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finger Lakes . Finger Lakes travel guide from Wikivoyage Finger Lakes at DMOZ The official Finger Lakes Tourism Alliance website Coordinates : 42° 40′ N 76° 50′ W / 42.667° N 76.833° W / 42.667; -76.833 Syracuse, New York Mayor Metropolitan area Onondaga Lake Onondaga County Central New York Finger Lakes Upstate New York History Onondaga Nation Great Peacemaker Hiawatha French Sainte Marie Simon Le Moyne British Cycling Ethnic groups Erie Canal Historic places Industry products salt Mayors Notable citizens John Wilkinson Samuel Joseph May Matilda Joslyn Gage Louis Marshall Railroads New York Central Passenger station OnTrack Streetcars Towns Underground Railroad Economy Transportation airport Transportation Center/Amtrak train station bus service Interstate highways I-81 I-481 I-90 I-690 Air National Guard Bristol-Myers Squibb Carrier Corporation Destiny USA Downtown Syracuse Armory Square Clinton Square Lockheed Martin National Grid O'Brien & Gere Oneida Nation Enterprises Turning Stone Resort & Casino Raymour & Flanigan Seneca Data SRC Charter Spectrum Wegmans Education Bryant & Stratton College Empire State College Le Moyne College Onondaga Community College SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry SUNY Oswego Syracuse City School District Syracuse University SUNY Upstate Medical University Sports Syracuse Chiefs NBT Bank Stadium Syracuse Crunch War Memorial Arena Syracuse Silver Knights Syracuse Orange Carrier Dome football men's basketball men's lacrosse men's soccer women's basketball women's ice hockey Le Moyne Dolphins OCC Lazers SUNY-ESF Mighty Oaks Ski country Culture and parks Annual events Burnet Park Clinton String Quartet Erie Canal Museum Everson Museum of Art Pass Arboretum Museum of Science and Technology New York State Fair Light Work Mills Rose Garden Niagara Mohawk Building Old Erie Canal Onondaga Creekwalk Onondaga Lake Park Ra Ra Riot Rosamond Gifford Zoo Syracuse in fiction Syracuse Stage Thornden Park Portal lists neighborhoods people sports transportation Commons WikiProject State of New York Albany (capital) Topics Bibliography Demographics Economy Education Geography History Healthcare Museums Music Nickname Parks People Politics Sports Symbols Transportation Tourist attractions Politics Administrative divisions Congressional districts Constitution Elections Government Law Regions Adirondack Mountains Allegheny Plateau Capital District Catskill Mountains Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) Central New York Champlain Valley New York City Finger Lakes Holland Purchase Hudson Highlands Hudson Valley Long Island Mohawk Valley Niagara Frontier North Country Ridge and Valley Saint Lawrence Seaway Shawangunks Ski country Southern Tier Southtowns Tech Valley Thousand Islands Tug Hill Upstate Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy Binghamton Buffalo / Niagara Falls Elmira / Corning Glens Falls Ithaca Kingston New York City Rochester Syracuse Utica / Rome Watertown Counties Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland Saint Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Wyoming Yates Places Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census-designated places New York portal Finger Lakes portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finger_Lakes&oldid=802221187 '' Categories : Finger Lakes New York (state) wine Regions of New York (state) Glaciology of the United States Upstate New York Lakes of New York (state) Lake groups Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 19:37. 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how ling does it take for poison ivy to show | Commonly , the symptoms may resolve without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks but specific medication may hasten the healing as long as the trigger is avoided . Also , the condition might become chronic if the allergen is not detected and avoided . | [
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"Allergic contact dermatitis Illustration of allergic contact dermatitis Classification and external resources Specialty dermatology ICD - 10 L23 ICD - 9 - CM 691.8 DiseasesDB 29435 MeSH D017449 ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Allergic contact dermatitis",
"Illustration of allergic contact dermatitis",
"Classification and external resources",
"Specialty dermatology",
"ICD - 10 L23",
"ICD - 9 - CM 691.8",
"DiseasesDB 29435",
"MeSH D017449",
"( edit on Wikidata )",
"Allergic contact dermatitis ( ACD ) is a form of contact dermatitis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance ; the other type being irritant contact dermatitis ( ICD ) .",
"Although less common than ICD , ACD is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans . By its allergic nature , this form of contact dermatitis is a hypersensitive reaction that is atypical within the population . The mechanisms by which these reactions occur are complex , with many levels of fine control . Their immunology centres on the interaction of immunoregulatory cytokines and discrete subpopulations of T lymphocytes .",
"The symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis are very similar to the ones caused by irritant contact dermatitis , which makes the first even harder to diagnose . The first sign of allergic contact dermatitis is the presence of the rash or skin lesion at the site of exposure . Depending on the type of allergen causing it , the rash can ooze , drain or crust and it can become raw , scaled or thickened . Also , it is possible that the skin lesion does not take the form of a rash but it may include papules , blisters , vesicles or even a simple red area . The main difference between the rash caused by allergic contact dermatitis and the one caused by irritant contact dermatitis is that the latter tends to be confined to the area where the trigger touched the skin , whereas in allergic contact dermatitis the rash is more likely to be more widespread on the skin . Another characteristic of the allergic contact dermatitis rash is that it usually appears after a day or two after exposure to the allergen , unlike irritant contact dermatitis that appears immediately after the contact with the trigger .",
"Other symptoms may include itching , skin redness or inflammation , localized swelling and the area may become more tender or warmer . If left untreated , the skin may darken and become leathery and cracked . Pain can also be present .",
"The symptoms of allergic contact may persist for as long as one month before resolving completely . Once an individual has developed a skin reaction to a certain substance it is most likely that they will have it for the rest of their life , and the symptoms will reappear when in contact with the allergen .",
"Common allergens implicated include the following :",
"Nickel ( nickel sulfate hexahydrate ) -- has been recognized as a significant cause of allergy . This metal is frequently encountered in stainless steel cookware , jewelry and clasps or buttons on clothing . Current estimates gauge are that roughly 2.5 million US adults and 250,000 children suffer from nickel allergy , which costs an estimated $5.7 billion per year for treatment of symptoms . A significant portion of nickel allergy is preventable . Gold ( gold sodium thiosulfate ) -- precious metal often found in jewelry and dental materials Balsam of Peru ( Myroxylon pereirae ) -- used in food and drink for flavoring , in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance , and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties ; derived from tree resin . It may also be a component of artificial vanilla and / or cinnamon flavorings . Chromium -- used in the tanning of leather . Also a component of uncured cement / mortar , facial cosmetics and some bar soaps . Urushiol -- oily coating from plants of Toxicodendron genus -- poison ivy , poison oak , and poison sumac . Also found in mango plants and cashews . Sap from certain species of mangrove and agave Thiomersal -- mercury compound used in local antiseptics and in vaccines Neomycin -- topical antibiotic common in first aid creams and ointments , cosmetics , deodorant , soap , and pet food . Found by itself , or in Neosporin or Triple Antibiotic Fragrance mix -- group of the eight most common fragrance allergens found in foods , cosmetic products , insecticides , antiseptics , soaps , perfumes , and dental products Formaldehyde -- preservative with multiple uses , e.g. , in paper products , paints , medications , household cleaners , cosmetic products , and fabric finishes . Often released into products by the use of formaldehyde releasers such as imidazolidinyl urea , diazolidinyl urea , Quaternium - 15 , DMDM Hydantoin , and 2 - bromo - 2 - nitropropane - 1 , 3 - diol . Cobalt chloride -- metal found in medical products ; hair dye ; antiperspirant ; metal - plated objects such as snaps , buttons or tools ; and in cobalt blue pigment Bacitracin -- topical antibiotic found by itself , or as Polysporin or Triple Antibiotic Quaternium - 15 -- preservative in cosmetic products ( self - tanners , shampoo , nail polish , sunscreen ) and in industrial products ( polishes , paints and waxes ) . Colophony ( Rosin ) -- rosin , sap or sawdust typically from spruce or fir trees Topical steroid -- see steroid allergy Photographic developers , especially those containing metol Topical anesthetics -- such as pramoxine or diphenhydramine , after prolonged use Isothiazolinones -- preservatives used in many personal care , household , and commercial products . Mercaptobenzothiazole -- in rubber products , notably shoes , gloves , and car tires . Soluble salts of platinum -- see platinosis",
"Nickel ( nickel sulfate hexahydrate ) -- has been recognized as a significant cause of allergy . This metal is frequently encountered in stainless steel cookware , jewelry and clasps or buttons on clothing . Current estimates gauge are that roughly 2.5 million US adults and 250,000 children suffer from nickel allergy , which costs an estimated $5.7 billion per year for treatment of symptoms . A significant portion of nickel allergy is preventable .",
"Gold ( gold sodium thiosulfate ) -- precious metal often found in jewelry and dental materials",
"Balsam of Peru ( Myroxylon pereirae ) -- used in food and drink for flavoring , in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance , and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties ; derived from tree resin . It may also be a component of artificial vanilla and / or cinnamon flavorings .",
"Chromium -- used in the tanning of leather . Also a component of uncured cement / mortar , facial cosmetics and some bar soaps .",
"Urushiol -- oily coating from plants of Toxicodendron genus -- poison ivy , poison oak , and poison sumac . Also found in mango plants and cashews .",
"Sap from certain species of mangrove and agave",
"Thiomersal -- mercury compound used in local antiseptics and in vaccines",
"Neomycin -- topical antibiotic common in first aid creams and ointments , cosmetics , deodorant , soap , and pet food . Found by itself , or in Neosporin or Triple Antibiotic",
"Fragrance mix -- group of the eight most common fragrance allergens found in foods , cosmetic products , insecticides , antiseptics , soaps , perfumes , and dental products",
"Formaldehyde -- preservative with multiple uses , e.g. , in paper products , paints , medications , household cleaners , cosmetic products , and fabric finishes . Often released into products by the use of formaldehyde releasers such as imidazolidinyl urea , diazolidinyl urea , Quaternium - 15 , DMDM Hydantoin , and 2 - bromo - 2 - nitropropane - 1 , 3 - diol .",
"Cobalt chloride -- metal found in medical products ; hair dye ; antiperspirant ; metal - plated objects such as snaps , buttons or tools ; and in cobalt blue pigment",
"Bacitracin -- topical antibiotic found by itself , or as Polysporin or Triple Antibiotic",
"Quaternium - 15 -- preservative in cosmetic products ( self - tanners , shampoo , nail polish , sunscreen ) and in industrial products ( polishes , paints and waxes ) .",
"Colophony ( Rosin ) -- rosin , sap or sawdust typically from spruce or fir trees",
"Topical steroid -- see steroid allergy",
"Photographic developers , especially those containing metol",
"Topical anesthetics -- such as pramoxine or diphenhydramine , after prolonged use",
"Isothiazolinones -- preservatives used in many personal care , household , and commercial products .",
"Mercaptobenzothiazole -- in rubber products , notably shoes , gloves , and car tires .",
"Soluble salts of platinum -- see platinosis",
"ACD arises as a result of two essential stages : an induction phase , which primes and sensitizes the immune system for an allergic response , and an elicitation phase , in which this response is triggered . As it involves a cell - mediated allergic response , ACD is termed a Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction , making it an exception in the usage of the designation `` allergic , '' which otherwise usually refers to type I hypersensitivity reactions .",
"Contact allergens are essentially soluble haptens ( low in molecular weight ) and , as such , have the physico - chemical properties that allow them to cross the stratum corneum of the skin . They can only cause their response as part of a complete antigen , involving their association with epidermal proteins forming hapten - protein conjugates . This , in turn , requires them to be protein - reactive .",
"The conjugate formed is then recognized as a foreign body by the Langerhans cells ( LCs ) ( and in some cases other Dendritic cells ( DCs ) ) , which then internalize the protein ; transport it via the lymphatic system to the regional lymph nodes ; and present the antigen to T - lymphocytes . This process is controlled by cytokines and chemokines -- with tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF - α ) and certain members of the interleukin family ( 1 , 13 and 18 ) -- and their action serves either to promote or to inhibit the mobilization and migration of these LCs . As the LCs are transported to the lymph nodes , they become differentiated and transform into DCs , which are immunostimulatory in nature .",
"Once within the lymph glands , the differentiated DCs present the allergenic epitope associated with the allergen to T lymphocytes . These T cells then divide and differentiate , clonally multiplying so that if the allergen is experienced again by the individual , these T cells will respond more quickly and more aggressively .",
"White et al. have suggested that there appears to be a threshold to the mechanisms of allergic sensitisation by ACD - associated allergens ( 1986 ) . This is thought to be linked to the level at which the toxin induces the up - regulation of the required mandatory cytokines and chemokines . It has also been proposed that the vehicle in which the allergen reaches the skin could take some responsibility in the sensitisation of the epidermis by both assisting the percutaneous penetration and causing some form of trauma and mobilization of cytokines itself .",
"Once an individual is sensitized to an allergen , future contacts with the allergen can trigger a reaction , commonly known as a memory response , in the original site of sensitization . So for example if a person has an allergic contact dermatitis on the eyelids , say from use of makeup , touching the contact allergen with the fingers can trigger an allergic reaction on the eyelids .",
"This is due to local skin memory T - cells , which remain in the original sensitization site . In a similar fashion , cytotoxic T lymphocytes patrol an area of skin and play an important role in controlling both the reactivation of viruses ( such as the `` cold sore '' virus ) and in limiting its replication when reactivated . Memory response , or `` Retest Reactivity '' , usually takes 2 to 3 days after coming in contact with the allergen , and can persist for 2 to 4 weeks .",
"Diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis is primarily based on physical exam and medical history . In some cases doctors can establish an accurate diagnosis based on the symptoms that the patient experiences and on the rash 's appearance . In the case of a single episode of allergic contact dermatitis , this is all that is necessary . Chronic and / or intermittent rashes which are not readily explained by history and physical exam often will benefit from further testing .",
"A patch test ( contact delayed hypersensitivity allergy test ) is a commonly used examination to determine the exact cause of an allergic contact dermatitis . According to the American Academy of Allergy , Asthma , and Immunology , `` patch testing is the gold standard for contact allergen identification '' .",
"The patch test consists of applying small quantities of potential allergens to small patches and which are then placed on the skin . After two days , they are removed and if a skin reaction occurred to one of the substances applied , a raised bump will be noticeable underneath the patch . The tests are again read at 72 or 96 hours after application .",
"Patch testing is used for patients who have chronic , recurring contact dermatitis . Other tests that may be used to diagnose contact dermatitis and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms include a skin biopsy and culture of the skin lesion .",
"The clinical expression of the dermatitis can be mitigated by avoidance of the allergen . Through compliance with avoidance measures , the immune system can become less stimulated . The key to avoidance is proper evaluation and detection of the inciting allergen . However , once the immune system registers the allergen , the recognition is permanent .",
"The first step in treating the condition is appropriate recognition of the clinical problem , followed by identification of the culprit chemical and the source of that chemical . Corticosteroid creams should be used carefully and according to the prescribed directions because when overused over longer periods of time they can cause thinning of the skin . Also , in some instances such as poison ivy dermatitis calamine lotion and cool oatmeal baths may relieve itching .",
"Usually , severe cases are treated with systemic corticosteroids which may be tapered gradually , with various dosing schedules ranging from a total of 12 -- 20 days to prevent the recurrence of the rash ( while the chemical allergen is still in the skin , up to 3 weeks , as well as a topical corticosteroid . Tacrolimus ointment or pimecrolimus cream can also be used additionally to the corticosteroid creams or instead of these . Oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine may also be used in more severe cases to relieve the intense itching . Topical antihistamines are not advised as there might be a second skin reaction ( treatment associated contact dermatitis ) from the lotion itself .",
"The other symptoms caused by allergic contact dermatitis may be eased with cool compresses to stop the itching . It is vital for treatment success that the trigger be identified and avoided . The discomfort caused by the symptoms may be relieved by wearing smooth - textured cotton clothing to avoid frictional skin irritation or by avoiding soaps with perfumes and dyes .",
"Commonly , the symptoms may resolve without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks but specific medication may hasten the healing as long as the trigger is avoided . Also , the condition might become chronic if the allergen is not detected and avoided ."
] | Allergic contact dermatitis - wikipedia Allergic contact dermatitis Allergic contact dermatitis Illustration of allergic contact dermatitis Classification and external resources Specialty dermatology ICD - 10 L23 ICD - 9-CM 691.8 DiseasesDB 29435 MeSH D017449 ( edit on Wikidata ) Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a form of contact dermatitis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance; the other type being irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Although less common than ICD, ACD is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans. By its allergic nature, this form of contact dermatitis is a hypersensitive reaction that is atypical within the population. The mechanisms by which these reactions occur are complex, with many levels of fine control. Their immunology centres on the interaction of immunoregulatory cytokines and discrete subpopulations of T lymphocytes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Mechanism 3.1 Memory Response 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 References Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis are very similar to the ones caused by irritant contact dermatitis, which makes the first even harder to diagnose. The first sign of allergic contact dermatitis is the presence of the rash or skin lesion at the site of exposure. Depending on the type of allergen causing it, the rash can ooze, drain or crust and it can become raw, scaled or thickened. Also, it is possible that the skin lesion does not take the form of a rash but it may include papules , blisters , vesicles or even a simple red area. The main difference between the rash caused by allergic contact dermatitis and the one caused by irritant contact dermatitis is that the latter tends to be confined to the area where the trigger touched the skin, whereas in allergic contact dermatitis the rash is more likely to be more widespread on the skin. Another characteristic of the allergic contact dermatitis rash is that it usually appears after a day or two after exposure to the allergen, unlike irritant contact dermatitis that appears immediately after the contact with the trigger. Other symptoms may include itching , skin redness or inflammation , localized swelling and the area may become more tender or warmer. If left untreated, the skin may darken and become leathery and cracked. Pain can also be present. The symptoms of allergic contact may persist for as long as one month before resolving completely. Once an individual has developed a skin reaction to a certain substance it is most likely that they will have it for the rest of their life, and the symptoms will reappear when in contact with the allergen. Cause ( edit ) Common allergens implicated include the following: Nickel (nickel sulfate hexahydrate) -- has been recognized as a significant cause of allergy. This metal is frequently encountered in stainless steel cookware, jewelry and clasps or buttons on clothing. Current estimates gauge are that roughly 2.5 million US adults and 250,000 children suffer from nickel allergy, which costs an estimated $5.7 billion per year for treatment of symptoms. A significant portion of nickel allergy is preventable. Gold (gold sodium thiosulfate) -- precious metal often found in jewelry and dental materials Balsam of Peru ( Myroxylon pereirae) -- used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties; derived from tree resin. It may also be a component of artificial vanilla and/or cinnamon flavorings. Chromium -- used in the tanning of leather. Also a component of uncured cement/mortar, facial cosmetics and some bar soaps. Urushiol -- oily coating from plants of Toxicodendron genus -- poison ivy , poison oak , and poison sumac . Also found in mango plants and cashews. Sap from certain species of mangrove and agave Thiomersal -- mercury compound used in local antiseptics and in vaccines Neomycin -- topical antibiotic common in first aid creams and ointments, cosmetics, deodorant, soap, and pet food. Found by itself, or in Neosporin or Triple Antibiotic Fragrance mix -- group of the eight most common fragrance allergens found in foods, cosmetic products, insecticides, antiseptics, soaps, perfumes, and dental products Formaldehyde -- preservative with multiple uses, e.g. , in paper products, paints, medications, household cleaners, cosmetic products, and fabric finishes. Often released into products by the use of formaldehyde releasers such as imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea , Quaternium-15 , DMDM Hydantoin, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol. Cobalt chloride -- metal found in medical products; hair dye; antiperspirant; metal-plated objects such as snaps, buttons or tools; and in cobalt blue pigment Bacitracin -- topical antibiotic found by itself, or as Polysporin or Triple Antibiotic Quaternium-15 -- preservative in cosmetic products (self-tanners, shampoo, nail polish, sunscreen) and in industrial products (polishes, paints and waxes). Colophony (Rosin) -- rosin, sap or sawdust typically from spruce or fir trees Topical steroid -- see steroid allergy Photographic developers , especially those containing metol Topical anesthetics -- such as pramoxine or diphenhydramine , after prolonged use Isothiazolinones -- preservatives used in many personal care, household, and commercial products. Mercaptobenzothiazole -- in rubber products, notably shoes, gloves, and car tires. Soluble salts of platinum -- see platinosis Mechanism ( edit ) ACD arises as a result of two essential stages: an induction phase , which primes and sensitizes the immune system for an allergic response, and an elicitation phase , in which this response is triggered. As it involves a cell-mediated allergic response, ACD is termed a Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction , making it an exception in the usage of the designation `` allergic ,'' which otherwise usually refers to type I hypersensitivity reactions. Contact allergens are essentially soluble haptens (low in molecular weight) and, as such, have the physico-chemical properties that allow them to cross the stratum corneum of the skin. They can only cause their response as part of a complete antigen , involving their association with epidermal proteins forming hapten-protein conjugates . This, in turn, requires them to be protein -reactive. The conjugate formed is then recognized as a foreign body by the Langerhans cells (LCs) (and in some cases other Dendritic cells (DCs)), which then internalize the protein; transport it via the lymphatic system to the regional lymph nodes ; and present the antigen to T-lymphocytes . This process is controlled by cytokines and chemokines -- with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α ) and certain members of the interleukin family (1, 13 and 18) -- and their action serves either to promote or to inhibit the mobilization and migration of these LCs. As the LCs are transported to the lymph nodes, they become differentiated and transform into DCs, which are immunostimulatory in nature. Once within the lymph glands , the differentiated DCs present the allergenic epitope associated with the allergen to T lymphocytes. These T cells then divide and differentiate, clonally multiplying so that if the allergen is experienced again by the individual, these T cells will respond more quickly and more aggressively. White et al. have suggested that there appears to be a threshold to the mechanisms of allergic sensitisation by ACD-associated allergens (1986). This is thought to be linked to the level at which the toxin induces the up-regulation of the required mandatory cytokines and chemokines. It has also been proposed that the vehicle in which the allergen reaches the skin could take some responsibility in the sensitisation of the epidermis by both assisting the percutaneous penetration and causing some form of trauma and mobilization of cytokines itself. Memory response ( edit ) Once an individual is sensitized to an allergen, future contacts with the allergen can trigger a reaction, commonly known as a memory response, in the original site of sensitization. So for example if a person has an allergic contact dermatitis on the eyelids, say from use of makeup, touching the contact allergen with the fingers can trigger an allergic reaction on the eyelids. This is due to local skin memory T-cells, which remain in the original sensitization site. In a similar fashion, cytotoxic T lymphocytes patrol an area of skin and play an important role in controlling both the reactivation of viruses (such as the `` cold sore'' virus ) and in limiting its replication when reactivated. Memory response, or `` Retest Reactivity'' , usually takes 2 to 3 days after coming in contact with the allergen, and can persist for 2 to 4 weeks. Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis is primarily based on physical exam and medical history . In some cases doctors can establish an accurate diagnosis based on the symptoms that the patient experiences and on the rash's appearance. In the case of a single episode of allergic contact dermatitis, this is all that is necessary. Chronic and/or intermittent rashes which are not readily explained by history and physical exam often will benefit from further testing. Patch test A patch test (contact delayed hypersensitivity allergy test) is a commonly used examination to determine the exact cause of an allergic contact dermatitis. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, `` patch testing is the gold standard for contact allergen identification'' . The patch test consists of applying small quantities of potential allergens to small patches and which are then placed on the skin. After two days, they are removed and if a skin reaction occurred to one of the substances applied, a raised bump will be noticeable underneath the patch. The tests are again read at 72 or 96 hours after application. Patch testing is used for patients who have chronic, recurring contact dermatitis. Other tests that may be used to diagnose contact dermatitis and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms include a skin biopsy and culture of the skin lesion. Treatment ( edit ) The clinical expression of the dermatitis can be mitigated by avoidance of the allergen. Through compliance with avoidance measures, the immune system can become less stimulated. The key to avoidance is proper evaluation and detection of the inciting allergen. However, once the immune system registers the allergen, the recognition is permanent. The first step in treating the condition is appropriate recognition of the clinical problem, followed by identification of the culprit chemical and the source of that chemical. Corticosteroid creams should be used carefully and according to the prescribed directions because when overused over longer periods of time they can cause thinning of the skin. Also, in some instances such as poison ivy dermatitis calamine lotion and cool oatmeal baths may relieve itching. Usually, severe cases are treated with systemic corticosteroids which may be tapered gradually, with various dosing schedules ranging from a total of 12 -- 20 days to prevent the recurrence of the rash (while the chemical allergen is still in the skin, up to 3 weeks, as well as a topical corticosteroid. Tacrolimus ointment or pimecrolimus cream can also be used additionally to the corticosteroid creams or instead of these. Oral antihistamines such as diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine may also be used in more severe cases to relieve the intense itching. Topical antihistamines are not advised as there might be a second skin reaction (treatment associated contact dermatitis) from the lotion itself. The other symptoms caused by allergic contact dermatitis may be eased with cool compresses to stop the itching. It is vital for treatment success that the trigger be identified and avoided. The discomfort caused by the symptoms may be relieved by wearing smooth-textured cotton clothing to avoid frictional skin irritation or by avoiding soaps with perfumes and dyes . Commonly, the symptoms may resolve without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks but specific medication may hasten the healing as long as the trigger is avoided. Also, the condition might become chronic if the allergen is not detected and avoided. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Dearman RJ (2002). `` Allergic contact dermatitis'' . Int. Immunopharmacol. 2 (2-- 3): 201-- 11. doi : 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00173-4 . PMID 11811925 . ^ Jump up to: `` Contact dermatitis'' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-16 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Dermatitis Symptoms'' . Retrieved 2010-06-16 . Jump up ^ `` Allergic Contact Dermatitis'' . Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-16 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ Kamerud KL, Hobbie KA, Anderson KA (2013). `` Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking'' . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry . 61 (39): 9495-- 501. doi : 10.1021/jf402400v . PMC 4284091 . PMID 23984718 . Retrieved 2017-07-16 . Jump up ^ Jacob SE, Goldenberg A, Pelletier JL, Fonacier LS, Usatine R, Silverberg N (2015), `` Nickel allergy and Our Children's Health: A Review of Indexed Cases and a View of Future Prevention'' , Pediatric dermatology , 32 (6): 779-- 85, doi : 10.1111/pde.12639 Jump up ^ (2) ^ Jump up to: `` Balsam of Peru contact allergy'' . Dermnetnz.org. December 28, 2013 . Retrieved March 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gottfried Schmalz; Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials . Springer . Retrieved March 5, 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Habif (2009). Clinical Dermatology . Elsevier Health Sciences . Retrieved March 6, 2014 . Jump up ^ Allergy to fragrance mix at DermNetNZ, http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/fragrance-allergy.html Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic study, http://www.mayoclinic.org/news2006-rst/3268.html Jump up ^ (Kimble et al. 2002). Jump up ^ (Kimble et al. 2002) Jump up ^ White SI, Friedmann PS, Moss C, Simpson JM (1986). `` The effect of altering area of application and dose per unit area on sensitization by DNCB'' . Br. J. Dermatol. 115 (6): 663-- 8. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06646.x . PMID 3801307 . Jump up ^ Iwasaki A (2009). `` Local advantage: skin DCs prime, skin memory T cells protect'' . Nature Immunology. 10 (5): 451-- 453. doi : 10.1038/ni0509-451 . PMC 3662044 . PMID 19381136 . Jump up ^ `` Contact dermatitis'' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-16 . Jump up ^ `` Tests and diagnosis'' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-16 . Jump up ^ `` Self-Care at Home'' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-16 . Dermatitis and eczema ( L20-- L30 , 690-- 693,698 ) Atopic dermatitis Besnier's prurigo Seborrheic dermatitis Pityriasis simplex capillitii Cradle cap Contact dermatitis ( allergic , irritant ) plants: Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis African blackwood dermatitis Tulip fingers other: Abietic acid dermatitis Diaper rash Airbag dermatitis Baboon syndrome Contact stomatitis Protein contact dermatitis Eczema Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Breast eczema Ear eczema Eyelid dermatitis Topical steroid addiction Hand eczema Chronic vesiculobullous hand eczema Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis Autosensitization dermatitis / Id reaction Candidid Dermatophytid Molluscum dermatitis Circumostomy eczema Dyshidrosis Juvenile plantar dermatosis Nummular eczema Nutritional deficiency eczema Sulzberger-- Garbe syndrome Xerotic eczema Pruritus / Itch / Prurigo Lichen simplex chronicus / Prurigo nodularis by location: Pruritus ani Pruritus scroti Pruritus vulvae Scalp pruritus Drug-induced pruritus Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus Senile pruritus Aquagenic pruritus Aquadynia Adult blaschkitis due to liver disease Biliary pruritus Cholestatic pruritus Prion pruritus Prurigo pigmentosa Prurigo simplex Puncta pruritica Uremic pruritus Other substances taken internally: Bromoderma Fixed drug reaction Nummular dermatitis Pityriasis alba Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases ( 279.5-- 6 ) Type I / allergy / atopy ( IgE ) Foreign Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy common allergies include: Milk Egg Peanut Tree nut Seafood Soy Wheat Penicillin allergy Autoimmune Eosinophilic esophagitis Type II / ADCC IgM IgG Foreign Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture syndrome Guillain-- Barré syndrome `` Type V '' / receptor Graves' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Type III ( Immune complex ) Foreign Henoch-- Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type IV / cell-mediated ( T cells ) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant-cell arteritis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis GVHD Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Unknown/ multiple Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy (I+IV) Autoimmune Sjögren syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allergic_contact_dermatitis&oldid=835746081 '' Categories : Contact dermatitis Hidden categories: All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2016 Infobox medical condition All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Қазақша Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 14:31 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -1352022448031353773 |
1995 scorsese film starring robert de niro and sharon stone | Casino is a 1995 American epic crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Sharon Stone . It is based on the nonfiction book Casino : Love and Honor in Las Vegas by Nicholas Pileggi , who also co-wrote the screenplay for the film with Scorsese . The two previously collaborated on the hit film Goodfellas ( 1990 ) . | [
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"Casino"
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"Casino Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Scorsese Produced by Barbara De Fina Screenplay by Nicholas Pileggi Martin Scorsese Based on Casino by Nicholas Pileggi Starring Robert De Niro Sharon Stone Joe Pesci Don Rickles Kevin Pollak James Woods Cinematography Robert Richardson Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker Production company Syalis D.A. Légende Entreprises De Fina / Cappa Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 ) Running time 178 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 -- 50 million Box office $116.1 million",
"Casino",
"Theatrical release poster",
"Directed by Martin Scorsese",
"Produced by Barbara De Fina",
"Screenplay by Nicholas Pileggi Martin Scorsese",
"Nicholas Pileggi Martin Scorsese",
"Based on Casino by Nicholas Pileggi",
"Starring Robert De Niro Sharon Stone Joe Pesci Don Rickles Kevin Pollak James Woods",
"Robert De Niro Sharon Stone Joe Pesci Don Rickles Kevin Pollak James Woods",
"Robert De Niro",
"Cinematography Robert Richardson",
"Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker",
"Production company Syalis D.A. Légende Entreprises De Fina / Cappa",
"Syalis D.A. Légende Entreprises De Fina / Cappa",
"De Fina / Cappa",
"Distributed by Universal Pictures",
"Release date November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 )",
"November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 )",
"November 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 22 )",
"Running time 178 minutes",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Budget $40 -- 50 million",
"Box office $116.1 million",
"Casino is a 1995 American epic crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Sharon Stone . It is based on the nonfiction book Casino : Love and Honor in Las Vegas by Nicholas Pileggi , who also co-wrote the screenplay for the film with Scorsese . The two previously collaborated on the hit film Goodfellas ( 1990 ) .",
"The film marks the eighth collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro , following Mean Streets ( 1973 ) ; Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) ; New York , New York ( 1977 ) ; Raging Bull ( 1980 ) ; The King of Comedy ( 1982 ) ; Goodfellas ( 1990 ) ; and Cape Fear ( 1991 ) .",
"In Casino , De Niro stars as Sam `` Ace '' Rothstein , a Jewish American gambling handicapper who is called by the Italian Mob to oversee the day - to - day operations at the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas . His character is based on Frank Rosenthal , who ran the Stardust , Fremont , and Hacienda casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from the 1970s until the early 1980s . Pesci plays Nicholas `` Nicky '' Santoro , based on real - life Mob enforcer Anthony Spilotro , a `` made man '' in 1963 who could give Ace the protection he needed . Nicky is sent to Vegas to make sure that money from the Tangiers is skimmed off the top and the mobsters in Vegas are kept in line . Sharon Stone plays Ginger McKenna , Ace 's scheming , self - absorbed wife , based on Geri McGee .",
"Casino was released on November 22 , 1995 , to a mostly positive critical response and was a box - office success . Stone 's performance was unanimously praised , earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress .",
"In 1973 , sports handicapper and Mafia associate Sam `` Ace '' Rothstein is sent to Las Vegas to run the Teamsters Union - funded Tangiers Casino on behalf of the Chicago Outfit , which secretly controls the Teamsters , while Philip Green serves as the Mob 's front man . Taking advantage of gaming laws that allow him to work in a casino while his gaming licence is pending , Sam doubles the casino 's profits , which are skimmed by the Mafia before they are reported to income tax agencies . Impressed with his work , Mafia boss Remo Gaggi sends Sam 's childhood friend and mob enforcer Nicholas `` Nicky '' Santoro and his associate Frank `` Frankie '' Marino to protect Sam and the whole operation . Nicky 's volatile temper soon gets him banned from every casino in Las Vegas , so he gathers his own crew and engages in independent shakedowns and burglaries , instead .",
"Sam meets and falls in love with a hustler and former prostitute , Ginger McKenna . They conceive a daughter and marry , but their marriage is proven difficult by Ginger 's covetousness and love for her manipulative former boyfriend , con artist - turned pimp Lester Diamond , who is ordered beaten severely by Sam and Nicky after they catch him conning Ginger out of some money . Ginger subsequently turns to alcohol . Meanwhile , Sam makes an enemy in county commissioner Pat Webb for firing his brother - in - law Don Ward for incompetence . When Sam refuses to reinstate him , Webb pulls Sam 's license from the backlog , forcing him to face a hearing for his gaming license while secretly arranging for the board to deny Sam . Sam blames the incident on Nicky 's recklessness and the two argue furiously in the desert after Sam attempts to tell Nicky to leave Las Vegas .",
"The casino counters begin stealing some money for themselves , prompting the Midwest Mafia bosses to put Artie Piscano of the Kansas City mafia in charge of overseeing the transactions . Piscano is unable to find the thieves , but keeps tabs on everything he knows about Las Vegas in a private notebook , ranting about it in his grocery store . The FBI , investigating a separate crime , have wired Piscano 's store , and Piscano 's detailed complaints , complete with names , spurs the FBI to begin investigating the casino . Meanwhile , Sam finally seeks divorce from Ginger , tired of her alcoholism . She then kidnaps their daughter , Amy , taking her to Los Angeles , and plans to flee to Europe with Lester . Sam convinces her to come back with Amy , and then scolds her for stealing his money and kidnapping their daughter . After he overhears Ginger talking on the phone about killing him , he kicks her out of the house , but soon relents . Ginger then approaches Nicky for help in getting her valuables from their shared vault in the bank , and the two start an affair . Sam discovers this after finding Amy tied to her bed by Ginger , who is with Nicky at his restaurant . Sam disowns Ginger , and so does Nicky . A furious and drunk Ginger crashes her car into Sam 's driveway , making a scene , and retrieves the key to their deposit box after distracting the attending police . Even though she succeeds in taking her share of the money from the bank , she is arrested by the FBI as a material witness .",
"The FBI moves in and closes the casino . Green decides to cooperate with the authorities . Piscano dies of a heart attack upon observing federal agents discover his notebook . Nicky flees Las Vegas before he can be caught . The FBI approaches Sam for help , but he turns them down . The aging bosses are arrested and put on trial , but agree to eliminate anyone involved in the scheme to prevent them from testifying . Among those killed are three casino executives , Teamsters head Andy Stone , and money courier John Nance . Ginger travels to Los Angeles and ultimately dies of a drug overdose in a motel . Sam himself is almost killed by a car bomb , and suspects Nicky was behind it . Before Sam can take revenge , Nicky and his brother Dominick are ambushed by Frankie and their own crew , beaten and buried alive in a cornfield , the bosses having had enough of Nicky 's behavior and suspecting his role in Sam 's car bombing .",
"With the Mob now out of power , the old casinos are purchased by big corporations and demolished . The corporations build new and gaudier attractions , which Sam laments are not the same as when the Mafia was in control . Sam subsequently retires to San Diego and continues to live as a sports handicapper for the Mob , in his own words , ending up `` right back where I started '' .",
"Robert De Niro as Sam `` Ace '' Rothstein Joe Pesci as Nicholas `` Nicky '' Santoro Sharon Stone as Ginger McKenna James Woods as Lester Diamond Frank Vincent as Frankie Marino Don Rickles as Billy Sherbert L.Q. Jones as Clark County Commissioner Pat Webb Kevin Pollak as Philip Green Alan King as Andy Stone Pasquale Cajano as Remo Gaggi John Bloom as Donald `` Don '' Ward Dick Smothers as Nevada State Senator Harrison Roberts Philip Suriano as Dominick Santoro Bill Allison as John Nance Vinny Vella as Artie Piscano",
"Robert De Niro as Sam `` Ace '' Rothstein",
"Joe Pesci as Nicholas `` Nicky '' Santoro",
"Sharon Stone as Ginger McKenna",
"James Woods as Lester Diamond",
"Frank Vincent as Frankie Marino",
"Don Rickles as Billy Sherbert",
"L.Q. Jones as Clark County Commissioner Pat Webb",
"Kevin Pollak as Philip Green",
"Alan King as Andy Stone",
"Pasquale Cajano as Remo Gaggi",
"John Bloom as Donald `` Don '' Ward",
"Dick Smothers as Nevada State Senator Harrison Roberts",
"Philip Suriano as Dominick Santoro",
"Bill Allison as John Nance",
"Vinny Vella as Artie Piscano",
"The research for Casino began when screenwriter Nicholas Pileggi read a 1980 report from the Las Vegas Sun about a domestic argument between Frank `` Lefty '' Rosenthal , a casino figure , and his wife Geri McGee , a former topless dancer . This gave him an idea to focus on a new book about the true story of mob infringement in Las Vegas during the 1970s , when filming of Goodfellas ( the screenplay which he co-wrote with Scorsese ) was coming to an end . The fictional Tangiers resort reflected the story of the Stardust Resort and Casino , which had been bought by Argent Corporation in 1974 using loans from the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund . Argent was owned by Allen Glick , but the casino was believed to be controlled by various organized crime families from the Midwest . Over the next six years , Argent Corporation siphoned off between $7 and $15 million using rigged scales . This skimming operation , when uncovered by the FBI , was the largest ever exposed . A number of organized crime figures were convicted as a result of the skimming .",
"Pileggi contacted Scorsese about taking the lead of the project , which became known as Casino . Scorsese expressed interest , calling this an `` idea of success , no limits . '' Pileggi was keen to release the book and then concentrate on a film adaptation , but Scorsese encouraged him to `` reverse the order . ''",
"Scorsese and Pileggi collaborated on the script for five months , towards the end of 1994 . Real - life characters were reshaped , such as Frank `` Lefty '' Rosenthal , Geri , Anthony Spilotro , and Spilotro 's brother . Some characters were combined , and parts of the story were set in Kansas City instead of Chicago . A problem emerged when they were forced to refer to Chicago as `` back home '' and use the words `` adapted from a true story '' instead of `` based on a true story . '' They also decided to simplify the script , so that the character of Sam `` Ace '' Rothstein only worked at the Tangiers Casino , in order to show a glimpse of the trials involved in operating a Mafia - run casino hotel without overwhelming the audience . According to Scorsese , the initial opening sequence was to feature the main character , Sam Rothstein , fighting with his estranged wife Ginger on the lawn of their house . The scene was too detailed , so they changed the sequence to show the explosion of Sam 's car and him flying into the air before hovering over the flames in slow motion -- like a soul about to go straight down to hell .",
"Filming took place at night in the Riviera casino in Las Vegas , with the nearby defunct Landmark Hotel as the entrance , to replicate the fictional Tangiers . According to the producer Barbara De Fina , there was no point in building a set if the cost were the same to use a real - life one . The opening scene , with Sam 's car exploding , was shot three times ; the third take was used for the film . When first submitted to the MPAA , the film received an NC - 17 rating due to its depictions of violence . Several edits were made in order to reduce the rating to R .",
"The film grossed $42 million in North America and $116 million worldwide on a $40 -- 50 million budget .",
"Upon its release , the film was heavily criticized for its intense violence . It received mostly positive reviews from critics ; however , their praise was more muted than it had been for the thematically similar Goodfellas , released only five years earlier , with some reviews criticizing Scorsese for retreading familiar territory . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 80 % based on 61 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Impressive ambition and bravura performances from an outstanding cast help ' Casino pay off in spite of a familiar narrative that may strike some viewers as a safe bet for director Martin Scorsese '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film 's critical profile has increased in recent years , with several critics expressing that , in retrospect , they feel it to be a more accomplished and artistically mature work than the thematically similar Goodfellas .",
"List of Accolades Award / Festival Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Director Martin Scorsese Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Sharon Stone Won Academy Award Best Actress in a Leading Role Sharon Stone Nominated Guys Choice 2016 Guy Movie Hall of Fame Casino Won",
"List of Accolades",
"Award / Festival Recipient ( s ) Result",
"Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Director Martin Scorsese Nominated",
"Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Sharon Stone Won",
"Academy Award Best Actress in a Leading Role Sharon Stone Nominated",
"Guys Choice 2016 Guy Movie Hall of Fame Casino Won",
"American Film Institute lists",
"AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Gangster Film",
"AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated",
"AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Gangster Film",
"Casino : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by various artists Released November 20 , 1995 Genre Rock , soul , funk , R&B , blues , jazz , country , traditional pop Label MCA Producer Robbie Robertson",
"Casino : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack",
"Soundtrack album by various artists",
"Released November 20 , 1995",
"Genre Rock , soul , funk , R&B , blues , jazz , country , traditional pop",
"Label MCA",
"Producer Robbie Robertson",
"Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic",
"Professional ratings",
"Review scores",
"Source Rating",
"AllMusic",
"`` Contempt -- Theme De Camille '' by Georges Delerue `` Angelina / Zooma , Zooma Medley '' by Louis Prima `` Hoochie Coochie Man '' by Muddy Waters `` I 'll Take You There '' by The Staple Singers `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues `` How High the Moon '' by Les Paul & Mary Ford `` Hurt '' by Timi Yuro `` Ai n't Got No Home '' by Clarence ' Frogman ' Henry `` Without You '' by Nilsson `` Love Is the Drug '' by Roxy Music `` I 'm Sorry '' by Brenda Lee `` Go Your Own Way '' by Fleetwood Mac `` The Thrill Is Gone '' by B.B. King `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia `` The ' In ' Crowd '' by Ramsey Lewis `` Stardust '' by Hoagy Carmichael",
"`` Contempt -- Theme De Camille '' by Georges Delerue",
"`` Angelina / Zooma , Zooma Medley '' by Louis Prima",
"`` Hoochie Coochie Man '' by Muddy Waters",
"`` I 'll Take You There '' by The Staple Singers",
"`` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues",
"`` How High the Moon '' by Les Paul & Mary Ford",
"`` Hurt '' by Timi Yuro",
"`` Ai n't Got No Home '' by Clarence ' Frogman ' Henry",
"`` Without You '' by Nilsson",
"`` Love Is the Drug '' by Roxy Music",
"`` I 'm Sorry '' by Brenda Lee",
"`` Go Your Own Way '' by Fleetwood Mac",
"`` The Thrill Is Gone '' by B.B. King",
"`` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia",
"`` The ' In ' Crowd '' by Ramsey Lewis",
"`` Stardust '' by Hoagy Carmichael",
"`` Walk on the Wild Side '' by Jimmy Smith `` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' by Otis Redding `` I Ai n't Superstitious '' by Jeff Beck Group `` The Glory of Love '' by The Velvetones `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by Devo `` What a Diff'rence a Day Made '' by Dinah Washington `` Working in the Coal Mine '' by Lee Dorsey `` The House of the Rising Sun '' by The Animals `` Toad '' by Cream `` Who Can I Turn To ( When Nobody Needs Me ) '' by Tony Bennett `` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' by Little Richard `` You 're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You '' by Dean Martin `` Compared to What '' ( Live ) by Les McCann & Eddie Harris `` Basin Street Blues / When It 's Sleepy Time Down South '' by Louis Prima `` St. Matthew Passion ( Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder ) '' by Johann Sebastian Bach ( Chicago Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Sir Georg Solti )",
"`` Walk on the Wild Side '' by Jimmy Smith",
"`` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' by Otis Redding",
"`` I Ai n't Superstitious '' by Jeff Beck Group",
"`` The Glory of Love '' by The Velvetones",
"`` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by Devo",
"`` What a Diff'rence a Day Made '' by Dinah Washington",
"`` Working in the Coal Mine '' by Lee Dorsey",
"`` The House of the Rising Sun '' by The Animals",
"`` Toad '' by Cream",
"`` Who Can I Turn To ( When Nobody Needs Me ) '' by Tony Bennett",
"`` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' by Little Richard",
"`` You 're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You '' by Dean Martin",
"`` Compared to What '' ( Live ) by Les McCann & Eddie Harris",
"`` Basin Street Blues / When It 's Sleepy Time Down South '' by Louis Prima",
"`` St. Matthew Passion ( Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder ) '' by Johann Sebastian Bach ( Chicago Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Sir Georg Solti )"
] | Casino (film) - wikipedia Casino (film) Jump to: navigation , search For the 1998 film Ho Kong Fung Wan (a.k.a. Casino) about Macau triad leader Broken Tooth Koi, see Wan Kuok-koi . Casino Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Scorsese Produced by Barbara De Fina Screenplay by Nicholas Pileggi Martin Scorsese Based on Casino by Nicholas Pileggi Starring Robert De Niro Sharon Stone Joe Pesci Don Rickles Kevin Pollak James Woods Cinematography Robert Richardson Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker Production company Syalis D.A. Légende Entreprises De Fina/Cappa Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 22, 1995 ( 1995-11-22 ) Running time 178 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40-- 50 million Box office $116.1 million Casino is a 1995 American epic crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Sharon Stone . It is based on the nonfiction book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas by Nicholas Pileggi , who also co-wrote the screenplay for the film with Scorsese. The two previously collaborated on the hit film Goodfellas ( 1990 ). The film marks the eighth collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro , following Mean Streets (1973); Taxi Driver (1976); New York, New York (1977); Raging Bull (1980); The King of Comedy (1982); Goodfellas (1990); and Cape Fear (1991). In Casino , De Niro stars as Sam `` Ace'' Rothstein, a Jewish American gambling handicapper who is called by the Italian Mob to oversee the day-to-day operations at the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas . His character is based on Frank Rosenthal , who ran the Stardust , Fremont , and Hacienda casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from the 1970s until the early 1980s. Pesci plays Nicholas `` Nicky'' Santoro, based on real-life Mob enforcer Anthony Spilotro , a `` made man'' in 1963 who could give Ace the protection he needed. Nicky is sent to Vegas to make sure that money from the Tangiers is skimmed off the top and the mobsters in Vegas are kept in line. Sharon Stone plays Ginger McKenna, Ace's scheming, self-absorbed wife, based on Geri McGee . Casino was released on November 22, 1995, to a mostly positive critical response and was a box-office success. Stone's performance was unanimously praised, earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Principal photography 4 Release 4.1 Box office 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Disc 1 6.2 Disc 2 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1973, sports handicapper and Mafia associate Sam `` Ace'' Rothstein is sent to Las Vegas to run the Teamsters Union -funded Tangiers Casino on behalf of the Chicago Outfit, which secretly controls the Teamsters, while Philip Green serves as the Mob's front man. Taking advantage of gaming laws that allow him to work in a casino while his gaming licence is pending, Sam doubles the casino's profits, which are skimmed by the Mafia before they are reported to income tax agencies. Impressed with his work, Mafia boss Remo Gaggi sends Sam's childhood friend and mob enforcer Nicholas `` Nicky'' Santoro and his associate Frank `` Frankie'' Marino to protect Sam and the whole operation. Nicky's volatile temper soon gets him banned from every casino in Las Vegas, so he gathers his own crew and engages in independent shakedowns and burglaries, instead. Sam meets and falls in love with a hustler and former prostitute, Ginger McKenna. They conceive a daughter and marry, but their marriage is proven difficult by Ginger's covetousness and love for her manipulative former boyfriend, con artist-turned pimp Lester Diamond, who is ordered beaten severely by Sam and Nicky after they catch him conning Ginger out of some money. Ginger subsequently turns to alcohol. Meanwhile, Sam makes an enemy in county commissioner Pat Webb for firing his brother-in-law Don Ward for incompetence. When Sam refuses to reinstate him, Webb pulls Sam's license from the backlog, forcing him to face a hearing for his gaming license while secretly arranging for the board to deny Sam. Sam blames the incident on Nicky's recklessness and the two argue furiously in the desert after Sam attempts to tell Nicky to leave Las Vegas. The casino counters begin stealing some money for themselves, prompting the Midwest Mafia bosses to put Artie Piscano of the Kansas City mafia in charge of overseeing the transactions. Piscano is unable to find the thieves, but keeps tabs on everything he knows about Las Vegas in a private notebook, ranting about it in his grocery store. The FBI, investigating a separate crime, have wired Piscano's store, and Piscano's detailed complaints, complete with names, spurs the FBI to begin investigating the casino. Meanwhile, Sam finally seeks divorce from Ginger, tired of her alcoholism. She then kidnaps their daughter, Amy, taking her to Los Angeles, and plans to flee to Europe with Lester. Sam convinces her to come back with Amy, and then scolds her for stealing his money and kidnapping their daughter. After he overhears Ginger talking on the phone about killing him, he kicks her out of the house, but soon relents. Ginger then approaches Nicky for help in getting her valuables from their shared vault in the bank, and the two start an affair. Sam discovers this after finding Amy tied to her bed by Ginger, who is with Nicky at his restaurant. Sam disowns Ginger, and so does Nicky. A furious and drunk Ginger crashes her car into Sam's driveway, making a scene, and retrieves the key to their deposit box after distracting the attending police. Even though she succeeds in taking her share of the money from the bank, she is arrested by the FBI as a material witness. The FBI moves in and closes the casino. Green decides to cooperate with the authorities. Piscano dies of a heart attack upon observing federal agents discover his notebook. Nicky flees Las Vegas before he can be caught. The FBI approaches Sam for help, but he turns them down. The aging bosses are arrested and put on trial, but agree to eliminate anyone involved in the scheme to prevent them from testifying. Among those killed are three casino executives, Teamsters head Andy Stone, and money courier John Nance. Ginger travels to Los Angeles and ultimately dies of a drug overdose in a motel. Sam himself is almost killed by a car bomb, and suspects Nicky was behind it. Before Sam can take revenge, Nicky and his brother Dominick are ambushed by Frankie and their own crew, beaten and buried alive in a cornfield, the bosses having had enough of Nicky's behavior and suspecting his role in Sam's car bombing. With the Mob now out of power, the old casinos are purchased by big corporations and demolished. The corporations build new and gaudier attractions, which Sam laments are not the same as when the Mafia was in control. Sam subsequently retires to San Diego and continues to live as a sports handicapper for the Mob, in his own words, ending up `` right back where I started'' . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as Sam `` Ace'' Rothstein Joe Pesci as Nicholas `` Nicky'' Santoro Sharon Stone as Ginger McKenna James Woods as Lester Diamond Frank Vincent as Frankie Marino Don Rickles as Billy Sherbert L.Q. Jones as Clark County Commissioner Pat Webb Kevin Pollak as Philip Green Alan King as Andy Stone Pasquale Cajano as Remo Gaggi John Bloom as Donald `` Don'' Ward Dick Smothers as Nevada State Senator Harrison Roberts Philip Suriano as Dominick Santoro Bill Allison as John Nance Vinny Vella as Artie Piscano Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The research for Casino began when screenwriter Nicholas Pileggi read a 1980 report from the Las Vegas Sun about a domestic argument between Frank `` Lefty'' Rosenthal, a casino figure, and his wife Geri McGee, a former topless dancer. This gave him an idea to focus on a new book about the true story of mob infringement in Las Vegas during the 1970s, when filming of Goodfellas (the screenplay which he co-wrote with Scorsese) was coming to an end. The fictional Tangiers resort reflected the story of the Stardust Resort and Casino , which had been bought by Argent Corporation in 1974 using loans from the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund. Argent was owned by Allen Glick, but the casino was believed to be controlled by various organized crime families from the Midwest. Over the next six years, Argent Corporation siphoned off between $7 and $15 million using rigged scales. This skimming operation, when uncovered by the FBI, was the largest ever exposed. A number of organized crime figures were convicted as a result of the skimming. Pileggi contacted Scorsese about taking the lead of the project, which became known as Casino. Scorsese expressed interest, calling this an `` idea of success, no limits.'' Pileggi was keen to release the book and then concentrate on a film adaptation, but Scorsese encouraged him to `` reverse the order.'' Scorsese and Pileggi collaborated on the script for five months, towards the end of 1994. Real-life characters were reshaped, such as Frank `` Lefty'' Rosenthal, Geri, Anthony Spilotro, and Spilotro's brother. Some characters were combined, and parts of the story were set in Kansas City instead of Chicago. A problem emerged when they were forced to refer to Chicago as `` back home'' and use the words `` adapted from a true story'' instead of `` based on a true story.'' They also decided to simplify the script, so that the character of Sam `` Ace'' Rothstein only worked at the Tangiers Casino, in order to show a glimpse of the trials involved in operating a Mafia-run casino hotel without overwhelming the audience. According to Scorsese, the initial opening sequence was to feature the main character, Sam Rothstein, fighting with his estranged wife Ginger on the lawn of their house. The scene was too detailed, so they changed the sequence to show the explosion of Sam's car and him flying into the air before hovering over the flames in slow motion-- like a soul about to go straight down to hell . Principal photography ( edit ) Filming took place at night in the Riviera casino in Las Vegas, with the nearby defunct Landmark Hotel as the entrance, to replicate the fictional Tangiers. According to the producer Barbara De Fina , there was no point in building a set if the cost were the same to use a real-life one. The opening scene, with Sam's car exploding, was shot three times; the third take was used for the film. When first submitted to the MPAA , the film received an NC-17 rating due to its depictions of violence. Several edits were made in order to reduce the rating to R. Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $42 million in North America and $116 million worldwide on a $40-- 50 million budget. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release, the film was heavily criticized for its intense violence. It received mostly positive reviews from critics; however, their praise was more muted than it had been for the thematically similar Goodfellas , released only five years earlier, with some reviews criticizing Scorsese for retreading familiar territory. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, `` Impressive ambition and bravura performances from an outstanding cast help ' Casino pay off in spite of a familiar narrative that may strike some viewers as a safe bet for director Martin Scorsese'' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating `` generally favorable reviews'' . The film's critical profile has increased in recent years, with several critics expressing that, in retrospect, they feel it to be a more accomplished and artistically mature work than the thematically similar Goodfellas . Awards ( edit ) List of Accolades Award / Festival Recipient(s) Result Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Director Martin Scorsese Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Sharon Stone Won Academy Award Best Actress in a Leading Role Sharon Stone Nominated Guys Choice 2016 Guy Movie Hall of Fame Casino Won American Film Institute lists AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies -- Nominated AFI's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Gangster Film Soundtrack ( edit ) Casino: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by various artists Released November 20, 1995 Genre Rock , soul , funk , R&B , blues , jazz , country , traditional pop Label MCA Producer Robbie Robertson Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Disc 1 ( edit ) `` Contempt -- Theme De Camille'' by Georges Delerue `` Angelina/Zooma, Zooma Medley'' by Louis Prima `` Hoochie Coochie Man '' by Muddy Waters `` I'll Take You There '' by The Staple Singers `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues `` How High the Moon '' by Les Paul & Mary Ford `` Hurt '' by Timi Yuro `` Ain't Got No Home'' by Clarence ' Frogman' Henry `` Without You '' by Nilsson `` Love Is the Drug '' by Roxy Music `` I'm Sorry '' by Brenda Lee `` Go Your Own Way '' by Fleetwood Mac `` The Thrill Is Gone '' by B.B. King `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia `` The ' In' Crowd '' by Ramsey Lewis `` Stardust '' by Hoagy Carmichael Disc 2 ( edit ) `` Walk on the Wild Side '' by Jimmy Smith `` Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa (Sad Song)'' by Otis Redding `` I Ain't Superstitious '' by Jeff Beck Group `` The Glory of Love'' by The Velvetones `` (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction '' by Devo `` What a Diff'rence a Day Made '' by Dinah Washington `` Working in the Coal Mine '' by Lee Dorsey `` The House of the Rising Sun '' by The Animals `` Toad '' by Cream `` Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me) '' by Tony Bennett `` Slippin' and Slidin' '' by Little Richard `` You're Nobody Till Somebody Loves You '' by Dean Martin `` Compared to What '' (Live) by Les McCann & Eddie Harris `` Basin Street Blues / When It's Sleepy Time Down South '' by Louis Prima `` St. Matthew Passion (Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder)'' by Johann Sebastian Bach ( Chicago Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Sir Georg Solti ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Army Archerd (1995-11-13). `` Scorsese puts faith in preview auds'' . Variety . Retrieved 2014-02-21 . ^ Jump up to: Scott Foundas Chief Film Critic @foundasonfilm (2013-05-07). `` Andrew Garfield to Star in Martin Scorsese's ' Silence' (Exclusive)'' . Variety . Retrieved 2014-02-21 . Jump up ^ `` Casino (1995)'' . Box Office Mojo. 1996-01-19 . Retrieved 2014-02-21 . Jump up ^ Pileggi, Nicholas (1995). Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas (First ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80832-3 . ^ Jump up to: Baxter, John. De Niro: A Biography . p. 336. ^ Jump up to: Thompson, David & Christie, Ian. Scorsese on Scorsese . p. 198. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Levitan, Corey (2008-03-02). `` Top 10 scandals: gritty city'' . Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved 2008-03-03 . Jump up ^ Delugach, Al. `` 5 Mob Figures Guilty in Vegas Skimming Case'' . latimes.com . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Thompson, David & Christie, Ian. Scorsese on Scorsese . pp. 200-- 204. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Baxter, John. De Niro: A Biography . p. 337. Jump up ^ Bona, Damien Inside Oscar 2 Jump up ^ Dretzka, Gary (November 9, 1995). `` Casino Wins Appeal For R Film Rating'' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 21, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Charity, Tom (July 5, 2016) (1st pub. 2007). The Rough Guide to Film: Marin Scorsese . Penguin. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-84353-408-2 . Jump up ^ `` Casino (1995)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casino reviews'' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 10, 2010 . Jump up ^ Vargas-Cooper, Natasha (November 10, 2011). `` Martin Scorsese's Casino '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards for ' Sharon Stone ' '' . goldenglobes.com . Retrieved 2016-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees'' (PDF) . Retrieved 2013-04-12 . Jump up ^ `` AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot'' (PDF) . Retrieved 2013-04-12 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (November 14, 1995). `` Casino - Original Soundtrack Songs, Reviews, Credits'' . AllMusic . RhythmOne . Retrieved January 21, 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Thompson, David; Christie, Ian (1996). Scorsese on Scorsese . Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22002-1 . Evans, David (2006). De Niro: A Biography . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Casino (film) Casino on IMDb Casino at the TCM Movie Database Casino at AllMovie Casino at Box Office Mojo Casino at Rotten Tomatoes Casino at Metacritic 1990s portal Film in the United States portal ( hide ) Martin Scorsese filmography Feature films Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967) Boxcar Bertha (1972) Mean Streets (1973) Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) Taxi Driver (1976) New York, New York (1977) Raging Bull (1980) The King of Comedy (1982) After Hours (1985) The Color of Money (1986) The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) New York Stories (segment `` Life Lessons'' , 1989) Goodfellas (1990) Cape Fear (1991) The Age of Innocence (1993) Casino (1995) Kundun (1997) Bringing Out the Dead (1999) Gangs of New York (2002) The Aviator (2004) The Departed (2006) Shutter Island (2010) Hugo (2011) The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) Silence (2016) The Irishman (2019) Short films What's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This? (1963) It's Not Just You, Murray! (1964) The Big Shave (1967) `` Bad '' (1987) Made in Milan (1990) The Key to Reserva (2007) The Audition (2015) Television `` Mirror, Mirror'' ( Amazing Stories ) (1986) `` Boardwalk Empire'' ( Boardwalk Empire ) (2010) Vinyl (2016) Documentaries Street Scenes (1970) Italianamerican (1974) American Boy: A Profile of Steven Prince (1978) The Last Waltz (1978) A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies (1995) My Voyage to Italy (1999) The Blues: Feel Like Going Home (2003) No Direction Home (2005) Shine a Light (2008) A Letter to Elia (2010) Public Speaking (2010) George Harrison: Living in the Material World (2011) The 50 Year Argument (2014) Related Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio GND : 4414956-6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_(film)&oldid=825275205 '' Categories : 1995 films English-language films 1990s crime drama films Adultery in films American crime drama films American epic films American films Crime films based on actual events Epic films based on actual events Fiction narrated by a dead person Fictional portrayals of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Films about drugs Films about the Chicago Outfit Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime Films directed by Martin Scorsese Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films set in 1973 Films set in 1980 Films set in 1983 Films set in California Films set in Missouri Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Gambling films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 13:36. 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when did the last frenchman win the tour de france | Tour de France general classification winners Year Country Cyclist Sponsor / Team Distance Time / Points Margin Stage wins Stages in lead 1903 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin La Française 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 094 ! 94h 33 ' 14 '' 24921 ! + 2h 59 ' 21 '' 6 1904 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin Cornet , Henri Henri Cornet Conte 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 096 ! 96h 05 ' 55 '' 21614 ! + 2h 16 ' 14 '' 1905 France Trousselier , Louis Louis Trousselier Peugeot -- Wolber 2,994 km ( 1,860 mi ) 35 26 5 10 1906 France Pottier , René René Pottier Peugeot -- Wolber 4,637 km ( 2,881 mi ) 31 8 5 12 1907 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,488 km ( 2,789 mi ) 47 19 5 1908 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,497 km ( 2,794 mi ) 36 32 5 13 1909 Luxembourg Faber , François François Faber Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 37 20 6 13 1910 France Lapize , Octave Octave Lapize Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,734 km ( 2,942 mi ) 63 1911 France Garrigou , Gustave Gustave Garrigou Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,343 km ( 3,320 mi ) 43 18 13 1912 Belgium Defraye , Odile Odile Defraye Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,289 km ( 3,286 mi ) 49 59 13 1913 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,287 km ( 3,285 mi ) 197 ! 197h 54 ' 00 '' 00837 ! + 8 ' 37 '' 8 1914 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,380 km ( 3,340 mi ) 200 ! 200h 28 ' 48 '' 00150 ! + 1 ' 50 '' 15 1915 World War I 1916 1917 1918 1919 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot La Sportive 5,560 km ( 3,450 mi ) 231 ! 231h 07 ' 15 '' 14254 ! + 1h 42 ' 54 '' 1920 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys La Sportive 5,503 km ( 3,419 mi ) 228 ! 228h 36 ' 13 '' 05721 ! + 57 ' 21 '' 14 1921 Belgium Scieur , Léon Léon Scieur La Sportive 5,485 km ( 3,408 mi ) 221 ! 221h 50 ' 26 '' 01836 ! + 18 ' 36 '' 14 1922 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot Peugeot -- Wolber 5,375 km ( 3,340 mi ) 222 ! 222h 08 ' 06 '' 04115 ! + 41 ' 15 '' 0 1923 France Pélissier , Henri Henri Pélissier Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,386 km ( 3,347 mi ) 222 ! 222h 15 ' 30 '' 03041 ! + 30 ' 41 '' 6 1924 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto 5,425 km ( 3,371 mi ) 226 ! 226h 18 ' 21 '' 03536 ! + 35 ' 36 '' 15 1925 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,440 km ( 3,380 mi ) 219 ! 219h 10 ' 18 '' 05420 ! + 54 ' 20 '' 13 1926 Belgium Buysse , Lucien Lucien Buysse Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,745 km ( 3,570 mi ) 238 ! 238h 44 ' 25 '' 12225 ! + 1h 22 ' 25 '' 8 1927 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,398 km ( 3,354 mi ) 198 ! 198h 16 ' 42 '' 14841 ! + 1h 48 ' 41 '' 14 1928 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,476 km ( 3,403 mi ) 192 ! 192h 48 ' 58 '' 05007 ! + 50 ' 07 '' 5 22 1929 Belgium De Waele , Maurice Maurice De Waele Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,286 km ( 3,285 mi ) 186 ! 186h 39 ' 15 '' 04423 ! + 44 ' 23 '' 16 1930 France Leducq , André André Leducq Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,822 km ( 2,996 mi ) 172 ! 172h 12 ' 16 '' 01413 ! + 14 ' 13 '' 13 1931 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 5,091 km ( 3,163 mi ) 177 ! 177h 10 ' 03 '' 01256 ! + 12 ' 56 '' 16 1932 France Leducq , André André Leducq France 4,479 km ( 2,783 mi ) 154 ! 154h 11 ' 49 '' 02403 ! + 24 ' 03 '' 6 19 1933 France Speicher , Georges Georges Speicher France 4,395 km ( 2,731 mi ) 147 ! 147h 51 ' 37 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 12 1934 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 4,470 km ( 2,780 mi ) 147 ! 147h 13 ' 58 '' 02731 ! + 27 ' 31 '' 22 1935 Belgium Maes , Romain Romain Maes Belgium 4,338 km ( 2,696 mi ) 141 ! 141h 23 ' 00 '' 01752 ! + 17 ' 52 '' 21 1936 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes Belgium 4,442 km ( 2,760 mi ) 142 ! 142h 47 ' 32 '' 02655 ! + 26 ' 55 '' 14 1937 France Lapébie , Roger Roger Lapébie France 4,415 km ( 2,743 mi ) 138 ! 138h 58 ' 31 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 1938 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,694 km ( 2,917 mi ) 148 ! 148h 29 ' 12 '' 01827 ! + 18 ' 27 '' 8 1939 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes * Belgium 4,224 km ( 2,625 mi ) 132 ! 132h 03 ' 17 '' 03038 ! + 30 ' 38 '' 1940 World War II 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 France Robic , Jean Jean Robic France 4,642 km ( 2,884 mi ) 148 ! 148h 11 ' 25 '' 00358 ! + 3 ' 58 '' 1948 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,922 km ( 3,058 mi ) 147 ! 147h 10 ' 36 '' 02616 ! + 26 ' 16 '' 7 9 1949 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,808 km ( 2,988 mi ) 149 ! 149h 40 ' 49 '' 01055 ! + 10 ' 55 '' 5 1950 Switzerland Kübler , Ferdinand Ferdinand Kübler Switzerland 4,773 km ( 2,966 mi ) 145 ! 145h 36 ' 56 '' 00930 ! + 9 ' 30 '' 11 1951 Switzerland Koblet , Hugo Hugo Koblet Switzerland 4,690 km ( 2,910 mi ) 142 ! 142h 20 ' 14 '' 02200 ! + 22 ' 00 '' 5 11 1952 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,898 km ( 3,043 mi ) 151 ! 151h 57 ' 20 '' 02817 ! + 28 ' 17 '' 5 14 1953 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,476 km ( 2,781 mi ) 129 ! 129h 23 ' 25 '' 01418 ! + 14 ' 18 '' 5 1954 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,656 km ( 2,893 mi ) 140 ! 140h 06 ' 05 '' 01549 ! + 15 ' 49 '' 14 1955 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,495 km ( 2,793 mi ) 130 ! 130h 29 ' 26 '' 00453 ! + 4 ' 53 '' 6 1956 France Walkowiak , Roger Roger Walkowiak France 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 124 ! 124h 01 ' 16 '' 00125 ! + 1 ' 25 '' 0 8 1957 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,669 km ( 2,901 mi ) 135 ! 135h 44 ' 42 '' 01456 ! + 14 ' 56 '' 15 1958 Luxembourg Gaul , Charly Charly Gaul Luxembourg 4,319 km ( 2,684 mi ) 116 ! 116h 59 ' 05 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 1959 Spain Bahamontes , Federico Federico Bahamontes * Spain 4,358 km ( 2,708 mi ) 123 ! 123h 46 ' 45 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 6 1960 Italy Nencini , Gastone Gastone Nencini Italy 4,173 km ( 2,593 mi ) 112 ! 112h 08 ' 42 '' 00502 ! + 5 ' 02 '' 0 14 1961 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,397 km ( 2,732 mi ) 122 ! 122h 01 ' 33 '' 01214 ! + 12 ' 14 '' 21 1962 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Helyett -- Hutchinson 4,274 km ( 2,656 mi ) 114 ! 114h 31 ' 54 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 1963 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- R. Geminiani 4,138 km ( 2,571 mi ) 113 ! 113h 30 ' 05 '' 00335 ! + 3 ' 35 '' 5 1964 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- Dunlop 4,504 km ( 2,799 mi ) 127 ! 127h 09 ' 44 '' 00055 ! + 55 '' 6 1965 Italy Gimondi , Felice Felice Gimondi Salvarani 4,188 km ( 2,602 mi ) 116 ! 116h 42 ' 06 '' 00240 ! + 2 ' 40 '' 18 1966 France Aimar , Lucien Lucien Aimar Ford France -- Hutchinson 4,329 km ( 2,690 mi ) 117 ! 117h 34 ' 21 '' 00107 ! + 1 ' 07 '' 0 6 1967 France Pingeon , Roger Roger Pingeon Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,779 km ( 2,970 mi ) 136 ! 136h 53 ' 50 '' 00340 ! + 3 ' 40 '' 17 1968 Netherlands Janssen , Jan Jan Janssen Pelforth -- Sauvage -- Lejeune 4,492 km ( 2,791 mi ) 133 ! 133h 49 ' 42 '' 00038 ! + 38 '' 1969 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Faema 4,117 km ( 2,558 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 02 '' 01754 ! + 17 ' 54 '' 6 18 1970 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx * Faemino -- Faema 4,254 km ( 2,643 mi ) 119 ! 119h 31 ' 49 '' 01241 ! + 12 ' 41 '' 8 20 1971 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,608 km ( 2,242 mi ) 096 ! 96h 45 ' 14 '' 00951 ! + 9 ' 51 '' 17 1972 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,846 km ( 2,390 mi ) 108 ! 108h 17 ' 18 '' 01041 ! + 10 ' 41 '' 6 15 1973 Spain Ocaña , Luis Luis Ocaña Bic 4,090 km ( 2,540 mi ) 122 ! 122h 25 ' 34 '' 01551 ! + 15 ' 51 '' 6 14 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 4,098 km ( 2,546 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 58 '' 00804 ! + 8 ' 04 '' 8 18 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) 114 ! 114h 35 ' 31 '' 00247 ! + 2 ' 47 '' 8 1976 Belgium Van Impe , Lucien Lucien Van Impe Gitane -- Campagnolo 4,017 km ( 2,496 mi ) 116 ! 116h 22 ' 23 '' 00414 ! + 4 ' 14 '' 12 1977 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- Esso -- Michelin 4,096 km ( 2,545 mi ) 115 ! 115h 38 ' 30 '' 00048 ! + 48 '' 8 1978 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane -- Campagnolo 3,908 km ( 2,428 mi ) 108 ! 108h 18 ' 00 '' 00356 ! + 3 ' 56 '' 1979 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 103 ! 103h 06 ' 50 '' 01307 ! + 13 ' 07 '' 7 17 1980 Netherlands Zoetemelk , Joop Joop Zoetemelk TI -- Raleigh -- Creda 3,842 km ( 2,387 mi ) 109 ! 109h 19 ' 14 '' 00655 ! + 6 ' 55 '' 10 1981 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,753 km ( 2,332 mi ) 096 ! 96h 19 ' 38 '' 01434 ! + 14 ' 34 '' 5 18 1982 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,507 km ( 2,179 mi ) 092 ! 92h 08 ' 46 '' 00621 ! + 6 ' 21 '' 12 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 3,809 km ( 2,367 mi ) 105 ! 105h 07 ' 52 '' 00404 ! + 4 ' 04 '' 6 1984 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 4,021 km ( 2,499 mi ) 112 ! 112h 03 ' 40 '' 01032 ! + 10 ' 32 '' 5 7 1985 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault La Vie Claire 4,109 km ( 2,553 mi ) 113 ! 113h 24 ' 23 '' 00142 ! + 1 ' 42 '' 16 1986 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond La Vie Claire 4,094 km ( 2,544 mi ) 110 ! 110h 35 ' 19 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 7 Ireland Roche , Stephen Stephen Roche Carrera Jeans -- Vagabond 4,231 km ( 2,629 mi ) 115 ! 115h 27 ' 42 '' 00040 ! + 40 '' 1988 Spain Delgado , Pedro Pedro Delgado Reynolds 3,286 km ( 2,042 mi ) 084 ! 84h 27 ' 53 '' 00713 ! + 7 ' 13 '' 11 1989 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond AD Renting -- W - Cup -- Bottecchia 3,285 km ( 2,041 mi ) 087 ! 87h 38 ' 35 '' 00008 ! + 8 '' 8 1990 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond Z -- Tomasso 3,504 km ( 2,177 mi ) 090 ! 90h 43 ' 20 '' 00216 ! + 2 ' 16 '' 0 1991 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,914 km ( 2,432 mi ) 101 ! 101h 01 ' 20 '' 00336 ! + 3 ' 36 '' 10 1992 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,983 km ( 2,475 mi ) 100 ! 100h 49 ' 30 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 10 1993 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 09 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 14 1994 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,978 km ( 2,472 mi ) 103 ! 103h 38 ' 38 '' 00539 ! + 5 ' 39 '' 13 1995 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,635 km ( 2,259 mi ) 092 ! 92h 44 ' 59 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 13 Denmark Riis , Bjarne Bjarne Riis Team Telekom 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 16 '' 00141 ! + 1 ' 41 '' 13 1997 Germany Ullrich , Jan Jan Ullrich Team Telekom 3,950 km ( 2,450 mi ) 100 ! 100h 30 ' 35 '' 00909 ! + 9 ' 09 '' 12 1998 Italy Pantani , Marco Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno -- Bianchi 3,875 km ( 2,408 mi ) 092 ! 92h 49 ' 46 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 7 1999 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,687 km ( 2,291 mi ) 091 ! 91h 32 ' 16 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 15 2000 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,662 km ( 2,275 mi ) 092 ! 92h 33 ' 08 '' 00602 ! + 6 ' 02 '' 12 2001 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,458 km ( 2,149 mi ) 086 ! 86h 17 ' 28 '' 00644 ! + 6 ' 44 '' 8 2002 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,272 km ( 2,033 mi ) 082 ! 82h 05 ' 12 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 11 2003 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,427 km ( 2,129 mi ) 083 ! 83h 41 ' 12 '' 00101 ! + 1 ' 01 '' 13 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,391 km ( 2,107 mi ) 083 ! 83h 36 ' 02 '' 00619 ! + 6 ' 19 '' 5 7 2005 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong Discovery Channel 3,593 km ( 2,233 mi ) 086 ! 86h 15 ' 02 '' 00440 ! + 4 ' 40 '' 17 2006 Spain Landis , Floyd Floyd Landis Pereiro , Óscar Óscar Pereiro Caisse d'Epargne -- Illes Balears 3,657 km ( 2,272 mi ) 089 ! 89h 40 ' 27 '' 00032 ! + 32 '' 0 8 2007 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Discovery Channel 3,570 km ( 2,220 mi ) 091 ! 91h 00 ' 26 '' 00023 ! + 23 '' 2008 Spain Sastre , Carlos Carlos Sastre * Team CSC 3,559 km ( 2,211 mi ) 087 ! 87h 52 ' 52 '' 00058 ! + 58 '' 5 2009 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Astana 3,459 km ( 2,149 mi ) 085 ! 85h 48 ' 35 '' 00411 ! + 4 ' 11 '' 7 Luxembourg Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Schleck , Andy Andy Schleck Team Saxo Bank 3,642 km ( 2,263 mi ) 091 ! 91h 59 ' 27 '' 00122 ! + 1 ' 22 '' 12 2011 Australia Evans , Cadel Cadel Evans BMC Racing Team 3,430 km ( 2,130 mi ) 086 ! 86h 12 ' 22 '' 00134 ! + 1 ' 34 '' 2012 Great Britain Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Team Sky 3,496 km ( 2,172 mi ) 087 ! 87h 34 ' 47 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 14 2013 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,404 km ( 2,115 mi ) 083 ! 83h 56 ' 20 '' 00420 ! + 4 ' 20 '' 14 2014 Italy Nibali , Vincenzo Vincenzo Nibali Astana 3,660.5 km ( 2,274.5 mi ) 089 ! 89h 59 ' 06 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 19 2015 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome * Team Sky 3,360.3 km ( 2,088.0 mi ) 084 ! 84h 46 ' 14 '' 00112 ! + 1 ' 12 '' 16 2016 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,529 km ( 2,193 mi ) 089 ! 89h 04 ' 48 '' 00405 ! + 4 ' 05 '' 14 2017 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) 086 ! 86h 20 ' 55 '' 00054 ! + 54 '' 0 15 | [
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"The Tour de France is an annual road bicycle race held over 23 days in July . Established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto , the Tour is the most well - known and prestigious of cycling 's three `` Grand Tours '' ; the others are the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España . The race usually covers approximately 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) , passing through France and neighbouring countries such as Belgium . The race is broken into day - long stages . Individual finishing times for each stage are totalled to determine the overall winner at the end of the race . The course changes every year , but has always finished in Paris ; since 1975 it has finished along the Champs - Élysées .",
"The rider with the lowest aggregate time at the end of each day wears the yellow jersey , representing the leader of the general classification . There are other jerseys as well : the green jersey , worn by the leader of the points classification ; the polka dot jersey , worn by the leader of the mountains classification ; and the white jersey , worn by the leader of the young rider classification .",
"Jacques Anquetil , Eddy Merckx , Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain , have won the most Tours with five each . Lance Armstrong was the winner of seven consecutive Tours between 1999 and 2005 , but he was stripped of these titles in October 2012 by the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) after it emerged that he had used performance - enhancing drugs . Indurain is the only man to win five consecutive Tours . Henri Cornet is the youngest winner ; he won in 1904 , just short of his 20th birthday . Firmin Lambot is the oldest winner , having been 36 years , 4 months old when he won in 1922 . French cyclists have won the most Tours ; 21 cyclists have won 36 Tours among them . Belgian cyclists are second with 18 victories , and Spanish riders are third with 12 wins . The most recent winner is Chris Froome of Team Sky , who won the 2017 Tour , his third in succession , and fourth in total .",
"The Tour de France was established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto , in an attempt to increase its sales . The first race was won by Frenchman Maurice Garin . He won again the next year , but was disqualified after allegations that he had been transported by car or rail arose . Henri Cornet became the winner after the dispute was settled ; he is the youngest to win the Tour . Following the scandals in 1904 , the scoring system was changed from being time - based to a points - based system , in which the cyclist who has the fewest points at the end of the race is victorious . This system lasted until 1912 , when the time - based system was re-introduced . French cyclists were successful in the early Tours ; the first non-Frenchman to win the Tour was François Faber of Luxembourg , who won in 1909 .",
"Belgian riders were more successful before and after the First World War ( which suspended the Tour from 1915 to 1918 ) . In the 1920s , trade teams dominated the Tour ; cyclists such as Nicolas Frantz won the Tour with the Alcyon team . However , when Alcyon cyclist Maurice De Waele won the Tour in 1929 while ill , the organisers decided to introduce national teams the following year , to stop team tactics from undermining the race . Because of the Second World War , the Tour de France was suspended from 1940 to 1946 .",
"After the Second World War , no one dominated the Tour until Louison Bobet , who won three consecutive Tours from 1953 to 1955 -- he was the first person to achieve this feat . This was bettered by the French cyclist Jacques Anquetil , who won four successive Tours from 1961 to 1964 . Anquetil , who also won in 1957 , became the first to win five Tours . Anquetil 's five victories were matched when Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx won four successive Tours from 1969 to 1972 and the 1974 Tour . Merckx is the only person to have won the general , points and king of the mountains classifications in the same Tour . He achieved this in 1969 , when he won his first Tour .",
"Merckx looked to be heading for a record sixth Tour victory in 1975 , but Bernard Thévenet beat him , becoming the first French winner in seven years . Thévenet won again in 1977 ; however , he was eclipsed in following years by fellow Frenchman Bernard Hinault , who won consecutive Tours in 1978 and 1979 . Hinault won the Tour at his first attempt in 1978 ; becoming one of 11 cyclists ( including Anquetil , Merckx , Hugo Koblet and Fausto Coppi ) managed to do so . In 1980 , Hinault was going for a third consecutive win , but had to pull out because of tendinitis , and the Tour was won by Joop Zoetemelk . Hinault returned in 1981 and won that race as well as the one after that . Hinault sat out the Tour in 1983 , and another Frenchman -- Laurent Fignon -- achieved victory . Fignon won again the following year , beating Hinault ; Hinault recovered in 1985 to win his fifth Tour .",
"American Greg LeMond became the first non-European to win the Tour in 1986 . LeMond missed out in 1987 and 1988 , but returned in 1989 to win the Tour by finishing eight seconds ahead of Laurent Fignon , the smallest winning margin in the Tour 's history . LeMond also won in 1990 . In 1991 , Spaniard Miguel Indurain won his first Tour . Indurain came to dominate the Tour , winning four more Tours consecutively -- making him the first person to win five consecutive Tours . He tried to win a record - high sixth Tour in 1996 , but was beaten by Bjarne Riis , who later admitted to using Erythropoietin . Jan Ullrich and Marco Pantani won in 1997 and 1998 , respectively ; however , Pantani 's victory was overshadowed by doping scandals .",
"The 1999 Tour saw the first victory of Lance Armstrong , which was followed by six more , for a total of seven consecutive victories . He was stripped of his titles in October 2012 , when it emerged he had used performance - enhancing drugs throughout much of his career , including the Tour de France victories . Floyd Landis won the Tour in 2006 , but was later stripped of his title , after a drug - control test demonstrated the presence of a skewed testosterone / epitestosterone ratio . Óscar Pereiro was subsequently awarded the victory . Alberto Contador won the 2007 Tour with the Discovery Channel . The 2007 Tour was also marred by doping scandals , thus Contador was unable to defend his title in 2008 , as his Astana team was banned for its part . Fellow Spaniard Carlos Sastre of Team CSC won . Contador and Astana returned in 2009 to regain the title . He won the Tour again in 2010 , but was later stripped of his title after he was found guilty of doping . Runner - up Andy Schleck was awarded the victory .",
"Cadel Evans became the first Australian to win the Tour in 2011 . The following year , Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist to win the Tour . Chris Froome became the second successive British winner in 2013 , which was the 100th edition of the race . He could not defend his title the following year , as he crashed out in stage 5 , with Vincenzo Nibali winning his first Tour . Froome regained the title in 2015 and then successfully defended it in 2016 , the first rider in over 20 years to do so . He then backed it up with a third consecutive win in 2017 .",
"Key Winner won points classification in the same year * Winner won mountains classification in the same year # Winner won young rider classification in the same year Winner won points and mountains classification in the same year",
"Winner won points classification in the same year",
"* Winner won mountains classification in the same year",
"# Winner won young rider classification in the same year",
"Winner won points and mountains classification in the same year",
"The `` Year '' column refers to the year the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The `` Distance '' column refers to the distance over which the race was held . The `` Margin '' column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner - up . The `` Stage wins '' column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race .",
"The `` Year '' column refers to the year the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season .",
"The `` Distance '' column refers to the distance over which the race was held .",
"The `` Margin '' column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner - up .",
"The `` Stage wins '' column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race .",
"Tour de France general classification winners Year Country Cyclist Sponsor / Team Distance Time / Points Margin Stage wins Stages in lead 1903 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin La Française 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 094 ! 94h 33 ' 14 '' 24921 ! + 2h 59 ' 21 '' 6 1904 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin Cornet , Henri Henri Cornet Conte 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 096 ! 96h 05 ' 55 '' 21614 ! + 2h 16 ' 14 '' 1905 France Trousselier , Louis Louis Trousselier Peugeot -- Wolber 2,994 km ( 1,860 mi ) 35 26 5 10 1906 France Pottier , René René Pottier Peugeot -- Wolber 4,637 km ( 2,881 mi ) 31 8 5 12 1907 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,488 km ( 2,789 mi ) 47 19 5 1908 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,497 km ( 2,794 mi ) 36 32 5 13 1909 Luxembourg Faber , François François Faber Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 37 20 6 13 1910 France Lapize , Octave Octave Lapize Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,734 km ( 2,942 mi ) 63 1911 France Garrigou , Gustave Gustave Garrigou Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,343 km ( 3,320 mi ) 43 18 13 1912 Belgium Defraye , Odile Odile Defraye Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,289 km ( 3,286 mi ) 49 59 13 1913 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,287 km ( 3,285 mi ) 197 ! 197h 54 ' 00 '' 00837 ! + 8 ' 37 '' 8 1914 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,380 km ( 3,340 mi ) 200 ! 200h 28 ' 48 '' 00150 ! + 1 ' 50 '' 15 1915 World War I 1916 1917 1918 1919 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot La Sportive 5,560 km ( 3,450 mi ) 231 ! 231h 07 ' 15 '' 14254 ! + 1h 42 ' 54 '' 1920 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys La Sportive 5,503 km ( 3,419 mi ) 228 ! 228h 36 ' 13 '' 05721 ! + 57 ' 21 '' 14 1921 Belgium Scieur , Léon Léon Scieur La Sportive 5,485 km ( 3,408 mi ) 221 ! 221h 50 ' 26 '' 01836 ! + 18 ' 36 '' 14 1922 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot Peugeot -- Wolber 5,375 km ( 3,340 mi ) 222 ! 222h 08 ' 06 '' 04115 ! + 41 ' 15 '' 0 1923 France Pélissier , Henri Henri Pélissier Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,386 km ( 3,347 mi ) 222 ! 222h 15 ' 30 '' 03041 ! + 30 ' 41 '' 6 1924 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto 5,425 km ( 3,371 mi ) 226 ! 226h 18 ' 21 '' 03536 ! + 35 ' 36 '' 15 1925 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,440 km ( 3,380 mi ) 219 ! 219h 10 ' 18 '' 05420 ! + 54 ' 20 '' 13 1926 Belgium Buysse , Lucien Lucien Buysse Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,745 km ( 3,570 mi ) 238 ! 238h 44 ' 25 '' 12225 ! + 1h 22 ' 25 '' 8 1927 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,398 km ( 3,354 mi ) 198 ! 198h 16 ' 42 '' 14841 ! + 1h 48 ' 41 '' 14 1928 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,476 km ( 3,403 mi ) 192 ! 192h 48 ' 58 '' 05007 ! + 50 ' 07 '' 5 22 1929 Belgium De Waele , Maurice Maurice De Waele Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,286 km ( 3,285 mi ) 186 ! 186h 39 ' 15 '' 04423 ! + 44 ' 23 '' 16 1930 France Leducq , André André Leducq Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,822 km ( 2,996 mi ) 172 ! 172h 12 ' 16 '' 01413 ! + 14 ' 13 '' 13 1931 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 5,091 km ( 3,163 mi ) 177 ! 177h 10 ' 03 '' 01256 ! + 12 ' 56 '' 16 1932 France Leducq , André André Leducq France 4,479 km ( 2,783 mi ) 154 ! 154h 11 ' 49 '' 02403 ! + 24 ' 03 '' 6 19 1933 France Speicher , Georges Georges Speicher France 4,395 km ( 2,731 mi ) 147 ! 147h 51 ' 37 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 12 1934 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 4,470 km ( 2,780 mi ) 147 ! 147h 13 ' 58 '' 02731 ! + 27 ' 31 '' 22 1935 Belgium Maes , Romain Romain Maes Belgium 4,338 km ( 2,696 mi ) 141 ! 141h 23 ' 00 '' 01752 ! + 17 ' 52 '' 21 1936 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes Belgium 4,442 km ( 2,760 mi ) 142 ! 142h 47 ' 32 '' 02655 ! + 26 ' 55 '' 14 1937 France Lapébie , Roger Roger Lapébie France 4,415 km ( 2,743 mi ) 138 ! 138h 58 ' 31 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 1938 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,694 km ( 2,917 mi ) 148 ! 148h 29 ' 12 '' 01827 ! + 18 ' 27 '' 8 1939 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes * Belgium 4,224 km ( 2,625 mi ) 132 ! 132h 03 ' 17 '' 03038 ! + 30 ' 38 '' 1940 World War II 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 France Robic , Jean Jean Robic France 4,642 km ( 2,884 mi ) 148 ! 148h 11 ' 25 '' 00358 ! + 3 ' 58 '' 1948 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,922 km ( 3,058 mi ) 147 ! 147h 10 ' 36 '' 02616 ! + 26 ' 16 '' 7 9 1949 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,808 km ( 2,988 mi ) 149 ! 149h 40 ' 49 '' 01055 ! + 10 ' 55 '' 5 1950 Switzerland Kübler , Ferdinand Ferdinand Kübler Switzerland 4,773 km ( 2,966 mi ) 145 ! 145h 36 ' 56 '' 00930 ! + 9 ' 30 '' 11 1951 Switzerland Koblet , Hugo Hugo Koblet Switzerland 4,690 km ( 2,910 mi ) 142 ! 142h 20 ' 14 '' 02200 ! + 22 ' 00 '' 5 11 1952 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,898 km ( 3,043 mi ) 151 ! 151h 57 ' 20 '' 02817 ! + 28 ' 17 '' 5 14 1953 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,476 km ( 2,781 mi ) 129 ! 129h 23 ' 25 '' 01418 ! + 14 ' 18 '' 5 1954 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,656 km ( 2,893 mi ) 140 ! 140h 06 ' 05 '' 01549 ! + 15 ' 49 '' 14 1955 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,495 km ( 2,793 mi ) 130 ! 130h 29 ' 26 '' 00453 ! + 4 ' 53 '' 6 1956 France Walkowiak , Roger Roger Walkowiak France 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 124 ! 124h 01 ' 16 '' 00125 ! + 1 ' 25 '' 0 8 1957 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,669 km ( 2,901 mi ) 135 ! 135h 44 ' 42 '' 01456 ! + 14 ' 56 '' 15 1958 Luxembourg Gaul , Charly Charly Gaul Luxembourg 4,319 km ( 2,684 mi ) 116 ! 116h 59 ' 05 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 1959 Spain Bahamontes , Federico Federico Bahamontes * Spain 4,358 km ( 2,708 mi ) 123 ! 123h 46 ' 45 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 6 1960 Italy Nencini , Gastone Gastone Nencini Italy 4,173 km ( 2,593 mi ) 112 ! 112h 08 ' 42 '' 00502 ! + 5 ' 02 '' 0 14 1961 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,397 km ( 2,732 mi ) 122 ! 122h 01 ' 33 '' 01214 ! + 12 ' 14 '' 21 1962 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Helyett -- Hutchinson 4,274 km ( 2,656 mi ) 114 ! 114h 31 ' 54 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 1963 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- R. Geminiani 4,138 km ( 2,571 mi ) 113 ! 113h 30 ' 05 '' 00335 ! + 3 ' 35 '' 5 1964 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- Dunlop 4,504 km ( 2,799 mi ) 127 ! 127h 09 ' 44 '' 00055 ! + 55 '' 6 1965 Italy Gimondi , Felice Felice Gimondi Salvarani 4,188 km ( 2,602 mi ) 116 ! 116h 42 ' 06 '' 00240 ! + 2 ' 40 '' 18 1966 France Aimar , Lucien Lucien Aimar Ford France -- Hutchinson 4,329 km ( 2,690 mi ) 117 ! 117h 34 ' 21 '' 00107 ! + 1 ' 07 '' 0 6 1967 France Pingeon , Roger Roger Pingeon Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,779 km ( 2,970 mi ) 136 ! 136h 53 ' 50 '' 00340 ! + 3 ' 40 '' 17 1968 Netherlands Janssen , Jan Jan Janssen Pelforth -- Sauvage -- Lejeune 4,492 km ( 2,791 mi ) 133 ! 133h 49 ' 42 '' 00038 ! + 38 '' 1969 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Faema 4,117 km ( 2,558 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 02 '' 01754 ! + 17 ' 54 '' 6 18 1970 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx * Faemino -- Faema 4,254 km ( 2,643 mi ) 119 ! 119h 31 ' 49 '' 01241 ! + 12 ' 41 '' 8 20 1971 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,608 km ( 2,242 mi ) 096 ! 96h 45 ' 14 '' 00951 ! + 9 ' 51 '' 17 1972 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,846 km ( 2,390 mi ) 108 ! 108h 17 ' 18 '' 01041 ! + 10 ' 41 '' 6 15 1973 Spain Ocaña , Luis Luis Ocaña Bic 4,090 km ( 2,540 mi ) 122 ! 122h 25 ' 34 '' 01551 ! + 15 ' 51 '' 6 14 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 4,098 km ( 2,546 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 58 '' 00804 ! + 8 ' 04 '' 8 18 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) 114 ! 114h 35 ' 31 '' 00247 ! + 2 ' 47 '' 8 1976 Belgium Van Impe , Lucien Lucien Van Impe Gitane -- Campagnolo 4,017 km ( 2,496 mi ) 116 ! 116h 22 ' 23 '' 00414 ! + 4 ' 14 '' 12 1977 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- Esso -- Michelin 4,096 km ( 2,545 mi ) 115 ! 115h 38 ' 30 '' 00048 ! + 48 '' 8 1978 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane -- Campagnolo 3,908 km ( 2,428 mi ) 108 ! 108h 18 ' 00 '' 00356 ! + 3 ' 56 '' 1979 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 103 ! 103h 06 ' 50 '' 01307 ! + 13 ' 07 '' 7 17 1980 Netherlands Zoetemelk , Joop Joop Zoetemelk TI -- Raleigh -- Creda 3,842 km ( 2,387 mi ) 109 ! 109h 19 ' 14 '' 00655 ! + 6 ' 55 '' 10 1981 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,753 km ( 2,332 mi ) 096 ! 96h 19 ' 38 '' 01434 ! + 14 ' 34 '' 5 18 1982 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,507 km ( 2,179 mi ) 092 ! 92h 08 ' 46 '' 00621 ! + 6 ' 21 '' 12 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 3,809 km ( 2,367 mi ) 105 ! 105h 07 ' 52 '' 00404 ! + 4 ' 04 '' 6 1984 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 4,021 km ( 2,499 mi ) 112 ! 112h 03 ' 40 '' 01032 ! + 10 ' 32 '' 5 7 1985 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault La Vie Claire 4,109 km ( 2,553 mi ) 113 ! 113h 24 ' 23 '' 00142 ! + 1 ' 42 '' 16 1986 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond La Vie Claire 4,094 km ( 2,544 mi ) 110 ! 110h 35 ' 19 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 7 Ireland Roche , Stephen Stephen Roche Carrera Jeans -- Vagabond 4,231 km ( 2,629 mi ) 115 ! 115h 27 ' 42 '' 00040 ! + 40 '' 1988 Spain Delgado , Pedro Pedro Delgado Reynolds 3,286 km ( 2,042 mi ) 084 ! 84h 27 ' 53 '' 00713 ! + 7 ' 13 '' 11 1989 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond AD Renting -- W - Cup -- Bottecchia 3,285 km ( 2,041 mi ) 087 ! 87h 38 ' 35 '' 00008 ! + 8 '' 8 1990 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond Z -- Tomasso 3,504 km ( 2,177 mi ) 090 ! 90h 43 ' 20 '' 00216 ! + 2 ' 16 '' 0 1991 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,914 km ( 2,432 mi ) 101 ! 101h 01 ' 20 '' 00336 ! + 3 ' 36 '' 10 1992 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,983 km ( 2,475 mi ) 100 ! 100h 49 ' 30 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 10 1993 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 09 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 14 1994 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,978 km ( 2,472 mi ) 103 ! 103h 38 ' 38 '' 00539 ! + 5 ' 39 '' 13 1995 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,635 km ( 2,259 mi ) 092 ! 92h 44 ' 59 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 13 Denmark Riis , Bjarne Bjarne Riis Team Telekom 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 16 '' 00141 ! + 1 ' 41 '' 13 1997 Germany Ullrich , Jan Jan Ullrich Team Telekom 3,950 km ( 2,450 mi ) 100 ! 100h 30 ' 35 '' 00909 ! + 9 ' 09 '' 12 1998 Italy Pantani , Marco Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno -- Bianchi 3,875 km ( 2,408 mi ) 092 ! 92h 49 ' 46 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 7 1999 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,687 km ( 2,291 mi ) 091 ! 91h 32 ' 16 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 15 2000 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,662 km ( 2,275 mi ) 092 ! 92h 33 ' 08 '' 00602 ! + 6 ' 02 '' 12 2001 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,458 km ( 2,149 mi ) 086 ! 86h 17 ' 28 '' 00644 ! + 6 ' 44 '' 8 2002 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,272 km ( 2,033 mi ) 082 ! 82h 05 ' 12 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 11 2003 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,427 km ( 2,129 mi ) 083 ! 83h 41 ' 12 '' 00101 ! + 1 ' 01 '' 13 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,391 km ( 2,107 mi ) 083 ! 83h 36 ' 02 '' 00619 ! + 6 ' 19 '' 5 7 2005 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong Discovery Channel 3,593 km ( 2,233 mi ) 086 ! 86h 15 ' 02 '' 00440 ! + 4 ' 40 '' 17 2006 Spain Landis , Floyd Floyd Landis Pereiro , Óscar Óscar Pereiro Caisse d'Epargne -- Illes Balears 3,657 km ( 2,272 mi ) 089 ! 89h 40 ' 27 '' 00032 ! + 32 '' 0 8 2007 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Discovery Channel 3,570 km ( 2,220 mi ) 091 ! 91h 00 ' 26 '' 00023 ! + 23 '' 2008 Spain Sastre , Carlos Carlos Sastre * Team CSC 3,559 km ( 2,211 mi ) 087 ! 87h 52 ' 52 '' 00058 ! + 58 '' 5 2009 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Astana 3,459 km ( 2,149 mi ) 085 ! 85h 48 ' 35 '' 00411 ! + 4 ' 11 '' 7 Luxembourg Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Schleck , Andy Andy Schleck Team Saxo Bank 3,642 km ( 2,263 mi ) 091 ! 91h 59 ' 27 '' 00122 ! + 1 ' 22 '' 12 2011 Australia Evans , Cadel Cadel Evans BMC Racing Team 3,430 km ( 2,130 mi ) 086 ! 86h 12 ' 22 '' 00134 ! + 1 ' 34 '' 2012 Great Britain Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Team Sky 3,496 km ( 2,172 mi ) 087 ! 87h 34 ' 47 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 14 2013 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,404 km ( 2,115 mi ) 083 ! 83h 56 ' 20 '' 00420 ! + 4 ' 20 '' 14 2014 Italy Nibali , Vincenzo Vincenzo Nibali Astana 3,660.5 km ( 2,274.5 mi ) 089 ! 89h 59 ' 06 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 19 2015 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome * Team Sky 3,360.3 km ( 2,088.0 mi ) 084 ! 84h 46 ' 14 '' 00112 ! + 1 ' 12 '' 16 2016 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,529 km ( 2,193 mi ) 089 ! 89h 04 ' 48 '' 00405 ! + 4 ' 05 '' 14 2017 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) 086 ! 86h 20 ' 55 '' 00054 ! + 54 '' 0 15",
"Year Country Cyclist Sponsor / Team Distance Time / Points Margin Stage wins Stages in lead",
"1903 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin La Française 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 094 ! 94h 33 ' 14 '' 24921 ! + 2h 59 ' 21 '' 6",
"1904 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin Cornet , Henri Henri Cornet Conte 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 096 ! 96h 05 ' 55 '' 21614 ! + 2h 16 ' 14 ''",
"1905 France Trousselier , Louis Louis Trousselier Peugeot -- Wolber 2,994 km ( 1,860 mi ) 35 26 5 10",
"1906 France Pottier , René René Pottier Peugeot -- Wolber 4,637 km ( 2,881 mi ) 31 8 5 12",
"1907 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,488 km ( 2,789 mi ) 47 19 5",
"1908 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,497 km ( 2,794 mi ) 36 32 5 13",
"1909 Luxembourg Faber , François François Faber Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 37 20 6 13",
"1910 France Lapize , Octave Octave Lapize Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,734 km ( 2,942 mi ) 63",
"1911 France Garrigou , Gustave Gustave Garrigou Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,343 km ( 3,320 mi ) 43 18 13",
"1912 Belgium Defraye , Odile Odile Defraye Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,289 km ( 3,286 mi ) 49 59 13",
"1913 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,287 km ( 3,285 mi ) 197 ! 197h 54 ' 00 '' 00837 ! + 8 ' 37 '' 8",
"1914 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,380 km ( 3,340 mi ) 200 ! 200h 28 ' 48 '' 00150 ! + 1 ' 50 '' 15",
"1915 World War I",
"1916",
"1917",
"1918",
"1919 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot La Sportive 5,560 km ( 3,450 mi ) 231 ! 231h 07 ' 15 '' 14254 ! + 1h 42 ' 54 ''",
"1920 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys La Sportive 5,503 km ( 3,419 mi ) 228 ! 228h 36 ' 13 '' 05721 ! + 57 ' 21 '' 14",
"1921 Belgium Scieur , Léon Léon Scieur La Sportive 5,485 km ( 3,408 mi ) 221 ! 221h 50 ' 26 '' 01836 ! + 18 ' 36 '' 14",
"1922 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot Peugeot -- Wolber 5,375 km ( 3,340 mi ) 222 ! 222h 08 ' 06 '' 04115 ! + 41 ' 15 '' 0",
"1923 France Pélissier , Henri Henri Pélissier Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,386 km ( 3,347 mi ) 222 ! 222h 15 ' 30 '' 03041 ! + 30 ' 41 '' 6",
"1924 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto 5,425 km ( 3,371 mi ) 226 ! 226h 18 ' 21 '' 03536 ! + 35 ' 36 '' 15",
"1925 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,440 km ( 3,380 mi ) 219 ! 219h 10 ' 18 '' 05420 ! + 54 ' 20 '' 13",
"1926 Belgium Buysse , Lucien Lucien Buysse Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,745 km ( 3,570 mi ) 238 ! 238h 44 ' 25 '' 12225 ! + 1h 22 ' 25 '' 8",
"1927 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,398 km ( 3,354 mi ) 198 ! 198h 16 ' 42 '' 14841 ! + 1h 48 ' 41 '' 14",
"1928 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,476 km ( 3,403 mi ) 192 ! 192h 48 ' 58 '' 05007 ! + 50 ' 07 '' 5 22",
"1929 Belgium De Waele , Maurice Maurice De Waele Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,286 km ( 3,285 mi ) 186 ! 186h 39 ' 15 '' 04423 ! + 44 ' 23 '' 16",
"1930 France Leducq , André André Leducq Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,822 km ( 2,996 mi ) 172 ! 172h 12 ' 16 '' 01413 ! + 14 ' 13 '' 13",
"1931 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 5,091 km ( 3,163 mi ) 177 ! 177h 10 ' 03 '' 01256 ! + 12 ' 56 '' 16",
"1932 France Leducq , André André Leducq France 4,479 km ( 2,783 mi ) 154 ! 154h 11 ' 49 '' 02403 ! + 24 ' 03 '' 6 19",
"1933 France Speicher , Georges Georges Speicher France 4,395 km ( 2,731 mi ) 147 ! 147h 51 ' 37 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 12",
"1934 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 4,470 km ( 2,780 mi ) 147 ! 147h 13 ' 58 '' 02731 ! + 27 ' 31 '' 22",
"1935 Belgium Maes , Romain Romain Maes Belgium 4,338 km ( 2,696 mi ) 141 ! 141h 23 ' 00 '' 01752 ! + 17 ' 52 '' 21",
"1936 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes Belgium 4,442 km ( 2,760 mi ) 142 ! 142h 47 ' 32 '' 02655 ! + 26 ' 55 '' 14",
"1937 France Lapébie , Roger Roger Lapébie France 4,415 km ( 2,743 mi ) 138 ! 138h 58 ' 31 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 ''",
"1938 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,694 km ( 2,917 mi ) 148 ! 148h 29 ' 12 '' 01827 ! + 18 ' 27 '' 8",
"1939 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes * Belgium 4,224 km ( 2,625 mi ) 132 ! 132h 03 ' 17 '' 03038 ! + 30 ' 38 ''",
"1940 World War II",
"1941",
"1942",
"1943",
"1944",
"1945",
"1946",
"1947 France Robic , Jean Jean Robic France 4,642 km ( 2,884 mi ) 148 ! 148h 11 ' 25 '' 00358 ! + 3 ' 58 ''",
"1948 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,922 km ( 3,058 mi ) 147 ! 147h 10 ' 36 '' 02616 ! + 26 ' 16 '' 7 9",
"1949 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,808 km ( 2,988 mi ) 149 ! 149h 40 ' 49 '' 01055 ! + 10 ' 55 '' 5",
"1950 Switzerland Kübler , Ferdinand Ferdinand Kübler Switzerland 4,773 km ( 2,966 mi ) 145 ! 145h 36 ' 56 '' 00930 ! + 9 ' 30 '' 11",
"1951 Switzerland Koblet , Hugo Hugo Koblet Switzerland 4,690 km ( 2,910 mi ) 142 ! 142h 20 ' 14 '' 02200 ! + 22 ' 00 '' 5 11",
"1952 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,898 km ( 3,043 mi ) 151 ! 151h 57 ' 20 '' 02817 ! + 28 ' 17 '' 5 14",
"1953 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,476 km ( 2,781 mi ) 129 ! 129h 23 ' 25 '' 01418 ! + 14 ' 18 '' 5",
"1954 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,656 km ( 2,893 mi ) 140 ! 140h 06 ' 05 '' 01549 ! + 15 ' 49 '' 14",
"1955 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,495 km ( 2,793 mi ) 130 ! 130h 29 ' 26 '' 00453 ! + 4 ' 53 '' 6",
"1956 France Walkowiak , Roger Roger Walkowiak France 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 124 ! 124h 01 ' 16 '' 00125 ! + 1 ' 25 '' 0 8",
"1957 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,669 km ( 2,901 mi ) 135 ! 135h 44 ' 42 '' 01456 ! + 14 ' 56 '' 15",
"1958 Luxembourg Gaul , Charly Charly Gaul Luxembourg 4,319 km ( 2,684 mi ) 116 ! 116h 59 ' 05 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 ''",
"1959 Spain Bahamontes , Federico Federico Bahamontes * Spain 4,358 km ( 2,708 mi ) 123 ! 123h 46 ' 45 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 6",
"1960 Italy Nencini , Gastone Gastone Nencini Italy 4,173 km ( 2,593 mi ) 112 ! 112h 08 ' 42 '' 00502 ! + 5 ' 02 '' 0 14",
"1961 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,397 km ( 2,732 mi ) 122 ! 122h 01 ' 33 '' 01214 ! + 12 ' 14 '' 21",
"1962 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Helyett -- Hutchinson 4,274 km ( 2,656 mi ) 114 ! 114h 31 ' 54 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 ''",
"1963 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- R. Geminiani 4,138 km ( 2,571 mi ) 113 ! 113h 30 ' 05 '' 00335 ! + 3 ' 35 '' 5",
"1964 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- Dunlop 4,504 km ( 2,799 mi ) 127 ! 127h 09 ' 44 '' 00055 ! + 55 '' 6",
"1965 Italy Gimondi , Felice Felice Gimondi Salvarani 4,188 km ( 2,602 mi ) 116 ! 116h 42 ' 06 '' 00240 ! + 2 ' 40 '' 18",
"1966 France Aimar , Lucien Lucien Aimar Ford France -- Hutchinson 4,329 km ( 2,690 mi ) 117 ! 117h 34 ' 21 '' 00107 ! + 1 ' 07 '' 0 6",
"1967 France Pingeon , Roger Roger Pingeon Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,779 km ( 2,970 mi ) 136 ! 136h 53 ' 50 '' 00340 ! + 3 ' 40 '' 17",
"1968 Netherlands Janssen , Jan Jan Janssen Pelforth -- Sauvage -- Lejeune 4,492 km ( 2,791 mi ) 133 ! 133h 49 ' 42 '' 00038 ! + 38 ''",
"1969 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Faema 4,117 km ( 2,558 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 02 '' 01754 ! + 17 ' 54 '' 6 18",
"1970 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx * Faemino -- Faema 4,254 km ( 2,643 mi ) 119 ! 119h 31 ' 49 '' 01241 ! + 12 ' 41 '' 8 20",
"1971 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,608 km ( 2,242 mi ) 096 ! 96h 45 ' 14 '' 00951 ! + 9 ' 51 '' 17",
"1972 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,846 km ( 2,390 mi ) 108 ! 108h 17 ' 18 '' 01041 ! + 10 ' 41 '' 6 15",
"1973 Spain Ocaña , Luis Luis Ocaña Bic 4,090 km ( 2,540 mi ) 122 ! 122h 25 ' 34 '' 01551 ! + 15 ' 51 '' 6 14",
"Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 4,098 km ( 2,546 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 58 '' 00804 ! + 8 ' 04 '' 8 18",
"France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) 114 ! 114h 35 ' 31 '' 00247 ! + 2 ' 47 '' 8",
"1976 Belgium Van Impe , Lucien Lucien Van Impe Gitane -- Campagnolo 4,017 km ( 2,496 mi ) 116 ! 116h 22 ' 23 '' 00414 ! + 4 ' 14 '' 12",
"1977 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- Esso -- Michelin 4,096 km ( 2,545 mi ) 115 ! 115h 38 ' 30 '' 00048 ! + 48 '' 8",
"1978 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane -- Campagnolo 3,908 km ( 2,428 mi ) 108 ! 108h 18 ' 00 '' 00356 ! + 3 ' 56 ''",
"1979 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 103 ! 103h 06 ' 50 '' 01307 ! + 13 ' 07 '' 7 17",
"1980 Netherlands Zoetemelk , Joop Joop Zoetemelk TI -- Raleigh -- Creda 3,842 km ( 2,387 mi ) 109 ! 109h 19 ' 14 '' 00655 ! + 6 ' 55 '' 10",
"1981 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,753 km ( 2,332 mi ) 096 ! 96h 19 ' 38 '' 01434 ! + 14 ' 34 '' 5 18",
"1982 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,507 km ( 2,179 mi ) 092 ! 92h 08 ' 46 '' 00621 ! + 6 ' 21 '' 12",
"France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 3,809 km ( 2,367 mi ) 105 ! 105h 07 ' 52 '' 00404 ! + 4 ' 04 '' 6",
"1984 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 4,021 km ( 2,499 mi ) 112 ! 112h 03 ' 40 '' 01032 ! + 10 ' 32 '' 5 7",
"1985 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault La Vie Claire 4,109 km ( 2,553 mi ) 113 ! 113h 24 ' 23 '' 00142 ! + 1 ' 42 '' 16",
"1986 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond La Vie Claire 4,094 km ( 2,544 mi ) 110 ! 110h 35 ' 19 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 7",
"Ireland Roche , Stephen Stephen Roche Carrera Jeans -- Vagabond 4,231 km ( 2,629 mi ) 115 ! 115h 27 ' 42 '' 00040 ! + 40 ''",
"1988 Spain Delgado , Pedro Pedro Delgado Reynolds 3,286 km ( 2,042 mi ) 084 ! 84h 27 ' 53 '' 00713 ! + 7 ' 13 '' 11",
"1989 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond AD Renting -- W - Cup -- Bottecchia 3,285 km ( 2,041 mi ) 087 ! 87h 38 ' 35 '' 00008 ! + 8 '' 8",
"1990 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond Z -- Tomasso 3,504 km ( 2,177 mi ) 090 ! 90h 43 ' 20 '' 00216 ! + 2 ' 16 '' 0",
"1991 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,914 km ( 2,432 mi ) 101 ! 101h 01 ' 20 '' 00336 ! + 3 ' 36 '' 10",
"1992 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,983 km ( 2,475 mi ) 100 ! 100h 49 ' 30 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 10",
"1993 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 09 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 14",
"1994 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,978 km ( 2,472 mi ) 103 ! 103h 38 ' 38 '' 00539 ! + 5 ' 39 '' 13",
"1995 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,635 km ( 2,259 mi ) 092 ! 92h 44 ' 59 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 13",
"Denmark Riis , Bjarne Bjarne Riis Team Telekom 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 16 '' 00141 ! + 1 ' 41 '' 13",
"1997 Germany Ullrich , Jan Jan Ullrich Team Telekom 3,950 km ( 2,450 mi ) 100 ! 100h 30 ' 35 '' 00909 ! + 9 ' 09 '' 12",
"1998 Italy Pantani , Marco Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno -- Bianchi 3,875 km ( 2,408 mi ) 092 ! 92h 49 ' 46 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 7",
"1999 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,687 km ( 2,291 mi ) 091 ! 91h 32 ' 16 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 15",
"2000 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,662 km ( 2,275 mi ) 092 ! 92h 33 ' 08 '' 00602 ! + 6 ' 02 '' 12",
"2001 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,458 km ( 2,149 mi ) 086 ! 86h 17 ' 28 '' 00644 ! + 6 ' 44 '' 8",
"2002 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,272 km ( 2,033 mi ) 082 ! 82h 05 ' 12 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 11",
"2003 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,427 km ( 2,129 mi ) 083 ! 83h 41 ' 12 '' 00101 ! + 1 ' 01 '' 13",
"United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,391 km ( 2,107 mi ) 083 ! 83h 36 ' 02 '' 00619 ! + 6 ' 19 '' 5 7",
"2005 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong Discovery Channel 3,593 km ( 2,233 mi ) 086 ! 86h 15 ' 02 '' 00440 ! + 4 ' 40 '' 17",
"2006 Spain Landis , Floyd Floyd Landis Pereiro , Óscar Óscar Pereiro Caisse d'Epargne -- Illes Balears 3,657 km ( 2,272 mi ) 089 ! 89h 40 ' 27 '' 00032 ! + 32 '' 0 8",
"2007 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Discovery Channel 3,570 km ( 2,220 mi ) 091 ! 91h 00 ' 26 '' 00023 ! + 23 ''",
"2008 Spain Sastre , Carlos Carlos Sastre * Team CSC 3,559 km ( 2,211 mi ) 087 ! 87h 52 ' 52 '' 00058 ! + 58 '' 5",
"2009 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Astana 3,459 km ( 2,149 mi ) 085 ! 85h 48 ' 35 '' 00411 ! + 4 ' 11 '' 7",
"Luxembourg Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Schleck , Andy Andy Schleck Team Saxo Bank 3,642 km ( 2,263 mi ) 091 ! 91h 59 ' 27 '' 00122 ! + 1 ' 22 '' 12",
"2011 Australia Evans , Cadel Cadel Evans BMC Racing Team 3,430 km ( 2,130 mi ) 086 ! 86h 12 ' 22 '' 00134 ! + 1 ' 34 ''",
"2012 Great Britain Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Team Sky 3,496 km ( 2,172 mi ) 087 ! 87h 34 ' 47 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 14",
"2013 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,404 km ( 2,115 mi ) 083 ! 83h 56 ' 20 '' 00420 ! + 4 ' 20 '' 14",
"2014 Italy Nibali , Vincenzo Vincenzo Nibali Astana 3,660.5 km ( 2,274.5 mi ) 089 ! 89h 59 ' 06 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 19",
"2015 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome * Team Sky 3,360.3 km ( 2,088.0 mi ) 084 ! 84h 46 ' 14 '' 00112 ! + 1 ' 12 '' 16",
"2016 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,529 km ( 2,193 mi ) 089 ! 89h 04 ' 48 '' 00405 ! + 4 ' 05 '' 14",
"2017 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) 086 ! 86h 20 ' 55 '' 00054 ! + 54 '' 0 15",
"The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions . Since the retirement of twice winner Alberto Contador in 2017 , the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome , currently with 4 wins . Contador had originally won three Tours , but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation .",
"Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences . Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated ( as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador ) to the second placed rider in each race , Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins . However , the race organisers ASO have decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years , in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation . Ullrich , therefore , has a single Tour victory to his name .",
"Multiple winners of the Tour de France general classification Cyclist Total Years Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 5 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 5 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 5 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 5 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Froome , Chris Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920 Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955 LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990 Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton ( FRA ) 1907 , 1908 Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot ( BEL ) 1919 , 1922 Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia ( ITA ) 1924 , 1925 Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz ( LUX ) 1927 , 1928 Leducq , André André Leducq ( FRA ) 1930 , 1932 Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne ( FRA ) 1931 , 1934 Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes ( BEL ) 1936 , 1939 Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali ( ITA ) 1938 , 1948 Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1949 , 1952 Thévenet , Bernard Bernard Thévenet ( FRA ) 1975 , 1977 Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon ( FRA ) 1983 , 1984 Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2007 , 2009",
"Cyclist Total Years",
"Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 5 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964",
"Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 5 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974",
"Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 5 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985",
"Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 5 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995",
"Froome , Chris Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017",
"Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920",
"Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955",
"LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990",
"Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton ( FRA ) 1907 , 1908",
"Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot ( BEL ) 1919 , 1922",
"Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia ( ITA ) 1924 , 1925",
"Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz ( LUX ) 1927 , 1928",
"Leducq , André André Leducq ( FRA ) 1930 , 1932",
"Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne ( FRA ) 1931 , 1934",
"Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes ( BEL ) 1936 , 1939",
"Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali ( ITA ) 1938 , 1948",
"Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1949 , 1952",
"Thévenet , Bernard Bernard Thévenet ( FRA ) 1975 , 1977",
"Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon ( FRA ) 1983 , 1984",
"Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2007 , 2009",
"Tour de France general classification winners by nationality Country No. of winning cyclists No. of wins France 23 36 Belgium 10 18 Spain 7 12 Italy 7 10 Luxembourg 5 Great Britain 5 United States Netherlands Switzerland Denmark Germany Ireland Australia",
"Country No. of winning cyclists No. of wins",
"France 23 36",
"Belgium 10 18",
"Spain 7 12",
"Italy 7 10",
"Luxembourg 5",
"Great Britain 5",
"United States",
"Netherlands",
"Switzerland",
"Denmark",
"Germany",
"Ireland",
"Australia",
"A. Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France . The organizers of the Tour de France have stated that they no longer consider him to be the winner , although Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status due to the amount of time passed since his win . Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris .",
"B. Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven consecutive Tours from 1999 to 2005 . However , in October 2012 he was stripped of all titles by the UCI due to the use of performance - enhancing drugs . The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had previously declared that if this happened , there would be no alternate winners for those years , but this has not yet been made official .",
"C. Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour , but subsequently was found to have tested positive for performance - enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race . The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and stripped him of his title on 20 September 2007 .",
"D. Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour , but subsequently was found to have tested positive for the prohibited substance Clenbuterol on a rest day . The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and stripped him of his title on 6 February 2012 .",
"E. Henri Cornet was declared the winner after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating .",
"Jump up ^ FAQ . Union Cycliste Internationale . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dauncey , Hugh ; Hare , Geoff ( 2003 ) . Tour de France : 1903 - 2003 . Routledge . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5362 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Scholiansky , Christopher ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Will He ? Wo n't He ? Can Armstrong Win Tour de France ? '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stats '' . Tour de France . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour de France 2016 : Chris Froome completes third race victory '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 -- 1914 : Pioneers and ' assassins ' '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 -- 1939 : Adapt to survive '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 1956 : Post-war rivalries '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 1966 : Anquetil 5 -- 0 Poulidor '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 -- 1977 : Tragedy before a Cannibal 's feast '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 1984 : The Badger 's golden era '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 19 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Armijo , Vic ( 1999 ) . The complete idiot 's guide to cycling . Alpha Books . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 862929 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 1990 : American , Irishman and Spaniard '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 1995 : Big Mig 's masterclass '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Duff , Alex ( 25 May 2007 ) . `` Riis , Tour de France Champ , Says He Took Banned Drugs '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 2000 : Doping and the great recovery '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overall standings 2002 '' . BBC Sport. 28 July 2002 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 5 August 2006 ) . `` Backup Sample on Landis is positive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sastre wins Tour de France crown '' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Cavendish wins historic green jersey '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Wiggins wins Tour de France for Team Sky '' . BBC Sport. 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome wins 100th edition of race '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Vincenzo Nibali completes race victory '' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour takes Riis off winners list '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The UCI recognises USADA decision in Armstrong case '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Pereiro winner of the 2006 Tour de France '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CAS sanctions Contador with two year ban in clenbutorol case '' . Cyclingnews.com . Future plc. 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 .",
"Jump up ^ FAQ . Union Cycliste Internationale . Retrieved 17 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ Dauncey , Hugh ; Hare , Geoff ( 2003 ) . Tour de France : 1903 - 2003 . Routledge . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5362 - 4 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 August 2009 .",
"^ Jump up to : `` Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 .",
"Jump up ^ Scholiansky , Christopher ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Will He ? Wo n't He ? Can Armstrong Win Tour de France ? '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 14 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Stats '' . Tour de France . Retrieved 15 August 2009 .",
"^ Jump up to : `` Tour de France 2016 : Chris Froome completes third race victory '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1903 -- 1914 : Pioneers and ' assassins ' '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1930 -- 1939 : Adapt to survive '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 1956 : Post-war rivalries '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 1966 : Anquetil 5 -- 0 Poulidor '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1967 -- 1977 : Tragedy before a Cannibal 's feast '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 1984 : The Badger 's golden era '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 19 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ Armijo , Vic ( 1999 ) . The complete idiot 's guide to cycling . Alpha Books . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 862929 - 9 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 1990 : American , Irishman and Spaniard '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 1995 : Big Mig 's masterclass '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ Duff , Alex ( 25 May 2007 ) . `` Riis , Tour de France Champ , Says He Took Banned Drugs '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 31 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 2000 : Doping and the great recovery '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Overall standings 2002 '' . BBC Sport. 28 July 2002 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 5 August 2006 ) . `` Backup Sample on Landis is positive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Sastre wins Tour de France crown '' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Cavendish wins historic green jersey '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Bradley Wiggins wins Tour de France for Team Sky '' . BBC Sport. 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 .",
"Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome wins 100th edition of race '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 May 2015 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Vincenzo Nibali completes race victory '' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Tour takes Riis off winners list '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 .",
"Jump up ^ `` The UCI recognises USADA decision in Armstrong case '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Oscar Pereiro winner of the 2006 Tour de France '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 .",
"Jump up ^ `` CAS sanctions Contador with two year ban in clenbutorol case '' . Cyclingnews.com . Future plc. 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 .",
"Augendre , Jacques ( 2016 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . `` Tour de France '' ( in French ) . Mèmoire du Cyclisme . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 .",
"Augendre , Jacques ( 2016 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 .",
"`` Tour de France '' ( in French ) . Mèmoire du Cyclisme . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 ."
] | List of Tour de France general classification winners - wikipedia List of Tour de France general classification winners Jump to: navigation , search Miguel Indurain , who won five consecutive Tours from 1991 to 1995. Main article: General classification in the Tour de France The Tour de France is an annual road bicycle race held over 23 days in July. Established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto , the Tour is the most well-known and prestigious of cycling's three `` Grand Tours '' ; the others are the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España . The race usually covers approximately 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi), passing through France and neighbouring countries such as Belgium. The race is broken into day-long stages. Individual finishing times for each stage are totalled to determine the overall winner at the end of the race. The course changes every year, but has always finished in Paris; since 1975 it has finished along the Champs-Élysées . The rider with the lowest aggregate time at the end of each day wears the yellow jersey, representing the leader of the general classification . There are other jerseys as well: the green jersey, worn by the leader of the points classification ; the polka dot jersey, worn by the leader of the mountains classification ; and the white jersey, worn by the leader of the young rider classification . Jacques Anquetil , Eddy Merckx , Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain , have won the most Tours with five each. Lance Armstrong was the winner of seven consecutive Tours between 1999 and 2005 , but he was stripped of these titles in October 2012 by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) after it emerged that he had used performance-enhancing drugs . Indurain is the only man to win five consecutive Tours. Henri Cornet is the youngest winner; he won in 1904 , just short of his 20th birthday. Firmin Lambot is the oldest winner, having been 36 years, 4 months old when he won in 1922 . French cyclists have won the most Tours; 21 cyclists have won 36 Tours among them. Belgian cyclists are second with 18 victories, and Spanish riders are third with 12 wins. The most recent winner is Chris Froome of Team Sky , who won the 2017 Tour , his third in succession, and fourth in total. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 2.1 Multiple winners 2.2 By nationality 3 Footnotes 4 Notes and references 5 Bibliography 6 See also History ( edit ) The Tour de France was established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto , in an attempt to increase its sales. The first race was won by Frenchman Maurice Garin . He won again the next year, but was disqualified after allegations that he had been transported by car or rail arose. Henri Cornet became the winner after the dispute was settled; he is the youngest to win the Tour. Following the scandals in 1904, the scoring system was changed from being time-based to a points-based system, in which the cyclist who has the fewest points at the end of the race is victorious. This system lasted until 1912 , when the time-based system was re-introduced. French cyclists were successful in the early Tours; the first non-Frenchman to win the Tour was François Faber of Luxembourg , who won in 1909 . Belgian riders were more successful before and after the First World War (which suspended the Tour from 1915 to 1918). In the 1920s, trade teams dominated the Tour; cyclists such as Nicolas Frantz won the Tour with the Alcyon team. However, when Alcyon cyclist Maurice De Waele won the Tour in 1929 while ill, the organisers decided to introduce national teams the following year, to stop team tactics from undermining the race. Because of the Second World War , the Tour de France was suspended from 1940 to 1946. The yellow jersey ( French : Maillot jaune ), worn by the leader of the general classification After the Second World War , no one dominated the Tour until Louison Bobet , who won three consecutive Tours from 1953 to 1955 -- he was the first person to achieve this feat. This was bettered by the French cyclist Jacques Anquetil , who won four successive Tours from 1961 to 1964 . Anquetil, who also won in 1957 , became the first to win five Tours. Anquetil's five victories were matched when Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx won four successive Tours from 1969 to 1972 and the 1974 Tour. Merckx is the only person to have won the general, points and king of the mountains classifications in the same Tour. He achieved this in 1969, when he won his first Tour. Merckx looked to be heading for a record sixth Tour victory in 1975 , but Bernard Thévenet beat him, becoming the first French winner in seven years. Thévenet won again in 1977 ; however, he was eclipsed in following years by fellow Frenchman Bernard Hinault , who won consecutive Tours in 1978 and 1979 . Hinault won the Tour at his first attempt in 1978; becoming one of 11 cyclists (including Anquetil, Merckx, Hugo Koblet and Fausto Coppi ) managed to do so. In 1980 , Hinault was going for a third consecutive win, but had to pull out because of tendinitis, and the Tour was won by Joop Zoetemelk . Hinault returned in 1981 and won that race as well as the one after that. Hinault sat out the Tour in 1983 , and another Frenchman-- Laurent Fignon -- achieved victory. Fignon won again the following year, beating Hinault; Hinault recovered in 1985 to win his fifth Tour. American Greg LeMond became the first non-European to win the Tour in 1986 . LeMond missed out in 1987 and 1988, but returned in 1989 to win the Tour by finishing eight seconds ahead of Laurent Fignon, the smallest winning margin in the Tour's history. LeMond also won in 1990. In 1991 , Spaniard Miguel Indurain won his first Tour. Indurain came to dominate the Tour, winning four more Tours consecutively-- making him the first person to win five consecutive Tours. He tried to win a record-high sixth Tour in 1996 , but was beaten by Bjarne Riis , who later admitted to using Erythropoietin . Jan Ullrich and Marco Pantani won in 1997 and 1998 , respectively; however, Pantani's victory was overshadowed by doping scandals . The 1999 Tour saw the first victory of Lance Armstrong , which was followed by six more, for a total of seven consecutive victories. He was stripped of his titles in October 2012, when it emerged he had used performance-enhancing drugs throughout much of his career, including the Tour de France victories. Floyd Landis won the Tour in 2006 , but was later stripped of his title, after a drug-control test demonstrated the presence of a skewed testosterone/epitestosterone ratio. Óscar Pereiro was subsequently awarded the victory. Alberto Contador won the 2007 Tour with the Discovery Channel . The 2007 Tour was also marred by doping scandals , thus Contador was unable to defend his title in 2008 , as his Astana team was banned for its part. Fellow Spaniard Carlos Sastre of Team CSC won. Contador and Astana returned in 2009 to regain the title. He won the Tour again in 2010 , but was later stripped of his title after he was found guilty of doping. Runner-up Andy Schleck was awarded the victory. Cadel Evans became the first Australian to win the Tour in 2011 . The following year, Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist to win the Tour. Chris Froome became the second successive British winner in 2013 , which was the 100th edition of the race. He could not defend his title the following year, as he crashed out in stage 5, with Vincenzo Nibali winning his first Tour. Froome regained the title in 2015 and then successfully defended it in 2016 , the first rider in over 20 years to do so. He then backed it up with a third consecutive win in 2017 . Winners ( edit ) Key Winner won points classification in the same year * Winner won mountains classification in the same year # Winner won young rider classification in the same year Winner won points and mountains classification in the same year The `` Year'' column refers to the year the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season. The `` Distance'' column refers to the distance over which the race was held. The `` Margin'' column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner-up. The `` Stage wins'' column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race. Tour de France general classification winners Year Country Cyclist Sponsor/Team Distance Time/Points Margin Stage wins Stages in lead 1903 France Garin, Maurice Maurice Garin La Française 2,428 km (1,509 mi) 094 ! 94h 33' 14'' 24921 ! + 2h 59' 21'' 6 1904 France Garin, Maurice Maurice Garin Cornet, Henri Henri Cornet Conte 2,428 km (1,509 mi) 096 ! 96h 05' 55'' 21614 ! + 2h 16' 14'' 1905 France Trousselier, Louis Louis Trousselier Peugeot-- Wolber 2,994 km (1,860 mi) 35 26 5 10 1906 France Pottier, René René Pottier Peugeot-- Wolber 4,637 km (2,881 mi) 31 8 5 12 1907 France Petit-Breton, Lucien Lucien Petit-Breton Peugeot-- Wolber 4,488 km (2,789 mi) 47 19 5 1908 France Petit-Breton, Lucien Lucien Petit-Breton Peugeot-- Wolber 4,497 km (2,794 mi) 36 32 5 13 1909 Luxembourg Faber, François François Faber Alcyon-- Dunlop 4,498 km (2,795 mi) 37 20 6 13 1910 France Lapize, Octave Octave Lapize Alcyon-- Dunlop 4,734 km (2,942 mi) 63 1911 France Garrigou, Gustave Gustave Garrigou Alcyon-- Dunlop 5,343 km (3,320 mi) 43 18 13 1912 Belgium Defraye, Odile Odile Defraye Alcyon-- Dunlop 5,289 km (3,286 mi) 49 59 13 1913 Belgium Thys, Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot-- Wolber 5,287 km (3,285 mi) 197 ! 197h 54' 00'' 00837 ! + 8' 37'' 8 1914 Belgium Thys, Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot-- Wolber 5,380 km (3,340 mi) 200 ! 200h 28' 48'' 00150 ! + 1' 50'' 15 1915 World War I 1916 1917 1918 1919 Belgium Lambot, Firmin Firmin Lambot La Sportive 5,560 km (3,450 mi) 231 ! 231h 07' 15'' 14254 ! + 1h 42' 54'' 1920 Belgium Thys, Philippe Philippe Thys La Sportive 5,503 km (3,419 mi) 228 ! 228h 36' 13'' 05721 ! + 57' 21'' 14 1921 Belgium Scieur, Léon Léon Scieur La Sportive 5,485 km (3,408 mi) 221 ! 221h 50' 26'' 01836 ! + 18' 36'' 14 1922 Belgium Lambot, Firmin Firmin Lambot Peugeot-- Wolber 5,375 km (3,340 mi) 222 ! 222h 08' 06'' 04115 ! + 41' 15'' 0 1923 France Pélissier , Henri Henri Pélissier Automoto-- Hutchinson 5,386 km (3,347 mi) 222 ! 222h 15' 30'' 03041 ! + 30 ' 41'' 6 1924 Italy Bottecchia, Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto 5,425 km (3,371 mi) 226 ! 226h 18' 21'' 03536 ! + 35' 36'' 15 1925 Italy Bottecchia, Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto-- Hutchinson 5,440 km (3,380 mi) 219 ! 219h 10' 18'' 05420 ! + 54' 20'' 13 1926 Belgium Buysse, Lucien Lucien Buysse Automoto-- Hutchinson 5,745 km (3,570 mi) 238 ! 238h 44' 25'' 12225 ! + 1h 22' 25'' 8 1927 Luxembourg Frantz, Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon-- Dunlop 5,398 km (3,354 mi) 198 ! 198h 16' 42'' 14841 ! + 1h 48' 41'' 14 1928 Luxembourg Frantz, Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon-- Dunlop 5,476 km (3,403 mi) 192 ! 192h 48' 58'' 05007 ! + 50' 07'' 5 22 1929 Belgium De Waele, Maurice Maurice De Waele Alcyon-- Dunlop 5,286 km (3,285 mi) 186 ! 186h 39' 15'' 04423 ! +44' 23'' 16 1930 France Leducq, André André Leducq Alcyon-- Dunlop 4,822 km (2,996 mi) 172 ! 172h 12' 16'' 01413 ! + 14' 13'' 13 1931 France Magne, Antonin Antonin Magne France 5,091 km (3,163 mi) 177 ! 177h 10' 03'' 01256 ! + 12' 56'' 16 1932 France Leducq, André André Leducq France 4,479 km (2,783 mi) 154 ! 154h 11' 49'' 02403 ! + 24' 03'' 6 19 1933 France Speicher, Georges Georges Speicher France 4,395 km (2,731 mi) 147 ! 147h 51' 37'' 00401 ! + 4' 01'' 12 1934 France Magne, Antonin Antonin Magne France 4,470 km (2,780 mi) 147 ! 147h 13' 58'' 02731 ! + 27' 31'' 22 1935 Belgium Maes, Romain Romain Maes Belgium 4,338 km (2,696 mi) 141 ! 141h 23' 00'' 01752 ! + 17' 52'' 21 1936 Belgium Maes, Sylvère Sylvère Maes Belgium 4,442 km (2,760 mi) 142 ! 142h 47' 32'' 02655 ! + 26' 55'' 14 1937 France Lapébie , Roger Roger Lapébie France 4,415 km (2,743 mi) 138 ! 138h 58' 31'' 00717 ! + 7' 17'' 1938 Italy Bartali, Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,694 km (2,917 mi) 148 ! 148h 29' 12'' 01827 ! + 18' 27'' 8 1939 Belgium Maes, Sylvère Sylvère Maes * Belgium 4,224 km (2,625 mi) 132 ! 132h 03' 17'' 03038 ! + 30' 38'' 1940 World War II 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 France Robic, Jean Jean Robic France 4,642 km (2,884 mi) 148 ! 148h 11' 25'' 00358 ! + 3' 58'' 1948 Italy Bartali, Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,922 km (3,058 mi) 147 ! 147h 10' 36'' 02616 ! + 26' 16'' 7 9 1949 Italy Coppi, Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,808 km (2,988 mi) 149 ! 149h 40' 49'' 01055 ! + 10' 55'' 5 1950 Switzerland Kübler , Ferdinand Ferdinand Kübler Switzerland 4,773 km (2,966 mi) 145 ! 145h 36' 56'' 00930 ! + 9' 30'' 11 1951 Switzerland Koblet, Hugo Hugo Koblet Switzerland 4,690 km (2,910 mi) 142 ! 142h 20' 14'' 02200 ! + 22' 00'' 5 11 1952 Italy Coppi, Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,898 km (3,043 mi) 151 ! 151h 57' 20'' 02817 ! + 28' 17'' 5 14 1953 France Bobet, Louison Louison Bobet France 4,476 km (2,781 mi) 129 ! 129h 23' 25'' 01418 ! + 14' 18'' 5 1954 France Bobet, Louison Louison Bobet France 4,656 km (2,893 mi) 140 ! 140h 06' 05'' 01549 ! + 15' 49'' 14 1955 France Bobet, Louison Louison Bobet France 4,495 km (2,793 mi) 130 ! 130h 29' 26'' 00453 ! + 4' 53'' 6 1956 France Walkowiak, Roger Roger Walkowiak France 4,498 km (2,795 mi) 124 ! 124h 01' 16'' 00125 ! + 1' 25'' 0 8 1957 France Anquetil, Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,669 km (2,901 mi) 135 ! 135h 44' 42'' 01456 ! + 14' 56'' 15 1958 Luxembourg Gaul, Charly Charly Gaul Luxembourg 4,319 km (2,684 mi) 116 ! 116h 59' 05'' 00310 ! + 3' 10'' 1959 Spain Bahamontes, Federico Federico Bahamontes * Spain 4,358 km (2,708 mi) 123 ! 123h 46' 45'' 00401 ! + 4' 01'' 6 1960 Italy Nencini, Gastone Gastone Nencini Italy 4,173 km (2,593 mi) 112 ! 112h 08' 42'' 00502 ! + 5' 02'' 0 14 1961 France Anquetil, Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,397 km (2,732 mi) 122 ! 122h 01' 33'' 01214 ! + 12' 14'' 21 1962 France Anquetil, Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint-Raphaël -- Helyett-- Hutchinson 4,274 km (2,656 mi) 114 ! 114h 31' 54'' 00459 ! + 4' 59'' 1963 France Anquetil, Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint-Raphaël -- Gitane-- R. Geminiani 4,138 km (2,571 mi) 113 ! 113h 30' 05'' 00335 ! + 3' 35'' 5 1964 France Anquetil, Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint-Raphaël -- Gitane-- Dunlop 4,504 km (2,799 mi) 127 ! 127h 09' 44'' 00055 ! + 55'' 6 1965 Italy Gimondi, Felice Felice Gimondi Salvarani 4,188 km (2,602 mi) 116 ! 116h 42' 06'' 00240 ! + 2' 40'' 18 1966 France Aimar, Lucien Lucien Aimar Ford France-- Hutchinson 4,329 km (2,690 mi) 117 ! 117h 34' 21'' 00107 ! + 1' 07'' 0 6 1967 France Pingeon, Roger Roger Pingeon Peugeot-- BP-- Michelin 4,779 km (2,970 mi) 136 ! 136h 53' 50'' 00340 ! + 3' 40'' 17 1968 Netherlands Janssen, Jan Jan Janssen Pelforth-- Sauvage-- Lejeune 4,492 km (2,791 mi) 133 ! 133h 49' 42'' 00038 ! + 38'' 1969 Belgium Merckx, Eddy Eddy Merckx Faema 4,117 km (2,558 mi) 116 ! 116h 16' 02'' 01754 ! + 17' 54'' 6 18 1970 Belgium Merckx, Eddy Eddy Merckx * Faemino-- Faema 4,254 km (2,643 mi) 119 ! 119h 31' 49'' 01241 ! + 12' 41'' 8 20 1971 Belgium Merckx, Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,608 km (2,242 mi) 096 ! 96h 45' 14'' 00951 ! + 9' 51'' 17 1972 Belgium Merckx, Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,846 km (2,390 mi) 108 ! 108h 17' 18'' 01041 ! + 10' 41'' 6 15 1973 Spain Ocaña , Luis Luis Ocaña Bic 4,090 km (2,540 mi) 122 ! 122h 25' 34'' 01551 ! + 15' 51'' 6 14 Belgium Merckx, Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 4,098 km (2,546 mi) 116 ! 116h 16' 58'' 00804 ! + 8' 04'' 8 18 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot-- BP-- Michelin 4,000 km (2,500 mi) 114 ! 114h 35' 31'' 00247 ! + 2' 47'' 8 1976 Belgium Van Impe, Lucien Lucien Van Impe Gitane-- Campagnolo 4,017 km (2,496 mi) 116 ! 116h 22' 23'' 00414 ! + 4' 14'' 12 1977 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot-- Esso-- Michelin 4,096 km (2,545 mi) 115 ! 115h 38' 30'' 00048 ! + 48'' 8 1978 France Hinault, Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault-- Gitane-- Campagnolo 3,908 km (2,428 mi) 108 ! 108h 18' 00'' 00356 ! + 3' 56'' 1979 France Hinault, Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault-- Gitane 3,765 km (2,339 mi) 103 ! 103h 06' 50'' 01307 ! + 13' 07'' 7 17 1980 Netherlands Zoetemelk, Joop Joop Zoetemelk TI-- Raleigh-- Creda 3,842 km (2,387 mi) 109 ! 109h 19' 14'' 00655 ! + 6' 55'' 10 1981 France Hinault, Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault-- Elf-- Gitane 3,753 km (2,332 mi) 096 ! 96h 19' 38'' 01434 ! + 14' 34'' 5 18 1982 France Hinault, Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault-- Elf-- Gitane 3,507 km (2,179 mi) 092 ! 92h 08' 46'' 00621 ! + 6' 21'' 12 France Fignon, Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault-- Elf 3,809 km (2,367 mi) 105 ! 105h 07' 52'' 00404 ! + 4' 04'' 6 1984 France Fignon, Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault-- Elf 4,021 km (2,499 mi) 112 ! 112h 03' 40'' 01032 ! + 10' 32'' 5 7 1985 France Hinault, Bernard Bernard Hinault La Vie Claire 4,109 km (2,553 mi) 113 ! 113h 24' 23'' 00142 ! + 1' 42'' 16 1986 United States LeMond, Greg Greg LeMond La Vie Claire 4,094 km (2,544 mi) 110 ! 110h 35' 19'' 00310 ! + 3' 10'' 7 Ireland Roche, Stephen Stephen Roche Carrera Jeans-- Vagabond 4,231 km (2,629 mi) 115 ! 115h 27' 42'' 00040 ! + 40'' 1988 Spain Delgado, Pedro Pedro Delgado Reynolds 3,286 km (2,042 mi) 084 ! 84h 27' 53'' 00713 ! + 7' 13'' 11 1989 United States LeMond, Greg Greg LeMond AD Renting-- W-Cup-- Bottecchia 3,285 km (2,041 mi) 087 ! 87h 38' 35'' 00008 ! + 8'' 8 1990 United States LeMond, Greg Greg LeMond Z-- Tomasso 3,504 km (2,177 mi) 090 ! 90h 43' 20'' 00216 ! + 2' 16'' 0 1991 Spain Indurain, Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,914 km (2,432 mi) 101 ! 101h 01' 20'' 00336 ! + 3' 36'' 10 1992 Spain Indurain, Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,983 km (2,475 mi) 100 ! 100h 49' 30'' 00435 ! + 4' 35'' 10 1993 Spain Indurain, Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,714 km (2,308 mi) 095 ! 95h 57' 09'' 00459 ! + 4' 59'' 14 1994 Spain Indurain, Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,978 km (2,472 mi) 103 ! 103h 38' 38'' 00539 ! + 5' 39'' 13 1995 Spain Indurain, Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,635 km (2,259 mi) 092 ! 92h 44' 59'' 00435 ! + 4' 35'' 13 Denmark Riis, Bjarne Bjarne Riis Team Telekom 3,765 km (2,339 mi) 095 ! 95h 57' 16'' 00141 ! + 1' 41'' 13 1997 Germany Ullrich, Jan Jan Ullrich Team Telekom 3,950 km (2,450 mi) 100 ! 100h 30' 35'' 00909 ! + 9' 09'' 12 1998 Italy Pantani, Marco Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno-- Bianchi 3,875 km (2,408 mi) 092 ! 92h 49' 46'' 00321 ! + 3' 21'' 7 1999 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,687 km (2,291 mi) 091 ! 91h 32' 16'' 00737 ! + 7' 37'' 15 2000 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,662 km (2,275 mi) 092 ! 92h 33' 08'' 00602 ! + 6' 02'' 12 2001 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,458 km (2,149 mi) 086 ! 86h 17' 28'' 00644 ! + 6' 44'' 8 2002 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,272 km (2,033 mi) 082 ! 82h 05' 12'' 00717 ! + 7' 17'' 11 2003 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,427 km (2,129 mi) 083 ! 83h 41' 12'' 00101 ! + 1' 01'' 13 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,391 km (2,107 mi) 083 ! 83h 36' 02'' 00619 ! + 6' 19'' 5 7 2005 United States Armstrong, Lance Lance Armstrong Discovery Channel 3,593 km (2,233 mi) 086 ! 86h 15' 02'' 00440 ! + 4' 40'' 17 2006 Spain Landis, Floyd Floyd Landis Pereiro, Óscar Óscar Pereiro Caisse d'Epargne -- Illes Balears 3,657 km (2,272 mi) 089 ! 89h 40' 27'' 00032 ! + 32'' 0 8 2007 Spain Contador, Alberto Alberto Contador Discovery Channel 3,570 km (2,220 mi) 091 ! 91h 00' 26'' 00023 ! + 23'' 2008 Spain Sastre, Carlos Carlos Sastre * Team CSC 3,559 km (2,211 mi) 087 ! 87h 52' 52'' 00058 ! + 58'' 5 2009 Spain Contador, Alberto Alberto Contador Astana 3,459 km (2,149 mi) 085 ! 85h 48' 35'' 00411 ! + 4' 11'' 7 Luxembourg Contador, Alberto Alberto Contador Schleck, Andy Andy Schleck Team Saxo Bank 3,642 km (2,263 mi) 091 ! 91h 59' 27'' 00122 ! + 1' 22'' 12 2011 Australia Evans, Cadel Cadel Evans BMC Racing Team 3,430 km (2,130 mi) 086 ! 86h 12' 22'' 00134 ! + 1' 34'' 2012 Great Britain Wiggins, Bradley Bradley Wiggins Team Sky 3,496 km (2,172 mi) 087 ! 87h 34' 47'' 00321 ! + 3' 21'' 14 2013 Great Britain Froome, Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,404 km (2,115 mi) 083 ! 83h 56' 20'' 00420 ! + 4' 20'' 14 2014 Italy Nibali, Vincenzo Vincenzo Nibali Astana 3,660.5 km (2,274.5 mi) 089 ! 89h 59' 06'' 00737 ! + 7' 37'' 19 2015 Great Britain Froome, Chris Chris Froome * Team Sky 3,360.3 km (2,088.0 mi) 084 ! 84h 46' 14'' 00112 ! + 1' 12'' 16 2016 Great Britain Froome, Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,529 km (2,193 mi) 089 ! 89h 04' 48'' 00405 ! + 4' 05'' 14 2017 Great Britain Froome, Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,540 km (2,200 mi) 086 ! 86h 20' 55'' 00054 ! + 54'' 0 15 Multiple winners ( edit ) The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions. Since the retirement of twice winner Alberto Contador in 2017, the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome , currently with 4 wins. Contador had originally won three Tours, but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation . Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences. Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated (as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador) to the second placed rider in each race, Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins. However, the race organisers ASO have decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years, in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation. Ullrich, therefore, has a single Tour victory to his name. Multiple winners of the Tour de France general classification Cyclist Total Years Anquetil, Jacques Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 5 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Merckx, Eddy Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 5 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Hinault, Bernard Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 5 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Indurain, Miguel Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 5 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Froome, Chris Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Thys, Philippe Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920 Bobet, Louison Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955 LeMond, Greg Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990 Petit-Breton, Lucien Lucien Petit-Breton ( FRA ) 1907 , 1908 Lambot, Firmin Firmin Lambot ( BEL ) 1919 , 1922 Bottecchia, Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia ( ITA ) 1924 , 1925 Frantz, Nicolas Nicolas Frantz ( LUX ) 1927 , 1928 Leducq, André André Leducq ( FRA ) 1930 , 1932 Magne, Antonin Antonin Magne ( FRA ) 1931 , 1934 Maes, Sylvère Sylvère Maes ( BEL ) 1936 , 1939 Bartali, Gino Gino Bartali ( ITA ) 1938 , 1948 Coppi, Fausto Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1949 , 1952 Thévenet , Bernard Bernard Thévenet ( FRA ) 1975 , 1977 Fignon, Laurent Laurent Fignon ( FRA ) 1983 , 1984 Contador, Alberto Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2007 , 2009 By nationality ( edit ) Tour de France general classification winners by nationality Country No. of winning cyclists No. of wins France 23 36 Belgium 10 18 Spain 7 12 Italy 7 10 Luxembourg 5 Great Britain 5 United States Netherlands Switzerland Denmark Germany Ireland Australia Footnotes ( edit ) A. Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France . The organizers of the Tour de France have stated that they no longer consider him to be the winner, although Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status due to the amount of time passed since his win. Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris. B. Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven consecutive Tours from 1999 to 2005. However, in October 2012 he was stripped of all titles by the UCI due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs . The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had previously declared that if this happened, there would be no alternate winners for those years, but this has not yet been made official. C. Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour , but subsequently was found to have tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race. The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and stripped him of his title on 20 September 2007. D. Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour , but subsequently was found to have tested positive for the prohibited substance Clenbuterol on a rest day. The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and stripped him of his title on 6 February 2012. E. Henri Cornet was declared the winner after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating. Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ FAQ . Union Cycliste Internationale . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). Tour de France: 1903-2003 . Routledge . p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7146-5362-4 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win'' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI'' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Scholiansky, Christopher (6 July 2009). `` Will He? Won't He? Can Armstrong Win Tour de France?'' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stats'' . Tour de France . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Tour de France 2016: Chris Froome completes third race victory'' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1903-- 1914: Pioneers and ' assassins ' '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930-- 1939: Adapt to survive'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947-- 1956: Post-war rivalries'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1957-- 1966: Anquetil 5-- 0 Poulidor'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967-- 1977: Tragedy before a Cannibal's feast'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978-- 1984: The Badger's golden era'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 19 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Armijo, Vic (1999). The complete idiot's guide to cycling . Alpha Books . p. 28. ISBN 0-02-862929-9 . Jump up ^ `` 1985-- 1990: American, Irishman and Spaniard'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991-- 1995: Big Mig's masterclass'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Duff, Alex (25 May 2007). `` Riis, Tour de France Champ, Says He Took Banned Drugs'' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996-- 2000: Doping and the great recovery'' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overall standings 2002'' . BBC Sport. 28 July 2002 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win'' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (5 August 2006). `` Backup Sample on Landis is positive'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sastre wins Tour de France crown'' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France: Cavendish wins historic green jersey'' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Wiggins wins Tour de France for Team Sky'' . BBC Sport. 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson, Anna (22 July 2013). `` Tour de France:Chris Froome wins 100th edition of race'' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France: Vincenzo Nibali completes race victory'' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour takes Riis off winners list'' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The UCI recognises USADA decision in Armstrong case'' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Pereiro winner of the 2006 Tour de France'' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CAS sanctions Contador with two year ban in clenbutorol case'' . Cyclingnews.com . Future plc. 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique ( Historical guide ) (PDF) . Tour de France (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . `` Tour de France'' (in French). Mèmoire du Cyclisme. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of Tour de France secondary classification winners Yellow jersey statistics List of Grand Tour general classification winners Tour de France general classification winners 1903-- 1919 1903 : Maurice Garin 1904 : Henri Cornet 1905 : Louis Trousselier 1906 : René Pottier 1907 -- 08 : Lucien Petit-Breton 1909 : François Faber 1910 : Octave Lapize 1911 : Gustave Garrigou 1912 : Odile Defraye 1913 -- 14 : Philippe Thys 1915-- 18: World War I 1919 : Firmin Lambot 1920-- 1939 1920 : Philippe Thys 1921 : Léon Scieur 1922 : Firmin Lambot 1923 : Henri Pélissier 1924 -- 25 : Ottavio Bottecchia 1926 : Lucien Buysse 1927 -- 28 : Nicolas Frantz 1929 : Maurice De Waele 1930 : André Leducq 1931 : Antonin Magne 1932 : André Leducq 1933 : Georges Speicher 1934 : Antonin Magne 1935 : Romain Maes 1936 : Sylvère Maes 1937 : Roger Lapébie 1938 : Gino Bartali 1939 : Sylvère Maes 1940-- 1959 1940-- 46 : World War II 1947 : Jean Robic 1948 : Gino Bartali 1949 : Fausto Coppi 1950 : Ferdinand Kübler 1951 : Hugo Koblet 1952 : Fausto Coppi 1953 -- 55 : Louison Bobet 1956 : Roger Walkowiak 1957 : Jacques Anquetil 1958 : Charly Gaul 1959 : Federico Bahamontes 1960-- 1979 1960 : Gastone Nencini 1961 -- 64 : Jacques Anquetil 1965 : Felice Gimondi 1966 : Lucien Aimar 1967 : Roger Pingeon 1968 : Jan Janssen 1969 -- 72 : Eddy Merckx 1973 : Luis Ocaña 1974 : Eddy Merckx 1975 : Bernard Thévenet 1976 : Lucien Van Impe 1977 : Bernard Thévenet 1978 -- 79 : Bernard Hinault 1980-- 1998 1980 : Joop Zoetemelk 1981 -- 82 : Bernard Hinault 1983 -- 84 : Laurent Fignon 1985 : Bernard Hinault 1986 : Greg LeMond 1987 : Stephen Roche 1988 : Pedro Delgado 1989 -- 90 : Greg LeMond 1991 -- 95 : Miguel Indurain 1996 : Bjarne Riis 1997 : Jan Ullrich 1998 : Marco Pantani 2006-- present 1999 -- 2005 : results voided because of doping 2006 : Óscar Pereiro 2007 : Alberto Contador 2008 : Carlos Sastre 2009 : Alberto Contador 2010 : Andy Schleck 2011 : Cadel Evans 2012 : Bradley Wiggins 2013 : Chris Froome 2014 : Vincenzo Nibali 2015 -- 2017 : Chris Froome Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Classifications (`` jerseys'' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903-- 1935: Henri Desgrange 1936-- 1961: Jacques Goddet 1962-- 1986: Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987: Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet 1988: Xavier Louy 1989-- 2006: Jean-Marie Leblanc 2007-- present: Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903-- 1967: Parc des Princes 1968-- 1974: Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975-- present: Champs-Élysées stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Didi Senft Géo Lefèvre La Course by Le Tour de France Tour de France Soundtracks Tour de l'Avenir Grand Tour (cycling) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tour_de_France_general_classification_winners&oldid=800241485 '' Categories : Tour de France classifications and awards Tour de France winners Lists of cyclists Tour de France-related lists Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles containing French-language text Articles with hCards CS1 French-language sources (fr) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Føroyskt Français Hrvatski Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 5523631786279889423 |
when did lil peep release his first song | In 2015 , Åhr released his first mixtape , Lil Peep Part One , which generated 4,000 plays in its first week . Shortly thereafter , he released his first extended play , Feelz , and another mixtape , Live Forever . | [
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"2015"
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"Lil Peep Lil Peep in August 2016 Gustav Elijah Åhr ( 1996 - 11 - 01 ) November 1 , 1996 Pennsylvania , U.S. November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) ( aged 21 ) Tucson , Arizona , U.S. Cause of death Fentanyl overdose Other names Lil Bo Peep Lil Kennedy Occupation Rapper singer songwriter record producer Years active 2014 -- 2017 Musical career Origin Long Beach , New York , U.S. Genres Emo hip hop cloud rap Instruments Vocals Labels First Access Warner Music Sweden Associated acts Gothboiclique Lil Tracy Schemaposse Website lilpeep. party",
"Lil Peep",
"Lil Peep in August 2016",
"Gustav Elijah Åhr ( 1996 - 11 - 01 ) November 1 , 1996 Pennsylvania , U.S.",
"November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) ( aged 21 ) Tucson , Arizona , U.S.",
"Cause of death Fentanyl overdose",
"Other names Lil Bo Peep Lil Kennedy",
"Lil Bo Peep Lil Kennedy",
"Lil Bo Peep",
"Occupation Rapper singer songwriter record producer",
"Rapper singer songwriter record producer",
"Years active 2014 -- 2017",
"Musical career",
"Origin Long Beach , New York , U.S.",
"Genres Emo hip hop cloud rap",
"Emo hip hop cloud rap",
"Emo hip hop",
"Instruments Vocals",
"Labels First Access Warner Music Sweden",
"First Access Warner Music Sweden",
"Warner Music Sweden",
"Associated acts Gothboiclique Lil Tracy Schemaposse",
"Gothboiclique Lil Tracy Schemaposse",
"Website lilpeep. party",
"Gustav Elijah `` Gus '' Åhr ( November 1 , 1996 -- November 15 , 2017 ) , known by his stage name Lil Peep , was an American rapper , singer , songwriter , and record producer . Lil Peep was known for being part of a `` post-emo revival style of hip - hop '' .",
"Lil Peep died of an accidental fentanyl overdose on November 15 , 2017 .",
"Gustav Elijah Åhr was born on November 1 , 1996 , in Pennsylvania and grew up on Long Island , New York . His parents were both Harvard graduates who divorced when he was a teenager . Åhr 's mother , Liza Womack is a first grade teacher and his father is a college professor . He had Swedish , German and Irish descent .",
"Åhr attended Long Beach High School in Lido Beach , New York , which he rarely attended in spite of good grades and was on the deans list for the time he attended . He later dropped out of the high school and took online courses to earn his diploma . Shortly thereafter , he began posting his music on YouTube and SoundCloud .",
"When Åhr was 17 , he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in music , under the pseudonym Lil Peep .",
"In 2015 , Åhr released his first mixtape , Lil Peep Part One , which generated 4,000 plays in its first week . Shortly thereafter , he released his first extended play , Feelz , and another mixtape , Live Forever .",
"In 2016 , Åhr released two full - length mixtapes ; Crybaby and Hellboy .",
"In May 2017 , the band Mineral accused Åhr of copyright infringement for including an unlicensed and uncredited sample of their song `` LoveLetterTypewriter '' in his `` Hollywood Dreaming '' track . Åhr said that he was only trying to `` show some love '' with the sample .",
"On June 2 , 2017 , Åhr announced his debut album , Come Over When You 're Sober , via Instagram . The album was given the release date of August 11 , 2017 . After a slight delay , the album was released on August 15 , 2017 .",
"Åhr announced a Come Over When You 're Sober tour to promote the album . The tour began on August 2 , 2017 , and was scheduled to end on November 17 , 2017 , but was cut short by two days due to his death .",
"Due to Åhr 's prolific work rate , a number of songs and projects were completed prior to his death . The first official posthumous release arrived within twenty - four hours of his death as videographer Wiggy released the official video for `` Sixteen Lines '' . On January 12 , 2018 , Marshmello officially released a collaboration entitled `` Spotlight '' . On January 15 , 2018 , Juicy J officially released `` Got Em Like '' which featured Lil Peep and Wiz Khalifa .",
"Lil Peep was described as a `` cloud rapper '' , `` SoundCloud rapper '' , and an `` emo rapper '' as well as lo - fi rap . New York Times music critic Jon Caramanica defined Åhr as the Kurt Cobain of lo - fi rap and described his music as gloomy and diabolically melodic . Åhr 's music generally drew on both Southern rap and the angsty introspection of the rock subgenre post-hardcore . He said that he wanted to become the `` New Kurt Cobain '' .",
"Åhr 's music contains lyrical themes regarding topics such as depression , drug use , past relationships , and suicidal thoughts . He had been described as the future of emo by Steven J. Horowitz of online magazine Pitchfork . Before the release of his first album , he mentioned Kurt Cobain , David Bowie , Frank Ocean and Riff Raff as inspirations , and wanted to be known as the `` Kurt Cobain of Rap '' . His other musical influences include Gucci Mane , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Crystal Castles , Seshollowaterboyz , Rozz Dyliams , My Chemical Romance and Panic ! at the Disco . His songs have sampled such artists as Pierce the Veil , Brand New , Radiohead , Underoath , Avenged Sevenfold , Slayer , The Postal Service , Oasis and The Microphones .",
"In 2016 , Åhr moved from Skid Row to his Echo Park apartment in Los Angeles where he recorded and produced the majority of his commercial work .",
"Åhr played the trombone and tuba and expressed an interest in music and fashion from a young age . Åhr regularly referenced addictions to cocaine , ecstasy and Xanax in his lyrics and posts on social media , where he described himself as a `` productive junkie '' and advised his audience to avoid drug use . Åhr came out as bisexual in a Twitter post in August 2017 .",
"On November 15 , 2017 , Åhr was found dead on his tour bus when his manager went to check on him in preparation for that night 's performance at a Tucson , Arizona venue . Foul play was not suspected , with his death believed to be from an overdose . On December 8 , the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner released details from a toxicology report , certifying the cause of death was an accidental overdose due to the effects of the pain medications fentanyl and alprazolam . Blood tests tested positive for marijuana , cocaine and the painkiller Tramadol . Urine tests also showed the presence of multiple powerful opiates , including Hydrocodone , Hydromorphone ( Dilaudid ) , Oxycodone and Oxymorphone . There was no alcohol in his system .",
"In a series of Instagram posts in the hours leading up to his death , Åhr claimed to have ingested psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana concentrate . In another , he claimed to have consumed six Xanax pills following a video depicting his attempts to drop an unidentified pill into his mouth several times before successfully swallowing one and shaking a full prescription bottle . A subsequent post was captioned `` When I die , you 'll love me . ''",
"In the days after his death , a police report revealed that Åhr had taken a nap around 5 : 45 p.m. before the concert . His manager checked on him twice and found him sleeping and breathing fine , but was unable to wake him . When the manager checked on Åhr a third time , he was unresponsive and not breathing . Åhr 's manager performed CPR before medics arrived , though he was pronounced dead at the scene .",
"Numerous artists in the music industry paid tribute to Åhr following his death , including Diplo , Post Malone , Pete Wentz , Marshmello , Zane Lowe , ASAP Nast , Rich Chigga , Playboi Carti , Lil Uzi Vert , Bella Thorne , Sam Smith , Lil Pump and Mark Ronson .",
"Jon Caramanica , a music critic for the New York Times , held a special remembrance podcast episode to honor Peep following his death which was released on November 22 , 2017 .",
"Good Charlotte also honored Lil Peep with a performance of `` Awful Things '' which was shown at his memorial in Long Beach , New York on December 2 , 2017 .",
"Three Days Grace paid tribute by posting a video on Instagram and Twitter of a remix of Peep 's song `` Witchblades '' featuring Lil Tracy . The remixed song 's beat was a slowed down instrumental track of the band 's song , `` The Real You '' .",
"List of studio albums , with selected details and peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US US Alt . US R&B / HH US Rap Come Over When You 're Sober , Pt. 1 Released : August 15 , 2017 Label : First Access , Warner Music Sweden Format : Digital download 38 16 13",
"Title Album details Peak chart positions",
"US US Alt . US R&B / HH US Rap",
"Come Over When You 're Sober , Pt. 1 Released : August 15 , 2017 Label : First Access , Warner Music Sweden Format : Digital download 38 16 13",
"Released : August 15 , 2017 Label : First Access , Warner Music Sweden Format : Digital download",
"Released : August 15 , 2017",
"Label : First Access , Warner Music Sweden",
"Format : Digital download",
"Lil Peep Part One ( 2015 ) Live Forever ( 2015 ) Crybaby ( 2016 ) Hellboy ( 2016 )",
"Lil Peep Part One ( 2015 )",
"Live Forever ( 2015 )",
"Crybaby ( 2016 )",
"Hellboy ( 2016 )",
"Feelz ( 2015 ) Vertigo ( 2016 ) California Girls ( with Nedarb Nagrom ) ( 2016 ) Teen Romance ( 2016 ) Castles ( with Lil Tracy ) ( 2016 ) Castles II ( with Lil Tracy ) ( 2017 )",
"Feelz ( 2015 )",
"Vertigo ( 2016 )",
"California Girls ( with Nedarb Nagrom ) ( 2016 )",
"Teen Romance ( 2016 )",
"Castles ( with Lil Tracy ) ( 2016 )",
"Castles II ( with Lil Tracy ) ( 2017 )",
"List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album US `` Benz Truck ( гелик ) '' 2017 -- Come Over When You 're Sober , Pt. 1 `` The Brightside '' -- `` Awful Things '' ( featuring Lil Tracy ) 79 `` Save That Shit '' -- `` Spotlight '' ( with Marshmello ) 2018 -- Non-album single",
"Title Year Peak chart positions Album",
"US",
"`` Benz Truck ( гелик ) '' 2017 -- Come Over When You 're Sober , Pt. 1",
"`` The Brightside '' --",
"`` Awful Things '' ( featuring Lil Tracy ) 79",
"`` Save That Shit '' --",
"`` Spotlight '' ( with Marshmello ) 2018 -- Non-album single"
] | Lil Peep - wikipedia Lil Peep Jump to: navigation , search Lil Peep Lil Peep in August 2016 Gustav Elijah Åhr ( 1996-11-01 ) November 1, 1996 Pennsylvania , U.S. November 15, 2017 ( 2017-11-15 ) (aged 21) Tucson, Arizona , U.S. Cause of death Fentanyl overdose Other names Lil Bo Peep Lil Kennedy Occupation Rapper singer songwriter record producer Years active 2014-- 2017 Musical career Origin Long Beach, New York , U.S. Genres Emo hip hop cloud rap Instruments Vocals Labels First Access Warner Music Sweden Associated acts Gothboiclique Lil Tracy Schemaposse Website lilpeep. party Gustav Elijah `` Gus'' Åhr (November 1, 1996 -- November 15, 2017), known by his stage name Lil Peep , was an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Lil Peep was known for being part of a `` post-emo revival style of hip-hop'' . Lil Peep died of an accidental fentanyl overdose on November 15, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Posthumous releases 3 Musical style 4 Personal life 5 Death 5.1 Tributes 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 6.2 Mixtapes 6.3 Extended plays 6.4 Singles 7 References 8 Further reading Early life Gustav Elijah Åhr was born on November 1, 1996, in Pennsylvania and grew up on Long Island, New York . His parents were both Harvard graduates who divorced when he was a teenager. Åhr 's mother, Liza Womack is a first grade teacher and his father is a college professor. He had Swedish , German and Irish descent. Åhr attended Long Beach High School in Lido Beach, New York , which he rarely attended in spite of good grades and was on the deans list for the time he attended. He later dropped out of the high school and took online courses to earn his diploma. Shortly thereafter, he began posting his music on YouTube and SoundCloud . When Åhr was 17, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in music, under the pseudonym Lil Peep. Career In 2015, Åhr released his first mixtape, Lil Peep Part One , which generated 4,000 plays in its first week. Shortly thereafter, he released his first extended play, Feelz , and another mixtape, Live Forever . In 2016, Åhr released two full-length mixtapes; Crybaby and Hellboy . In May 2017, the band Mineral accused Åhr of copyright infringement for including an unlicensed and uncredited sample of their song `` LoveLetterTypewriter'' in his `` Hollywood Dreaming'' track. Åhr said that he was only trying to `` show some love'' with the sample. On June 2, 2017, Åhr announced his debut album, Come Over When You're Sober , via Instagram . The album was given the release date of August 11, 2017. After a slight delay, the album was released on August 15, 2017. Åhr announced a Come Over When You're Sober tour to promote the album. The tour began on August 2, 2017, and was scheduled to end on November 17, 2017, but was cut short by two days due to his death. Posthumous releases Due to Åhr 's prolific work rate, a number of songs and projects were completed prior to his death. The first official posthumous release arrived within twenty-four hours of his death as videographer Wiggy released the official video for `` Sixteen Lines'' . On January 12, 2018, Marshmello officially released a collaboration entitled `` Spotlight '' . On January 15, 2018, Juicy J officially released `` Got Em Like'' which featured Lil Peep and Wiz Khalifa . Musical style Lil Peep was described as a `` cloud rapper '' , `` SoundCloud rapper '' , and an `` emo rapper '' as well as lo-fi rap. New York Times music critic Jon Caramanica defined Åhr as the Kurt Cobain of lo-fi rap and described his music as gloomy and diabolically melodic. Åhr 's music generally drew on both Southern rap and the angsty introspection of the rock subgenre post-hardcore . He said that he wanted to become the `` New Kurt Cobain'' . Åhr 's music contains lyrical themes regarding topics such as depression , drug use , past relationships, and suicidal thoughts . He had been described as the future of emo by Steven J. Horowitz of online magazine Pitchfork . Before the release of his first album, he mentioned Kurt Cobain , David Bowie , Frank Ocean and Riff Raff as inspirations, and wanted to be known as the `` Kurt Cobain of Rap'' . His other musical influences include Gucci Mane , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Crystal Castles , Seshollowaterboyz , Rozz Dyliams, My Chemical Romance and Panic! at the Disco . His songs have sampled such artists as Pierce the Veil , Brand New , Radiohead , Underoath , Avenged Sevenfold , Slayer , The Postal Service , Oasis and The Microphones . Personal life In 2016, Åhr moved from Skid Row to his Echo Park apartment in Los Angeles where he recorded and produced the majority of his commercial work. Åhr played the trombone and tuba and expressed an interest in music and fashion from a young age. Åhr regularly referenced addictions to cocaine , ecstasy and Xanax in his lyrics and posts on social media, where he described himself as a `` productive junkie '' and advised his audience to avoid drug use. Åhr came out as bisexual in a Twitter post in August 2017. Death On November 15, 2017, Åhr was found dead on his tour bus when his manager went to check on him in preparation for that night's performance at a Tucson, Arizona venue. Foul play was not suspected, with his death believed to be from an overdose. On December 8, the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner released details from a toxicology report, certifying the cause of death was an accidental overdose due to the effects of the pain medications fentanyl and alprazolam . Blood tests tested positive for marijuana , cocaine and the painkiller Tramadol . Urine tests also showed the presence of multiple powerful opiates, including Hydrocodone , Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), Oxycodone and Oxymorphone . There was no alcohol in his system. In a series of Instagram posts in the hours leading up to his death, Åhr claimed to have ingested psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana concentrate. In another, he claimed to have consumed six Xanax pills following a video depicting his attempts to drop an unidentified pill into his mouth several times before successfully swallowing one and shaking a full prescription bottle. A subsequent post was captioned `` When I die, you'll love me.'' In the days after his death, a police report revealed that Åhr had taken a nap around 5:45 p.m. before the concert. His manager checked on him twice and found him sleeping and breathing fine, but was unable to wake him. When the manager checked on Åhr a third time, he was unresponsive and not breathing. Åhr 's manager performed CPR before medics arrived, though he was pronounced dead at the scene. Tributes Numerous artists in the music industry paid tribute to Åhr following his death, including Diplo , Post Malone , Pete Wentz , Marshmello , Zane Lowe , ASAP Nast , Rich Chigga , Playboi Carti , Lil Uzi Vert , Bella Thorne , Sam Smith , Lil Pump and Mark Ronson . Jon Caramanica , a music critic for the New York Times , held a special remembrance podcast episode to honor Peep following his death which was released on November 22, 2017. Good Charlotte also honored Lil Peep with a performance of `` Awful Things'' which was shown at his memorial in Long Beach, New York on December 2, 2017. Three Days Grace paid tribute by posting a video on Instagram and Twitter of a remix of Peep's song `` Witchblades'' featuring Lil Tracy. The remixed song's beat was a slowed down instrumental track of the band's song, `` The Real You '' . Discography Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected details and peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US US Alt. US R&B /HH US Rap Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 Released: August 15, 2017 Label: First Access , Warner Music Sweden Format: Digital download 38 16 13 Mixtapes Lil Peep Part One (2015) Live Forever (2015) Crybaby (2016) Hellboy (2016) Extended plays Feelz (2015) Vertigo (2016) California Girls (with Nedarb Nagrom) (2016) Teen Romance (2016) Castles (with Lil Tracy) (2016) Castles II (with Lil Tracy) (2017) Singles List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album US `` Benz Truck (гелик )'' 2017 -- Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 `` The Brightside'' -- `` Awful Things'' (featuring Lil Tracy) 79 `` Save That Shit'' -- `` Spotlight '' (with Marshmello ) 2018 -- Non-album single References ^ Jump up to: `` Lil Peep Died of Toxic Fentanyl-Xanax Overdose: Report'' . People.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep Is Leading The Post-emo Revival'' . Hungertv.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maybe Lil Peep Really Is The Future of Emo'' . Jump up ^ `` Tears of a Dirtbag: Rapper Lil Peep Is the Future of Emo'' . Pitchfork.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Report: Toxic Combo of Prescription Drugs Killed Rapper'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Who was Lil Peep? Inside the life of the late 21-year-old rapper'' . NME . November 16, 2017 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Lil Peep (December 2, 2017), The Fascinating and Colorful Life of Iconic Gus Ahr (Lil Peep) , retrieved December 2, 2017 Jump up ^ `` You Might Not Have Known Lil Peep, but He Represented a New Generation of Rap'' . Esquire . November 16, 2017 . Retrieved November 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Verrico, Lisa (August 6, 2017). `` Interview: Lil Peep'' . ISSN 0140-0460 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Joyce, Colin. `` Meet Lil Peep, All-American Reject'' . Fader . Retrieved February 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep Has Died at Age 21'' . Noisey . November 16, 2017 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep @ The Foundry 10/30 mxdwn.com'' . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep Tour Dates & Tickets'' . Stereoboard.com . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Lil Peep, The All-American Reject You'll Hate To Love'' . The FADER . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emo Veterans Mineral Accuse Lil Peep Of Ripping Them Off'' . Stereogum . May 5, 2017 . Retrieved July 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep Announces Album Title, Shares `` no respect freestyle '' `` . The FADER . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by @lilpeep Jun 2, 2017 at 10:23am UTC'' . Instagram . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 by Lil Peep on Apple Music'' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emo-rapper Lil Peep announces ' Come Over When You're Sober' tour -- News -- Alternative Press'' . Alternative Press . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Video for ' Sixteen Lines' by Lil Peep'' . elevatormag.com . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marshmello Reveals Lil Peep Collaboration Title and Artwork'' . billboard.com . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Juicy J's New Song `` Got Em Like'' With Lil Peep, Wiz Khalifa`` . pitchfork.com . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ♫ Listen: LIL TRACY -- ✧ ✧ ✧ LIFE OF A POPSTAR✧ ✧ ✧ '' . Tiny Mix Tapes . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeung, Neil. `` Lil Peep bio'' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ Connick, Tom. `` Emo rapper Lil Peep dies of suspected drug overdose, aged 21'' . NME . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Losing SoundCloud Would Change Music'' . The Ringer . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (June 22, 2017). `` The Rowdy World of Rap's New Underground'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison, Angus (April 21, 2017). `` Lil Peep: the YouTube rapper who's taking back emo'' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Horowitz, Steven J. (January 9, 2017). `` Tears of a Dirtbag: Rapper Lil Peep Is the Future of Emo'' . Pitchfork.com . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Hippy, a Selfie with LiL PEEP 1. How did you end up..'' Internet Hippy . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schnipper, Matthew (October 14, 2016). `` '' White Wine'' by Lil Peep Review`` . Pitchfork.com . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Artists You Need To Know About In 2017'' . Thefader.com . January 5, 2017 . Retrieved January 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emo Rapper Lil Peep Dead at 21'' . Jump up ^ `` The Break Presents: Lil Peep -- XXL'' . XXL Mag . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Lil Peep's Music Brilliant or Stupid as Shit?'' . Noisey.vice.com . December 23, 2016 . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ SINNER, GOTH ANGEL. `` I am a depressed drug addict and I'm nearing my breaking point. Everything I love is disappearing'' . Twitter . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ Tracer, Dan (August 9, 2017). `` Rapper Lil Peep comes out as bi on Twitter'' . Queerty.com . Retrieved October 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep Reveals He's Bisexual -- XXL'' . XXL Mag . Retrieved August 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper Lil Ppep Comes Out as Bisexual'' . World Entertainment News Network (England). August 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Brown, August (November 16, 2017). `` Lil Peep, hero to the emo and hip-hop scenes, dies of suspected overdose at 21'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers France, Lisa (November 15, 2017). `` Rapper Lil Peep dies at 21'' . CNN . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss, Matthew (November 16, 2017). `` Lil Peep Died of Suspected Overdose, Medical Examiner Says'' . Pitchfork . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (November 16, 2017). `` The death of Lil Peep: how the US prescription drug epidemic is changing hip-hop'' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Sargent, Jordan (November 20, 2017). `` TMZ: Police Report Says Lil Peep Did Not Wake Up From Pre-Show Nap'' . Spin . Retrieved November 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle, Lars (November 16, 2017). `` Lil Peep's Death: Diplo, Post Malone, Pete Wentz & More React'' . Billboard . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon, Arielle (November 16, 2017). `` Diplo, Pete Wentz, Post Malone and Other Musicians React to Lil Peep's Death'' . Spin . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle, Lars (November 22, 2017). `` Remembering Lil Peep'' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle, Lars (December 4, 2017). `` GOOD CHARLOTTE HONOR LIL PEEP WITH ' AWFUL THINGS' PERFORMANCE AT RAPPER'S MEMORIAL'' . Fuse . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Peak positions for Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 : For US Billboard 200 : `` Lil Peep -- Chart History'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . For US Alternative Albums : `` Lil Peep -- Chart History'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . For US Top R&B /Hip-Hop Albums : `` Lil Peep -- Chart History'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . For US Top Rap Albums : `` Lil Peep -- Chart History'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Peep -- Awful Things -- Chart History'' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . Further reading `` Emo rapper Lil Peep embodies sadboi aesthetic in new album'' . Rocky Mountain Collegian . September 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . MusicBrainz : 92da4329-77a4-425c-8e92-4280110cace9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lil_Peep&oldid=821529099 '' Categories : 1996 births 2017 deaths 21st-century American singers Bisexual men Bisexual musicians Drug-related deaths in Arizona East Coast hip hop musicians LGBT people from New York (state) LGBT rappers People from Long Island Rappers from New York City Writers from New York City Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 01:27. 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which geographical part of haryana is shivalik hills situated | The Shivalik Hills to the northeast | [
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"Haryana State Seal Location of Haryana in India Coordinates ( Chandigarh ) : 30 ° 44 ′ N 76 ° 47 ′ E / 30.73 ° N 76.78 ° E / 30.73 ; 76.78 Coordinates : 30 ° 44 ′ N 76 ° 47 ′ E / 30.73 ° N 76.78 ° E / 30.73 ; 76.78 Country India Statehood 1 November 1966 Capital Chandigarh Largest city Faridabad Districts 22 Government Governor Kaptan Singh Solanki Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar ( BJP ) Legislature Unicameral ( 90 seats ) Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha 5 Lok Sabha 10 High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Area Total 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi ) Area rank 21st Population ( 2011 ) Total 25,353,081 Rank 18th Density 573 / km ( 1,480 / sq mi ) Density rank 11 Demonym ( s ) Haryanvi Languages Official Hindi Additional official Punjabi Spoken Haryanvi , Hindi and Punjabi Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) ISO 3166 code IN - HR Vehicle registration HR - xx HDI 0.644 ( medium ) HDI rank 17th ( 2011 ) Sex ratio 877 ♂ / ♀ Website haryana.gov.in Symbols of Haryana Animal Black buck Bird Black francolin Flower Lotus Tree Peepal",
"Haryana",
"State",
"Seal",
"Seal",
"Seal",
"Location of Haryana in India",
"Coordinates ( Chandigarh ) : 30 ° 44 ′ N 76 ° 47 ′ E / 30.73 ° N 76.78 ° E / 30.73 ; 76.78 Coordinates : 30 ° 44 ′ N 76 ° 47 ′ E / 30.73 ° N 76.78 ° E / 30.73 ; 76.78",
"Country India",
"Statehood 1 November 1966",
"Capital Chandigarh",
"Largest city Faridabad",
"Districts 22",
"Government",
"Governor Kaptan Singh Solanki",
"Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar ( BJP )",
"Legislature Unicameral ( 90 seats )",
"Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha 5 Lok Sabha 10",
"High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court",
"Area",
"Total 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi )",
"Area rank 21st",
"Population ( 2011 )",
"Total 25,353,081",
"Rank 18th",
"Density 573 / km ( 1,480 / sq mi )",
"Density rank 11",
"Demonym ( s ) Haryanvi",
"Languages",
"Official Hindi",
"Additional official Punjabi",
"Spoken Haryanvi , Hindi and Punjabi",
"Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 )",
"ISO 3166 code IN - HR",
"Vehicle registration HR - xx",
"HDI 0.644 ( medium )",
"HDI rank 17th ( 2011 )",
"Sex ratio 877 ♂ / ♀",
"Website haryana.gov.in",
"Symbols of Haryana",
"Animal Black buck",
"Bird Black francolin",
"Flower Lotus",
"Tree Peepal",
"Haryana ( IPA : ( ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ) ) , is one of the 29 states in India , situated in North India . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis . It stands 21st in terms of its area , which is spread about 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi ) . As of 2011 census of India , the state is eighteenth largest by population with 25,353,081 inhabitants . The city of Chandigarh is its capital while the National Capital Region city of Faridabad is the most populous city of the state and the city of Gurugram is financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it .",
"Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India and has the third highest per capita income in the country at ₹ 119,158 ( US $1,900 ) in the year 2012 -- 13 and ₹ 132,089 ( US $2,100 ) in the year 2013 -- 14 , The state is one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia , and its agricultural and manufacturing industries have experienced sustained growth since the 1970s . Since 2000 , the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India .",
"It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north , and by Rajasthan to the west and south . The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh . Haryana surrounds the country 's capital Delhi on three sides , forming the northern , western and southern borders of Delhi . Consequently , a large area of south Haryana is included in the National Capital Region for purposes of planning and development .",
"The name Haryana is found in the works of the 12th - century AD Apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189 -- 1230 ) .",
"The name Haryana has been derived from the Sanskrit words Hari ( the Hindu god Vishnu ) and ayana ( home ) , meaning `` the Abode of God '' . However , scholars such as Muni Lal , Murli Chand Sharma , HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name comes from a compound of the words Hari ( Sanskrit Harit , `` green '' ) and Aranya ( forest ) .",
"Vedic state of Brahmavarta is claimed to be located in a new research in south Haryana , where initial Vedic scriptures were composed after the great floods some 10,000 years ago . Manusmriti , a flood time document composed by Manu and Bhrigu is now dated 10,000 years old . Rakhigarhi village in the Hisar district is home to the largest and one of the oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites , dated as over 5,000 years old . Evidence of paved roads , a drainage system , a large - scale rainwater collection storage system , terracotta brick and statue production , and skilled metal working ( in both bronze and precious metals ) have been uncovered . According to archeologists , Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation , which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus valley .",
"Ancient idols of Jain Tirthankara ( made of bronze and stone ) were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli , Bhiwani ( Ranila , Charkhi Dadri , Badhara village ) , Dadri , Gurgaon ( Ferozpur Jhirka ) , Hansi , Hisar ( Agroha ) , Kasan , Nahad , Narnaul , Pehowa , Rewari , Rohad , Rohtak ( Asthal - Abohar ) and Sonepat in Haryana .",
"After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398 , Timur attacked and sacked the important cities like Sirsa , Fatehabad , Sunam , Kaithal and Panipat . When he reached near the town of Sarsuti from fort of Firozah and Bhatner , the residents who were mostly non-Muslims fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur 's troops , with thousands of them being killed as well as looted by the troops . From there he traveled to Fatehabad , whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred . The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated , with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes . From there he traveled to Tohana , whose Jat inhabitants were stated to be robbers according to Sharaf ad - Din Ali Yazdi . They tried to resist but were defeated and fled . Timur 's army pursued and killed 200 Jats , while taking many more as prisoners . He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered . From there he proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered , destroying all villages along the way . On the next day , he came to Assandh whose residents were `` fire - worshippers '' according to Yazdi had fled to Delhi . Next he traveled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled . He then marched on to Loni fort .",
"The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by major empires of India . Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India . In the First Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) , Babur defeated the Lodis . In the Second Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) , Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi , who belonged to Rewari . Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal defeating Mughals and Afghans . Hemu had defeated Akbar 's forces twice at Agra and Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become last Hindu Emperor of India with formal Coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7th Oct. 1556 . In the Third Battle of Panipat ( 1761 ) , the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas .",
"Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966 . The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing Punjab , India and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people . The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then - districts of Hisar , Mahendragarh , Gurgaon , Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana . Further , the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district -- along with Naraingarh , Ambala and Jagadhri -- were to be included .",
"The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharad , which includes Chandigarh , the state capital of Punjab , should be a part of Haryana . However , only a small portion of Kharad was given to Haryana . The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory , serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana .",
"Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became first Chief Minister of Haryana .",
"Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India . It is between 27 ° 39 ' to 30 ° 35 ' N latitude and between 74 ° 28 ' and 77 ° 36 ' E longitude . The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha , which is 1.4 % of the geographical area of the country . The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft ( 200 metres to 1200 metres ) above sea level . As per India State of Forest Report , FSI , 2013 , the Forest Cover in the state is 1586 km which is 3.59 % of the state 's geographical area and the Tree Cover in the state is 1282 km which is 2.90 % of the geographical area . Thus the Forest and Tree Cover of the Haryana state is 6.49 % of its geographical area .",
"Haryana has four main geographical features .",
"The Yamuna - Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state The Shivalik Hills to the northeast Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest The Aravali Range in the south",
"The Yamuna - Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state",
"The Shivalik Hills to the northeast",
"Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest",
"The Aravali Range in the south",
"The Yamuna flows along the state 's eastern boundary while the ancient Sarasvati River is said to have flowed from Yamuna Nagar , but has now disappeared .",
"Haryana 's main seasonal river , the Ghaggar rises in the outer Himalayas , between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district . Passing through Ambala and Sirsa , it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km ( 290 mi ) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan . Important tributaries include the Chautang and Tangri .",
"The seasonal Markanda River is a stream , which in ancient times was known as the Aruna . It originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala . During monsoons , this stream swells into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power . The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Saraswati and later the Ghaggar .",
"Three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills , the Indori , Dohan and Kasavati all flow from East to West and once were tributaries of the Drishadwati / Saraswati rivers .",
"Haryana is extremely hot in summer at around 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) and mild in winter . The hottest months are May and June and the coldest December and January . The climate is arid to semi-arid with average rainfall of 354.5 mm . Around 29 % of rainfall is received during the months from July to September , and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February .",
"State symbols of Haryana Formation day 1 November ( Day of separation from Punjab ) State mammal Black buck State bird Black francolin State tree Peepal State flower Lotus",
"Formation day 1 November ( Day of separation from Punjab )",
"State mammal Black buck",
"State bird Black francolin",
"State tree Peepal",
"State flower Lotus",
"Thorny , dry , deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state . During the monsoon , a carpet of grass covers the hills . Mulberry , eucalyptus , pine , kikar , shisham and babul are some of the trees found here . The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck , nilgai , panther , fox , mongoose , jackal and wild dog . More than 450 species of birds are found here .",
"Protected wildlife areas",
"Haryana has two national parks , eight wildlife sanctuaries , two wildlife conservation areas , four animal and bird breeding centers , one deer park and three zoos , all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana .",
"The state is divided into six divisions for administrative purposes : Ambala , Rohtak , Gurugram , Hisar , Karnal , Faridabad Within these there are 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils and 140 blocks . Haryana has a total of 154 cities and towns and 6,841 villages , villages panchayats 6212 .",
"Divisions Districts Ambala Ambala , Kurukshetra , Panchkula , Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Faridabad , Palwal , Nuh Gurugram Gurugram , Mahendragarh , Rewari , Hisar Fatehabad , Jind , Hisar , Sirsa , Rohtak Jhajjar , Charkhi Dadri , Rohtak , Sonipat , bhiwani Karnal Karnal , Panipat , Kaithal",
"Divisions Districts",
"Ambala Ambala , Kurukshetra , Panchkula , Yamuna Nagar",
"Faridabad Faridabad , Palwal , Nuh",
"Gurugram Gurugram , Mahendragarh , Rewari ,",
"Hisar Fatehabad , Jind , Hisar , Sirsa ,",
"Rohtak Jhajjar , Charkhi Dadri , Rohtak , Sonipat , bhiwani",
"Karnal Karnal , Panipat , Kaithal",
"On 28 December 2015 , the Panchkula district of Haryana was awarded for being the top - performing district in the state under the Digital India campaign . The Common Service Centres ( CSCs ) have been upgraded in all districts and the number of e-services has now reached 105 , which includes application of new water connection , sewer connection , electricity bill collection , ration card member registration , result of HBSE , admit cards for board examinations , online admission form for government colleges , long route booking of buses , admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry . Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar - enabled birth registration in all the districts .",
"Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana . It has a cybercrime investigation cell , in Gurgaon 's Sector 51 . High level of initiative is being taken by the government to ensure absolute safety .",
"The judicial authority is the Punjab and Haryana High Court . It has an e-filing facility .",
"The economy of Haryana relies on manufacturing , business process outsourcing , agriculture and retail .",
"There are two agroclimatic zones in Haryana . The North - Western part ( also referred as Paddy belt ) which is suitable for rice , wheat , vgetables and temperate fruits , and the South - Western part ( also referred as the Cotton belt or Dry belt ) which is suitable for cotton , millet , coarse cereals , tropical fruits , exotic vegetables and herbal & medicinal plants .",
"As Kharif season cultivation depends on rainfalls & the Northern part receives ample rains , rice is extensively cultivated in this part . Punjab bordering area from Cheeka - Kaithal to Karnal - Kurukshetra is major belt of Basmati rice cultivation & most millers of Basmati rice are present in Karnal - Kurukshetra . The cotton belt which receives less rainfall grows cotton , however farmers with irrigation still prefer growing Rice . Sirsa , Fatehabad , Hisar & Jind are among major cotton producing areas of Haryana . Southern districts of Bhiwani , Rewari , Jhajjar and Mahendragarh in Haryana which are usually arid are major producer of Millets like Bajra & Jowar .",
"During Rabi season , major crops in Haryana are wheat , gram & mustard .",
"Sugarcane cultivation is done in parts adjoining the Yamuna river & in some internal pockets where irrigation facility is available . The cultivable area is 3.7 m ha , which is 84 % of the geographical area of the state . 3.64 m ha , i.e. 98 % of cultivable area , is under cultivation . The gross cropped area of the state is 6.51 m ha and net cropped area is 3.64 m ha with a cropping intensity of 184.91 % .",
"Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial city of Haryana as well as North India . Rohtak has the largest wholesale cloth market of Asia , known as shori market . As of 2012 , Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation ( HSIIDC ) has developed an Industrial Model Township ( IMT ) . MNCs like Maruti Suzuki , Asian Paints , Suzuki Motorcycle , Nippon Carbide , Lotte India Corporation Limited along with Tata Tea Plant , Shivam Autotech Ltd. , Vita Milk Plant , Amul Dairy , Lakshmi Precision Screws , LPS BOSSARD , Aisin Automotive and many more launched work on projects . Bahadurgarh is an important developing industrial town with glass , steel , tiles manufacturing and biscuits production . Panipat has heavy industry , including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation , a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant . It is known for its woven modhas or round stools . Hissar is another developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame . Savitri Jindal , Navin Jindal 's mother , has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in world .",
"Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial city of Haryana as well as North India .",
"Rohtak has the largest wholesale cloth market of Asia , known as shori market . As of 2012 , Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation ( HSIIDC ) has developed an Industrial Model Township ( IMT ) . MNCs like Maruti Suzuki , Asian Paints , Suzuki Motorcycle , Nippon Carbide , Lotte India Corporation Limited along with Tata Tea Plant , Shivam Autotech Ltd. , Vita Milk Plant , Amul Dairy , Lakshmi Precision Screws , LPS BOSSARD , Aisin Automotive and many more launched work on projects .",
"Bahadurgarh is an important developing industrial town with glass , steel , tiles manufacturing and biscuits production .",
"Panipat has heavy industry , including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation , a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant . It is known for its woven modhas or round stools .",
"Hissar is another developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame . Savitri Jindal , Navin Jindal 's mother , has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in world .",
"Nearest airports with the scheduled regular passenger flights services are the Chandigarh International Airport at state capital Chandigarh and the Indira Gandhi International Airport at the national capital Delhi . Though the state has several airports , one of these have scheduled regular passenger flights , Bhiwani Airport , Hisar Airport , Karnal Airport , Narnaul Airport and Pinjore Airport . The Ambala Air Force Station and Sirsa Air Force Station are also located within the state .",
"Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with parts of Haryana state within NCR , including Bahadurgarh , Faridabad and with Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon . Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 9 stations and track length being 14 km .",
"The proposed Chandigarh Metro plan envisages connecting Panchkula to the state capital .",
"The railway network in Haryana is under North Western Railway zone ( covering Hisar , Bhiwani , Charkhi Dadri , Mahendragarh and Rewari districts in the western and south western parts of the state ) and Northern Railway zone ( in the remaining areas in the north , east and central parts of the state ) .",
"Haryana has a total road length of 23,684 kilometres ( 14,717 mi ) . There are 29 national highways with a total length of 1,461 kilometres ( 908 mi ) and many state highways , which have a total length of 2,494 kilometres ( 1,550 mi ) . The most remote parts of the state are linked with metaled roads . Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day , and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches .",
"The Grand Trunk Road , commonly abbreviated to GT Road , is one of South Asia 's oldest and longest major roads . It passes through the districts of Sonipat , Panipat , Karnal , Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way . The state government proposes to construct Express highways and freeways for speedier vehicular traffic . The 135.6 kilometres ( 84.3 mi ) Kundli - Manesar - Palwal Expressway ( KMP ) will provide a high - speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat , Gurgaon , Jhajjar and Faridabad . The work on the project has already started and was scheduled to be completed by July 2013 .",
"The Delhi - Agra Expressway ( NH - 2 ) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from current four lanes . It will further boost Faridabad 's connectivity with Delhi .",
"The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5 - kilometre ( 2.8 mi ) international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway , the first of its kind in North India , to connect Delhi and Faridabad .",
"Religion in Haryana ( 2011 )",
"Languages of Haryana ( 2001 )",
"According to the 2011 census , Hindus ( 87.46 % ) constitute the majority of the state 's population with Sikhs ( 4.91 % ) , Muslims ( 7.03 % ) ( mainly Meos ) being the largest minorities .",
"Muslims are mainly found in the Mewat and Yamuna Nagar districts , while Sikhs live mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab - Hisar , Sirsa , Jind , Fatehabad , Kaithal , Kurukshetra , Ambala , Narnaul and Panchkula karnal . Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after the state of Punjab . In May 2014 , the Haryana Government published the Haryana Anand Marriages Registration Rules , 2014 , allowing Sikhs to register their marriages under these rules .",
"Agriculture and related industries have been the backbone of the local economy . Since 2001 , the state has witnessed a massive influx of immigrants from across the nation , primarily from Bihar , Bengal , Uttrakhand , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and from the country , Nepal . Scheduled Castes form 19.3 % of the population .",
"Hindi is the sole official language of Haryana and is spoken by the majority of the population ( 87.31 % ) . Punjabi is given the status of additional official language . Haryana comprises second largest Punjabi speaking population in India .",
"Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 percent as per 2011 population census . Male literacy stands at 85.38 percent , while female literacy is at 66.67 percent . In 2001 , the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91 percent of which male and female were 78.49 percent and 55.73 percent literate respectively . As of 2013 , Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30 % followed by Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 percent . In terms of districts , as of 2012 Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74 % , higher than the national average of 59.5 % : male literacy was 79 % , and female 67 % .",
"Central University of Haryana is in Jant - Pali village , ( 1 ) Mahendragarh district of Haryana , India , ( 2 ) which is set up in 500 acres ( 2.0 km2 ) , ( 3 ) has been established through an Act of Parliament : `` The Central Universities Act , 2009 '' by the Government of India . The territorial jurisdiction of Central University of Haryana is for the whole of the Haryana. ( 4 ) The first Convocation of the University was held on March 1 , 2014. ( 5 ) Hisar has three universities : Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University - Asia 's largest agricultural university , Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology , Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences ) ; several national agricultural and veterinary research centres ( National Research Centre on Equines ) , Central Sheep Breeding Farm , National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research , Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes ( CIRB ) ; and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College , Agroha .",
"In 2001 -- 02 , there were 11,013 primary schools , 1,918 middle schools , 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state . Haryana Board of School Education , established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981 , conducts public examinations at middle , matriculation , and senior secondary levels twice a year . Over seven lac candidates attend annual examinations in February and March ; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November . The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year . The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor 's degree level .",
"Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology ( NIELIT ) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India ( STPI ) would be set up in Panchkula 's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23 . Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi , Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages .",
"The Total Fertility Rate of Haryana is 2.3 . The Infant Mortality Rate is 41 ( SRS 2013 ) and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 146 ( SRS 2010 -- 2012 ) .",
"Haryana Civil Medical Services ( HCMS ) National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM )",
"Haryana Civil Medical Services ( HCMS )",
"National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM )",
"Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities . Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country . Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players ( such as Reliance Infocom , Tata Teleservices , Bharti Telecom , Idea Vodafone Essar , Aircel , Uninor and Videocon ) have operations in the state . Important areas around Delhi are an integral part of the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System . This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad and Gurgaon .",
"Electronic media channels include , MTV , 9XM , Star Group , SET Max , News Time , NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group . The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations .",
"The major newspapers of Haryana include Dainik Bhaskar , Punjab Kesari , Jag Bani , Dainik Jagran , The Tribune , Amar Ujala , Hindustan Times , Dainik Tribune , The Times of India and Hari - Bhumi .",
"Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure , as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the state . Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100 % rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all - weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state .",
"Power in the state are :",
"Coal - fired power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station at Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project in Jhajjar district Jhajjar Power Station Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station at Hisar",
"Coal - fired power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station at Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project in Jhajjar district Jhajjar Power Station Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station at Hisar",
"Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station at Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project in Jhajjar district Jhajjar Power Station Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station at Hisar",
"Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station at Yamuna Nagar",
"Faridabad Thermal Power Station",
"Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project in Jhajjar district",
"Jhajjar Power Station",
"Panipat Thermal Power Station I",
"Panipat Thermal Power Station II",
"Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station at Hisar",
"Nuclear - powered power stations Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant in Fatehabad district",
"Nuclear - powered power stations Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant in Fatehabad district",
"Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant in Fatehabad district",
"Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant in Fatehabad district",
"Solar - powered power Stations Faridabad Solar Power Station : The Haryana Power Generation Corporation Ltd ( HPGCL ) is setting up a solar power plant at the site of a defunct thermal power plant in Faridabad . The power generator plans to set up the plant over 151.78 acres near Bata Chowk in the district that generated coal - based energy in the past .",
"Solar - powered power Stations Faridabad Solar Power Station : The Haryana Power Generation Corporation Ltd ( HPGCL ) is setting up a solar power plant at the site of a defunct thermal power plant in Faridabad . The power generator plans to set up the plant over 151.78 acres near Bata Chowk in the district that generated coal - based energy in the past .",
"Faridabad Solar Power Station : The Haryana Power Generation Corporation Ltd ( HPGCL ) is setting up a solar power plant at the site of a defunct thermal power plant in Faridabad . The power generator plans to set up the plant over 151.78 acres near Bata Chowk in the district that generated coal - based energy in the past .",
"Faridabad Solar Power Station : The Haryana Power Generation Corporation Ltd ( HPGCL ) is setting up a solar power plant at the site of a defunct thermal power plant in Faridabad . The power generator plans to set up the plant over 151.78 acres near Bata Chowk in the district that generated coal - based energy in the past .",
"Haryana has produced some of the best Indian players in a variety of sports . The State has an old wrestling tradition , and thus some of the finest wrestlers of India hail from Haryana . These include Mahavir Singh Phogat , Mahender singh khatri , Sushil Kumar , Yogeshwar Dutt , Sakshi Malik , Vinesh Phogat , Geeta Phogat and Babita Kumari . The non-descript town of Bhiwani in the middle of Haryana has produced several of India 's best boxers , such as Kavita Chahal , Vijender Singh , Jitender Kumar , Akhil Kumar and Vikas Krishan Yadav .",
"In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi , 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana . During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007 , Haryana stood first in the nation with a medal tally of 80 , including 30 gold , 22 silver and 28 bronze medals .",
"Cricket is very popular in Haryana . The 1983 World - Cup - winning captain Kapil Dev is from Haryana . Other notable players from Haryana cricket team include Chetan Sharma , Ajay Jadeja , Amit Mishra , Ashish Nehra and Mohit Sharma and Virender Sehwag . Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket . This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators . Tejli Sports Complex is an Ultra-Modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar . Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex .",
"Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the `` Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy '' , a policy to support 26 Olympic sports , on 12 January 2015 with the words `` We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country . ''",
"Haryana is home to Haryana Gold , one of India 's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the country 's UBA Pro Basketball League .",
"Kabaddi is a popular game in haryana. The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup winning captain Anup Kumar and some star players like Joginder Narwal , Sandeep Narwal , Deepak Hooda , Pardeep Narwal and Surrender Nada are born here . In Pro Kabaddi league Season 5 , there is a new team represents Haryana is Haryana Steelers , which was led by Surender Nada and they play their home match at Motilal Nehru School Of Sports , Sonipat .",
"There are 21 tourism hubs created by Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited , which are located in Ambala , Bhiwani , Faridabad , Fatehabad , Gurgaon , Hisar , Jhajjar , Jind , Kaithal , Karnal , Kurukshetra , Panchkula , Sirsa , Sonipat , Panipat , Rewari , Rohtak , Yamunanagar , Pinjore. Morni Hills , Palwal and Mahendergarh ."
] | Haryana - Wikipedia Haryana Jump to: navigation , search Haryana State Seal Location of Haryana in India Coordinates (Chandigarh): 30° 44′ N 76° 47′ E / 30.73° N 76.78° E / 30.73; 76.78 Coordinates : 30° 44′ N 76° 47′ E / 30.73° N 76.78° E / 30.73; 76.78 Country India Statehood 1 November 1966 Capital Chandigarh Largest city Faridabad Districts 22 Government Governor Kaptan Singh Solanki Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar ( BJP ) Legislature Unicameral ( 90 seats ) Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha 5 Lok Sabha 10 High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Area Total 44,212 km (17,070 sq mi) Area rank 21st Population (2011) Total 25,353,081 Rank 18th Density 573/km (1,480/sq mi) Density rank 11 Demonym(s) Haryanvi Languages Official Hindi Additional official Punjabi Spoken Haryanvi , Hindi and Punjabi Time zone IST ( UTC+05:30 ) ISO 3166 code IN-HR Vehicle registration HR -xx HDI 0.644 ( medium ) HDI rank 17th (2011) Sex ratio 877 ♂ / ♀ Website haryana.gov.in Symbols of Haryana Animal Black buck Bird Black francolin Flower Lotus Tree Peepal Haryana ( IPA: (ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ) ), is one of the 29 states in India , situated in North India . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It stands 21st in terms of its area, which is spread about 44,212 km (17,070 sq mi). As of 2011 census of India , the state is eighteenth largest by population with 25,353,081 inhabitants. The city of Chandigarh is its capital while the National Capital Region city of Faridabad is the most populous city of the state and the city of Gurugram is financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it. Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India and has the third highest per capita income in the country at ₹ 119,158 (US$1,900) in the year 2012-- 13 and ₹ 132,089 (US$2,100) in the year 2013-- 14, The state is one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia, and its agricultural and manufacturing industries have experienced sustained growth since the 1970s. Since 2000, the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh . Haryana surrounds the country's capital Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of south Haryana is included in the National Capital Region for purposes of planning and development. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-history 2.2 Medieval 2.3 Formation 3 Geography 3.1 Rivers 3.2 Climate 3.3 Flora and fauna 4 Administrative divisions 4.1 Districts 5 Governance 5.1 Law and order 6 Economy 6.1 Agriculture 6.2 Manufacturing 7 Transport 7.1 Airports 7.2 Metro 7.3 Railway 7.4 Roads and Highways 7.5 Sky Way 8 Demographics 9 Education 10 Healthcare 11 Communication and media 12 Utilities 13 Sports 14 Tourism 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Haryana is found in the works of the 12th-century AD Apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189-- 1230). The name Haryana has been derived from the Sanskrit words Hari (the Hindu god Vishnu ) and ayana (home), meaning `` the Abode of God'' . However, scholars such as Muni Lal, Murli Chand Sharma, HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name comes from a compound of the words Hari (Sanskrit Harit , `` green'' ) and Aranya (forest). History ( edit ) Main article: History of Haryana Pre-history ( edit ) Main articles: Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra Vedic state of Brahmavarta is claimed to be located in a new research in south Haryana, where initial Vedic scriptures were composed after the great floods some 10,000 years ago. Manusmriti , a flood time document composed by Manu and Bhrigu is now dated 10,000 years old. Rakhigarhi village in the Hisar district is home to the largest and one of the oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites, dated as over 5,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) have been uncovered. According to archeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation, which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus valley. Medieval ( edit ) Ancient idols of Jain Tirthankara (made of bronze and stone) were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli , Bhiwani ( Ranila , Charkhi Dadri , Badhara village), Dadri , Gurgaon ( Ferozpur Jhirka), Hansi , Hisar ( Agroha ), Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul , Pehowa , Rewari , Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal- Abohar ) and Sonepat in Haryana. After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the important cities like Sirsa , Fatehabad , Sunam , Kaithal and Panipat . When he reached near the town of Sarsuti from fort of Firozah and Bhatner, the residents who were mostly non-Muslims fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed as well as looted by the troops. From there he traveled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he traveled to Tohana , whose Jat inhabitants were stated to be robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi . They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. From there he proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh whose residents were `` fire-worshippers '' according to Yazdi had fled to Delhi. Next he traveled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort. Portrait of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis . In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari . Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become last Hindu Emperor of India with formal Coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7th Oct. 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas . Formation ( edit ) Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966. The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing Punjab, India and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar , Mahendragarh , Gurgaon , Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district-- along with Naraingarh , Ambala and Jagadhri -- were to be included. The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharad, which includes Chandigarh , the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, only a small portion of Kharad was given to Haryana. The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory , serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became first Chief Minister of Haryana . Geography ( edit ) Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27° 39' to 30° 35' N latitude and between 74° 28' and 77° 36' E longitude. The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level. As per India State of Forest Report, FSI, 2013, the Forest Cover in the state is 1586 km which is 3.59% of the state's geographical area and the Tree Cover in the state is 1282 km which is 2.90% of the geographical area. Thus the Forest and Tree Cover of the Haryana state is 6.49% of its geographical area. Haryana has four main geographical features. The Yamuna - Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state The Shivalik Hills to the northeast Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest The Aravali Range in the south Rivers ( edit ) Yamuna River near the Haryana Border The Yamuna flows along the state's eastern boundary while the ancient Sarasvati River is said to have flowed from Yamuna Nagar , but has now disappeared. Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar rises in the outer Himalayas , between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district . Passing through Ambala and Sirsa , it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan. Important tributaries include the Chautang and Tangri. The seasonal Markanda River is a stream, which in ancient times was known as the Aruna. It originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala . During monsoons, this stream swells into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Saraswati and later the Ghaggar. Three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills, the Indori, Dohan and Kasavati all flow from East to West and once were tributaries of the Drishadwati / Saraswati rivers. Climate ( edit ) Haryana is extremely hot in summer at around 45 ° C (113 ° F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest December and January. The climate is arid to semi-arid with average rainfall of 354.5 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February. Flora and fauna ( edit ) State symbols of Haryana Formation day 1 November (Day of separation from Punjab) State mammal Black buck State bird Black francolin State tree Peepal State flower Lotus Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon , a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry , eucalyptus , pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck , nilgai , panther , fox , mongoose , jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here. Protected wildlife areas See also: List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana. Administrative divisions ( edit ) Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana See also: List of cities in Haryana by population The state is divided into six divisions for administrative purposes: Ambala , Rohtak , Gurugram , Hisar , Karnal , Faridabad Within these there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils and 140 blocks. Haryana has a total of 154 cities and towns and 6,841 villages, villages panchayats 6212 . Districts ( edit ) Main article: List of districts of Haryana Divisions Districts Ambala Ambala , Kurukshetra , Panchkula , Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Faridabad , Palwal , Nuh Gurugram Gurugram , Mahendragarh , Rewari , Hisar Fatehabad , Jind , Hisar , Sirsa , Rohtak Jhajjar , Charkhi Dadri , Rohtak , Sonipat , bhiwani Karnal Karnal , Panipat , Kaithal Governance ( edit ) On 28 December 2015, the Panchkula district of Haryana was awarded for being the top-performing district in the state under the Digital India campaign. The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts and the number of e-services has now reached 105, which includes application of new water connection, sewer connection, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, result of HBSE , admit cards for board examinations, online admission form for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry. Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar -enabled birth registration in all the districts. Law and order ( edit ) Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. It has a cybercrime investigation cell, in Gurgaon's Sector 51. High level of initiative is being taken by the government to ensure absolute safety. The judicial authority is the Punjab and Haryana High Court . It has an e-filing facility. Economy ( edit ) Main article: Economy of Haryana The economy of Haryana relies on manufacturing, business process outsourcing , agriculture and retail. Agriculture ( edit ) Cotton farmer from a village in Fatehabad District of Haryana. Observing his 50 day old hemp & cotton crop with agriculture pProfessionals (note the difference among leaves of hemp & cotton in bottom right). Haryana village in Trade Fair There are two agroclimatic zones in Haryana. The North-Western part (also referred as Paddy belt) which is suitable for rice , wheat , vgetables and temperate fruits, and the South-Western part (also referred as the Cotton belt or Dry belt) which is suitable for cotton , millet , coarse cereals, tropical fruits, exotic vegetables and herbal & medicinal plants. As Kharif season cultivation depends on rainfalls & the Northern part receives ample rains, rice is extensively cultivated in this part. Punjab bordering area from Cheeka - Kaithal to Karnal - Kurukshetra is major belt of Basmati rice cultivation & most millers of Basmati rice are present in Karnal-Kurukshetra. The cotton belt which receives less rainfall grows cotton , however farmers with irrigation still prefer growing Rice. Sirsa , Fatehabad , Hisar & Jind are among major cotton producing areas of Haryana. Southern districts of Bhiwani , Rewari , Jhajjar and Mahendragarh in Haryana which are usually arid are major producer of Millets like Bajra & Jowar. During Rabi season, major crops in Haryana are wheat, gram & mustard. Sugarcane cultivation is done in parts adjoining the Yamuna river & in some internal pockets where irrigation facility is available. The cultivable area is 3.7 m ha, which is 84% of the geographical area of the state. 3.64 m ha, i.e. 98% of cultivable area, is under cultivation. The gross cropped area of the state is 6.51 m ha and net cropped area is 3.64 m ha with a cropping intensity of 184.91%. Manufacturing ( edit ) The headquarters of DLF Limited , India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana. Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial city of Haryana as well as North India. Rohtak has the largest wholesale cloth market of Asia, known as shori market. As of 2012, Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) has developed an Industrial Model Township (IMT). MNCs like Maruti Suzuki, Asian Paints, Suzuki Motorcycle, Nippon Carbide, Lotte India Corporation Limited along with Tata Tea Plant, Shivam Autotech Ltd., Vita Milk Plant, Amul Dairy, Lakshmi Precision Screws, LPS BOSSARD, Aisin Automotive and many more launched work on projects. Bahadurgarh is an important developing industrial town with glass, steel, tiles manufacturing and biscuits production. Panipat has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation , a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant. It is known for its woven modhas or round stools. Hissar is another developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame. Savitri Jindal , Navin Jindal's mother, has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in world. Transport ( edit ) Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes A view of Delhi Faridabad Skyway Delhi-Gurgaon Airport Expressway Airports ( edit ) Nearest airports with the scheduled regular passenger flights services are the Chandigarh International Airport at state capital Chandigarh and the Indira Gandhi International Airport at the national capital Delhi. Though the state has several airports, one of these have scheduled regular passenger flights, Bhiwani Airport , Hisar Airport , Karnal Airport , Narnaul Airport and Pinjore Airport . The Ambala Air Force Station and Sirsa Air Force Station are also located within the state. Metro ( edit ) Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with parts of Haryana state within NCR, including Bahadurgarh, Faridabad and with Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon . Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 9 stations and track length being 14 km. The proposed Chandigarh Metro plan envisages connecting Panchkula to the state capital. Railway ( edit ) The railway network in Haryana is under North Western Railway zone (covering Hisar, Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, Mahendragarh and Rewari districts in the western and south western parts of the state) and Northern Railway zone (in the remaining areas in the north, east and central parts of the state). Roads and highways ( edit ) Haryana has a total road length of 23,684 kilometres (14,717 mi). There are 29 national highways with a total length of 1,461 kilometres (908 mi) and many state highways , which have a total length of 2,494 kilometres (1,550 mi). The most remote parts of the state are linked with metaled roads. Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches. The Grand Trunk Road , commonly abbreviated to GT Road , is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. It passes through the districts of Sonipat , Panipat , Karnal , Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The state government proposes to construct Express highways and freeways for speedier vehicular traffic. The 135.6 kilometres (84.3 mi) Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat, Gurgaon, Jhajjar and Faridabad. The work on the project has already started and was scheduled to be completed by July 2013. The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from current four lanes. It will further boost Faridabad 's connectivity with Delhi . Sky way ( edit ) The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway , the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad. Demographics ( edit ) See also: List of people from Haryana Religion in Haryana (2011) Hinduism (87.46%) Islam (7.03%) Sikhism (4.91%) Jainism (0.21%) Christianity (0.20%) Buddhism (0.03%) Others (0.18%) Languages of Haryana (2001) Hindi (87.31%) Punjabi (10.57%) Urdu (1.23%) Others (0.89%) According to the 2011 census, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with Sikhs (4.91%), Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meos ) being the largest minorities. Muslims are mainly found in the Mewat and Yamuna Nagar districts, while Sikhs live mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab - Hisar , Sirsa , Jind , Fatehabad , Kaithal , Kurukshetra , Ambala , Narnaul and Panchkula karnal. Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after the state of Punjab . In May 2014, the Haryana Government published the Haryana Anand Marriages Registration Rules, 2014 , allowing Sikhs to register their marriages under these rules. Agriculture and related industries have been the backbone of the local economy . Since 2001, the state has witnessed a massive influx of immigrants from across the nation, primarily from Bihar , Bengal , Uttrakhand , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and from the country, Nepal . Scheduled Castes form 19.3% of the population. Hindi is the sole official language of Haryana and is spoken by the majority of the population (87.31%). Punjabi is given the status of additional official language. Haryana comprises second largest Punjabi speaking population in India. Education ( edit ) See also: List of institutions of higher education in Haryana Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 percent as per 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38 percent, while female literacy is at 66.67 percent. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91 percent of which male and female were 78.49 percent and 55.73 percent literate respectively. As of 2013 , Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 percent. In terms of districts, as of 2012 Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 79%, and female 67%. Central University of Haryana is in Jant-Pali village,(1) Mahendragarh district of Haryana, India,(2) which is set up in 500 acres (2.0 km2),(3) has been established through an Act of Parliament: `` The Central Universities Act, 2009'' by the Government of India. The territorial jurisdiction of Central University of Haryana is for the whole of the Haryana.(4) The first Convocation of the University was held on March 1, 2014.(5) Hisar has three universities: Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University - Asia 's largest agricultural university, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology , Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences ); several national agricultural and veterinary research centres ( National Research Centre on Equines ), Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research, Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB); and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha . In 2001-- 02, there were 11,013 primary schools, 1,918 middle schools, 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state. Haryana Board of School Education , established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over seven lac candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year. The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor's degree level. Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula 's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23. Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages. Healthcare ( edit ) The Total Fertility Rate of Haryana is 2.3. The Infant Mortality Rate is 41 (SRS 2013) and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 146 (SRS 2010-- 2012). Haryana Civil Medical Services (HCMS) National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Communication and media ( edit ) Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices , Bharti Telecom , Idea Vodafone Essar , Aircel , Uninor and Videocon ) have operations in the state. Important areas around Delhi are an integral part of the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad and Gurgaon . Electronic media channels include, MTV , 9XM , Star Group, SET Max , News Time , NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group . The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations. The major newspapers of Haryana include Dainik Bhaskar , Punjab Kesari , Jag Bani , Dainik Jagran , The Tribune , Amar Ujala , Hindustan Times , Dainik Tribune , The Times of India and Hari-Bhumi . Utilities ( edit ) Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state. Power in the state are: Coal-fired power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station at Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project in Jhajjar district Jhajjar Power Station Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station at Hisar Nuclear-powered power stations Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant in Fatehabad district Solar-powered power Stations Faridabad Solar Power Station: The Haryana Power Generation Corporation Ltd (HPGCL) is setting up a solar power plant at the site of a defunct thermal power plant in Faridabad. The power generator plans to set up the plant over 151.78 acres near Bata Chowk in the district that generated coal-based energy in the past. Sports ( edit ) Vijender Singh Beniwal , middleweight boxer from Bhiwani , Haryana Former volleyball player Balwant Sagwal Haryana has produced some of the best Indian players in a variety of sports. The State has an old wrestling tradition, and thus some of the finest wrestlers of India hail from Haryana. These include Mahavir Singh Phogat , Mahender singh khatri , Sushil Kumar , Yogeshwar Dutt , Sakshi Malik , Vinesh Phogat , Geeta Phogat and Babita Kumari . The non-descript town of Bhiwani in the middle of Haryana has produced several of India's best boxers, such as Kavita Chahal , Vijender Singh , Jitender Kumar , Akhil Kumar and Vikas Krishan Yadav . In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana. During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals. Cricket is very popular in Haryana. The 1983 World-Cup-winning captain Kapil Dev is from Haryana. Other notable players from Haryana cricket team include Chetan Sharma , Ajay Jadeja , Amit Mishra , Ashish Nehra and Mohit Sharma and Virender Sehwag . Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators. Tejli Sports Complex is an Ultra-Modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar . Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex. Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the `` Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy'' , a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words `` We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country.'' Haryana is home to Haryana Gold , one of India's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the country's UBA Pro Basketball League . Kabaddi is a popular game in haryana.The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup winning captain Anup Kumar and some star players like Joginder Narwal, Sandeep Narwal, Deepak Hooda, Pardeep Narwal and Surrender Nada are born here. In Pro Kabaddi league Season 5, there is a new team represents Haryana is Haryana Steelers , which was led by Surender Nada and they play their home match at Motilal Nehru School Of Sports, Sonipat. Tourism ( edit ) Main article: Tourism in Haryana Haryana Tourism Logo There are 21 tourism hubs created by Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited , which are located in Ambala , Bhiwani , Faridabad , Fatehabad , Gurgaon , Hisar , Jhajjar , Jind , Kaithal , Karnal , Kurukshetra , Panchkula , Sirsa , Sonipat , Panipat , Rewari , Rohtak , Yamunanagar , Pinjore. Morni Hills , Palwal and Mahendergarh . See also ( edit ) Book: India List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana Outline of Haryana Politics of Haryana Haryana portal Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal India portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Haryana at a Glance'' . Government of Haryana . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)'' (PDF) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi'' . Hindustan Times . 28 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` languages spoken in Haryana'' . indianscriptures.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Population Sex Ratio in Haryana Literacy rate data'' . Census Commission of India . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population'' . Wikipedia . 2017-09-06. Jump up ^ `` This is NCR's new foodie magnet; have you been yet?'' . India Today . 26 March 2017. Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/aug/d2014070801.pdf Jump up ^ Anand Giridharadas (19 October 2005). `` Poor rural India? It's a richer place'' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Jump up ^ Byres, T.J. Rural labour relations in India . Taylor & Francis, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7146-8046-0 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Hurricane'' . indianexpress.com . Jump up ^ An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī , by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, pp. 513-- 519 हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम , गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु , जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु , ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं Translation: there are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli. Jump up ^ Haryana Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Bijender K Punia (1993). Tourism management: problems and prospects . APH. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7024-643-5 . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana Plus'' . www.tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Underworld Review - Graham Hancock Official Website'' . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site , The Hindu , 27 March 2014 Jump up ^ Atul Kumar Sinha & Abhay Kumar Singh 2007 , p. 401. Jump up ^ Elliot, Sir Henry Miers; Dowson, John (1871). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period: Ed. from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H.M. Elliot ... Trübner and Company. pp. en. Jump up ^ Phadke, H.A. (1990). Haryana, Ancient and Medieval . Harman Publishing House. p. 123. Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky; Roger D. Long (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic . ABC-CLIO. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3 . Jump up ^ the punjab reorganisation act, 1966 - Chief Secretary, Haryana (PDF) Jump up ^ History of Haryana - Haryana Day: A new state is born! , archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Haryana will get Chandigarh, Punjab can claim Lahore or Shimla, says a peeved Hooda , 25 July 2013 Jump up ^ List of Haryana Chief Ministers from November 1, 1966 till date , The Indian Express , 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ NIDM , p. 2. ^ Jump up to: Home , Department of Agriculture (Haryana) Jump up ^ Organizations Jump up ^ Welcome To Our Website , Haryana Forest Department ^ Jump up to: NIDM , p. 3. Jump up ^ `` River Saraswati is for real, found in Haryana'' , Zee Nees , 8 May 2015 ^ Jump up to: Geography- others , District Administration, Kurukshetra ^ Jump up to: `` Geography of Haryana - Map, Shivaliks, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Saraswati, Morni - India'' . haryana-online.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Jump up ^ Siwach, Sukhbir (7 December 2014), `` Haryana to meet Rajasthan over stopping of river waters'' , Times of India Jump up ^ Sudhir Bhargava,`` Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River'' , International Conference, 20-- 22 Nov. 2009, `` Saraswati-a perspective'' pages 114-- 117, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana. ^ Jump up to: `` State animals, birds, trees and flowers'' (PDF) . Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Flora and Fauna Jump up ^ Conservation of Wildlife Jump up ^ Fauna of Haryana , archived from the original on 2 December 2015 Jump up ^ Parks, Reserves and Other Protected Areas in Haryana Jump up ^ `` Protected Area'' . haryanaforest.gov.in . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ NIDM , p. 4. ^ Jump up to: `` Digital India campaign: Panchkula comes out on top among all districts of Haryana'' . The Indian Express . 26 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Haryana Police'' , Haryana Police Jump up ^ `` HC starts e-filing, gets Wi-Fi complex'' , The Tribune , Chandigarh , Tribune News Service, 1 December 2014 Jump up ^ http://agriharyana.nic.in/AMapRabi.htm Jump up ^ http://agriharyana.nic.in/AMapKharif.htm Jump up ^ `` The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood'' . tribuneindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Haryana culture'' . Indian mirror . Jump up ^ `` Savitri Jindal and family'' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCR's longest Metro line in Faridabad delhi'' . Hindustan Times. 2012-01-23 . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . Jump up ^ Why Haryana? - Economic Infrastructure Jump up ^ `` KMP Expressways to be completed by 2009'' . indianexpress.com . Jump up ^ `` NH-2 widening to claim 25,000 trees in Faridabad dist india'' . Hindustan Times. 2012-06-06 . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . Jump up ^ `` Projects - Delhi - Faridabad Elevated Expressway Project (dfskyway TM) (NH - 2)'' . HCC Infrastructure. 2010-11-29 . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . ^ Jump up to: `` Population by religion community - 2011'' . Census of India, 2011 . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Haryana government announced the formation of rules to register Anand Karaj, the Sikh marriage ceremony'' . Jump up ^ Govt. of India, Census (2001). `` Census India 2001'' (PDF) . Retrieved March 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Punjabi gets second language status in Haryana'' . Zee news . 28 January 2010. Jump up ^ Census 2011, Chapter 6 (State of Literacy) (PDF) , pp. 114-- 117 Jump up ^ In Haryana, Gurgaon tops literacy rate but has worst sex ratio , Indian Express, 2013-05-23 , retrieved 2015-11-03 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About HAU'' . Haryana Agricultural University . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vision 2030'' (PDF) . National Research Centre on Equines . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central sheep breeding farm'' . Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, GoI. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Hisar'' . PPU. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About us'' . Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About CIRB'' . Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official website'' . Maharaja Agrasen Medical College . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Haryana - Universities - Colleges - Schools - Institutions - Engineering - Medical'' . haryana-online.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Jump up ^ History , Haryana Board of School Education Jump up ^ `` Under the Digital India initiative: Software Technology Park of India'' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016 Jump up ^ (nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf National Committee for Linguistic Minorities) Jump up ^ State Wise Information , National Rural Health Mission Jump up ^ Health Department of Haryana Jump up ^ Egovonline.net Archived 30 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Punjabnewsline.com Archived 1 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune India'' . The Tribune . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . Jump up ^ General Information Jump up ^ `` Haryana aims to install solar plants to replace old thermal plants'' , The Economic Times , 15 March 2016 Jump up ^ Mizoramexpress.com Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official site for the 33rd National Games 2007, Guwahati Jump up ^ `` Nahar Singh Stadium - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo'' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Tau Devi Lal Cricket Stadium - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo'' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ News Details , Office of Chief Minister of Haryana Jump up ^ GoH 2015 , p. 27. Jump up ^ Tourism Hubs in Haryana , Haryana Tourism References ( edit ) GoH (12 January 2015), Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy (PDF) , Government of Haryana Atul Kumar Sinha; Abhay Kumar Singh, eds. (2007), Udayana New Horizons in History, Classics and Inter-Cultural studies , Anamika Publishers, ISBN 81-7975-168-6 NIDM, National Disaster Risk Reduction Portal - Haryana (PDF) , National Institute of Disaster Management (MHA, GOI) Sharma, Suresh K (2006). Haryana: Past and Present . New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 763. ISBN 81-8324-046-1 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Khanna, C.L. (2008). Haryana General Knowledge . Agra: Upkar Prakashan. p. 75. ISBN 81-7482-383-2 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Yadav, Ram B. (2008). Folk Tales & Legends of Haryana . Gurgaon: Pinnacle Technology. p. 305. ISBN 81-7871-162-1 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Mittal, Satish Chandra (1986). Haryana, a Historical Perspective . New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 183 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Singh, Mandeep; Kaur, Harvinder (2004). Economic Development Of Haryana . New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. p. 234. ISBN 81-7629-558-2 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Gandhi, Mahatma (1977). Gandhiji and Haryana: A collection of his speeches and writings pertaining to Haryana . Usha Publications. p. 158 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Phadke, H.A. (1990). Haryana, ancient and medieval . Harman Publishing House. p. 256. ISBN 81-85151-34-2 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Singh, Chattar (2004). Social and economic change in Haryana . National Book Organisation. p. 252. ISBN 81-87521-10-4 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Yadav, Kripal Chandra (2002). Modern Haryana: History and culture, 1803-- 1966 . Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 320. ISBN 81-7304-371-X . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Rai, Gulshan (1987). Formation of Haryana . B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 223. ISBN 81-7018-412-6 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Handa, Devendra (2004). Buddhist remains from Haryana . Sundeep Prakashan. p. 97. ISBN 81-7574-153-8 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Haryana at a glance: Statistical overview & development indicators . Jagran Research Centre. 2007. p. 157 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Singh, Chander Pal (2003). Early medieval art of Haryana . Koshal Book Depot. p. 168. ISBN 81-86049-07-X . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Handa, Devendra (2006). Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and style . Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 286. ISBN 81-7305-307-3 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Journal of Haryana Studies . Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. 2008 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . Harvey, Bill; Harvey, William; Devasar, Nikhil; Grewal, Bikram; Oriental Bird Club (2006). Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana . Rupa & Co. p. 352. ISBN 81-291-0954-9 . Retrieved July 11, 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHaryanaat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Government The Official Site of the Government of Haryana Official Tourism Site of Haryana, India General information Haryana Encyclopædia Britannica entry Haryana at DMOZ Geographic data related to Haryana at OpenStreetMap ( hide ) Articles related to Haryana State of Haryana Capital : Chandigarh Topics Outline History Geography Politics Government Economy Sports Divisions Ambala division Gurugram division Hisar division Rohtak division Districts Ambala Bhiwani Faridabad Fatehabad Gurgaon Hisar Jhajjar Jind Kaithal Karnal Kurukshetra Mahendragarh Nuh Panchkula Palwal Panipat Rewari Rohtak Sirsa Sonipat Yamuna Nagar Major cities Faridabad Gurugram Panipat Yamunanagar Rohtak Hisar Karnal Sonipat Panchkula Bhiwani Sirsa Bahadurgarh Jind Kurukshetra Kaithal Rewari Palwal Culture Dance Music Swang Haryanvi Films Haryanvi language Loarki language Mewati language Economy Power stations and power organisations Places of interest Indus Valley Civilization Balu, Haryana Banawali Bhirrana Farmana Jognakhera Kunal Lohari Ragho Mitathal Rakhigarhi Siswal Sothi Archaeological Agroha Mound Chaneti Stupa Forts Asigarh Fort (Hansi) Badhshapur Fort Buria Fort Chhachhrauli Fort Dhosi Hill Fort Fatehabad Fort Farrukhnagar Fort Hisar-e-Firoza Fort Kotla Indor Fort Jind Fort Kaithal Fort Gajpat Singh Fort at Karnal Loharu Fort Madhogarh Fort Mahendragarh Fort Meham Fort Nahar Singh Fort at Ballabhgargh Pinjore Fort Raipur Rani Fort Fort of King Saras of Sirsa Tosham Hill Fort Hills Dhosi Hill near Narnaul Kotla Hill in Mewat Indor Hill in Mewat Madhogarh Hill near Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Hill Morni Hills in Yamuna Nagar Tosham Hill in Bhiwani Caves Chyvan Rishi Cave at Dhosi Hill Tosham Hill Caverns Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar Historical Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore Dhosi Hill Farrukhnagar Mughal Bridge at Kernal Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra Nahar Singh Mahal Narnaul Pataudi Palace Pinjore Gardens Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple Surajkund Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal Tosham rock inscription State Protected Monuments Monuments of National Importance Wildlife Sanctuary Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary Kalesar National Park Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary Morni Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary Sohna Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary Endangered Wildlife Breeding Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre, Jhabua in Rewari district Deer Park, Hisar Zoos in Haryana Bhiwani Zoo Hisar Deer Park Rohtak Zoo Pipli Zoo Herbal Parks Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park Lakes Badkhal Lake Blue Bird Lake at Hisar Damdama Lake Karna Lake Tilyar Lake at Rohtak Dams Anagpur Dam Hathnikund Barrage Ottu barrage Tajewala Barrage Rivers Chautang Ghaggar-Hakra Markanda River Najafgarh Sahibi River Sarasvati River Yamuna Religious Adi Badri (Haryana) Sarsvati udgam sthal Agroha Dham Baba Thakur Banbhori Devi Brahma Sarovar Bhuteshwar Temple Jayanti Devi Temple Jyotisar Kartikeya Temple Markandeshwar Mata Mansa Devi Mandir Nada Sahib Naugaja Peer Pindara Temple Sannihit Sarovar Sita Mai Temple Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon St. Thomas' Church at Hisar Offices High Court Legislative Assembly Raj Bhavan Public places Courtyard by Marriott Kingdom of Dreams Mall of India The Oberoi Extreme Corners of Haryana Eastern-most point: Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamuna Nagar District Western-most point: Chautala - Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district Southern-most point: Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district Northern-most point: Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh-Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district Highest-lowest of Haryana Highest point: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Lowest natural Surface elevation point: Deepest Underground Cave: Coldest avg temp: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Hottest avg temp: Hisar Wettest avg rainfall: Morni hills in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Driest avg rainfall: Bhiwani Oldest of Haryana Oldest archaeological site: Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley Civilization in Hisar district Oldest archaeological mine site: Kaliyana hill Indus Valley Civilization stone mine (3000 BC or 5000 years old) west of Charkhi Dadri Government and Politics Elections 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 Chief Ministers Banarsi Das Gupta Rao Birender Singh Bansi Lal Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Bhajan Lal Devi Lal Om Prakash Chautala Hukam Singh Bhupinder Singh Hooda Manohar Lal Khattar Governors Dharma Vira Birendra Narayan Chakraborty Ranjit Singh Narula Jaisukh Lal Hathi Harcharan Singh Brar Surjit Singh Sandhawalia Ganpatrao Devji Tapase Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney Hari Anand Barari Dhanik Lal Mandal Mahaveer Prasad Babu Parmanand Om Prakash Verma Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jagannath Pahadia Kaptan Singh Solanki State agencies Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Debt Conciliation Board Doordarshan Haryana Foreign Investment and NRI Cell Forests Department, Haryana Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana Department of Environment, Haryana Department of Excise & Taxation, Haryana Department of Finance, Haryana Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana Department of Rehabilitation, Haryana Department of Higher Education, Haryana Department of School Education, Haryana Department of Elementary Education, Haryana Haryana Board of School Education Haryana Civil Medical Services Haryana Environment Protection Council Haryana Land Record Information System Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited Haryana Police Haryana Roadways Haryana Seeds Development Corporation Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited Haryana Urban Development Authority Haryana Waqf Board State Counselling Board, Haryana Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Sports Venues Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium Nahar Singh Stadium Tau Devi Lal Stadium Sector 16 Stadium Mahabir Stadium Associations Haryana Archery Association Haryana Cricket Association Teams Haryana cricket team Haryana football team Bhiwani Boxing Club Portal: Haryana Category: Haryana Wikiproject: Haryana States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces Hydrography of Haryana North Haryana Rivers Ghaggar-Hakra (vedic Sarasvati river ) Chautang (vedic Drishadvati river ) Yamuna (tributary of Ganges ) Markanda River Sarsuti Dangri Tangri river Kaushalya river Somb river South Haryana Rivers Yamuna (tributary of Ganges ) Sahibi River (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi) Krishnavati river Dohan river Indori river Canals Western Yamuna Canal Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus ) Indira Gandhi Canal Seasonal Waterfalls Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills ( Sivalik Hills in Yamunanagar district ) Dhosi Hill seasonal waterfall ( Aravalli Range in Mahendragarh district ) Pali village seasonal waterfall ( Aravalli Range on outskirts of Faridabad ) Hot Water Springs Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring ( Sohna in Gurgaon district ) Lakes Badkhal Lake ( Faridabad ) Brahma Sarovar ( Kurukshetra ) Blue Bird Lake ( Hissar ) Damdama Lake ( Sohna , Gurgaon district ) Hathni Kund ( Yamunanagar district ) Karna Lake ( Karnal ) Sannihit Sarovar ( Kurukshetra ) Surajkund ( Faridabad ) Tilyar Lake ( Rohtak ) Dams, Barrages Kaushalya Dam ( Panchkula district ) Hathnikund Barrage ( Yamunanagar district ) Tajewala Barrage ( Yamunanagar district ) Pathrala barrage ( Yamunanagar district ) Anagpur Dam ( Surajkund , Faridabad district ) Ottu barrage ( Sirsa district ) Bridges Karnal Mughal Bridge Hydrography of surrounding areas Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Punjab Power stations and organizations of Haryana Power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station Faridabad Thermal Power Plant Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project Mahatma Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station Organizations Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited National Thermal Power Corporation Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam PowerGrid Corporation of India Power System Operation Corporation Limited Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Indian states ranking by households having electricity VIAF : 246175085 GND : 4239291-3 BNF : cb11960267x (data) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haryana&oldid=801441112 '' Categories : Haryana North India States and territories of India States and territories established in 1966 1966 establishments in India 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who plays the hidden one on sleepy hollow | 2008 : Dead Space as Zach Hammond | [
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"Peter Mensah ComicCon Spartacus Press Release 2009 ( 1959 - 08 - 27 ) 27 August 1959 ( age 58 ) Chiraa , Brong Ahafo Region , Ghana Nationality Ghanaian , British Occupation Actor & martial arts expert Years active 1995 -- present Parent ( s ) Peter Osei Mensah",
"Peter Mensah",
"ComicCon Spartacus Press Release 2009",
"( 1959 - 08 - 27 ) 27 August 1959 ( age 58 ) Chiraa , Brong Ahafo Region , Ghana",
"Nationality Ghanaian , British",
"Occupation Actor & martial arts expert",
"Years active 1995 -- present",
"Parent ( s ) Peter Osei Mensah",
"Peter Mensah ( born 27 August 1959 ) is a Ghanaian - British actor , best known for his roles in Tears of the Sun , Hidalgo , 300 , and Dead Space , and more recently on the Starz original series , Spartacus : Blood and Sand , Spartacus : Gods of the Arena , and Spartacus : Vengeance .",
"Mensah was born at Chiraa , Ghana , and comes from an academic family . He was born to parents from the Brong Ahafo Region , and moved to Hertfordshire , England , with his father , Peter Osei Mensah , an engineer , his mother , a writer , and two younger sisters at a young age . Mensah began practicing martial arts at the age of six .",
"Mensah 's film credits include Avatar , 300 , Hidalgo , Tears of the Sun , Jason X , Harvard Man , Bless the Child and The Incredible Hulk . He also stars in the short film The Seed , produced and directed by Linkin Park 's DJ Joe Hahn . He has made television appearances in Star Trek : Enterprise , Tracker , Witchblade , Blue Murder , Relic Hunter , Earth : Final Conflict , Highlander : The Raven , and La Femme Nikita . He was a member of the repertory cast of the A&E Network series A Nero Wolfe Mystery and Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles .",
"He did the voice and likeness of Sgt . Zach Hammond in EA 's video game Dead Space .",
"Mensah played the character Oenomaus in Spartacus and was on the Spartacus Panel at Comic Con 2009 and 2011 . He had a recurring role in the fifth season of True Blood .",
"He is the voice of Predaking , the dragon - like leader of the Predacons in Transformers : Prime .",
"1998 : The Long Island Incident as Hugh 2000 : Bruiser as Skinhead 2000 : The Golden Spiders : A Nero Wolfe Mystery as Mort Erwin 2000 : Bless the Child as Janitor 2000 : Enslavement : The True Story of Fanny Kemble as Quaka 2000 : The Perfect Son as The Tall Gay Basher 2001 : Harvard Man as Cyrill The Butler 2001 : Jason X as Sgt . Brodski 2002 : Triggerman as Boxer 2002 : Conviction as T - Bone 2002 : Cypher as Vault Security Guard 2003 : Tears of the Sun as Terwase 2004 : Hidalgo as Jaffa 2006 : The Seed 2007 : 300 as Persian Messenger 2008 : The Incredible Hulk as General Joe Greller 2009 : Avatar as Horse Clan Leader 2010 : City Of Shoulders as Dr. Lucas Andreisherm 2010 : Flynn as Special Forces Captain 2013 : Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising as Predaking ( voice ) 2014 : 300 : Rise of an Empire as Artemesia 's Trainer / Persian Messenger",
"1998 : The Long Island Incident as Hugh",
"2000 : Bruiser as Skinhead",
"2000 : The Golden Spiders : A Nero Wolfe Mystery as Mort Erwin",
"2000 : Bless the Child as Janitor",
"2000 : Enslavement : The True Story of Fanny Kemble as Quaka",
"2000 : The Perfect Son as The Tall Gay Basher",
"2001 : Harvard Man as Cyrill The Butler",
"2001 : Jason X as Sgt . Brodski",
"2002 : Triggerman as Boxer",
"2002 : Conviction as T - Bone",
"2002 : Cypher as Vault Security Guard",
"2003 : Tears of the Sun as Terwase",
"2004 : Hidalgo as Jaffa",
"2006 : The Seed",
"2007 : 300 as Persian Messenger",
"2008 : The Incredible Hulk as General Joe Greller",
"2009 : Avatar as Horse Clan Leader",
"2010 : City Of Shoulders as Dr. Lucas Andreisherm",
"2010 : Flynn as Special Forces Captain",
"2013 : Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising as Predaking ( voice )",
"2014 : 300 : Rise of an Empire as Artemesia 's Trainer / Persian Messenger",
"1995 : Nancy Drew as Simon ( 1 episode , Welcome To Callisto ) 1997 : Exhibit : A Secrets Of Forensic Science as Charles Ssenyonga ( 1 episode , `` Bad Blood '' ) 1997 : Once A Thief as Petrosians Assistant ( 1 episode , `` Macdaddy '' ) 1998 : La Femme Nikita as Taylor ( 1 episode , `` First Mission '' ) 1998 : F / X : The Series as Vincent ( 1 episode , `` Chiller '' ) 1999 : Highlander : The Raven as Raphael ( 1 episode , `` A Matter Of Time '' ) 1999 : Earth : Final Conflict as Alan ( 1 episode , `` Emancipation '' ) 2000 : The City as Lang ( 1 episode , `` Gorky Parkette '' ) 2000 : Twich City as Prison Guard ( 1 Episode , `` The Return Of The Cat Food Killer '' ) 2000 : Relic Hunter as Witch Doctor ( 1 episode , `` Cross OF Voodoo '' ) 2001 : Blue Murder as Marlon Anderson ( 2 episodes ) 2001 : A Nero Wolfe Mystery ( `` The Doorbell Rang , '' `` Over My Dead Body '' ) 2001 -- 02 : Witchblade as Hecter `` Moby '' Mobius ( 2 episodes ) 2002 : Tracker as Marak ( 1 episode , `` Native Son '' ) 2005 : Star Trek : Enterprise as Daniel Greaves ( 2 episodes ) 2008 : Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles as General Perry ( 2 episodes ) 2010 : Spartacus : Blood and Sand as Oenomaus `` Doctore '' ( 13 episodes ) 2011 : Spartacus : Gods of the Arena as Oenomaus `` Doctore '' ( 6 episodes ) 2012 : Spartacus : Vengeance as Oenomaus `` Doctore '' ( 10 episodes ) 2012 : True Blood as Kibwe 2013 : Spartacus : War of the Damned as Oenomaus ' Doctore ' ( 1 episode , cameo ) 2013 : Burn Notice as Marco Cabral ( 1 episode ) 2013 : Transformers : Prime as Predaking ( voice ) 2015 - 16 : Sleepy Hollow as Hidden One ( 7 episodes ) 2017 - : Midnight , Texas as Lemuel 2018 : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Qovas ( 1 episode )",
"1995 : Nancy Drew as Simon ( 1 episode , Welcome To Callisto )",
"1997 : Exhibit : A Secrets Of Forensic Science as Charles Ssenyonga ( 1 episode , `` Bad Blood '' )",
"1997 : Once A Thief as Petrosians Assistant ( 1 episode , `` Macdaddy '' )",
"1998 : La Femme Nikita as Taylor ( 1 episode , `` First Mission '' )",
"1998 : F / X : The Series as Vincent ( 1 episode , `` Chiller '' )",
"1999 : Highlander : The Raven as Raphael ( 1 episode , `` A Matter Of Time '' )",
"1999 : Earth : Final Conflict as Alan ( 1 episode , `` Emancipation '' )",
"2000 : The City as Lang ( 1 episode , `` Gorky Parkette '' )",
"2000 : Twich City as Prison Guard ( 1 Episode , `` The Return Of The Cat Food Killer '' )",
"2000 : Relic Hunter as Witch Doctor ( 1 episode , `` Cross OF Voodoo '' )",
"2001 : Blue Murder as Marlon Anderson ( 2 episodes )",
"2001 : A Nero Wolfe Mystery ( `` The Doorbell Rang , '' `` Over My Dead Body '' )",
"2001 -- 02 : Witchblade as Hecter `` Moby '' Mobius ( 2 episodes )",
"2002 : Tracker as Marak ( 1 episode , `` Native Son '' )",
"2005 : Star Trek : Enterprise as Daniel Greaves ( 2 episodes )",
"2008 : Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles as General Perry ( 2 episodes )",
"2010 : Spartacus : Blood and Sand as Oenomaus `` Doctore '' ( 13 episodes )",
"2011 : Spartacus : Gods of the Arena as Oenomaus `` Doctore '' ( 6 episodes )",
"2012 : Spartacus : Vengeance as Oenomaus `` Doctore '' ( 10 episodes )",
"2012 : True Blood as Kibwe",
"2013 : Spartacus : War of the Damned as Oenomaus ' Doctore ' ( 1 episode , cameo )",
"2013 : Burn Notice as Marco Cabral ( 1 episode )",
"2013 : Transformers : Prime as Predaking ( voice )",
"2015 - 16 : Sleepy Hollow as Hidden One ( 7 episodes )",
"2017 - : Midnight , Texas as Lemuel",
"2018 : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Qovas ( 1 episode )",
"2008 : Dead Space as Zach Hammond",
"2008 : Dead Space as Zach Hammond"
] | Peter Mensah - wikipedia Peter Mensah Jump to: navigation , search Peter Mensah ComicCon Spartacus Press Release 2009 ( 1959-08-27 ) 27 August 1959 (age 58) Chiraa , Brong Ahafo Region , Ghana Nationality Ghanaian , British Occupation Actor & martial arts expert Years active 1995-- present Parent(s) Peter Osei Mensah Peter Mensah (born 27 August 1959) is a Ghanaian-British actor, best known for his roles in Tears of the Sun , Hidalgo , 300 , and Dead Space , and more recently on the Starz original series, Spartacus: Blood and Sand , Spartacus: Gods of the Arena , and Spartacus: Vengeance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Series 4 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Mensah was born at Chiraa , Ghana , and comes from an academic family. He was born to parents from the Brong Ahafo Region , and moved to Hertfordshire , England , with his father, Peter Osei Mensah, an engineer, his mother, a writer, and two younger sisters at a young age. Mensah began practicing martial arts at the age of six. Career ( edit ) Mensah's film credits include Avatar , 300 , Hidalgo , Tears of the Sun , Jason X , Harvard Man , Bless the Child and The Incredible Hulk . He also stars in the short film The Seed , produced and directed by Linkin Park 's DJ Joe Hahn . He has made television appearances in Star Trek: Enterprise , Tracker , Witchblade , Blue Murder , Relic Hunter , Earth: Final Conflict , Highlander: The Raven , and La Femme Nikita . He was a member of the repertory cast of the A&E Network series A Nero Wolfe Mystery and Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles . He did the voice and likeness of Sgt. Zach Hammond in EA's video game Dead Space . Mensah played the character Oenomaus in Spartacus and was on the Spartacus Panel at Comic Con 2009 and 2011. He had a recurring role in the fifth season of True Blood . He is the voice of Predaking, the dragon -like leader of the Predacons in Transformers: Prime . Filmography ( edit ) 1998: The Long Island Incident as Hugh 2000: Bruiser as Skinhead 2000: The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery as Mort Erwin 2000: Bless the Child as Janitor 2000: Enslavement: The True Story of Fanny Kemble as Quaka 2000: The Perfect Son as The Tall Gay Basher 2001: Harvard Man as Cyrill The Butler 2001: Jason X as Sgt. Brodski 2002: Triggerman as Boxer 2002: Conviction as T-Bone 2002: Cypher as Vault Security Guard 2003: Tears of the Sun as Terwase 2004: Hidalgo as Jaffa 2006: The Seed 2007: 300 as Persian Messenger 2008: The Incredible Hulk as General Joe Greller 2009: Avatar as Horse Clan Leader 2010: City Of Shoulders as Dr. Lucas Andreisherm 2010: Flynn as Special Forces Captain 2013: Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising as Predaking (voice) 2014: 300: Rise of an Empire as Artemesia's Trainer / Persian Messenger Series ( edit ) 1995: Nancy Drew as Simon (1 episode, Welcome To Callisto) 1997: Exhibit: A Secrets Of Forensic Science as Charles Ssenyonga (1 episode, `` Bad Blood'' ) 1997: Once A Thief as Petrosians Assistant (1 episode, `` Macdaddy'' ) 1998: La Femme Nikita as Taylor (1 episode, `` First Mission'' ) 1998: F/X: The Series as Vincent (1 episode, `` Chiller'' ) 1999: Highlander: The Raven as Raphael (1 episode, `` A Matter Of Time'' ) 1999: Earth: Final Conflict as Alan (1 episode, `` Emancipation'' ) 2000: The City as Lang (1 episode, `` Gorky Parkette'' ) 2000: Twich City as Prison Guard (1 Episode, `` The Return Of The Cat Food Killer'' ) 2000: Relic Hunter as Witch Doctor (1 episode, `` Cross OF Voodoo'' ) 2001: Blue Murder as Marlon Anderson (2 episodes) 2001: A Nero Wolfe Mystery (`` The Doorbell Rang,'' `` Over My Dead Body'' ) 2001-- 02: Witchblade as Hecter `` Moby'' Mobius (2 episodes) 2002: Tracker as Marak (1 episode, `` Native Son'' ) 2005: Star Trek: Enterprise as Daniel Greaves (2 episodes) 2008: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles as General Perry (2 episodes) 2010: Spartacus: Blood and Sand as Oenomaus `` Doctore'' (13 episodes) 2011: Spartacus: Gods of the Arena as Oenomaus `` Doctore'' (6 episodes) 2012: Spartacus: Vengeance as Oenomaus `` Doctore'' (10 episodes) 2012: True Blood as Kibwe 2013: Spartacus: War of the Damned as Oenomaus ' Doctore' (1 episode, cameo) 2013: Burn Notice as Marco Cabral (1 episode) 2013: Transformers: Prime as Predaking (voice) 2015-16: Sleepy Hollow as Hidden One (7 episodes) 2017-: Midnight, Texas as Lemuel 2018: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Qovas (1 episode) Video games ( edit ) 2008: Dead Space as Zach Hammond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Donkoh, Ebenezer. `` Hollywood Star Peter Mensah's Father Passes Away In Kumasi - NYDJ Live'' . www.nydjlive.com . Retrieved 2017-11-09 . Jump up ^ `` Slice of SciFi Interview With `` The Hulk's '' Peter Mensah Slice of SciFi`` . 2008-06-12 . Retrieved 2017-06-21 . Jump up ^ `` The Doctore is in: Spartacus' Peter Mensah exclusive interview'' , 18 November 2011. Archived 24 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Peter Mensah on IMDb VIAF : 232718015 LCCN : no2005009598 ISNI : 0000 0003 6780 8947 GND : 1154466078 BNF : cb165823433 (data) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mensah&oldid=831510085 '' Categories : 1959 births Living people English expatriates in Canada English male film actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Ghanaian emigrants to England People from Accra Black English male actors Male actors from Hertfordshire Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018, at 23:20. 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which british chaplain re-opened the cape coast castle school in 1712 | Phipps had a long - lasting relationship with the mulatto daughter of a Dutch soldier , for whom he provided in his will and by whom he had four daughters and a son . His grandson by his daughter Bridget , James Townsend , became a Member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of London . | [
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"James Phipps ( c. 1687 -- 15 January 1723 ) was at the heart of the Atlantic slave trade in the early 18th century , being Captain - General of the Royal African Company and Governor of Cape Coast Castle on the Gold Coast .",
"Phipps was one of at least five sons of the English merchant Thomas Phipps and his wife Bridget Short . The Phipps family had emerged in the 16th century as prominent clothiers in Westbury , Wiltshire , where Thomas Phipps acquired an estate after a successful career in London , trading to the East Indies , West Africa , and New England .",
"Phipps began his career with the Royal African Company in 1703 . He served as writer ( a junior employee ) at Cape Coast Castle , as agent at James Fort in Accra , and as Chief Agent and Warehouse - Keeper at Cape Coast Castle , before being appointed as the Company 's Captain - General ( with both civil and military authority ) on 23 July 1719 . He was summarily dismissed after three years in post , for reasons that remain opaque , and died at Cape Coast Castle while awaiting a ship in which to return to England . Despite the long period of time which he spent in the Company 's service and the high rank which he attained , he never succeeded in making a substantial fortune , a failure which he himself attributed to his personal honesty . The value of his estate on his death was estimated at only £ 3,200 . The longevity of Phipps 's career was remarkable , given that the Company 's records for the period between 1684 and 1732 reveal an average annual death toll for men in the Company 's service on the Gold Coast of 27 percent .",
"Phipps had a long - lasting relationship with the mulatto daughter of a Dutch soldier , for whom he provided in his will and by whom he had four daughters and a son . His grandson by his daughter Bridget , James Townsend , became a Member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of London ."
] | James Phipps of Cape Coast Castle - wikipedia James Phipps of Cape Coast Castle James Phipps (c.1687 -- 15 January 1723) was at the heart of the Atlantic slave trade in the early 18th century, being Captain-General of the Royal African Company and Governor of Cape Coast Castle on the Gold Coast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Career 3 Family 4 References Origins ( edit ) Phipps was one of at least five sons of the English merchant Thomas Phipps and his wife Bridget Short. The Phipps family had emerged in the 16th century as prominent clothiers in Westbury, Wiltshire , where Thomas Phipps acquired an estate after a successful career in London, trading to the East Indies, West Africa, and New England. Career ( edit ) Phipps began his career with the Royal African Company in 1703. He served as writer (a junior employee) at Cape Coast Castle, as agent at James Fort in Accra , and as Chief Agent and Warehouse-Keeper at Cape Coast Castle, before being appointed as the Company's Captain-General (with both civil and military authority) on 23 July 1719. He was summarily dismissed after three years in post, for reasons that remain opaque, and died at Cape Coast Castle while awaiting a ship in which to return to England. Despite the long period of time which he spent in the Company's service and the high rank which he attained, he never succeeded in making a substantial fortune, a failure which he himself attributed to his personal honesty. The value of his estate on his death was estimated at only £ 3,200. The longevity of Phipps's career was remarkable, given that the Company's records for the period between 1684 and 1732 reveal an average annual death toll for men in the Company's service on the Gold Coast of 27 percent. Family ( edit ) Phipps had a long-lasting relationship with the mulatto daughter of a Dutch soldier, for whom he provided in his will and by whom he had four daughters and a son. His grandson by his daughter Bridget, James Townsend , became a Member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of London . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: David Henige, `` Companies Are Always Ungrateful'' : James Phipps of Cape Coast, A Victim of the African Trade , African Economic History (No.9, 1980), at pages 27-47 Jump up ^ Richard Grassby, Kinship and Capitalism: Marriage, Family, and Business in the English-Speaking World, 1580-1740 (Cambridge University Press, 2001), at page 190 Jump up ^ Franklin W. Knight (ed.), General History of the Caribbean, Volume III: the slave societies of the Caribbean (UNESCO Publishing, 1997), at page 23 Jump up ^ Randy J. Sparks, Where the Negroes are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade (Harvard University Press, 2014), at page 84 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Phipps_of_Cape_Coast_Castle&oldid=840176614 '' Categories : 18th century in Ghana Cape Coast English slave traders People from Westbury, Wiltshire 1723 deaths Hidden categories: Year of birth uncertain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 06:15 (UTC) . About Wikipedia | 3623977904755739579 |
when will yugioh arc v episode 100 be dubbed | Ser # Sea # English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 100 `` A Warlike Welcome '' / The Metropolis of Despair , Heartland `` Zetsubō no Miyako Hātorando '' ( 絶望 の 都 ハート ランド ) April 3 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 101 `` Realm of The Cipher Dragon '' / Galaxy Eyes `` Ginga no Manako '' ( 銀河 の 眼 ) April 10 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 102 `` Rush For Revenge '' / The Merciless Hunter `` Hijō no Karyūdo '' ( 非情 の 狩人 ) April 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 103 `` Rise of the Resistance '' / The Brilliant Machine Angels `` Hanabanashiki Kikai Tenshi '' ( 華々 しき 機械 天使 ) May 1 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 104 5 `` Rumble in the Rubble '' / The Hero Named `` D '' `` '' Dī '' no Na o Motsu Hīrō '' ( 「 D 」 の 名 を 持つ HERO ) May 8 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 105 6 `` Fighting For Friendship '' / Bonds of the Resistance `` Rejisutansu no Kizuna '' ( レジスタンス の 絆 ) May 15 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 106 7 `` An Academic Test '' / Aquaria Project `` Āku Eria Purojekuto '' ( アーク エリア ・ プロジェクト ) May 22 , 2016 September 2 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 107 8 `` Belles and Whistles '' / The Duel - Starved Amazoness `` Dyueru ni Ueta Amazonesu '' ( 決闘 に 飢え た アマゾネス ) May 29 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 108 9 `` Twins with ' Tude '' / Amazoness Trap `` Amazonesu Torappu '' ( アマゾネス ・ トラップ ) June 5 , 2016 September 15 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 109 10 `` Surprise Showing '' / The Falcon Perishes on the Battlefield `` Senjō ni Hateru Hayabusa '' ( 戦場 に 果てる 隼 ) June 12 , 2016 September 22 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 110 11 `` Fenced In '' / The Torn `` Smile World '' `` Yabukareta Sumairu Wārudo '' ( 破 かれ た スマイル ・ ワールド ) June 19 , 2016 September 29 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 111 12 `` Last Laugh '' / Pendulum Heart `` Pendyuramu Hāto '' ( ペンデュラム ハート ) June 26 , 2016 October 6 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 112 13 `` Hat Trick '' / Toward a City Filled with Smiles `` Egao Afureru Machi e '' ( 笑顔 あふれる 街 へ ) July 3 , 2016 October 13 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 113 14 `` Joy of Revenge '' / The Thirst for Carnage `` Shura no Katsubō '' ( 修羅 の 渇望 ) July 10 , 2016 October 20 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 114 15 `` All Duel Hands on Deck '' / The Supergalaxy Shining in the Darkness `` Yami ni Kagayaku Chōginga '' ( 闇 に 輝く 超 銀河 ) July 17 , 2016 October 27 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 115 16 `` Duel Pirate Captain Solo '' / `` Dyueru Kaizoku Kyaputen Soro '' ( 決闘 海賊 キャプテン ・ ソロ ) July 24 , 2016 TBA 116 17 `` Guardians of the Sun and Moon '' / `` Taiyō to Tsuki no Shugosha '' ( 太陽 と 月 の 守護 者 ) July 31 , 2016 TBA 117 18 `` The Sinister Bell 's Chime '' / `` Kiba o Muku Suzu no Ne '' ( 牙 を むく 鈴 の 音 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA 118 19 `` Survival Duel '' / `` Sabaibaru Dyueru '' ( サバイバル ・ デュエル ) August 14 , 2016 TBA 119 20 `` The Little Bird Trapped in Darkness '' / `` Yami ni Ochita Kotori '' ( 闇 に 落ち た 小鳥 ) August 21 , 2016 TBA 120 21 `` Battle Beast '' / `` Batoru Bīsuto '' ( バトル ・ ビースト ) August 28 , 2016 TBA 121 22 `` The Wicked Brand '' / `` Saikyō no Rakuin '' ( 最 凶 の 烙印 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA 122 23 `` Glory on the Academia ! '' / `` Gurōrī on ji Akademia ! '' ( グローリー ・ オン ・ ジ ・ アカデミア ! ) September 11 , 2016 TBA 123 24 `` The Glorious Mechanical Dragon '' / `` Eikō no Kikairyū '' ( 栄光 の 機械 龍 ) September 18 , 2016 TBA 124 25 `` The Revived Phantom Knights '' / `` Yomigaeru Fantomu Naitsu '' ( 蘇る 幻影 騎士 団 ) September 25 , 2016 TBA 125 26 `` The Blazing Dragon '' / `` Rekka no Ryū '' ( 烈火 の 竜 ) October 2 , 2016 TBA 126 27 `` The Demon 's Birthday '' / `` Akuma ga Umareta Hi '' ( 悪魔 が 生まれ た 日 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA 127 28 `` Revival Zero '' / `` Ribaiburu Zero '' ( リバイブル ・ ゼロ ) October 16 , 2016 TBA 128 29 `` Decisive Battle ! Spirit Tech Force '' / `` Kessen ! Supiritto Tekku Fōsu '' ( 決戦 ! 精霊 機巧 軍 ) October 23 , 2016 TBA 129 30 `` Glimpse of the Supreme King '' / `` Haō no Henrin '' ( 覇王 の 片鱗 ) October 30 , 2016 TBA 130 31 `` The Greedy Venomous Dragon '' / `` Yokubukaki Mōdokuryū '' ( 欲 深き 猛毒 龍 ) November 6 , 2016 TBA 131 32 `` The Light Shining in Eternal Darkness '' / `` Tokoyami ni Sasu Hikari '' ( 常闇 に 射す 光 ) November 13 , 2016 TBA 132 33 `` The Peerless Entertainer '' / `` Kidai no Entāteinā '' ( 稀代 の エンターテイナー ) November 20 , 2016 TBA 133 34 `` A Dazzling Entertainment Show '' / `` Kagayakashiki Entame Shō '' ( 輝かしき エンタメ ショー ) November 27 , 2016 TBA 134 35 `` Allure of Darkness '' / `` Yami no Yūwaku '' ( 闇 の 誘惑 ) December 11 , 2016 TBA 135 36 `` The Trembling Dimensions '' / `` Yureugoku Jigen '' ( 揺れ動く 次元 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA 136 37 `` Reign of the Supreme Dragon King '' / `` Haōryū Kunrin '' ( 覇王 龍 君臨 ) December 25 , 2016 TBA 137 38 `` The Rebellious Supreme King 's Dragon Servant '' / `` Hangyaku no Haōkenryū '' ( 反逆 の 覇王 眷 龍 ) January 8 , 2017 TBA 138 39 `` The Shadow - Winged Dragon '' / `` Anyoku no Ryū '' ( 暗 翼 の 龍 ) January 15 , 2017 TBA 139 40 `` The Eyes Tainted by Darkness '' / `` Yami ni Somaru Manako '' ( 闇 に 染まる 眼 ) January 22 , 2017 TBA 140 41 `` Pendulum of the Soul '' / `` Tamashii no Pendyuramu '' ( 「 魂 の ペンデュラム 」 ) January 29 , 2017 TBA 141 42 `` Junior Youth Championship '' / `` Juniayūsu Senshuken '' ( ジュニア ユース 選手権 ) February 5 , 2017 TBA 142 43 `` Overflowing Memories '' / `` Afureru Kioku '' ( あふれる 記憶 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA 143 44 `` Soul of the Supreme king '' / `` Haō no Tamashii '' ( 覇王 の 魂 ) February 19 , 2017 TBA 144 45 `` The Cursed Gear Mask '' / `` Norowareshi Gia Masuku '' ( 呪 われ し 機械 仮面 ) February 26 , 2017 TBA 145 46 `` Endless Rebellion '' / `` Owarinaki Hangyaku '' ( 終わり なき 反逆 ) March 5 , 2017 TBA 146 47 `` Dimension Highway '' / `` Dimenshon Haiwei '' ( ディメンション ・ ハイウェイ ) March 12 , 2017 TBA 147 48 `` The Unleashed Dragons '' / `` Tokihanatareta Doragon '' ( 解き放た れ た ドラゴン ) March 19 , 2017 TBA 148 49 `` The Miracle Drawn by the Pendulum '' / `` Pendyuramu ga Egaku Kiseki '' ( ペンデュラム が 描く 奇跡 ) March 26 , 2017 TBA | [
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"Yu - Gi - Oh ! Arc - V is the fourth spin - off anime in the Yu - Gi - Oh ! franchise . It is produced by Nihon Ad Systems and broadcast by TV Tokyo . It is directed by Katsumi Ono and produced by Studio Gallop . Its plot focuses on Yuya Sakaki , who is a boy seeking to become the greatest entertainer in Action Duels who brings forth a new summoning method to Duel Monsters known as Pendulum Summoning . Currently , twelve pieces of theme music are used for the series : six openings and six ending themes . From episodes 1 -- 30 , the first opening theme is `` Believe × Believe '' by Bullet Train , while the first ending theme is `` One Step '' by P - Cute . From episodes 31 -- 49 , the second opening theme is `` Burn ! '' by Bullet Train , while the second ending theme is `` Future Fighter ! '' by Kenshō Ono and Yoshimasa Hosoya . From episodes 50 - 75 , the third opening theme is `` Hanate '' ( ハナテ , lit . `` Unleash '' ) by Gekidan Niagara , while the third ending theme is `` Arc of Smile ! '' by Boys And Men . From episodes 76 - 98 , the fourth opening theme is `` Kirifuda '' ( 切り札 , lit . `` Trump Card '' ) by Cinema Staff , while the fourth ending theme is `` Speaking '' by Mrs. GREEN APPLE . From episodes 99 - 124 , the fifth opening theme is `` Kibō no Hikari '' ( キボウ ノヒカリ , lit . `` Light of Hope '' ) by Unknown Number , while the fifth ending theme is `` Vision '' ( ビジョン , Bijon ) by Kusoiinkai . From episodes 125 - 147 , the sixth opening theme is `` Pendulum Beat ! '' by Super Dragon , while the sixth ending theme is `` Dashing Pendulum '' by M ! lk . For Episode 148 , no opening theme was used , while the second ending theme , `` Burn , '' was used for the final episode . For the English Dub version , the opening theme is `` Can You Feel the Power '' .",
"No . English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date `` Swing Into Action : Part 1 '' / The Trail of Light , Pendulum Summoning ! `` Hikari no Kiseki , Pendyuramu Shōkan ! '' ( 光 の 軌跡 、 ペンデュラム 召喚 ! ) April 6 , 2014 July 24 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) February 21 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) `` Swing Into Action : Part 2 '' / The Strongest Evolution Of Dueling ! ! Its Name is Action Duel `` Kettō Saikyō Shinka - kei ! ! Sono Na wa Akushon Dyueru '' ( 決闘 最強 進化 系 ! ! その 名 は アクション デュエル ) April 13 , 2014 July 31 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) February 21 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) `` Trade Bait : Part 1 '' / Dark Town : The Stolen Pendulum Summon ! ! `` Daakutaun Ubawareta Pendyuramu Shōkan ! ! '' ( ダーク タウン 奪 われ た ペンデュラム 召喚 ! ! ) April 20 , 2014 August 7 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) February 28 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) `` Trade Bait : Part 2 '' / A Ray of Hope ! Block Spider `` Hitosuji no Kibō ! ! Burokku Supaidaa '' ( 一筋 の 希望 ! ! ブロック スパイダー ) April 27 , 2014 August 14 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 6 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 5 `` Toying Around : Part 1 '' / Wannabe Apprentice ! ? A Strange Fanboy , `` Sora Shiunin '' `` Deshiiri Shigan ! ? Okashina Okkake `` Shiun'in Sora '' '' ( 弟子入り 志願 ! ? おかしな おっかけ 『 紫雲 院 素 良 』 ) May 11 , 2014 August 21 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 13 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 6 `` Toying Around : Part 2 '' / The Innocent Toy : Death - Toy Scissor Bear `` Mujyaki na Omocha Desutooi Shizaa Beaa '' ( 無邪気 な 融合 玩具 デストーイ ・ シザー ・ ベアー ) May 18 , 2014 August 28 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 20 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 7 `` Mr. Mystery '' / Imperial Wrath of Treason - Dark Rebellion Xyz Dragon `` Hangyaku no Gekirin Dāku Riberion Ekushīzu Doragon '' ( 反逆 の 逆鱗 ダーク ・ リベリオン ・ エクシーズ ・ ドラゴン ) May 25 , 2014 September 11 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 27 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 8 `` Bad Business '' / You Show Duel School 's Crisis ! ! LDS Invasion `` Yūshō Juku no Kiki ! ! Erudīesu Shūrai '' ( 遊 勝 塾 の 危機 ! ! LDS 襲来 ) June 1 , 2014 September 18 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 3 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 9 `` Dueling with the Stars '' / Judgment of the Stars ! Xyz User `` Hokuto Shijima '' `` Hoshiboshi no Sabaki ! Ekushīzu Tsukai `` Shijima Hokuto '' '' ( 星々 の 裁き ! エクシーズ 使い 「 志島 北斗 」 ) June 8 , 2014 September 25 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 10 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 10 `` You Show Em '' / Knight of the Secret Stone ! Fusion User `` Masumi Kotsu '' `` Hiseki no Kishi ! Yūgō Tsukai `` Kōtsu Masumi '' '' ( 秘 石 の 騎士 ! 融合 使い 「 光 津 真澄 」 ) June 15 , 2014 October 2 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 17 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 11 `` '' Going , Going , Gong `` '' / At One With The Sword ! Synchro User `` Yaiba Todo '' `` Shinken Ittai ! Shinkuro Tsukai `` Tōdō Yaiba '' '' ( 身 剣 一体 ! シンクロ 使い 「 刀 堂 刃 」 ) June 22 , 2014 October 9 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 24 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 12 `` Battle Under the Big Top '' / DDD : King of the Different Dimension `` Dīdīdī Ijigen no Ō '' ( DDD 異 次元 の 王 ) June 29 , 2014 October 16 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) May 1 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 13 `` Circus Surprise ! '' / Magical Sages Galilei & Kepler `` Madō Kenja Garirei & Kepurā '' ( 魔 導 賢者 ガリレイ 、 ケプラー ) July 6 , 2014 October 23 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) May 8 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 14 `` The Show Must Go On '' / Hotblooded ! ! Shuzo Theater `` Nekketsu ! ! ︎Shūzō Gekijō '' ( 熱血 ! ! 修造 劇場 ) July 13 , 2014 October 30 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) May 15 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 15 `` In It to Win It '' / Aim For The Junior Youth Championship ! ! `` Mezase Junia Yūsu Senshuken ! ! '' ( 目指せ ジュニア ユース 選手権 ! ! ) July 20 , 2014 November 1 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 2 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 16 `` Menu Venue : Part 1 '' / Genius Master Chef `` Michio Mokota '' `` Tensai Ryōrijin `` Mokota Michio '' '' ( 天才 料理 人 `` 茂 古田 未知 夫 '' ) July 27 , 2014 November 6 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 2 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 17 `` Menu Venue : Part 2 '' / An Exciting Performance ! ! A Fulfilling Meal ! `` Gōkai Hirō ! ! Manpuku Zenseki ! '' ( 豪快 披露 ! ! 満腹 全席 ! ) August 3 , 2014 November 8 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 9 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 18 `` Trapped in a Card '' / The Two Shadows of Rebellion `` Hangyaku no Futatsu no Kage '' ( 反逆 の 2 つの 影 ) August 10 , 2014 November 8 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 9 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 19 `` Quiz Quagmire : Part 1 '' / The Universe of Knowledge ! ! Eita Kyuando `` Chishiki no Uchū ! ! Kyūandō Eita '' ( 知識 の 宇宙 ! ! 九 庵堂 栄太 ) August 17 , 2014 November 14 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 16 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 20 `` Quiz Quagmire : Part 2 '' / A Difficult Problem ! ? Attack Duel Quiz ! ! `` Nanmon ! ? Atakku Dueru Kuizu ! ! '' ( 難問 ! ? アタック デュエル クイズ ! ! ) August 24 , 2014 November 15 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 16 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 21 `` Beyond Belief '' / Beyond the Pendulum `` Pendyuramu no Sono Saki ni '' ( ペンデュラム の その 先 に ) August 31 , 2014 November 15 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 23 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 22 `` A Date With Fate : Part 1 '' / The Fortunetelling Girl - Mieru Hōchun `` Uranai Shōjo Hochun Mieru '' ( 占い 少女 方 中 ミエル ) September 7 , 2014 November 21 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 23 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 23 `` A Date With Fate : Part 2 '' / Arcane Eyes `` Hijutsu no Manako '' ( 秘術 の 眼 ) September 14 , 2014 November 22 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 6 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 24 `` For Our Tomorrows '' / The Wings of Rebellion - Raid Raptors `` Hangyaku no Tsubasa - Reido Raputāzu '' ( 反逆 の 翼 レイド ・ ラプターズ ) September 21 , 2014 November 22 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 6 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 25 `` Battle Between Buddies : Part 1 '' / Steadfast Resolve ! ! Noboru Gongenzaka `` Fudō no Kakugo ! ! Gongenzaka Noboru '' ( 不動 の 覚悟 ! ! 権現 坂 昇 ) September 28 , 2014 November 28 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 13 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 26 `` Battle Between Buddies : Part 2 '' / A New Boundary - Superheavy Koujin Susano - O `` Aratana Chihei Chō'omo Kōjin Susanō '' ( 新た な 地平 超重 荒神 スサノ ― O ) October 5 , 2014 November 29 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 13 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 27 `` Challengers Assemble '' / Opening ! ! The Maiami Championship `` Kaimaku ! ! Maiami Chanpionshippu '' ( 開幕 ! ! 舞 網 チャンピオン シップ ) October 12 , 2014 November 29 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 20 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 28 `` Something 's Fishy '' / Ayu 's Entertainment Aquarium `` Ayu no Entame Suizokukan '' ( アユ の エンタメ 水族館 ) October 19 , 2014 December 5 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 27 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 29 `` Fusion Foes '' / Fusing Melodious Divas ! `` Yūgōsuru Otohime ! '' ( 融合 する 音 姫 ! ) October 26 , 2014 December 6 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) December 4 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 30 `` Gong the Strong '' / The Tested Resolution of Steadfast Heart `` Tamesareru Fudō no Kokoro '' ( 試さ れる 不動 の 心 ) November 2 , 2014 December 6 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) December 11 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 31 `` The Pendulum Swings Both Ways : Part 1 '' / The Howling Whirlwind - Yōsen Lost Tornado ! `` Unaru Senpū Yōsen Rosuto Torunēdo ! '' ( 唸る 旋風 妖 仙 ロスト ・ トルネード ! ) November 9 , 2014 December 13 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) December 18 , 2016 ( Nicktoons ) 32 `` The Pendulum Swings Both Ways : Part 2 '' / White - Hot Battle ! Entertainment Duel Show `` Nessen ! Entame Dueru Shō '' ( 熱戦 ! エンタメ デュエル ショー ) November 16 , 2014 December 13 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 1 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 33 `` Making the Cut : Part 1 '' / Future Metropolis Heartland `` Mirai Toshi Hātorando '' ( 未来 都市 ハート ランド ) November 23 , 2014 December 13 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 8 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 34 `` Making the Cut : Part 2 '' / The Combining Demonic - Beast VS The Evolving Falcon `` Ketsugō Majū Bāsasu Shinka - suru Hayabusa '' ( 結 けつ 合 ごう 魔 ま 獣 じゅう VS 進 しん 化 か する 隼 はやぶさ ) November 30 , 2014 December 20 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 22 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 35 `` Sora 's Secrets : Part 1 '' / The Academia and The Resistance `` Akademia to Rejisutansu '' ( アカデミア と レジスタンス ) December 14 , 2014 December 20 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 29 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 36 `` Sora 's Secrets : Part 2 '' / The Resonating Dragons `` Kyōmei Suru Ryū '' ( 共鳴 する 竜 ) December 21 , 2014 December 20 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 29 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 37 `` A Dark Reflection '' / The Destiny that Starts Moving `` Ugokidasu Unmei '' ( 動き出す 運命 ) December 28 , 2014 December 27 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 1 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 38 `` Warped Dimensions '' / The Four Dimensions `` Yotsu no Jigen '' ( 4 つの 次元 ) January 11 , 2015 December 27 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 8 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 39 `` A Duel Personality '' / Awakening of the Imperial Wrath `` Gekirin no Kakusei '' ( 逆鱗 の 覚醒 ) January 18 , 2015 December 27 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 15 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 40 `` Stealth Warriors '' / The Warrior of Academia `` Akademia no Senshi '' ( は アカデミア の 戦士 ) January 25 , 2015 January 3 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) October 22 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 41 `` Bracing for Battle '' / The Land of Ambition - Duel Academia `` Yabō no Ji - Dyueru Akademia '' ( 野望 の 地 ち デュエル アカデミア ) February 1 , 2015 January 3 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) October 29 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 42 `` Battle Fields '' / Battle Royal Begins `` Batoru Roiyaru Shidō '' ( バトル ロイヤル 始動 ) February 8 , 2015 January 4 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 5 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 43 `` Fire and Ice '' / The Marvelous Exchange Student `` Dennis '' `` Kareinaru Ryūgakusei `` Denisu '' '' ( 華麗 なる 留学生 「 デニス 」 ) February 15 , 2015 January 10 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 12 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 44 `` Danger Zones '' / Sora Shiun'in , Storms Forth ! ! `` Shiun'in Sora , Shūrai ! ! '' ( 紫雲 院 素 良 、 襲来 ! ! ) February 22 , 2015 January 11 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 19 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 45 `` Obelisk Assault '' / Antithesis and Synthesis `` Sōkoku to Sōjō '' ( 相克 と 相生 ) March 1 , 2015 January 11 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 26 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 46 `` Dragon 's Vengeance '' / The Rebellious Supreme King Black Dragon `` Hangyaku no Haō Kokuryū '' ( 反逆 の 覇王 黒龍 ) March 8 , 2015 January 17 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 3 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 47 `` Identity Crisis '' / Yuri of The Cold Smile `` Tsumetai Emi no Yūri '' ( 冷たい 笑み の ユーリ ) March 15 , 2015 January 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 10 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 48 `` Battlefronts '' / The Wounded Falcon `` Teoi no Hayabusa '' ( 手負い の 隼 ) March 22 , 2015 January 18 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 17 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 49 `` Fighting for Fun '' / Duels with Smiles `` Dyueru de Egao o '' ( デュエル で 笑顔 を ) March 29 , 2015 January 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 24 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"No . English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date",
"`` Swing Into Action : Part 1 '' / The Trail of Light , Pendulum Summoning ! `` Hikari no Kiseki , Pendyuramu Shōkan ! '' ( 光 の 軌跡 、 ペンデュラム 召喚 ! ) April 6 , 2014 July 24 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) February 21 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"`` Swing Into Action : Part 2 '' / The Strongest Evolution Of Dueling ! ! Its Name is Action Duel `` Kettō Saikyō Shinka - kei ! ! Sono Na wa Akushon Dyueru '' ( 決闘 最強 進化 系 ! ! その 名 は アクション デュエル ) April 13 , 2014 July 31 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) February 21 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"`` Trade Bait : Part 1 '' / Dark Town : The Stolen Pendulum Summon ! ! `` Daakutaun Ubawareta Pendyuramu Shōkan ! ! '' ( ダーク タウン 奪 われ た ペンデュラム 召喚 ! ! ) April 20 , 2014 August 7 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) February 28 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"`` Trade Bait : Part 2 '' / A Ray of Hope ! Block Spider `` Hitosuji no Kibō ! ! Burokku Supaidaa '' ( 一筋 の 希望 ! ! ブロック スパイダー ) April 27 , 2014 August 14 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 6 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"5 `` Toying Around : Part 1 '' / Wannabe Apprentice ! ? A Strange Fanboy , `` Sora Shiunin '' `` Deshiiri Shigan ! ? Okashina Okkake `` Shiun'in Sora '' '' ( 弟子入り 志願 ! ? おかしな おっかけ 『 紫雲 院 素 良 』 ) May 11 , 2014 August 21 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 13 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"6 `` Toying Around : Part 2 '' / The Innocent Toy : Death - Toy Scissor Bear `` Mujyaki na Omocha Desutooi Shizaa Beaa '' ( 無邪気 な 融合 玩具 デストーイ ・ シザー ・ ベアー ) May 18 , 2014 August 28 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 20 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"7 `` Mr. Mystery '' / Imperial Wrath of Treason - Dark Rebellion Xyz Dragon `` Hangyaku no Gekirin Dāku Riberion Ekushīzu Doragon '' ( 反逆 の 逆鱗 ダーク ・ リベリオン ・ エクシーズ ・ ドラゴン ) May 25 , 2014 September 11 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) March 27 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"8 `` Bad Business '' / You Show Duel School 's Crisis ! ! LDS Invasion `` Yūshō Juku no Kiki ! ! Erudīesu Shūrai '' ( 遊 勝 塾 の 危機 ! ! LDS 襲来 ) June 1 , 2014 September 18 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 3 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"9 `` Dueling with the Stars '' / Judgment of the Stars ! Xyz User `` Hokuto Shijima '' `` Hoshiboshi no Sabaki ! Ekushīzu Tsukai `` Shijima Hokuto '' '' ( 星々 の 裁き ! エクシーズ 使い 「 志島 北斗 」 ) June 8 , 2014 September 25 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 10 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"10 `` You Show Em '' / Knight of the Secret Stone ! Fusion User `` Masumi Kotsu '' `` Hiseki no Kishi ! Yūgō Tsukai `` Kōtsu Masumi '' '' ( 秘 石 の 騎士 ! 融合 使い 「 光 津 真澄 」 ) June 15 , 2014 October 2 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 17 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"11 `` '' Going , Going , Gong `` '' / At One With The Sword ! Synchro User `` Yaiba Todo '' `` Shinken Ittai ! Shinkuro Tsukai `` Tōdō Yaiba '' '' ( 身 剣 一体 ! シンクロ 使い 「 刀 堂 刃 」 ) June 22 , 2014 October 9 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) April 24 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"12 `` Battle Under the Big Top '' / DDD : King of the Different Dimension `` Dīdīdī Ijigen no Ō '' ( DDD 異 次元 の 王 ) June 29 , 2014 October 16 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) May 1 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"13 `` Circus Surprise ! '' / Magical Sages Galilei & Kepler `` Madō Kenja Garirei & Kepurā '' ( 魔 導 賢者 ガリレイ 、 ケプラー ) July 6 , 2014 October 23 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) May 8 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"14 `` The Show Must Go On '' / Hotblooded ! ! Shuzo Theater `` Nekketsu ! ! ︎Shūzō Gekijō '' ( 熱血 ! ! 修造 劇場 ) July 13 , 2014 October 30 , 2015 ( Teletoon ) May 15 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"15 `` In It to Win It '' / Aim For The Junior Youth Championship ! ! `` Mezase Junia Yūsu Senshuken ! ! '' ( 目指せ ジュニア ユース 選手権 ! ! ) July 20 , 2014 November 1 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 2 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"16 `` Menu Venue : Part 1 '' / Genius Master Chef `` Michio Mokota '' `` Tensai Ryōrijin `` Mokota Michio '' '' ( 天才 料理 人 `` 茂 古田 未知 夫 '' ) July 27 , 2014 November 6 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 2 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"17 `` Menu Venue : Part 2 '' / An Exciting Performance ! ! A Fulfilling Meal ! `` Gōkai Hirō ! ! Manpuku Zenseki ! '' ( 豪快 披露 ! ! 満腹 全席 ! ) August 3 , 2014 November 8 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 9 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"18 `` Trapped in a Card '' / The Two Shadows of Rebellion `` Hangyaku no Futatsu no Kage '' ( 反逆 の 2 つの 影 ) August 10 , 2014 November 8 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 9 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"19 `` Quiz Quagmire : Part 1 '' / The Universe of Knowledge ! ! Eita Kyuando `` Chishiki no Uchū ! ! Kyūandō Eita '' ( 知識 の 宇宙 ! ! 九 庵堂 栄太 ) August 17 , 2014 November 14 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 16 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"20 `` Quiz Quagmire : Part 2 '' / A Difficult Problem ! ? Attack Duel Quiz ! ! `` Nanmon ! ? Atakku Dueru Kuizu ! ! '' ( 難問 ! ? アタック デュエル クイズ ! ! ) August 24 , 2014 November 15 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 16 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"21 `` Beyond Belief '' / Beyond the Pendulum `` Pendyuramu no Sono Saki ni '' ( ペンデュラム の その 先 に ) August 31 , 2014 November 15 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 23 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"22 `` A Date With Fate : Part 1 '' / The Fortunetelling Girl - Mieru Hōchun `` Uranai Shōjo Hochun Mieru '' ( 占い 少女 方 中 ミエル ) September 7 , 2014 November 21 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 23 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"23 `` A Date With Fate : Part 2 '' / Arcane Eyes `` Hijutsu no Manako '' ( 秘術 の 眼 ) September 14 , 2014 November 22 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 6 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"24 `` For Our Tomorrows '' / The Wings of Rebellion - Raid Raptors `` Hangyaku no Tsubasa - Reido Raputāzu '' ( 反逆 の 翼 レイド ・ ラプターズ ) September 21 , 2014 November 22 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 6 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"25 `` Battle Between Buddies : Part 1 '' / Steadfast Resolve ! ! Noboru Gongenzaka `` Fudō no Kakugo ! ! Gongenzaka Noboru '' ( 不動 の 覚悟 ! ! 権現 坂 昇 ) September 28 , 2014 November 28 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 13 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"26 `` Battle Between Buddies : Part 2 '' / A New Boundary - Superheavy Koujin Susano - O `` Aratana Chihei Chō'omo Kōjin Susanō '' ( 新た な 地平 超重 荒神 スサノ ― O ) October 5 , 2014 November 29 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 13 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"27 `` Challengers Assemble '' / Opening ! ! The Maiami Championship `` Kaimaku ! ! Maiami Chanpionshippu '' ( 開幕 ! ! 舞 網 チャンピオン シップ ) October 12 , 2014 November 29 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 20 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"28 `` Something 's Fishy '' / Ayu 's Entertainment Aquarium `` Ayu no Entame Suizokukan '' ( アユ の エンタメ 水族館 ) October 19 , 2014 December 5 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) November 27 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"29 `` Fusion Foes '' / Fusing Melodious Divas ! `` Yūgōsuru Otohime ! '' ( 融合 する 音 姫 ! ) October 26 , 2014 December 6 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) December 4 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"30 `` Gong the Strong '' / The Tested Resolution of Steadfast Heart `` Tamesareru Fudō no Kokoro '' ( 試さ れる 不動 の 心 ) November 2 , 2014 December 6 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) December 11 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"31 `` The Pendulum Swings Both Ways : Part 1 '' / The Howling Whirlwind - Yōsen Lost Tornado ! `` Unaru Senpū Yōsen Rosuto Torunēdo ! '' ( 唸る 旋風 妖 仙 ロスト ・ トルネード ! ) November 9 , 2014 December 13 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) December 18 , 2016 ( Nicktoons )",
"32 `` The Pendulum Swings Both Ways : Part 2 '' / White - Hot Battle ! Entertainment Duel Show `` Nessen ! Entame Dueru Shō '' ( 熱戦 ! エンタメ デュエル ショー ) November 16 , 2014 December 13 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 1 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"33 `` Making the Cut : Part 1 '' / Future Metropolis Heartland `` Mirai Toshi Hātorando '' ( 未来 都市 ハート ランド ) November 23 , 2014 December 13 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 8 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"34 `` Making the Cut : Part 2 '' / The Combining Demonic - Beast VS The Evolving Falcon `` Ketsugō Majū Bāsasu Shinka - suru Hayabusa '' ( 結 けつ 合 ごう 魔 ま 獣 じゅう VS 進 しん 化 か する 隼 はやぶさ ) November 30 , 2014 December 20 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 22 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"35 `` Sora 's Secrets : Part 1 '' / The Academia and The Resistance `` Akademia to Rejisutansu '' ( アカデミア と レジスタンス ) December 14 , 2014 December 20 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 29 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"36 `` Sora 's Secrets : Part 2 '' / The Resonating Dragons `` Kyōmei Suru Ryū '' ( 共鳴 する 竜 ) December 21 , 2014 December 20 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) January 29 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"37 `` A Dark Reflection '' / The Destiny that Starts Moving `` Ugokidasu Unmei '' ( 動き出す 運命 ) December 28 , 2014 December 27 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 1 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"38 `` Warped Dimensions '' / The Four Dimensions `` Yotsu no Jigen '' ( 4 つの 次元 ) January 11 , 2015 December 27 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 8 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"39 `` A Duel Personality '' / Awakening of the Imperial Wrath `` Gekirin no Kakusei '' ( 逆鱗 の 覚醒 ) January 18 , 2015 December 27 , 2015 ( 9Go ! ) October 15 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"40 `` Stealth Warriors '' / The Warrior of Academia `` Akademia no Senshi '' ( は アカデミア の 戦士 ) January 25 , 2015 January 3 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) October 22 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"41 `` Bracing for Battle '' / The Land of Ambition - Duel Academia `` Yabō no Ji - Dyueru Akademia '' ( 野望 の 地 ち デュエル アカデミア ) February 1 , 2015 January 3 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) October 29 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"42 `` Battle Fields '' / Battle Royal Begins `` Batoru Roiyaru Shidō '' ( バトル ロイヤル 始動 ) February 8 , 2015 January 4 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 5 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"43 `` Fire and Ice '' / The Marvelous Exchange Student `` Dennis '' `` Kareinaru Ryūgakusei `` Denisu '' '' ( 華麗 なる 留学生 「 デニス 」 ) February 15 , 2015 January 10 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 12 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"44 `` Danger Zones '' / Sora Shiun'in , Storms Forth ! ! `` Shiun'in Sora , Shūrai ! ! '' ( 紫雲 院 素 良 、 襲来 ! ! ) February 22 , 2015 January 11 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 19 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"45 `` Obelisk Assault '' / Antithesis and Synthesis `` Sōkoku to Sōjō '' ( 相克 と 相生 ) March 1 , 2015 January 11 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) November 26 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"46 `` Dragon 's Vengeance '' / The Rebellious Supreme King Black Dragon `` Hangyaku no Haō Kokuryū '' ( 反逆 の 覇王 黒龍 ) March 8 , 2015 January 17 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 3 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"47 `` Identity Crisis '' / Yuri of The Cold Smile `` Tsumetai Emi no Yūri '' ( 冷たい 笑み の ユーリ ) March 15 , 2015 January 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 10 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"48 `` Battlefronts '' / The Wounded Falcon `` Teoi no Hayabusa '' ( 手負い の 隼 ) March 22 , 2015 January 18 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 17 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"49 `` Fighting for Fun '' / Duels with Smiles `` Dyueru de Egao o '' ( デュエル で 笑顔 を ) March 29 , 2015 January 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) December 24 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"Ser # Sea # English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 50 `` Dueling Declan '' / Lancers , The Chosen Warriors `` Ransāzu Erabareta Senshi '' ( ランサーズ 選ば れ た 戦士 ) April 5 , 2015 July 22 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) December 31 , 2017 ( Nicktoons ) 51 `` Kings vs. Dragons '' / Raise the Banner of Revolution - Odd - Eyes Rebellion Dragon `` Hanki o Agero , Oddo - Aizu Riberion Doragon '' ( 反旗 を 揚げろ オッドアイ ズ ・ リベリオン ・ ドラゴン ) April 12 , 2015 July 29 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) January 7 , 2018 ( Nicktoons ) 52 `` Parental Guidance : Part 1 '' / The Legendary Grandmaster Revives ! ! `` Yomigaeru Densetsu Sōchō ! ! '' ( 蘇る 伝説 総長 ! ! ) April 19 , 2015 August 5 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) January 14 , 2018 ( Nicktoons ) 53 `` Parental Guidance : Part 2 '' / `` Smile World '' - A Duel Filled With Smiles `` Egao no Dyueru `` Sumairu Wārudo '' '' ( 笑顔 の デュエル 「 スマイル ・ ワールド 」 ) April 26 , 2015 August 12 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) January 21 , 2018 ( Nicktoons ) 54 5 `` City ' Scape '' / The Synchro Dimension `` Neo Domino City '' `` Shinkuro Jigen `` Neo Domino Shiti '' '' ( シンクロ 次元 「 ネオ 童 実 野 シティ 」 ) May 3 , 2015 August 19 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 55 6 `` Tops Speed '' / Public Safety Coercion - The Duel Chasers `` Chian no Kyōsei Dyueru Cheisāzu '' ( 治安 の 強制 デュエル チェイサー ズ ) May 10 , 2015 August 26 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 56 7 `` Synchro Sector '' / Security 's Perfect Encirclement ! ! `` Sekyuriti Kanzen Hōimō ! ! '' ( セキュリティ 完全 包囲 網 ! ! ) May 17 , 2015 September 2 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 57 8 `` Super Duelists '' / `` The Black Whirlwind - Crow Hogan '' `` Kuroi Senpū Kurou Hōgan '' ( 黒い 旋風 クロウ ・ ホーガン ) May 24 , 2015 September 9 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 58 9 `` Scream for the Green '' / Invitation to the Dark Duel `` Yami Dyueru e no Shōtai '' ( 闇 デュエル へ の 招待 ) May 31 , 2015 September 16 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 59 10 `` Dueling 's Most Wanted '' / Underground Riding Duel ! ! `` Chika Raidingu Dyueru ! ! '' ( 地下 ライディング ・ デュエル ! ! ) June 7 , 2015 September 23 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 60 11 `` Showdown in the Slammer '' / No Cards , No Pardon `` Jigoku no Sata mo Kādo Shidai '' ( 地獄 の 沙汰 も カード 次第 ) June 14 , 2015 September 30 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 61 12 `` Hero 's Fall '' / The Man Who Threw Away Drawing `` Dorō o Suteta Otoko '' ( ドロー を 捨て た 男 ) June 21 , 2015 October 7 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) 62 13 `` The Great Escape '' / Great Entertainment Duel Tournament ! ! `` Dai Entamedyueru Taikai ! ! '' ( 大 エンタメ デュエル 大会 ! ! ) June 28 , 2015 October 12 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 63 14 `` Fight for Freedom '' / King of Captors - Goyo King `` Hokaku - sha no Ō Goyō Kingu '' ( 捕獲 者 の 王 「 ゴ ョ ウ ・ キング 」 ) July 5 , 2015 October 13 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 64 15 `` Match with the Master '' / Duel King - Jack Atlas `` Dyueru Kingu `` Jakku Atorasu '' '' ( デュエル キング 「 ジャック アトラス 」 ) July 12 , 2015 October 14 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 65 16 `` Traits of a Traitor '' / The Shattered Entertainment `` Uchikudakareta Entame '' ( 打ち砕か れ た エンタメ ) July 19 , 2015 October 17 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 66 17 `` Crow 's Crew '' / Opening Duel ! ! Crow vs. Gongenzaka `` Kaimakusen ! ! Kurou Bāsasu Gongenzaka '' ( 開幕 戦 ! ! クロウ VS 権現 坂 ) July 26 , 2015 October 18 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 67 18 `` Riley 's Reveal '' / The Light and Shadows of Neo Domino City `` Neo Domino Shiti no Hikari to Kage '' ( ネオ 童 実 野 シティ の 光 と 影 ) August 2 , 2015 October 19 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 68 19 `` Common Cause '' / All - Out Rebellion - Bee Force `` Bī Fōsu Issei Hōki '' ( B ・ F ( ビー ・ フォース ) 一斉 蜂起 ) August 9 , 2015 October 20 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 69 20 `` A Concerted Effort '' / The Sprinting Divas `` Shissō - suru Dība '' ( 疾走 する ディーバ ) August 16 , 2015 October 21 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 70 21 `` The Gift of Grit '' / An Out - Of - Reach Shout `` Todokanu Sakebi '' ( 届か ぬ 叫び ) August 23 , 2015 October 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 71 22 `` Duel Consequences '' / The Sword of White Silver `` Shirogane no Tsurugi '' ( 白銀 の 剣 ) August 30 , 2015 October 25 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 72 23 `` Turbotainers '' / Slaying the Dragon ! ! Yugo vs Sawatari `` Doragon Seibatsu ! ! Yūgo Bāsasu Sawatari '' ( ドラゴン 征伐 ! ! ユーゴ vs 沢渡 ) September 6 , 2015 October 26 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 73 24 `` Turning Point '' / The Crawling Losers `` Chi o Hau Haibokusha - tachi '' ( 地 を 這う 敗北 者 たち ) September 13 , 2015 October 27 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 74 25 `` A Traitor Unmasked '' / Mask Of The Clown `` Dōkeshi no Kamen '' ( 道化師 の 仮面 ) September 20 , 2015 October 28 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 75 26 `` Shay 's Revenge '' / Curse of the Resistors `` Hangyakusha no Jubaku '' ( 反逆 者 の 呪縛 ) September 27 , 2015 October 31 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 76 27 `` Plans of Attack '' / King 's Gambit `` Kinguzu Gyanbitto '' ( キングズ ・ ギャン ビット ) October 4 , 2015 November 1 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 77 28 `` A Cons Game '' / The Beauty of Destruction `` Hakai no Bigaku '' ( 破壊 の 美学 ) October 11 , 2015 November 2 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 78 29 `` Rebel Road '' / Storm of Revolution `` Kakumei no Arashi '' ( 革命 の 嵐 ) October 18 , 2015 November 3 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 79 30 `` Road to Rebellion '' / The Enlightened Paladin `` Kakusei - suru Madō Kenshi '' ( 覚醒 する 魔 導 剣士 ) October 25 , 2015 November 4 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 80 31 `` Where the Truth Lies '' / Reunion that Transcends Dimensions `` Jigen o Koeta Saikai '' ( 次元 を 越え た 再会 ) November 1 , 2015 November 7 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 81 32 `` Battle Birds '' / Our Respective Battlefields `` Sorezore no Senjō '' ( それぞれ の 戦場 ) November 8 , 2015 November 8 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 82 33 `` Warriors of the Air '' / The Ultimate Falcon VS The Black - Feathered Thunder `` Kyūkyoku no Hayabusa Bāsasu Kurohane no Ikazuchi '' ( 究極 の 隼 VS 黒羽 の 雷 ) November 15 , 2015 November 9 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 83 34 `` A Matter of Trust '' / The Bond Between Teacher and Disciple `` Shitei no Kizuna '' ( 師弟 の 絆 ) November 22 , 2015 November 10 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 84 35 `` A Plan and a Promise : Part 1 '' / Dice Roll of Destiny `` Unmei no Daisurōru '' ( 運命 の ダイス ロール ) November 29 , 2015 November 11 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 85 36 `` A Plan and a Promise : Part 2 '' / Crystal Wings `` Suishō no Tsubasa '' ( 水晶 の 翼 ) December 13 , 2015 November 14 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 86 37 `` Against All Odds '' / Unyielding Resolve `` Hirumanu Ketsui '' ( 怯ま ぬ 決意 ) December 20 , 2015 November 15 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 87 38 `` The Many Dimensions Of Yuya '' / The Memories of the Beast `` Yajū no Kioku '' ( 野獣 の 記憶 ) December 27 , 2015 November 16 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 88 39 `` Wake Up Call '' / One Strike of Lightning ! `` Raimei no Ichigeki ! '' ( 雷鳴 の 一撃 ! ) January 10 , 2016 November 17 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 89 40 `` Hunted And Hounded '' / Invasion ! Obelisk Force `` Kyōshū ! Oberisuku Fōsu '' ( 強襲 ! オベリスク フォース ) January 17 , 2016 November 18 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 90 41 `` Down With the Underground '' / The Beacon of Revolution `` Kakumei no Noroshi '' ( 革命 の 狼煙 ) January 24 , 2016 November 21 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 91 42 `` Chain Game '' / Converging Fates `` Meguriau Unmei '' ( めぐりあう 運命 ) January 31 , 2016 November 22 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 92 43 `` Tragic Reunion '' `` Hiun no Saikai '' ( 悲運 の 再会 ) February 7 , 2016 November 23 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 93 44 `` Road Rage : Part 1 '' / The Destructive Duel Machine `` Hametsu no Dyueru Mashin '' ( 破滅 の デュエル マシン ) February 14 , 2016 November 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 94 45 `` Road Rage : Part 2 '' / The Right Arm that Carved Souls `` Tamashii o Kizanda Migiude '' ( 魂 を 刻ん だ 右腕 ) February 21 , 2016 November 25 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 95 46 `` Martial Law '' / The Duel You Believe In `` Onore no Shinjiru Dyueru '' ( 己 の 信じる デュエル ) February 28 , 2016 November 28 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 96 47 `` The Imitation '' / Borrowed Words `` Karimono no Kotoba '' ( 借り物 の 言葉 ) March 13 , 2016 November 29 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 97 48 `` Making it Mine '' / The Sublime Super Paladin `` Kedakaki Chō Madō Kenshi '' ( 気高き 超 魔 導 剣士 ) March 20 , 2016 November 30 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 98 49 `` Friendship Finale '' / Towards the Only Path `` Hitotsu no Michi e '' ( ひとつ の 道 へ ) March 27 , 2016 December 1 , 2016 ( 9Go ! ) 99 50 `` A Vicious Cycle '' / The Eternal Duel `` Eien no Dyueru '' ( 永遠 の デュエル ) April 3 , 2016 December 2 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"Ser # Sea # English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date",
"50 `` Dueling Declan '' / Lancers , The Chosen Warriors `` Ransāzu Erabareta Senshi '' ( ランサーズ 選ば れ た 戦士 ) April 5 , 2015 July 22 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) December 31 , 2017 ( Nicktoons )",
"51 `` Kings vs. Dragons '' / Raise the Banner of Revolution - Odd - Eyes Rebellion Dragon `` Hanki o Agero , Oddo - Aizu Riberion Doragon '' ( 反旗 を 揚げろ オッドアイ ズ ・ リベリオン ・ ドラゴン ) April 12 , 2015 July 29 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) January 7 , 2018 ( Nicktoons )",
"52 `` Parental Guidance : Part 1 '' / The Legendary Grandmaster Revives ! ! `` Yomigaeru Densetsu Sōchō ! ! '' ( 蘇る 伝説 総長 ! ! ) April 19 , 2015 August 5 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) January 14 , 2018 ( Nicktoons )",
"53 `` Parental Guidance : Part 2 '' / `` Smile World '' - A Duel Filled With Smiles `` Egao no Dyueru `` Sumairu Wārudo '' '' ( 笑顔 の デュエル 「 スマイル ・ ワールド 」 ) April 26 , 2015 August 12 , 2016 ( Teletoon ) January 21 , 2018 ( Nicktoons )",
"54 5 `` City ' Scape '' / The Synchro Dimension `` Neo Domino City '' `` Shinkuro Jigen `` Neo Domino Shiti '' '' ( シンクロ 次元 「 ネオ 童 実 野 シティ 」 ) May 3 , 2015 August 19 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"55 6 `` Tops Speed '' / Public Safety Coercion - The Duel Chasers `` Chian no Kyōsei Dyueru Cheisāzu '' ( 治安 の 強制 デュエル チェイサー ズ ) May 10 , 2015 August 26 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"56 7 `` Synchro Sector '' / Security 's Perfect Encirclement ! ! `` Sekyuriti Kanzen Hōimō ! ! '' ( セキュリティ 完全 包囲 網 ! ! ) May 17 , 2015 September 2 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"57 8 `` Super Duelists '' / `` The Black Whirlwind - Crow Hogan '' `` Kuroi Senpū Kurou Hōgan '' ( 黒い 旋風 クロウ ・ ホーガン ) May 24 , 2015 September 9 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"58 9 `` Scream for the Green '' / Invitation to the Dark Duel `` Yami Dyueru e no Shōtai '' ( 闇 デュエル へ の 招待 ) May 31 , 2015 September 16 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"59 10 `` Dueling 's Most Wanted '' / Underground Riding Duel ! ! `` Chika Raidingu Dyueru ! ! '' ( 地下 ライディング ・ デュエル ! ! ) June 7 , 2015 September 23 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"60 11 `` Showdown in the Slammer '' / No Cards , No Pardon `` Jigoku no Sata mo Kādo Shidai '' ( 地獄 の 沙汰 も カード 次第 ) June 14 , 2015 September 30 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"61 12 `` Hero 's Fall '' / The Man Who Threw Away Drawing `` Dorō o Suteta Otoko '' ( ドロー を 捨て た 男 ) June 21 , 2015 October 7 , 2016 ( Teletoon )",
"62 13 `` The Great Escape '' / Great Entertainment Duel Tournament ! ! `` Dai Entamedyueru Taikai ! ! '' ( 大 エンタメ デュエル 大会 ! ! ) June 28 , 2015 October 12 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"63 14 `` Fight for Freedom '' / King of Captors - Goyo King `` Hokaku - sha no Ō Goyō Kingu '' ( 捕獲 者 の 王 「 ゴ ョ ウ ・ キング 」 ) July 5 , 2015 October 13 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"64 15 `` Match with the Master '' / Duel King - Jack Atlas `` Dyueru Kingu `` Jakku Atorasu '' '' ( デュエル キング 「 ジャック アトラス 」 ) July 12 , 2015 October 14 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"65 16 `` Traits of a Traitor '' / The Shattered Entertainment `` Uchikudakareta Entame '' ( 打ち砕か れ た エンタメ ) July 19 , 2015 October 17 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"66 17 `` Crow 's Crew '' / Opening Duel ! ! Crow vs. Gongenzaka `` Kaimakusen ! ! Kurou Bāsasu Gongenzaka '' ( 開幕 戦 ! ! クロウ VS 権現 坂 ) July 26 , 2015 October 18 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"67 18 `` Riley 's Reveal '' / The Light and Shadows of Neo Domino City `` Neo Domino Shiti no Hikari to Kage '' ( ネオ 童 実 野 シティ の 光 と 影 ) August 2 , 2015 October 19 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"68 19 `` Common Cause '' / All - Out Rebellion - Bee Force `` Bī Fōsu Issei Hōki '' ( B ・ F ( ビー ・ フォース ) 一斉 蜂起 ) August 9 , 2015 October 20 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"69 20 `` A Concerted Effort '' / The Sprinting Divas `` Shissō - suru Dība '' ( 疾走 する ディーバ ) August 16 , 2015 October 21 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"70 21 `` The Gift of Grit '' / An Out - Of - Reach Shout `` Todokanu Sakebi '' ( 届か ぬ 叫び ) August 23 , 2015 October 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"71 22 `` Duel Consequences '' / The Sword of White Silver `` Shirogane no Tsurugi '' ( 白銀 の 剣 ) August 30 , 2015 October 25 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"72 23 `` Turbotainers '' / Slaying the Dragon ! ! Yugo vs Sawatari `` Doragon Seibatsu ! ! Yūgo Bāsasu Sawatari '' ( ドラゴン 征伐 ! ! ユーゴ vs 沢渡 ) September 6 , 2015 October 26 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"73 24 `` Turning Point '' / The Crawling Losers `` Chi o Hau Haibokusha - tachi '' ( 地 を 這う 敗北 者 たち ) September 13 , 2015 October 27 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"74 25 `` A Traitor Unmasked '' / Mask Of The Clown `` Dōkeshi no Kamen '' ( 道化師 の 仮面 ) September 20 , 2015 October 28 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"75 26 `` Shay 's Revenge '' / Curse of the Resistors `` Hangyakusha no Jubaku '' ( 反逆 者 の 呪縛 ) September 27 , 2015 October 31 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"76 27 `` Plans of Attack '' / King 's Gambit `` Kinguzu Gyanbitto '' ( キングズ ・ ギャン ビット ) October 4 , 2015 November 1 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"77 28 `` A Cons Game '' / The Beauty of Destruction `` Hakai no Bigaku '' ( 破壊 の 美学 ) October 11 , 2015 November 2 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"78 29 `` Rebel Road '' / Storm of Revolution `` Kakumei no Arashi '' ( 革命 の 嵐 ) October 18 , 2015 November 3 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"79 30 `` Road to Rebellion '' / The Enlightened Paladin `` Kakusei - suru Madō Kenshi '' ( 覚醒 する 魔 導 剣士 ) October 25 , 2015 November 4 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"80 31 `` Where the Truth Lies '' / Reunion that Transcends Dimensions `` Jigen o Koeta Saikai '' ( 次元 を 越え た 再会 ) November 1 , 2015 November 7 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"81 32 `` Battle Birds '' / Our Respective Battlefields `` Sorezore no Senjō '' ( それぞれ の 戦場 ) November 8 , 2015 November 8 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"82 33 `` Warriors of the Air '' / The Ultimate Falcon VS The Black - Feathered Thunder `` Kyūkyoku no Hayabusa Bāsasu Kurohane no Ikazuchi '' ( 究極 の 隼 VS 黒羽 の 雷 ) November 15 , 2015 November 9 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"83 34 `` A Matter of Trust '' / The Bond Between Teacher and Disciple `` Shitei no Kizuna '' ( 師弟 の 絆 ) November 22 , 2015 November 10 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"84 35 `` A Plan and a Promise : Part 1 '' / Dice Roll of Destiny `` Unmei no Daisurōru '' ( 運命 の ダイス ロール ) November 29 , 2015 November 11 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"85 36 `` A Plan and a Promise : Part 2 '' / Crystal Wings `` Suishō no Tsubasa '' ( 水晶 の 翼 ) December 13 , 2015 November 14 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"86 37 `` Against All Odds '' / Unyielding Resolve `` Hirumanu Ketsui '' ( 怯ま ぬ 決意 ) December 20 , 2015 November 15 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"87 38 `` The Many Dimensions Of Yuya '' / The Memories of the Beast `` Yajū no Kioku '' ( 野獣 の 記憶 ) December 27 , 2015 November 16 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"88 39 `` Wake Up Call '' / One Strike of Lightning ! `` Raimei no Ichigeki ! '' ( 雷鳴 の 一撃 ! ) January 10 , 2016 November 17 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"89 40 `` Hunted And Hounded '' / Invasion ! Obelisk Force `` Kyōshū ! Oberisuku Fōsu '' ( 強襲 ! オベリスク フォース ) January 17 , 2016 November 18 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"90 41 `` Down With the Underground '' / The Beacon of Revolution `` Kakumei no Noroshi '' ( 革命 の 狼煙 ) January 24 , 2016 November 21 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"91 42 `` Chain Game '' / Converging Fates `` Meguriau Unmei '' ( めぐりあう 運命 ) January 31 , 2016 November 22 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"92 43 `` Tragic Reunion '' `` Hiun no Saikai '' ( 悲運 の 再会 ) February 7 , 2016 November 23 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"93 44 `` Road Rage : Part 1 '' / The Destructive Duel Machine `` Hametsu no Dyueru Mashin '' ( 破滅 の デュエル マシン ) February 14 , 2016 November 24 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"94 45 `` Road Rage : Part 2 '' / The Right Arm that Carved Souls `` Tamashii o Kizanda Migiude '' ( 魂 を 刻ん だ 右腕 ) February 21 , 2016 November 25 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"95 46 `` Martial Law '' / The Duel You Believe In `` Onore no Shinjiru Dyueru '' ( 己 の 信じる デュエル ) February 28 , 2016 November 28 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"96 47 `` The Imitation '' / Borrowed Words `` Karimono no Kotoba '' ( 借り物 の 言葉 ) March 13 , 2016 November 29 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"97 48 `` Making it Mine '' / The Sublime Super Paladin `` Kedakaki Chō Madō Kenshi '' ( 気高き 超 魔 導 剣士 ) March 20 , 2016 November 30 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"98 49 `` Friendship Finale '' / Towards the Only Path `` Hitotsu no Michi e '' ( ひとつ の 道 へ ) March 27 , 2016 December 1 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"99 50 `` A Vicious Cycle '' / The Eternal Duel `` Eien no Dyueru '' ( 永遠 の デュエル ) April 3 , 2016 December 2 , 2016 ( 9Go ! )",
"Ser # Sea # English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 100 `` A Warlike Welcome '' / The Metropolis of Despair , Heartland `` Zetsubō no Miyako Hātorando '' ( 絶望 の 都 ハート ランド ) April 3 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 101 `` Realm of The Cipher Dragon '' / Galaxy Eyes `` Ginga no Manako '' ( 銀河 の 眼 ) April 10 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 102 `` Rush For Revenge '' / The Merciless Hunter `` Hijō no Karyūdo '' ( 非情 の 狩人 ) April 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 103 `` Rise of the Resistance '' / The Brilliant Machine Angels `` Hanabanashiki Kikai Tenshi '' ( 華々 しき 機械 天使 ) May 1 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 104 5 `` Rumble in the Rubble '' / The Hero Named `` D '' `` '' Dī '' no Na o Motsu Hīrō '' ( 「 D 」 の 名 を 持つ HERO ) May 8 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 105 6 `` Fighting For Friendship '' / Bonds of the Resistance `` Rejisutansu no Kizuna '' ( レジスタンス の 絆 ) May 15 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 106 7 `` An Academic Test '' / Aquaria Project `` Āku Eria Purojekuto '' ( アーク エリア ・ プロジェクト ) May 22 , 2016 September 2 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 107 8 `` Belles and Whistles '' / The Duel - Starved Amazoness `` Dyueru ni Ueta Amazonesu '' ( 決闘 に 飢え た アマゾネス ) May 29 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 108 9 `` Twins with ' Tude '' / Amazoness Trap `` Amazonesu Torappu '' ( アマゾネス ・ トラップ ) June 5 , 2016 September 15 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 109 10 `` Surprise Showing '' / The Falcon Perishes on the Battlefield `` Senjō ni Hateru Hayabusa '' ( 戦場 に 果てる 隼 ) June 12 , 2016 September 22 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 110 11 `` Fenced In '' / The Torn `` Smile World '' `` Yabukareta Sumairu Wārudo '' ( 破 かれ た スマイル ・ ワールド ) June 19 , 2016 September 29 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 111 12 `` Last Laugh '' / Pendulum Heart `` Pendyuramu Hāto '' ( ペンデュラム ハート ) June 26 , 2016 October 6 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 112 13 `` Hat Trick '' / Toward a City Filled with Smiles `` Egao Afureru Machi e '' ( 笑顔 あふれる 街 へ ) July 3 , 2016 October 13 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 113 14 `` Joy of Revenge '' / The Thirst for Carnage `` Shura no Katsubō '' ( 修羅 の 渇望 ) July 10 , 2016 October 20 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 114 15 `` All Duel Hands on Deck '' / The Supergalaxy Shining in the Darkness `` Yami ni Kagayaku Chōginga '' ( 闇 に 輝く 超 銀河 ) July 17 , 2016 October 27 , 2017 ( Teletoon ) 115 16 `` Duel Pirate Captain Solo '' / `` Dyueru Kaizoku Kyaputen Soro '' ( 決闘 海賊 キャプテン ・ ソロ ) July 24 , 2016 TBA 116 17 `` Guardians of the Sun and Moon '' / `` Taiyō to Tsuki no Shugosha '' ( 太陽 と 月 の 守護 者 ) July 31 , 2016 TBA 117 18 `` The Sinister Bell 's Chime '' / `` Kiba o Muku Suzu no Ne '' ( 牙 を むく 鈴 の 音 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA 118 19 `` Survival Duel '' / `` Sabaibaru Dyueru '' ( サバイバル ・ デュエル ) August 14 , 2016 TBA 119 20 `` The Little Bird Trapped in Darkness '' / `` Yami ni Ochita Kotori '' ( 闇 に 落ち た 小鳥 ) August 21 , 2016 TBA 120 21 `` Battle Beast '' / `` Batoru Bīsuto '' ( バトル ・ ビースト ) August 28 , 2016 TBA 121 22 `` The Wicked Brand '' / `` Saikyō no Rakuin '' ( 最 凶 の 烙印 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA 122 23 `` Glory on the Academia ! '' / `` Gurōrī on ji Akademia ! '' ( グローリー ・ オン ・ ジ ・ アカデミア ! ) September 11 , 2016 TBA 123 24 `` The Glorious Mechanical Dragon '' / `` Eikō no Kikairyū '' ( 栄光 の 機械 龍 ) September 18 , 2016 TBA 124 25 `` The Revived Phantom Knights '' / `` Yomigaeru Fantomu Naitsu '' ( 蘇る 幻影 騎士 団 ) September 25 , 2016 TBA 125 26 `` The Blazing Dragon '' / `` Rekka no Ryū '' ( 烈火 の 竜 ) October 2 , 2016 TBA 126 27 `` The Demon 's Birthday '' / `` Akuma ga Umareta Hi '' ( 悪魔 が 生まれ た 日 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA 127 28 `` Revival Zero '' / `` Ribaiburu Zero '' ( リバイブル ・ ゼロ ) October 16 , 2016 TBA 128 29 `` Decisive Battle ! Spirit Tech Force '' / `` Kessen ! Supiritto Tekku Fōsu '' ( 決戦 ! 精霊 機巧 軍 ) October 23 , 2016 TBA 129 30 `` Glimpse of the Supreme King '' / `` Haō no Henrin '' ( 覇王 の 片鱗 ) October 30 , 2016 TBA 130 31 `` The Greedy Venomous Dragon '' / `` Yokubukaki Mōdokuryū '' ( 欲 深き 猛毒 龍 ) November 6 , 2016 TBA 131 32 `` The Light Shining in Eternal Darkness '' / `` Tokoyami ni Sasu Hikari '' ( 常闇 に 射す 光 ) November 13 , 2016 TBA 132 33 `` The Peerless Entertainer '' / `` Kidai no Entāteinā '' ( 稀代 の エンターテイナー ) November 20 , 2016 TBA 133 34 `` A Dazzling Entertainment Show '' / `` Kagayakashiki Entame Shō '' ( 輝かしき エンタメ ショー ) November 27 , 2016 TBA 134 35 `` Allure of Darkness '' / `` Yami no Yūwaku '' ( 闇 の 誘惑 ) December 11 , 2016 TBA 135 36 `` The Trembling Dimensions '' / `` Yureugoku Jigen '' ( 揺れ動く 次元 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA 136 37 `` Reign of the Supreme Dragon King '' / `` Haōryū Kunrin '' ( 覇王 龍 君臨 ) December 25 , 2016 TBA 137 38 `` The Rebellious Supreme King 's Dragon Servant '' / `` Hangyaku no Haōkenryū '' ( 反逆 の 覇王 眷 龍 ) January 8 , 2017 TBA 138 39 `` The Shadow - Winged Dragon '' / `` Anyoku no Ryū '' ( 暗 翼 の 龍 ) January 15 , 2017 TBA 139 40 `` The Eyes Tainted by Darkness '' / `` Yami ni Somaru Manako '' ( 闇 に 染まる 眼 ) January 22 , 2017 TBA 140 41 `` Pendulum of the Soul '' / `` Tamashii no Pendyuramu '' ( 「 魂 の ペンデュラム 」 ) January 29 , 2017 TBA 141 42 `` Junior Youth Championship '' / `` Juniayūsu Senshuken '' ( ジュニア ユース 選手権 ) February 5 , 2017 TBA 142 43 `` Overflowing Memories '' / `` Afureru Kioku '' ( あふれる 記憶 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA 143 44 `` Soul of the Supreme king '' / `` Haō no Tamashii '' ( 覇王 の 魂 ) February 19 , 2017 TBA 144 45 `` The Cursed Gear Mask '' / `` Norowareshi Gia Masuku '' ( 呪 われ し 機械 仮面 ) February 26 , 2017 TBA 145 46 `` Endless Rebellion '' / `` Owarinaki Hangyaku '' ( 終わり なき 反逆 ) March 5 , 2017 TBA 146 47 `` Dimension Highway '' / `` Dimenshon Haiwei '' ( ディメンション ・ ハイウェイ ) March 12 , 2017 TBA 147 48 `` The Unleashed Dragons '' / `` Tokihanatareta Doragon '' ( 解き放た れ た ドラゴン ) March 19 , 2017 TBA 148 49 `` The Miracle Drawn by the Pendulum '' / `` Pendyuramu ga Egaku Kiseki '' ( ペンデュラム が 描く 奇跡 ) March 26 , 2017 TBA",
"Ser # Sea # English dub title / Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date",
"100 `` A Warlike Welcome '' / The Metropolis of Despair , Heartland `` Zetsubō no Miyako Hātorando '' ( 絶望 の 都 ハート ランド ) April 3 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"101 `` Realm of The Cipher Dragon '' / Galaxy Eyes `` Ginga no Manako '' ( 銀河 の 眼 ) April 10 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"102 `` Rush For Revenge '' / The Merciless Hunter `` Hijō no Karyūdo '' ( 非情 の 狩人 ) April 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"103 `` Rise of the Resistance '' / The Brilliant Machine Angels `` Hanabanashiki Kikai Tenshi '' ( 華々 しき 機械 天使 ) May 1 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"104 5 `` Rumble in the Rubble '' / The Hero Named `` D '' `` '' Dī '' no Na o Motsu Hīrō '' ( 「 D 」 の 名 を 持つ HERO ) May 8 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"105 6 `` Fighting For Friendship '' / Bonds of the Resistance `` Rejisutansu no Kizuna '' ( レジスタンス の 絆 ) May 15 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"106 7 `` An Academic Test '' / Aquaria Project `` Āku Eria Purojekuto '' ( アーク エリア ・ プロジェクト ) May 22 , 2016 September 2 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"107 8 `` Belles and Whistles '' / The Duel - Starved Amazoness `` Dyueru ni Ueta Amazonesu '' ( 決闘 に 飢え た アマゾネス ) May 29 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"108 9 `` Twins with ' Tude '' / Amazoness Trap `` Amazonesu Torappu '' ( アマゾネス ・ トラップ ) June 5 , 2016 September 15 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"109 10 `` Surprise Showing '' / The Falcon Perishes on the Battlefield `` Senjō ni Hateru Hayabusa '' ( 戦場 に 果てる 隼 ) June 12 , 2016 September 22 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"110 11 `` Fenced In '' / The Torn `` Smile World '' `` Yabukareta Sumairu Wārudo '' ( 破 かれ た スマイル ・ ワールド ) June 19 , 2016 September 29 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"111 12 `` Last Laugh '' / Pendulum Heart `` Pendyuramu Hāto '' ( ペンデュラム ハート ) June 26 , 2016 October 6 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"112 13 `` Hat Trick '' / Toward a City Filled with Smiles `` Egao Afureru Machi e '' ( 笑顔 あふれる 街 へ ) July 3 , 2016 October 13 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"113 14 `` Joy of Revenge '' / The Thirst for Carnage `` Shura no Katsubō '' ( 修羅 の 渇望 ) July 10 , 2016 October 20 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"114 15 `` All Duel Hands on Deck '' / The Supergalaxy Shining in the Darkness `` Yami ni Kagayaku Chōginga '' ( 闇 に 輝く 超 銀河 ) July 17 , 2016 October 27 , 2017 ( Teletoon )",
"115 16 `` Duel Pirate Captain Solo '' / `` Dyueru Kaizoku Kyaputen Soro '' ( 決闘 海賊 キャプテン ・ ソロ ) July 24 , 2016 TBA",
"116 17 `` Guardians of the Sun and Moon '' / `` Taiyō to Tsuki no Shugosha '' ( 太陽 と 月 の 守護 者 ) July 31 , 2016 TBA",
"117 18 `` The Sinister Bell 's Chime '' / `` Kiba o Muku Suzu no Ne '' ( 牙 を むく 鈴 の 音 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA",
"118 19 `` Survival Duel '' / `` Sabaibaru Dyueru '' ( サバイバル ・ デュエル ) August 14 , 2016 TBA",
"119 20 `` The Little Bird Trapped in Darkness '' / `` Yami ni Ochita Kotori '' ( 闇 に 落ち た 小鳥 ) August 21 , 2016 TBA",
"120 21 `` Battle Beast '' / `` Batoru Bīsuto '' ( バトル ・ ビースト ) August 28 , 2016 TBA",
"121 22 `` The Wicked Brand '' / `` Saikyō no Rakuin '' ( 最 凶 の 烙印 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA",
"122 23 `` Glory on the Academia ! '' / `` Gurōrī on ji Akademia ! '' ( グローリー ・ オン ・ ジ ・ アカデミア ! ) September 11 , 2016 TBA",
"123 24 `` The Glorious Mechanical Dragon '' / `` Eikō no Kikairyū '' ( 栄光 の 機械 龍 ) September 18 , 2016 TBA",
"124 25 `` The Revived Phantom Knights '' / `` Yomigaeru Fantomu Naitsu '' ( 蘇る 幻影 騎士 団 ) September 25 , 2016 TBA",
"125 26 `` The Blazing Dragon '' / `` Rekka no Ryū '' ( 烈火 の 竜 ) October 2 , 2016 TBA",
"126 27 `` The Demon 's Birthday '' / `` Akuma ga Umareta Hi '' ( 悪魔 が 生まれ た 日 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA",
"127 28 `` Revival Zero '' / `` Ribaiburu Zero '' ( リバイブル ・ ゼロ ) October 16 , 2016 TBA",
"128 29 `` Decisive Battle ! Spirit Tech Force '' / `` Kessen ! Supiritto Tekku Fōsu '' ( 決戦 ! 精霊 機巧 軍 ) October 23 , 2016 TBA",
"129 30 `` Glimpse of the Supreme King '' / `` Haō no Henrin '' ( 覇王 の 片鱗 ) October 30 , 2016 TBA",
"130 31 `` The Greedy Venomous Dragon '' / `` Yokubukaki Mōdokuryū '' ( 欲 深き 猛毒 龍 ) November 6 , 2016 TBA",
"131 32 `` The Light Shining in Eternal Darkness '' / `` Tokoyami ni Sasu Hikari '' ( 常闇 に 射す 光 ) November 13 , 2016 TBA",
"132 33 `` The Peerless Entertainer '' / `` Kidai no Entāteinā '' ( 稀代 の エンターテイナー ) November 20 , 2016 TBA",
"133 34 `` A Dazzling Entertainment Show '' / `` Kagayakashiki Entame Shō '' ( 輝かしき エンタメ ショー ) November 27 , 2016 TBA",
"134 35 `` Allure of Darkness '' / `` Yami no Yūwaku '' ( 闇 の 誘惑 ) December 11 , 2016 TBA",
"135 36 `` The Trembling Dimensions '' / `` Yureugoku Jigen '' ( 揺れ動く 次元 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA",
"136 37 `` Reign of the Supreme Dragon King '' / `` Haōryū Kunrin '' ( 覇王 龍 君臨 ) December 25 , 2016 TBA",
"137 38 `` The Rebellious Supreme King 's Dragon Servant '' / `` Hangyaku no Haōkenryū '' ( 反逆 の 覇王 眷 龍 ) January 8 , 2017 TBA",
"138 39 `` The Shadow - Winged Dragon '' / `` Anyoku no Ryū '' ( 暗 翼 の 龍 ) January 15 , 2017 TBA",
"139 40 `` The Eyes Tainted by Darkness '' / `` Yami ni Somaru Manako '' ( 闇 に 染まる 眼 ) January 22 , 2017 TBA",
"140 41 `` Pendulum of the Soul '' / `` Tamashii no Pendyuramu '' ( 「 魂 の ペンデュラム 」 ) January 29 , 2017 TBA",
"141 42 `` Junior Youth Championship '' / `` Juniayūsu Senshuken '' ( ジュニア ユース 選手権 ) February 5 , 2017 TBA",
"142 43 `` Overflowing Memories '' / `` Afureru Kioku '' ( あふれる 記憶 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA",
"143 44 `` Soul of the Supreme king '' / `` Haō no Tamashii '' ( 覇王 の 魂 ) February 19 , 2017 TBA",
"144 45 `` The Cursed Gear Mask '' / `` Norowareshi Gia Masuku '' ( 呪 われ し 機械 仮面 ) February 26 , 2017 TBA",
"145 46 `` Endless Rebellion '' / `` Owarinaki Hangyaku '' ( 終わり なき 反逆 ) March 5 , 2017 TBA",
"146 47 `` Dimension Highway '' / `` Dimenshon Haiwei '' ( ディメンション ・ ハイウェイ ) March 12 , 2017 TBA",
"147 48 `` The Unleashed Dragons '' / `` Tokihanatareta Doragon '' ( 解き放た れ た ドラゴン ) March 19 , 2017 TBA",
"148 49 `` The Miracle Drawn by the Pendulum '' / `` Pendyuramu ga Egaku Kiseki '' ( ペンデュラム が 描く 奇跡 ) March 26 , 2017 TBA",
"The Region 1 DVD compilation of the Yu - Gi - Oh ! Arc - V anime are released by 4K Media Inc . The first collection was released on September 6 , 2016 in the United States . It contains episodes 1 - 24 . The second collection was released on March 7 , 2017 in the United States . It contains episodes 25 - 49 ."
] | List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V episodes - wikipedia List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V episodes Jump to: navigation , search Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V is the fourth spin-off anime in the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise. It is produced by Nihon Ad Systems and broadcast by TV Tokyo . It is directed by Katsumi Ono and produced by Studio Gallop . Its plot focuses on Yuya Sakaki, who is a boy seeking to become the greatest entertainer in Action Duels who brings forth a new summoning method to Duel Monsters known as Pendulum Summoning. Currently, twelve pieces of theme music are used for the series: six openings and six ending themes. From episodes 1-- 30, the first opening theme is `` Believe × Believe'' by Bullet Train , while the first ending theme is `` One Step'' by P-Cute. From episodes 31-- 49, the second opening theme is `` Burn!'' by Bullet Train , while the second ending theme is `` Future Fighter!'' by Kenshō Ono and Yoshimasa Hosoya . From episodes 50-75, the third opening theme is `` Hanate'' ( ハナテ , lit. `` Unleash'' ) by Gekidan Niagara, while the third ending theme is `` Arc of Smile!'' by Boys And Men. From episodes 76-98, the fourth opening theme is `` Kirifuda'' ( 切り札 , lit. `` Trump Card'' ) by Cinema Staff , while the fourth ending theme is `` Speaking'' by Mrs. GREEN APPLE. From episodes 99-124, the fifth opening theme is `` Kibō no Hikari'' ( キボウ ノヒカリ , lit. `` Light of Hope'' ) by Unknown Number, while the fifth ending theme is `` Vision'' ( ビジョン , Bijon ) by Kusoiinkai. From episodes 125-147, the sixth opening theme is `` Pendulum Beat!'' by Super Dragon, while the sixth ending theme is `` Dashing Pendulum'' by M!lk. For Episode 148, no opening theme was used, while the second ending theme, `` Burn,'' was used for the final episode. For the English Dub version, the opening theme is `` Can You Feel the Power'' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 (2014-- 15) 1.2 Season 2 (2015-- 16) 1.3 Season 3 (2016-- 17) 2 DVD releases 2.1 English 3 Notes 4 References Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 (2014-- 15) ( edit ) Main article: List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V episodes (season 1) No. English dub title/Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date `` Swing Into Action: Part 1'' / The Trail of Light, Pendulum Summoning! `` Hikari no Kiseki, Pendyuramu Shōkan !'' (光 の 軌跡 、 ペンデュラム 召喚 ! ) April 6, 2014 July 24, 2015 (Teletoon) February 21, 2016 (Nicktoons) `` Swing Into Action: Part 2'' / The Strongest Evolution Of Dueling!! Its Name is Action Duel `` Kettō Saikyō Shinka-kei!! Sono Na wa Akushon Dyueru'' (決闘 最強 進化 系 ! ! その 名 は アクション デュエル ) April 13, 2014 July 31, 2015 (Teletoon) February 21, 2016 (Nicktoons) `` Trade Bait: Part 1'' / Dark Town: The Stolen Pendulum Summon!! `` Daakutaun Ubawareta Pendyuramu Shōkan !!'' (ダーク タウン 奪 われ た ペンデュラム 召喚 ! ! ) April 20, 2014 August 7, 2015 (Teletoon) February 28, 2016 (Nicktoons) `` Trade Bait: Part 2'' / A Ray of Hope! Block Spider `` Hitosuji no Kibō !! Burokku Supaidaa'' (一筋 の 希望 ! ! ブロック スパイダー ) April 27, 2014 August 14, 2015 (Teletoon) March 6, 2016 (Nicktoons) 5 `` Toying Around: Part 1'' / Wannabe Apprentice!? A Strange Fanboy, `` Sora Shiunin'' `` Deshiiri Shigan!? Okashina Okkake `` Shiun'in Sora'' '' (弟子入り 志願 ! ? おかしな おっかけ 『 紫雲 院 素 良 』 ) May 11, 2014 August 21, 2015 (Teletoon) March 13, 2016 (Nicktoons) 6 `` Toying Around: Part 2'' / The Innocent Toy: Death-Toy Scissor Bear `` Mujyaki na Omocha Desutooi Shizaa Beaa'' (無邪気 な 融合 玩具 デストーイ ・ シザー ・ ベアー ) May 18, 2014 August 28, 2015 (Teletoon) March 20, 2016 (Nicktoons) 7 `` Mr. Mystery'' / Imperial Wrath of Treason - Dark Rebellion Xyz Dragon `` Hangyaku no Gekirin Dāku Riberion Ekushīzu Doragon'' (反逆 の 逆鱗 ダーク ・ リベリオン ・ エクシーズ ・ ドラゴン ) May 25, 2014 September 11, 2015 (Teletoon) March 27 2016 (Nicktoons) 8 `` Bad Business'' / You Show Duel School's Crisis!! LDS Invasion `` Yūshō Juku no Kiki! ! Erudīesu Shūrai '' (遊 勝 塾 の 危機 ! ! LDS 襲来 ) June 1, 2014 September 18, 2015 (Teletoon) April 3, 2016 (Nicktoons) 9 `` Dueling with the Stars'' / Judgment of the Stars! Xyz User `` Hokuto Shijima'' `` Hoshiboshi no Sabaki! Ekushīzu Tsukai `` Shijima Hokuto'' '' (星々 の 裁き ! エクシーズ 使い 「 志島 北斗 」 ) June 8, 2014 September 25, 2015 (Teletoon) April 10, 2016 (Nicktoons) 10 `` You Show Em'' / Knight of the Secret Stone! Fusion User `` Masumi Kotsu'' `` Hiseki no Kishi! Yūgō Tsukai `` Kōtsu Masumi'' '' (秘 石 の 騎士 ! 融合 使い 「 光 津 真澄 」 ) June 15, 2014 October 2, 2015 (Teletoon) April 17, 2016 (Nicktoons) 11 `` '' Going, Going, Gong`` '' / At One With The Sword! Synchro User `` Yaiba Todo'' `` Shinken Ittai! Shinkuro Tsukai `` Tōdō Yaiba'' '' (身 剣 一体 ! シンクロ 使い 「 刀 堂 刃 」 ) June 22, 2014 October 9, 2015 (Teletoon) April 24, 2016 (Nicktoons) 12 `` Battle Under the Big Top'' / DDD: King of the Different Dimension `` Dīdīdī Ijigen no Ō '' (DDD 異 次元 の 王 ) June 29, 2014 October 16, 2015 (Teletoon) May 1, 2016 (Nicktoons) 13 `` Circus Surprise!'' / Magical Sages Galilei & Kepler `` Madō Kenja Garirei & Kepurā '' (魔 導 賢者 ガリレイ 、 ケプラー ) July 6, 2014 October 23, 2015 (Teletoon) May 8, 2016 (Nicktoons) 14 `` The Show Must Go On'' / Hotblooded!! Shuzo Theater `` Nekketsu!! ︎Shūzō Gekijō '' (熱血 ! ! 修造 劇場 ) July 13, 2014 October 30, 2015 (Teletoon) May 15, 2016 (Nicktoons) 15 `` In It to Win It'' / Aim For The Junior Youth Championship!! `` Mezase Junia Yūsu Senshuken!!'' (目指せ ジュニア ユース 選手権 ! ! ) July 20, 2014 November 1, 2015 (9Go!) October 2, 2016 (Nicktoons) 16 `` Menu Venue: Part 1'' / Genius Master Chef `` Michio Mokota'' `` Tensai Ryōrijin `` Mokota Michio'' '' (天才 料理 人 `` 茂 古田 未知 夫 '' ) July 27, 2014 November 6, 2015 (9Go!) October 2, 2016 (Nicktoons) 17 `` Menu Venue: Part 2'' / An Exciting Performance!! A Fulfilling Meal! `` Gōkai Hirō !! Manpuku Zenseki!'' (豪快 披露 ! ! 満腹 全席 ! ) August 3, 2014 November 8, 2015 (9Go!) October 9, 2016 (Nicktoons) 18 `` Trapped in a Card'' / The Two Shadows of Rebellion `` Hangyaku no Futatsu no Kage'' (反逆 の 2つの 影 ) August 10, 2014 November 8, 2015 (9Go!) October 9, 2016 (Nicktoons) 19 `` Quiz Quagmire: Part 1'' / The Universe of Knowledge!! Eita Kyuando `` Chishiki no Uchū !! Kyūandō Eita'' (知識 の 宇宙 !! 九 庵堂 栄太 ) August 17, 2014 November 14, 2015 (9Go!) October 16, 2016 (Nicktoons) 20 `` Quiz Quagmire: Part 2'' / A Difficult Problem!? Attack Duel Quiz!! `` Nanmon!? Atakku Dueru Kuizu!!'' (難問 !? アタック デュエル クイズ !!) August 24, 2014 November 15, 2015 (9Go!) October 16, 2016 (Nicktoons) 21 `` Beyond Belief'' / Beyond the Pendulum `` Pendyuramu no Sono Saki ni'' (ペンデュラム の その 先 に ) August 31, 2014 November 15, 2015 (9Go!) October 23, 2016 (Nicktoons) 22 `` A Date With Fate: Part 1'' / The Fortunetelling Girl - Mieru Hōchun `` Uranai Shōjo Hochun Mieru'' (占い 少女 方 中 ミエル ) September 7, 2014 November 21, 2015 (9Go!) October 23, 2016 (Nicktoons) 23 `` A Date With Fate: Part 2'' / Arcane Eyes `` Hijutsu no Manako'' (秘術 の 眼 ) September 14, 2014 November 22, 2015 (9Go!) November 6, 2016 (Nicktoons) 24 `` For Our Tomorrows'' / The Wings of Rebellion - Raid Raptors `` Hangyaku no Tsubasa - Reido Raputāzu '' (反逆 の 翼 レイド ・ ラプターズ ) September 21, 2014 November 22, 2015 (9Go!) November 6, 2016 (Nicktoons) 25 `` Battle Between Buddies: Part 1'' / Steadfast Resolve!! Noboru Gongenzaka `` Fudō no Kakugo!! Gongenzaka Noboru'' (不動 の 覚悟 ! ! 権現 坂 昇 ) September 28, 2014 November 28, 2015 (9Go!) November 13, 2016 (Nicktoons) 26 `` Battle Between Buddies: Part 2'' / A New Boundary - Superheavy Koujin Susano-O `` Aratana Chihei Chō'omo Kōjin Susanō '' (新た な 地平 超重 荒神 スサノ ― O ) October 5, 2014 November 29, 2015 (9Go!) November 13, 2016 (Nicktoons) 27 `` Challengers Assemble'' / Opening!! The Maiami Championship `` Kaimaku!! Maiami Chanpionshippu'' (開幕 ! ! 舞 網 チャンピオン シップ ) October 12, 2014 November 29, 2015 (9Go!) November 20, 2016 (Nicktoons) 28 `` Something's Fishy'' / Ayu's Entertainment Aquarium `` Ayu no Entame Suizokukan'' (アユ の エンタメ 水族館 ) October 19, 2014 December 5, 2015 (9Go!) November 27, 2016 (Nicktoons) 29 `` Fusion Foes'' / Fusing Melodious Divas! `` Yūgōsuru Otohime!'' (融合 する 音 姫 !) October 26, 2014 December 6, 2015 (9Go!) December 4, 2016 (Nicktoons) 30 `` Gong the Strong'' / The Tested Resolution of Steadfast Heart `` Tamesareru Fudō no Kokoro'' (試さ れる 不動 の 心 ) November 2, 2014 December 6, 2015 (9Go!) December 11, 2016 (Nicktoons) 31 `` The Pendulum Swings Both Ways: Part 1'' / The Howling Whirlwind - Yōsen Lost Tornado! `` Unaru Senpū Yōsen Rosuto Torunēdo !'' (唸る 旋風 妖 仙 ロスト ・ トルネード ! ) November 9, 2014 December 13, 2015 (9Go!) December 18, 2016 (Nicktoons) 32 `` The Pendulum Swings Both Ways: Part 2'' / White-Hot Battle! Entertainment Duel Show `` Nessen! Entame Dueru Shō '' (熱戦 ! エンタメ デュエル ショー ) November 16, 2014 December 13, 2015 (9Go!) January 1, 2017 (Nicktoons) 33 `` Making the Cut: Part 1'' / Future Metropolis Heartland `` Mirai Toshi Hātorando '' (未来 都市 ハート ランド ) November 23, 2014 December 13, 2015 (9Go!) January 8, 2017 (Nicktoons) 34 `` Making the Cut: Part 2'' / The Combining Demonic-Beast VS The Evolving Falcon `` Ketsugō Majū Bāsasu Shinka-suru Hayabusa'' (結 けつ 合 ごう 魔 ま 獣 じゅう VS進 しん 化 か する 隼 はやぶさ ) November 30, 2014 December 20, 2015 (9Go!) January 22, 2017 (Nicktoons) 35 `` Sora's Secrets: Part 1'' / The Academia and The Resistance `` Akademia to Rejisutansu'' (アカデミア と レジスタンス ) December 14, 2014 December 20, 2015 (9Go!) January 29, 2017 (Nicktoons) 36 `` Sora's Secrets: Part 2'' / The Resonating Dragons `` Kyōmei Suru Ryū '' (共鳴 する 竜 ) December 21, 2014 December 20, 2015 (9Go!) January 29, 2017 (Nicktoons) 37 `` A Dark Reflection'' / The Destiny that Starts Moving `` Ugokidasu Unmei'' (動き出す 運命 ) December 28, 2014 December 27, 2015 (9Go!) October 1, 2017 (Nicktoons) 38 `` Warped Dimensions'' / The Four Dimensions `` Yotsu no Jigen'' (4つの 次元 ) January 11, 2015 December 27, 2015 (9Go!) October 8, 2017 (Nicktoons) 39 `` A Duel Personality'' / Awakening of the Imperial Wrath `` Gekirin no Kakusei'' (逆鱗 の 覚醒 ) January 18, 2015 December 27, 2015 (9Go!) October 15, 2017 (Nicktoons) 40 `` Stealth Warriors'' / The Warrior of Academia `` Akademia no Senshi'' (は アカデミア の 戦士 ) January 25, 2015 January 3, 2016 (9Go!) October 22, 2017 (Nicktoons) 41 `` Bracing for Battle'' / The Land of Ambition - Duel Academia `` Yabō no Ji - Dyueru Akademia'' (野望 の 地 ち デュエル アカデミア ) February 1, 2015 January 3, 2016 (9Go!) October 29, 2017 (Nicktoons) 42 `` Battle Fields'' / Battle Royal Begins `` Batoru Roiyaru Shidō '' (バトル ロイヤル 始動 ) February 8, 2015 January 4, 2016 (9Go!) November 5, 2017 (Nicktoons) 43 `` Fire and Ice'' / The Marvelous Exchange Student `` Dennis'' `` Kareinaru Ryūgakusei `` Denisu'' '' (華麗 なる 留学生 「 デニス 」 ) February 15, 2015 January 10, 2016 (9Go!) November 12, 2017 (Nicktoons) 44 `` Danger Zones'' / Sora Shiun'in , Storms Forth!! `` Shiun'in Sora, Shūrai !!'' (紫雲 院 素 良 、 襲来 ! ! ) February 22, 2015 January 11, 2016 (9Go!) November 19, 2017 (Nicktoons) 45 `` Obelisk Assault'' / Antithesis and Synthesis `` Sōkoku to Sōjō '' (相克 と 相生 ) March 1, 2015 January 11, 2016 (9Go!) November 26, 2017 (Nicktoons) 46 `` Dragon's Vengeance'' / The Rebellious Supreme King Black Dragon `` Hangyaku no Haō Kokuryū '' (反逆 の 覇王 黒龍 ) March 8, 2015 January 17, 2016 (9Go!) December 3, 2017 (Nicktoons) 47 `` Identity Crisis'' / Yuri of The Cold Smile `` Tsumetai Emi no Yūri '' (冷たい 笑み の ユーリ ) March 15, 2015 January 24, 2016 (9Go!) December 10, 2017 (Nicktoons) 48 `` Battlefronts'' / The Wounded Falcon `` Teoi no Hayabusa'' (手負い の 隼 ) March 22, 2015 January 18, 2016 (9Go!) December 17, 2017 (Nicktoons) 49 `` Fighting for Fun'' / Duels with Smiles `` Dyueru de Egao o'' (デュエル で 笑顔 を ) March 29, 2015 January 24, 2016 (9Go!) December 24, 2017 (Nicktoons) Season 2 (2015-- 16) ( edit ) Main article: List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V episodes (season 2) Ser# Sea# English dub title/Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 50 `` Dueling Declan'' / Lancers, The Chosen Warriors `` Ransāzu Erabareta Senshi'' (ランサーズ 選ば れ た 戦士 ) April 5, 2015 July 22, 2016 (Teletoon) December 31, 2017 (Nicktoons) 51 `` Kings vs. Dragons'' / Raise the Banner of Revolution - Odd-Eyes Rebellion Dragon `` Hanki o Agero, Oddo-Aizu Riberion Doragon'' (反旗 を 揚げろ オッドアイ ズ ・ リベリオン ・ ドラゴン ) April 12, 2015 July 29, 2016 (Teletoon) January 7, 2018 (Nicktoons) 52 `` Parental Guidance: Part 1'' / The Legendary Grandmaster Revives!! `` Yomigaeru Densetsu Sōchō !!'' (蘇る 伝説 総長 ! ! ) April 19, 2015 August 5, 2016 (Teletoon) January 14, 2018 (Nicktoons) 53 `` Parental Guidance: Part 2'' / `` Smile World'' - A Duel Filled With Smiles `` Egao no Dyueru `` Sumairu Wārudo '' '' (笑顔 の デュエル 「 スマイル ・ ワールド 」 ) April 26, 2015 August 12, 2016 (Teletoon) January 21, 2018 (Nicktoons) 54 5 `` City ' Scape'' / The Synchro Dimension `` Neo Domino City'' `` Shinkuro Jigen `` Neo Domino Shiti'' '' (シンクロ 次元 「 ネオ 童 実 野 シティ 」 ) May 3, 2015 August 19, 2016 (Teletoon) 55 6 `` Tops Speed'' / Public Safety Coercion - The Duel Chasers `` Chian no Kyōsei Dyueru Cheisāzu '' (治安 の 強制 デュエル チェイサー ズ ) May 10, 2015 August 26, 2016 (Teletoon) 56 7 `` Synchro Sector'' / Security's Perfect Encirclement!! `` Sekyuriti Kanzen Hōimō !!'' (セキュリティ 完全 包囲 網 ! ! ) May 17, 2015 September 2, 2016 (Teletoon) 57 8 `` Super Duelists'' / `` The Black Whirlwind - Crow Hogan'' `` Kuroi Senpū Kurou Hōgan '' (黒い 旋風 クロウ ・ ホーガン ) May 24, 2015 September 9, 2016 (Teletoon) 58 9 `` Scream for the Green'' / Invitation to the Dark Duel `` Yami Dyueru e no Shōtai '' (闇 デュエル へ の 招待 ) May 31, 2015 September 16, 2016 (Teletoon) 59 10 `` Dueling's Most Wanted'' / Underground Riding Duel!! `` Chika Raidingu Dyueru!!'' (地下 ライディング ・ デュエル ! ! ) June 7, 2015 September 23, 2016 (Teletoon) 60 11 `` Showdown in the Slammer'' / No Cards, No Pardon `` Jigoku no Sata mo Kādo Shidai'' (地獄 の 沙汰 も カード 次第 ) June 14, 2015 September 30, 2016 (Teletoon) 61 12 `` Hero's Fall'' / The Man Who Threw Away Drawing `` Dorō o Suteta Otoko'' (ドロー を 捨て た 男 ) June 21, 2015 October 7, 2016 (Teletoon) 62 13 `` The Great Escape'' / Great Entertainment Duel Tournament!! `` Dai Entamedyueru Taikai!!'' (大 エンタメ デュエル 大会 !!) June 28, 2015 October 12, 2016 (9Go!) 63 14 `` Fight for Freedom'' / King of Captors - Goyo King `` Hokaku-sha no Ō Goyō Kingu'' (捕獲 者 の 王 「 ゴ ョ ウ ・ キング 」 ) July 5, 2015 October 13, 2016 (9Go!) 64 15 `` Match with the Master'' / Duel King - Jack Atlas `` Dyueru Kingu `` Jakku Atorasu'' '' (デュエル キング 「 ジャック アトラス 」 ) July 12, 2015 October 14, 2016 (9Go!) 65 16 `` Traits of a Traitor'' / The Shattered Entertainment `` Uchikudakareta Entame'' (打ち砕か れ た エンタメ ) July 19, 2015 October 17, 2016 (9Go!) 66 17 `` Crow's Crew'' / Opening Duel!! Crow vs. Gongenzaka `` Kaimakusen!! Kurou Bāsasu Gongenzaka'' (開幕 戦 ! ! クロウ VS権現 坂 ) July 26, 2015 October 18, 2016 (9Go!) 67 18 `` Riley's Reveal'' / The Light and Shadows of Neo Domino City `` Neo Domino Shiti no Hikari to Kage'' (ネオ 童 実 野 シティ の 光 と 影 ) August 2, 2015 October 19, 2016 (9Go!) 68 19 `` Common Cause'' / All-Out Rebellion- Bee Force `` Bī Fōsu Issei Hōki '' (B・ F(ビー ・ フォース )一斉 蜂起 ) August 9, 2015 October 20, 2016 (9Go!) 69 20 `` A Concerted Effort'' / The Sprinting Divas `` Shissō -suru Dība '' (疾走 する ディーバ ) August 16, 2015 October 21, 2016 (9Go!) 70 21 `` The Gift of Grit'' / An Out-Of-Reach Shout `` Todokanu Sakebi'' (届か ぬ 叫び ) August 23, 2015 October 24, 2016 (9Go!) 71 22 `` Duel Consequences'' / The Sword of White Silver `` Shirogane no Tsurugi'' (白銀 の 剣 ) August 30, 2015 October 25, 2016 (9Go!) 72 23 `` Turbotainers'' / Slaying the Dragon!! Yugo vs Sawatari `` Doragon Seibatsu!! Yūgo Bāsasu Sawatari'' (ドラゴン 征伐 ! ! ユーゴ vs沢渡 ) September 6, 2015 October 26, 2016 (9Go!) 73 24 `` Turning Point'' / The Crawling Losers `` Chi o Hau Haibokusha-tachi'' (地 を 這う 敗北 者 たち ) September 13, 2015 October 27, 2016 (9Go!) 74 25 `` A Traitor Unmasked'' / Mask Of The Clown `` Dōkeshi no Kamen'' (道化師 の 仮面 ) September 20, 2015 October 28, 2016 (9Go!) 75 26 `` Shay's Revenge'' / Curse of the Resistors `` Hangyakusha no Jubaku'' (反逆 者 の 呪縛 ) September 27, 2015 October 31, 2016 (9Go!) 76 27 `` Plans of Attack'' / King's Gambit `` Kinguzu Gyanbitto'' (キングズ ・ ギャン ビット ) October 4, 2015 November 1, 2016 (9Go!) 77 28 `` A Cons Game'' / The Beauty of Destruction `` Hakai no Bigaku'' (破壊 の 美学 ) October 11, 2015 November 2, 2016 (9Go!) 78 29 `` Rebel Road'' / Storm of Revolution `` Kakumei no Arashi'' (革命 の 嵐 ) October 18, 2015 November 3, 2016 (9Go!) 79 30 `` Road to Rebellion'' / The Enlightened Paladin `` Kakusei-suru Madō Kenshi'' (覚醒 する 魔 導 剣士 ) October 25, 2015 November 4, 2016 (9Go!) 80 31 `` Where the Truth Lies'' / Reunion that Transcends Dimensions `` Jigen o Koeta Saikai'' (次元 を 越え た 再会 ) November 1, 2015 November 7, 2016 (9Go!) 81 32 `` Battle Birds'' / Our Respective Battlefields `` Sorezore no Senjō '' (それぞれ の 戦場 ) November 8, 2015 November 8, 2016 (9Go!) 82 33 `` Warriors of the Air'' / The Ultimate Falcon VS The Black-Feathered Thunder `` Kyūkyoku no Hayabusa Bāsasu Kurohane no Ikazuchi'' (究極 の 隼 VS黒羽 の 雷 ) November 15, 2015 November 9, 2016 (9Go!) 83 34 `` A Matter of Trust'' / The Bond Between Teacher and Disciple `` Shitei no Kizuna'' (師弟 の 絆 ) November 22, 2015 November 10, 2016 (9Go!) 84 35 `` A Plan and a Promise: Part 1'' / Dice Roll of Destiny `` Unmei no Daisurōru '' (運命 の ダイス ロール ) November 29, 2015 November 11, 2016 (9Go!) 85 36 `` A Plan and a Promise: Part 2'' / Crystal Wings `` Suishō no Tsubasa'' (水晶 の 翼 ) December 13, 2015 November 14, 2016 (9Go!) 86 37 `` Against All Odds'' / Unyielding Resolve `` Hirumanu Ketsui'' (怯ま ぬ 決意 ) December 20, 2015 November 15, 2016 (9Go!) 87 38 `` The Many Dimensions Of Yuya'' / The Memories of the Beast `` Yajū no Kioku'' (野獣 の 記憶 ) December 27, 2015 November 16, 2016 (9Go!) 88 39 `` Wake Up Call'' / One Strike of Lightning! `` Raimei no Ichigeki!'' (雷鳴 の 一撃 !) January 10, 2016 November 17, 2016 (9Go!) 89 40 `` Hunted And Hounded'' / Invasion! Obelisk Force `` Kyōshū ! Oberisuku Fōsu '' (強襲 ! オベリスク フォース ) January 17, 2016 November 18, 2016 (9Go!) 90 41 `` Down With the Underground'' / The Beacon of Revolution `` Kakumei no Noroshi'' (革命 の 狼煙 ) January 24, 2016 November 21, 2016 (9Go!) 91 42 `` Chain Game'' / Converging Fates `` Meguriau Unmei'' (めぐりあう 運命 ) January 31, 2016 November 22, 2016 (9Go!) 92 43 `` Tragic Reunion'' `` Hiun no Saikai'' (悲運 の 再会 ) February 7, 2016 November 23, 2016 (9Go!) 93 44 `` Road Rage: Part 1'' / The Destructive Duel Machine `` Hametsu no Dyueru Mashin'' (破滅 の デュエル マシン ) February 14, 2016 November 24, 2016 (9Go!) 94 45 `` Road Rage: Part 2'' / The Right Arm that Carved Souls `` Tamashii o Kizanda Migiude'' (魂 を 刻ん だ 右腕 ) February 21, 2016 November 25, 2016 (9Go!) 95 46 `` Martial Law'' / The Duel You Believe In `` Onore no Shinjiru Dyueru'' (己 の 信じる デュエル ) February 28, 2016 November 28, 2016 (9Go!) 96 47 `` The Imitation'' / Borrowed Words `` Karimono no Kotoba'' (借り物 の 言葉 ) March 13, 2016 November 29, 2016 (9Go!) 97 48 `` Making it Mine'' / The Sublime Super Paladin `` Kedakaki Chō Madō Kenshi'' (気高き 超 魔 導 剣士 ) March 20, 2016 November 30, 2016 (9Go!) 98 49 `` Friendship Finale'' / Towards the Only Path `` Hitotsu no Michi e'' (ひとつ の 道 へ ) March 27, 2016 December 1, 2016 (9Go!) 99 50 `` A Vicious Cycle'' / The Eternal Duel `` Eien no Dyueru'' (永遠 の デュエル ) April 3, 2016 December 2, 2016 (9Go!) Season 3 (2016-- 17) ( edit ) Main article: List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V episodes (season 3) Ser# Sea# English dub title/Original translated title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 100 `` A Warlike Welcome'' / The Metropolis of Despair, Heartland `` Zetsubō no Miyako Hātorando '' (絶望 の 都 ハート ランド ) April 3, 2016 July 22, 2017 (Teletoon) 101 `` Realm of The Cipher Dragon'' / Galaxy Eyes `` Ginga no Manako'' (銀河 の 眼 ) April 10, 2016 July 29, 2017 (Teletoon) 102 `` Rush For Revenge'' / The Merciless Hunter `` Hijō no Karyūdo '' (非情 の 狩人 ) April 24, 2016 August 5, 2017 (Teletoon) 103 `` Rise of the Resistance'' / The Brilliant Machine Angels `` Hanabanashiki Kikai Tenshi'' (華々 しき 機械 天使 ) May 1, 2016 August 12, 2017 (Teletoon) 104 5 `` Rumble in the Rubble'' / The Hero Named `` D'' `` '' Dī '' no Na o Motsu Hīrō '' (「 D 」 の 名 を 持つ HERO ) May 8, 2016 August 19, 2017 (Teletoon) 105 6 `` Fighting For Friendship'' / Bonds of the Resistance `` Rejisutansu no Kizuna'' (レジスタンス の 絆 ) May 15, 2016 August 26, 2017 (Teletoon) 106 7 `` An Academic Test'' / Aquaria Project `` Āku Eria Purojekuto'' (アーク エリア ・ プロジェクト ) May 22, 2016 September 2, 2017 (Teletoon) 107 8 `` Belles and Whistles'' / The Duel-Starved Amazoness `` Dyueru ni Ueta Amazonesu'' (決闘 に 飢え た アマゾネス ) May 29, 2016 September 9, 2017 (Teletoon) 108 9 `` Twins with ' Tude'' / Amazoness Trap `` Amazonesu Torappu'' (アマゾネス ・ トラップ ) June 5, 2016 September 15, 2017 (Teletoon) 109 10 `` Surprise Showing'' / The Falcon Perishes on the Battlefield `` Senjō ni Hateru Hayabusa'' (戦場 に 果てる 隼 ) June 12, 2016 September 22, 2017 (Teletoon) 110 11 `` Fenced In'' / The Torn `` Smile World'' `` Yabukareta Sumairu Wārudo '' (破 かれ た スマイル ・ ワールド ) June 19, 2016 September 29, 2017 (Teletoon) 111 12 `` Last Laugh'' / Pendulum Heart `` Pendyuramu Hāto '' (ペンデュラム ハート ) June 26, 2016 October 6, 2017 (Teletoon) 112 13 `` Hat Trick'' / Toward a City Filled with Smiles `` Egao Afureru Machi e'' (笑顔 あふれる 街 へ ) July 3, 2016 October 13, 2017 (Teletoon) 113 14 `` Joy of Revenge'' / The Thirst for Carnage `` Shura no Katsubō '' (修羅 の 渇望 ) July 10, 2016 October 20, 2017 (Teletoon) 114 15 `` All Duel Hands on Deck'' / The Supergalaxy Shining in the Darkness `` Yami ni Kagayaku Chōginga '' (闇 に 輝く 超 銀河 ) July 17, 2016 October 27, 2017 (Teletoon) 115 16 `` Duel Pirate Captain Solo'' / `` Dyueru Kaizoku Kyaputen Soro'' (決闘 海賊 キャプテン ・ ソロ ) July 24, 2016 TBA 116 17 `` Guardians of the Sun and Moon'' / `` Taiyō to Tsuki no Shugosha'' (太陽 と 月 の 守護 者 ) July 31, 2016 TBA 117 18 `` The Sinister Bell's Chime'' / `` Kiba o Muku Suzu no Ne'' (牙 を むく 鈴 の 音 ) August 7, 2016 TBA 118 19 `` Survival Duel'' / `` Sabaibaru Dyueru'' (サバイバル ・ デュエル ) August 14, 2016 TBA 119 20 `` The Little Bird Trapped in Darkness'' / `` Yami ni Ochita Kotori'' (闇 に 落ち た 小鳥 ) August 21, 2016 TBA 120 21 `` Battle Beast'' / `` Batoru Bīsuto '' (バトル ・ ビースト ) August 28, 2016 TBA 121 22 `` The Wicked Brand'' / `` Saikyō no Rakuin'' (最 凶 の 烙印 ) September 4, 2016 TBA 122 23 `` Glory on the Academia!'' / `` Gurōrī on ji Akademia!'' (グローリー ・ オン ・ ジ ・ アカデミア ! ) September 11, 2016 TBA 123 24 `` The Glorious Mechanical Dragon'' / `` Eikō no Kikairyū '' (栄光 の 機械 龍 ) September 18, 2016 TBA 124 25 `` The Revived Phantom Knights'' / `` Yomigaeru Fantomu Naitsu'' (蘇る 幻影 騎士 団 ) September 25, 2016 TBA 125 26 `` The Blazing Dragon'' / `` Rekka no Ryū '' (烈火 の 竜 ) October 2, 2016 TBA 126 27 `` The Demon's Birthday'' / `` Akuma ga Umareta Hi'' (悪魔 が 生まれ た 日 ) October 9, 2016 TBA 127 28 `` Revival Zero'' / `` Ribaiburu Zero'' (リバイブル ・ ゼロ ) October 16, 2016 TBA 128 29 `` Decisive Battle! Spirit Tech Force'' / `` Kessen! Supiritto Tekku Fōsu '' (決戦 ! 精霊 機巧 軍 ) October 23, 2016 TBA 129 30 `` Glimpse of the Supreme King'' / `` Haō no Henrin'' (覇王 の 片鱗 ) October 30, 2016 TBA 130 31 `` The Greedy Venomous Dragon'' / `` Yokubukaki Mōdokuryū '' (欲 深き 猛毒 龍 ) November 6, 2016 TBA 131 32 `` The Light Shining in Eternal Darkness'' / `` Tokoyami ni Sasu Hikari'' (常闇 に 射す 光 ) November 13, 2016 TBA 132 33 `` The Peerless Entertainer'' / `` Kidai no Entāteinā '' (稀代 の エンターテイナー ) November 20, 2016 TBA 133 34 `` A Dazzling Entertainment Show'' / `` Kagayakashiki Entame Shō '' (輝かしき エンタメ ショー ) November 27, 2016 TBA 134 35 `` Allure of Darkness'' / `` Yami no Yūwaku '' (闇 の 誘惑 ) December 11, 2016 TBA 135 36 `` The Trembling Dimensions'' / `` Yureugoku Jigen'' (揺れ動く 次元 ) December 18, 2016 TBA 136 37 `` Reign of the Supreme Dragon King'' / `` Haōryū Kunrin'' (覇王 龍 君臨 ) December 25, 2016 TBA 137 38 `` The Rebellious Supreme King's Dragon Servant'' / `` Hangyaku no Haōkenryū '' (反逆 の 覇王 眷 龍 ) January 8, 2017 TBA 138 39 `` The Shadow-Winged Dragon'' / `` Anyoku no Ryū '' (暗 翼 の 龍 ) January 15, 2017 TBA 139 40 `` The Eyes Tainted by Darkness'' / `` Yami ni Somaru Manako'' (闇 に 染まる 眼 ) January 22, 2017 TBA 140 41 `` Pendulum of the Soul'' / `` Tamashii no Pendyuramu'' (「 魂 の ペンデュラム 」 ) January 29, 2017 TBA 141 42 `` Junior Youth Championship'' / `` Juniayūsu Senshuken'' (ジュニア ユース 選手権 ) February 5, 2017 TBA 142 43 `` Overflowing Memories'' / `` Afureru Kioku'' (あふれる 記憶 ) February 12, 2017 TBA 143 44 `` Soul of the Supreme king'' / `` Haō no Tamashii'' (覇王 の 魂 ) February 19, 2017 TBA 144 45 `` The Cursed Gear Mask'' / `` Norowareshi Gia Masuku'' (呪 われ し 機械 仮面 ) February 26, 2017 TBA 145 46 `` Endless Rebellion'' / `` Owarinaki Hangyaku'' (終わり なき 反逆 ) March 5, 2017 TBA 146 47 `` Dimension Highway'' / `` Dimenshon Haiwei'' (ディメンション ・ ハイウェイ ) March 12, 2017 TBA 147 48 `` The Unleashed Dragons'' / `` Tokihanatareta Doragon'' (解き放た れ た ドラゴン ) March 19, 2017 TBA 148 49 `` The Miracle Drawn by the Pendulum'' / `` Pendyuramu ga Egaku Kiseki'' (ペンデュラム が 描く 奇跡 ) March 26, 2017 TBA DVD releases ( edit ) English ( edit ) The Region 1 DVD compilation of the Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V anime are released by 4K Media Inc. The first collection was released on September 6, 2016 in the United States . It contains episodes 1-24. The second collection was released on March 7, 2017 in the United States . It contains episodes 25-49. Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Episodes 99 and 100 aired together as a 1-hour television special . References ( edit ) General Specific Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V Season 1 Opening Theme `` Can You Feel the Power'' (English)`` . www.yugioh.com. May 11, 2015 . Retrieved May 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V Anime Premieres in Canada on Friday'' . Anime News Network . July 23, 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V Season 1 Episode Guide'' . TV Guide . August 1, 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teletoon TV Listings'' . Zap2it . September 19, 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V Australian TV Guide'' . Nine Network. November 9, 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nicktoons Network TV Listings'' . Zap2it . February 21, 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V Episode Guide'' . TV Tokyo. April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V Future Episode Guide'' . TV Tokyo. April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teletoon TV Listings'' . Zap2it . July 26, 2016 . Retrieved July 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Listings'' . TV Guide . September 6, 2016 . Retrieved September 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V Upcoming TV Show Times'' . Nine Network . October 19, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V Episode Guide'' . TV Tokyo. April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V Future Episode Guide'' . TV Tokyo. April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/rarityfangirl31/status/886934650832211969 Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh ARC-V Season 3 Episode Guide'' . Zap2it. August 3, 2017 . Retrieved August 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V DVD Vol. 1'' . www.amazon.com. October 5, 2016 . Retrieved October 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V DVD Vol. 2'' . www.amazon.com. March 10, 2017 . Retrieved March 10, 2017 . ( hide ) Yu-Gi-Oh! by Kazuki Takahashi Original series Characters Chapters 1998 episodes Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters episodes season 1 5 Capsule Monsters Yu-Gi-Oh! R Other series GX characters episodes season 1 chapters 5D's characters episodes season 1 5 chapters Zexal characters chapters episodes series I season 1 II season 1 Arc-V characters episodes season 1 manga chapters VRAINS episodes Films Pyramid of Light Bonds Beyond Time The Dark Side of Dimensions Games Trading Card Game sets Video games The Falsebound Kingdom Worldwide Edition: Stairway to the Destined Duel World Championship Tournament 2004 The Dawn of Destiny Duel Links Category:Yu-Gi-Oh! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yu-Gi-Oh!_Arc-V_episodes&oldid=775613191 '' Categories : Yu-Gi-Oh! episode lists Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text Talk ContentsAboutWikipediaFrançaisItalianoPortuguêsEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon16April2017,at01:03.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -6773645882477833060 |
who was the original lead singer for deep purple | In March 1968 , Lord , Blackmore , Simper and Woodman moved into Deeves Hall , a country house in South Mimms , Hertfordshire . The band would live , write and rehearse at Deeves Hall , which was fully kitted out with the latest Marshall amplification . According to Simper , `` dozens '' of singers were auditioned ( including Rod Stewart and Woodman 's friend Dave Curtiss ) until the group heard Rod Evans of the club band The Maze , and thought his voice fit their style well . Tagging along with Evans was his band 's drummer , Ian Paice . Blackmore had seen Paice on tour with The Maze in Germany in 1966 , and had been impressed by the 18 - year - old 's drumming . The band hastily arranged an audition for Paice , given that Woodman was vocally unhappy with the direction of the band 's music . Both Paice and Evans won their respective jobs , and the line - up was complete . | [
[
"Rod Evans"
]
] | [
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"Deep Purple L -- R : Ian Paice , Roger Glover , Ian Gillan , Steve Morse and Don Airey performing live in 2013 Background information Also known as Roundabout Origin Hertford , Hertfordshire , England Genres Hard rock heavy metal progressive rock ( early ) psychedelic rock ( early ) Years active 1968 -- 1976 , 1984 -- present Labels Tetragrammaton Warner Bros . Polydor BMG EMI Edel Associated acts The Maze Episode Six Rainbow Blackmore 's Night Paice Ashton Lord Whitesnake Black Sabbath Kansas Gillan & Glover Hughes Turner Project Living Loud Rock Aid Armenia WhoCares Trapeze Hughes / Thrall Black Country Communion Gillan Captain Beyond Website deeppurple.com Members Ian Paice Roger Glover Ian Gillan Steve Morse Don Airey Past members Jon Lord Ritchie Blackmore Rod Evans Nick Simper Glenn Hughes David Coverdale Tommy Bolin Joe Lynn Turner Joe Satriani",
"Deep Purple",
"L -- R : Ian Paice , Roger Glover , Ian Gillan , Steve Morse and Don Airey performing live in 2013",
"Background information",
"Also known as Roundabout",
"Origin Hertford , Hertfordshire , England",
"Genres Hard rock heavy metal progressive rock ( early ) psychedelic rock ( early )",
"Hard rock heavy metal progressive rock ( early ) psychedelic rock ( early )",
"progressive rock ( early )",
"psychedelic rock ( early )",
"Years active 1968 -- 1976 , 1984 -- present",
"Labels Tetragrammaton Warner Bros . Polydor BMG EMI Edel",
"Tetragrammaton Warner Bros . Polydor BMG EMI Edel",
"Warner Bros .",
"Associated acts The Maze Episode Six Rainbow Blackmore 's Night Paice Ashton Lord Whitesnake Black Sabbath Kansas Gillan & Glover Hughes Turner Project Living Loud Rock Aid Armenia WhoCares Trapeze Hughes / Thrall Black Country Communion Gillan Captain Beyond",
"The Maze Episode Six Rainbow Blackmore 's Night Paice Ashton Lord Whitesnake Black Sabbath Kansas Gillan & Glover Hughes Turner Project Living Loud Rock Aid Armenia WhoCares Trapeze Hughes / Thrall Black Country Communion Gillan Captain Beyond",
"Blackmore 's Night",
"Paice Ashton Lord",
"Gillan & Glover",
"Hughes Turner Project",
"Rock Aid Armenia",
"Hughes / Thrall",
"Black Country Communion",
"Website deeppurple.com",
"deeppurple.com",
"Members Ian Paice Roger Glover Ian Gillan Steve Morse Don Airey",
"Ian Paice Roger Glover Ian Gillan Steve Morse Don Airey",
"Past members Jon Lord Ritchie Blackmore Rod Evans Nick Simper Glenn Hughes David Coverdale Tommy Bolin Joe Lynn Turner Joe Satriani",
"Jon Lord Ritchie Blackmore Rod Evans Nick Simper Glenn Hughes David Coverdale Tommy Bolin Joe Lynn Turner Joe Satriani",
"Joe Lynn Turner",
"Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968 . The band is considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock , although their musical approach changed over the years . Originally formed as a progressive rock band , the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970 . Deep Purple , together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , have been referred to as the `` unholy trinity of British hard rock and heavy metal in the early to mid-seventies '' . They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as `` the globe 's loudest band '' for a 1972 concert at London 's Rainbow Theatre , and have sold over 100 million albums worldwide .",
"Deep Purple have had several line - up changes and an eight - year hiatus ( 1976 -- 1984 ) . The 1968 -- 1976 line - ups are commonly labelled Mark I , II , III and IV . Their second and most commercially successful line - up consisted of Ian Gillan ( vocals ) , Jon Lord ( keyboards , backing vocals ) , Roger Glover ( bass ) , Ian Paice ( drums ) , and Ritchie Blackmore ( guitar ) . This line - up was active from 1969 to 1973 , and was revived from 1984 to 1989 , and again from 1992 to 1993 . The band achieved more modest success in the intervening periods between 1968 and 1969 with the line - up including Rod Evans ( lead vocals ) and Nick Simper ( bass , backing vocals ) , between 1974 and 1976 ( Tommy Bolin replacing Blackmore in 1975 ) with the line - up including David Coverdale ( lead vocals ) and Glenn Hughes ( bass , vocals ) , and between 1989 and 1992 with the line - up including Joe Lynn Turner ( vocals ) . The band 's line - up ( currently including Ian Gillan , and guitarist Steve Morse from 1994 ) has been much more stable in recent years , although keyboardist Jon Lord 's retirement from the band in 2002 ( being succeeded by Don Airey ) left Ian Paice as the only original Deep Purple member still in the band .",
"Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1 's Greatest Artists of Hard Rock programme and a poll on British radio station Planet Rock ranked them 5th among the `` most influential bands ever '' . The band received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards . Deep Purple ( specifically Blackmore , Lord , Paice , Gillan , Glover , Evans , Coverdale and Hughes ) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016 .",
"In 1967 , former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis contacted London businessman Tony Edwards , in the hope that he would manage a new group he was putting together , to be called Roundabout . Curtis ' vision was a `` supergroup '' where the band members would get on and off , like a musical roundabout . Impressed with the plan , Edwards agreed to finance the venture with his two business partners John Coletta and Ron Hire , who comprised Hire - Edwards - Coletta Enterprises ( HEC ) .",
"The first recruit to the band was the classically trained Hammond organ player Jon Lord , Curtis ' flatmate who had most notably played with the Artwoods ( led by Art Wood , brother of future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood , and including Keef Hartley ) . Lord was then performing in a backing band for the vocal group The Flower Pot Men ( formerly known as the Ivy League ) , along with bassist Nick Simper and drummer Carlo Little . Simper had previously been in Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and survived the 1966 car crash that killed Kidd . Lord put the two on alert that he 'd been recruited for the Roundabout project , after which Simper and Little suggested guitarist Ritchie Blackmore , whom Lord had never met . Simper had known Blackmore since the early 1960s when his first band , the Renegades , debuted around the same time as one of Blackmore 's early bands , the Dominators .",
"HEC persuaded Blackmore to return from Hamburg to audition for the new group . Blackmore was making a name for himself as a studio session guitarist , and had also been a member of the Outlaws , Screaming Lord Sutch , and Neil Christian . Curtis ' erratic behaviour and lifestyle , fuelled by LSD use , caused a sudden disinterest in the project he had started , forcing HEC to dismiss him from Roundabout . But HEC was now intrigued with the possibilities Lord and Blackmore brought , while Lord and Blackmore were also keen to continue . The two carried on , recruiting additional members and keeping Tony Edwards as their manager . Lord convinced Simper to join for good , but left Carlo Little behind in favour of drummer Bobby Woodman .",
"In March 1968 , Lord , Blackmore , Simper and Woodman moved into Deeves Hall , a country house in South Mimms , Hertfordshire . The band would live , write and rehearse at Deeves Hall , which was fully kitted out with the latest Marshall amplification . According to Simper , `` dozens '' of singers were auditioned ( including Rod Stewart and Woodman 's friend Dave Curtiss ) until the group heard Rod Evans of the club band The Maze , and thought his voice fit their style well . Tagging along with Evans was his band 's drummer , Ian Paice . Blackmore had seen Paice on tour with The Maze in Germany in 1966 , and had been impressed by the 18 - year - old 's drumming . The band hastily arranged an audition for Paice , given that Woodman was vocally unhappy with the direction of the band 's music . Both Paice and Evans won their respective jobs , and the line - up was complete .",
"During a brief tour of Denmark and Sweden in April , in which they were still billed as Roundabout , Blackmore suggested a new name : `` Deep Purple '' , named after his grandmother 's favourite song . The group had resolved to choose a name after everyone had posted one on a board in rehearsal . Second to Deep Purple was `` Concrete God '' , which the band thought was too harsh to take on .",
"In May 1968 , the band moved into Pye Studios in London 's Marble Arch to record their debut album , Shades of Deep Purple , which was released in July by American label Tetragammaton , and in September by UK label EMI . The group had success in North America with a cover of Joe South 's `` Hush '' , and by September 1968 , the song had reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US and number 2 in the Canadian RPM charts , pushing the Shades LP up to No. 24 on Billboard 's pop album charts . The following month , Deep Purple was booked to support Cream on their Goodbye tour .",
"The band 's second album , The Book of Taliesyn , was quickly recorded , then released in North America in October 1968 to coincide with the tour . The album included a cover of Neil Diamond 's `` Kentucky Woman '' , which cracked the Top 40 in both the US ( No. 38 on the Billboard charts ) and Canada ( No. 21 on the RPM charts ) , though sales for the album were not as strong ( No. 54 in US , No. 48 in Canada ) . The Book of Taliesyn would not be released in the band 's home country until the following year and , like its predecessor , it failed to have much impact in the UK charts . Early in 1969 , the band recorded a single called `` Emmaretta '' , named after Emmaretta Marks , then a cast member of the musical Hair , whom Evans was trying to seduce . By March of that year , the band had completed recording for their third album , Deep Purple . The album contained strings and woodwind on one track ( `` April '' ) , showcasing Lord 's classical antecedents such as Bach and Rimsky - Korsakov , and several other influences were in evidence , notably Vanilla Fudge . ( Lord and Blackmore had even claimed the group wanted to be a `` Vanilla Fudge clone '' . ) This would be the last recording by the original line - up .",
"Deep Purple 's troubled North American record label , Tetragrammaton , delayed production of the Deep Purple album until after the band 's 1969 American tour ended . This , as well as lackluster promotion by the nearly broke label , caused the album to sell poorly , finishing well out of the Billboard Top 100 . Soon after the third album 's eventual release , Tetragrammaton went out of business , leaving the band with no money and an uncertain future . ( Tetragrammaton 's assets were assumed by Warner Bros. Records , who would release Deep Purple 's records in the US throughout the 1970s . ) During the 1969 American tour , Lord and Blackmore met with Paice to discuss their desire to take the band in a heavier direction . Feeling that Evans and Simper would not fit well with a heavy rock style , both were replaced that summer . Paice stated , `` A change had to come . If they had n't left , the band would have totally disintegrated . '' Both Simper and Blackmore noted that Rod Evans already had one foot out the door . Simper said that Evans had met a girl in Hollywood and had eyes on being an actor , while Blackmore explained , `` Rod just wanted to go to America and live in America . ''",
"In search of a replacement vocalist , Blackmore set his own sights on 19 - year - old singer Terry Reid . Though he found the offer `` flattering '' , Reid was still bound by the exclusive recording contract with his producer Mickie Most and more interested in his solo career . Blackmore had no other choice but to look elsewhere . The band hunted down singer Ian Gillan from Episode Six , a band that had released several singles in the UK without achieving their big break for commercial success . Gillan had at one time been approached by Nick Simper when Deep Purple was first forming , but Gillan had reportedly told Simper that the Roundabout project would not go anywhere , while he felt Episode Six was poised to make it big . Six 's drummer Mick Underwood -- an old comrade of Blackmore 's from his days in the Outlaws -- introduced the band to Gillan and bassist Roger Glover . This effectively killed Episode Six and gave Underwood a guilt complex that lasted nearly a decade , until Gillan recruited him for his new post-Purple band in the late 1970s . According to Blackmore , Deep Purple was only interested in Gillan and not Glover , but Roger was retained on the advice of Ian Paice .",
"-- Ritchie Blackmore on the hiring of Roger Glover .",
"This created the Deep Purple Mark II line - up , whose first release was a Greenaway - Cook tune titled `` Hallelujah '' . At the time of its recording , Nick Simper still thought he was in the band , and had called the studio to inquire about the recording dates for the song . He then found that the song had already been recorded with Glover on bass . The remaining original members of Deep Purple then instructed management to inform Simper that he had been officially replaced .",
"Despite television appearances to promote the `` Hallelujah '' single in the UK , the song flopped . Blackmore had told the British weekly music newspaper Record Mirror they `` need to have a commercial record in Britain '' , and described the song as `` an in - between sort of thing '' -- a median between what the band would normally make but with an added commercial motive .",
"The band gained some much - needed publicity in September 1969 , with the Concerto for Group and Orchestra , a three - movement epic composed by Lord as a solo project and performed by the band at the Royal Albert Hall in London with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by Malcolm Arnold . Together with Days of Future Passed by the Moody Blues and Five Bridges by the Nice , it was one of the first collaborations between a rock band and an orchestra . This live album became their first album with any kind of chart success in the UK . Gillan and Blackmore were less than happy at the band being tagged as `` a group who played with orchestras '' , both feeling that the Concerto was a distraction that would get in the way of developing their desired hard - rocking style . Lord acknowledged that while the band members were not keen on the project going in , at the end of the performance `` you could put the five smiles together , and it would have spanned the Thames . '' Lord would also write the Gemini Suite , another orchestra / group collaboration in the same vein , for the band in late 1970 . In 1975 , Blackmore stated that he thought the Concerto for Group and Orchestra was n't bad but the Gemini Suite was horrible and very disjointed . Roger Glover later claimed Jon Lord had appeared to be the leader of the band in the early years .",
"Shortly after the orchestral release , Deep Purple began a hectic touring and recording schedule that was to see little respite for the next three years . Their first studio album of this period , released in mid-1970 , was In Rock ( a name supported by the album 's Mount Rushmore - inspired cover ) , which contained the then - concert staples `` Speed King '' , `` Into The Fire '' and `` Child in Time '' . The non-album single `` Black Night '' , released around the same time , finally put Deep Purple into the UK Top Ten . The interplay between Blackmore 's guitar and Lord 's distorted organ , coupled with Gillan 's howling vocals and the rhythm section of Glover and Paice , now started to take on a unique identity that separated the band from its earlier albums . Along with Zeppelin 's Led Zeppelin II and Sabbath 's Paranoid , In Rock codified the budding heavy metal genre .",
"On the album 's development , Blackmore stated : `` I got fed up with playing with classical orchestras , and thought , ' well , this is my turn . ' Jon was into more classical . I thought , ' well you do that , I 'll do rock . ' And I said , ' If this fails , this record , I 'll play with orchestras the rest of my life . ' '' In Rock performed well , especially in the UK where it reached number 4 , while the `` Black Night '' single reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart , and the band performed the song live on the BBC 's Top of the Pops . A second album , the creatively progressive Fireball , was issued in the summer of 1971 , reaching number 1 on the UK Albums Chart . The title track `` Fireball '' was released as a single , as was `` Strange Kind of Woman '' , not from the album but recorded during the same sessions ( although it replaced `` Demon 's Eye '' on the US version of the album ) . `` Strange Kind of Woman '' became their second UK Top 10 single , reaching number 8 .",
"Within weeks of Fireball 's release , the band were already performing songs planned for the next album . One song ( which later became `` Highway Star '' ) was performed at the first gig of the Fireball tour , having been written on the bus to a show in Portsmouth , in answer to a journalist 's question : `` How do you go about writing songs ? '' Three months later , in December 1971 , the band travelled to Switzerland to record Machine Head . The album was due to be recorded at the Montreux Casino , using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , but a fire during a Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention gig , caused by a man firing a flare gun into the ceiling , burned down the Casino . This incident famously inspired the song `` Smoke on the Water '' . The album was later recorded in a corridor at the nearby empty Grand Hotel .",
"Continuing from where both previous albums left off , Machine Head became one of the band 's most famous albums . It became the band 's second number 1 album in the UK , while re-establishing Deep Purple in North America , hitting number 7 in the US and number 1 in Canada . It included tracks that became live classics , such as `` Highway Star '' , `` Space Truckin ' '' , `` Lazy '' and `` Smoke on the Water '' , for which Deep Purple is most famous . Deep Purple continued to tour and record at a rate that would be rare thirty years on ; when Machine Head was recorded , the group had only been together three and a half years , yet the album was their sixth .",
"-- Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich .",
"Meanwhile , the band undertook four North America tours in 1972 , and a Japan tour that led to a double - vinyl live release , Made in Japan . Originally intended as a Japan - only record , its worldwide release saw the double LP become an instant hit . It remains one of rock music 's most popular and highest selling live - concert recordings . The classic Deep Purple Mark II line - up continued to work , and released the album Who Do We Think We Are in 1973 . Spawning the hit single `` Woman from Tokyo '' , the album hit number 4 in the UK charts and number 15 in the US charts while achieving gold record status faster than any Deep Purple album released up to that time . But internal tensions and exhaustion were more noticeable than ever . Following the successes of Machine Head and Made in Japan , the addition of Who Do We Think We Are made them the top - selling artists of 1973 in the US . In Japan alone , Machine Head and Made in Japan would go on to sell well over 1 million copies combined on the back of multiple reissues .",
"Gillan admitted in 1984 that the band was pushed by management to complete the Who Do We Think We Are album on time and go on tour , although they badly needed a break . The bad feelings , including tensions with Blackmore , culminated in Gillan , followed by Glover , quitting the band after their second tour of Japan in the summer of 1973 . In interviews later , Lord called the departure of Gillan and Glover while the band was at its peak `` the biggest shame in rock and roll ; God knows what we would have become over the next three or four years . ''",
"The band hired Midlands bassist / vocalist Glenn Hughes , formerly of Trapeze . According to Paice , Glover told him and Lord a few months before his official resignation that he wanted to leave the band , so they had started to drop in on Trapeze shows . After acquiring Hughes , they debated continuing as a four - piece , with Hughes as bassist and lead vocalist . According to Hughes , he was persuaded because the band would be bringing in Paul Rodgers of Free as a co-lead vocalist , but by that time Rodgers had just started Bad Company . `` They did ask , '' Rodgers recalled , `` and I spoke to all of them at length about the possibility . Purple had toured Australia with Free 's final lineup . I did n't do it because I was very much into the idea of forming Bad Company . '' Instead , auditions were held for lead vocal replacements . They settled on David Coverdale , an unknown singer from Saltburn in Northeast England , primarily because Blackmore liked his masculine , blues - tinged voice .",
"This new lineup continued into 1974 , and their spring tour included shows at Madison Square Garden , New York on 13 March , and Nassau Coliseum four days later . The band coheadlined the famous California Jam festival with Emerson , Lake & Palmer at Ontario Motor Speedway located in Southern California on 6 April 1974 . Attracting over 250,000 fans , the festival also included 1970s rock giants Black Sabbath , Eagles , Emerson , Lake & Palmer , Earth , Wind & Fire , Seals and Crofts , Rare Earth , and also Black Oak Arkansas . Portions of the show were telecast on ABC Television in the US , exposing the band to a wider audience . This lineup 's first album , titled Burn , was highly successful , reaching No. 3 in the UK and No. 9 in the US , and was followed by another world tour . The title track , which opens the album and would open most concerts during the Mark III era , was a conscious effort by the band to embrace the progressive rock movement that was popularised at the time by bands such as Yes , ELP , Genesis , Gentle Giant , etc . `` Burn '' was a complex arrangement that showcased all the members ' virtuosity and particularly Blackmore 's classically influenced guitar prowess , while Hughes and Coverdale provided vocal harmonies and elements of funk and blues , respectively , to the music , a sound that was even more apparent on the late 1974 release Stormbringer . Besides the title track , the Stormbringer album had a number of songs that received much radio play , such as `` Lady Double Dealer '' , `` The Gypsy '' and `` Soldier of Fortune '' , and the album reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 20 on the US Billboard charts . However , Blackmore publicly disliked the album and the funky soul elements , even calling it `` shoeshine music '' . As a result , he left the band on 21 June 1975 to form his own band with Ronnie James Dio of Elf , called Ritchie Blackmore 's Rainbow , later shortened to Rainbow after one album .",
"With Blackmore 's departure , Purple had to fill one of the biggest vacancies in rock music . In spite of this , the band refused to stop , and announced a replacement : American Tommy Bolin . Before Bolin was recruited , Clem Clempson ( Colosseum , Humble Pie ) , Zal Cleminson ( The Sensational Alex Harvey Band ) , Mick Ronson ( David Bowie & The Spiders From Mars ) and Rory Gallagher were considered .",
"There are at least two versions about the recruitment of Bolin : Coverdale claims to have been the one who suggested auditioning Bolin . `` He walked in , thin as a rake , his hair coloured green , yellow and blue with feathers in it . Slinking along beside him was this stunning Hawaiian girl in a crochet dress with nothing on underneath . He plugged into four Marshall 100 - watt stacks and ... the job was his . '' But in an interview published by Melody Maker in June 1975 , Bolin claimed that he came to the audition following a recommendation from Blackmore . Bolin had been a member of many now - forgotten late - 1960s bands -- Denny & The Triumphs , American Standard , and Zephyr , which released three albums from 1969 to 1972 . Before Deep Purple , Bolin 's best - known recordings were made as a session musician on Billy Cobham 's 1973 jazz fusion album Spectrum , and as lead guitarist on two post-Joe Walsh James Gang albums : Bang ( 1973 ) and Miami ( 1974 ) . He had also jammed with such luminaries as Dr. John , Albert King , the Good Rats , Moxy and Alphonse Mouzon , and was busy working on his first solo album , Teaser , when he accepted the invitation to join Deep Purple .",
"The resulting album , Come Taste the Band , was released in October 1975 , one month before Bolin 's Teaser album . Despite mixed reviews and middling sales ( # 19 in the UK and # 43 in the US ) , the collection revitalised the band once again , bringing a new , extreme funk edge to their hard rock sound . Bolin 's influence was crucial , and with encouragement from Hughes and Coverdale , the guitarist developed much of the album 's material . Despite Bolin 's talents , his personal problems with hard drugs began to manifest themselves . During the Come Taste the Band tour , many fans openly booed Tommy 's inability to play solos like Ritchie Blackmore , not realising that Bolin was physically hampered by his addiction . At this same time , as he would admit in interviews years later , Hughes was suffering from a cocaine addiction . After several below - par concert performances , the band was in danger .",
"The end came on tour in England on 15 March 1976 at the Liverpool Empire Theatre . In the words of Jon Lord :",
"`` At one point during the show , Glenn said to the audience , ' I 'm sorry we 're not playing very well , but we 're very tired and jet - lagged . ' And I remember spluttering to myself , ' Speak for yourself . ' I was working like a Trojan to try and make this work ... Paicey was playing like a madman just to keep it all together ... Coverdale was singing his socks off . So to hear this guy who was extremely high on various substances telling the audience , ' I 'm sorry , We are n't playing well ' kind of rankled me a bit . I came off stage and went straight to my dressing room , which I was sharing with Ian Paice , and I said , ' Ian ... that 's it , is n't it ? That 's absolutely the end of this band as far as I 'm concerned . Why are we doing this to ourselves ? ' So he and I shook hands and said , ' It 's over . Thank God . ' About ten minutes later , Coverdale came in , big blustery guy that he is , and he said , ' I 'm leaving the band ! ' And we said , ' David , there 's no band to leave . ' ''",
"The break - up was finally made public in July 1976 , with then - manager Rob Cooksey issuing the simple statement : `` the band will not record or perform together as Deep Purple again '' . Later in the year , Bolin had just finished recording his second solo album , Private Eyes , when , on 4 December 1976 , tragedy struck . In a Miami hotel room , during a tour supporting Jeff Beck , Bolin was found unconscious by his girlfriend and bandmates . Unable to wake him , she hurriedly called paramedics , but it was too late . The official cause of death was multiple - drug intoxication . Bolin was 25 years old .",
"After the break - up , most of the past and present members of Deep Purple went on to have considerable success in a number of other bands , including Gillan , Whitesnake and Rainbow . There were , however , a number of promoter - led attempts to get the band to reform , especially with the revival of the hard rock market in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In 1980 , a touring version of the band surfaced with Rod Evans as the only member who had ever been in Deep Purple , eventually ending in successful legal action from the legitimate Deep Purple camp over unauthorised use of the name . Evans was ordered to pay damages of US $672,000 for using the band name without permission .",
"In April 1984 , eight years after the demise of Deep Purple , a full - scale ( and legal ) reunion took place with the `` classic '' early 1970s line - up of Gillan , Lord , Blackmore , Glover and Paice . The reformed band signed a worldwide deal with PolyGram , with Mercury Records releasing their albums in the US , and Polydor Records in the UK and other countries . The album Perfect Strangers was recorded in Vermont and released in October 1984 . The album was commercially successful , reaching number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200 in the US . The album included the singles and concert staples `` Knockin ' At Your Back Door '' and `` Perfect Strangers '' . Perfect Strangers became the second Deep Purple studio album to go platinum in the US , following Machine Head .",
"The reunion tour followed , starting in Australia and winding its way across the world to North America , then into Europe by the following summer . Financially , the tour was also a tremendous success . In the US , the 1985 tour out - grossed every other artist except Bruce Springsteen . The UK homecoming saw the band perform a concert at Knebworth on 22 June 1985 ( with main support from the Scorpions ; also on the bill were UFO and Meat Loaf ) , where the weather was bad ( torrential rain and 6 inches ( 15 cm ) of mud ) in front of 80,000 fans . The gig was called the `` Return of the Knebworth Fayre '' .",
"The Mark II line - up then released The House of Blue Light in 1987 , which was followed by a world tour ( interrupted after Blackmore broke a finger on stage while trying to catch his guitar after throwing it in the air ) and another live album Nobody 's Perfect ( 1988 ) which was culled from several shows on this tour , but still largely based on the by - now familiar Made in Japan set - list . In the UK a new version of `` Hush '' ( with Gillan on lead vocals ) was released to mark 20 years of the band . In 1989 Gillan was fired as his relations with Blackmore had again soured and their musical differences had diverged too far . Originally , the band intended to recruit Survivor frontman Jimi Jamison as Gillan 's replacement , but this fell through due to complications with Jamison 's record label . Eventually , after auditioning several high - profile candidates , including Brian Howe ( White Spirit , Ted Nugent , Bad Company ) , Doug Pinnick ( King 's X ) , Australians Jimmy Barnes ( Cold Chisel ) and John Farnham ( Little River Band ) , Terry Brock ( Strangeways , Giant ) and Norman `` Kal '' Swan ( Tytan , Lion , Bad Moon Rising ) , former Rainbow vocalist Joe Lynn Turner was recruited into the band . This Mark V line - up recorded just one album , Slaves and Masters ( 1990 ) and toured in support . It achieved modest success and reached number 87 in the Billboard Charts in the US , but some fans criticised it as little more than a so - called `` generic Foreigner wannabe '' album .",
"-- Guitarist Joe Satriani on his brief period with Deep Purple .",
"With the tour complete , Turner was forced out , as Lord , Paice and Glover ( and the record company ) wanted Gillan back in the fold for the 25th anniversary . Blackmore grudgingly relented , after requesting and eventually receiving 250,000 dollars in his bank account and the classic line - up recorded The Battle Rages On ... However , Gillan reworked much of the existing material which had been written with Turner for the album . As a result , Blackmore became infuriated at what he considered non-melodic elements . During an otherwise successful European tour , Blackmore walked out in 1993 , for good , after a show on 17 November in Helsinki , Finland . Joe Satriani was drafted to complete the Japanese dates in December and stayed on for a European Summer tour in 1994 . He was asked to join permanently , but his commitments to his contract with Epic Records prevented this . The band unanimously chose Dixie Dregs / Kansas guitarist Steve Morse to become Satriani 's successor .",
"-- Ian Gillan , on the band 's rebirth",
"Morse 's arrival revitalised the band creatively , and in 1996 a new album titled Purpendicular was released , showing a wide variety of musical styles , though it never made chart success on the Billboard 200 in the US . The Mark VII line - up then released a new live album Live at The Olympia ' 96 in 1997 . With a revamped set list to tour , Deep Purple enjoyed successful tours throughout the rest of the 1990s , releasing the harder - sounding Abandon in 1998 , and touring with renewed enthusiasm . In 1999 , Lord , with the help of a Dutch fan , who was also a musicologist and composer , Marco de Goeij , painstakingly recreated the Concerto for Group and Orchestra , the original score having been lost . It was once again performed at the Royal Albert Hall in September 1999 , this time with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Paul Mann . The concert also included songs from each member 's solo careers , as well as a short Deep Purple set , and the occasion was commemorated on the 2000 album In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra . 2001 saw the release of the box set The Soundboard Series , containing concerts from the 2001 Australian Tour plus two from Tokyo , Japan .",
"Much of the next few years was spent on the road touring . Most of the songs played in their live concerts consisted of classic 1970s material . The group continued forward until 2002 , when founding member Lord ( who , along with Paice , was the only member to be in all incarnations of the band ) announced his amicable retirement from the band to pursue personal projects ( especially orchestral work ) . Lord left his Hammond organ to his replacement , rock keyboard veteran Don Airey ( Colosseum II , Rainbow , Ozzy Osbourne , Black Sabbath , Whitesnake ) , who had helped Deep Purple out when Lord 's knee was injured in 2001 . In 2003 , Deep Purple released their first studio album in five years ( Bananas ) and began touring in support of the album . EMI Records refused a contract extension with Deep Purple , possibly because of lower than expected sales . Actually In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra sold more than Bananas . In July 2005 , the band played at the Live 8 concert in Park Place ( Barrie , Ontario ) and , in October released their next album , Rapture of the Deep , which was followed by the Rapture of the Deep tour . This Mark VIII line - up 's two studio albums were produced by Michael Bradford .",
"In February 2007 , Gillan asked fans not to buy a live album Come Hell or High Water being released by Sony BMG . This was a recording of their 1993 appearance at the NEC in Birmingham , England . Recordings of this show have previously been released without assistance from Gillan or any other members of the band , but he said : `` It was one of the lowest points of my life -- all of our lives , actually '' . In 2009 , Ian Gillan said , `` Record sales have been steadily declining , but people are prepared to pay a lot for concert tickets . '' In addition , Gillan stated `` I do n't think happiness comes with money . '' In 2011 , Deep Purple did concert tours in 48 countries . The Songs That Built Rock Tour used a 38 - piece orchestra , and included a performance at London 's O2 Arena . Until May 2011 , the band members had disagreed about whether to make a new studio album , because it would not really make money any more . Roger Glover stated that Deep Purple should make a new studio album `` even if it costs us money . ''",
"In early 2011 , David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes told VH1 they would like to reunite with former Deep Purple Mark III line - up for the right opportunity , such as a benefit concert . The current band 's chief sound engineer on nine years of tours , Moray McMillin , died in September 2011 , aged 57 .",
"After a lot of songwriting sessions in Europe , Deep Purple decided to record through the summer of 2012 , and the band announced the release of their new studio album in 2013 . Steve Morse announced to French magazine Rock Hard that the new studio album would be produced by the highly respected Bob Ezrin , who is known for his works with Alice Cooper , Kiss , and Pink Floyd . On 16 July 2012 , the band 's co-founding member and former organ player , Jon Lord , died in London , aged 71 . In December 2012 , Roger Glover stated that the band has completed work on 14 songs for a new studio album , with 11 or 12 tracks set to appear on the final album to be released in 2013 . On 26 February 2013 , the title of the band 's nineteenth studio album was announced as Now What ? ! , which was recorded and mixed in Nashville , Tennessee , and released on 26 April 2013 .",
"On 25 November 2016 , Deep Purple announced Infinite as the title of their twentieth studio album , which was released on 7 April 2017 . In support for the album , Deep Purple embarked on 13 May 2017 in Bucharest , Romania on The Long Goodbye Tour due to end on 15 December 2017 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . At the time of the tour 's announcement in December 2016 , Paice told the Heavyworlds website it `` may be the last big tour '' , adding that the band `` do n't know '' . He described the tour as being long in duration , and said : `` We have n't made any hard , fast plans , but it becomes obvious that you can not tour the same way you did when you were 21 . It becomes more and more difficult . People have other things in their lives , which take time . But never say never . '' On 3 February 2017 , Deep Purple released a video version of `` Time for Bedlam '' , the first track taken from the new album and the first new Deep Purple track for almost four years .",
"Deep Purple are cited as one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal , along with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath . The group have influenced a number of rock and metal bands including Metallica , Judas Priest , Queen , Aerosmith , Van Halen , Alice in Chains , Pantera , Bon Jovi , Europe , Rush , Motörhead , and many new wave of British heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden , and Def Leppard . Iron Maiden 's bassist and primary songwriter , Steve Harris , states that his band 's `` heaviness '' was inspired by `` Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in . ''",
"-- Def Leppard vocalist Joe Elliot .",
"In 2000 , Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' programme . At the 2008 World Music Awards the band received the Legend Award . In 2011 , they received the Innovator Award at the 2011 Classic Rock Awards in London . A Rolling Stone readers ' poll in 2012 ranked Made in Japan the sixth best live album of all time . As part of the 40th anniversary celebrations of Machine Head ( 1972 ) , Re-Machined : A Tribute to Deep Purple 's Machine Head was released on 25 September 2012 . This tribute album included artists such as Iron Maiden , Metallica , Steve Vai , Carlos Santana , The Flaming Lips , Black Label Society , Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix , Chickenfoot ( consisting of former Van Halen members Sammy Hagar and Michael Anthony , guitarist Joe Satriani and Chad Smith of Red Hot Chili Peppers ) and the supergroup Kings of Chaos ( Def Leppard vocalist Joe Elliott , Steve Stevens , and former Guns N ' Roses members Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum ) .",
"Before October 2012 , Deep Purple had never been nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( though they have been eligible since 1993 ) , but were nominated for induction in 2012 and 2013 . Despite ranking second in the public 's vote on the Rock Hall fans ' ballot , which had over half a million votes , they were not inducted by the Rock Hall committee . Kiss bassist Gene Simmons and Rush bassist Geddy Lee commented that Deep Purple should obviously be among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . There have been criticisms in the past over Deep Purple not having been inducted . Toto guitarist Steve Lukather commented , `` they put Patti Smith in there but not Deep Purple ? What 's the first song every kid learns how to play ? ( '' Smoke on the Water `` ) ... And they 're not in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? ... the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has lost its cool because of the glaring omissions . '' Guns N ' Roses and Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash expressed his surprise and disagreement for the non-induction of Deep Purple ; `` The list of people who have n't even been nominated is mind - boggling ... ( the ) big one for me is Deep Purple . How could you not induct Deep Purple ? '' . Metallica band members James Hetfield , Lars Ulrich and Kirk Hammett have also lobbied for the band 's induction . In an interview with Rolling Stone in April 2014 , Ulrich pleaded : `` I 'm not going to get into the politics or all that stuff , but I got two words to say : ' Deep Purple ' . That 's all I have to say : Deep Purple . Seriously , people , Deep Purple . Two simple words in the English language ... ' Deep Purple ' ! Did I say that already ? '' In 2015 , Chris Jericho , WWE wrestler and current vocalist of rock band Fozzy , stated : `` that Deep Purple are not in it ( Hall of Fame ) . It 's bullshit . Obviously there 's some politics against them from getting in there . ''",
"-- Excerpt from Lars Ulrich 's speech , inducting Deep Purple into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame .",
"In response to these , a Hall of Fame chief executive said , `` The definition of ' rock and roll ' means different things to different people , but as broad as the classifications may be , they all share a common love of the music . '' Roger Glover remains ambivalent about induction and got an inside word from the Hall , `` One of the jurors said , ' You know , Deep Purple , they 're just one - hit wonders . ' How can you deal with that kind of Philistinism , you know ? '' . Ian Gillan also commented , `` I 've fought all my life against being institutionalised and I think you have to actively search these things out , in other words mingle with the right people , and we do n't get invited to those kind of things . '' On 16 October 2013 Deep Purple were again announced as nominees for inclusion to the Hall , and once again they were not inducted .",
"In April 2015 , Deep Purple topped the list in a Rolling Stone readers poll of acts that should be inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2016 . In October 2015 , the band were nominated for induction for the third time . In December 2015 , the band were announced as 2016 inductees into the Hall of Fame , with the Hall stating : `` Deep Purple 's non-inclusion in the Hall is a gaping hole which must now be filled '' , adding that along with fellow inductees Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , the band make up `` the Holy Trinity of hard rock and metal bands . '' The band was officially inducted on 8 April 2016 . The Hall of Fame announced that the following members were included as inductees : Ian Paice , Jon Lord , Ritchie Blackmore , Roger Glover , Ian Gillan , Rod Evans , David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes . Excluded from induction were Nick Simper , Tommy Bolin , Joe Lynn Turner , Joe Satriani , Steve Morse and Don Airey .",
"Prior to the induction ceremony , Ian Gillan announced that he was barring Hughes , Coverdale , Evans and Blackmore from playing with them onstage , as these members are not in the current `` living , breathing '' version of the band . Of the eight inducted members , five showed up . Blackmore did n't show ; a posting on his Facebook page claimed he was honoured by the induction and had considered attending , until he received correspondence from Bruce Payne , manager from the current touring version of Deep Purple saying , `` No ! '' In interviews at the Rock Hall , however , Gillan insisted he personally invited Blackmore to attend , but not to play onstage . Evans , who had disappeared from the music scene more than three decades prior , also did n't show , whilst because Lord had died in 2012 , his wife Vickie accepted his award on his behalf . The current members of the band played `` Highway Star '' for the opening performance . After a brief interlude playing the Booker T. & the M.G. 's song `` Green Onions '' while photos of the late Jon Lord flashed on the screen behind them , the current Deep Purple members played two more songs : `` Hush '' and their signature tune `` Smoke on the Water '' . Although barred from playing with Deep Purple , both David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes ( as well as Roger Glover ) joined fellow inductees Cheap Trick and an all - star cast to perform a cover of the Fats Domino song `` Ai n't That a Shame '' .",
"Current members",
"Ian Paice -- drums , percussion ( 1968 -- 1976 , 1984 -- present ) Roger Glover -- bass guitar ( 1969 -- 1973 , 1984 -- present ) Ian Gillan -- vocals , harmonica , percussion ( 1969 -- 1973 , 1984 -- 1989 , 1992 -- present ) Steve Morse -- guitars ( 1994 -- present ) Don Airey -- keyboards ( 2002 -- present , touring member 2001 -- 2002 )",
"Ian Paice -- drums , percussion ( 1968 -- 1976 , 1984 -- present )",
"Roger Glover -- bass guitar ( 1969 -- 1973 , 1984 -- present )",
"Ian Gillan -- vocals , harmonica , percussion ( 1969 -- 1973 , 1984 -- 1989 , 1992 -- present )",
"Steve Morse -- guitars ( 1994 -- present )",
"Don Airey -- keyboards ( 2002 -- present , touring member 2001 -- 2002 )",
"Former members",
"Jon Lord -- keyboards , backing vocals , string arrangements ( 1968 -- 1976 , 1984 -- 2002 ) Ritchie Blackmore -- guitars ( 1968 -- 1975 , 1984 -- 1993 ) Rod Evans -- lead vocals ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Nick Simper -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1968 -- 1969 ) David Coverdale -- lead vocals ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Glenn Hughes -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Tommy Bolin -- guitars , vocals , bass guitar ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Joe Lynn Turner -- lead vocals ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Joe Satriani -- guitars ( touring member 1993 -- 1994 )",
"Jon Lord -- keyboards , backing vocals , string arrangements ( 1968 -- 1976 , 1984 -- 2002 )",
"Ritchie Blackmore -- guitars ( 1968 -- 1975 , 1984 -- 1993 )",
"Rod Evans -- lead vocals ( 1968 -- 1969 )",
"Nick Simper -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1968 -- 1969 )",
"David Coverdale -- lead vocals ( 1973 -- 1976 )",
"Glenn Hughes -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1973 -- 1976 )",
"Tommy Bolin -- guitars , vocals , bass guitar ( 1975 -- 1976 )",
"Joe Lynn Turner -- lead vocals ( 1989 -- 1992 )",
"Joe Satriani -- guitars ( touring member 1993 -- 1994 )",
"Deep Purple are considered to be one of the hardest touring bands in the world . From 1968 until today ( with the exception of their 1976 -- 1984 split ) they continue to tour around the world . In 2007 , the band received a special award for selling more than 150,000 tickets in France , with 40 dates in the country in 2007 alone . Also in 2007 , Deep Purple 's Rapture of the Deep tour was voted number 6 concert tour of the year ( in all music genres ) by Planet Rock listeners . The Rolling Stones ' A Bigger Bang tour was voted number 5 and beat Purple 's tour by only 1 % . Deep Purple released a new live compilation DVD box , Around the World Live , in May 2008 . In February 2008 , the band made their first ever appearance at the Kremlin Palace in Moscow , Russia at the personal request of Dmitry Medvedev who at the time was considered a shoo - in for the seat of the Presidency of Russia . Prior to that , Deep Purple has toured Russia several times starting as early as 1996 , but has not been considered to have played such a significant venue previously . The band was part of the entertainment for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic .",
"Deep Purple Debut Tour , 1968 Shades of Deep Purple Tour , 1968 The Book of Taliesyn Tour , 1968 -- 1969 Deep Purple European Tour , ( pre-tour for In Rock ) 1969 -- 1970 In Rock World Tour , 1970 -- 1971 Fireball World Tour , 1971 -- 1972 Machine Head World Tour , 1972 -- 1973 Deep Purple European Tour , ( pre-tour for Burn ) 1973 -- 1974 Burn World Tour , 1974 Stormbringer World Tour , 1974 -- 1975 Come Taste The Band World Tour , 1975 -- 1976 Perfect Strangers World Tour , aka Reunion Tour 1984 -- 1985 The House of Blue Light World Tour , 1987 -- 1988 Slaves and Masters World Tour , 1991 Deep Purple 25 Years Anniversary World Tour , aka The Battle Rages on Tour , 1993 Deep Purple and Joe Satriani Tour , 1993 -- 1994 Deep Purple Secret Mexican Tour ( short warm - up tour with Steve Morse ) , 1994 Deep Purple Secret USA Tour , 1994 -- 1995 Deep Purple Asian & African Tour , 1995 Purpendicular World Tour , 1996 -- 1997 A Band on World Tour , 1998 -- 1999 Concerto World Tour , 2000 -- 2001 Deep Purple World Tour , 2001 -- 2003 Bananas World Tour , 2003 -- 2005 Rapture of the Deep tour , 2006 -- 2011 The Songs That Built Rock Tour , 2011 -- 2012 Now What ? World Tour , 2013 -- 2015 World Tour 2016 , 2016 The Long Goodbye Tour , 2017",
"Deep Purple Debut Tour , 1968",
"Shades of Deep Purple Tour , 1968",
"The Book of Taliesyn Tour , 1968 -- 1969",
"Deep Purple European Tour , ( pre-tour for In Rock ) 1969 -- 1970",
"In Rock World Tour , 1970 -- 1971",
"Fireball World Tour , 1971 -- 1972",
"Machine Head World Tour , 1972 -- 1973",
"Deep Purple European Tour , ( pre-tour for Burn ) 1973 -- 1974",
"Burn World Tour , 1974",
"Stormbringer World Tour , 1974 -- 1975",
"Come Taste The Band World Tour , 1975 -- 1976",
"Perfect Strangers World Tour , aka Reunion Tour 1984 -- 1985",
"The House of Blue Light World Tour , 1987 -- 1988",
"Slaves and Masters World Tour , 1991",
"Deep Purple 25 Years Anniversary World Tour , aka The Battle Rages on Tour , 1993",
"Deep Purple and Joe Satriani Tour , 1993 -- 1994",
"Deep Purple Secret Mexican Tour ( short warm - up tour with Steve Morse ) , 1994",
"Deep Purple Secret USA Tour , 1994 -- 1995",
"Deep Purple Asian & African Tour , 1995",
"Purpendicular World Tour , 1996 -- 1997",
"A Band on World Tour , 1998 -- 1999",
"Concerto World Tour , 2000 -- 2001",
"Deep Purple World Tour , 2001 -- 2003",
"Bananas World Tour , 2003 -- 2005",
"Rapture of the Deep tour , 2006 -- 2011",
"The Songs That Built Rock Tour , 2011 -- 2012",
"Now What ? World Tour , 2013 -- 2015",
"World Tour 2016 , 2016",
"The Long Goodbye Tour , 2017",
"Shades of Deep Purple ( 1968 ) The Book of Taliesyn ( 1968 ) Deep Purple ( 1969 ) Deep Purple in Rock ( 1970 ) Fireball ( 1971 ) Machine Head ( 1972 ) Who Do We Think We Are ( 1973 ) Burn ( 1974 ) Stormbringer ( 1974 ) Come Taste the Band ( 1975 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1984 ) The House of Blue Light ( 1987 ) Slaves and Masters ( 1990 ) The Battle Rages On ... ( 1993 ) Purpendicular ( 1996 ) Abandon ( 1998 ) Bananas ( 2003 ) Rapture of the Deep ( 2005 ) Now What ? ! ( 2013 ) Infinite ( 2017 )",
"Shades of Deep Purple ( 1968 )",
"The Book of Taliesyn ( 1968 )",
"Deep Purple ( 1969 )",
"Deep Purple in Rock ( 1970 )",
"Fireball ( 1971 )",
"Machine Head ( 1972 )",
"Who Do We Think We Are ( 1973 )",
"Burn ( 1974 )",
"Stormbringer ( 1974 )",
"Come Taste the Band ( 1975 )",
"Perfect Strangers ( 1984 )",
"The House of Blue Light ( 1987 )",
"Slaves and Masters ( 1990 )",
"The Battle Rages On ... ( 1993 )",
"Purpendicular ( 1996 )",
"Abandon ( 1998 )",
"Bananas ( 2003 )",
"Rapture of the Deep ( 2005 )",
"Now What ? ! ( 2013 )",
"Infinite ( 2017 )"
] | Deep Purple - wikipedia Deep Purple Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the band. For their third album, see Deep Purple (album) . For other uses, see Deep Purple (disambiguation) . Deep Purple L-- R: Ian Paice , Roger Glover , Ian Gillan , Steve Morse and Don Airey performing live in 2013 Background information Also known as Roundabout Origin Hertford , Hertfordshire, England Genres Hard rock heavy metal progressive rock (early) psychedelic rock (early) Years active 1968-- 1976, 1984-- present Labels Tetragrammaton Warner Bros. Polydor BMG EMI Edel Associated acts The Maze Episode Six Rainbow Blackmore's Night Paice Ashton Lord Whitesnake Black Sabbath Kansas Gillan & Glover Hughes Turner Project Living Loud Rock Aid Armenia WhoCares Trapeze Hughes/Thrall Black Country Communion Gillan Captain Beyond Website deeppurple.com Members Ian Paice Roger Glover Ian Gillan Steve Morse Don Airey Past members Jon Lord Ritchie Blackmore Rod Evans Nick Simper Glenn Hughes David Coverdale Tommy Bolin Joe Lynn Turner Joe Satriani Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. The band is considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock , although their musical approach changed over the years. Originally formed as a progressive rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , have been referred to as the `` unholy trinity of British hard rock and heavy metal in the early to mid-seventies'' . They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as `` the globe's loudest band '' for a 1972 concert at London's Rainbow Theatre , and have sold over 100 million albums worldwide. Deep Purple have had several line-up changes and an eight-year hiatus (1976-- 1984). The 1968-- 1976 line-ups are commonly labelled Mark I, II, III and IV. Their second and most commercially successful line-up consisted of Ian Gillan (vocals), Jon Lord (keyboards, backing vocals), Roger Glover (bass), Ian Paice (drums), and Ritchie Blackmore (guitar). This line-up was active from 1969 to 1973, and was revived from 1984 to 1989, and again from 1992 to 1993. The band achieved more modest success in the intervening periods between 1968 and 1969 with the line-up including Rod Evans (lead vocals) and Nick Simper (bass, backing vocals), between 1974 and 1976 ( Tommy Bolin replacing Blackmore in 1975) with the line-up including David Coverdale (lead vocals) and Glenn Hughes (bass, vocals), and between 1989 and 1992 with the line-up including Joe Lynn Turner (vocals). The band's line-up (currently including Ian Gillan, and guitarist Steve Morse from 1994) has been much more stable in recent years, although keyboardist Jon Lord's retirement from the band in 2002 (being succeeded by Don Airey ) left Ian Paice as the only original Deep Purple member still in the band. Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1 's Greatest Artists of Hard Rock programme and a poll on British radio station Planet Rock ranked them 5th among the `` most influential bands ever'' . The band received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards . Deep Purple (specifically Blackmore, Lord, Paice, Gillan, Glover, Evans, Coverdale and Hughes) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings (1967-- 1968) 1.2 Early years (1968-- 1970) 1.3 Breakthrough success (1970-- 1973) 1.4 New line-up, successes and struggles (1973-- 1976) 1.5 Band split and solo projects (1976-- 1984) 1.6 Reformation, reunions and turmoil (1984-- 1994) 1.7 Revival with Steve Morse and longer tours (1994-- present) 2 Legacy 2.1 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 3 Band members 4 Concert tours 5 Discography 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Beginnings (1967-- 1968) ( edit ) In 1967, former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis contacted London businessman Tony Edwards, in the hope that he would manage a new group he was putting together, to be called Roundabout. Curtis' vision was a `` supergroup'' where the band members would get on and off, like a musical roundabout. Impressed with the plan, Edwards agreed to finance the venture with his two business partners John Coletta and Ron Hire, who comprised Hire-Edwards-Coletta Enterprises (HEC). The first recruit to the band was the classically trained Hammond organ player Jon Lord , Curtis' flatmate who had most notably played with the Artwoods (led by Art Wood , brother of future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood , and including Keef Hartley ). Lord was then performing in a backing band for the vocal group The Flower Pot Men (formerly known as the Ivy League ), along with bassist Nick Simper and drummer Carlo Little . Simper had previously been in Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and survived the 1966 car crash that killed Kidd. Lord put the two on alert that he'd been recruited for the Roundabout project, after which Simper and Little suggested guitarist Ritchie Blackmore , whom Lord had never met. Simper had known Blackmore since the early 1960s when his first band, the Renegades, debuted around the same time as one of Blackmore's early bands, the Dominators. HEC persuaded Blackmore to return from Hamburg to audition for the new group. Blackmore was making a name for himself as a studio session guitarist, and had also been a member of the Outlaws , Screaming Lord Sutch , and Neil Christian . Curtis' erratic behaviour and lifestyle, fuelled by LSD use, caused a sudden disinterest in the project he had started, forcing HEC to dismiss him from Roundabout. But HEC was now intrigued with the possibilities Lord and Blackmore brought, while Lord and Blackmore were also keen to continue. The two carried on, recruiting additional members and keeping Tony Edwards as their manager. Lord convinced Simper to join for good, but left Carlo Little behind in favour of drummer Bobby Woodman . In March 1968, Lord, Blackmore, Simper and Woodman moved into Deeves Hall, a country house in South Mimms , Hertfordshire. The band would live, write and rehearse at Deeves Hall, which was fully kitted out with the latest Marshall amplification. According to Simper, `` dozens'' of singers were auditioned (including Rod Stewart and Woodman's friend Dave Curtiss) until the group heard Rod Evans of the club band The Maze, and thought his voice fit their style well. Tagging along with Evans was his band's drummer, Ian Paice . Blackmore had seen Paice on tour with The Maze in Germany in 1966, and had been impressed by the 18-year-old's drumming. The band hastily arranged an audition for Paice, given that Woodman was vocally unhappy with the direction of the band's music. Both Paice and Evans won their respective jobs, and the line-up was complete. During a brief tour of Denmark and Sweden in April, in which they were still billed as Roundabout, Blackmore suggested a new name: `` Deep Purple '' , named after his grandmother's favourite song. The group had resolved to choose a name after everyone had posted one on a board in rehearsal. Second to Deep Purple was `` Concrete God'' , which the band thought was too harsh to take on. Early years (1968-- 1970) ( edit ) Deep Purple in 1968. Standing from left to right: Simper, Paice and Evans. Seated: Blackmore and Lord In May 1968, the band moved into Pye Studios in London's Marble Arch to record their debut album, Shades of Deep Purple , which was released in July by American label Tetragammaton , and in September by UK label EMI . The group had success in North America with a cover of Joe South 's `` Hush '' , and by September 1968, the song had reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US and number 2 in the Canadian RPM charts, pushing the Shades LP up to No. 24 on Billboard 's pop album charts. The following month, Deep Purple was booked to support Cream on their Goodbye tour. The band's second album, The Book of Taliesyn , was quickly recorded, then released in North America in October 1968 to coincide with the tour. The album included a cover of Neil Diamond 's `` Kentucky Woman '' , which cracked the Top 40 in both the US (No. 38 on the Billboard charts) and Canada (No. 21 on the RPM charts), though sales for the album were not as strong (No. 54 in US, No. 48 in Canada). The Book of Taliesyn would not be released in the band's home country until the following year and, like its predecessor, it failed to have much impact in the UK charts. Early in 1969, the band recorded a single called `` Emmaretta'' , named after Emmaretta Marks, then a cast member of the musical Hair , whom Evans was trying to seduce. By March of that year, the band had completed recording for their third album, Deep Purple . The album contained strings and woodwind on one track (`` April'' ), showcasing Lord's classical antecedents such as Bach and Rimsky-Korsakov , and several other influences were in evidence, notably Vanilla Fudge . (Lord and Blackmore had even claimed the group wanted to be a `` Vanilla Fudge clone'' .) This would be the last recording by the original line-up. Deep Purple's troubled North American record label, Tetragrammaton, delayed production of the Deep Purple album until after the band's 1969 American tour ended. This, as well as lackluster promotion by the nearly broke label, caused the album to sell poorly, finishing well out of the Billboard Top 100. Soon after the third album's eventual release, Tetragrammaton went out of business, leaving the band with no money and an uncertain future. (Tetragrammaton's assets were assumed by Warner Bros. Records , who would release Deep Purple's records in the US throughout the 1970s.) During the 1969 American tour, Lord and Blackmore met with Paice to discuss their desire to take the band in a heavier direction. Feeling that Evans and Simper would not fit well with a heavy rock style, both were replaced that summer. Paice stated, `` A change had to come. If they hadn't left, the band would have totally disintegrated.'' Both Simper and Blackmore noted that Rod Evans already had one foot out the door. Simper said that Evans had met a girl in Hollywood and had eyes on being an actor, while Blackmore explained, `` Rod just wanted to go to America and live in America.'' Ritchie Blackmore in Hannover, Germany, 1970 In search of a replacement vocalist, Blackmore set his own sights on 19-year-old singer Terry Reid . Though he found the offer `` flattering'' , Reid was still bound by the exclusive recording contract with his producer Mickie Most and more interested in his solo career. Blackmore had no other choice but to look elsewhere. The band hunted down singer Ian Gillan from Episode Six , a band that had released several singles in the UK without achieving their big break for commercial success. Gillan had at one time been approached by Nick Simper when Deep Purple was first forming, but Gillan had reportedly told Simper that the Roundabout project would not go anywhere, while he felt Episode Six was poised to make it big. Six's drummer Mick Underwood -- an old comrade of Blackmore's from his days in the Outlaws -- introduced the band to Gillan and bassist Roger Glover . This effectively killed Episode Six and gave Underwood a guilt complex that lasted nearly a decade, until Gillan recruited him for his new post-Purple band in the late 1970s. According to Blackmore, Deep Purple was only interested in Gillan and not Glover, but Roger was retained on the advice of Ian Paice. `` He turned up for the session...he was their (Episode Six's ) bass player. We weren't originally going to take him until Paicey said, ' he's a good bass player, let's keep him.' So I said okay.'' -- Ritchie Blackmore on the hiring of Roger Glover. This created the Deep Purple Mark II line-up, whose first release was a Greenaway - Cook tune titled `` Hallelujah'' . At the time of its recording, Nick Simper still thought he was in the band, and had called the studio to inquire about the recording dates for the song. He then found that the song had already been recorded with Glover on bass. The remaining original members of Deep Purple then instructed management to inform Simper that he had been officially replaced. Despite television appearances to promote the `` Hallelujah'' single in the UK, the song flopped. Blackmore had told the British weekly music newspaper Record Mirror they `` need to have a commercial record in Britain'' , and described the song as `` an in-between sort of thing'' -- a median between what the band would normally make but with an added commercial motive. The band gained some much-needed publicity in September 1969, with the Concerto for Group and Orchestra , a three-movement epic composed by Lord as a solo project and performed by the band at the Royal Albert Hall in London with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by Malcolm Arnold . Together with Days of Future Passed by the Moody Blues and Five Bridges by the Nice , it was one of the first collaborations between a rock band and an orchestra. This live album became their first album with any kind of chart success in the UK. Gillan and Blackmore were less than happy at the band being tagged as `` a group who played with orchestras'' , both feeling that the Concerto was a distraction that would get in the way of developing their desired hard-rocking style. Lord acknowledged that while the band members were not keen on the project going in, at the end of the performance `` you could put the five smiles together, and it would have spanned the Thames.'' Lord would also write the Gemini Suite , another orchestra/group collaboration in the same vein, for the band in late 1970. In 1975, Blackmore stated that he thought the Concerto for Group and Orchestra wasn't bad but the Gemini Suite was horrible and very disjointed. Roger Glover later claimed Jon Lord had appeared to be the leader of the band in the early years. Breakthrough success (1970-- 1973) ( edit ) The classic Deep Purple line up, 1971. From left to right: Jon Lord, Roger Glover, Ian Gillan, Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Paice Shortly after the orchestral release, Deep Purple began a hectic touring and recording schedule that was to see little respite for the next three years. Their first studio album of this period, released in mid-1970, was In Rock (a name supported by the album's Mount Rushmore -inspired cover), which contained the then-concert staples `` Speed King '' , `` Into The Fire'' and `` Child in Time '' . The non-album single `` Black Night '' , released around the same time, finally put Deep Purple into the UK Top Ten. The interplay between Blackmore's guitar and Lord's distorted organ, coupled with Gillan's howling vocals and the rhythm section of Glover and Paice, now started to take on a unique identity that separated the band from its earlier albums. Along with Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin II and Sabbath's Paranoid , In Rock codified the budding heavy metal genre. On the album's development, Blackmore stated: `` I got fed up with playing with classical orchestras, and thought, ' well, this is my turn.' Jon was into more classical. I thought, ' well you do that, I'll do rock.' And I said, ' If this fails, this record, I'll play with orchestras the rest of my life.' '' In Rock performed well, especially in the UK where it reached number 4, while the `` Black Night'' single reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart , and the band performed the song live on the BBC 's Top of the Pops . A second album, the creatively progressive Fireball , was issued in the summer of 1971, reaching number 1 on the UK Albums Chart . The title track `` Fireball '' was released as a single, as was `` Strange Kind of Woman '' , not from the album but recorded during the same sessions (although it replaced `` Demon's Eye'' on the US version of the album). `` Strange Kind of Woman'' became their second UK Top 10 single, reaching number 8. Vocalist Ian Gillan on stage in Clemson, South Carolina , US, 1972 Within weeks of Fireball's release, the band were already performing songs planned for the next album. One song (which later became `` Highway Star '' ) was performed at the first gig of the Fireball tour, having been written on the bus to a show in Portsmouth, in answer to a journalist's question: `` How do you go about writing songs?'' Three months later, in December 1971, the band travelled to Switzerland to record Machine Head . The album was due to be recorded at the Montreux Casino , using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , but a fire during a Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention gig, caused by a man firing a flare gun into the ceiling, burned down the Casino. This incident famously inspired the song `` Smoke on the Water '' . The album was later recorded in a corridor at the nearby empty Grand Hotel. Continuing from where both previous albums left off, Machine Head became one of the band's most famous albums. It became the band's second number 1 album in the UK, while re-establishing Deep Purple in North America, hitting number 7 in the US and number 1 in Canada. It included tracks that became live classics, such as `` Highway Star'' , `` Space Truckin' '' , `` Lazy '' and `` Smoke on the Water'' , for which Deep Purple is most famous. Deep Purple continued to tour and record at a rate that would be rare thirty years on; when Machine Head was recorded, the group had only been together three and a half years, yet the album was their sixth. `` When I was nine years old it was all about Deep Purple. My all time favourite (album) is still Made in Japan '' -- Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich . Meanwhile, the band undertook four North America tours in 1972, and a Japan tour that led to a double-vinyl live release, Made in Japan . Originally intended as a Japan-only record, its worldwide release saw the double LP become an instant hit. It remains one of rock music's most popular and highest selling live-concert recordings. The classic Deep Purple Mark II line-up continued to work, and released the album Who Do We Think We Are in 1973. Spawning the hit single `` Woman from Tokyo'' , the album hit number 4 in the UK charts and number 15 in the US charts while achieving gold record status faster than any Deep Purple album released up to that time. But internal tensions and exhaustion were more noticeable than ever. Following the successes of Machine Head and Made in Japan , the addition of Who Do We Think We Are made them the top-selling artists of 1973 in the US. In Japan alone, Machine Head and Made in Japan would go on to sell well over 1 million copies combined on the back of multiple reissues. New line-up, successes and struggles (1973-- 1976) ( edit ) Gillan admitted in 1984 that the band was pushed by management to complete the Who Do We Think We Are album on time and go on tour, although they badly needed a break. The bad feelings, including tensions with Blackmore, culminated in Gillan, followed by Glover, quitting the band after their second tour of Japan in the summer of 1973. In interviews later, Lord called the departure of Gillan and Glover while the band was at its peak `` the biggest shame in rock and roll; God knows what we would have become over the next three or four years.'' David Coverdale was the band's vocalist between August 1973 and March 1976 The band hired Midlands bassist/vocalist Glenn Hughes , formerly of Trapeze . According to Paice, Glover told him and Lord a few months before his official resignation that he wanted to leave the band, so they had started to drop in on Trapeze shows. After acquiring Hughes, they debated continuing as a four-piece, with Hughes as bassist and lead vocalist. According to Hughes, he was persuaded because the band would be bringing in Paul Rodgers of Free as a co-lead vocalist, but by that time Rodgers had just started Bad Company . `` They did ask,'' Rodgers recalled, `` and I spoke to all of them at length about the possibility. Purple had toured Australia with Free's final lineup. I didn't do it because I was very much into the idea of forming Bad Company.'' Instead, auditions were held for lead vocal replacements. They settled on David Coverdale , an unknown singer from Saltburn in Northeast England, primarily because Blackmore liked his masculine, blues-tinged voice. This new lineup continued into 1974, and their spring tour included shows at Madison Square Garden , New York on 13 March, and Nassau Coliseum four days later. The band coheadlined the famous California Jam festival with Emerson, Lake & Palmer at Ontario Motor Speedway located in Southern California on 6 April 1974. Attracting over 250,000 fans, the festival also included 1970s rock giants Black Sabbath , Eagles , Emerson, Lake & Palmer , Earth, Wind & Fire , Seals and Crofts , Rare Earth , and also Black Oak Arkansas . Portions of the show were telecast on ABC Television in the US, exposing the band to a wider audience. This lineup's first album, titled Burn , was highly successful, reaching No. 3 in the UK and No. 9 in the US, and was followed by another world tour. The title track, which opens the album and would open most concerts during the Mark III era, was a conscious effort by the band to embrace the progressive rock movement that was popularised at the time by bands such as Yes , ELP , Genesis , Gentle Giant , etc. `` Burn'' was a complex arrangement that showcased all the members' virtuosity and particularly Blackmore's classically influenced guitar prowess, while Hughes and Coverdale provided vocal harmonies and elements of funk and blues, respectively, to the music, a sound that was even more apparent on the late 1974 release Stormbringer . Besides the title track, the Stormbringer album had a number of songs that received much radio play, such as `` Lady Double Dealer'' , `` The Gypsy'' and `` Soldier of Fortune'' , and the album reached No. 6 in the UK and No. 20 on the US Billboard charts. However, Blackmore publicly disliked the album and the funky soul elements, even calling it `` shoeshine music'' . As a result, he left the band on 21 June 1975 to form his own band with Ronnie James Dio of Elf , called Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow, later shortened to Rainbow after one album. Glenn Hughes, bassist and co-lead vocalist with Coverdale, 1973 to 1976 With Blackmore's departure, Purple had to fill one of the biggest vacancies in rock music. In spite of this, the band refused to stop, and announced a replacement: American Tommy Bolin . Before Bolin was recruited, Clem Clempson (Colosseum, Humble Pie), Zal Cleminson (The Sensational Alex Harvey Band), Mick Ronson (David Bowie & The Spiders From Mars) and Rory Gallagher were considered. There are at least two versions about the recruitment of Bolin: Coverdale claims to have been the one who suggested auditioning Bolin. `` He walked in, thin as a rake, his hair coloured green, yellow and blue with feathers in it. Slinking along beside him was this stunning Hawaiian girl in a crochet dress with nothing on underneath. He plugged into four Marshall 100-watt stacks and...the job was his.'' But in an interview published by Melody Maker in June 1975, Bolin claimed that he came to the audition following a recommendation from Blackmore. Bolin had been a member of many now-forgotten late-1960s bands -- Denny & The Triumphs, American Standard, and Zephyr , which released three albums from 1969 to 1972. Before Deep Purple, Bolin's best-known recordings were made as a session musician on Billy Cobham 's 1973 jazz fusion album Spectrum , and as lead guitarist on two post-Joe Walsh James Gang albums: Bang (1973) and Miami (1974). He had also jammed with such luminaries as Dr. John , Albert King , the Good Rats , Moxy and Alphonse Mouzon , and was busy working on his first solo album, Teaser , when he accepted the invitation to join Deep Purple. The resulting album, Come Taste the Band , was released in October 1975, one month before Bolin's Teaser album. Despite mixed reviews and middling sales (#19 in the UK and #43 in the US), the collection revitalised the band once again, bringing a new, extreme funk edge to their hard rock sound. Bolin's influence was crucial, and with encouragement from Hughes and Coverdale, the guitarist developed much of the album's material. Despite Bolin's talents, his personal problems with hard drugs began to manifest themselves. During the Come Taste the Band tour, many fans openly booed Tommy's inability to play solos like Ritchie Blackmore, not realising that Bolin was physically hampered by his addiction. At this same time, as he would admit in interviews years later, Hughes was suffering from a cocaine addiction. After several below-par concert performances, the band was in danger. Band split and solo projects (1976-- 1984) ( edit ) Promotional photo of Deep Purple for their 1976 UK Tour. From left to right: top row: David Coverdale , Ian Paice bottom row: Glenn Hughes , Tommy Bolin , Jon Lord The end came on tour in England on 15 March 1976 at the Liverpool Empire Theatre . In the words of Jon Lord: `` At one point during the show, Glenn said to the audience, ' I'm sorry we're not playing very well, but we're very tired and jet-lagged.' And I remember spluttering to myself, ' Speak for yourself.' I was working like a Trojan to try and make this work ... Paicey was playing like a madman just to keep it all together ... Coverdale was singing his socks off. So to hear this guy who was extremely high on various substances telling the audience, ' I'm sorry, We aren't playing well' kind of rankled me a bit. I came off stage and went straight to my dressing room, which I was sharing with Ian Paice, and I said, ' Ian ... that's it, isn't it? That's absolutely the end of this band as far as I'm concerned. Why are we doing this to ourselves?' So he and I shook hands and said, ' It's over. Thank God.' About ten minutes later, Coverdale came in, big blustery guy that he is, and he said, ' I'm leaving the band!' And we said, ' David, there's no band to leave. ' '' The break-up was finally made public in July 1976, with then-manager Rob Cooksey issuing the simple statement: `` the band will not record or perform together as Deep Purple again'' . Later in the year, Bolin had just finished recording his second solo album, Private Eyes , when, on 4 December 1976, tragedy struck. In a Miami hotel room, during a tour supporting Jeff Beck , Bolin was found unconscious by his girlfriend and bandmates. Unable to wake him, she hurriedly called paramedics, but it was too late. The official cause of death was multiple-drug intoxication. Bolin was 25 years old. After the break-up, most of the past and present members of Deep Purple went on to have considerable success in a number of other bands, including Gillan , Whitesnake and Rainbow . There were, however, a number of promoter-led attempts to get the band to reform, especially with the revival of the hard rock market in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1980, a touring version of the band surfaced with Rod Evans as the only member who had ever been in Deep Purple, eventually ending in successful legal action from the legitimate Deep Purple camp over unauthorised use of the name. Evans was ordered to pay damages of US$672,000 for using the band name without permission. Reformation, reunions and turmoil (1984-- 1994) ( edit ) In April 1984, eight years after the demise of Deep Purple, a full-scale (and legal) reunion took place with the `` classic'' early 1970s line-up of Gillan, Lord, Blackmore, Glover and Paice. The reformed band signed a worldwide deal with PolyGram , with Mercury Records releasing their albums in the US, and Polydor Records in the UK and other countries. The album Perfect Strangers was recorded in Vermont and released in October 1984. The album was commercially successful, reaching number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200 in the US. The album included the singles and concert staples `` Knockin' At Your Back Door'' and `` Perfect Strangers '' . Perfect Strangers became the second Deep Purple studio album to go platinum in the US, following Machine Head . The reunion tour followed, starting in Australia and winding its way across the world to North America, then into Europe by the following summer. Financially, the tour was also a tremendous success. In the US, the 1985 tour out-grossed every other artist except Bruce Springsteen . The UK homecoming saw the band perform a concert at Knebworth on 22 June 1985 (with main support from the Scorpions ; also on the bill were UFO and Meat Loaf ), where the weather was bad (torrential rain and 6 inches (15 cm) of mud) in front of 80,000 fans. The gig was called the `` Return of the Knebworth Fayre'' . Deep Purple at the Cow Palace , San Francisco, California. January 1985 The Mark II line-up then released The House of Blue Light in 1987, which was followed by a world tour (interrupted after Blackmore broke a finger on stage while trying to catch his guitar after throwing it in the air) and another live album Nobody's Perfect (1988) which was culled from several shows on this tour, but still largely based on the by-now familiar Made in Japan set-list. In the UK a new version of `` Hush'' (with Gillan on lead vocals) was released to mark 20 years of the band. In 1989 Gillan was fired as his relations with Blackmore had again soured and their musical differences had diverged too far. Originally, the band intended to recruit Survivor frontman Jimi Jamison as Gillan's replacement, but this fell through due to complications with Jamison's record label . Eventually, after auditioning several high-profile candidates, including Brian Howe ( White Spirit , Ted Nugent , Bad Company ), Doug Pinnick ( King's X ), Australians Jimmy Barnes ( Cold Chisel ) and John Farnham ( Little River Band ), Terry Brock (Strangeways, Giant ) and Norman `` Kal'' Swan ( Tytan , Lion , Bad Moon Rising ), former Rainbow vocalist Joe Lynn Turner was recruited into the band. This Mark V line-up recorded just one album, Slaves and Masters (1990) and toured in support. It achieved modest success and reached number 87 in the Billboard Charts in the US, but some fans criticised it as little more than a so-called `` generic Foreigner wannabe'' album. `` Musically, it was very satisfying. The setlist was straight out of classic rock heaven. And the band were just great. Their timing was just fantastic.'' --Guitarist Joe Satriani on his brief period with Deep Purple. With the tour complete, Turner was forced out, as Lord, Paice and Glover (and the record company) wanted Gillan back in the fold for the 25th anniversary. Blackmore grudgingly relented, after requesting and eventually receiving 250,000 dollars in his bank account and the classic line-up recorded The Battle Rages On... However, Gillan reworked much of the existing material which had been written with Turner for the album. As a result, Blackmore became infuriated at what he considered non-melodic elements. During an otherwise successful European tour, Blackmore walked out in 1993, for good, after a show on 17 November in Helsinki , Finland . Joe Satriani was drafted to complete the Japanese dates in December and stayed on for a European Summer tour in 1994. He was asked to join permanently, but his commitments to his contract with Epic Records prevented this. The band unanimously chose Dixie Dregs / Kansas guitarist Steve Morse to become Satriani's successor. Revival with Steve Morse and longer tours (1994-- present) ( edit ) Deep Purple was approaching death in 1993. Audiences were falling off, we were playing 4,000-seaters with barely 1200, 1500 people in them... Then, fortunately, Ritchie walked out, the sun shone again and we all said: `` OK, we'll give it one more shot.'' So, yes, we are grateful for that chance. --Ian Gillan, on the band's rebirth Morse's arrival revitalised the band creatively, and in 1996 a new album titled Purpendicular was released, showing a wide variety of musical styles, though it never made chart success on the Billboard 200 in the US. The Mark VII line-up then released a new live album Live at The Olympia ' 96 in 1997. With a revamped set list to tour, Deep Purple enjoyed successful tours throughout the rest of the 1990s, releasing the harder-sounding Abandon in 1998, and touring with renewed enthusiasm. In 1999, Lord, with the help of a Dutch fan, who was also a musicologist and composer, Marco de Goeij , painstakingly recreated the Concerto for Group and Orchestra , the original score having been lost. It was once again performed at the Royal Albert Hall in September 1999, this time with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Paul Mann. The concert also included songs from each member's solo careers, as well as a short Deep Purple set, and the occasion was commemorated on the 2000 album In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra . 2001 saw the release of the box set The Soundboard Series , containing concerts from the 2001 Australian Tour plus two from Tokyo, Japan. Roger Glover and Steve Morse playing the intro to `` Highway Star '' at the Molson Amphitheatre , Toronto, 2005 Much of the next few years was spent on the road touring. Most of the songs played in their live concerts consisted of classic 1970s material. The group continued forward until 2002, when founding member Lord (who, along with Paice, was the only member to be in all incarnations of the band) announced his amicable retirement from the band to pursue personal projects (especially orchestral work). Lord left his Hammond organ to his replacement, rock keyboard veteran Don Airey (Colosseum II, Rainbow, Ozzy Osbourne, Black Sabbath, Whitesnake), who had helped Deep Purple out when Lord's knee was injured in 2001. In 2003, Deep Purple released their first studio album in five years ( Bananas ) and began touring in support of the album. EMI Records refused a contract extension with Deep Purple, possibly because of lower than expected sales. Actually In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra sold more than Bananas . In July 2005, the band played at the Live 8 concert in Park Place ( Barrie, Ontario ) and, in October released their next album, Rapture of the Deep , which was followed by the Rapture of the Deep tour . This Mark VIII line-up's two studio albums were produced by Michael Bradford . Drummer Ian Paice (2006) In February 2007, Gillan asked fans not to buy a live album Come Hell or High Water being released by Sony BMG . This was a recording of their 1993 appearance at the NEC in Birmingham, England. Recordings of this show have previously been released without assistance from Gillan or any other members of the band, but he said: `` It was one of the lowest points of my life -- all of our lives, actually'' . In 2009, Ian Gillan said, `` Record sales have been steadily declining, but people are prepared to pay a lot for concert tickets.'' In addition, Gillan stated `` I don't think happiness comes with money.'' In 2011, Deep Purple did concert tours in 48 countries. The Songs That Built Rock Tour used a 38-piece orchestra, and included a performance at London's O2 Arena . Until May 2011, the band members had disagreed about whether to make a new studio album, because it would not really make money any more. Roger Glover stated that Deep Purple should make a new studio album `` even if it costs us money.'' Glover and Morse in 2013 in Spain. In early 2011, David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes told VH1 they would like to reunite with former Deep Purple Mark III line-up for the right opportunity, such as a benefit concert. The current band's chief sound engineer on nine years of tours, Moray McMillin, died in September 2011, aged 57. After a lot of songwriting sessions in Europe, Deep Purple decided to record through the summer of 2012, and the band announced the release of their new studio album in 2013. Steve Morse announced to French magazine Rock Hard that the new studio album would be produced by the highly respected Bob Ezrin , who is known for his works with Alice Cooper , Kiss , and Pink Floyd . On 16 July 2012, the band's co-founding member and former organ player, Jon Lord, died in London, aged 71. In December 2012, Roger Glover stated that the band has completed work on 14 songs for a new studio album, with 11 or 12 tracks set to appear on the final album to be released in 2013. On 26 February 2013, the title of the band's nineteenth studio album was announced as Now What?! , which was recorded and mixed in Nashville , Tennessee, and released on 26 April 2013. On 25 November 2016, Deep Purple announced Infinite as the title of their twentieth studio album, which was released on 7 April 2017. In support for the album, Deep Purple embarked on 13 May 2017 in Bucharest, Romania on The Long Goodbye Tour due to end on 15 December 2017 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At the time of the tour's announcement in December 2016, Paice told the Heavyworlds website it `` may be the last big tour'' , adding that the band `` don't know'' . He described the tour as being long in duration, and said: `` We haven't made any hard, fast plans, but it becomes obvious that you cannot tour the same way you did when you were 21. It becomes more and more difficult. People have other things in their lives, which take time. But never say never.'' On 3 February 2017, Deep Purple released a video version of `` Time for Bedlam'' , the first track taken from the new album and the first new Deep Purple track for almost four years. Legacy ( edit ) Deep Purple are cited as one of the pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal, along with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath . The group have influenced a number of rock and metal bands including Metallica , Judas Priest , Queen , Aerosmith , Van Halen , Alice in Chains , Pantera , Bon Jovi , Europe , Rush , Motörhead , and many new wave of British heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden , and Def Leppard . Iron Maiden's bassist and primary songwriter, Steve Harris , states that his band's `` heaviness'' was inspired by `` Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in.'' `` In 1971, there were only three bands that mattered, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Deep Purple.'' -- Def Leppard vocalist Joe Elliot . In 2000, Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock'' programme. At the 2008 World Music Awards the band received the Legend Award. In 2011, they received the Innovator Award at the 2011 Classic Rock Awards in London. A Rolling Stone readers' poll in 2012 ranked Made in Japan the sixth best live album of all time. As part of the 40th anniversary celebrations of Machine Head (1972), Re-Machined: A Tribute to Deep Purple's Machine Head was released on 25 September 2012. This tribute album included artists such as Iron Maiden , Metallica , Steve Vai , Carlos Santana , The Flaming Lips , Black Label Society , Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix , Chickenfoot (consisting of former Van Halen members Sammy Hagar and Michael Anthony , guitarist Joe Satriani and Chad Smith of Red Hot Chili Peppers ) and the supergroup Kings of Chaos ( Def Leppard vocalist Joe Elliott , Steve Stevens , and former Guns N' Roses members Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum ). Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( edit ) Before October 2012, Deep Purple had never been nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (though they have been eligible since 1993), but were nominated for induction in 2012 and 2013. Despite ranking second in the public's vote on the Rock Hall fans' ballot, which had over half a million votes, they were not inducted by the Rock Hall committee. Kiss bassist Gene Simmons and Rush bassist Geddy Lee commented that Deep Purple should obviously be among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees. There have been criticisms in the past over Deep Purple not having been inducted. Toto guitarist Steve Lukather commented, `` they put Patti Smith in there but not Deep Purple? What's the first song every kid learns how to play? ('' Smoke on the Water`` ) ... And they're not in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame? ... the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has lost its cool because of the glaring omissions.'' Guns N' Roses and Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash expressed his surprise and disagreement for the non-induction of Deep Purple; `` The list of people who haven't even been nominated is mind-boggling ... (the) big one for me is Deep Purple. How could you not induct Deep Purple?'' . Metallica band members James Hetfield , Lars Ulrich and Kirk Hammett have also lobbied for the band's induction. In an interview with Rolling Stone in April 2014, Ulrich pleaded: `` I'm not going to get into the politics or all that stuff, but I got two words to say: ' Deep Purple' . That's all I have to say: Deep Purple. Seriously, people, Deep Purple. Two simple words in the English language ... ' Deep Purple' ! Did I say that already?'' In 2015, Chris Jericho , WWE wrestler and current vocalist of rock band Fozzy , stated: `` that Deep Purple are not in it (Hall of Fame). It's bullshit. Obviously there's some politics against them from getting in there.'' `` With almost no exceptions, every hard rock band in the last 40 years, including mine, traces its lineage directly back to Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple. Where I grew up, and in the rest of the world outside of North America, all were equal in status, stature and influence. So in my heart -- and I know I speak for many of my fellow musicians and millions of Purple fans when I confess that -- I am somewhat bewildered that they are so late in getting in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.'' -- Excerpt from Lars Ulrich's speech, inducting Deep Purple into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. In response to these, a Hall of Fame chief executive said, `` The definition of ' rock and roll' means different things to different people, but as broad as the classifications may be, they all share a common love of the music.'' Roger Glover remains ambivalent about induction and got an inside word from the Hall, `` One of the jurors said, ' You know, Deep Purple, they're just one-hit wonders.' How can you deal with that kind of Philistinism , you know?'' . Ian Gillan also commented, `` I've fought all my life against being institutionalised and I think you have to actively search these things out, in other words mingle with the right people, and we don't get invited to those kind of things.'' On 16 October 2013 Deep Purple were again announced as nominees for inclusion to the Hall, and once again they were not inducted. In April 2015, Deep Purple topped the list in a Rolling Stone readers poll of acts that should be inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2016. In October 2015, the band were nominated for induction for the third time. In December 2015, the band were announced as 2016 inductees into the Hall of Fame, with the Hall stating: `` Deep Purple's non-inclusion in the Hall is a gaping hole which must now be filled'' , adding that along with fellow inductees Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, the band make up `` the Holy Trinity of hard rock and metal bands.'' The band was officially inducted on 8 April 2016. The Hall of Fame announced that the following members were included as inductees: Ian Paice , Jon Lord , Ritchie Blackmore , Roger Glover , Ian Gillan , Rod Evans , David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes . Excluded from induction were Nick Simper , Tommy Bolin , Joe Lynn Turner , Joe Satriani , Steve Morse and Don Airey . Prior to the induction ceremony, Ian Gillan announced that he was barring Hughes, Coverdale, Evans and Blackmore from playing with them onstage, as these members are not in the current `` living, breathing'' version of the band. Of the eight inducted members, five showed up. Blackmore didn't show; a posting on his Facebook page claimed he was honoured by the induction and had considered attending, until he received correspondence from Bruce Payne, manager from the current touring version of Deep Purple saying, `` No!'' In interviews at the Rock Hall, however, Gillan insisted he personally invited Blackmore to attend, but not to play onstage. Evans, who had disappeared from the music scene more than three decades prior, also didn't show, whilst because Lord had died in 2012, his wife Vickie accepted his award on his behalf. The current members of the band played `` Highway Star '' for the opening performance. After a brief interlude playing the Booker T. & the M.G.'s song `` Green Onions '' while photos of the late Jon Lord flashed on the screen behind them, the current Deep Purple members played two more songs: `` Hush '' and their signature tune `` Smoke on the Water '' . Although barred from playing with Deep Purple, both David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes (as well as Roger Glover) joined fellow inductees Cheap Trick and an all-star cast to perform a cover of the Fats Domino song `` Ain't That a Shame '' . Band members ( edit ) Current members of Deep Purple with then-Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in 2011 Main article: List of Deep Purple band members Current members Ian Paice -- drums, percussion (1968-- 1976, 1984-- present) Roger Glover -- bass guitar (1969-- 1973, 1984-- present) Ian Gillan -- vocals, harmonica, percussion (1969-- 1973, 1984-- 1989, 1992-- present) Steve Morse -- guitars (1994-- present) Don Airey -- keyboards (2002-- present, touring member 2001-- 2002) Former members Jon Lord -- keyboards, backing vocals, string arrangements (1968-- 1976, 1984-- 2002) Ritchie Blackmore -- guitars (1968-- 1975, 1984-- 1993) Rod Evans -- lead vocals (1968-- 1969) Nick Simper -- bass guitar, backing vocals (1968-- 1969) David Coverdale -- lead vocals (1973-- 1976) Glenn Hughes -- bass guitar, vocals (1973-- 1976) Tommy Bolin -- guitars, vocals, bass guitar (1975-- 1976) Joe Lynn Turner -- lead vocals (1989-- 1992) Joe Satriani -- guitars (touring member 1993-- 1994) Concert tours ( edit ) Deep Purple are considered to be one of the hardest touring bands in the world. From 1968 until today (with the exception of their 1976-- 1984 split) they continue to tour around the world. In 2007, the band received a special award for selling more than 150,000 tickets in France, with 40 dates in the country in 2007 alone. Also in 2007, Deep Purple's Rapture of the Deep tour was voted number 6 concert tour of the year (in all music genres) by Planet Rock listeners. The Rolling Stones ' A Bigger Bang tour was voted number 5 and beat Purple's tour by only 1%. Deep Purple released a new live compilation DVD box, Around the World Live, in May 2008. In February 2008, the band made their first ever appearance at the Kremlin Palace in Moscow, Russia at the personal request of Dmitry Medvedev who at the time was considered a shoo-in for the seat of the Presidency of Russia. Prior to that, Deep Purple has toured Russia several times starting as early as 1996, but has not been considered to have played such a significant venue previously. The band was part of the entertainment for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic. Deep Purple in Brazil, March 2009 Deep Purple Debut Tour , 1968 Shades of Deep Purple Tour , 1968 The Book of Taliesyn Tour , 1968-- 1969 Deep Purple European Tour , (pre-tour for In Rock ) 1969-- 1970 In Rock World Tour , 1970-- 1971 Fireball World Tour, 1971-- 1972 Machine Head World Tour, 1972-- 1973 Deep Purple European Tour, (pre-tour for Burn ) 1973-- 1974 Burn World Tour, 1974 Stormbringer World Tour, 1974-- 1975 Come Taste The Band World Tour, 1975-- 1976 Perfect Strangers World Tour, aka Reunion Tour 1984-- 1985 The House of Blue Light World Tour, 1987-- 1988 Slaves and Masters World Tour, 1991 Deep Purple 25 Years Anniversary World Tour, aka The Battle Rages on Tour, 1993 Deep Purple and Joe Satriani Tour, 1993-- 1994 Deep Purple Secret Mexican Tour (short warm-up tour with Steve Morse ), 1994 Deep Purple Secret USA Tour , 1994-- 1995 Deep Purple Asian & African Tour, 1995 Purpendicular World Tour, 1996-- 1997 A Band on World Tour, 1998-- 1999 Concerto World Tour, 2000-- 2001 Deep Purple World Tour, 2001-- 2003 Bananas World Tour, 2003-- 2005 Rapture of the Deep tour , 2006-- 2011 The Songs That Built Rock Tour , 2011-- 2012 Now What? World Tour , 2013-- 2015 World Tour 2016 , 2016 The Long Goodbye Tour , 2017 Discography ( edit ) Main article: Deep Purple discography Shades of Deep Purple (1968) The Book of Taliesyn (1968) Deep Purple (1969) Deep Purple in Rock (1970) Fireball (1971) Machine Head (1972) Who Do We Think We Are (1973) Burn (1974) Stormbringer (1974) Come Taste the Band (1975) Perfect Strangers (1984) The House of Blue Light (1987) Slaves and Masters (1990) The Battle Rages On... (1993) Purpendicular (1996) Abandon (1998) Bananas (2003) Rapture of the Deep (2005) Now What?! (2013) Infinite (2017) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shades of Deep Purple album sleeve notes pp. 4-- 5. ^ Jump up to: Wasler, Robert (1993). Running with the Devil: power, gender, and madness in heavy metal music . Wesleyan University Press. p. 10. ^ Jump up to: Michael Campbell & James Brody (2008). Rock and Roll: An Introducction . p. 213. Jump up ^ Jeb Wright (2009). `` The Naked Truth: An Exclusive Interview with Deep Purple's Ian Gillan'' . Classic Rock Revisited . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. ^ Jump up to: Charlton, Katherine (2003). Rock Music Styles: A History . p. 241. McGraw Hill. Jump up ^ McIver, Joel (2006). `` Black Sabbath: Sabbath Bloody Sabbath'' . Chapter 12, p. 1. Jump up ^ McWhirter, Ross (1975). Guinness Book of World Records (14 ed.). Sterling Pub. Co. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8069-0012-4 . Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny. `` Deep Purple'' . Allmusic . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple founder who co-wrote classics including Smoke On The Water dies at 71'' . Daily Mail. Retrieved 25 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Jon Lord, keyboard player with seminal hard rock act Deep Purple, dies'' . CNN. Retrieved 25 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple keyboard player Jon Lord dies aged 71'' . The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple's Jon Lord dies at 71'' Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ...Msnbc. Retrieved 25 July 2012 Jump up ^ Deep Purple reviews . Jump up ^ Deep Purple Mark I & Mark II . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Counts Down the ' 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock' In Five-Hour, Five-Night Special'' . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Rock: Most Influential Band Ever -- The Results'' . Planet Rock . Retrieved 25 February 2013 ^ Jump up to: `` World Music Awards: Legends'' . WorldMusicAwards.com . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Deep Purple Rocks Hall of Fame With Hits-Filled Set'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 19 October 2016 ^ Jump up to: Thompson, Dave (2004). Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. The Artwoods Allmusic. Retrieved 12 December 2011 ^ Jump up to: Robinson, Simon (July 1983). `` Nick Simper Interview from `` Darker than Blue'' , July 1983`` . Darker than Blue . Nick Simper official website . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (2004). `` Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story'' p.5. ECW Press ^ Jump up to: Thompson, Dave. Chris Curtis Biography Allmusic. Retrieved 12 December 2011 Jump up ^ Dafydd Rees, Luke Crampton (1999). `` Rock stars encyclopedia'' p.279. DK Publishing. Jump up ^ Frame, Pete (2000). `` Pete Frame's Rocking Around Britain '' p.54. Music Sales Group, 2000 ^ Jump up to: Jerry Bloom (2006). Black Knight: Ritchie Blackmore . Omnibus Press 2008. Blackmore has stated; `` It was a song my grandmother used to play on the piano.'' Jump up ^ Welch, Chris. `` The Story of Deep Purple.'' In Deep Purple: HM Photo Book , copyright 1983, Omnibus Press. Jump up ^ Rock Formations: Categorical Answers to How Band Names Were Formed p.53. Cidermill Books. Retrieved 29 April 2011 Jump up ^ Tyler, Kieron On The Roundabout With Deep Purple Retrieved 29 April 2011 Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (2004). `` Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story'' pp.41-- 42. ECW Press. Retrieved 19 February 2012 ^ Jump up to: Miles, Barry (2009) The British Invasion: The Music, the Times, the Era p.264. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009 Jump up ^ The RPM 100: Deep Purple Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 12 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Book of Taliesyn Billboard Singles'' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 10, No. 16, December 16, 1968'' . Library and Archives Canada . 16 December 1968 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Taliesyn Billboard Albums'' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums/CDs -- Volume 11, No. 2, March 10, 1969'' . Library and Archives Canada . 10 March 1969 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (2004). `` Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story'' p.324. ECW Press Jump up ^ `` Ritchie Blackmore, Interviews'' . Thehighwaystar.com . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn (2007). `` The Billboard Albums: Includes Every Album That Made the Billboard 200 Chart'' . p.227. Record Research Inc., 2007 ^ Jump up to: Steve Rosen Interview with Ritchie Blackmore, 1974 Retrieved from YouTube `` Ritchie Blackmore, Guitar God Part 1/5'' on 14 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Interview: Singer and guitarist Terry Reid'' . The Independent . London. 7 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Anasontzis, George. `` Rockpages.gr interview with Nick Simper'' . Rockpages . Archived from the original on 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Bloom, Jerry (2008). `` Black Knight: Ritchie Blackmore'' p.128. Omnibus Press, 2008 Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple UK chart stats'' . ChartStats.com . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Steven Rosen (1975). `` Ritchie Blackmore Interview: Deep Purple, Rainbow and Dio'' . Guitar International . Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Jump up ^ `` A Highway Star: Deep Purple's Roger Glover Interviewed'' . The Quietus. 20 January 2011. ^ Jump up to: Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums . London: Guinness World Records Limited Jump up ^ Steve Rosen Interview with Ritchie Blackmore, 1974 Retrieved from YouTube `` Ritchie Blackmore, Guitar God Part 2/5'' on 14 January 2014. Jump up ^ Jerry Bloom (2007). `` Black Knight'' . p. 139. Music Sales Group. ^ Jump up to: `` Deep Purple: UK Charts'' . Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 February 2015 Jump up ^ Deep Purple: Fireball Allmusic. Retrieved 12 November 2011 Jump up ^ (DVD) Classic Albums -- Deep Purple -- Machine Head, Eagle Rock Entertainment, 2002 Jump up ^ Deep Purple release ' Machine Head' BBC. 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As for individual albums, if Oricon figures of both Live In Japan and Machine Head are under 80,000 it appears clear they shifted well past 1 million copies combined. Jump up ^ Deep Purple: The Interview . Interview picture disc, 1984, Mercury Records. Jump up ^ Peter Buckley (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock p.279. Rough Guides. Retrieved 1 March 2012 Jump up ^ Mike Clifford, Pete Frame (1992). The Harmony Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock , p.41. Harmony Books. Retrieved 1 March 2012 Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-- 2006 , p.227. Record Research Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple -Documentary'' . youtube.com . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Liner notes for the 30th anniversary edition of Burn. ^ Jump up to: `` Van der Lee, Matthijs. ' ' Burn' ' review at'' . Sputnikmusic.com. 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Glenn Hughes Interview'' . Vintage Rock.com . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . 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References ( edit ) Deep Purple -- The Illustrated Biography , Chris Charlesworth, Omnibus Press, 1983, ISBN 0-7119-0174-0 Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story , Dave Thompson, ECW Press, 2004, ISBN 1-55022-618-5 The Complete Deep Purple , Michael Heatley, Reynolds & Hearn, 2005, ISBN 1-903111-99-4 Touched by Magic: The Tommy Bolin Story , Greg Prato, Createspace, 2008, ISBN 0-5780031-7-1 . External links ( edit ) Book: Deep Purple Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deep Purple . The official Deep Purple website for promoters, press and fans Deep Purple -- The official website with fan community Deep Purple at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) Deep Purple Ian Paice Roger Glover Ian Gillan Steve Morse Don Airey Jon Lord Ritchie Blackmore Rod Evans Nick Simper Glenn Hughes David Coverdale Tommy Bolin Joe Lynn Turner Joe Satriani Studio albums Shades of Deep Purple The Book of Taliesyn Deep Purple Deep Purple in Rock Fireball Machine Head Who Do We Think We Are Burn Stormbringer Come Taste the Band Perfect Strangers The House of Blue Light Slaves and Masters The Battle Rages On... Purpendicular Abandon Bananas Rapture of the Deep Now What?! Infinite Live albums Concerto for Group and Orchestra Made in Japan Made in Europe Last Concert in Japan Deep Purple in Concert Live in London Nobody's Perfect Scandinavian Nights In the Absence of Pink: Knebworth ' 85 Gemini Suite Live Come Hell or High Water King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents: Deep Purple in Concert California Jamming Mk III: The Final Concerts Live at The Olympia ' 96 Total Abandon: Australia ' 99 In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra Live at the Rotterdam Ahoy This Time Around: Live in Tokyo Live in Paris 1975 Inglewood: Live in California Space Vol 1 & 2 Perks and Tit Live in Europe 1993 Live at Montreux 1996 Live in Montreux 69 Live in Denmark 1972 Live at Montreux 2006: They All Came Down to Montreux Live at Montreux 2011 Phoenix Rising Live in Verona Compilation albums Purple Passages Mark I & II 24 Carat Purple Powerhouse The Deep Purple Singles A's and B's When We Rock, We Rock, and When We Roll, We Roll The Mark II Purple Singles Deepest Purple: The Very Best of Deep Purple The Anthology Knocking at Your Back Door: The Best of Deep Purple in the 80's Smoke on the Water: The Best Of 30: Very Best of Deep Purple Smoke on the Water Shades 1968-- 1998 The Very Best of Deep Purple Days May Come and Days May Go Smoke on the Water & Other Hits The Soundboard Series Listen, Learn, Read On Winning Combinations: Deep Purple and Rainbow The Early Years The Platinum Collection BBC Sessions 1968-- 1970 Singles `` Hush '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` Emmaretta '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Black Night '' `` Strange Kind of Woman '' `` Fireball '' `` Never Before '' `` Lazy '' `` Highway Star '' `` Smoke on the Water '' `` Woman from Tokyo '' `` Super Trouper '' `` Might Just Take Your Life '' `` Burn '' `` You Can't Do It Right '' `` Stormbringer '' `` You Keep On Moving '' `` Gettin' Tighter '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` Nobody's Home '' `` Knocking at Your Back Door '' `` Call of the Wild '' `` Bad Attitude '' `` King of Dreams '' `` Fire in the Basement '' `` Love Conquers All '' `` The Battle Rages On... '' `` Anya '' `` Time to Kill '' `` Sometimes I Feel Like Screaming '' `` Any Fule Kno That '' `` Haunted '' `` House of Pain '' `` Rapture of the Deep '' `` All the Time in the World '' `` Vincent Price '' `` Above and Beyond '' `` Out of Hand '' `` Time for Bedlam '' `` All I Got Is You '' `` Johnny's Band '' Other songs `` Mandrake Root '' `` Wring That Neck '' `` Anthem '' `` Bird Has Flown '' `` April '' `` Speed King '' `` Child in Time '' `` Hard Lovin' Man '' `` The Mule '' `` No No No '' `` Space Truckin' '' `` Lazy '' `` Maybe I'm a Leo '' `` When a Blind Man Cries '' `` Rat Bat Blue '' `` Mistreated '' `` You Fool No One '' `` Soldier of Fortune '' `` Lady Double Dealer '' `` Comin' Home '' `` Under the Gun '' `` A Gypsy's Kiss '' `` The Unwritten Law '' `` Vavoom: Ted the Mechanic '' `` Cascades: I'm Not Your Lover '' `` Hey Cisco '' `` ' 69 '' `` Contact Lost '' `` Wrong Man '' `` Before Time Began '' `` The Well-Dressed Guitar '' `` Uncommon Man '' `` Hell to Pay '' `` The Surprising '' `` Birds of Prey '' Video albums Concerto for Group and Orchestra Live in Concert 72/73 Live in California 74 Deep Purple Rises Over Japan Come Hell or High Water Bombay Calling Live at Montreux 1996 Total Abandon: Australia ' 99 In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra Classic Albums: Deep Purple -- The Making of Machine Head Live at Montreux 2006 Around the World Live History, Hits & Highlights ' 68-- ' 76 Phoenix Rising Live at Montreux 2011 Live in Verona Concert tours Shades of Deep Purple Tour The Book of Taliesyn Tour Deep Purple European Tour In Rock World Tour Deep Purple Secret Mexican Tour Deep Purple Secret USA Tour Rapture of the Deep tour The Songs That Built Rock Tour Now What? World Tour The Long Goodbye Tour Related bands The Artwoods The Outlaws The Flower Pot Men Episode Six Trapeze Zephyr James Gang Dixie Dregs Captain Beyond Warhorse Ian Gillan Band Gillan Rainbow Blackmore's Night Whitesnake Coverdale Page Paice Ashton Lord Black Sabbath Gary Moore Yngwie Malmsteen Hughes Turner Project Living Loud WhoCares Black Country Communion Related articles Discography Members Deep Purple Tribute Funky Junction John Coletta Montreux Jazz Festival Purple Records Re-Machined: A Tribute to Deep Purple's Machine Head Rock Aid Armenia Green Bullfrog Martin Birch Bogus Deep Purple Book Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Performers Cheap Trick Chicago Deep Purple N.W.A Steve Miller Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award) Bert Berns VIAF : 139699570 LCCN : n88636925 ISNI : 0000 0001 0943 5287 GND : 1215941-4 SUDOC : 080517706 BNF : cb13902886c (data) MusicBrainz : 79491354-3d83-40e3-9d8e-7592d58d790a NLA : 35864717 NDL : 01126113 NKC : kn20010710461 BNE : XX117715 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Purple&oldid=834200502 '' Categories : 1968 establishments in England British psychedelic rock music groups Deep Purple EMI Records artists English hard rock musical groups English heavy metal musical groups English progressive rock groups Harvest Records artists Ian Gillan Kerrang! Awards winners Musical groups established in 1968 Musical groups disestablished in 1976 Musical groups reestablished in 1984 Musical quintets Musicians from Hertfordshire Parlophone artists Polydor Records artists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Warner Bros. Records artists Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from May 2017 EngvarB from May 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Лезги Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย TürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt中文60moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon4April2018,at13:14.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 5765308245074701968 |
when did vivo launched it first phone in india | Vivo currently has a sponsorship deal with the U.S. National Basketball Association in China , with Golden State Warriors player Stephen Curry endorsing the brand in China and the Philippines . | [
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"( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
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"nitin Company logo Native name 维 沃 移动 通信 有限 公司 Type Subsidiary Industry Consumer electronics Founded 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 ) Founder Shěn Wěi ( 沈 炜 ) Headquarters Dongguan , Guangdong , China Area served Worldwide Key people Shěn Wěi ( President and CEO ) Products Smartphones , Smartphone Accessories , Software , and Online Services Parent BBK Electronics Website www.vivo.com/en/",
"Company logo",
"Native name 维 沃 移动 通信 有限 公司",
"Type Subsidiary",
"Industry Consumer electronics",
"Founded 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 )",
"Founder Shěn Wěi ( 沈 炜 )",
"Headquarters Dongguan , Guangdong , China",
"Area served Worldwide",
"Key people Shěn Wěi ( President and CEO )",
"Products Smartphones , Smartphone Accessories , Software , and Online Services",
"Parent BBK Electronics",
"Website www.vivo.com/en/",
"vivo 维 沃 Simplified Chinese 维 沃 移动 通信 有限 公司 Traditional Chinese 維 沃 移動 通信 有限 公司 Literal meaning Vivo Mobile Communications Co. , Ltd . ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wéiwò Yídòng Tōngxìn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī",
"vivo 维 沃",
"Simplified Chinese 维 沃 移动 通信 有限 公司",
"Traditional Chinese 維 沃 移動 通信 有限 公司",
"Literal meaning Vivo Mobile Communications Co. , Ltd .",
"( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wéiwò Yídòng Tōngxìn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī",
"( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wéiwò Yídòng Tōngxìn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī",
"( show ) Transcriptions",
"Standard Mandarin",
"Hanyu Pinyin Wéiwò Yídòng Tōngxìn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī",
"Vivo is a Chinese technology company that designs , develops , and manufactures smartphones , smartphone accessories , software , and online services . It was founded in 2009 in Dongguan , Guangdong , China . The brand uses Hi - Fi chips in its smartphones . Software developed by the company includes the Vivo App Store , iManager , and a proprietary Android - based operating system called Funtouch OS .",
"In 2012 Vivo released the X1 . The X1 was also the first Vivo phone to use a Hi - Fi chip , developed by American semiconductor company Cirrus Logic . Vivo followed this up in 2013 by releasing the world 's first 2k - resolution screen phone , the Xplay3s . Other popular phones in the Vivo lineup include the X5Pro , the X5Max , and the Xshot. vivo is famous for their phone 's selfie. Vivo is planning to launch vivo V9 with 41 mp carl zeiss lens camera powered by mediatek quad core processor and 8 mp rear camera",
"Vivo joined the ranks of the top 10 smartphone makers in the first quarter of 2015 with a global market share of 2.7 % . With research and development centers in Shenzhen and Nanjing , the company employed 1,600 R&D personnel as of January 2016 . Vivo smartphones is currently the sponsor for the Indian Premier League editions 2016 and 2017 .",
"Registered for the first time in 2009 , Vivo has since become registered in over 100 countries around the world . Vivo began its international expansion in 2014 when it entered the Thai market . The company quickly followed this up by launching in India , Malaysia , Indonesia , Vietnam , Myanmar , and the Philippines .",
"In June , 2017 Vivo officially entered the Pakistan mobile phone market and currently it is one of the fastest growing smartphone brand in the country .",
"In October 2016 , Vivo became the title sponsor of the Indian Premier League under a two - year deal starting in the 2016 season . In July 2017 , the deal was extended until 2022 .",
"In June 2017 , Vivo reached a sponsorship deal with FIFA to become the official smartphone brand of the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups . The company also became title sponsor of India 's Pro Kabaddi .",
"Vivo currently has a sponsorship deal with the U.S. National Basketball Association in China , with Golden State Warriors player Stephen Curry endorsing the brand in China and the Philippines ."
] | Vivo (smartphone) - wikipedia Vivo (smartphone) Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Telefônica Vivo , a Brazilian telecommunications company. ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . (August 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (August 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) nitin Company logo Native name 维 沃 移动 通信 有限 公司 Type Subsidiary Industry Consumer electronics Founded 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 ) Founder Shěn Wěi (沈 炜 ) Headquarters Dongguan , Guangdong , China Area served Worldwide Key people Shěn Wěi (President and CEO) Products Smartphones, Smartphone Accessories, Software, and Online Services Parent BBK Electronics Website www.vivo.com/en/ vivo 维 沃 Simplified Chinese 维 沃 移动 通信 有限 公司 Traditional Chinese 維 沃 移動 通信 有限 公司 Literal meaning Vivo Mobile Communications Co., Ltd. ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wéiwò Yídòng Tōngxìn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī Vivo is a Chinese technology company that designs, develops, and manufactures smartphones, smartphone accessories, software, and online services. It was founded in 2009 in Dongguan , Guangdong , China . The brand uses Hi-Fi chips in its smartphones. Software developed by the company includes the Vivo App Store, iManager, and a proprietary Android-based operating system called Funtouch OS . In 2012 Vivo released the X1. The X1 was also the first Vivo phone to use a Hi-Fi chip, developed by American semiconductor company Cirrus Logic. Vivo followed this up in 2013 by releasing the world's first 2k-resolution screen phone, the Xplay3s. Other popular phones in the Vivo lineup include the X5Pro, the X5Max, and the Xshot.vivo is famous for their phone's selfie.Vivo is planning to launch vivo V9 with 41 mp carl zeiss lens camera powered by mediatek quad core processor and 8 mp rear camera Vivo joined the ranks of the top 10 smartphone makers in the first quarter of 2015 with a global market share of 2.7%. With research and development centers in Shenzhen and Nanjing , the company employed 1,600 R&D personnel as of January 2016. Vivo smartphones is currently the sponsor for the Indian Premier League editions 2016 and 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Brand growth 2 Marketing 3 References 4 External links Brand growth ( edit ) Registered for the first time in 2009, Vivo has since become registered in over 100 countries around the world. Vivo began its international expansion in 2014 when it entered the Thai market. The company quickly followed this up by launching in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and the Philippines. In June, 2017 Vivo officially entered the Pakistan mobile phone market and currently it is one of the fastest growing smartphone brand in the country. Marketing ( edit ) In October 2016, Vivo became the title sponsor of the Indian Premier League under a two-year deal starting in the 2016 season . In July 2017, the deal was extended until 2022. In June 2017, Vivo reached a sponsorship deal with FIFA to become the official smartphone brand of the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups . The company also became title sponsor of India's Pro Kabaddi . Vivo currently has a sponsorship deal with the U.S. National Basketball Association in China, with Golden State Warriors player Stephen Curry endorsing the brand in China and the Philippines. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Soomal作品 -- vivo X6 Plus智能 手机 音质 测评 报告 . Soomal.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03. ^ Jump up to: Vivo X1 arrives: world's new thinnest smartphone is also a joy for Hi-Fi enthusiasts Phonearena.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Vivo officially unveils the Xplay 3S, the world's first ' 2K' smartphone . Androidauthority.com (2013-12-18). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Top 10 smartphone makers in Q1 2015: Sony and Microsoft drop out of the picture, Chinese phone makers take over . Phonearena.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Vivo Global Website About Page . Vivoglobal.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Vivo Enters Thailand, Gunning for Overseas Markets . Gsmdome.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Vivo Mobile enters Myanmar market . Dealstreetasia.com (2015-03-27). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Chinese smartphone maker Vivo Mobile set to enter India, to launch X5Max on Dec 15 . Bgr.in. Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Vivo Officially Launches Brand and X5Pro in Malaysia . Ipdatainfo.com (2015-06-25). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Meet Vivo X5 Max - the world's slimmest smartphone at 4.75mm . Neotryx.com (2015-01-02). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ `` Vivo Officially Launches Its Music and Camera Focused Smartphones in Pakistan'' . 2017-07-05 . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . Jump up ^ Mustafa, Onsa (2017-06-29). `` World's 5th Most Selling Smartphone Brand, Vivo will Launch in Pakistan on July 5th 2017 - PhoneWorld'' . PhoneWorld . Retrieved 2017-08-21 . Jump up ^ VIVO bags IPL title sponsorship for two years . Cricbuzz.com (2015-10-19). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ Vivo Formally Announces Partnership With BCCI as IPL Sponsor . Thequint.com (2015-10-27). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. Jump up ^ `` Vivo retains IPL title rights till 2022 after massive bid'' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2017-06-27 . Jump up ^ `` Vivo wants you to know its name so much it's sponsoring the World Cup'' . The Verge . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi league: STAR Sports signs record five-year deal with VIVO'' . Hindustan Times . 2017-05-08 . Retrieved 2017-09-04 . Jump up ^ Doland, Angela (2017-04-24). `` Why Stephen Curry Is Plugging a Chinese Smartphone'' . Advertising Age . Retrieved 2017-08-17 . External links ( edit ) Official website BBK Electronics OnePlus OPPO Digital Oppo Electronics Vivo Smartphone Electronics industry in China Foundries SMIC Hejian Technology Corporation Various Actions Semiconductor Allwinner Technology Aigo Ainol BBK Electronics OPPO Electronics OPPO Digital OnePlus Vivo Smartphone Bluboo BOE BYD Electronic Changhong China Hualu Group Coolpad Group Doogee Gionee G'Five Galanz GPD Gree Electric Hacha Haier Hasee Hisense Hisense Kelon Huawei HiSilicon Ingenic Inspur Joyoung JXD Konka Group Lemote Lenovo Le.com Meitu Meizu Panda Electronics Perception Digital Rockchip Smartisan Skyworth Supor TCL Corporation TP-Link Neffos TPV Technology Umidigi Vernee VTech Wintek Xiaomi ZTE Defunct Asia Commercial Kejian Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivo_(smartphone)&oldid=804997073 '' Categories : Mobile phone manufacturers Mobile phone companies of China Electronics companies of China Companies based in Dongguan Companies established in 2009 Chinese brands 2009 establishments in China Privately held companies of China BBK Electronics Hidden categories: Articles with a promotional tone from August 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with peacock terms from August 2014 All articles with peacock terms Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017, at 12:14. 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who has won the most olympic gold medals for australia | Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years competed Shane Gould 1972 Ian Thorpe 2000 , 2004 Dawn Fraser 0 1956 , 1960 1964 Murray Rose 0 1956 , 1960 Grant Hackett 0 2000 , 2004 , 2008 Kieren Perkins 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Susie O'Neill 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Frederick Lane 0 0 1900 Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008 , 2012 David Theile 0 0 1956 , 1960 Michael Wenden 0 0 1968 , 1972 Leisel Jones 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Petria Thomas 1996 , 2000 , 2004 Boy Charlton 0 1924 , 1928 , 1932 Libby Trickett 2004 , 2008 Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 , 1992 Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 , 1960 John Devitt 0 1956 , 1960 Michelle Ford 0 1976 , 1980 John Konrads 0 1956 , 1960 , 1964 Beverley Whitfield 0 1972 Kevin Berry 0 0 1960 , 1964 Kyle Chalmers 0 0 2016 Brad Cooper 0 0 1972 John Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952 Clare Dennis 0 0 1932 Fanny Durack 0 0 1912 Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 , 1960 Jodie Henry 0 0 Mack Horton 0 0 2016 Lyn McClements 0 0 1968 Gail Neall 0 0 1972 Ian O'Brien 0 0 1964 , 1968 Jon Sieben 0 0 1984 , 1988 , 1992 Bob Windle 0 0 1960 , 1964 , 1968 Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 , 1920 , 1924 Daniel Kowalski 0 1996 , 2000 Alicia Coutts 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Hayley Lewis 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 John Marshall 0 1948 , 1952 , 1956 Matt Welsh 0 2000 , 2004 Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984 Madeline Groves 0 0 2016 Brooke Hanson 0 0 Neville Hayes 0 0 1960 Cecil Healy 0 0 1912 Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996 Michael Klim 0 0 1996 , 2000 , 2004 Suzie Landells 0 0 1984 Mitch Larkin 0 0 2012 , 2016 Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948 , 1952 James Magnussen 0 0 2012 , 2016 Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 , 1932 Scott Miller 0 0 John Monckton 0 0 1956 , 1960 Karen Phillips 0 0 1984 Brenton Rickard 0 0 2008 , 2012 Emily Seebohm 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Christian Sprenger 0 0 2008 , 2012 Mark Stockwell 0 0 1984 Eamon Sullivan 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 , 1976 Mina Wylie 0 0 1912 Peter Evans 0 0 1980 , 1984 Harold Hardwick 0 0 1912 Samantha Riley 0 0 1992 , 1996 Jessicah Schipper 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Allan Wood 0 0 1960 , 1964 Jan Andrew 0 0 1960 Bronte Barratt 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 , 1984 Greg Brough 0 0 1968 Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1984 Cate Campbell 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Gary Chapman 0 0 1956 Judy - Joy Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952 Scott Goodman 0 0 Stephen Holland 0 0 1976 Geoff Huegill 0 0 2000 , 2004 Mark Kerry 0 0 1980 , 1984 Andrew Lauterstein 0 0 2008 Faith Leech 0 0 1956 Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984 Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992 Emma McKeon 0 0 2016 Max Metzker 0 0 1976 , 1980 Karen Moras 0 0 1968 , 1972 Justin Norris 0 0 2000 , 2004 Michele Pearson 0 0 1980 , 1984 Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Nicole Stevenson 0 0 1988 , 1992 , 1996 Hayden Stoeckel 0 0 2008 , 2012 Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 , 1988 | [
[
"Shane Gould",
"Ian Thorpe",
"Dawn Fraser",
"Murray Rose"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"Australia has competed in swimming at the Summer Olympics since the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , after only sending a runner , Edwin Flack to the 1896 Summer Olympics . Frederick Lane was Australia 's sole swimming representative at the 1900 games , winning two individual gold medals . Women 's events were added at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , with Fanny Durack and Mina Wylie being Australia 's first female representatives , winning gold and silver in the 100 m freestyle , which was the first women 's event on the program . At the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics , Australia competed as Australasia , sending a combined team with New Zealand . The table includes Malcolm Champion , a New Zealander who was part of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team which captured gold in 1912 .",
"Australia has won a total of 58 gold medals in the sport , second only to the United States , who have won 217 , almost four times as many ( with 15 times the population ) . East Germany is in third place with 32 golds , although this is widely attributed to state - sponsored systematic doping programs .",
"Swimming is Australia 's most prolific Olympic sport , having been responsible for 58 of Australia 's 143 Olympic gold medals . In addition , a list of the top 100 Australian Olympians of all time , compiled by the Australian Olympic Committee , named 35 swimmers in the top 100 , more than any other sport . Swimmers have been given the honour of carrying the Australian flag six times in twelve at the closing ceremony , which is traditionally reserved for the most successful athlete of the delegation .",
"Australia 's strongest ever performance in swimming was at the 1956 Olympics on home soil in Melbourne . Australia claimed eight of the thirteen gold medals available , including both relays and a clean sweep of the medals in the 100 m freestyle , considered the blue - riband event for both men and women . This is the only time that Australia has topped the medal tally in swimming , and the tally of gold medals has not been surpassed despite the expansion of the swimming program to its current 32 events .",
"Australia has been most successful in the freestyle discipline , with 37 of the 58 golds coming in the stroke . Eight of the gold have come from the men 's 1500 m freestyle , the most victories in the event by any country , which has resulted in the event being dubbed `` Australia 's race '' by Australian commentators . Australia 's first medal outside of freestyle did not come until 1932 when Clare Dennis and Bonnie Mealing won gold and silver in the 200 m breaststroke and 100 m backstroke respectively . It was not until John Davies ' victory in the 200 m breaststroke in 1952 that a male swimmer had won a medal outside of freestyle . Backstroke is Australia 's weakest discipline , with David Theile 's two consecutive golds in the 100 m backstroke being the only victories in the discipline .",
"The following table includes only medals won by Australian swimmers in individual events .",
"Shane Gould won three gold , one silver , and one bronze , all in individual events at her only Olympics , aged 15 . In doing so , she became the first woman to win three individual gold medals at one Olympics all in world record time . She is the only Australian to win five individual medals and three individual gold medals at one Olympics . Ian Thorpe and Gould are the most decorated Australian Olympic medallists in all sports . Dawn Fraser won three consecutive gold medals in 1956 , 1960 and 1964 in the 100 m freestyle , to become the first swimmer to win any event three times . Murray Rose and Ian Thorpe have both won the 400 m freestyle twice , while Kieren Perkins and Grant Hackett have won the 1500 m freestyle twice . David Theile has won the 100 m backstroke twice , the only Australian to have won a backstroke event . All were won consecutively .",
"Shane Gould won three gold , one silver , and one bronze , all in individual events at her only Olympics , aged 15 . In doing so , she became the first woman to win three individual gold medals at one Olympics all in world record time . She is the only Australian to win five individual medals and three individual gold medals at one Olympics .",
"Ian Thorpe and Gould are the most decorated Australian Olympic medallists in all sports .",
"Dawn Fraser won three consecutive gold medals in 1956 , 1960 and 1964 in the 100 m freestyle , to become the first swimmer to win any event three times .",
"Murray Rose and Ian Thorpe have both won the 400 m freestyle twice , while Kieren Perkins and Grant Hackett have won the 1500 m freestyle twice . David Theile has won the 100 m backstroke twice , the only Australian to have won a backstroke event . All were won consecutively .",
"Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years competed Shane Gould 1972 Ian Thorpe 2000 , 2004 Dawn Fraser 0 1956 , 1960 1964 Murray Rose 0 1956 , 1960 Grant Hackett 0 2000 , 2004 , 2008 Kieren Perkins 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Susie O'Neill 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Frederick Lane 0 0 1900 Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008 , 2012 David Theile 0 0 1956 , 1960 Michael Wenden 0 0 1968 , 1972 Leisel Jones 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Petria Thomas 1996 , 2000 , 2004 Boy Charlton 0 1924 , 1928 , 1932 Libby Trickett 2004 , 2008 Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 , 1992 Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 , 1960 John Devitt 0 1956 , 1960 Michelle Ford 0 1976 , 1980 John Konrads 0 1956 , 1960 , 1964 Beverley Whitfield 0 1972 Kevin Berry 0 0 1960 , 1964 Kyle Chalmers 0 0 2016 Brad Cooper 0 0 1972 John Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952 Clare Dennis 0 0 1932 Fanny Durack 0 0 1912 Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 , 1960 Jodie Henry 0 0 Mack Horton 0 0 2016 Lyn McClements 0 0 1968 Gail Neall 0 0 1972 Ian O'Brien 0 0 1964 , 1968 Jon Sieben 0 0 1984 , 1988 , 1992 Bob Windle 0 0 1960 , 1964 , 1968 Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 , 1920 , 1924 Daniel Kowalski 0 1996 , 2000 Alicia Coutts 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Hayley Lewis 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 John Marshall 0 1948 , 1952 , 1956 Matt Welsh 0 2000 , 2004 Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984 Madeline Groves 0 0 2016 Brooke Hanson 0 0 Neville Hayes 0 0 1960 Cecil Healy 0 0 1912 Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996 Michael Klim 0 0 1996 , 2000 , 2004 Suzie Landells 0 0 1984 Mitch Larkin 0 0 2012 , 2016 Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948 , 1952 James Magnussen 0 0 2012 , 2016 Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 , 1932 Scott Miller 0 0 John Monckton 0 0 1956 , 1960 Karen Phillips 0 0 1984 Brenton Rickard 0 0 2008 , 2012 Emily Seebohm 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Christian Sprenger 0 0 2008 , 2012 Mark Stockwell 0 0 1984 Eamon Sullivan 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 , 1976 Mina Wylie 0 0 1912 Peter Evans 0 0 1980 , 1984 Harold Hardwick 0 0 1912 Samantha Riley 0 0 1992 , 1996 Jessicah Schipper 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Allan Wood 0 0 1960 , 1964 Jan Andrew 0 0 1960 Bronte Barratt 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 , 1984 Greg Brough 0 0 1968 Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1984 Cate Campbell 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Gary Chapman 0 0 1956 Judy - Joy Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952 Scott Goodman 0 0 Stephen Holland 0 0 1976 Geoff Huegill 0 0 2000 , 2004 Mark Kerry 0 0 1980 , 1984 Andrew Lauterstein 0 0 2008 Faith Leech 0 0 1956 Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984 Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992 Emma McKeon 0 0 2016 Max Metzker 0 0 1976 , 1980 Karen Moras 0 0 1968 , 1972 Justin Norris 0 0 2000 , 2004 Michele Pearson 0 0 1980 , 1984 Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Nicole Stevenson 0 0 1988 , 1992 , 1996 Hayden Stoeckel 0 0 2008 , 2012 Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 , 1988",
"Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years competed",
"Shane Gould 1972",
"Ian Thorpe 2000 , 2004",
"Dawn Fraser 0 1956 , 1960 1964",
"Murray Rose 0 1956 , 1960",
"Grant Hackett 0 2000 , 2004 , 2008",
"Kieren Perkins 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000",
"Susie O'Neill 1992 , 1996 , 2000",
"Frederick Lane 0 0 1900",
"Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008 , 2012",
"David Theile 0 0 1956 , 1960",
"Michael Wenden 0 0 1968 , 1972",
"Leisel Jones 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012",
"Petria Thomas 1996 , 2000 , 2004",
"Boy Charlton 0 1924 , 1928 , 1932",
"Libby Trickett 2004 , 2008",
"Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 , 1992",
"Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 , 1960",
"John Devitt 0 1956 , 1960",
"Michelle Ford 0 1976 , 1980",
"John Konrads 0 1956 , 1960 , 1964",
"Beverley Whitfield 0 1972",
"Kevin Berry 0 0 1960 , 1964",
"Kyle Chalmers 0 0 2016",
"Brad Cooper 0 0 1972",
"John Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952",
"Clare Dennis 0 0 1932",
"Fanny Durack 0 0 1912",
"Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 , 1960",
"Jodie Henry 0 0",
"Mack Horton 0 0 2016",
"Lyn McClements 0 0 1968",
"Gail Neall 0 0 1972",
"Ian O'Brien 0 0 1964 , 1968",
"Jon Sieben 0 0 1984 , 1988 , 1992",
"Bob Windle 0 0 1960 , 1964 , 1968",
"Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 , 1920 , 1924",
"Daniel Kowalski 0 1996 , 2000",
"Alicia Coutts 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016",
"Hayley Lewis 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000",
"John Marshall 0 1948 , 1952 , 1956",
"Matt Welsh 0 2000 , 2004",
"Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984",
"Madeline Groves 0 0 2016",
"Brooke Hanson 0 0",
"Neville Hayes 0 0 1960",
"Cecil Healy 0 0 1912",
"Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996",
"Michael Klim 0 0 1996 , 2000 , 2004",
"Suzie Landells 0 0 1984",
"Mitch Larkin 0 0 2012 , 2016",
"Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948 , 1952",
"James Magnussen 0 0 2012 , 2016",
"Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 , 1932",
"Scott Miller 0 0",
"John Monckton 0 0 1956 , 1960",
"Karen Phillips 0 0 1984",
"Brenton Rickard 0 0 2008 , 2012",
"Emily Seebohm 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016",
"Christian Sprenger 0 0 2008 , 2012",
"Mark Stockwell 0 0 1984",
"Eamon Sullivan 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012",
"Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 , 1976",
"Mina Wylie 0 0 1912",
"Peter Evans 0 0 1980 , 1984",
"Harold Hardwick 0 0 1912",
"Samantha Riley 0 0 1992 , 1996",
"Jessicah Schipper 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012",
"Allan Wood 0 0 1960 , 1964",
"Jan Andrew 0 0 1960",
"Bronte Barratt 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016",
"Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 , 1984",
"Greg Brough 0 0 1968",
"Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1984",
"Cate Campbell 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016",
"Gary Chapman 0 0 1956",
"Judy - Joy Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952",
"Scott Goodman 0 0",
"Stephen Holland 0 0 1976",
"Geoff Huegill 0 0 2000 , 2004",
"Mark Kerry 0 0 1980 , 1984",
"Andrew Lauterstein 0 0 2008",
"Faith Leech 0 0 1956",
"Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984",
"Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992",
"Emma McKeon 0 0 2016",
"Max Metzker 0 0 1976 , 1980",
"Karen Moras 0 0 1968 , 1972",
"Justin Norris 0 0 2000 , 2004",
"Michele Pearson 0 0 1980 , 1984",
"Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000",
"Nicole Stevenson 0 0 1988 , 1992 , 1996",
"Hayden Stoeckel 0 0 2008 , 2012",
"Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 , 1988",
"The following table includes all those who have won medals , including as part of relay teams . Since 1984 , swimmers who participated in the preliminary heats but not in the final were awarded medals if the final team went on to claim a medal , whereas those prior to 1984 did not . Those who swam in the heats only are marked with an asterisk , multiple times if multiple medals were awarded for swimming in heats only . Malcolm Champion , a member of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team in 1912 , was a New Zealander , competing as part of the combined Australasia team . His teammates in the combined relay team were Cecil Healy , Les Boardman and Harold Hardwick .",
"Ian Thorpe is the most decorated Australian Olympian of all time , in terms of gold medals . His three gold and two silver at the 2000 Summer Olympics are the largest in a single Olympics by an Australian . Dawn Fraser and Murray Rose jointly held the previous records for gold medals , and Fraser the record of eight medals in total , prior to Thorpe . Sandra Morgan , a member of the Australian women 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team in 1956 , is the youngest Australian gold medallist of all time , aged 14 years and 6 months .",
"Ian Thorpe is the most decorated Australian Olympian of all time , in terms of gold medals . His three gold and two silver at the 2000 Summer Olympics are the largest in a single Olympics by an Australian .",
"Dawn Fraser and Murray Rose jointly held the previous records for gold medals , and Fraser the record of eight medals in total , prior to Thorpe .",
"Sandra Morgan , a member of the Australian women 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team in 1956 , is the youngest Australian gold medallist of all time , aged 14 years and 6 months .",
"Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years Competed Ian Thorpe 5 2000 2004 Dawn Fraser 0 1956 1960 1964 Libby Trickett 2004 2008 2012 Murray Rose 1956 1960 Leisel Jones 5 2000 2004 2008 2012 Petria Thomas 1996 2000 2004 Grant Hackett 2000 2004 2008 Shane Gould 1972 Jodie Henry 0 0 Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008 Susie O'Neill 1992 1996 2000 Michael Klim 1996 2000 2004 Melanie Schlanger 2008 2012 Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 1960 Kieren Perkins 0 1992 1996 2000 Emily Seebohm 0 2008 2012 John Devitt 1956 1960 Michael Wenden 1968 1972 Todd Pearson 0 2000 2004 David Theile 0 1956 1960 Jessicah Schipper 0 2004 2008 Alice Mills 0 2004 2008 Felicity Galvez 0 0 2004 2008 Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 1960 Freddy Lane 0 0 1900 Alicia Coutts 2012 Boy Charlton 0 1924 1928 1932 Brittany Elmslie 0 2012 Adam Pine 0 2000 2004 2008 Giaan Rooney 0 2000 2004 Sarah Ryan 0 1996 2000 2004 Daniel Kowalski 1996 2000 Bob Windle 1960 1964 1968 Bronte Barratt 2008 2012 Neil Brooks 1980 1984 Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 1992 Angie Bainbridge 0 2008 2012 Brooke Hanson 0 Cecil Healy 0 1912 Lyn McClements 0 1968 Kylie Palmer 0 2008 2012 Tarnee White 0 2000 2008 Peter Evans 0 1980 1984 Cate Campbell 0 2008 2012 Harold Hardwick 0 1912 John Konrads 0 1956 1960 1964 Mark Kerry 0 1980 1984 Kevin Berry 0 1960 1964 Ashley Callus 0 2000 2004 2008 Michelle Ford 0 1976 1980 Faith Leech 0 1956 Ian O'Brien 0 1964 1968 Shayne Reese 0 2004 2008 Jon Sieben 0 1984 1988 1992 Beverley Whitfield 0 1972 Leslie Boardman 0 0 1912 Malcolm Champion 0 0 1912 Brad Cooper 0 0 1972 Lara Davenport 0 0 2008 John Davies 0 0 1952 Clare Dennis 0 0 1932 Fanny Durack 0 0 1912 Chris Fydler 0 0 1992 1996 2000 Bill Kirby 0 0 2000 Yolane Kukla 0 0 2012 Linda Mackenzie 0 0 2004 2008 Sandra Morgan 0 0 1956 1960 Gail Neall 0 0 1972 Kevin O'Halloran 0 0 1956 Mark Tonelli 0 0 1976 1980 Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 1920 1924 Brenton Rickard 0 2008 2012 Christian Sprenger 0 2008 2012 Mark Stockwell 0 1984 Eamon Sullivan 0 2004 2008 Matt Welsh 0 2000 2004 Neville Hayes 0 0 1960 Andrew Lauterstein 0 2008 Samantha Riley 0 1992 1996 Nicole Stevenson 0 1988 1992 1996 Hayden Stoeckel 0 2008 2012 Matt Targett 0 2008 2012 Jan Andrew 0 1960 Geoff Huegill 0 2000 2004 Hayley Lewis 0 1992 1996 2000 James Magnussen 0 2012 John Marshall 0 1948 1952 1956 Scott Miller 0 Greg Rogers 0 1968 1972 Lyn Bell 0 0 1964 Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984 Dyana Calub 0 0 2000 Moss Christie 0 0 1924 Alva Colquhoun 0 0 1960 Ashley Delaney 0 0 2008 Michael Delany 0 0 1984 Helen Denman 0 0 Blair Evans 0 0 2012 Greg Fasala 0 0 1984 Terry Gathercole 0 0 1956 1960 Elka Graham 0 0 2000 2004 Regan Harrison 0 0 2000 2004 Henry Hay 0 0 1920 Ernest Henry 0 0 1924 William Herald 0 0 1920 Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996 Angela Kennedy 0 0 Ilsa Konrads 0 0 1960 Suzie Landells 0 0 1984 Rosemary Lassig 0 0 1960 Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948 Antony Matkovich 0 0 Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 1932 Ryan Mitchell 0 0 1996 2000 John Monckton 0 0 1956 1960 Janice Murphy 0 0 1964 Jade Neilsen 0 0 2012 Karen Phillips 0 0 1984 Judy Playfair 0 0 1968 Geoff Shipton 0 0 1960 Nicholas Sprenger 0 0 2004 2008 Ivan Stedman 0 0 1920 1924 Janet Steinbeck 0 0 1968 Craig Stevens 0 0 Kirsten Thomson 0 0 2000 Robyn Thorn 0 0 1964 Jacinta van Lint 0 0 2000 Josh Watson 0 0 2000 2004 Lynne Watson 0 0 1968 Marilyn Wilson 0 0 1960 Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 1976 Mina Wylie 0 0 1912 David Dickson 0 0 1960 1964 Leith Brodie 0 0 2008 Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1980 1984 Patrick Murphy 0 0 2004 2008 Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 1996 2000 Allan Wood 0 0 1964 Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 1984 Grant Brits 0 0 2008 Greg Brough 0 0 1968 Gary Chapman 0 0 1956 Robert Cusack 0 0 1968 Judy - Joy Davies 0 0 1948 1952 Steven Dewick 0 0 Peter Doak 0 0 1964 Nic Frost 0 0 2008 Scott Goodman 0 0 Julia Greville 0 0 Toby Haenen 0 0 1992 1996 Stephen Holland 0 0 1976 Emma Johnson 0 0 Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984 Lise Mackie 0 0 1992 1996 Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992 Max Metzker 0 0 1976 1980 Karen Moras 0 0 1968 1972 Justin Norris 0 0 2000 2004 Kirk Palmer 0 0 2008 Michele Pearson 0 0 1984 Peter Reynolds 0 0 1964 John Ryan 0 0 1964 Graham White 0 0 1968 1972 Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 1988",
"Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years Competed",
"Ian Thorpe 5 2000 2004",
"Dawn Fraser 0 1956 1960 1964",
"Libby Trickett 2004 2008 2012",
"Murray Rose 1956 1960",
"Leisel Jones 5 2000 2004 2008 2012",
"Petria Thomas 1996 2000 2004",
"Grant Hackett 2000 2004 2008",
"Shane Gould 1972",
"Jodie Henry 0 0",
"Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008",
"Susie O'Neill 1992 1996 2000",
"Michael Klim 1996 2000 2004",
"Melanie Schlanger 2008 2012",
"Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 1960",
"Kieren Perkins 0 1992 1996 2000",
"Emily Seebohm 0 2008 2012",
"John Devitt 1956 1960",
"Michael Wenden 1968 1972",
"Todd Pearson 0 2000 2004",
"David Theile 0 1956 1960",
"Jessicah Schipper 0 2004 2008",
"Alice Mills 0 2004 2008",
"Felicity Galvez 0 0 2004 2008",
"Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 1960",
"Freddy Lane 0 0 1900",
"Alicia Coutts 2012",
"Boy Charlton 0 1924 1928 1932",
"Brittany Elmslie 0 2012",
"Adam Pine 0 2000 2004 2008",
"Giaan Rooney 0 2000 2004",
"Sarah Ryan 0 1996 2000 2004",
"Daniel Kowalski 1996 2000",
"Bob Windle 1960 1964 1968",
"Bronte Barratt 2008 2012",
"Neil Brooks 1980 1984",
"Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 1992",
"Angie Bainbridge 0 2008 2012",
"Brooke Hanson 0",
"Cecil Healy 0 1912",
"Lyn McClements 0 1968",
"Kylie Palmer 0 2008 2012",
"Tarnee White 0 2000 2008",
"Peter Evans 0 1980 1984",
"Cate Campbell 0 2008 2012",
"Harold Hardwick 0 1912",
"John Konrads 0 1956 1960 1964",
"Mark Kerry 0 1980 1984",
"Kevin Berry 0 1960 1964",
"Ashley Callus 0 2000 2004 2008",
"Michelle Ford 0 1976 1980",
"Faith Leech 0 1956",
"Ian O'Brien 0 1964 1968",
"Shayne Reese 0 2004 2008",
"Jon Sieben 0 1984 1988 1992",
"Beverley Whitfield 0 1972",
"Leslie Boardman 0 0 1912",
"Malcolm Champion 0 0 1912",
"Brad Cooper 0 0 1972",
"Lara Davenport 0 0 2008",
"John Davies 0 0 1952",
"Clare Dennis 0 0 1932",
"Fanny Durack 0 0 1912",
"Chris Fydler 0 0 1992 1996 2000",
"Bill Kirby 0 0 2000",
"Yolane Kukla 0 0 2012",
"Linda Mackenzie 0 0 2004 2008",
"Sandra Morgan 0 0 1956 1960",
"Gail Neall 0 0 1972",
"Kevin O'Halloran 0 0 1956",
"Mark Tonelli 0 0 1976 1980",
"Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 1920 1924",
"Brenton Rickard 0 2008 2012",
"Christian Sprenger 0 2008 2012",
"Mark Stockwell 0 1984",
"Eamon Sullivan 0 2004 2008",
"Matt Welsh 0 2000 2004",
"Neville Hayes 0 0 1960",
"Andrew Lauterstein 0 2008",
"Samantha Riley 0 1992 1996",
"Nicole Stevenson 0 1988 1992 1996",
"Hayden Stoeckel 0 2008 2012",
"Matt Targett 0 2008 2012",
"Jan Andrew 0 1960",
"Geoff Huegill 0 2000 2004",
"Hayley Lewis 0 1992 1996 2000",
"James Magnussen 0 2012",
"John Marshall 0 1948 1952 1956",
"Scott Miller 0",
"Greg Rogers 0 1968 1972",
"Lyn Bell 0 0 1964",
"Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984",
"Dyana Calub 0 0 2000",
"Moss Christie 0 0 1924",
"Alva Colquhoun 0 0 1960",
"Ashley Delaney 0 0 2008",
"Michael Delany 0 0 1984",
"Helen Denman 0 0",
"Blair Evans 0 0 2012",
"Greg Fasala 0 0 1984",
"Terry Gathercole 0 0 1956 1960",
"Elka Graham 0 0 2000 2004",
"Regan Harrison 0 0 2000 2004",
"Henry Hay 0 0 1920",
"Ernest Henry 0 0 1924",
"William Herald 0 0 1920",
"Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996",
"Angela Kennedy 0 0",
"Ilsa Konrads 0 0 1960",
"Suzie Landells 0 0 1984",
"Rosemary Lassig 0 0 1960",
"Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948",
"Antony Matkovich 0 0",
"Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 1932",
"Ryan Mitchell 0 0 1996 2000",
"John Monckton 0 0 1956 1960",
"Janice Murphy 0 0 1964",
"Jade Neilsen 0 0 2012",
"Karen Phillips 0 0 1984",
"Judy Playfair 0 0 1968",
"Geoff Shipton 0 0 1960",
"Nicholas Sprenger 0 0 2004 2008",
"Ivan Stedman 0 0 1920 1924",
"Janet Steinbeck 0 0 1968",
"Craig Stevens 0 0",
"Kirsten Thomson 0 0 2000",
"Robyn Thorn 0 0 1964",
"Jacinta van Lint 0 0 2000",
"Josh Watson 0 0 2000 2004",
"Lynne Watson 0 0 1968",
"Marilyn Wilson 0 0 1960",
"Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 1976",
"Mina Wylie 0 0 1912",
"David Dickson 0 0 1960 1964",
"Leith Brodie 0 0 2008",
"Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1980 1984",
"Patrick Murphy 0 0 2004 2008",
"Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 1996 2000",
"Allan Wood 0 0 1964",
"Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 1984",
"Grant Brits 0 0 2008",
"Greg Brough 0 0 1968",
"Gary Chapman 0 0 1956",
"Robert Cusack 0 0 1968",
"Judy - Joy Davies 0 0 1948 1952",
"Steven Dewick 0 0",
"Peter Doak 0 0 1964",
"Nic Frost 0 0 2008",
"Scott Goodman 0 0",
"Julia Greville 0 0",
"Toby Haenen 0 0 1992 1996",
"Stephen Holland 0 0 1976",
"Emma Johnson 0 0",
"Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984",
"Lise Mackie 0 0 1992 1996",
"Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992",
"Max Metzker 0 0 1976 1980",
"Karen Moras 0 0 1968 1972",
"Justin Norris 0 0 2000 2004",
"Kirk Palmer 0 0 2008",
"Michele Pearson 0 0 1984",
"Peter Reynolds 0 0 1964",
"John Ryan 0 0 1964",
"Graham White 0 0 1968 1972",
"Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 1988"
] | List of Australian Olympic medallists in swimming - Wikipedia List of Australian Olympic medallists in swimming Australia has competed in swimming at the Summer Olympics since the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, after only sending a runner, Edwin Flack to the 1896 Summer Olympics . Frederick Lane was Australia's sole swimming representative at the 1900 games, winning two individual gold medals. Women's events were added at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , with Fanny Durack and Mina Wylie being Australia's first female representatives, winning gold and silver in the 100 m freestyle, which was the first women's event on the program. At the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics , Australia competed as Australasia , sending a combined team with New Zealand. The table includes Malcolm Champion , a New Zealander who was part of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team which captured gold in 1912. Australia has won a total of 58 gold medals in the sport, second only to the United States , who have won 217, almost four times as many (with 15 times the population). East Germany is in third place with 32 golds, although this is widely attributed to state-sponsored systematic doping programs. Swimming is Australia's most prolific Olympic sport, having been responsible for 58 of Australia's 143 Olympic gold medals. In addition, a list of the top 100 Australian Olympians of all time, compiled by the Australian Olympic Committee , named 35 swimmers in the top 100, more than any other sport. Swimmers have been given the honour of carrying the Australian flag six times in twelve at the closing ceremony, which is traditionally reserved for the most successful athlete of the delegation. Australia's strongest ever performance in swimming was at the 1956 Olympics on home soil in Melbourne . Australia claimed eight of the thirteen gold medals available, including both relays and a clean sweep of the medals in the 100 m freestyle, considered the blue-riband event for both men and women. This is the only time that Australia has topped the medal tally in swimming, and the tally of gold medals has not been surpassed despite the expansion of the swimming program to its current 32 events. Australia has been most successful in the freestyle discipline, with 37 of the 58 golds coming in the stroke. Eight of the gold have come from the men's 1500 m freestyle, the most victories in the event by any country, which has resulted in the event being dubbed `` Australia's race'' by Australian commentators. Australia's first medal outside of freestyle did not come until 1932 when Clare Dennis and Bonnie Mealing won gold and silver in the 200 m breaststroke and 100 m backstroke respectively. It was not until John Davies ' victory in the 200 m breaststroke in 1952 that a male swimmer had won a medal outside of freestyle. Backstroke is Australia's weakest discipline, with David Theile 's two consecutive golds in the 100 m backstroke being the only victories in the discipline. Contents 1 Individual medallists 2 All medallists 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Individual medallists ( edit ) Frank Beaurepaire won a record 34 Australian titles, which stood for more than 70 years until surpassed by Susie O'Neill in 2000. He later became Lord Mayor of Melbourne , and helped to secure the 1956 Melbourne Olympics , Australia's most successful in swimming. Boy Charlton was the first Australian to win the 1500 m freestyle, an event which Australia has won eight times, the most by any country. The race is sometimes referred to as `` Australia's race'' . Fanny Durack (left) and Mina Wylie were the first two women to represent Australia in swimming at the Olympics. They were club-mates in Sydney and completed an Australian quinella in the 100 m freestyle. Clare Dennis was the first Australian to win gold in a non-freestyle event, the 200 m breaststroke, at the 1932 Summer Olympics . The following table includes only medals won by Australian swimmers in individual events. Shane Gould won three gold, one silver, and one bronze, all in individual events at her only Olympics, aged 15. In doing so, she became the first woman to win three individual gold medals at one Olympics all in world record time. She is the only Australian to win five individual medals and three individual gold medals at one Olympics. Ian Thorpe and Gould are the most decorated Australian Olympic medallists in all sports. Dawn Fraser won three consecutive gold medals in 1956, 1960 and 1964 in the 100 m freestyle, to become the first swimmer to win any event three times. Murray Rose and Ian Thorpe have both won the 400 m freestyle twice, while Kieren Perkins and Grant Hackett have won the 1500 m freestyle twice. David Theile has won the 100 m backstroke twice, the only Australian to have won a backstroke event. All were won consecutively. Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years competed Shane Gould 1972 Ian Thorpe 2000 , 2004 Dawn Fraser 0 1956 , 1960 1964 Murray Rose 0 1956 , 1960 Grant Hackett 0 2000 , 2004 , 2008 Kieren Perkins 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Susie O'Neill 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Frederick Lane 0 0 1900 Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008 , 2012 David Theile 0 0 1956 , 1960 Michael Wenden 0 0 1968 , 1972 Leisel Jones 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Petria Thomas 1996 , 2000 , 2004 Boy Charlton 0 1924 , 1928 , 1932 Libby Trickett 2004 , 2008 Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 , 1992 Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 , 1960 John Devitt 0 1956 , 1960 Michelle Ford 0 1976 , 1980 John Konrads 0 1956 , 1960 , 1964 Beverley Whitfield 0 1972 Kevin Berry 0 0 1960 , 1964 Kyle Chalmers 0 0 2016 Brad Cooper 0 0 1972 John Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952 Clare Dennis 0 0 1932 Fanny Durack 0 0 1912 Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 , 1960 Jodie Henry 0 0 Mack Horton 0 0 2016 Lyn McClements 0 0 1968 Gail Neall 0 0 1972 Ian O'Brien 0 0 1964 , 1968 Jon Sieben 0 0 1984 , 1988 , 1992 Bob Windle 0 0 1960 , 1964 , 1968 Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 , 1920 , 1924 Daniel Kowalski 0 1996 , 2000 Alicia Coutts 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Hayley Lewis 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 John Marshall 0 1948 , 1952 , 1956 Matt Welsh 0 2000 , 2004 Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984 Madeline Groves 0 0 2016 Brooke Hanson 0 0 Neville Hayes 0 0 1960 Cecil Healy 0 0 1912 Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996 Michael Klim 0 0 1996 , 2000 , 2004 Suzie Landells 0 0 1984 Mitch Larkin 0 0 2012 , 2016 Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948 , 1952 James Magnussen 0 0 2012 , 2016 Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 , 1932 Scott Miller 0 0 John Monckton 0 0 1956 , 1960 Karen Phillips 0 0 1984 Brenton Rickard 0 0 2008 , 2012 Emily Seebohm 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Christian Sprenger 0 0 2008 , 2012 Mark Stockwell 0 0 1984 Eamon Sullivan 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 , 1976 Mina Wylie 0 0 1912 Peter Evans 0 0 1980 , 1984 Harold Hardwick 0 0 1912 Samantha Riley 0 0 1992 , 1996 Jessicah Schipper 0 0 2004 , 2008 , 2012 Allan Wood 0 0 1960 , 1964 Jan Andrew 0 0 1960 Bronte Barratt 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 , 1984 Greg Brough 0 0 1968 Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1984 Cate Campbell 0 0 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Gary Chapman 0 0 1956 Judy-Joy Davies 0 0 1948 , 1952 Scott Goodman 0 0 Stephen Holland 0 0 1976 Geoff Huegill 0 0 2000 , 2004 Mark Kerry 0 0 1980 , 1984 Andrew Lauterstein 0 0 2008 Faith Leech 0 0 1956 Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984 Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992 Emma McKeon 0 0 2016 Max Metzker 0 0 1976 , 1980 Karen Moras 0 0 1968 , 1972 Justin Norris 0 0 2000 , 2004 Michele Pearson 0 0 1980 , 1984 Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 , 1996 , 2000 Nicole Stevenson 0 0 1988 , 1992 , 1996 Hayden Stoeckel 0 0 2008 , 2012 Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 , 1988 All medallists ( edit ) The following table includes all those who have won medals, including as part of relay teams. Since 1984 , swimmers who participated in the preliminary heats but not in the final were awarded medals if the final team went on to claim a medal, whereas those prior to 1984 did not. Those who swam in the heats only are marked with an asterisk, multiple times if multiple medals were awarded for swimming in heats only. Malcolm Champion , a member of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team in 1912, was a New Zealander, competing as part of the combined Australasia team. His teammates in the combined relay team were Cecil Healy , Les Boardman and Harold Hardwick . Ian Thorpe is the most decorated Australian Olympian of all time, in terms of gold medals. His three gold and two silver at the 2000 Summer Olympics are the largest in a single Olympics by an Australian. Dawn Fraser and Murray Rose jointly held the previous records for gold medals, and Fraser the record of eight medals in total, prior to Thorpe. Sandra Morgan , a member of the Australian women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team in 1956, is the youngest Australian gold medallist of all time, aged 14 years and 6 months. Ian Thorpe, Australia's most prolific Olympic medallist. Stephanie Rice, winner of three gold medals at the 2008 Olympics, including the medley double. Grant Hackett, winner of the 1500 m freestyle in 2000 and 2004, captained Australia's swimming team at the 2008 Olympics. Leisel Jones has won nine Olympic medals, equalling Ian Thorpe as the most won by any Australian. Athlete Gold Silver Bronze Years Competed Ian Thorpe 5 2000 2004 Dawn Fraser 0 1956 1960 1964 Libby Trickett 2004 2008 2012 Murray Rose 1956 1960 Leisel Jones 5 2000 2004 2008 2012 Petria Thomas 1996 2000 2004 Grant Hackett 2000 2004 2008 Shane Gould 1972 Jodie Henry 0 0 Stephanie Rice 0 0 2008 Susie O'Neill 1992 1996 2000 Michael Klim 1996 2000 2004 Melanie Schlanger 2008 2012 Lorraine Crapp 0 1956 1960 Kieren Perkins 0 1992 1996 2000 Emily Seebohm 0 2008 2012 John Devitt 1956 1960 Michael Wenden 1968 1972 Todd Pearson 0 2000 2004 David Theile 0 1956 1960 Jessicah Schipper 0 2004 2008 Alice Mills 0 2004 2008 Felicity Galvez 0 0 2004 2008 Jon Henricks 0 0 1956 1960 Freddy Lane 0 0 1900 Alicia Coutts 2012 Boy Charlton 0 1924 1928 1932 Brittany Elmslie 0 2012 Adam Pine 0 2000 2004 2008 Giaan Rooney 0 2000 2004 Sarah Ryan 0 1996 2000 2004 Daniel Kowalski 1996 2000 Bob Windle 1960 1964 1968 Bronte Barratt 2008 2012 Neil Brooks 1980 1984 Duncan Armstrong 0 1988 1992 Angie Bainbridge 0 2008 2012 Brooke Hanson 0 Cecil Healy 0 1912 Lyn McClements 0 1968 Kylie Palmer 0 2008 2012 Tarnee White 0 2000 2008 Peter Evans 0 1980 1984 Cate Campbell 0 2008 2012 Harold Hardwick 0 1912 John Konrads 0 1956 1960 1964 Mark Kerry 0 1980 1984 Kevin Berry 0 1960 1964 Ashley Callus 0 2000 2004 2008 Michelle Ford 0 1976 1980 Faith Leech 0 1956 Ian O'Brien 0 1964 1968 Shayne Reese 0 2004 2008 Jon Sieben 0 1984 1988 1992 Beverley Whitfield 0 1972 Leslie Boardman 0 0 1912 Malcolm Champion 0 0 1912 Brad Cooper 0 0 1972 Lara Davenport 0 0 2008 John Davies 0 0 1952 Clare Dennis 0 0 1932 Fanny Durack 0 0 1912 Chris Fydler 0 0 1992 1996 2000 Bill Kirby 0 0 2000 Yolane Kukla 0 0 2012 Linda Mackenzie 0 0 2004 2008 Sandra Morgan 0 0 1956 1960 Gail Neall 0 0 1972 Kevin O'Halloran 0 0 1956 Mark Tonelli 0 0 1976 1980 Frank Beaurepaire 0 1908 1920 1924 Brenton Rickard 0 2008 2012 Christian Sprenger 0 2008 2012 Mark Stockwell 0 1984 Eamon Sullivan 0 2004 2008 Matt Welsh 0 2000 2004 Neville Hayes 0 0 1960 Andrew Lauterstein 0 2008 Samantha Riley 0 1992 1996 Nicole Stevenson 0 1988 1992 1996 Hayden Stoeckel 0 2008 2012 Matt Targett 0 2008 2012 Jan Andrew 0 1960 Geoff Huegill 0 2000 2004 Hayley Lewis 0 1992 1996 2000 James Magnussen 0 2012 John Marshall 0 1948 1952 1956 Scott Miller 0 Greg Rogers 0 1968 1972 Lyn Bell 0 0 1964 Glenn Beringen 0 0 1984 Dyana Calub 0 0 2000 Moss Christie 0 0 1924 Alva Colquhoun 0 0 1960 Ashley Delaney 0 0 2008 Michael Delany 0 0 1984 Helen Denman 0 0 Blair Evans 0 0 2012 Greg Fasala 0 0 1984 Terry Gathercole 0 0 1956 1960 Elka Graham 0 0 2000 2004 Regan Harrison 0 0 2000 2004 Henry Hay 0 0 1920 Ernest Henry 0 0 1924 William Herald 0 0 1920 Glen Housman 0 0 1992 1996 Angela Kennedy 0 0 Ilsa Konrads 0 0 1960 Suzie Landells 0 0 1984 Rosemary Lassig 0 0 1960 Nancy Lyons 0 0 1948 Antony Matkovich 0 0 Bonnie Mealing 0 0 1928 1932 Ryan Mitchell 0 0 1996 2000 John Monckton 0 0 1956 1960 Janice Murphy 0 0 1964 Jade Neilsen 0 0 2012 Karen Phillips 0 0 1984 Judy Playfair 0 0 1968 Geoff Shipton 0 0 1960 Nicholas Sprenger 0 0 2004 2008 Ivan Stedman 0 0 1920 1924 Janet Steinbeck 0 0 1968 Craig Stevens 0 0 Kirsten Thomson 0 0 2000 Robyn Thorn 0 0 1964 Jacinta van Lint 0 0 2000 Josh Watson 0 0 2000 2004 Lynne Watson 0 0 1968 Marilyn Wilson 0 0 1960 Graham Windeatt 0 0 1972 1976 Mina Wylie 0 0 1912 David Dickson 0 0 1960 1964 Leith Brodie 0 0 2008 Glenn Buchanan 0 0 1980 1984 Patrick Murphy 0 0 2004 2008 Phil Rogers 0 0 1992 1996 2000 Allan Wood 0 0 1964 Graeme Brewer 0 0 1980 1984 Grant Brits 0 0 2008 Greg Brough 0 0 1968 Gary Chapman 0 0 1956 Robert Cusack 0 0 1968 Judy-Joy Davies 0 0 1948 1952 Steven Dewick 0 0 Peter Doak 0 0 1964 Nic Frost 0 0 2008 Scott Goodman 0 0 Julia Greville 0 0 Toby Haenen 0 0 1992 1996 Stephen Holland 0 0 1976 Emma Johnson 0 0 Justin Lemberg 0 0 1984 Lise Mackie 0 0 1992 1996 Julie McDonald 0 0 1988 , 1992 Max Metzker 0 0 1976 1980 Karen Moras 0 0 1968 1972 Justin Norris 0 0 2000 2004 Kirk Palmer 0 0 2008 Michele Pearson 0 0 1984 Peter Reynolds 0 0 1964 John Ryan 0 0 1964 Graham White 0 0 1968 1972 Rob Woodhouse 0 0 1984 1988 See also ( edit ) Swimming portal Australia at the Olympics Australian Olympic Committee List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men) List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women) Swimming at the Summer Olympics Swimming Australia Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 412-- 423. Jump up ^ `` Swimming's big splash'' . BBC Sports. 2004-07-05 . Retrieved 2006-11-08 . Jump up ^ `` Phelps causes biggest splash'' . BBC Sports. 2004-08-21 . Retrieved 2006-11-19 . Jump up ^ `` 100 of our Finest'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009-01-31 . Jump up ^ `` Games at a Glance'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-20 . ^ Jump up to: `` Grant Hackett'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 180-- 182. ^ Jump up to: `` Ian Thorpe'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 165-- 168. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 371-- 373. ^ Jump up to: `` Kieren Perkins'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Susie O'Neill '' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 245-- 247. ^ Jump up to: `` Stephanie Rice'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 432-- 433. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 459-- 460. ^ Jump up to: `` Leisel Jones'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Petria Thomas'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 85-- 88. ^ Jump up to: `` Lisbeth Trickett'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 13-- 14. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 106-- 107. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 129-- 131. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 162-- 164. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 236-- 238. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 460-- 461. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 147-- 148. Jump up ^ `` Kyle Chalmers'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 99-- 101. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 124-- 125. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 128-- 129. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 138-- 140. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 202-- 203. ^ Jump up to: `` Jodie Henry'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Mack Horton'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 265-- 266. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 314-- 315. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 325-- 326. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 397. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 465-- 466. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 43-- 44. ^ Jump up to: `` Daniel Kowalski'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Coutts'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: `` Hayley Lewis'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 280-- 281. ^ Jump up to: `` Matthew Welsh'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Glenn Beringen'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Madeline Groves'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: `` Brooke Hanson'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 197. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 198-- 200. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 214. ^ Jump up to: `` Michael Klim'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 243. Jump up ^ `` Mitch Larkin'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 263. ^ Jump up to: `` James Magnussen'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 286-- 287. ^ Jump up to: `` Scott Miller'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 303. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 351. ^ Jump up to: `` Brenton Rickard'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Seebohm'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Sprenger'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 409. ^ Jump up to: `` Eamon Sullivan'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 464-- 465. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 480-- 481. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 148. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 194-- 195. ^ Jump up to: `` Samantha Riley'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Jessicah Schipper'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 469-- 470. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 8. Jump up ^ `` Bronte Barratt'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 62-- 63. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 64. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 68. ^ Jump up to: `` Cate Campbell'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 82-- 83. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 125. ^ Jump up to: `` Scott Goodman'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 212-- 213. ^ Jump up to: `` Geoffrey Huegill'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 231-- 232. ^ Jump up to: `` Andrew Lauterstein'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 249. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 266-- 267. Jump up ^ `` Emma McKeon'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 295. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 306. ^ Jump up to: `` Justin Norris'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 346. ^ Jump up to: `` Philip Rogers'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Nicole Livingstone'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` Hayden Stoeckel'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Andrews, p. 475. ^ Jump up to: Andrews, pp. 358-- 359. ^ Jump up to: Won gold in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Melanie Schlanger'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Won gold in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 2008 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Emily Seebohm'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Pearson'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer and silver in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer, swimming the butterfly leg. Jump up ^ `` Alice Mills'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer, swimming the freestyle leg. Jump up ^ `` Felicity Galvez'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 200 m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley relays in 2008 as a heat swimmer, swimming the butterfly leg in the latter. Jump up ^ `` Alicia Coutts'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Elmslie'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Pine'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer. Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2000 and 2008 as a heat swimmer, swimming the butterfly leg. Jump up ^ `` Giaan Rooney'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer, swimming the backstroke leg. Jump up ^ `` Sarah Ryan'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer. Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer, swimming the freestyle leg. Jump up ^ `` Bronte Barratt'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 63-- 64. Jump up ^ Won bronze in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1984 as a heat swimmer, swimming the freestyle leg. Jump up ^ `` Angie Bainbridge'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer, swimming the breaststroke leg. Jump up ^ `` Kylie Palmer'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Tarnee White'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold and silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2008 and 2000 respectively as a heat swimmer, swimming the breaststroke leg. Jump up ^ `` Ashley Callus'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Shayne Reese'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won gold and bronze in the 4 × 100 m medley and freestyle relay respectively in 2008 as a heat swimmer, swimming freestyle. Jump up ^ Won bronze in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1984 as a heat swimmer, swimming the butterfly leg. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 51-- 52. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 81-- 82. Jump up ^ `` Lara Davenport'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Fydler'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` William Kirby'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Yolane Kukla'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Mackenzie'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 307-- 308. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 328-- 329. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 440-- 441. Jump up ^ `` Christian Sprenger'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2008 as a heat swimmer in the breaststroke leg. Jump up ^ `` Matthew Targett'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2008 as a heat swimmer in the freestyle leg. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 366-- 367. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 44-- 45. Jump up ^ `` Dyana Calub'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 89. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 97-- 98. Jump up ^ `` Ashley Delaney'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2008 as a heat swimmer in the backstroke leg. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 127. Jump up ^ `` Helen Denman'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1996 as a heat swimmer, swimming the breaststroke leg. Jump up ^ `` Blair Evans'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 153. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 174-- 175. Jump up ^ `` Elka Graham'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: Won silver in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Regan Harrison'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 196-- 197. Jump up ^ Andrews, pp. 203-- 204. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 204. Jump up ^ `` Angela Kennedy'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1996 as a heat swimmer in the butterfly leg. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 247. Jump up ^ `` Antony Matkovich'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Ryan Mitchell'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer in the breaststroke leg. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 312. Jump up ^ `` Jade Neilsen'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 352. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 395. Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Sprenger'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 404. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 406. Jump up ^ `` Craig Stevens'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 2004 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Kirsten Thomson'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 434. Jump up ^ `` Jacinta van Lint'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Watson'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 2000 as a heat swimmer in the backstroke leg. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 453. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 464. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 132. Jump up ^ `` Leith Brodie'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won bronze in the 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m freestyle relays in 2008 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Patrick Murphy'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won bronze in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in 2008 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Grant Brits'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 112. Jump up ^ `` Steven Dewick'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 135. Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Ffrost'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Greville'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Haenen'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won bronze in the 4 × 100 m medley relay in 1996 as a heat swimmer in the freestyle. Jump up ^ `` Emma Johnson'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Lise Mackie'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Won bronze in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay in 1996 as a heat swimmer. Jump up ^ `` Kirk Palmer'' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2006-11-17 . Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 360. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 383. Jump up ^ Andrews, p. 460. References ( edit ) Andrews, Malcolm (2000). Australia at the Olympics . Sydney, New South Wales: ABC Books . ISBN 0-7333-0884-8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_Olympic_medallists_in_swimming&oldid=851029045 '' Categories : Olympic swimmers of Australia Olympic gold medalists for Australia Olympic silver medalists for Australia Olympic bronze medalists for Australia Lists of Olympic gold medalists Lists of Olympic competitors for Australia Australia at the Summer Olympics Swimming in Australia Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018, at 16:00 (UTC) . 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can a catholic receive communion in an episcopal church | The Catholic Church distinguishes between Churches whose celebration of the Eucharist , as well as holy orders , it recognizes as valid and those of other Christian communities . In the case that it is impossible to approach a Catholic minister , that it is a case of real need or spiritual benefit , and that the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided , the Catholic Church permits its faithful to receive Communion in Orthodox Churches , although Orthodox Churches do not honour this and only permit Orthodox Christians to receive Communion in Orthodox Churches . The Catholic Church does not ordinarily allow a Catholic to receive communion in a Protestant church , since it does not consider Protestant ministers to be priests ordained by bishops in a line of valid succession from the apostles , although Lutherans , Moravians , and Anglicans teach that they ordain their clergy in lines of apostolic succession . It applies this rule also to the Anglican Communion , pursuant to Apostolicae curae , a position that the Church of England disputed in Saepius officio . | [
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"Part of a series on the Eucharist Lord 's Supper Communion Elements Bread Wine Ritual and liturgy Divine Liturgy Divine Service Mass Requiem Solemn Consecration / Anaphora Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis Practices and customs Closed and Open Table Communion under both kinds Adoration Discipline Thanksgiving Reserved sacrament Feast of Corpus Christi First Communion Infant communion Viaticum Vessels Paten Chalice History Origin of the Eucharist Catholic historical roots Theology Real presence Consubstantiation Impanation Metousiosis Receptionism Sacramental union Transignification Transubstantiation Memorialism Sacrament Ordinance Denominational teachings Anglican Catholic Latter - day Saint Lutheran Related articles Black Mass Christian views on alcohol Host desecration",
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"Eucharist Lord 's Supper Communion",
"Elements",
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"Bread Wine",
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"Divine Liturgy Divine Service Mass Requiem Solemn Consecration / Anaphora Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis",
"Divine Liturgy Divine Service Mass Requiem Solemn Consecration / Anaphora Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis",
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"Requiem Solemn",
"Consecration / Anaphora Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis",
"Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis",
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"Closed and Open Table Communion under both kinds Adoration Discipline Thanksgiving Reserved sacrament Feast of Corpus Christi First Communion Infant communion Viaticum Vessels Paten Chalice",
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"Origin of the Eucharist Catholic historical roots",
"Origin of the Eucharist",
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"Real presence Consubstantiation Impanation Metousiosis Receptionism Sacramental union Transignification Transubstantiation Memorialism Sacrament Ordinance",
"Real presence Consubstantiation Impanation Metousiosis Receptionism Sacramental union Transignification Transubstantiation",
"Consubstantiation Impanation Metousiosis Receptionism Sacramental union Transignification Transubstantiation",
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"Closed communion is the practice of restricting the serving of the elements of Holy Communion ( also called Eucharist , The Lord 's Supper ) to those who are members in good standing of a particular church , denomination , sect , or congregation . Though the meaning of the term varies slightly in different Christian theological traditions , it generally means that a church or denomination limits participation either to members of their own church , members of their own denomination , or members of some specific class ( e.g. , baptized members of evangelical churches ) . See also intercommunion .",
"A closed - communion church is one that ( perhaps with exceptions in unusual circumstances ) excludes non-members from receiving communion . This is the practice of all churches dating from before the Protestant Reformation and also of some Protestant church such as some Lutherans and Baptists . Non ELCA Lutherans in the U.S. require catechetical instruction for all people , even members from other Lutheran Churches , before receiving the Eucharist while some Baptist churches require part membership while others even require full membership before participating in the communion service .",
"Churches which practice open communion allow all Christians to partake in the Lord 's Supper , with membership in a particular Christian community not required to receive bread and wine , in contrast to pre-Reformation churches , which hold that what is received in their celebrations ceases to be bread and wine .",
"The Catholic Church ( including all its component particular Churches , whether Latin or Eastern ) practices closed communion . However , provided that `` necessity requires it or true spiritual advantage suggests it '' and that the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided , canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church and the parallel canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches allow , in particular exceptional circumstances that are regulated by the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops , members who can not approach a Catholic minister to receive the Eucharist from ministers of churches that have a valid Eucharist . It also permits properly disposed members of the Eastern churches and of churches judged to be in the same situation with regard to the sacraments to receive the Eucharist from Catholic ministers , if they seek it of their own accord . The Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism warns that `` due consideration should be given to the discipline of the Eastern Churches for their own faithful and any suggestion of proselytism should be avoided . '' Recognizing that `` that everyone in a marriage that binds denominations , '' the Catholic Church in Germany has produced a pastoral handout allowing Lutheran and Reformed spouses of Roman Catholics to receive Communion from Roman Catholic ministers in certain cases , ' provided they `` affirm the Catholic faith in the Eucharist . '' '",
"Other Western Christians are limited by stricter conditions . Those who do personally share Catholic belief in the Eucharist ( as the body and blood of the risen Christ , accompanied by his soul and divinity , under the appearances of bread and wine ) are permitted to receive the sacrament when there is danger of death or , in the judgement of the diocesan bishop or of the episcopal conference , some other grave necessity urges it and on condition that `` the person be unable to have recourse for the sacrament to a minister of his or her own Church or ecclesial Community , ask for the sacrament of his or her own initiative , manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament and be properly disposed '' .",
"The Catholic Church does not practise open communion , holding that reception of Holy Communion is reserved for those who are baptized . In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to those who share its oneness in faith , worship and ecclesial life . For the same reasons , it also recognizes that in certain circumstances , by way of exception , and under certain conditions , access to these sacraments may be permitted for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities . Thus it permits Eastern Christians who are not in full communion with the Catholic Church ( Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy and Assyrian Church of the East ) to receive Communion from Catholic ministers , if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed , and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that the Holy See judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments ; however , Eastern Orthodox Churches do not reciprocate this and forbid Eastern Orthodox Christians from receiving Communion in Roman Catholic churches . For other baptized Christians ( Anglicans and other Protestants ) the conditions are more severe . Only in danger of death or if , in the judgement of the local bishop , there is a grave and pressing need , may members of these Churches who can not approach a minister of their own Church be admitted to receive the Eucharist , if they spontaneously ask for it , demonstrate that they have the catholic faith in the Eucharist , and are properly disposed . Exceptions do occur , however . Notably , Pope John Paul II gave Holy Communion to Brother Roger , a Reformed pastor and founder of the Taizé Community , several times ; in addition Cardinal Ratzinger ( later Pope Benedict XVI ) also gave Brother Roger the Eucharist . Moreover , after Brother Roger 's death , at the Mass celebrated for him in France , `` communion wafers were given to the faithful indiscriminately , regardless of denomination '' .",
"The Catholic Church distinguishes between Churches whose celebration of the Eucharist , as well as holy orders , it recognizes as valid and those of other Christian communities . In the case that it is impossible to approach a Catholic minister , that it is a case of real need or spiritual benefit , and that the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided , the Catholic Church permits its faithful to receive Communion in Orthodox Churches , although Orthodox Churches do not honour this and only permit Orthodox Christians to receive Communion in Orthodox Churches . The Catholic Church does not ordinarily allow a Catholic to receive communion in a Protestant church , since it does not consider Protestant ministers to be priests ordained by bishops in a line of valid succession from the apostles , although Lutherans , Moravians , and Anglicans teach that they ordain their clergy in lines of apostolic succession . It applies this rule also to the Anglican Communion , pursuant to Apostolicae curae , a position that the Church of England disputed in Saepius officio .",
"Confessional Lutheran churches , including the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod , practice closed communion and require catechetical instruction for all people before receiving the Eucharist . Failing to do so is condemned by these Lutherans as the sin of unionism . This teaching comes from 1 Corinthians 10 : 16 - 17 which says , `` Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ ? Because there is one loaf , we , who are many , are one body , for we all share the one loaf '' and Paul 's teaching of fellowship in 1 Corinthians 1 : 10 , `` I appeal to you , brothers and sisters , in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ , that all of you agree with one another in what you say and that there be no divisions among you , but that you be perfectly united in mind and thought . '' These Lutherans also take seriously God 's threat in 1 Corinthians 11 : 27 , 29 that `` Whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of sinning against the body and blood of the Lord . A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of this cup . For anyone who eats and drinks without recognizing the body of the Lord eats and drinks judgment on himself . '' Therefore , the belief is that , inviting those forward who have not been first instructed would be unloving on the church 's part , because they would be inviting people forward to sin . This is described as akin to letting someone drink poison without stopping him .",
"The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) , the largest Lutheran Church in America , however , does not practice closed communion , but rather `` eucharistic hospitality . '' In terms of guests receiving the Sacrament , according to this practice , the burden of decision of admittance to the Sacrament is not on the host congregation , but on its guests . The invitation to the Sacrament is extended to `` all baptized persons , '' along with `` a brief written or oral statement in worship which teaches Christ 's presence in the sacrament . '' In terms of members receiving the Sacrament , reception of the Sacrament is always to include `` continuing catechesis ( which ) include ( s ) instruction for Holy Communion , '' but this is not a prerequisite for first communion , and even infants may be permitted to receive the Sacrament at or after the service of their baptism .",
"The Eastern Orthodox Church , comprising 14 or 15 autocephalous Orthodox hierarchical churches , is even more strictly a closed - communion Church . Thus , a member of the Russian Orthodox Church attending the Divine Liturgy in a Greek Orthodox Church will be allowed to receive communion and vice versa but , although Protestants , non-Trinitarian Christians , or Catholics may otherwise fully participate in an Orthodox Divine Liturgy , they will be excluded from communion . In the strictest sense , non-Orthodox may be present at the Divine Liturgy only up to the exclamation `` The doors ! The doors ! '' and ought to leave the church after that . However , this attitude has been relaxed in most Orthodox churches ; a non-communicant may stay and participate in the Divine Liturgy but may not partake of the Eucharist . Thus , while in certain circumstances the Catholic Church allows its faithful who can not approach a Catholic minister to receive the Eucharist from an Eastern Orthodox priest , the Eastern Orthodox Church does not admit them to receive the Eucharist from its ministers . At the very end of the Divine Liturgy , all people come up to receive a little piece of bread , called antidoron , which is blessed but not consecrated , being taken from the same loaf as the bread used in the consecration . Non-Orthodox present at the Liturgy are not only permitted but even encouraged to receive the blessed bread as an expression of Christian fellowship and love .",
"Some Baptists and all American_Baptist_Association practice closed communion even more strictly than the Catholic Church , Lutheran Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . They restrict communion ( or the Lord 's Supper ) to members of the local church observing the ordinance . So thus , members from other churches , even members of other local churches of the same Baptist group are excluded from participating in the communion . The Strict Baptists in the United Kingdom derive their name from this practice . In the United States , it is usually , but not exclusively , associated with Landmark ecclesiology . For a similar practice by some others , see `` Close Communion '' , below .",
"The closed communion practiced by Primitive Baptists admits participation by Primitive Baptists who do not belong to the local church .",
"The Orthodox Presbyterian Church , the Reformed Presbyterian Church , the American Presbyterian Church the Reformed Seventh - day Adventist Church , Exclusive Brethren , the Apostolic Christian Church , the Church of the Brethren , Mennonites , Amish , some Anglicans , the Church of God in Christ , the Church of God of Prophecy , and some other churches in the Reformed tradition such as Calvinists also practice closed communion . Jehovah 's Witnesses hold that only the 144,000 should receive communion . Other nontrinitarian Christians that practice closed communion include the Church of God ( Seventh Day ) , Christadelphians , and Oneness Pentecostals such as the True Jesus Church .",
"Churches of Christ , though doctrinally holding to a closed communion view , in practice do not prohibit visitors from taking communion , on the view that per 1 Corinthians 11 : 28 the visitor must `` examine himself '' and decide to partake or decline ( i.e. it is not for the minister , elders / deacons , or members to decide who may or may not partake ) ; thus , it is more a form of open communion .",
"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) practices closed communion , but does not take any measures to prevent others from participating ( 1 ) . The Community of Christ ( formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ) practices open communion .",
"Among the modern descendants of the Anabaptists , the Amish , Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites all practice what they term close communion , restricting communion to members of a local congregation only .",
"The term close communion normally means the same thing as closed communion . However , some make a distinction , so the terms can be a source of confusion .",
"The most prominent distinction ( which in some circles may be called `` cracked communion '' ) is one where a member of a congregation holding the `` same faith and practice '' as the hosting congregation ( generally meaning being a member of a congregation in the same or a similar denomination ) may participate in the service , but a member of another denomination may not .",
"For example , a Southern Baptist congregation practicing close communion :",
"might allow a member of another Southern Baptist congregation to participate , on the premise that both congregations are of the `` same faith and practice '' as they are both in the same denomination , and might also allow a member of an Independent Baptist congregation to participate ; though the congregations are of different denominations the differences between them are mainly in the area of church organization and not in doctrinal issues , thus falling under the `` same faith and practice '' rule , but would thus exclude a Lutheran or Catholic , on the basis that Baptists and Catholics are not of the `` same faith and practice '' .",
"might allow a member of another Southern Baptist congregation to participate , on the premise that both congregations are of the `` same faith and practice '' as they are both in the same denomination , and",
"might also allow a member of an Independent Baptist congregation to participate ; though the congregations are of different denominations the differences between them are mainly in the area of church organization and not in doctrinal issues , thus falling under the `` same faith and practice '' rule , but",
"would thus exclude a Lutheran or Catholic , on the basis that Baptists and Catholics are not of the `` same faith and practice '' .",
"The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia allows communion to those who can assent to the first three terms of its church covenants , and discuss this with the elders ahead of time . They do n't appear to distinguish the term `` close communion '' from `` closed communion '' , though .",
"The earliest use of close communion comes from a mistranslation of the Lutheran theologian Franz August Otto Pieper 's Christian Dogmatics . The term has since spread , although both the first edition and later translations corrected the error to `` closed communion . ''",
"Complex reasons underlie the belief . In 1 Corinthians 10 , it is written : `` The chalice of benediction which we bless , is it not the communion of the blood of Christ ? And the bread which we break , is it not the partaking of the body of the Lord ? For we , being many , are one bread , one body : all that partake of one bread . '' Since all Christians are now no longer of a unity that would allow common celebration of the Eucharist between them all , the bread being a visible sign of union , communion is not taken together between separated Churches and communities . Additionally as described in 1Co 11 : 29 : `` For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily , eateth and drinketh damnation to himself , not discerning the Lord 's body . '' It is deemed better to prevent outsiders from taking communion than to risk them taking communion `` unworthily '' . Catholics thus see the communion as sinful for those who do not recognise the Real Presence or who are otherwise ' unworthy ' , i.e. who are not in the ' right place ' to accept the Eucharist ( free of mortal sin ) . Christian communities that keep close communion often also have accountability within those members that partake of the communion , so that they do not run afoul of this problem . Such communities will also delay taking communion until the members ( the church body ) can take communion in Christian unity , as required by 1Co 11 : 33 `` Wherefore , my brethren , when ye come together to eat , tarry one for another . ''",
"Justin Martyr indicated that the second - century Christian Church had three requirements for sharing in the Eucharist : identity of belief , Christian baptism , and moral life . `` No one may share in the eucharist except those who believe in the truth of our teachings and have been washed in the bath which confers forgiveness of sins and rebirth , and who live according to Christ 's commands '' ( First Apology , 66 ) .",
"Corporate responsibility is another argument often used in favour of closed communion . The Heidelberg Catechism , for example , says that those who `` by confession and life , declare themselves unbelieving and ungodly '' are not to be admitted to the Lord 's Supper , for then `` the covenant of God would be profaned , and his wrath kindled against the whole congregation . '' Church leaders are obliged to do all they can to ensure that this does not happen , and hence `` exclude such persons ... till they show amendment of life , '' ( Q & A 82 ) .",
"In Protestant theology , a fenced table is a communion table which is open only to accredited members of the Christian community . Fencing the table is thus the opposite of open communion , where the invitation to the sacrament is extended to `` all who love the Lord '' and members of any denomination are welcome at their own discretion .",
"The phrase goes back to early Scottish Calvinism , where the communion table literally had a fence around it , with a gate at each end . The members of the congregation were allowed to pass the gate on showing their communion token , a specially minted coin which served as an admission ticket and was given only to those who were in good standing with the local congregation and could pass a test of the catechism . Examples of this kind of church furnishing are still to be seen in a very few highland churches .",
"The phrase `` fencing the table '' is also used metaphorically for other kinds of group demarcation and restrictive practices .",
"Many Scottish Protestant churches used to give tokens to members passing a religious test prior to the day of communion , then required the token for entry . Some US and other churches also used communion tokens ."
] | Closed communion - wikipedia Closed communion hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the Eucharist Lord's Supper Communion Elements Bread Wine Ritual and liturgy Divine Liturgy Divine Service Mass Requiem Solemn Consecration / Anaphora Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis Practices and customs Closed and Open Table Communion under both kinds Adoration Discipline Thanksgiving Reserved sacrament Feast of Corpus Christi First Communion Infant communion Viaticum Vessels Paten Chalice History Origin of the Eucharist Catholic historical roots Theology Real presence Consubstantiation Impanation Metousiosis Receptionism Sacramental union Transignification Transubstantiation Memorialism Sacrament Ordinance Denominational teachings Anglican Catholic Latter-day Saint Lutheran Related articles Black Mass Christian views on alcohol Host desecration Closed communion is the practice of restricting the serving of the elements of Holy Communion (also called Eucharist, The Lord's Supper) to those who are members in good standing of a particular church, denomination, sect, or congregation. Though the meaning of the term varies slightly in different Christian theological traditions, it generally means that a church or denomination limits participation either to members of their own church, members of their own denomination, or members of some specific class (e.g., baptized members of evangelical churches). See also intercommunion . A closed-communion church is one that (perhaps with exceptions in unusual circumstances) excludes non-members from receiving communion . This is the practice of all churches dating from before the Protestant Reformation and also of some Protestant church such as some Lutherans and Baptists . Non ELCA Lutherans in the U.S. require catechetical instruction for all people, even members from other Lutheran Churches, before receiving the Eucharist while some Baptist churches require part membership while others even require full membership before participating in the communion service. Churches which practice open communion allow all Christians to partake in the Lord's Supper, with membership in a particular Christian community not required to receive bread and wine, in contrast to pre-Reformation churches, which hold that what is received in their celebrations ceases to be bread and wine. Contents ( hide ) 1 Practice 1.1 Catholic Church 1.2 Lutheranism 1.3 Eastern Orthodox Church 1.4 Baptists 1.5 Other groups 1.6 Latter Day Saints 2 `` Close Communion'' 3 Supporting belief 4 Fenced table 5 Communion tokens 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Lutheran perspective 8.2 Apostolic Christian Church perspective 8.3 Eastern Orthodox perspective 8.4 Baptist perspective 8.5 Anabaptist perspective 8.6 Reformed perspective 8.7 Roman Catholic perspective Practice ( edit ) Catholic Church ( edit ) The Catholic Church (including all its component particular Churches , whether Latin or Eastern ) practices closed communion. However, provided that `` necessity requires it or true spiritual advantage suggests it'' and that the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided, canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church and the parallel canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches allow, in particular exceptional circumstances that are regulated by the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops, members who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive the Eucharist from ministers of churches that have a valid Eucharist. It also permits properly disposed members of the Eastern churches and of churches judged to be in the same situation with regard to the sacraments to receive the Eucharist from Catholic ministers, if they seek it of their own accord. The Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism warns that `` due consideration should be given to the discipline of the Eastern Churches for their own faithful and any suggestion of proselytism should be avoided.'' Recognizing that `` that everyone in a marriage that binds denominations,'' the Catholic Church in Germany has produced a pastoral handout allowing Lutheran and Reformed spouses of Roman Catholics to receive Communion from Roman Catholic ministers in certain cases, ' provided they `` affirm the Catholic faith in the Eucharist.'' ' Other Western Christians are limited by stricter conditions. Those who do personally share Catholic belief in the Eucharist (as the body and blood of the risen Christ, accompanied by his soul and divinity, under the appearances of bread and wine) are permitted to receive the sacrament when there is danger of death or, in the judgement of the diocesan bishop or of the episcopal conference, some other grave necessity urges it and on condition that `` the person be unable to have recourse for the sacrament to a minister of his or her own Church or ecclesial Community, ask for the sacrament of his or her own initiative, manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament and be properly disposed'' . The Catholic Church does not practise open communion , holding that reception of Holy Communion is reserved for those who are baptized. In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to those who share its oneness in faith, worship and ecclesial life. For the same reasons, it also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities. Thus it permits Eastern Christians who are not in full communion with the Catholic Church ( Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy and Assyrian Church of the East ) to receive Communion from Catholic ministers, if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed, and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that the Holy See judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments; however, Eastern Orthodox Churches do not reciprocate this and forbid Eastern Orthodox Christians from receiving Communion in Roman Catholic churches. For other baptized Christians ( Anglicans and other Protestants ) the conditions are more severe. Only in danger of death or if, in the judgement of the local bishop, there is a grave and pressing need, may members of these Churches who cannot approach a minister of their own Church be admitted to receive the Eucharist, if they spontaneously ask for it, demonstrate that they have the catholic faith in the Eucharist, and are properly disposed. Exceptions do occur, however. Notably, Pope John Paul II gave Holy Communion to Brother Roger , a Reformed pastor and founder of the Taizé Community , several times; in addition Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI ) also gave Brother Roger the Eucharist. Moreover, after Brother Roger's death, at the Mass celebrated for him in France, `` communion wafers were given to the faithful indiscriminately, regardless of denomination'' . The Catholic Church distinguishes between Churches whose celebration of the Eucharist, as well as holy orders, it recognizes as valid and those of other Christian communities. In the case that it is impossible to approach a Catholic minister, that it is a case of real need or spiritual benefit,and that the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided, the Catholic Church permits its faithful to receive Communion in Orthodox Churches, although Orthodox Churches do not honour this and only permit Orthodox Christians to receive Communion in Orthodox Churches. The Catholic Church does not ordinarily allow a Catholic to receive communion in a Protestant church, since it does not consider Protestant ministers to be priests ordained by bishops in a line of valid succession from the apostles , although Lutherans, Moravians, and Anglicans teach that they ordain their clergy in lines of apostolic succession. It applies this rule also to the Anglican Communion, pursuant to Apostolicae curae , a position that the Church of England disputed in Saepius officio . Lutheranism ( edit ) Celebration of the Holy Eucharist in a parish of the Lutheran Church-- Missouri Synod , with communicants kneeling at the chancel rails to receive the body of Christ . Confessional Lutheran churches, including the Lutheran Church-- Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod , practice closed communion and require catechetical instruction for all people before receiving the Eucharist. Failing to do so is condemned by these Lutherans as the sin of unionism. This teaching comes from 1 Corinthians 10:16-17 which says, `` Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ? Because there is one loaf, we, who are many, are one body, for we all share the one loaf'' and Paul's teaching of fellowship in 1 Corinthians 1:10, `` I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree with one another in what you say and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be perfectly united in mind and thought.'' These Lutherans also take seriously God's threat in 1 Corinthians 11:27,29 that `` Whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of sinning against the body and blood of the Lord. A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of this cup. For anyone who eats and drinks without recognizing the body of the Lord eats and drinks judgment on himself.'' Therefore, the belief is that, inviting those forward who have not been first instructed would be unloving on the church's part, because they would be inviting people forward to sin. This is described as akin to letting someone drink poison without stopping him. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), the largest Lutheran Church in America, however, does not practice closed communion, but rather `` eucharistic hospitality.'' In terms of guests receiving the Sacrament, according to this practice, the burden of decision of admittance to the Sacrament is not on the host congregation, but on its guests. The invitation to the Sacrament is extended to `` all baptized persons,'' along with `` a brief written or oral statement in worship which teaches Christ's presence in the sacrament.'' In terms of members receiving the Sacrament, reception of the Sacrament is always to include `` continuing catechesis (which) include(s) instruction for Holy Communion,'' but this is not a prerequisite for first communion, and even infants may be permitted to receive the Sacrament at or after the service of their baptism. Eastern Orthodox Church ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church , comprising 14 or 15 autocephalous Orthodox hierarchical churches, is even more strictly a closed-communion Church. Thus, a member of the Russian Orthodox Church attending the Divine Liturgy in a Greek Orthodox Church will be allowed to receive communion and vice versa but, although Protestants , non-Trinitarian Christians , or Catholics may otherwise fully participate in an Orthodox Divine Liturgy , they will be excluded from communion. In the strictest sense, non-Orthodox may be present at the Divine Liturgy only up to the exclamation `` The doors! The doors!'' and ought to leave the church after that. However, this attitude has been relaxed in most Orthodox churches; a non-communicant may stay and participate in the Divine Liturgy but may not partake of the Eucharist. Thus, while in certain circumstances the Catholic Church allows its faithful who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive the Eucharist from an Eastern Orthodox priest, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not admit them to receive the Eucharist from its ministers. At the very end of the Divine Liturgy, all people come up to receive a little piece of bread, called antidoron , which is blessed but not consecrated, being taken from the same loaf as the bread used in the consecration. Non-Orthodox present at the Liturgy are not only permitted but even encouraged to receive the blessed bread as an expression of Christian fellowship and love. Baptists ( edit ) Some Baptists and all American_Baptist_Association practice closed communion even more strictly than the Catholic Church , Lutheran Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . They restrict communion (or the Lord's Supper ) to members of the local church observing the ordinance. So thus, members from other churches, even members of other local churches of the same Baptist group are excluded from participating in the communion. The Strict Baptists in the United Kingdom derive their name from this practice. In the United States , it is usually, but not exclusively, associated with Landmark ecclesiology. For a similar practice by some others, see `` Close Communion'' , below. The closed communion practiced by Primitive Baptists admits participation by Primitive Baptists who do not belong to the local church. Other groups ( edit ) The Orthodox Presbyterian Church , the Reformed Presbyterian Church , the American Presbyterian Church the Reformed Seventh-day Adventist Church , Exclusive Brethren , the Apostolic Christian Church , the Church of the Brethren , Mennonites , Amish , some Anglicans , the Church of God in Christ , the Church of God of Prophecy , and some other churches in the Reformed tradition such as Calvinists also practice closed communion. Jehovah's Witnesses hold that only the 144,000 should receive communion. Other nontrinitarian Christians that practice closed communion include the Church of God (Seventh Day) , Christadelphians , and Oneness Pentecostals such as the True Jesus Church . Churches of Christ , though doctrinally holding to a closed communion view, in practice do not prohibit visitors from taking communion, on the view that per 1 Corinthians 11:28 the visitor must `` examine himself'' and decide to partake or decline (i.e. it is not for the minister, elders/deacons, or members to decide who may or may not partake); thus, it is more a form of open communion . Latter day Saints ( edit ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) practices closed communion, but does not take any measures to prevent others from participating (1) . The Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ) practices open communion. `` Close communion'' ( edit ) Franz Pieper , June 27, 1852 - June 3, 1931 Among the modern descendants of the Anabaptists , the Amish , Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites all practice what they term close communion , restricting communion to members of a local congregation only. The term close communion normally means the same thing as closed communion . However, some make a distinction, so the terms can be a source of confusion. The most prominent distinction (which in some circles may be called `` cracked communion'' ) is one where a member of a congregation holding the `` same faith and practice'' as the hosting congregation (generally meaning being a member of a congregation in the same or a similar denomination) may participate in the service, but a member of another denomination may not. For example, a Southern Baptist congregation practicing close communion: might allow a member of another Southern Baptist congregation to participate, on the premise that both congregations are of the `` same faith and practice'' as they are both in the same denomination, and might also allow a member of an Independent Baptist congregation to participate; though the congregations are of different denominations the differences between them are mainly in the area of church organization and not in doctrinal issues, thus falling under the `` same faith and practice'' rule, but would thus exclude a Lutheran or Catholic, on the basis that Baptists and Catholics are not of the `` same faith and practice'' . The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia allows communion to those who can assent to the first three terms of its church covenants, and discuss this with the elders ahead of time. They don't appear to distinguish the term `` close communion'' from `` closed communion'' , though. The earliest use of close communion comes from a mistranslation of the Lutheran theologian Franz August Otto Pieper's Christian Dogmatics . The term has since spread, although both the first edition and later translations corrected the error to `` closed communion.'' Supporting belief ( edit ) Complex reasons underlie the belief. In 1 Corinthians 10, it is written: `` The chalice of benediction which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? And the bread which we break, is it not the partaking of the body of the Lord? For we, being many, are one bread, one body: all that partake of one bread.'' Since all Christians are now no longer of a unity that would allow common celebration of the Eucharist between them all, the bread being a visible sign of union, communion is not taken together between separated Churches and communities. Additionally as described in 1Co 11:29: `` For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord's body.'' It is deemed better to prevent outsiders from taking communion than to risk them taking communion `` unworthily'' . Catholics thus see the communion as sinful for those who do not recognise the Real Presence or who are otherwise ' unworthy' , i.e. who are not in the ' right place' to accept the Eucharist (free of mortal sin ). Christian communities that keep close communion often also have accountability within those members that partake of the communion, so that they do not run afoul of this problem. Such communities will also delay taking communion until the members (the church body) can take communion in Christian unity, as required by 1Co 11:33 `` Wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat, tarry one for another.'' Justin Martyr indicated that the second-century Christian Church had three requirements for sharing in the Eucharist: identity of belief, Christian baptism, and moral life. `` No one may share in the eucharist except those who believe in the truth of our teachings and have been washed in the bath which confers forgiveness of sins and rebirth, and who live according to Christ's commands'' ( First Apology , 66). Corporate responsibility is another argument often used in favour of closed communion. The Heidelberg Catechism , for example, says that those who `` by confession and life, declare themselves unbelieving and ungodly'' are not to be admitted to the Lord's Supper, for then `` the covenant of God would be profaned, and his wrath kindled against the whole congregation.'' Church leaders are obliged to do all they can to ensure that this does not happen, and hence `` exclude such persons... till they show amendment of life,'' (Q & A 82). Fenced table ( edit ) In Protestant theology, a fenced table is a communion table which is open only to accredited members of the Christian community. Fencing the table is thus the opposite of open communion, where the invitation to the sacrament is extended to `` all who love the Lord'' and members of any denomination are welcome at their own discretion. The phrase goes back to early Scottish Calvinism, where the communion table literally had a fence around it, with a gate at each end. The members of the congregation were allowed to pass the gate on showing their communion token , a specially minted coin which served as an admission ticket and was given only to those who were in good standing with the local congregation and could pass a test of the catechism. Examples of this kind of church furnishing are still to be seen in a very few highland churches. A communion token from South Leith Parish Church The phrase `` fencing the table'' is also used metaphorically for other kinds of group demarcation and restrictive practices. Communion tokens ( edit ) Main article: Communion token Many Scottish Protestant churches used to give tokens to members passing a religious test prior to the day of communion, then required the token for entry. Some US and other churches also used communion tokens. See also ( edit ) Open communion Sister Churches (ecclesiology) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 2 Archived December 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 3 Archived December 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism , 125 Jump up ^ Wimmer, Anian Christoph (22 February 2018). `` German bishops discuss intercommunion of Lutheran, Catholic spouses'' . Crux . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` German bishops discuss intercommunion of Lutheran, Catholic spouses'' . Catholic News Agency. 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` German bishops allow Protestant spouses to partake in communion'' . La Croix. 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A hopeful step for Lutheran-Catholic couples'' . The Lutheran World Federation . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism , 131 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 4 Archived December 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 842 § 1 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 675 § 2 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 1 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 § 1 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 3 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 § 3 ^ Jump up to: John Breck (1996). `` Why Not `` Open Communion'' ?`` . Orthodox Church in America . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . On the other hand, the Orthodox Churches, united above all by their Eucharistic faith and practice, accept to communion only baptized Orthodox Christians, and then, theoretically, only when they have prepared themselves by prayer, by appropriate fasting, and-- in most traditions-- by confession of sins. In addition, Orthodox bishops and other teachers make clear to their faithful that they can only properly receive communion from a canonically ordained priest or bishop within the context of the traditional Orthodox Divine Liturgy (which includes communion taken to the sick). Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 4 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 § 4 Jump up ^ Packman, Andrew. `` Table Manners: Unexpected Grace at Communion'' . The Christian Century . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivereigh, Austen (26 August 2008). `` Brother Roger of Taize -- Catholic, Protestant, what?'' . America Magazine . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Brother Roger also received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church. In this sense, there was nothing secret or hidden in the attitude of the Catholic Church, neither at Taizé or in Rome. During the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Ratzinger only repeated what had already been done before him in Saint Peter's Basilica, at the time of the late Pope. Jump up ^ The Catholic World Report, Volume 15 . Ignatius Press. 2005. During the funeral for Pope John Paul II, Brother Roger himself received Communion directly from then-Cardinal Ratzinger. Jump up ^ John L. Allen Jr. (11 August 2010). `` Another tribute for Taizé from the Vatican'' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Brother Roger received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council, and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church. Jump up ^ Tagliabue, John (24 August 2005). `` At His Funeral, Brother Roger Has an Ecumenical Dream Fulfilled'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Communion of Non-Catholics or Intercommunion Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 § 2 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 § 2 Jump up ^ Considine, Kevin P. (2011). `` Can a Catholic receive communion in a Protestant church?'' . U.S. Catholic . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Close communion and membership'' . Jump up ^ WELS Topical Q&A : Romans 16:17 - What Kind of Warning Is This? , Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod Jump up ^ `` Closed Communion'' @ www.lcms.org . Retrieved 2010-01-17. Jump up ^ Understanding Closed Communion , stating `` Therefore, our Congregation and our Denomination practices what is called ' close or closed Communion' , meaning that before you take Communion at our Churches, we ask you to take a Communion Class first to properly learn what Communion is all about. '' , by Archive.org Jump up ^ Holy Communion - A Guide for Visitors Jump up ^ Christian Encyclopedia: Unionism . Retrieved 2014-06-21. Jump up ^ `` Need help explaining simply to Catholic the closed communion'' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Communion - Both `` close'' and `` closed '' `` . Forward in Christ . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 Jan 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowship and Worship principles'' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Retrieved 29 Jan 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Use of the Means of Grace: A Statement on the Practice of Word and Sacrament , ELCA, 1997). Jump up ^ At what age do ELCA congregations allow members their first Communion? . Retrieved 2010-01-17. Jump up ^ Timothy Ware, `` The Orthodox Church'' 1963. Jump up ^ http://marchtozion.com/church/134-why-primitive-baptists-practice-closed-communion Jump up ^ http://www.americanpresbyterianchurch.org/apc-distinctives-3/close-communion-by-r-j-george/ Jump up ^ http://www.cerm.info/bible_studies/Apologetics/Oneness_pentecostalism.htm Jump up ^ Finn, Nathan (September 2006). `` Baptism as a Prerequisite to the Lord's Supper'' (PDF) . The Center for Theological Research. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-04. Jump up ^ Text from Minister to Minister, Sept. 1997 - Gerald Kieschnick, President Texas District Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Lutheran perspective ( edit ) A closer look at close communion - Confessional Lutheran perspective Close Communion: Its Basis and Practice , a Confessional Lutheran view, by Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library What about Fellowship Official Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod statement regarding closed/close communion The Biblical Practice of Closed Communion (PDF) - a Lutheran church-Missouri Synod view Apostolic Christian Church perspective ( edit ) Closed Communion Eastern Orthodox perspective ( edit ) Ecclesiology and Communion Baptist perspective ( edit ) The Case for Closed Communion Covenant Communion - a variation of the Closed Communion emphasis Anabaptist perspective ( edit ) The Lord's Supper Reformed perspective ( edit ) Close Communion - American Presbyterian view Terms of Communion - Reformed Presbyterian / Associate Presbyterian / United Presbyterian views Roman Catholic perspective ( edit ) Why does the Catholic Church have a closed Communion? and Who can receive Communion? Relative part of the Roman Catholic Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closed_communion&oldid=837455707 '' Categories : Christian terminology Eucharist Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from June 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles that may contain original research from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Interlingua Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 22:57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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what is the song can help falling in love with you about | During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is repeated throughout the whole song . | [
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"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Blue Hawaii B - side `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' Released October 1 , 1961 Format 7 '' Recorded March 23 , 1961 , Radio Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Pop Length 2 : 59 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Elvis Presley ( Joseph Lilley for Paramount Pictures ) Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love ''",
"Single by Elvis Presley",
"from the album Blue Hawaii",
"B - side `` Rock - A-Hula Baby ''",
"Released October 1 , 1961",
"Format 7 ''",
"Recorded March 23 , 1961 , Radio Recorders , Hollywood , California",
"Genre Pop",
"Length 2 : 59",
"Label RCA Victor",
"Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss",
"Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss",
"George David Weiss",
"Producer ( s ) Elvis Presley ( Joseph Lilley for Paramount Pictures )",
"Elvis Presley singles chronology",
"`` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music , Elvis Presley 's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss . The melody is based on `` Plaisir d'amour '' ( 1784 ) , a popular romance by Jean - Paul - Égide Martini ( 1741 -- 1816 ) . It was featured in Elvis Presley 's 1961 film , Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades , it was recorded by numerous other artists , including Tom Smothers , British reggae group UB40 , whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts , and Swedish pop group A-Teens .",
"Elvis Presley 's version of the song , which topped the British charts in 1962 , has appeared in numerous other films , including the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , the 2002 Disney film Lilo & Stitch , the 2016 film The Conjuring 2 and the pilot episode of Sons of Anarchy . Other films that feature the song include Overboard , Honeymoon in Vegas , The Thing Called Love , Was It Something I Said ? , Fools Rush In , Love Stinks and Happily Ever After . The single is certified by the RIAA as a Platinum record , for US sales in excess of one million copies . In the United States , the Elvis Presley version of the song peaked at number two on the pop chart and went to number one on the Easy Listening chart for six weeks .",
"During Presley 's late 1960s and 1970s live performances , the song was performed as the show 's finale . Most notably , it was also sung in the live segment of his 1968 NBC television special , and as the closer for his 1973 Global telecast , Aloha from Hawaii . A version with a faster arrangement was used as the closing for Presley 's final TV special , Elvis in Concert .",
"Elvis Presley -- lead vocals The Jordanaires -- backing vocals Scotty Moore -- electric guitar Floyd Cramer -- piano Bob Moore -- double bass Hal Blaine -- drums",
"Elvis Presley -- lead vocals",
"The Jordanaires -- backing vocals",
"Scotty Moore -- electric guitar",
"Floyd Cramer -- piano",
"Bob Moore -- double bass",
"Hal Blaine -- drums",
"7 '' single",
"7 '' single",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Rock - A-Hula Baby ''",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love ''",
"`` Rock - A-Hula Baby ''",
"Preceded by `` When I Fall in Love '' by the Lettermen Billboard Easy Listening number - one single by Elvis Presley January 13 , 1962 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Little Bitty Tear '' by Burl Ives Preceded by `` The Young Ones '' by Cliff Richard and the Shadows UK number - one single `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' b / w `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love February 22 , 1962 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wonderful Land '' by the Shadows",
"Preceded by `` When I Fall in Love '' by the Lettermen Billboard Easy Listening number - one single by Elvis Presley January 13 , 1962 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Little Bitty Tear '' by Burl Ives",
"Preceded by `` The Young Ones '' by Cliff Richard and the Shadows UK number - one single `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' b / w `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love February 22 , 1962 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wonderful Land '' by the Shadows",
"`` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' Single by UB40 from the album Sliver : Music from the Motion Picture and Promises and Lies Released May 10 , 1993 Format 7 '' 10 '' CD MCD Recorded March 3 , 1993 Genre Reggae fusion synthpop Length 3 : 24 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"`` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You ''",
"Single by UB40",
"from the album Sliver : Music from the Motion Picture and Promises and Lies",
"Released May 10 , 1993",
"Format 7 '' 10 '' CD MCD",
"7 '' 10 '' CD MCD",
"Recorded March 3 , 1993",
"Genre Reggae fusion synthpop",
"Reggae fusion synthpop",
"Length 3 : 24",
"Label Virgin",
"Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss",
"Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss",
"George David Weiss",
"Producer ( s ) UB40",
"UB40 singles chronology",
"`` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"`` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"`` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"`` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"`` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"`` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 )",
"In 1993 , British reggae band UB40 recorded the song as the first single from their 1993 album Promises and Lies . The song was released in May 1993 , in the majority of countries worldwide . It eventually climbed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at number 100 and appears in the soundtrack of the movie Sliver , the trailer for Fools Rush In and an episode of Hindsight . It remained at number one in the United States for seven weeks . It was also number one in the United Kingdom , Austria , Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand . The single version of the song has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody .",
"In the US , and on the Sliver soundtrack , the song title was listed as `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love , '' rather than what appeared on the record sleeve .",
"CD single",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24",
"`` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09",
"CD maxi",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24",
"`` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03",
"10 '' single",
"10 '' single",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03",
"`` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24",
"7 '' single",
"7 '' single",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09",
"`` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24",
"`` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream",
"Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( ARIA )",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )",
"Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders )",
"Canada ( RPM )",
"Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 )",
"Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista )",
"France ( SNEP ) 5",
"Germany ( Media Control Charts )",
"Ireland ( IRMA )",
"Italy ( FIMI ) 13",
"Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )",
"New Zealand ( RIANZ )",
"Norway ( VG - lista )",
"Spain ( Los 40 Principales )",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )",
"United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company )",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11",
"US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11",
"US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream",
"Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100",
"Chart ( 1993 ) Position",
"Australian Singles Chart 5",
"Austrian Singles Chart 5",
"Dutch Top 40 5",
"Swiss Singles Chart 6",
"UK Singles Chart",
"US Billboard Hot 100",
"Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22",
"Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position",
"US Billboard Hot 100 22",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000",
"France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000",
"Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone",
"( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base UK Singles Chart number - one single June 6 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreams '' by Gabrielle Preceded by `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway Dutch Top 40 number - one single June 26 , 1993 -- July 17 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Preceded by `` Somebody Dance with Me '' by DJ Bobo Swedish number - one single June 30 , 1993 -- July 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Informer '' by Snow Australian ( ARIA ) number - one single July 11 , 1993 -- August 22 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel Preceded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Austrian number - one single July 18 , 1993 -- August 8 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Weak '' by SWV Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 24 , 1993 , -- September 4 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` What Is Love '' '' by Haddaway Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single July 31 , 1993 -- September 21 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes",
"( show ) Order of precedence",
"Preceded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base UK Singles Chart number - one single June 6 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreams '' by Gabrielle",
"Preceded by `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway Dutch Top 40 number - one single June 26 , 1993 -- July 17 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat",
"Preceded by `` Somebody Dance with Me '' by DJ Bobo Swedish number - one single June 30 , 1993 -- July 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes",
"Preceded by `` Informer '' by Snow Australian ( ARIA ) number - one single July 11 , 1993 -- August 22 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel",
"Preceded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Austrian number - one single July 18 , 1993 -- August 8 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes",
"Preceded by `` Weak '' by SWV Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 24 , 1993 , -- September 4 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey",
"Preceded by `` What Is Love '' '' by Haddaway Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single July 31 , 1993 -- September 21 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by A-Teens from the album Lilo & Stitch and Pop ' til You Drop ! Released October 29 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 06 Label Walt Disney Universal Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Mark Hammond A-Teens singles chronology `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love ''",
"Single by A-Teens",
"from the album Lilo & Stitch and Pop ' til You Drop !",
"Released October 29 , 2002",
"Format CD single",
"Recorded 2002",
"Genre Dance - pop",
"Length 3 : 06",
"Label Walt Disney Universal",
"Walt Disney Universal",
"Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss",
"Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss",
"George David Weiss",
"Producer ( s ) Mark Hammond",
"A-Teens singles chronology",
"`` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"`` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"`` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"`` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"`` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"`` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 )",
"The song was the A-Teens 's first single from their first extended play Pop ' til You Drop ! , as well as for the Lilo & Stitch movie soundtrack , which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks , the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in the soundtrack . It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album , New Arrival for the European market . The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels , with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album . As a result , the song had two music videos , one to promote the Disney movie , the other for the album . It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album , Disney Girlz Rock .",
"The song did not chart in the United States but reached No. 12 in Sweden , No. 16 in Argentina , and No. 41 in Australia . Despite the success of the song overseas , it failed to attract the rest of the Latin American public , due to the fact that there was a Spanish version of the song , performed by the Argentine group , Bandana . In addition , the A-Teens ' version of the song was overshadowed by the promotion of Bandana 's version .",
"The video was directed by Gregory Dark and filmed in Los Angeles , California . It had two different versions . The `` Disney Version '' , as the fans named it , features scenes of the movie , and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes . The `` A-Teens Version '' of the video , features the A-Teens on the white background with different close - ups and choreography , and scenes with puppies and different costumes .",
"Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks .",
"European 2 - track CD single",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 +",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06",
"`` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 +",
"European / Australian CD maxi",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + `` He Mele , No Lilo '' -- 2 : 28 +",
"`` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06",
"`` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 +",
"`` He Mele , No Lilo '' -- 2 : 28 +",
"Erasure released a cover of this song on their 2003 album Other People 's Songs . Keely Smith , whose cover was on the charts at the same time as Presley 's . The uptempo version by Andy Williams peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1970 . The Al Martino recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2746 and charted in 1970 , peaking at No. 51 on the Billboard charts and No. 57 on the Cashbox chart . Filipina singer - actress Nora Aunor , released this single 1971 and is part of her Blue Hawaii album . Taiwanese boyband F4 covered the song in Mandarin version for their album Fantasy 4ever which was released in December 2002 . William Control released this single in 2010 inside his second album Noir . Bob Dylan recorded a version of this song for his 1973 cover album , Dylan . The Stylistics ' disco version was a hit in the UK , climbing to No. 4 in June 1976 . Shirley Bassey recorded a version of this song for a 1976 single . Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By . Abbey Road Records issued a version by Herb Reed & The Original Platters in 1977 . Lick the Tins included the song on their 1986 album Blind Man on a Flying Horse . It was a minor hit on the British charts , and it was featured in the ending credits of the films Some Kind of Wonderful and The Snapper . In 1987 , Corey Hart 's recording reached No. 1 in his native Canada and No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The cover and song were used with the image of forlorn animals in desperate need of rescue for a fundraising television commercial for the Ontario Humane Society . U2 used the song frequently on the Zoo TV Tour to close the concert . Ingrid Michaelson released an updated version on her album Be OK in 2008 , which was nominated for the American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , and Independent Music Award for Best Song -- Cover . Haley Reinhart 's remake of the song was used in a 2015 advert for Extra gum and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 17 , 2017 . Twenty One Pilots ' arrangement of the song was released in 2012 as a video cover on their YouTube channel , was recorded for their Holding On To You EP ( UK release ) in 2013 , and is played live on tour . Liela Avila ' version of the song was used in closing credits of the 2008 film The Other End of The Line . Keaton Henson recorded the song in his session called Forts Pt. 2 in the spring of 2012 . Chris Isaak on Beyond the Sun ( 2011 ) . Eels frontman Mark Oliver Everret ( stage name E ) , included a cover of the song on the 2008 album Useless Trinkets : B - Sides , Soundtracks , Rarities and Unreleased 1996 -- 2006 . Doris Day `` Love Him '' album December 1963 Engelbert Humperdinck recorded an uptempo version for his 1979 album `` This Moment In Time '' . Vov Dylan and The Palace Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of this song for the album `` So In Love '' ( 2015 ) Klaus Nomi 's cover of the song was featured on the album Encore , released in 1983 shortly after his death from AIDS Daniel Padilla 's version of the song was used as the theme song of the 2017 Philippine romantic drama film of the same name , also titled Ca n't Help Falling in Love which is starred by him and Kathryn Bernardo . Pentatonix covered the song for their 2017 extended play PTX , Vol. IV - Classics . Beck recorded a version for the Amazon original The Man in the High Castle . Perry Como recorded a version of this song in June 1962",
"Erasure released a cover of this song on their 2003 album Other People 's Songs .",
"Keely Smith , whose cover was on the charts at the same time as Presley 's .",
"The uptempo version by Andy Williams peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1970 .",
"The Al Martino recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2746 and charted in 1970 , peaking at No. 51 on the Billboard charts and No. 57 on the Cashbox chart .",
"Filipina singer - actress Nora Aunor , released this single 1971 and is part of her Blue Hawaii album .",
"Taiwanese boyband F4 covered the song in Mandarin version for their album Fantasy 4ever which was released in December 2002 .",
"William Control released this single in 2010 inside his second album Noir .",
"Bob Dylan recorded a version of this song for his 1973 cover album , Dylan .",
"The Stylistics ' disco version was a hit in the UK , climbing to No. 4 in June 1976 .",
"Shirley Bassey recorded a version of this song for a 1976 single .",
"Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By .",
"Abbey Road Records issued a version by Herb Reed & The Original Platters in 1977 .",
"Lick the Tins included the song on their 1986 album Blind Man on a Flying Horse . It was a minor hit on the British charts , and it was featured in the ending credits of the films Some Kind of Wonderful and The Snapper .",
"In 1987 , Corey Hart 's recording reached No. 1 in his native Canada and No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The cover and song were used with the image of forlorn animals in desperate need of rescue for a fundraising television commercial for the Ontario Humane Society .",
"U2 used the song frequently on the Zoo TV Tour to close the concert .",
"Ingrid Michaelson released an updated version on her album Be OK in 2008 , which was nominated for the American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , and Independent Music Award for Best Song -- Cover .",
"Haley Reinhart 's remake of the song was used in a 2015 advert for Extra gum and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 17 , 2017 .",
"Twenty One Pilots ' arrangement of the song was released in 2012 as a video cover on their YouTube channel , was recorded for their Holding On To You EP ( UK release ) in 2013 , and is played live on tour .",
"Liela Avila ' version of the song was used in closing credits of the 2008 film The Other End of The Line .",
"Keaton Henson recorded the song in his session called Forts Pt. 2 in the spring of 2012 .",
"Chris Isaak on Beyond the Sun ( 2011 ) .",
"Eels frontman Mark Oliver Everret ( stage name E ) , included a cover of the song on the 2008 album Useless Trinkets : B - Sides , Soundtracks , Rarities and Unreleased 1996 -- 2006 .",
"Doris Day `` Love Him '' album December 1963",
"Engelbert Humperdinck recorded an uptempo version for his 1979 album `` This Moment In Time '' .",
"Vov Dylan and The Palace Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of this song for the album `` So In Love '' ( 2015 )",
"Klaus Nomi 's cover of the song was featured on the album Encore , released in 1983 shortly after his death from AIDS",
"Daniel Padilla 's version of the song was used as the theme song of the 2017 Philippine romantic drama film of the same name , also titled Ca n't Help Falling in Love which is starred by him and Kathryn Bernardo .",
"Pentatonix covered the song for their 2017 extended play PTX , Vol. IV - Classics .",
"Beck recorded a version for the Amazon original The Man in the High Castle .",
"Perry Como recorded a version of this song in June 1962",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The song is most closely associated as the main supporters ' song of English football club Sunderland whose fans were the first to sing it . Since then other English clubs have adopted it including Swindon Town , Hull City , Huddersfield Town , Preston North End , A.F.C. Wimbledon , Sheffield United , Woking FC and MK Dons and Welsh football club Swansea City A.F.C. . It is also used by Scottish clubs Dundee United , Airdrie United and Raith Rovers , Portland Timbers and Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer , as well as Central Coast Mariners of Hyundai A-League . The English punk band Leatherface ( who are from Sunderland ) released a punk arrangement of the song on a limited edition 7 '' in 1993 . This version would later be used in the final episode of Sons of Anarchy . The Argentine pop group Bandana also featured a Spanish version of the song for the Spanish - speaking countries soundtrack of the same movie . Céline Dion performs a live rendition of the song on her 1995 DVD / VHS release The Colour of My Love Concert . This particular performance has been hailed as one of Dion 's greatest vocal performances ever , live or recorded . She also performed this song at the 2002 Diva 's Live in Las Vegas show . In August 2007 , she performed the song once more during her A New Day ... show . The Who integrated parts of the song into their 2004 single `` Real Good Looking Boy '' . In fact , the song is credited to Pete Townshend , George Weiss , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore . The 2004 Broadway musical All Shook Up , based on William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night with songs by Elvis , has a version of the song . Keele University hockey club in Staffordshire , UK , have adopted this song as their own , changing the `` you '' to `` keele '' . Il Divo cover their song in their compilation album The Greatest Hits . Canadian reggae fusion group Magic ! ( known for their debut single `` Rude '' ) recorded a version of this song . Christina Grimmie performed the song during the sixth season of The Voice in 2014 . Actor Patrick Wilson impersonates Elvis by performing the song in the film The Conjuring 2 . During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is repeated throughout the whole song .",
"The song is most closely associated as the main supporters ' song of English football club Sunderland whose fans were the first to sing it . Since then other English clubs have adopted it including Swindon Town , Hull City , Huddersfield Town , Preston North End , A.F.C. Wimbledon , Sheffield United , Woking FC and MK Dons and Welsh football club Swansea City A.F.C. . It is also used by Scottish clubs Dundee United , Airdrie United and Raith Rovers , Portland Timbers and Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer , as well as Central Coast Mariners of Hyundai A-League .",
"The English punk band Leatherface ( who are from Sunderland ) released a punk arrangement of the song on a limited edition 7 '' in 1993 . This version would later be used in the final episode of Sons of Anarchy .",
"The Argentine pop group Bandana also featured a Spanish version of the song for the Spanish - speaking countries soundtrack of the same movie .",
"Céline Dion performs a live rendition of the song on her 1995 DVD / VHS release The Colour of My Love Concert . This particular performance has been hailed as one of Dion 's greatest vocal performances ever , live or recorded . She also performed this song at the 2002 Diva 's Live in Las Vegas show . In August 2007 , she performed the song once more during her A New Day ... show .",
"The Who integrated parts of the song into their 2004 single `` Real Good Looking Boy '' . In fact , the song is credited to Pete Townshend , George Weiss , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore .",
"The 2004 Broadway musical All Shook Up , based on William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night with songs by Elvis , has a version of the song .",
"Keele University hockey club in Staffordshire , UK , have adopted this song as their own , changing the `` you '' to `` keele '' .",
"Il Divo cover their song in their compilation album The Greatest Hits .",
"Canadian reggae fusion group Magic ! ( known for their debut single `` Rude '' ) recorded a version of this song .",
"Christina Grimmie performed the song during the sixth season of The Voice in 2014 .",
"Actor Patrick Wilson impersonates Elvis by performing the song in the film The Conjuring 2 .",
"During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is repeated throughout the whole song ."
] | Can't Help Falling in Love - wikipedia Can't Help Falling in Love Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Can't Help Falling in Love'' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Blue Hawaii B-side `` Rock-A-Hula Baby '' Released October 1, 1961 Format 7'' Recorded March 23, 1961, Radio Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Pop Length 2 : 59 Label RCA Victor Songwriter(s) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer(s) Elvis Presley (Joseph Lilley for Paramount Pictures) Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Little Sister '' (1961) `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' (1961) `` Rock-A-Hula Baby '' (1961) `` Little Sister '' (1961) `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' (1961) `` Rock-A-Hula Baby '' (1961) `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Elvis Presley's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss . The melody is based on `` Plaisir d'amour '' (1784), a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1741-- 1816). It was featured in Elvis Presley 's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, British reggae group UB40 , whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts, and Swedish pop group A-Teens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elvis Presley version 1.1 Personnel 1.2 Track listings 2 UB40 version 2.1 Track listings 2.2 Charts and sales 2.2.1 Weekly charts 2.2.2 Year-end charts 2.2.3 Decade-end charts 2.2.4 Certifications 2.2.5 Chart successions 3 A-Teens version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Releases 4 Other versions 4.1 Other artists who recorded the song 4.2 Additional versions 5 References 6 External links Elvis Presley version ( edit ) Elvis Presley's version of the song, which topped the British charts in 1962, has appeared in numerous other films, including the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , the 2002 Disney film Lilo & Stitch , the 2016 film The Conjuring 2 and the pilot episode of Sons of Anarchy . Other films that feature the song include Overboard , Honeymoon in Vegas , The Thing Called Love , Was It Something I Said? , Fools Rush In , Love Stinks and Happily Ever After . The single is certified by the RIAA as a Platinum record, for US sales in excess of one million copies. In the United States, the Elvis Presley version of the song peaked at number two on the pop chart and went to number one on the Easy Listening chart for six weeks. During Presley's late 1960s and 1970s live performances, the song was performed as the show's finale. Most notably, it was also sung in the live segment of his 1968 NBC television special, and as the closer for his 1973 Global telecast, Aloha from Hawaii . A version with a faster arrangement was used as the closing for Presley's final TV special, Elvis in Concert . Personnel ( edit ) Elvis Presley -- lead vocals The Jordanaires -- backing vocals Scotty Moore -- electric guitar Floyd Cramer -- piano Bob Moore -- double bass Hal Blaine -- drums Track listings ( edit ) 7'' single `` Can't Help Falling in Love'' `` Rock-A-Hula Baby'' Preceded by `` When I Fall in Love '' by the Lettermen Billboard Easy Listening number-one single by Elvis Presley January 13, 1962 (six weeks) Succeeded by `` A Little Bitty Tear '' by Burl Ives Preceded by `` The Young Ones '' by Cliff Richard and the Shadows UK number-one single `` Rock-A-Hula Baby '' b/w `` Can't Help Falling in Love February 22, 1962 (4 weeks) Succeeded by `` Wonderful Land '' by the Shadows UB40 version ( edit ) `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You'' Single by UB40 from the album Sliver: Music from the Motion Picture and Promises and Lies Released May 10, 1993 Format 7'' 10'' CD MCD Recorded March 3, 1993 Genre Reggae fusion synthpop Length 3 : 24 Label Virgin Songwriter(s) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer(s) UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` One in Ten '' (1992) `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You '' (1993) `` Higher Ground '' (1993) `` One in Ten '' (1992) `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You '' (1993) `` Higher Ground '' (1993) In 1993, British reggae band UB40 recorded the song as the first single from their 1993 album Promises and Lies . The song was released in May 1993, in the majority of countries worldwide. It eventually climbed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at number 100 and appears in the soundtrack of the movie Sliver , the trailer for Fools Rush In and an episode of Hindsight . It remained at number one in the United States for seven weeks. It was also number one in the United Kingdom , Austria , Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand . The single version of the song has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody. In the US, and on the Sliver soundtrack, the song title was listed as `` Can't Help Falling in Love,'' rather than what appeared on the record sleeve. Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` I Can't Help Falling in Love with You'' -- 3:24 `` Jungle Love'' -- 5:09 CD maxi `` I Can't Help Falling in Love with You'' -- 3:24 `` Jungle Love'' -- 5:09 `` I Can't Help Falling in Love with You'' (Extended Mix) -- 6:03 10'' single `` I Can't Help Falling in Love with You'' (Extended Mix) -- 6:03 `` Jungle Love'' -- 5:09 `` I Can't Help Falling in Love with You'' -- 3:24 7'' single `` I Can't Help Falling in Love with You'' -- 3:24 `` Jungle Love'' -- 5:09 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1993) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1993) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1990-- 1999) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base UK Singles Chart number-one single June 6, 1993 (2 weeks) Succeeded by `` Dreams '' by Gabrielle Preceded by `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway Dutch Top 40 number-one single June 26, 1993 -- July 17, 1993 (4 weeks) Succeeded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Preceded by `` Somebody Dance with Me '' by DJ Bobo Swedish number-one single June 30, 1993 -- July 28, 1993 (5 weeks) Succeeded by `` What's Up? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Informer '' by Snow Australian (ARIA) number-one single July 11, 1993 -- August 22, 1993 (7 weeks) Succeeded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel Preceded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Austrian number-one single July 18, 1993 -- August 8, 1993 (4 weeks) Succeeded by `` What's Up? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Weak '' by SWV Billboard Hot 100 number-one single July 24, 1993, -- September 4, 1993 (7 weeks) Succeeded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` What Is Love '' '' by Haddaway Eurochart Hot 100 number-one single July 31, 1993 -- September 21, 1993 (8 weeks) Succeeded by `` What's Up? '' by 4 Non Blondes A-Teens version ( edit ) `` Can't Help Falling in Love'' Single by A-Teens from the album Lilo & Stitch and Pop ' til You Drop! Released October 29, 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Dance-pop Length 3 : 06 Label Walt Disney Universal Songwriter(s) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer(s) Mark Hammond A-Teens singles chronology `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' (2001) `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' (2002) `` Floorfiller '' (2002) `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' (2001) `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' (2001) `` Floorfiller '' (2002) The song was the A-Teens 's first single from their first extended play Pop ' til You Drop! , as well as for the Lilo & Stitch movie soundtrack, which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks, the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in the soundtrack. It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album, New Arrival for the European market. The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels, with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album. As a result, the song had two music videos, one to promote the Disney movie, the other for the album. It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album, Disney Girlz Rock . The song did not chart in the United States but reached No. 12 in Sweden , No. 16 in Argentina , and No. 41 in Australia . Despite the success of the song overseas, it failed to attract the rest of the Latin American public, due to the fact that there was a Spanish version of the song, performed by the Argentine group, Bandana . In addition, the A-Teens' version of the song was overshadowed by the promotion of Bandana's version. Music video ( edit ) The video was directed by Gregory Dark and filmed in Los Angeles , California . It had two different versions. The `` Disney Version'' , as the fans named it, features scenes of the movie, and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes. The `` A-Teens Version'' of the video, features the A-Teens on the white background with different close-ups and choreography, and scenes with puppies and different costumes. Releases ( edit ) Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks. European 2-track CD single `` Can't Help Falling in Love'' (Album Version) -- 3:06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride'' -- 3:27 + European/Australian CD maxi `` Can't Help Falling in Love'' (Album Version) -- 3:06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride'' -- 3:27 + `` He Mele, No Lilo'' -- 2:28 + Other versions ( edit ) Other artists who recorded the song ( edit ) Erasure released a cover of this song on their 2003 album Other People's Songs . Keely Smith , whose cover was on the charts at the same time as Presley's . The uptempo version by Andy Williams peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1970. The Al Martino recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2746 and charted in 1970, peaking at No. 51 on the Billboard charts and No. 57 on the Cashbox chart. Filipina singer-actress Nora Aunor , released this single 1971 and is part of her Blue Hawaii album. Taiwanese boyband F4 covered the song in Mandarin version for their album Fantasy 4ever which was released in December 2002. William Control released this single in 2010 inside his second album Noir . Bob Dylan recorded a version of this song for his 1973 cover album, Dylan . The Stylistics ' disco version was a hit in the UK , climbing to No. 4 in June 1976. Shirley Bassey recorded a version of this song for a 1976 single. Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album: As Time Goes By . Abbey Road Records issued a version by Herb Reed & The Original Platters in 1977. Lick the Tins included the song on their 1986 album Blind Man on a Flying Horse . It was a minor hit on the British charts, and it was featured in the ending credits of the films Some Kind of Wonderful and The Snapper . In 1987, Corey Hart 's recording reached No. 1 in his native Canada and No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100. The cover and song were used with the image of forlorn animals in desperate need of rescue for a fundraising television commercial for the Ontario Humane Society. U2 used the song frequently on the Zoo TV Tour to close the concert. Ingrid Michaelson released an updated version on her album Be OK in 2008, which was nominated for the American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, and Independent Music Award for Best Song -- Cover. Haley Reinhart 's remake of the song was used in a 2015 advert for Extra gum and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 17, 2017. Twenty One Pilots ' arrangement of the song was released in 2012 as a video cover on their YouTube channel, was recorded for their Holding On To You EP (UK release) in 2013, and is played live on tour. Liela Avila' version of the song was used in closing credits of the 2008 film The Other End of The Line . Keaton Henson recorded the song in his session called Forts Pt. 2 in the spring of 2012. Chris Isaak on Beyond the Sun (2011). Eels frontman Mark Oliver Everret (stage name E), included a cover of the song on the 2008 album Useless Trinkets: B-Sides, Soundtracks, Rarities and Unreleased 1996-- 2006. Doris Day `` Love Him'' album December 1963 Engelbert Humperdinck recorded an uptempo version for his 1979 album `` This Moment In Time'' . Vov Dylan and The Palace Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of this song for the album `` So In Love'' (2015) Klaus Nomi 's cover of the song was featured on the album Encore , released in 1983 shortly after his death from AIDS Daniel Padilla 's version of the song was used as the theme song of the 2017 Philippine romantic drama film of the same name, also titled Can't Help Falling in Love which is starred by him and Kathryn Bernardo. Pentatonix covered the song for their 2017 extended play PTX, Vol. IV - Classics . Beck recorded a version for the Amazon original The Man in the High Castle . Perry Como recorded a version of this song in June 1962 Additional versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (March 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is most closely associated as the main supporters' song of English football club Sunderland whose fans were the first to sing it. Since then other English clubs have adopted it including Swindon Town , Hull City , Huddersfield Town , Preston North End , A.F.C. Wimbledon , Sheffield United , Woking FC and MK Dons and Welsh football club Swansea City A.F.C. . It is also used by Scottish clubs Dundee United , Airdrie United and Raith Rovers , Portland Timbers and Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer , as well as Central Coast Mariners of Hyundai A-League . The English punk band Leatherface (who are from Sunderland) released a punk arrangement of the song on a limited edition 7'' in 1993. This version would later be used in the final episode of Sons of Anarchy . The Argentine pop group Bandana also featured a Spanish version of the song for the Spanish-speaking countries soundtrack of the same movie. Céline Dion performs a live rendition of the song on her 1995 DVD/VHS release The Colour of My Love Concert . This particular performance has been hailed as one of Dion's greatest vocal performances ever, live or recorded. She also performed this song at the 2002 Diva's Live in Las Vegas show. In August 2007, she performed the song once more during her A New Day... show. The Who integrated parts of the song into their 2004 single `` Real Good Looking Boy '' . In fact, the song is credited to Pete Townshend , George Weiss , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore . The 2004 Broadway musical All Shook Up , based on William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night with songs by Elvis, has a version of the song. Keele University hockey club in Staffordshire, UK, have adopted this song as their own, changing the `` you'' to `` keele'' . Il Divo cover their song in their compilation album The Greatest Hits . Canadian reggae fusion group Magic! (known for their debut single `` Rude '' ) recorded a version of this song. Christina Grimmie performed the song during the sixth season of The Voice in 2014. Actor Patrick Wilson impersonates Elvis by performing the song in the film The Conjuring 2 . During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Can't Help Falling in Love'' is repeated throughout the whole song. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Can't Help Falling in Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby by Elvis Presley (Single, Blue Eyed Soul): Reviews, Ratings, Credits, Song list'' . Rate Your Music. Archived from the original on 2012-05-25 . Retrieved 2014-03-31 . ^ Jump up to: Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 64. ISBN 0-85112-250-7 . Jump up ^ Elvis Presley - A Life in Music by Ernst Jorgensen p.151-152 Jump up ^ `` Can't Help Falling In Love by Elvis Presley Songfacts'' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014-03-31 . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-- 2001 . Record Research. p. 196. Jump up ^ King, Alex P. (2004). Hit-parade -- 20 ans de tubes (in French). Paris: Pascal. p. 342. ISBN 2-35019-009-9 . ^ Jump up to: `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You'' , in various Singles Chart Lescharts.com . Retrieved February 12, 2008. Jump up ^ (1) Archived February 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 20090617222452 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10, 2008. Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 20090603000000 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10, 2008. Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia (Retrieved May 31, 2008) ^ Jump up to: `` Single top 100 over 1993'' (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love with You'' ub40.co.uk Archived January 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 12, 2008. ^ Jump up to: Billboard allmusic.com . Retrieved April 20, 2008. Jump up ^ `` 1993 Australian Singles Chart'' . aria. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Austrian Singles Chart'' (in German). Austriancharts. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Swiss Singles Chart'' (in German). Swisscharts . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993'' . Archived from the original on November 10, 2006 . Retrieved 2010-08-27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s: Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- UB40 -- Can't Help Falling in Love'' (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter UB40 in the field Interpret . Enter Can't Help Falling in Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- UB40 -- Can't Help Falling in Love'' (in French). InfoDisc. Select UB40 and click OK Jump up ^ `` Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (UB40; ' Can't Help Falling in Love' )'' (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- UB40 -- Can't Help Falling in Love'' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Can't Help Falling in Love in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- UB-40 -- Can't Help Falling in Love'' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best-Selling Records of 1993'' . Billboard . BPI Communications. 106 (3): 73. January 15, 1994. ISSN 0006-2510 . Retrieved May 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A*Teens Draft Baha Men, LMNT For Tour'' . Billboard . July 17, 2002 . Retrieved June 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love (feat. The Palace Orchestra) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music'' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017-01-27 . Jump up ^ Espina, Cheska. `` Daniel serenades Kathryn in ' Can't Help Falling In Love' music video'' . Star Cinema . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice' Recap: The Finals Begin With Performances from Top Three'' . ABC News . 2014-05-20 . Retrieved 2016-09-26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Links to related articles Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin' Tonight '' / `` I Don't Care if the Sun Don't Shine '' `` You're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You, I Need You, I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Don't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I'll Never Let You Go (Lil' Darlin' ) '' / `` I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You) '' `` Shake, Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` (Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' (UK) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o' Livin' to Do! '' (UK) 1958 `` Don't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Don't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' (UK) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` (Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock-A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That's Part of You '' `` She's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` (You're the) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ain't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` (Such an) Easy Question '' `` I'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Don't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl (With the Short Dress On) '' / `` That's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Don't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Hasn't Come Yet, Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro! '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You'll Think of Me '' `` Don't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I've Lost You '' `` You Don't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Don't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I'm Leavin' '' `` It's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol' Times Sake '' `` I've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject We Five Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B-Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Andrea Bocelli singles Il mare calmo della sera `` Il mare calmo della sera '' Bocelli `` Con te partirò '' /`` Vivere '' `` Macchine da Guerra'' `` Per amore'' `` Vivo per lei '' Romanza `` Vivo por ella '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Ich lebe für sie '' `` Je vis pour elle '' Sogno `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' Sacred Arias `` Ave Maria '' Cieli di Toscana `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` L'abitudine '' Andrea `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' Amore `` Somos Novios (It's Impossible) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` Ama Credi E Vai '' Vivere `` Dare to Live (Vivere) '' `` Vive Ya '' My Christmas `` White Christmas/Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' Cinema `` E Più Ti Penso '' Other singles `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Other songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Bésame Mucho '' `` Amapola '' `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' `` Panis Angelicus '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Blue Christmas '' Category Media The Stylistics Airrion Love Herb Murrell Harold Eban Brown Jason Sharpe Russell Thompkins, Jr. James Dunn James Smith Raymond Johnson Van Fields Studio albums The Stylistics Round 2 Rockin' Roll Baby Let's Put It All Together Compilation albums The Best of the Stylistics The Best of the Stylistics, Vol. 2 Singles `` Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Betcha by Golly, Wow '' `` I'm Stone in Love with You '' `` Break Up to Make Up '' `` You'll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart) '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Can't Give You Anything (But My Love) '' `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' `` Only You (And You Alone) '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Shame and Scandal in the Family '' `` Always on My Mind '' Related articles Discography Avco Records H&L Records Book:The Stylistics UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love, Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980-2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love, Volumes I, II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40, Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP: Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Don't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Don't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby'' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International A-Teens Marie Serneholt Amit Paul Dhani Lennevald Sara Lumholdt Studio albums The ABBA Generation Teen Spirit Pop ' til You Drop! New Arrival Extended plays Extr-A-Teens Compilation albums Greatest Hits Remix albums The ABBA Generation Remix Singles `` Mamma Mia '' `` Super Trouper '' `` Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) '' `` Happy New Year '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` Upside Down '' `` Halfway Around the World '' `` Sugar Rush '' `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' `` Floorfiller '' `` A Perfect Match '' `` Let Your Heart Do All the Talking '' `` I Promised Myself '' Related articles Discography Songs Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart, Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award-Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible'' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady'' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love, Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather'' Alone Again (Naturally) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Don't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (CBS) Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams (1992) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs: Encore! The Best of Andy Williams (1996) The Love Songs In the Lounge with... The Very Best of Andy Williams (2000) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By: The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River: The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams (2009) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere? '' `` Promise Me, Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Don't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Can't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ...and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars (Corcovado) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Can't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman's Way '' `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin' Man '' `` (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love (Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B-Sides `` I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Perry Como Albums So Smooth (1955) We Get Letters (1956) Saturday Night with Mr. C (1958) When You Come to the End of the Day (1958) Como Swings (1959) Season's Greetings from Perry Como (1959) For the Young at Heart (1960) Sing to Me Mr. C (1961) By Request (1962) The Best of Irving Berlin's Songs from Mr. President (1962) The Songs I Love (1963) The Scene Changes (1965) Lightly Latin (1966) Perry Como in Italy (1966) The Perry Como Christmas Album (1968) Look to Your Heart (1968) Seattle (1969) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas (1970) It's Impossible (1970) I Think of You (1971) And I Love You So (1973) Perry (1974) Just Out of Reach (1975) 40 Greatest Hits (1975) The Best of British (UK and Canada) (1977) Where You're Concerned (US) (1978) Perry Como (1980) Perry Como Live on Tour (1981) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now (1983) Today (1987) Perry Como's Christmas Concert (1994) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 (2009) At the Supper Club (2010) At the Supper Club Part II (2011) At the Supper Club Part III (2011) Songs `` ' A' You're Adorable '' `` Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi-Baba, Chi-Baba (My Bambino Go to Sleep) '' `` Confessin' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me (I'm on My Way to a Star) '' `` A Dreamer's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello, Young Lovers '' `` Here, There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Don't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You (More Than You Dream I Do) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If (They Made Me a King) '' `` It's Been a Long, Long Time '' `` It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios (It's Impossible) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young, Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto (1969) Un canto a Galicia (1972) Soy (1973) A flor de piel (1974) Viens m'embrasser (1974) A México (1975) El amor (1975) America (1976) A mis 33 años (1977) Emociones (1978) Sono un pirata, sono un signore (1978) À vous les femmes (1979) Hey! (1980) De niña a mujer (1981) Zartlichkeiten (1981) Momentos (1982) Momenti (1982) Et l'amour crea la femme (1982) 1100 Bel Air Place (1984) Libra (1985) Un hombre solo (1987) Tutto l'amore che ti manca (1987) Non Stop (1988) Raíces (1989) Starry Night (1990) Calor (1992) Crazy (1994) La carretera (1995) Tango (1996) Noche de cuatro lunas (2000) Ao Meu Brasil (2001) Divorcio (2003) Romantic Classics (2006) 1 (2011) México (2015) Live albums En concierto (1983) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami (1978) Minhas canções preferidas (1981) Julio (1983) My Life: The Greatest Hits (1998) Mi vida: Grandes éxitos (1998) Love Songs (2003) 1: The Collection (2014) Singles `` Chiquilla '' (1970) `` Gwendolyne '' (1970) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' (1975) `` Pauvres Diables '' (1979) `` Begin the Beguine '' (1981) `` Yours (Quiéreme Mucho) '' (1981) `` Amor '' (1984) `` All of You '' (1984) `` The Air That I Breathe '' (1984) `` To All the Girls I've Loved Before '' (1984) `` I've Got You Under My Skin '' (1985) `` We Are the World '' (1985) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' (1987) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' (1987) `` Bamboléo '' (1989) `` Vincent '' (1990) `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' (1990) `` Crazy '' (1994) `` Oye Como Va '' (1994) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' (1994) `` El Choclo '' (1996) `` La Gota Fría '' (1998) `` Everybody's Talkin' '' (2006) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' (1972) `` La Mer '' (1976) `` Obsesión '' (1976) `` Ron y Coca-Cola '' (1980) `` Moon Over Naples '' (1988) `` And I Love Her '' (1990) `` If You Go Away '' (1990) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' (1990) `` Caruso '' (1994) `` Crazy in Love '' (1998) `` Mi Manera '' (1998) `` Corazón Partío '' (2000) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' (2004) `` Careless Whisper '' (2006) `` Right Here Waiting '' (2006) `` Somos Novios '' (2006) `` This Guy's in Love with You '' (2006) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady'' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie (Nathalie)'' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. (father) Julio Iglesias Jr. (son) Enrique Iglesias (son) Chabeli Iglesias (daughter) Isabel Preysler (1st wife) Haley Reinhart Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Listen Up! (2012) Better (2016) What's That Sound? (2017) EPs American Idol Season 10 Highlights: Haley Reinhart (2011) Songs `` Baby, It's Cold Outside '' `` Free '' `` Can't Help Falling in Love '' `` Better '' Concert tours American Idols LIVE! Tour 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love&oldid=801799237 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1961 singles 1976 singles 1987 singles 1993 singles 2002 singles 1961 songs Songs written by Hugo Peretti Songs written by George David Weiss Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles RPM Top Singles number-one singles UK Singles Chart number-one singles European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles Dutch Top 40 number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Gregory Dark Songs written by Luigi Creatore Pop ballads Rock ballads Soul ballads Reggae fusion songs Dance-pop songs A-Teens songs Andy Williams songs Bob Dylan songs Corey Hart (singer) songs Elvis Presley songs Ingrid Michaelson songs Marty Robbins songs The Stylistics songs UB40 songs Songs written for films Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Finnish-language text CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk More Contents Help About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語NorskNorsknynorskPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSvenskaไทยУкраїнська中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon21September2017,at22:59.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 1096189393030032303 |
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"Ford Explorer Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1990 -- present Model years 1991 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV ( 1991 -- 2010 ) Mid-size crossover SUV ( 2011 -- present ) Chronology Predecessor Ford Bronco II",
"Ford Explorer",
"Overview",
"Manufacturer Ford Motor Company",
"Production 1990 -- present",
"Model years 1991 -- present",
"Body and chassis",
"Class Mid-size SUV ( 1991 -- 2010 ) Mid-size crossover SUV ( 2011 -- present )",
"Chronology",
"Predecessor Ford Bronco II",
"The Ford Explorer is a range of SUVs manufactured by Ford Motor Company . Introduced in 1990 for the 1991 model year , it is currently in its fifth generation . Variants have also been marketed through the Lincoln - Mercury Division as the Mercury Mountaineer ( 1997 - 2010 ) and Lincoln Aviator ( 2003 - 2005 ) . As with the Ford Ranger , it derives its name from a trim package used on the Ford F - Series ( from 1968 to 1986 ) . Alongside it , Ford also markets the Ford Police Interceptor Utility , a replacement for the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor . A specially modified Special Service Vehicle version is also available from Ford Fleet for law enforcement agencies , fire departments , and EMS agencies .",
"Intended as the replacement for the Ford Bronco II , the Ford Explorer was introduced in both two - door ( the Ford Explorer Sport , also sold as the 1991 - 1994 Mazda Navajo ) and four - door body styles , with the latter being the first four - door Ford SUV . Following the 2002 introduction of the third - generation Explorer , the Ford Explorer Sport was discontinued after the 2003 model year . The Ford Explorer Sport Trac is a mid-size pickup truck based upon two generations of the four - door style from 2001 to 2010 . It was sold with several powertrain configurations . Along with two - wheel drive ( rear - wheel drive 1991 - 2010 ; front - wheel drive 2011 - present ) , part - time four - wheel drive , and all - wheel drive are options . Since 1995 , part - time four - wheel drive has been a ' shift on the fly ' system with full protection against being engaged at high speed .",
"As with its Ford Bronco II predecessor , the initial versions of the Ford Explorer derived its chassis and powertrain from the Ford Ranger , sharing a common chassis through 2001 for the four - door ( the Explorer Sport was shared this commonality through its 2003 discontinuation and the Explorer Sport Trac would do so through 2005 ) . For the 2002 launch of the third - generation Explorer , the model was given a body - on - frame chassis distinct from the Ranger . For the fifth - generation 2011 Explorer , the model range was shifted to unibody construction and into the full - size segment . Though sharing a similar chassis as the Ford Flex and Ford Taurus , Ford officially markets the current Ford Explorer as an SUV , slotted between the unibody - chassis Ford Escape and body - on - frame Ford Expedition .",
"First generation ( UN46 ) First - generation Ford Explorer Overview Production February 1990 -- November 1994 Model years 1991 -- 1994 Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States ( Louisville Assembly Plant ) St. Louis , Missouri , United States ( St. Louis Assembly ) Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Body and chassis Body style 3 - door SUV 5 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Mazda Navajo Ford Ranger Ford Bronco II Powertrain Engine 4.0 L OHV Cologne V6 Transmission 5 - speed M5OD - R1 manual 4 - speed A4LD automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 3 - Door : 102.1 in ( 2593 mm ) 5 - Door : 111.9 in ( 2842 mm ) Length 3 - Door : 174.5 in ( 4419 mm ) 5 - Door : 184.3 in ( 4673 mm ) Width 70.2 in ( 1778 mm ) Height 3 - Door : 67.5 in ( 1714 mm ) 5 - Door : 67.3 in ( 1709 mm ) Eddie Bauer 4 - Door 4WD : 68.3 in ( 1735 mm )",
"First generation ( UN46 )",
"First - generation Ford Explorer",
"Overview",
"Production February 1990 -- November 1994",
"Model years 1991 -- 1994",
"Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States ( Louisville Assembly Plant ) St. Louis , Missouri , United States ( St. Louis Assembly ) Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly )",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 3 - door SUV 5 - door SUV",
"Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive",
"Related Mazda Navajo Ford Ranger Ford Bronco II",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 4.0 L OHV Cologne V6",
"Transmission 5 - speed M5OD - R1 manual 4 - speed A4LD automatic",
"Dimensions",
"Wheelbase 3 - Door : 102.1 in ( 2593 mm ) 5 - Door : 111.9 in ( 2842 mm )",
"Length 3 - Door : 174.5 in ( 4419 mm ) 5 - Door : 184.3 in ( 4673 mm )",
"Width 70.2 in ( 1778 mm )",
"Height 3 - Door : 67.5 in ( 1714 mm ) 5 - Door : 67.3 in ( 1709 mm ) Eddie Bauer 4 - Door 4WD : 68.3 in ( 1735 mm )",
"The Ford Explorer was introduced in March 1990 for the 1991 model year . To better compete against the Chevrolet S - 10 Blazer and Jeep Cherokee mid-size sport - utility vehicles , Ford sought to replace the Ford Bronco II with a vehicle sized closer to its competitors . In an effort to attract family buyers , a four - door version was developed alongside the two - door ( launched the same month as the four - door S - 10 Blazer ) .",
"As with the Ford Bronco II , the first - generation Ford Explorer shares its chassis and underpinnings with the first - generation ( 1983 - 1992 ) Ford Ranger . In comparison to the Bronco II , the Explorer is far larger , with the two - door Explorer Sport gaining 12.6 inches in length and 2.1 inches of width ; a four - door is 22.5 inches longer and 730 pounds heavier .",
"As with its predecessor , the Ford Explorer has a large degree of commonality with the Ford Ranger , sharing its front bumper , fenders ( modified ) , headlights , grille , and wheels ; with the exception of its steering wheel hub , the Explorer shares its entire dashboard with the 1989 - 1992 Ford Ranger . In a major change from the Bronco II , the Explorer was given its own front door stampings . In addition for creating a four - door layout , the lack of commonality with the Ranger allowed for two major aerodynamic improvements ; along with the elimination of exterior drip rails ( by wrapping the doors into the roof ) , the sideview mirrors were integrated onto the doors ( rather than bolted on ) .",
"Sharing its engine with the Ranger and four - wheel drive Ford Aerostar , the Explorer was fitted with a German - produced 155hp 4.0 L Cologne V6 as the sole engine offering , replacing the previous 2.9 L V6 . A Mazda M5OD 5 - speed manual was the standard transmission offering , with the option of the Ford 4 - speed A4LD overdrive automatic transmission . For 1993 , the engine output was increased to 160hp .",
"Along with the standard rear - wheel drive powertrain , at its launch , the Explorer was also offered with various configurations of part - time four - wheel drive , powered by a Borg Warner 13 -- 54 transfer case . In addition to a manually shifted transfer case , Ford offered `` Touch Drive '' electronic push - button shifting ; both were `` shift - on - the - fly '' designs that allowed the vehicle to be shifted from two - wheel drive to `` four - high '' at any speed and into `` four - low '' when the vehicle was stopped . All Explorers were equipped with the Ford 8.8 axle in either a limited slip differential , or open version with a variety of available gear ratios . Four - wheel - drive front axles were the TTB ( `` Twin Traction Beam '' ) Dana 35 with some Dana 44 - spec components .",
"At its launch , the Ford Explorer followed the Aerostar , Bronco , Econoline , F - Series , and Ranger in model trim . The XL was sold as the base trim , with XLT as the upper range , with the outdoors - themed Eddie Bauer trim as the top trim . The XL was distinguished by a black grille ( chrome optional ) with steel wheels , while the XLT offered a chrome grille and alloy wheels ; the Eddie Bauer offered alloy wheels and two - tone paintwork .",
"The Ford Explorer Sport was offered solely on the two - door body style . Offering black lower bodywork and grille and alloy wheels , the Sport was intended as a replacement for the Bronco II . From 1991 to 1994 , Mazda marketed the two - door Ford Explorer as the Mazda Navajo ; the model was awarded the 1991 Motor Trend Truck of the Year award .",
"The Ford Explorer Limited was introduced for 1993 as a luxury - trim model slotted above the Eddie Bauer . Largely introduced as a competitor to the Oldsmobile Bravada , the Explorer Limited was offered only as a four - door with an automatic transmission . Distinguished by its color - matched grille , headlight trim , and model - specific bodywork and wheels , the Limited was offered with several model - specific features , including automatic headlights , an auto - dimming rearview mirror , foglamps , and center roof console ( with compass and outside thermometer ) .",
"The Limited edition , added for the 1993 model year , was available only in the 5 - door body style and was positioned at the top of the lineup above the Eddie Bauer edition . It featured automatic headlights , an auto - dimming rear - view mirror , foglamps , a center roof console with compass and outside thermometer , unique wheels and grille , and an automatic transmission as standard equipment . The grill and headlight trims on the Limited edition were paint - matched to the body color , unlike the chrome ( XLT ) or black plastic ( XL ) versions on other trim levels .",
"Second generation ( UN105 / UN150 ) Overview Also called Ford Explorer Sport ( 3 - door ) Production November 1994 -- December 2000 November 1994 -- July 2003 for Sport Model years 1995 -- 2001 ( 5 - door ) 1995 -- 2003 ( 3 - door ) Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States ( Louisville Assembly Plant ) St. Louis , Missouri , United States Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Designer Bob Aikins ( 1992 ) Body and chassis Body style 3 - door SUV ( 1995 -- 2003 ) 5 - door SUV ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer Powertrain Engine 4.0 L Cologne OHV V6 ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6 ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 5.0 L Windsor OHV V8 ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Transmission 5 - speed M5OD - R1 manual ( 4.0 L OHV ) 5 - speed M5OD - R1HD ( 2001 -- 2003 Explorer Sport ) 4 - speed 4R55E automatic ( 4.0 L 1995 -- 1996 ) 4 - speed 4R70W automatic ( V - 8 models ) 5 - speed 5R55E automatic ( 4.0 L 1997 -- 2001 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 1995 -- 97 5 - door : 111.5 in ( 2831 mm ) 1998 -- 2001 5 - door : 111.6 in ( 2834 mm ) 1995 -- 99 3 - door : 101.7 in ( 2565 mm ) 2000 -- 03 3 - door : 101.8 in ( 2568 mm ) Length 1995 -- 2001 5 - door : 190.7 in ( 4826 mm ) 1995 -- 97 3 - door : 178.6 in ( 4536 mm ) 1998 -- 99 3 - door : 180.8 in ( 4572 mm ) 2000 -- 03 3 - door : 180.4 in ( 4562 mm ) Width 70.2 in ( 1778 mm ) Height 67.0 -- 68.3 in ( 1702 -- 1735 mm )",
"Second generation ( UN105 / UN150 )",
"Overview",
"Also called Ford Explorer Sport ( 3 - door )",
"Production November 1994 -- December 2000 November 1994 -- July 2003 for Sport",
"Model years 1995 -- 2001 ( 5 - door ) 1995 -- 2003 ( 3 - door )",
"Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States ( Louisville Assembly Plant ) St. Louis , Missouri , United States Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly )",
"Designer Bob Aikins ( 1992 )",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 3 - door SUV ( 1995 -- 2003 ) 5 - door SUV ( 1995 -- 2001 )",
"Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive",
"Related Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 4.0 L Cologne OHV V6 ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6 ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 5.0 L Windsor OHV V8 ( 1996 -- 2001 )",
"Transmission 5 - speed M5OD - R1 manual ( 4.0 L OHV ) 5 - speed M5OD - R1HD ( 2001 -- 2003 Explorer Sport ) 4 - speed 4R55E automatic ( 4.0 L 1995 -- 1996 ) 4 - speed 4R70W automatic ( V - 8 models ) 5 - speed 5R55E automatic ( 4.0 L 1997 -- 2001 )",
"Dimensions",
"Wheelbase 1995 -- 97 5 - door : 111.5 in ( 2831 mm ) 1998 -- 2001 5 - door : 111.6 in ( 2834 mm ) 1995 -- 99 3 - door : 101.7 in ( 2565 mm ) 2000 -- 03 3 - door : 101.8 in ( 2568 mm )",
"Length 1995 -- 2001 5 - door : 190.7 in ( 4826 mm ) 1995 -- 97 3 - door : 178.6 in ( 4536 mm ) 1998 -- 99 3 - door : 180.8 in ( 4572 mm ) 2000 -- 03 3 - door : 180.4 in ( 4562 mm )",
"Width 70.2 in ( 1778 mm )",
"Height 67.0 -- 68.3 in ( 1702 -- 1735 mm )",
"The second - generation Ford Explorer made its debut in late 1994 as a 1995 model . Retaining the same footprint as its predecessor , the 1995 Ford Explorer underwent extensive modifications to its chassis to improve its road manners . In an effort to better differentiate the model line from the Ford Ranger , Ford stylists redesigned the vehicle , giving the Explorer a model - specific exterior . As with its predecessor , the second generation was sold in both three - door and five - door configurations . Rear - wheel drive was standard , with four - wheel drive offered as an option .",
"Following the 2002 introduction of the third - generation five - door Ford Explorer , the three - door Explorer became a stand - alone model on the second - generation design ; the Explorer Sport was produced through the 2003 model year .",
"This generation of the Ford Explorer marks the debut of the Mercury Mountaineer , introduced by Mercury for 1997 . In 2001 , the Ford Explorer Sport Trac was introduced , which was a mid-size pickup truck ; offered with a crew cab with a short pickup bed , the Sport Trac was based on the five - door Explorer . The Explorer Sport Trac was produced through the 2005 model year ( until it was redesigned for 2007 ) .",
"Outside of North America , this generation of the Explorer was marketed in right - hand drive configurations As of 2018 , RHD countries ( such as Japan ) export used examples of the Explorer to other countries ( such as Australia and New Zealand ) where there is demand for right - hand drive SUVs . Due to Japan 's strict Shaken Laws , used vehicles tend to have low mileage with detailed repair histories . In the United States , the second - generation Ford Explorer has the ( dubious ) distinction of being two of the top five vehicles traded in under the 2009 `` Cash for Clunkers '' program , with the 4WD model topping the list and the 2WD model coming in at number 4 .",
"The second - generation Ford Explorer is based upon the Ford U1 platform shared with its predecessor , adopting the UN105 / UN150 model codes . Alongside similar changes in development for the 1998 Ford Ranger , the long - running Twin I - Beam / Twin Traction Beam front suspension was retired in favor of a short / long - arm ( SLA ) wishbone front suspension configuration . Along with more compact packaging of front suspension components , the design allowed for improved on - road handling / feel .",
"The optional engine of the Ford Ranger and Ford Aerostar , the 160 hp 4.0 L V6 was carried over from the first - generation Ford Explorer . To match the V8 engine of the similar - sized Jeep Grand Cherokee , for the 1996 model year , Ford introduced a 5.0 L V8 as an option . Initially available on rear - wheel drive XLT models , the availability of the 210 hp V8 was expanded to many versions of the five - door Explorer . For 1997 , revised cylinder heads increased output of the 5.0 L V8 to 215hp . Following the 1997 introduction of the 4.6 L SOHC V8 by the Ford F - Series and E-Series , the Explorer became the final vehicle sold by Ford Motor Company sold with a gasoline - fuel pushrod V8 .",
"For 1997 , the Ford Explorer gained a third engine , as Ford introduced an overhead - cam version of the 4.0 L Cologne V6 . Using a common displacement with the pushrod 4.0 L V6 , the 210 hp SOHC V6 rivaled the V8 in engine output . Offered as standard equipment on the top - trim Eddie Bauer and Limited trims , the engine became an option on all other versions of the Explorer and Explorer Sport . For 2001 , the pushrod V6 was discontinued , with the SOHC becoming the standard engine in all versions of the Explorer ( and the sole engine of the 3 - door Explorer Sport ) .",
"In 2000 , Ford added flex - fuel capability to the Explorer for the first time .",
"Engine Production Configuration Output Transmission Ford Cologne V6 1995 - 2000 245 cu in ( 4.0 L ) OHV 12V V6 160 hp 220 lb - ft 5 - speed manual ( Mazda M5OD - R1 ) 4 - speed automatic ( Ford 4R55E ) ; 1995 - 1996 5 - speed automatic ( Ford 5R55E ) ; 1997 - 2000 Ford Cologne V6 1997 - 2003 245 cu in ( 4.0 L ) SOHC 12V V6 210 hp 254 - lb - ft 5 - speed manual ( Mazda M5OD - R1HD ) ; 2001 - 2003 Explorer Sport 5 - speed automatic ( Ford 5R55E ) Ford Windsor 5.0 L V8 1996 - 2001 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) OHV 16V V8 210 hp 280 lb - ft 4 - speed automatic ( Ford 4R70W )",
"Engine Production Configuration Output Transmission",
"Ford Cologne V6 1995 - 2000 245 cu in ( 4.0 L ) OHV 12V V6 160 hp 220 lb - ft 5 - speed manual ( Mazda M5OD - R1 ) 4 - speed automatic ( Ford 4R55E ) ; 1995 - 1996 5 - speed automatic ( Ford 5R55E ) ; 1997 - 2000",
"220 lb - ft",
"4 - speed automatic ( Ford 4R55E ) ; 1995 - 1996",
"5 - speed automatic ( Ford 5R55E ) ; 1997 - 2000",
"Ford Cologne V6 1997 - 2003 245 cu in ( 4.0 L ) SOHC 12V V6 210 hp 254 - lb - ft 5 - speed manual ( Mazda M5OD - R1HD ) ; 2001 - 2003 Explorer Sport 5 - speed automatic ( Ford 5R55E )",
"254 - lb - ft",
"5 - speed automatic ( Ford 5R55E )",
"Ford Windsor 5.0 L V8 1996 - 2001 302 cu in ( 4.9 L ) OHV 16V V8 210 hp 280 lb - ft 4 - speed automatic ( Ford 4R70W )",
"280 lb - ft",
"A Mazda - produced 5 - speed manual was standard with both V6 engines ; all V8 examples were equipped with a 4 - speed heavy - duty automatic ( shared with the F - 150 , Mustang , and Crown Victoria ) . On four - wheel drive versions , the four - wheel drive system was redesigned for the 1995 Explorer . In place of Touch Drive from the previous generation , ControlTrac was an electronically controlled full - time four - wheel drive system with a two - speed transfer case , with software controlling a multi-disc clutch ( in place of a center differential ) . Along with traditional two - wheel drive and high and low - range four - wheel drive , `` Auto '' mode allowed software to maintain the amount of torque sent to the front wheels ; if the front axle begins to spin faster , torque is shifted from the rear wheels to the front wheels until traction is achieved . Similar to TouchDrive , ControlTrac is dash - controlled , with a rotary selector for two - wheel drive ( 1995 - 1996 ) , auto , high range , and low range .",
"While visibly similar to its predecessor , many exterior panels from the 1995 Ford Explorer were changed , with only the roofline and the side doors carrying over . As part of the changes related to the redesigned front suspension , the entire front fascia was redesigned , with the Explorer gaining model - distinct styling . In a styling theme that would be used in several other Ford small trucks , the 1995 Explorer was given an oval grille ; the headlamps were changed from rectangular to oval as well , wrapping into the fenders . Depending on trim , the grille and bumpers were painted gray ( XLT ) , body color ( Limited / Sport ) , or chromed . In contrast to the front fascia , the rear fascia saw relatively few changes , with the rear bumper nearly unchanged . Along with slightly reshaped taillamps ( with amber turn signals ) , the 1995 Ford Explorer marked the debut of a neon CHMSL ( center brake light ) .",
"Alongside the redesigned exterior , the interior of the second - generation Ford Explorer was given a redesign . Maintaining commonality with the Ranger , the Explorer was given a new dashboard ( marking the debut of dual airbags in an American - produced SUV ) , a new instrument panel ; to improve user ergonomics , the Ford Explorer introduced a double - DIN radio panel and rotary - style climate controls .",
"For 1997 , a third - row seat was introduced as an option ; expanding seating to seven passengers , the design was only offered in export markets .",
"For 1998 , the exterior of the Ford Explorer was given a mid-cycle update . Distinguished by the addition of fender flares , the rear fascia was restyled , with larger taillamps ( deleting the amber turn signals ) ; to better accommodate export , the license plate was shifted from the bumper to the liftgate ; the neon CHMSL was replaced by an LED version . 16 - inch wheels replaced 15 - inch wheels ( shared with the Ranger ) . For 1999 , the front bumper was redesigned , allowing for larger lower grille and fog lights .",
"The interior was given redesigned front and rear seats , along with second - generation airbags ; in 1999 , side airbags were introduced ( as an option ) . Other options included load - leveling air suspension ( on Eddie Bauer and Limited ) and a reverse - sensing warning system .",
"At its launch , the second - generation Ford Explorer retained the use of the previous trim nomenclature ; the standard trim was the XL , with the XLT serving as the primary model upgrade . Along with the two - tone Eddie Bauer trim , the highest trim Explorer was the monochromatic Ford Explorer Limited . For 2000 , XLS replaced XL as the base trim ( introduced as an appearance package for 1999 ) .",
"In contrast to five - door Explorers , second - generation three - door Ford Explorers shifted to a separate trim nomenclature . While the XL remained the base model ( largely for fleets ) , most examples were produced under a single Sport trim level . In 1995 , the Expedition trim was introduced ; roughly the 3 - door equivalent of the Eddie Bauer , the trim was discontinued at the end of the model year as Ford reserved the name for the Ford Expedition full - size SUV ( which entered production in mid-1996 ) .",
"For 1998 , the Explorer Sport became the sole version of the three - door ; following the introduction of the third - generation Explorer , the Explorer Sport became a distinct model through the 2003 model year .",
"Third generation ( U152 ) Overview Production November 2000 -- June 2005 Model years 2002 -- 2005 Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States St. Louis , Missouri , United States Valencia , Carabobo , Venezuela Designer Edward Golden ( 1997 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Related Ford Explorer Sport Ford Explorer Sport Trac Lincoln Aviator Mercury Mountaineer Powertrain Engine 4.0 L Cologne V6 4.6 L 16 - valve Modular V8 Transmission 5 - speed M5OD - R1HD manual 5 - speed 5R55W automatic 5 - speed 5R55S automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2002 -- 03 : 113.7 in ( 2888 mm ) 2004 -- 05 : 113.8 in ( 2890 mm ) Length 189.5 in ( 4800 mm ) Width 72.1 in ( 1828 mm ) Height 71.4 in ( 1803 mm )",
"Third generation ( U152 )",
"Overview",
"Production November 2000 -- June 2005",
"Model years 2002 -- 2005",
"Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States St. Louis , Missouri , United States Valencia , Carabobo , Venezuela",
"Designer Edward Golden ( 1997 )",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 4 - door SUV",
"Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive / all - wheel drive",
"Related Ford Explorer Sport Ford Explorer Sport Trac Lincoln Aviator Mercury Mountaineer",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 4.0 L Cologne V6 4.6 L 16 - valve Modular V8",
"Transmission 5 - speed M5OD - R1HD manual 5 - speed 5R55W automatic 5 - speed 5R55S automatic",
"Dimensions",
"Wheelbase 2002 -- 03 : 113.7 in ( 2888 mm ) 2004 -- 05 : 113.8 in ( 2890 mm )",
"Length 189.5 in ( 4800 mm )",
"Width 72.1 in ( 1828 mm )",
"Height 71.4 in ( 1803 mm )",
"The third - generation Ford Explorer went on sale in January 2001 ( as an early 2002 model ) . Developed between 1995 and 1998 , the primary objective behind the third - generation Ford Explorer was to make the vehicle line more competitive in both domestic and export markets . Along with tuning the Explorer for higher - speed European driving , the Explorer was benchmarked to lead against the Lexus RX300 and the then - in - development Volkswagen Touareg .",
"To make the Explorer more competitive , Ford shifted away from typical SUV design , abandoning the use of the Ford Ranger chassis architecture in favor of designing a purpose - built platform . As part of the change , the Explorer became only the second rear - wheel drive American Ford platform fitted with four - wheel independent suspension ( behind the MN12 platform ) . In another major change , the third - generation Explorer was developed solely as a five - door vehicle . Retaining the previous - generation chassis architecture , the three - door Explorer Sport continued production through the 2003 model year ; the Explorer Sport Trac four - door pickup truck continued through 2005 .",
"The third - generation Ford Explorer was marketed by all three divisions of Ford Motor Company : by Mercury as the second - generation Mercury Mountaineer ; Lincoln marketed the third - generation Explorer from 2003 to 2005 as the Lincoln Aviator .",
"The third - generation is based on the body - on - frame Ford UN152 platform . No longer derived from the Ford Ranger , the UN152 chassis was designed specifically for the five - door Explorer and its Lincoln - Mercury counterparts . In a major shift from its predecessors , the third - generation Explorer adopted a four - wheel independent suspension configuration , never before used on a Ford truck ( on American - produced SUVs , fully independent suspension was previously exclusive to the Hummer H1 ) . Similar to the layout used on the Ford MN12 - chassis cars ( 1989 - 1998 Thunderbird / Cougar and Lincoln Mark VIII ) , each rear wheel was connected to the rear - axle differential with two half - shafts .",
"While the third - generation Ford Explorer was in development during the late 1990s controversy involving the Explorer and Firestone tires , the increased stability of the configuration was designed in part to reduce rollover risk . In another change , Firestone tires ( which had caused the rollovers and crashes of the Ford Explorers ) were not made available on any version of the third - generation Explorer . Ford 's AdvanceTrac RSC ( Roll Stability Control ) system became available as a standard feature on the Explorer for the 2005 model year .",
"Along with rear - wheel drive , the third - generation Explorer was offered with both four - wheel drive and permanent all - wheel drive ; the latter was offered on the Explorer for the first time .",
"Carried over from the previous generation , the base engine for the third - generation Explorer was a 210hp 4.0 L V6 . Becoming the final V8 - powered American Ford to adopt to the Modular V8 , the third - generation Explorer offered a 239hp 4.6 L SOHC V8 ( shared with the Crown Victoria / Grand Marquis ) as its optional engine . A five - speed manual transmission was offered for 2002 before its discontinuation ; as of 2018 , it is the final year a Ford Explorer was available with a manual transmission . As an option for both the 4.0 L and 4.6 L V8 engines , the Ford 5R55 transmission was offered , becoming standard from 2003 to 2005 .",
"Engine Production Configuration Output Transmission Ford Cologne V6 2002 - 2005 245 cu in ( 4.0 L ) SOHC 12V V6 210 hp ; 254 - lb - ft Mazda M5OD - R1HD 5 - speed manual ( 2002 only ) Ford 5R55 5 - speed automatic Ford Modular V8 2002 - 2005 281 cu in ( 4.6 L ) SOHC 16V V8 238 hp @ 4750 RPM 282 lb - ft @ 4000 RPM Ford 5R55 5 - speed automatic",
"Engine Production Configuration Output Transmission",
"Ford Cologne V6 2002 - 2005 245 cu in ( 4.0 L ) SOHC 12V V6 210 hp ; 254 - lb - ft Mazda M5OD - R1HD 5 - speed manual ( 2002 only ) Ford 5R55 5 - speed automatic",
"Ford 5R55 5 - speed automatic",
"Ford Modular V8 2002 - 2005 281 cu in ( 4.6 L ) SOHC 16V V8 238 hp @ 4750 RPM 282 lb - ft @ 4000 RPM Ford 5R55 5 - speed automatic",
"282 lb - ft @ 4000 RPM",
"In contrast with the second - generation ( a major revision of the 1991 - 1994 generation ) , the exterior and interior of the third - generation Ford Explorer were completely new designs . While sharing a number of design elements with the 1997 F - Series and Ford Expedition , the Ford Explorer also served as the introduction of a new design theme for several Ford vehicles ; the 2003 Ford Expedition , the Ford Freestar , Ford Freestyle , and Ford Five Hundred would share various elements of the 2002 Ford Explorer design . Retaining nearly the same proportions as the first two generations , the third - generation Explorer was an inch shorter in length and two inches wider , gaining two inches in wheelbase .",
"With the addition of independent rear suspension , several functional changes were brought as part of the redesign . The cargo floor was lowered several inches , adding nearly 10 cubic feet of total cargo room . Coinciding with the lower cargo floor , on nearly all models , a folding third - row seat was either standard or an option , bringing seating capacity to seven . The rear liftgate was redesigned , with the upper hatch enlarged .",
"Carried over from the previous generation , Ford produced the Explorer in four trim levels , XLS , XLT , Eddie Bauer , and Limited . Slotted below the XLS were two major trim packages , Sport Value , Sport Choice , with Sport Premium between XLS and XLT . The outdoors - themed Eddie Bauer continued production with a two - tone exterior ( with a tan lower body ) ; the Limited wore a monochromatic body .",
"Fourth generation ( U251 ) Overview Production July 2005 -- December 2 , 2010 Model years 2006 -- 2010 Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States St. Louis , Missouri , United States Valencia , Carabobo , Venezuela Designer Jeff Nowak ( 2003 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer Powertrain Engine 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6 4.6 L Modular 24 - valve V8 Transmission 5 - speed 5R55S automatic 6 - speed 6R automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 113.7 in ( 2890 mm ) Length 193.4 in ( 4902 mm ) Width 73.7 in ( 1854 mm ) Height 2006 -- 07 : 71.2 in ( 1803 mm ) 2008 : 72.8 in ( 1,849 mm ) 2009 -- 10 : 71.9 in ( 1,826 mm ) Chronology Successor Ford Bronco ( 2020 )",
"Fourth generation ( U251 )",
"Overview",
"Production July 2005 -- December 2 , 2010",
"Model years 2006 -- 2010",
"Assembly Louisville , Kentucky , United States St. Louis , Missouri , United States Valencia , Carabobo , Venezuela",
"Designer Jeff Nowak ( 2003 )",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 4 - door SUV",
"Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive",
"Related Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6 4.6 L Modular 24 - valve V8",
"Transmission 5 - speed 5R55S automatic 6 - speed 6R automatic",
"Dimensions",
"Wheelbase 113.7 in ( 2890 mm )",
"Length 193.4 in ( 4902 mm )",
"Width 73.7 in ( 1854 mm )",
"Height 2006 -- 07 : 71.2 in ( 1803 mm ) 2008 : 72.8 in ( 1,849 mm ) 2009 -- 10 : 71.9 in ( 1,826 mm )",
"Chronology",
"Successor Ford Bronco ( 2020 )",
"The Ford Explorer and the Mercury Mountaineer were both updated for the 2006 model year on a new frame , produced by Magna International rather than Tower Automotive . Along with this new , stronger chassis , Ford updated the interior , redesigned the rear suspension and added power - folding third - row seats . Also , a tire pressure monitoring system and electronic stability control became standard equipment . Power running boards , like the ones from the Lincoln Navigator , were also made available on the Explorer and Mountaineer ; the running boards lower to allow easier access when entering the vehicle , then retract upon door closure . Unlike previous generations , there was no right - hand drive option available for order , causing Ford to market Explorers in Japan in left - hand drive configuration . The LHD Explorers were desirable there because LHD vehicles are considered prestigious in Japan . Moreover , Ford switched to a one - piece rear liftgate design due to the problems associated with the previous generation 's design .",
"The 210 hp ( 157 kW ) 4.0 L 12 - valve SOHC V - 6 was once again the standard engine . A more powerful 292 hp ( 218 kW ) 4.6 L 24 - valve SOHC V - 8 , similar to the Fifth - generation Ford Mustang 's engine , was available as an option . The 6 - speed 6R automatic transmission , built by Ford and based on a ZF design , was made standard equipment with the V - 8 engine as well . The five - speed 5R55W automatic transmission was advanced . It was the only transmission available for the V - 6 engine , because the Mazda five - speed manual transmission was dropped in the previous generation .",
"The 2006 Ford Explorer was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2006 .",
"In 2007 , The Explorer received a few minor updates including standard AUX input on all stereos and optional power running boards , heated windshield , Ironman Package , XLT Appearance Package , and heated leather seat package .",
"For 2008 , Ford added side curtain airbags across the Explorer range . Also , the optional satellite navigation system was also upgraded with voice control .",
"For 2009 , the Explorer received a trailer sway control system as standard equipment , and the navigation system received traffic flow monitoring with updated gas prices from nearby stations .",
"For the 2010 model year , Ford 's MyKey became standard on all Explorer trims .",
"Ford Cologne 4.0 L SOHC V - 6 Model years 2006 -- 2010 Power ( SAE net ) 210 hp ( 157 kW ) Torque ( SAE net ) 254 ft ⋅ lbf ( 344 N ⋅ m )",
"Ford Cologne 4.0 L SOHC V - 6",
"Model years 2006 -- 2010",
"Power ( SAE net ) 210 hp ( 157 kW )",
"Torque ( SAE net ) 254 ft ⋅ lbf ( 344 N ⋅ m )",
"Ford Modular 4.6 L SOHC V - 8 Model years 2006 -- 2010 Power ( SAE net ) 292 hp ( 218 kW ) Torque ( SAE net ) 315 ft ⋅ lbf ( 427 N ⋅ m )",
"Ford Modular 4.6 L SOHC V - 8",
"Model years 2006 -- 2010",
"Power ( SAE net ) 292 hp ( 218 kW )",
"Torque ( SAE net ) 315 ft ⋅ lbf ( 427 N ⋅ m )",
"The second generation Sport Trac came out in early 2006 for the 2007 model year . Unlike its predecessor sold through 2005 , it featured the V - 8 engine as an option and was based on this generation Explorer 's platform . AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control was made standard on the Sport Trac .",
"For the 2007 model year , the Ford Special Vehicle Team built the Sport Trac Adrenalin concept with a supercharged version of the 4.6 L Modular V - 8 , with 390 hp ( 291 kW ) , and featuring 21 - inch ( 530 mm ) wheels . Ford SVT said then it was the successor to the F - 150 Lightning sports pickup truck . However , the SVT version of the Adrenalin was cancelled in a cost - cutting move as part of The Way Forward . The Adrenalin was sold as an appearance package though from 2008 - 2010 . It had blacked out headlights , black grill , mono color interior , different front and rear bumpers , vents in the front fenders and molded in running boards . It also came standard with 20 '' polished aluminum wheels , and the fender flares that came on the Explorer and standard Sport Trac were deleted .",
"Ford unveiled an Explorer America concept vehicle at the 2008 North American International Auto Show . The Explorer America concept is built on a unibody platform to reduce weight and improve driveability , migrating from the body - on - frame platform of the fourth generation Explorer . It is designed for up to six passengers while improving fuel economy by 20 to 30 percent relative to the current V6 Explorer . The powertrain packages in the concept vehicle include a two - liter four - cylinder turbocharged direct injection EcoBoost gas engine with 275 hp ( 205 kW ) and 280 ft ⋅ lbf ( 380 N ⋅ m ) of torque , and a 3.5 L V6 version EcoBoost with 340 hp ( 254 kW ) and up to 340 ft ⋅ lbf ( 460 N ⋅ m ) of torque .",
"5th generation ( U502 ) Overview Production August 2010 -- present Model years 2011 -- present Assembly Chicago , Illinois , U.S. ( Chicago Assembly ) Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Yelabuga , Tatarstan , Russia Designer Brian Izard , George Bucher ( 2007 ) Mike Arbaugh ( facelift : 2013 ) Body and chassis Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Platform Ford D4 platform Related Ford Flex Lincoln MKT Ford Taurus Powertrain Engine 2.0 L EcoBoost turbocharged I4 ( front - wheel drive only ) 2.3 L EcoBoost turbocharged I4 3.5 L Duratec Ti - VCT V6 3.5 L EcoBoost twin - turbocharged V6 ( all - wheel drive only ) 3.7 L Cyclone Ti - VCT V6 ( Police Interceptor Utility , all - wheel drive only ) Transmission 6 - speed Ford 6F automatic w / overdrive ( EcoBoost I4 model ) 6 - speed 6F SelectShift automatic ( 3.5 L ) 6 - speed 6F SelectShift automatic with paddle shifters ( Sport model ) Dimensions Wheelbase 112.6 in ( 2,860 mm ) Length 197.1 in ( 5,010 mm ) Width 78.9 in ( 2,000 mm ) Height 70.4 in ( 1,790 mm )",
"5th generation ( U502 )",
"Overview",
"Production August 2010 -- present",
"Model years 2011 -- present",
"Assembly Chicago , Illinois , U.S. ( Chicago Assembly ) Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Yelabuga , Tatarstan , Russia",
"Designer Brian Izard , George Bucher ( 2007 ) Mike Arbaugh ( facelift : 2013 )",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 5 - door SUV",
"Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive",
"Platform Ford D4 platform",
"Related Ford Flex Lincoln MKT Ford Taurus",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 2.0 L EcoBoost turbocharged I4 ( front - wheel drive only ) 2.3 L EcoBoost turbocharged I4 3.5 L Duratec Ti - VCT V6 3.5 L EcoBoost twin - turbocharged V6 ( all - wheel drive only ) 3.7 L Cyclone Ti - VCT V6 ( Police Interceptor Utility , all - wheel drive only )",
"Transmission 6 - speed Ford 6F automatic w / overdrive ( EcoBoost I4 model ) 6 - speed 6F SelectShift automatic ( 3.5 L ) 6 - speed 6F SelectShift automatic with paddle shifters ( Sport model )",
"Dimensions",
"Wheelbase 112.6 in ( 2,860 mm )",
"Length 197.1 in ( 5,010 mm )",
"Width 78.9 in ( 2,000 mm )",
"Height 70.4 in ( 1,790 mm )",
"The 5th generation 2011 Explorer bore similarity to the Explorer America concept 's construction , and includes a unibody structure based on the D4 platform , a modified version of the D3 platform . The move from traditional SUV to crossover effectively vacated the midsize SUV segment for Ford until the revived Ford Bronco goes on sale for 2020 .",
"The fifth generation Explorer features blacked - out A , B , and D - pillars to produce a floating roof effect similar to Land Rover 's floating roof design used on its sport utility vehicles ; a design which Ford previously used on the Ford Flex . The fifth generation Explorer features sculpted body work with stepped style headlamps similar to the Flex , Edge , Escape , Expedition and F - 150 , as well as new stepped style tail lamps . The grille features Ford 's corporate three - bar design with upper and lower perforated mesh work , similar to that of the sixth - generation Ford Taurus .",
"The development of the fifth generation Explorer was led by chief engineer Jim Holland , who was also a chief engineer for Land Rover ; heading development of the Land Rover Range Rover ( L322 ) 2005 facelift . Holland also worked on the Ford Expedition ( U324 ) during its initial development .",
"The fifth generation Explorer made its debut online on July 26 , 2010 . Ford had set up a Ford Explorer Facebook page ahead of its debut . Assembly of the fifth - generation Explorer moved to Ford 's Chicago Assembly plant , where it is built alongside the Ford Taurus and Lincoln MKS . The Louisville plant , where the previous generation was built , was converted to produce cars based on Ford 's global C platform ( potentially including the Ford Focus , Ford C - Max , and Ford Kuga ) . Like the Escape , the Explorer will continue to be marketed as an `` SUV '' rather than a `` crossover SUV '' . It went on sale in late 2010 , pre-launch sales had by the end of November 2010 totaled around 15,000 . The EPA rated fuel economy of 20 / 28 mpg city / highway for the four - cylinder EcoBoost engine option .",
"Available features on the fifth generation Explorer include intelligent access with push button start , remote engine start , power liftgate , power adjustable pedals with memory , premium leather trimmed seating , heated and cooled front seats , dual headrest DVD entertainment system , adaptive cruise control , active park assist , SIRIUS Travel Link , MyFord Touch , Ford SYNC by Microsoft , Sony audio system with HD radio and Apple iTunes tagging , in - dash advanced navigation system , SoundScreen laminated acoustic and solar tinted windshield with rain - sensing wipers , 20 - inch polished V - spoke aluminium wheels , and High - intensity discharge headlamps ( HID ) and LED tail lamps .",
"Unlike the Explorer America concept vehicle which only seats five occupants , the production Explorer holds two rows of seating with available PowerFold fold flat third row seating ( like the previous generation ) and accommodates up to seven occupants .",
"The Explorer is available in either front - wheel drive or full - time all - wheel drive . At first only one engine was available : the 290 hp ( 216 kW ) ( 255 lb ⋅ ft ( 346 N ⋅ m ) of torque ) 3.5 liter TiVCT ( Twin independent Variable Camshaft Timing ) V - 6 attached to either the 6 - speed 6F automatic or 6 - speed 6F SelectShift automatic .",
"Soon thereafter , Ford offered the economical 240 hp ( 179 kW ) ( 270 lb ⋅ ft ( 370 N ⋅ m ) of torque ) 2 liter EcoBoost turbocharged , direct - injected I - 4 mated to the 6 - speed 6F automatic . The I - 4 engine is not available with the optional 6 - speed 6F SelectShift automatic , and will only be available in front - wheel drive .",
"The Explorer is available with an automatic intelligent all - wheel drive system inspired by Land Rover , featuring a variable center multi-disc differential with computer controlled lock . Conventional front and rear differentials are used with 3.39 : 1 gearing . The center multi-disc differential controls the front - to - rear torque split , biasing as much as 100 percent of torque to either the front or rear wheels . Depending on the Terrain Management mode selected , the center multi-disc differential 's intelligent lock will allow for a 50 : 50 torque split in off - road conditions . The power take off ( PTO ) unit includes a heavy - duty dedicated cooling system to allow the four - wheel drive system to supply continuous non-stop torque delivery to all four wheels indefinitely , without overheating . A `` 4WD '' badge is advertised on the rear liftgate on the all - wheel drive models . Explorer 's overall off - road crawl ratio is 15.19 : 1 with high range -- no low range -- gearing only .",
"Off - road electronics include Hill Descent Control ( HDC ) , Hill Ascent Assist ( HAA ) , four - wheel electronic traction control and Terrain Management .",
"Four - wheel electronic traction control ( ABS braking ) is employed to simulate front and rear differential locks via aggressively `` brake locking '' the front or rear differentials , transferring up to 100 percent of torque from side - to - side . In the right conditions , the Explorer can keep moving even if only one wheel has traction , regardless of which wheel it is .",
"Terrain Management includes four selectable modes . Each mode is selected via a rotary control dial on the center console , aft of the transmission shifter .",
"Terrain Management System Default start selection : Normal Driving mode Subsequent modes are selected by turning the control dial clockwise . Second selection : Mud & Ruts mode Third selection : Sand mode Fourth selection : Grass / Gravel / Snow mode",
"Terrain Management System",
"Default start selection : Normal Driving mode",
"Subsequent modes are selected by turning the control dial clockwise .",
"Second selection : Mud & Ruts mode",
"Third selection : Sand mode",
"Fourth selection : Grass / Gravel / Snow mode",
"Depending on the mode selected , Terrain Management will control , adjust , and fine tune the engine , transmission , center multi-disc differential lock , throttle response , four - wheel electronic traction control and electronic stability control ( ESC ) to adapt the SUV for optimal performance on the corresponding terrain .",
"Off - road geometry figures for approach , departure and ramp brakeover angles are 21 ° , 21 ° and 16 ° respectively . Minimum running ground clearance is 7.6 inches ( 193 mm ) . Standard running ground clearance is 8.2 inches ( 208 mm ) . Low hanging running boards are no longer offered from the factory to help increase side obstacle clearance .",
"Moving to a monocoque body usually has a negative impact on towing capacity . The new Explorer will be available with an optional trailer tow package . The package includes a Class III trailer hitch , engine oil cooler , trailer electrics connector , trailer sway control ( TSC ) , wiring harness and a rear - view camera with trailer alignment assistance to help in backing up to a trailer . If equipped with the trailer tow package the new 2011 Explorer will be able to tow up to 5,000 lb ( 2,300 kg ) of braked trailer . That is 1,500 lb ( 680 kg ) greater than the towing capacity stated for the Explorer America concept and 2,115 lb ( 959 kg ) less than the outgoing Explorer 's towing capacity , although that was only available with the 4.6 L V8 engine .",
"Safety features include : Dual front adaptive SRS air bags , dual front seat side impact air bags , dual rear safety belt air bags ( available first quarter , 2011 ) and side curtain head , torso and rollover protection air bags . Other optional safety features include BLIS blind spot information system with rear cross traffic alert , forward collision warning with brake support precrash system , Auto high - beam , Roll Stability Control ( RSC ) , Electronic stability control ( ESC ) and Curve Control .",
"The fifth - generation Explorer was the first - ever vehicle to be equipped with inflatable dual rear inflatable safety belts . Air bags are sewn into the inside of the seat belts , and inflate with cold air to prevent burns . Ford claims it will be released as an option and to introduce inflatable seat belts on other Ford models eventually .",
"NHTSA Ford Explorer : Overall ( 2013 -- present ) Overall ( 2012 ) Frontal Driver Frontal Passenger ( 2013 -- present ) Frontal Passenger ( 2012 ) Side Driver Side Passenger Side Pole Driver Rollover FWD / 16.9 % Rollover AWD / 17.4 %",
"Overall ( 2013 -- present )",
"Overall ( 2012 )",
"Frontal Driver",
"Frontal Passenger ( 2013 -- present )",
"Frontal Passenger ( 2012 )",
"Side Driver",
"Side Passenger",
"Side Pole Driver",
"Rollover FWD / 16.9 %",
"Rollover AWD / 17.4 %",
"Ford Explorer IIHS scores Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( passenger side ) Poor Small overlap frontal offset ( driver side ) Marginal * ( 2013 -- present models ) Side impact Good Roof strength Good",
"Moderate overlap frontal offset Good",
"Small overlap frontal offset ( passenger side ) Poor",
"Small overlap frontal offset ( driver side ) Marginal * ( 2013 -- present models )",
"Side impact Good",
"Roof strength Good",
"The fifth generation Ford Explorer earned the 2011 North American Truck of the Year award . The rear inflatable seat belts won the 2011 Best New Technology Award from the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada .",
"The Ford Explorer Sport was announced March 28 , 2012 as an option for the 2013 model year and went on sale in June 2012 . The `` Sport '' trim level comprises blackened exterior treatments , stiffened chassis and suspension , larger brakes and the installation of the EcoBoost 3.5 L Twin Turbo V6 rated at 365 hp ( 272 kW ) and 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 470 N ⋅ m ) of torque . It is the only version to feature a combined 4WD / EcoBoost option ( a FWD version is not being offered for the Sport trim ) , allowing its MPG to average between 16 / city and 22 / highway . This version will be slotted above the Limited trim and is expected to compete in this segment against Jeep Grand Cherokee 's SRT trim and Dodge Durango 's R / T trims and a newly updated 2013 Chevrolet Traverse , the latter of which unveiled their new look on the same day as the Explorer Sport as their response to Ford 's news .",
"The refreshed 2016 model year Ford Explorer debuted at the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show , with a redesigned front fascia , hood and lower bumper , standard LED low - beam headlights , and fog lamps that were inspired by the thirteenth generation Ford F - 150 . The rear of the Explorer was also refreshed with restyled LED tail lamps and dual exhaust outlets . The 2016 refresh bumped the I4 engine to a 2.3 Liter EcoBoost four - cylinder engine from the 2015 Ford Mustang . A newly introduced Platinum trim now tops out the range , slotting above the Sport and Limited trims . Similar to the Platinum editions of the F150 and Ford Super Duty trucks , the Platinum trim features front and rear cameras , enhanced active park assist with perpendicular park assist , park - out assist and semi-automatic parallel parking , hands - free liftgate from the Ford Escape , an exclusive 500 - watt Sony surround sound system , and a heated steering - wheel . The Platinum trim is paired with a 3.5 Liter EcoBoost Twin - turbo V6 with 365 horsepower which was previously only available with the Sport trim . The 2016 Explorer went on sale at dealerships in the Summer of 2015 . Other than the addition of the top - of - the - line Platinum trim , as well as standard eighteen - inch alloy wheels on the base Explorer trim , the changes are mainly in styling , exterior and interior color combinations , technology , and power .",
"The Ford Explorer will receive a second facelift which will include a refreshed front end with revised LED headlights and redesigned LED fog lights plus new exterior colors , new interior colors , and new wheel designs .",
"Type Model Years Power@rpm Torque@rpm 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) EcoBoost 2.0 I4 2011 -- 2015 240 bhp ( 180 kW ) @ 5500 rpm 270 lb ⋅ ft ( 366 N ⋅ m ) @ 3000 rpm 2,253 cc ( 137.5 cu in ) EcoBoost 2.3 I4 2016 -- 280 bhp ( 210 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 310 lb ⋅ ft ( 420 N ⋅ m ) @ 3000 rpm 3,496 cc ( 213.3 cu in ) Duratec 35 V6 2011 -- 290 bhp ( 220 kW ) @ 6500 rpm 255 lb ⋅ ft ( 346 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm 3,497 cc ( 213.4 cu in ) EcoBoost 3.5 TT V6 2013 -- 365 bhp ( 272 kW ) @ 5500 rpm 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) @ 3500 rpm",
"Type Model Years Power@rpm Torque@rpm",
"1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) EcoBoost 2.0 I4 2011 -- 2015 240 bhp ( 180 kW ) @ 5500 rpm 270 lb ⋅ ft ( 366 N ⋅ m ) @ 3000 rpm",
"2,253 cc ( 137.5 cu in ) EcoBoost 2.3 I4 2016 -- 280 bhp ( 210 kW ) @ 5600 rpm 310 lb ⋅ ft ( 420 N ⋅ m ) @ 3000 rpm",
"3,496 cc ( 213.3 cu in ) Duratec 35 V6 2011 -- 290 bhp ( 220 kW ) @ 6500 rpm 255 lb ⋅ ft ( 346 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 rpm",
"3,497 cc ( 213.4 cu in ) EcoBoost 3.5 TT V6 2013 -- 365 bhp ( 272 kW ) @ 5500 rpm 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) @ 3500 rpm",
"An all - new , sixth - generation Ford Explorer will debut in 2019 for the 2020 model year , and is slated to return to a Front - engine , rear - wheel - drive layout ( FR Setup ) utilizing Rear Wheel Drive ( RWD ) , as utilized by all Ford Explorers prior to 2011 . Ford showed a prototype 2020 Explorer under wraps on display at the 2018 Beijing Auto Show in China . A high - performance Explorer ST is also planned , joining the Ford Edge ST as Ford 's second SUV from their ST performance lineup . The former is expected to be powered by a Twin - Turbocharged EcoBoost V6 gasoline engine that could produce over 400 horsepower .",
"A prototype of the sixth - generation Ford Explorer has been seen testing , and appears similar in design to the all - new 2018 Ford Expedition and Expedition EL .",
"The Ford Explorer Sport was a 3 - door version of the Ford Explorer , designed to take the place of the Bronco II in Ford 's model line , and was produced from 1991 to 2003 . The Sport began as a trim level of the Ford Explorer , but it eventually became its own model . It rode on a 10 '' shorter wheelbase . There was only one Sport , but there were several other trim levels of the Explorer that were available with 2 - doors , such as the XL ( 1991 -- 1997 ) , the Eddie Bauer ( 1991 -- 1994 ) , and the Expedition ( 1995 ) . In 1998 the Explorer Sport became the only 3 - door trim level of the Explorer , and in 2001 it became its own model , as the second generation Explorer moved on to a 5 - door - only 3rd generation . Production ceased in July 2003 .",
"The Explorer Sport returned to the Fifth generation Explorer however the Fifth generation Explorer Sport has 4 doors instead of the 2 doors of the old Explorer sport but has a unique engine and styling compared to the regular Explorer",
"1st - gen Explorer 2 - door 1998 -- 2000 Explorer Sport 2001 -- 2003 Explorer Sport",
"1st - gen Explorer 2 - door",
"1st - gen Explorer 2 - door",
"1998 -- 2000 Explorer Sport",
"1998 -- 2000 Explorer Sport",
"2001 -- 2003 Explorer Sport",
"2001 -- 2003 Explorer Sport",
"The Mazda Navajo is a rebadged version of the first - generation Ford Explorer Sport that was sold during the 1991 to 1994 model years . It was Mazda 's first sport - utility vehicle in North America and was sold exclusively in the United States ( Mazda 's Canadian division declined to market the vehicle ) . At its launch , the Navajo was sold in a single configuration , a three - door body with four - wheel drive . As with the Explorer , it was assembled at the Louisville Assembly Plant . The Navajo was Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year for 1991 . The Navajo was not offered in Japan .",
"The Navajo and Explorer Sport largely differed in exterior trim , with unique taillights , grille , front bumper , and wheels . Inside , the two were nearly impossible to distinguish from one another , except for minor changes to seat fabrics , the typeface on the instrument cluster , and the Navajo was given a different design for its steering wheel hub . Similar to the 3 - door Explorer , the Navajo came in two trim levels : base ( renamed DX for 1992 ) and LX . In contrast to the Explorer , the base version of the Navajo offered power windows , power locks and power mirrors as standard . The LX added features such as extra interior illumination and a leather - wrapped steering wheel . An optional premium package loaded up the Navajo with luxuries including air conditioning , a stereo system with cassette deck , cruise control , sport seats with power lumbar adjustment and a pop - up / removable moonroof .",
"For 1992 , the Navajo became available with rear - wheel drive , geared towards buyers who liked the sporty image of an SUV , but did not need four - wheel drive . Aside from the nomenclature change of the base model to DX ( to fit Mazda 's naming scheme ) , the Navajo changed so little that the company reused much of the photography from its 1991 promotional materials for another year . For 1993 , the Navajo received mechanical upgrades alongside the Explorer , such as increased power for the V6 engine and four - wheel anti-lock brakes . Unlike the Explorer , however , the only other change was an optional CD player . For 1994 , the LX model was given 5 - spoke alloy wheels .",
"In comparison to the Explorer , sales of the Navajo were relatively poor and it was discontinued after the 1994 model year . Mazda would not market another sport utility vehicle in North America until the Tribute ( based on the Ford Escape ) launched for the 2001 model year .",
"Following the end of production of the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor in 2011 , Ford began development of a police - service variant of the Ford Explorer . For the 2013 model year , Ford introduced the Police Interceptor Utility ; as with the related Police Interceptor Sedan variant of the Ford Taurus , the Utility is referred to as a Ford Police Interceptor in lieu of being a Ford Explorer .",
"As with the Police Interceptor Sedan and the Ford Expedition SSV , the Utility is not sold for retail sale and is specifically designed for use by law enforcement or use by other emergency service agencies . Along with fleet - specific options such as steel wheels and provisions for user - specific paint schemes ( such as contrasting doors ) , the Utility comes with provisions for the fitment of emergency equipment such as radios , lightbars and sirens . To free up interior space on the center console for equipment , the transmission is fitted with a column - mounted shifter .",
"The Police Interceptor Utility comes with an all - wheel drive powertrain standard . Over a standard Explorer , the Utility is fitted with larger brake rotors , more advanced ABS and traction control systems , a more efficient cooling system and other standard police equipment .",
"At its launch , the initial engine fitted was a 305hp 3.7 L version of the Ti - VCT V6 , shared with the Ford Mustang and F - 150 . For 2014 , Ford added the 365hp 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 ( shared with the Police Interceptor Sedan and Ford Taurus SHO ) .",
"The California Highway Patrol now uses the Police Interceptor Utility because the current Ford Taurus , Chevrolet Caprice and Dodge Charger patrol cars did not meet the payload the CHP requires for a universal patrol car . In May 2014 , statisticians R.L. Polk declared the PI Utility the most popular police vehicle , based on 2013 U.S. sales figures .",
"In the UK , the Ford Explorer was initially available as just one model , with the 4.0 - litre engine and with a high specification -- the only dealer options being leather interior . Second and third - generation Explorers for the UK and other RHD markets utilised a center console - mounted shifter and hand parking brake instead of the steering column - mounted shifter and parking brake pedal used in the North American models . In 1998 , a facelifted Explorer was available with minor cosmetic interior changes and a revised rear tail lift which centered the rear number plate . In 1999 the model range was revamped slightly , the base model becoming the XLT and a special edition North Face version marketed with a tie in to North Face outdoor clothing . The North Face version was available in a dark green or a silver , with body - colored bumpers , heated leather seats and a CD multichanger as standard . In 2000 , the North Face was also available in black . With the introduction of the all - new platform in 2002 , Ford withdrew the Explorer from the UK and EU / EFTA market .",
"In the Middle East , Taiwan , and China , the 2012 Ford Explorer is currently available in several trims , all of which have a 3.5 - liter V6 engine and an automatic gearbox . Some GCC markets offer the front - wheel - drive version as a base model , while most of the trims have standard all - wheel - drive . The latest generation Explorer was made available in Japan the Fall of 2015 .",
"As of 2009 , American - made Explorer is exported to Bolivia , Chile , Canada , Mexico , Panama , Dominican Republic , People 's Republic of China , Japan , South Korea , Israel , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , The Philippines , Turkey , Russia , Iceland , the Middle East , and certain countries in South America and Africa .",
"As of 2014 , the Explorer is available in Ukraine and Belarus .",
"Gothic black Ford Explorer vehicles are also used by federal agencies , such as Secret Service for example .",
"240 deaths and 3,000 catastrophic injuries resulted from the combination of early generation Explorers and Firestone tires . The tire tread separated and the vehicle had an unusually high rate of rollover crash as a result . Both companies ' reputations were tarnished . This event led to a disruption in the 90 - year - old Ford / Firestone partnership .",
"Rollover risk is inherently higher in truck - based vehicles , like the Explorer , than in ordinary passenger cars , as modification for bulky 4 - wheel - drive hardware requires increases in height to avoid compromising ground clearance ( raising the center of gravity ) , while a short wheelbase further reduces stability . The previous Bronco II had already been cited by Consumer Reports for rollover tendencies in turns .",
"The Explorer was cleared by the NHTSA as no more dangerous than any other truck when driven unsafely . It used the same tires as the Ford Ranger with a relatively low rating for high temperatures . Lowering tire pressure recommendations softened the ride further and improved emergency stability through increased traction , but increased the chances of overheating tires . A 1995 redesign with a new suspension slightly raised the Explorer 's center of gravity , but it was called inconsequential by a Ford spokesman . Memos by Ford engineers suggested lowering the engine height , but it would have increased the cost of the new design .",
"Explorer rollover rates , at the time of the controversy , were higher than any of its competitors . While Firestone turned out millions of sub-standard and potentially defective tires , and was the initial cause of loss of control many Ford Explorer Firestone tire tread separation rollovers , the blame shifted towards Ford for a defectively designed and unstable vehicle .",
"In May 2000 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) contacted Ford and Firestone about a higher than normal incidence of tire failures on Ford Explorers , Mercury Mountaineers , and Mazda Navajos fitted with Firestone tires ( later including Ford Ranger and Mazda B - Series pickup trucks ) . The failures all involved tread separation , in which the outer tread carcass would delaminate and cause a rapid loss of tire pressure . Ford investigated and found that several models of 15 in ( 381 mm ) Firestone tires ( ATX , ATX II , and Wilderness AT ) had higher failure rates , especially those made at Firestone 's Decatur , Illinois plant .",
"Ford recommended a tire inflation of only 26 pounds per square inch ( 179 kPa ) likely contributing to the tread separation problem by causing the tires to operate at higher than normal temperatures .",
"Ford argued that Firestone was at fault , noting that the tires made by Firestone were very defective . Nevertheless , Ford subsequently recommended that front and rear tires should be inflated to 30 pounds per square inch ( 207 kPa ) on all Explorer models and mailed a replacement tire pressure door sticker indicating the same to all registered owners .",
"Some have argued that poor driver reaction to tire blowout was a contributing factor . When a tire blew , the vehicle would experience a sudden sharp jerk , and many drivers reacted by counter-steering in an attempt to regain control . This action would cause a shift of the vehicle 's weight , resulting in a rollover especially at higher speeds ( many reports of rollovers were of vehicles being driven at speeds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and above ) . In a test simulating dozens of tire blowouts , Larry Webster , a test - driver for Car & Driver magazine , was repeatedly able to bring a 1994 Explorer to a stop without incident from speeds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . According to Forbes magazine , car experts and NHTSA claim that the vast majority of crash accidents and deaths are caused not by the vehicle , but by the driver , by road conditions or some combination of the two . Many vehicle injury attorneys dissent from this view .",
"In response to Firestone 's allegations of the Explorer 's design defects , NHTSA undertook a preliminary investigation and reported that further action was not required . Its conclusion was that the Explorer was no more prone to rollover than other SUVs given their high center of gravity . The subsequent introduction and proliferation of electronic stability control systems have essentially addressed and mitigated this shortcoming .",
"In May 2001 , Ford announced it would replace 13 million Firestone tires fitted to Explorer vehicles .",
"On December 22 , 2003 , U-Haul , the largest American equipment rental company , announced it would prohibit its outlets from renting trailers to persons planning to tow behind Ford Explorers due to liability concerns , with no published data to substantiate the claim . Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle , including the tow hook assembly . U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer , Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator , which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer . In mid-2013 , U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers . All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers .",
"Calendar Year Explorer ( US ) Police Interceptor Utility ( US ) 140,509 N / A 1991 282,837 292,069 301,668 278,065 1995 395,227 402,663 383,852 1998 431,488 1999 428,772 2000 445,157 415,921 2002 433,847 2003 373,118 339,333 2005 239,788 2006 179,229 2007 137,817 2008 78,439 2009 52,190 60,687 2011 135,179 2012 158,344 5,863 2013 178,311 14,086 2014 189,339 20,655 2015 224,309 24,942 2016 216,294 32,213 2017 238,056 33,075 Total 7,216,214 98,621",
"Calendar Year Explorer ( US ) Police Interceptor Utility ( US )",
"140,509 N / A",
"1991 282,837",
"292,069",
"301,668",
"278,065",
"1995 395,227",
"402,663",
"383,852",
"1998 431,488",
"1999 428,772",
"2000 445,157",
"415,921",
"2002 433,847",
"2003 373,118",
"339,333",
"2005 239,788",
"2006 179,229",
"2007 137,817",
"2008 78,439",
"2009 52,190",
"60,687",
"2011 135,179",
"2012 158,344 5,863",
"2013 178,311 14,086",
"2014 189,339 20,655",
"2015 224,309 24,942",
"2016 216,294 32,213",
"2017 238,056 33,075",
"Total 7,216,214 98,621"
] | Ford Explorer - wikipedia Ford Explorer For the Explorer-based pickup truck, see Ford Explorer Sport Trac . Ford Explorer Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1990-- present Model years 1991-- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV (1991-- 2010) Mid-size crossover SUV (2011-- present) Chronology Predecessor Ford Bronco II The Ford Explorer is a range of SUVs manufactured by Ford Motor Company . Introduced in 1990 for the 1991 model year, it is currently in its fifth generation. Variants have also been marketed through the Lincoln-Mercury Division as the Mercury Mountaineer (1997-2010) and Lincoln Aviator (2003-2005). As with the Ford Ranger, it derives its name from a trim package used on the Ford F-Series (from 1968 to 1986). Alongside it, Ford also markets the Ford Police Interceptor Utility, a replacement for the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor . A specially modified Special Service Vehicle version is also available from Ford Fleet for law enforcement agencies , fire departments , and EMS agencies . Intended as the replacement for the Ford Bronco II , the Ford Explorer was introduced in both two-door (the Ford Explorer Sport, also sold as the 1991-1994 Mazda Navajo) and four-door body styles, with the latter being the first four-door Ford SUV. Following the 2002 introduction of the third-generation Explorer, the Ford Explorer Sport was discontinued after the 2003 model year. The Ford Explorer Sport Trac is a mid-size pickup truck based upon two generations of the four-door style from 2001 to 2010. It was sold with several powertrain configurations. Along with two-wheel drive (rear-wheel drive 1991-2010; front-wheel drive 2011-present), part-time four-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive are options. Since 1995, part-time four-wheel drive has been a ' shift on the fly' system with full protection against being engaged at high speed. As with its Ford Bronco II predecessor, the initial versions of the Ford Explorer derived its chassis and powertrain from the Ford Ranger , sharing a common chassis through 2001 for the four-door (the Explorer Sport was shared this commonality through its 2003 discontinuation and the Explorer Sport Trac would do so through 2005). For the 2002 launch of the third-generation Explorer, the model was given a body-on-frame chassis distinct from the Ranger. For the fifth-generation 2011 Explorer, the model range was shifted to unibody construction and into the full-size segment. Though sharing a similar chassis as the Ford Flex and Ford Taurus , Ford officially markets the current Ford Explorer as an SUV, slotted between the unibody-chassis Ford Escape and body-on-frame Ford Expedition . Contents 1 First generation (1991-- 1994) 1.1 Chassis 1.2 Trim 2 Second generation (1995-- 2003) 2.1 Chassis 2.1.1 Powertrain 2.2 Body 2.3 Trim 3 Third generation (2002-- 2005) 3.1 Chassis 3.2 Body 3.3 Trim 4 Fourth generation (2006-- 2010) 4.1 Model year changes 4.2 Engine specifications 4.3 Ford Explorer Sport Trac 4.4 Sport Trac Adrenalin 4.5 Explorer America concept 5 Fifth generation (2011-- 2019) 5.1 Features 5.2 Capability 5.3 Safety and security 5.3.1 NHTSA 5.4 Awards 5.5 2013 Ford Explorer Sport 5.6 2016 facelift 5.7 2018 facelift 5.8 Engines 6 Sixth generation (2020) 7 Explorer Sport variation 7.1 Fifth generation Explorer Sport 8 Mazda Navajo 9 Ford Police Interceptor Utility 10 Export sales 10.1 UK models 10.2 Middle East and Asia 10.3 Current exports 10.4 Other usage 11 Criticism and controversies 11.1 Rollover and Firestone Tire controversy 11.2 U-Haul trailers 12 Sales 13 See also 14 References 15 External links First generation (1991-- 1994) ( edit ) First generation (UN46) First-generation Ford Explorer Overview Production February 1990 -- November 1994 Model years 1991-- 1994 Assembly Louisville , Kentucky, United States ( Louisville Assembly Plant ) St. Louis , Missouri, United States ( St. Louis Assembly ) Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Body and chassis Body style 3-door SUV 5-door SUV Layout Front engine , rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive Related Mazda Navajo Ford Ranger Ford Bronco II Powertrain Engine 4.0L OHV Cologne V6 Transmission 5-speed M5OD-R1 manual 4-speed A4LD automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 3-Door: 102.1 in (2593 mm) 5-Door: 111.9 in (2842 mm) Length 3-Door: 174.5 in (4419 mm) 5-Door: 184.3 in (4673 mm) Width 70.2 in (1778 mm) Height 3-Door: 67.5 in (1714 mm) 5-Door: 67.3 in (1709 mm) Eddie Bauer 4-Door 4WD: 68.3 in (1735 mm) 1992 Ford Explorer Eddie Bauer Interior The Ford Explorer was introduced in March 1990 for the 1991 model year. To better compete against the Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and Jeep Cherokee mid-size sport-utility vehicles, Ford sought to replace the Ford Bronco II with a vehicle sized closer to its competitors. In an effort to attract family buyers, a four-door version was developed alongside the two-door (launched the same month as the four-door S-10 Blazer). As with the Ford Bronco II, the first-generation Ford Explorer shares its chassis and underpinnings with the first-generation (1983-1992) Ford Ranger. In comparison to the Bronco II, the Explorer is far larger, with the two-door Explorer Sport gaining 12.6 inches in length and 2.1 inches of width; a four-door is 22.5 inches longer and 730 pounds heavier. As with its predecessor, the Ford Explorer has a large degree of commonality with the Ford Ranger, sharing its front bumper, fenders (modified), headlights, grille, and wheels; with the exception of its steering wheel hub, the Explorer shares its entire dashboard with the 1989-1992 Ford Ranger. In a major change from the Bronco II, the Explorer was given its own front door stampings. In addition for creating a four-door layout, the lack of commonality with the Ranger allowed for two major aerodynamic improvements; along with the elimination of exterior drip rails (by wrapping the doors into the roof), the sideview mirrors were integrated onto the doors (rather than bolted on). Chassis ( edit ) Sharing its engine with the Ranger and four-wheel drive Ford Aerostar, the Explorer was fitted with a German-produced 155hp 4.0L Cologne V6 as the sole engine offering, replacing the previous 2.9L V6. A Mazda M5OD 5-speed manual was the standard transmission offering, with the option of the Ford 4-speed A4LD overdrive automatic transmission. For 1993, the engine output was increased to 160hp. Along with the standard rear-wheel drive powertrain, at its launch, the Explorer was also offered with various configurations of part-time four-wheel drive, powered by a Borg Warner 13-- 54 transfer case. In addition to a manually shifted transfer case, Ford offered `` Touch Drive'' electronic push-button shifting; both were `` shift-on-the-fly'' designs that allowed the vehicle to be shifted from two-wheel drive to `` four-high'' at any speed and into `` four-low'' when the vehicle was stopped. All Explorers were equipped with the Ford 8.8 axle in either a limited slip differential, or open version with a variety of available gear ratios. Four-wheel-drive front axles were the TTB (`` Twin Traction Beam '' ) Dana 35 with some Dana 44-spec components. Trim ( edit ) At its launch, the Ford Explorer followed the Aerostar, Bronco, Econoline, F-Series, and Ranger in model trim. The XL was sold as the base trim, with XLT as the upper range, with the outdoors-themed Eddie Bauer trim as the top trim. The XL was distinguished by a black grille (chrome optional) with steel wheels, while the XLT offered a chrome grille and alloy wheels; the Eddie Bauer offered alloy wheels and two-tone paintwork. The Ford Explorer Sport was offered solely on the two-door body style. Offering black lower bodywork and grille and alloy wheels, the Sport was intended as a replacement for the Bronco II. From 1991 to 1994, Mazda marketed the two-door Ford Explorer as the Mazda Navajo; the model was awarded the 1991 Motor Trend Truck of the Year award. The Ford Explorer Limited was introduced for 1993 as a luxury-trim model slotted above the Eddie Bauer. Largely introduced as a competitor to the Oldsmobile Bravada , the Explorer Limited was offered only as a four-door with an automatic transmission. Distinguished by its color-matched grille, headlight trim, and model-specific bodywork and wheels, the Limited was offered with several model-specific features, including automatic headlights, an auto-dimming rearview mirror , foglamps , and center roof console (with compass and outside thermometer). The Limited edition, added for the 1993 model year, was available only in the 5-door body style and was positioned at the top of the lineup above the Eddie Bauer edition. It featured automatic headlights , an auto-dimming rear-view mirror, foglamps, a center roof console with compass and outside thermometer, unique wheels and grille, and an automatic transmission as standard equipment. The grill and headlight trims on the Limited edition were paint-matched to the body color, unlike the chrome (XLT) or black plastic (XL) versions on other trim levels. Second generation (1995-- 2003) ( edit ) Second generation (UN105/UN150) Overview Also called Ford Explorer Sport (3-door) Production November 1994 -- December 2000 November 1994-- July 2003 for Sport Model years 1995-- 2001 (5-door) 1995-- 2003 (3-door) Assembly Louisville , Kentucky, United States ( Louisville Assembly Plant ) St. Louis , Missouri, United States Valencia , Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Designer Bob Aikins (1992) Body and chassis Body style 3-door SUV (1995-- 2003) 5-door SUV (1995-- 2001) Layout Front engine , rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive Related Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer Powertrain Engine 4.0 L Cologne OHV V6 (1995-- 2000) 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6 (1997-- 2003) 5.0 L Windsor OHV V8 (1996-- 2001) Transmission 5-speed M5OD-R1 manual (4.0 L OHV) 5-speed M5OD-R1HD (2001-- 2003 Explorer Sport) 4-speed 4R55E automatic (4.0 L 1995-- 1996) 4-speed 4R70W automatic (V-8 models) 5-speed 5R55E automatic (4.0 L 1997-- 2001) Dimensions Wheelbase 1995-- 97 5-door: 111.5 in (2831 mm) 1998-- 2001 5-door: 111.6 in (2834 mm) 1995-- 99 3-door: 101.7 in (2565 mm) 2000-- 03 3-door: 101.8 in (2568 mm) Length 1995-- 2001 5-door: 190.7 in (4826 mm) 1995-- 97 3-door: 178.6in (4536 mm) 1998-- 99 3-door: 180.8 in (4572 mm) 2000-- 03 3-door: 180.4 in (4562 mm) Width 70.2 in (1778 mm) Height 67.0-- 68.3 in (1702-- 1735 mm) Pre-facelift Ford Explorer XLT (Europe) Interior The second-generation Ford Explorer made its debut in late 1994 as a 1995 model. Retaining the same footprint as its predecessor, the 1995 Ford Explorer underwent extensive modifications to its chassis to improve its road manners. In an effort to better differentiate the model line from the Ford Ranger, Ford stylists redesigned the vehicle, giving the Explorer a model-specific exterior. As with its predecessor, the second generation was sold in both three-door and five-door configurations. Rear-wheel drive was standard, with four-wheel drive offered as an option. Following the 2002 introduction of the third-generation five-door Ford Explorer, the three-door Explorer became a stand-alone model on the second-generation design; the Explorer Sport was produced through the 2003 model year. This generation of the Ford Explorer marks the debut of the Mercury Mountaineer , introduced by Mercury for 1997. In 2001, the Ford Explorer Sport Trac was introduced, which was a mid-size pickup truck; offered with a crew cab with a short pickup bed, the Sport Trac was based on the five-door Explorer. The Explorer Sport Trac was produced through the 2005 model year (until it was redesigned for 2007). Outside of North America, this generation of the Explorer was marketed in right-hand drive configurations As of 2018, RHD countries (such as Japan) export used examples of the Explorer to other countries (such as Australia and New Zealand) where there is demand for right-hand drive SUVs. Due to Japan's strict Shaken Laws , used vehicles tend to have low mileage with detailed repair histories. In the United States, the second-generation Ford Explorer has the (dubious) distinction of being two of the top five vehicles traded in under the 2009 `` Cash for Clunkers '' program, with the 4WD model topping the list and the 2WD model coming in at number 4. Chassis ( edit ) The second-generation Ford Explorer is based upon the Ford U1 platform shared with its predecessor, adopting the UN105/UN150 model codes. Alongside similar changes in development for the 1998 Ford Ranger , the long-running Twin I-Beam / Twin Traction Beam front suspension was retired in favor of a short/long-arm (SLA) wishbone front suspension configuration. Along with more compact packaging of front suspension components, the design allowed for improved on-road handling/feel. Powertrain ( edit ) The optional engine of the Ford Ranger and Ford Aerostar, the 160 hp 4.0L V6 was carried over from the first-generation Ford Explorer. To match the V8 engine of the similar-sized Jeep Grand Cherokee , for the 1996 model year, Ford introduced a 5.0L V8 as an option. Initially available on rear-wheel drive XLT models, the availability of the 210 hp V8 was expanded to many versions of the five-door Explorer. For 1997, revised cylinder heads increased output of the 5.0L V8 to 215hp. Following the 1997 introduction of the 4.6L SOHC V8 by the Ford F-Series and E-Series , the Explorer became the final vehicle sold by Ford Motor Company sold with a gasoline-fuel pushrod V8. For 1997, the Ford Explorer gained a third engine, as Ford introduced an overhead-cam version of the 4.0L Cologne V6. Using a common displacement with the pushrod 4.0L V6, the 210 hp SOHC V6 rivaled the V8 in engine output. Offered as standard equipment on the top-trim Eddie Bauer and Limited trims, the engine became an option on all other versions of the Explorer and Explorer Sport. For 2001, the pushrod V6 was discontinued, with the SOHC becoming the standard engine in all versions of the Explorer (and the sole engine of the 3-door Explorer Sport). In 2000, Ford added flex-fuel capability to the Explorer for the first time. Engine Production Configuration Output Transmission Ford Cologne V6 1995-2000 245 cu in (4.0 L) OHV 12V V6 160 hp 220 lb-ft 5-speed manual (Mazda M5OD-R1 ) 4-speed automatic (Ford 4R55E ); 1995-1996 5-speed automatic (Ford 5R55E ); 1997-2000 Ford Cologne V6 1997-2003 245 cu in (4.0 L) SOHC 12V V6 210 hp 254-lb-ft 5-speed manual (Mazda M5OD-R1HD); 2001-2003 Explorer Sport 5-speed automatic (Ford 5R55E ) Ford Windsor 5.0L V8 1996-2001 302 cu in (4.9 L) OHV 16V V8 210 hp 280 lb-ft 4-speed automatic (Ford 4R70W ) A Mazda-produced 5-speed manual was standard with both V6 engines; all V8 examples were equipped with a 4-speed heavy-duty automatic (shared with the F-150, Mustang, and Crown Victoria). On four-wheel drive versions, the four-wheel drive system was redesigned for the 1995 Explorer. In place of Touch Drive from the previous generation, ControlTrac was an electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system with a two-speed transfer case, with software controlling a multi-disc clutch (in place of a center differential). Along with traditional two-wheel drive and high and low-range four-wheel drive, `` Auto'' mode allowed software to maintain the amount of torque sent to the front wheels; if the front axle begins to spin faster, torque is shifted from the rear wheels to the front wheels until traction is achieved. Similar to TouchDrive, ControlTrac is dash-controlled, with a rotary selector for two-wheel drive(1995-1996), auto, high range, and low range. Body ( edit ) Facelift Ford Explorer While visibly similar to its predecessor, many exterior panels from the 1995 Ford Explorer were changed, with only the roofline and the side doors carrying over. As part of the changes related to the redesigned front suspension, the entire front fascia was redesigned, with the Explorer gaining model-distinct styling. In a styling theme that would be used in several other Ford small trucks, the 1995 Explorer was given an oval grille; the headlamps were changed from rectangular to oval as well, wrapping into the fenders. Depending on trim, the grille and bumpers were painted gray (XLT), body color (Limited/Sport), or chromed. In contrast to the front fascia, the rear fascia saw relatively few changes, with the rear bumper nearly unchanged. Along with slightly reshaped taillamps (with amber turn signals), the 1995 Ford Explorer marked the debut of a neon CHMSL (center brake light). Alongside the redesigned exterior, the interior of the second-generation Ford Explorer was given a redesign. Maintaining commonality with the Ranger, the Explorer was given a new dashboard (marking the debut of dual airbags in an American-produced SUV), a new instrument panel; to improve user ergonomics, the Ford Explorer introduced a double-DIN radio panel and rotary-style climate controls. For 1997, a third-row seat was introduced as an option; expanding seating to seven passengers, the design was only offered in export markets. For 1998, the exterior of the Ford Explorer was given a mid-cycle update. Distinguished by the addition of fender flares, the rear fascia was restyled, with larger taillamps (deleting the amber turn signals); to better accommodate export, the license plate was shifted from the bumper to the liftgate; the neon CHMSL was replaced by an LED version. 16-inch wheels replaced 15-inch wheels (shared with the Ranger). For 1999, the front bumper was redesigned, allowing for larger lower grille and fog lights. The interior was given redesigned front and rear seats, along with second-generation airbags; in 1999, side airbags were introduced (as an option). Other options included load-leveling air suspension (on Eddie Bauer and Limited) and a reverse-sensing warning system. Trim ( edit ) At its launch, the second-generation Ford Explorer retained the use of the previous trim nomenclature; the standard trim was the XL, with the XLT serving as the primary model upgrade. Along with the two-tone Eddie Bauer trim, the highest trim Explorer was the monochromatic Ford Explorer Limited. For 2000, XLS replaced XL as the base trim (introduced as an appearance package for 1999). In contrast to five-door Explorers, second-generation three-door Ford Explorers shifted to a separate trim nomenclature. While the XL remained the base model (largely for fleets), most examples were produced under a single Sport trim level. In 1995, the Expedition trim was introduced; roughly the 3-door equivalent of the Eddie Bauer, the trim was discontinued at the end of the model year as Ford reserved the name for the Ford Expedition full-size SUV (which entered production in mid-1996). For 1998, the Explorer Sport became the sole version of the three-door; following the introduction of the third-generation Explorer, the Explorer Sport became a distinct model through the 2003 model year. Third generation (2002-- 2005) ( edit ) Third generation (U152) Overview Production November 2000-- June 2005 Model years 2002-- 2005 Assembly Louisville, Kentucky , United States St. Louis, Missouri , United States Valencia, Carabobo , Venezuela Designer Edward Golden (1997) Body and chassis Body style 4-door SUV Layout Front engine , rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive / all-wheel drive Related Ford Explorer Sport Ford Explorer Sport Trac Lincoln Aviator Mercury Mountaineer Powertrain Engine 4.0 L Cologne V6 4.6 L 16-valve Modular V8 Transmission 5-speed M5OD-R1HD manual 5-speed 5R55W automatic 5-speed 5R55S automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2002-- 03: 113.7 in (2888 mm) 2004-- 05: 113.8 in (2890 mm) Length 189.5 in (4800 mm) Width 72.1 in (1828 mm) Height 71.4 in (1803 mm) The third-generation Ford Explorer went on sale in January 2001 (as an early 2002 model). Developed between 1995 and 1998, the primary objective behind the third-generation Ford Explorer was to make the vehicle line more competitive in both domestic and export markets. Along with tuning the Explorer for higher-speed European driving, the Explorer was benchmarked to lead against the Lexus RX300 and the then-in-development Volkswagen Touareg . Ford Explorer XLT (Australia) To make the Explorer more competitive, Ford shifted away from typical SUV design, abandoning the use of the Ford Ranger chassis architecture in favor of designing a purpose-built platform. As part of the change, the Explorer became only the second rear-wheel drive American Ford platform fitted with four-wheel independent suspension (behind the MN12 platform). In another major change, the third-generation Explorer was developed solely as a five-door vehicle. Retaining the previous-generation chassis architecture, the three-door Explorer Sport continued production through the 2003 model year; the Explorer Sport Trac four-door pickup truck continued through 2005. The third-generation Ford Explorer was marketed by all three divisions of Ford Motor Company: by Mercury as the second-generation Mercury Mountaineer; Lincoln marketed the third-generation Explorer from 2003 to 2005 as the Lincoln Aviator . Chassis ( edit ) The third-generation is based on the body-on-frame Ford UN152 platform . No longer derived from the Ford Ranger, the UN152 chassis was designed specifically for the five-door Explorer and its Lincoln-Mercury counterparts. In a major shift from its predecessors, the third-generation Explorer adopted a four-wheel independent suspension configuration, never before used on a Ford truck (on American-produced SUVs, fully independent suspension was previously exclusive to the Hummer H1 ). Similar to the layout used on the Ford MN12-chassis cars (1989-1998 Thunderbird/Cougar and Lincoln Mark VIII), each rear wheel was connected to the rear-axle differential with two half-shafts. While the third-generation Ford Explorer was in development during the late 1990s controversy involving the Explorer and Firestone tires , the increased stability of the configuration was designed in part to reduce rollover risk. In another change, Firestone tires (which had caused the rollovers and crashes of the Ford Explorers) were not made available on any version of the third-generation Explorer. Ford's AdvanceTrac RSC (Roll Stability Control) system became available as a standard feature on the Explorer for the 2005 model year. Along with rear-wheel drive, the third-generation Explorer was offered with both four-wheel drive and permanent all-wheel drive; the latter was offered on the Explorer for the first time. Carried over from the previous generation, the base engine for the third-generation Explorer was a 210hp 4.0L V6. Becoming the final V8-powered American Ford to adopt to the Modular V8 , the third-generation Explorer offered a 239hp 4.6L SOHC V8 (shared with the Crown Victoria/Grand Marquis) as its optional engine. A five-speed manual transmission was offered for 2002 before its discontinuation; as of 2018, it is the final year a Ford Explorer was available with a manual transmission. As an option for both the 4.0L and 4.6L V8 engines, the Ford 5R55 transmission was offered, becoming standard from 2003 to 2005. Engine Production Configuration Output Transmission Ford Cologne V6 2002-2005 245 cu in (4.0 L) SOHC 12V V6 210 hp; 254-lb-ft Mazda M5OD-R1HD 5-speed manual (2002 only) Ford 5R55 5-speed automatic Ford Modular V8 2002-2005 281 cu in (4.6 L) SOHC 16V V8 238 hp @ 4750 RPM 282 lb-ft @ 4000 RPM Ford 5R55 5-speed automatic Body ( edit ) In contrast with the second-generation (a major revision of the 1991-1994 generation), the exterior and interior of the third-generation Ford Explorer were completely new designs. While sharing a number of design elements with the 1997 F-Series and Ford Expedition, the Ford Explorer also served as the introduction of a new design theme for several Ford vehicles; the 2003 Ford Expedition, the Ford Freestar, Ford Freestyle, and Ford Five Hundred would share various elements of the 2002 Ford Explorer design. Retaining nearly the same proportions as the first two generations, the third-generation Explorer was an inch shorter in length and two inches wider, gaining two inches in wheelbase. With the addition of independent rear suspension, several functional changes were brought as part of the redesign. The cargo floor was lowered several inches, adding nearly 10 cubic feet of total cargo room. Coinciding with the lower cargo floor, on nearly all models, a folding third-row seat was either standard or an option, bringing seating capacity to seven. The rear liftgate was redesigned, with the upper hatch enlarged. Trim ( edit ) Carried over from the previous generation, Ford produced the Explorer in four trim levels, XLS, XLT, Eddie Bauer, and Limited. Slotted below the XLS were two major trim packages, Sport Value, Sport Choice, with Sport Premium between XLS and XLT. The outdoors-themed Eddie Bauer continued production with a two-tone exterior (with a tan lower body); the Limited wore a monochromatic body. Fourth generation (2006-- 2010) ( edit ) Fourth generation (U251) Overview Production July 2005-- December 2, 2010 Model years 2006-- 2010 Assembly Louisville, Kentucky , United States St. Louis, Missouri , United States Valencia, Carabobo , Venezuela Designer Jeff Nowak (2003) Body and chassis Body style 4-door SUV Layout Front engine , rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive Related Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer Powertrain Engine 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6 4.6 L Modular 24-valve V8 Transmission 5-speed 5R55S automatic 6-speed 6R automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 113.7 in (2890 mm) Length 193.4 in (4902 mm) Width 73.7 in (1854 mm) Height 2006-- 07: 71.2 in (1803 mm) 2008: 72.8 in (1,849 mm) 2009-- 10: 71.9 in (1,826 mm) Chronology Successor Ford Bronco (2020) Ford Explorer Interior The Ford Explorer and the Mercury Mountaineer were both updated for the 2006 model year on a new frame, produced by Magna International rather than Tower Automotive . Along with this new, stronger chassis, Ford updated the interior, redesigned the rear suspension and added power-folding third-row seats. Also, a tire pressure monitoring system and electronic stability control became standard equipment. Power running boards , like the ones from the Lincoln Navigator , were also made available on the Explorer and Mountaineer; the running boards lower to allow easier access when entering the vehicle, then retract upon door closure. Unlike previous generations, there was no right-hand drive option available for order, causing Ford to market Explorers in Japan in left-hand drive configuration. The LHD Explorers were desirable there because LHD vehicles are considered prestigious in Japan. Moreover, Ford switched to a one-piece rear liftgate design due to the problems associated with the previous generation's design. The 210 hp (157 kW) 4.0L 12-valve SOHC V-6 was once again the standard engine. A more powerful 292 hp (218 kW) 4.6L 24-valve SOHC V-8, similar to the Fifth-generation Ford Mustang 's engine, was available as an option. The 6-speed 6R automatic transmission , built by Ford and based on a ZF design, was made standard equipment with the V-8 engine as well. The five-speed 5R55W automatic transmission was advanced. It was the only transmission available for the V-6 engine, because the Mazda five-speed manual transmission was dropped in the previous generation. The 2006 Ford Explorer was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2006. Model year changes ( edit ) In 2007, The Explorer received a few minor updates including standard AUX input on all stereos and optional power running boards, heated windshield, Ironman Package, XLT Appearance Package, and heated leather seat package. For 2008, Ford added side curtain airbags across the Explorer range. Also, the optional satellite navigation system was also upgraded with voice control. For 2009, the Explorer received a trailer sway control system as standard equipment, and the navigation system received traffic flow monitoring with updated gas prices from nearby stations. For the 2010 model year, Ford's MyKey became standard on all Explorer trims. Engine specifications ( edit ) Ford Cologne 4.0 L SOHC V-6 Model years 2006-- 2010 Power (SAE net) 210 hp (157 kW) Torque (SAE net) 254 ft⋅ lbf (344 N⋅ m) Ford Modular 4.6 L SOHC V-8 Model years 2006-- 2010 Power (SAE net) 292 hp (218 kW) Torque (SAE net) 315 ft⋅ lbf (427 N⋅ m) Ford Explorer Sport Trac ( edit ) The second generation Sport Trac came out in early 2006 for the 2007 model year . Unlike its predecessor sold through 2005, it featured the V-8 engine as an option and was based on this generation Explorer's platform. AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control was made standard on the Sport Trac. Sport Trac Adrenalin ( edit ) 2010 Sport Trac Adrenalin For the 2007 model year, the Ford Special Vehicle Team built the Sport Trac Adrenalin concept with a supercharged version of the 4.6 L Modular V-8 , with 390 hp (291 kW), and featuring 21-inch (530 mm) wheels. Ford SVT said then it was the successor to the F-150 Lightning sports pickup truck . However, the SVT version of the Adrenalin was cancelled in a cost-cutting move as part of The Way Forward . The Adrenalin was sold as an appearance package though from 2008-2010. It had blacked out headlights, black grill, mono color interior, different front and rear bumpers, vents in the front fenders and molded in running boards. It also came standard with 20'' polished aluminum wheels, and the fender flares that came on the Explorer and standard Sport Trac were deleted. Explorer America concept ( edit ) Ford Explorer America concept Ford unveiled an Explorer America concept vehicle at the 2008 North American International Auto Show . The Explorer America concept is built on a unibody platform to reduce weight and improve driveability, migrating from the body-on-frame platform of the fourth generation Explorer. It is designed for up to six passengers while improving fuel economy by 20 to 30 percent relative to the current V6 Explorer. The powertrain packages in the concept vehicle include a two-liter four-cylinder turbocharged direct injection EcoBoost gas engine with 275 hp (205 kW) and 280 ft⋅ lbf (380 N⋅ m) of torque, and a 3.5L V6 version EcoBoost with 340 hp (254 kW) and up to 340 ft⋅ lbf (460 N⋅ m) of torque. Fifth generation (2011-- 2019) ( edit ) 5th generation (U502) Overview Production August 2010 -- present Model years 2011-- present Assembly Chicago, Illinois , U.S. ( Chicago Assembly ) Valencia, Venezuela ( Valencia Assembly ) Yelabuga , Tatarstan , Russia Designer Brian Izard, George Bucher (2007) Mike Arbaugh (facelift: 2013) Body and chassis Body style 5-door SUV Layout Front engine , front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive Platform Ford D4 platform Related Ford Flex Lincoln MKT Ford Taurus Powertrain Engine 2.0 L EcoBoost turbocharged I4 (front-wheel drive only) 2.3 L EcoBoost turbocharged I4 3.5 L Duratec Ti-VCT V6 3.5 L EcoBoost twin-turbocharged V6 (all-wheel drive only) 3.7 L Cyclone Ti-VCT V6 (Police Interceptor Utility, all-wheel drive only) Transmission 6-speed Ford 6F automatic w/ overdrive (EcoBoost I4 model) 6-speed 6F SelectShift automatic (3.5L) 6-speed 6F SelectShift automatic with paddle shifters (Sport model) Dimensions Wheelbase 112.6 in (2,860 mm) Length 197.1 in (5,010 mm) Width 78.9 in (2,000 mm) Height 70.4 in (1,790 mm) Pre-facelift Ford Explorer Interior The 5th generation 2011 Explorer bore similarity to the Explorer America concept's construction, and includes a unibody structure based on the D4 platform , a modified version of the D3 platform. The move from traditional SUV to crossover effectively vacated the midsize SUV segment for Ford until the revived Ford Bronco goes on sale for 2020. The fifth generation Explorer features blacked-out A, B, and D-pillars to produce a floating roof effect similar to Land Rover's floating roof design used on its sport utility vehicles; a design which Ford previously used on the Ford Flex . The fifth generation Explorer features sculpted body work with stepped style headlamps similar to the Flex , Edge , Escape , Expedition and F-150 , as well as new stepped style tail lamps. The grille features Ford's corporate three-bar design with upper and lower perforated mesh work, similar to that of the sixth-generation Ford Taurus . The development of the fifth generation Explorer was led by chief engineer Jim Holland, who was also a chief engineer for Land Rover ; heading development of the Land Rover Range Rover (L322) 2005 facelift. Holland also worked on the Ford Expedition (U324) during its initial development. The fifth generation Explorer made its debut online on July 26, 2010. Ford had set up a Ford Explorer Facebook page ahead of its debut. Assembly of the fifth-generation Explorer moved to Ford's Chicago Assembly plant, where it is built alongside the Ford Taurus and Lincoln MKS. The Louisville plant, where the previous generation was built, was converted to produce cars based on Ford's global C platform (potentially including the Ford Focus , Ford C-Max , and Ford Kuga ). Like the Escape, the Explorer will continue to be marketed as an `` SUV'' rather than a `` crossover SUV'' . It went on sale in late 2010, pre-launch sales had by the end of November 2010 totaled around 15,000. The EPA rated fuel economy of 20/28 mpg city/highway for the four-cylinder EcoBoost engine option. Features ( edit ) Available features on the fifth generation Explorer include intelligent access with push button start, remote engine start, power liftgate, power adjustable pedals with memory, premium leather trimmed seating, heated and cooled front seats, dual headrest DVD entertainment system, adaptive cruise control , active park assist , SIRIUS Travel Link , MyFord Touch , Ford SYNC by Microsoft , Sony audio system with HD radio and Apple iTunes tagging, in-dash advanced navigation system , SoundScreen laminated acoustic and solar tinted windshield with rain-sensing wipers, 20-inch polished V-spoke aluminium wheels, and High-intensity discharge headlamps (HID) and LED tail lamps. Unlike the Explorer America concept vehicle which only seats five occupants, the production Explorer holds two rows of seating with available PowerFold fold flat third row seating (like the previous generation) and accommodates up to seven occupants. Capability ( edit ) The Explorer is available in either front-wheel drive or full-time all-wheel drive . At first only one engine was available: the 290 hp (216 kW) (255 lb⋅ ft (346 N⋅ m) of torque) 3.5 liter TiVCT (Twin independent Variable Camshaft Timing ) V-6 attached to either the 6-speed 6F automatic or 6-speed 6F SelectShift automatic. Soon thereafter, Ford offered the economical 240 hp (179 kW) (270 lb⋅ ft (370 N⋅ m) of torque) 2 liter EcoBoost turbocharged , direct-injected I-4 mated to the 6-speed 6F automatic. The I-4 engine is not available with the optional 6-speed 6F SelectShift automatic, and will only be available in front-wheel drive. The Explorer is available with an automatic intelligent all-wheel drive system inspired by Land Rover , featuring a variable center multi-disc differential with computer controlled lock. Conventional front and rear differentials are used with 3.39:1 gearing. The center multi-disc differential controls the front-to-rear torque split, biasing as much as 100 percent of torque to either the front or rear wheels. Depending on the Terrain Management mode selected, the center multi-disc differential's intelligent lock will allow for a 50:50 torque split in off-road conditions. The power take off (PTO) unit includes a heavy-duty dedicated cooling system to allow the four-wheel drive system to supply continuous non-stop torque delivery to all four wheels indefinitely, without overheating. A `` 4WD'' badge is advertised on the rear liftgate on the all-wheel drive models. Explorer's overall off-road crawl ratio is 15.19:1 with high range -- no low range -- gearing only. Off-road electronics include Hill Descent Control (HDC), Hill Ascent Assist (HAA), four-wheel electronic traction control and Terrain Management. Four-wheel electronic traction control (ABS braking) is employed to simulate front and rear differential locks via aggressively `` brake locking'' the front or rear differentials, transferring up to 100 percent of torque from side-to-side. In the right conditions, the Explorer can keep moving even if only one wheel has traction, regardless of which wheel it is. Terrain Management includes four selectable modes. Each mode is selected via a rotary control dial on the center console, aft of the transmission shifter. Terrain Management System Default start selection: Normal Driving mode Subsequent modes are selected by turning the control dial clockwise . Second selection: Mud & Ruts mode Third selection: Sand mode Fourth selection: Grass/ Gravel /Snow mode Depending on the mode selected, Terrain Management will control, adjust, and fine tune the engine, transmission, center multi-disc differential lock, throttle response, four-wheel electronic traction control and electronic stability control (ESC) to adapt the SUV for optimal performance on the corresponding terrain. Off-road geometry figures for approach, departure and ramp brakeover angles are 21° , 21° and 16° respectively. Minimum running ground clearance is 7.6 inches (193 mm). Standard running ground clearance is 8.2 inches (208 mm). Low hanging running boards are no longer offered from the factory to help increase side obstacle clearance. Moving to a monocoque body usually has a negative impact on towing capacity. The new Explorer will be available with an optional trailer tow package. The package includes a Class III trailer hitch, engine oil cooler, trailer electrics connector, trailer sway control (TSC), wiring harness and a rear-view camera with trailer alignment assistance to help in backing up to a trailer. If equipped with the trailer tow package the new 2011 Explorer will be able to tow up to 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) of braked trailer. That is 1,500 lb (680 kg) greater than the towing capacity stated for the Explorer America concept and 2,115 lb (959 kg) less than the outgoing Explorer's towing capacity, although that was only available with the 4.6 L V8 engine. Safety and security ( edit ) Safety features include: Dual front adaptive SRS air bags, dual front seat side impact air bags, dual rear safety belt air bags (available first quarter, 2011) and side curtain head, torso and rollover protection air bags. Other optional safety features include BLIS blind spot information system with rear cross traffic alert , forward collision warning with brake support precrash system , Auto high-beam , Roll Stability Control (RSC), Electronic stability control (ESC) and Curve Control . The fifth-generation Explorer was the first-ever vehicle to be equipped with inflatable dual rear inflatable safety belts . Air bags are sewn into the inside of the seat belts, and inflate with cold air to prevent burns. Ford claims it will be released as an option and to introduce inflatable seat belts on other Ford models eventually. NHTSA ( edit ) NHTSA Ford Explorer: Overall (2013-- present) Overall (2012) Frontal Driver Frontal Passenger (2013-- present) Frontal Passenger (2012) Side Driver Side Passenger Side Pole Driver Rollover FWD / 16.9% Rollover AWD / 17.4% Ford Explorer IIHS scores Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset (passenger side) Poor Small overlap frontal offset (driver side) Marginal* (2013-- present models) Side impact Good Roof strength Good Awards ( edit ) The fifth generation Ford Explorer earned the 2011 North American Truck of the Year award. The rear inflatable seat belts won the 2011 Best New Technology Award from the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada. 2013 Ford Explorer Sport ( edit ) 2013 Ford Explorer Sport 2016 Ford Explorer Sport The Ford Explorer Sport was announced March 28, 2012 as an option for the 2013 model year and went on sale in June 2012. The `` Sport'' trim level comprises blackened exterior treatments, stiffened chassis and suspension, larger brakes and the installation of the EcoBoost 3.5L Twin Turbo V6 rated at 365 hp (272 kW) and 350 lb⋅ ft (470 N⋅ m) of torque. It is the only version to feature a combined 4WD/EcoBoost option (a FWD version is not being offered for the Sport trim), allowing its MPG to average between 16/city and 22/highway. This version will be slotted above the Limited trim and is expected to compete in this segment against Jeep Grand Cherokee 's SRT trim and Dodge Durango 's R/T trims and a newly updated 2013 Chevrolet Traverse , the latter of which unveiled their new look on the same day as the Explorer Sport as their response to Ford's news. 2016 facelift ( edit ) 2016 facelift The refreshed 2016 model year Ford Explorer debuted at the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show , with a redesigned front fascia, hood and lower bumper, standard LED low-beam headlights, and fog lamps that were inspired by the thirteenth generation Ford F-150 . The rear of the Explorer was also refreshed with restyled LED tail lamps and dual exhaust outlets. The 2016 refresh bumped the I4 engine to a 2.3 Liter EcoBoost four-cylinder engine from the 2015 Ford Mustang . A newly introduced Platinum trim now tops out the range, slotting above the Sport and Limited trims. Similar to the Platinum editions of the F150 and Ford Super Duty trucks, the Platinum trim features front and rear cameras, enhanced active park assist with perpendicular park assist, park-out assist and semi-automatic parallel parking, hands-free liftgate from the Ford Escape , an exclusive 500-watt Sony surround sound system, and a heated steering-wheel. The Platinum trim is paired with a 3.5 Liter EcoBoost Twin-turbo V6 with 365 horsepower which was previously only available with the Sport trim. The 2016 Explorer went on sale at dealerships in the Summer of 2015. Other than the addition of the top-of-the-line Platinum trim, as well as standard eighteen-inch alloy wheels on the base Explorer trim, the changes are mainly in styling, exterior and interior color combinations, technology, and power. 2018 facelift ( edit ) The Ford Explorer will receive a second facelift which will include a refreshed front end with revised LED headlights and redesigned LED fog lights plus new exterior colors, new interior colors, and new wheel designs. Engines ( edit ) Type Model Years Power@rpm Torque@rpm 1,999 cc (122.0 cu in) EcoBoost 2.0 I4 2011-- 2015 240 bhp (180 kW)@5500 rpm 270 lb⋅ ft (366 N⋅ m)@3000 rpm 2,253 cc (137.5 cu in) EcoBoost 2.3 I4 2016-- 280 bhp (210 kW)@5600 rpm 310 lb⋅ ft (420 N⋅ m)@3000 rpm 3,496 cc (213.3 cu in) Duratec 35 V6 2011-- 290 bhp (220 kW)@6500 rpm 255 lb⋅ ft (346 N⋅ m)@4000 rpm 3,497 cc (213.4 cu in) EcoBoost 3.5 TT V6 2013-- 365 bhp (272 kW)@5500 rpm 350 lb⋅ ft (475 N⋅ m)@3500 rpm Sixth generation (2020) ( edit ) An all-new, sixth-generation Ford Explorer will debut in 2019 for the 2020 model year , and is slated to return to a Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (FR Setup) utilizing Rear Wheel Drive (RWD), as utilized by all Ford Explorers prior to 2011. Ford showed a prototype 2020 Explorer under wraps on display at the 2018 Beijing Auto Show in China. A high-performance Explorer ST is also planned, joining the Ford Edge ST as Ford 's second SUV from their ST performance lineup. The former is expected to be powered by a Twin-Turbocharged EcoBoost V6 gasoline engine that could produce over 400 horsepower. A prototype of the sixth-generation Ford Explorer has been seen testing, and appears similar in design to the all-new 2018 Ford Expedition and Expedition EL. Explorer Sport variation ( edit ) The Ford Explorer Sport was a 3-door version of the Ford Explorer, designed to take the place of the Bronco II in Ford's model line, and was produced from 1991 to 2003. The Sport began as a trim level of the Ford Explorer, but it eventually became its own model. It rode on a 10'' shorter wheelbase. There was only one Sport, but there were several other trim levels of the Explorer that were available with 2-doors, such as the XL (1991-- 1997), the Eddie Bauer (1991-- 1994), and the Expedition (1995). In 1998 the Explorer Sport became the only 3-door trim level of the Explorer, and in 2001 it became its own model, as the second generation Explorer moved on to a 5-door-only 3rd generation. Production ceased in July 2003. Fifth generation Explorer Sport ( edit ) The Explorer Sport returned to the Fifth generation Explorer however the Fifth generation Explorer Sport has 4 doors instead of the 2 doors of the old Explorer sport but has a unique engine and styling compared to the regular Explorer 1st-gen Explorer 2-door 1998-- 2000 Explorer Sport 2001-- 2003 Explorer Sport Mazda Navajo ( edit ) 1994 Mazda Navajo LX The Mazda Navajo is a rebadged version of the first-generation Ford Explorer Sport that was sold during the 1991 to 1994 model years. It was Mazda's first sport-utility vehicle in North America and was sold exclusively in the United States (Mazda's Canadian division declined to market the vehicle). At its launch, the Navajo was sold in a single configuration, a three-door body with four-wheel drive. As with the Explorer, it was assembled at the Louisville Assembly Plant . The Navajo was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 1991. The Navajo was not offered in Japan. The Navajo and Explorer Sport largely differed in exterior trim, with unique taillights, grille, front bumper, and wheels. Inside, the two were nearly impossible to distinguish from one another, except for minor changes to seat fabrics, the typeface on the instrument cluster, and the Navajo was given a different design for its steering wheel hub. Similar to the 3-door Explorer, the Navajo came in two trim levels: base (renamed DX for 1992) and LX. In contrast to the Explorer, the base version of the Navajo offered power windows, power locks and power mirrors as standard. The LX added features such as extra interior illumination and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. An optional premium package loaded up the Navajo with luxuries including air conditioning, a stereo system with cassette deck, cruise control, sport seats with power lumbar adjustment and a pop-up/removable moonroof. For 1992, the Navajo became available with rear-wheel drive , geared towards buyers who liked the sporty image of an SUV, but did not need four-wheel drive. Aside from the nomenclature change of the base model to DX (to fit Mazda's naming scheme), the Navajo changed so little that the company reused much of the photography from its 1991 promotional materials for another year. For 1993, the Navajo received mechanical upgrades alongside the Explorer, such as increased power for the V6 engine and four-wheel anti-lock brakes. Unlike the Explorer, however, the only other change was an optional CD player. For 1994, the LX model was given 5-spoke alloy wheels. In comparison to the Explorer, sales of the Navajo were relatively poor and it was discontinued after the 1994 model year. Mazda would not market another sport utility vehicle in North America until the Tribute (based on the Ford Escape ) launched for the 2001 model year. Ford Police Interceptor Utility ( edit ) Ford Police Interceptor Utility vehicle operated by the California Highway Patrol . Ford Police Interceptor Utility vehicle operated by the Miami Beach Police. Following the end of production of the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor in 2011, Ford began development of a police-service variant of the Ford Explorer. For the 2013 model year, Ford introduced the Police Interceptor Utility; as with the related Police Interceptor Sedan variant of the Ford Taurus, the Utility is referred to as a Ford Police Interceptor in lieu of being a Ford Explorer. As with the Police Interceptor Sedan and the Ford Expedition SSV, the Utility is not sold for retail sale and is specifically designed for use by law enforcement or use by other emergency service agencies. Along with fleet-specific options such as steel wheels and provisions for user-specific paint schemes (such as contrasting doors), the Utility comes with provisions for the fitment of emergency equipment such as radios, lightbars and sirens. To free up interior space on the center console for equipment, the transmission is fitted with a column-mounted shifter. The Police Interceptor Utility comes with an all-wheel drive powertrain standard. Over a standard Explorer, the Utility is fitted with larger brake rotors, more advanced ABS and traction control systems, a more efficient cooling system and other standard police equipment. At its launch, the initial engine fitted was a 305hp 3.7L version of the Ti-VCT V6, shared with the Ford Mustang and F-150. For 2014, Ford added the 365hp 3.5L EcoBoost V6 (shared with the Police Interceptor Sedan and Ford Taurus SHO). The California Highway Patrol now uses the Police Interceptor Utility because the current Ford Taurus, Chevrolet Caprice and Dodge Charger patrol cars did not meet the payload the CHP requires for a universal patrol car. In May 2014, statisticians R.L. Polk declared the PI Utility the most popular police vehicle, based on 2013 U.S. sales figures. Export Sales ( edit ) UK models ( edit ) In the UK, the Ford Explorer was initially available as just one model, with the 4.0-litre engine and with a high specification -- the only dealer options being leather interior. Second and third-generation Explorers for the UK and other RHD markets utilised a center console-mounted shifter and hand parking brake instead of the steering column-mounted shifter and parking brake pedal used in the North American models. In 1998, a facelifted Explorer was available with minor cosmetic interior changes and a revised rear tail lift which centered the rear number plate. In 1999 the model range was revamped slightly, the base model becoming the XLT and a special edition North Face version marketed with a tie in to North Face outdoor clothing. The North Face version was available in a dark green or a silver, with body-colored bumpers, heated leather seats and a CD multichanger as standard. In 2000, the North Face was also available in black. With the introduction of the all-new platform in 2002, Ford withdrew the Explorer from the UK and EU / EFTA market. Middle East and asia ( edit ) In the Middle East, Taiwan, and China, the 2012 Ford Explorer is currently available in several trims, all of which have a 3.5-liter V6 engine and an automatic gearbox. Some GCC markets offer the front-wheel-drive version as a base model, while most of the trims have standard all-wheel-drive. The latest generation Explorer was made available in Japan the Fall of 2015. Current exports ( edit ) As of 2009, American-made Explorer is exported to Bolivia, Chile, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic, People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, Israel, Republic of China (Taiwan), The Philippines, Turkey, Russia, Iceland, the Middle East, and certain countries in South America and Africa. As of 2014, the Explorer is available in Ukraine and Belarus. Other usage ( edit ) Gothic black Ford Explorer vehicles are also used by federal agencies, such as Secret Service for example. Criticism and controversies ( edit ) Rollover and Firestone tire controversy ( edit ) Main article: Firestone vs Ford Motor Company controversy 240 deaths and 3,000 catastrophic injuries resulted from the combination of early generation Explorers and Firestone tires. The tire tread separated and the vehicle had an unusually high rate of rollover crash as a result. Both companies' reputations were tarnished. This event led to a disruption in the 90-year-old Ford/Firestone partnership. Rollover risk is inherently higher in truck-based vehicles, like the Explorer, than in ordinary passenger cars, as modification for bulky 4-wheel-drive hardware requires increases in height to avoid compromising ground clearance (raising the center of gravity), while a short wheelbase further reduces stability. The previous Bronco II had already been cited by Consumer Reports for rollover tendencies in turns. The Explorer was cleared by the NHTSA as no more dangerous than any other truck when driven unsafely. It used the same tires as the Ford Ranger with a relatively low rating for high temperatures. Lowering tire pressure recommendations softened the ride further and improved emergency stability through increased traction, but increased the chances of overheating tires. A 1995 redesign with a new suspension slightly raised the Explorer's center of gravity, but it was called inconsequential by a Ford spokesman. Memos by Ford engineers suggested lowering the engine height, but it would have increased the cost of the new design. Explorer rollover rates, at the time of the controversy, were higher than any of its competitors. While Firestone turned out millions of sub-standard and potentially defective tires, and was the initial cause of loss of control many Ford Explorer Firestone tire tread separation rollovers, the blame shifted towards Ford for a defectively designed and unstable vehicle . In May 2000, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) contacted Ford and Firestone about a higher than normal incidence of tire failures on Ford Explorers, Mercury Mountaineers , and Mazda Navajos fitted with Firestone tires (later including Ford Ranger and Mazda B-Series pickup trucks). The failures all involved tread separation , in which the outer tread carcass would delaminate and cause a rapid loss of tire pressure. Ford investigated and found that several models of 15 in (381 mm) Firestone tires ( ATX , ATX II , and Wilderness AT ) had higher failure rates, especially those made at Firestone's Decatur, Illinois plant. Ford recommended a tire inflation of only 26 pounds per square inch (179 kPa) likely contributing to the tread separation problem by causing the tires to operate at higher than normal temperatures. Ford argued that Firestone was at fault, noting that the tires made by Firestone were very defective. Nevertheless, Ford subsequently recommended that front and rear tires should be inflated to 30 pounds per square inch (207 kPa) on all Explorer models and mailed a replacement tire pressure door sticker indicating the same to all registered owners. Some have argued that poor driver reaction to tire blowout was a contributing factor. When a tire blew, the vehicle would experience a sudden sharp jerk, and many drivers reacted by counter-steering in an attempt to regain control. This action would cause a shift of the vehicle's weight, resulting in a rollover especially at higher speeds (many reports of rollovers were of vehicles being driven at speeds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and above). In a test simulating dozens of tire blowouts, Larry Webster, a test-driver for Car & Driver magazine, was repeatedly able to bring a 1994 Explorer to a stop without incident from speeds of 70 mph (110 km/h). According to Forbes magazine, car experts and NHTSA claim that the vast majority of crash accidents and deaths are caused not by the vehicle, but by the driver, by road conditions or some combination of the two. Many vehicle injury attorneys dissent from this view. In response to Firestone's allegations of the Explorer's design defects, NHTSA undertook a preliminary investigation and reported that further action was not required. Its conclusion was that the Explorer was no more prone to rollover than other SUVs given their high center of gravity . The subsequent introduction and proliferation of electronic stability control systems have essentially addressed and mitigated this shortcoming. In May 2001, Ford announced it would replace 13 million Firestone tires fitted to Explorer vehicles. U-Haul trailers ( edit ) On December 22, 2003, U-Haul , the largest American equipment rental company, announced it would prohibit its outlets from renting trailers to persons planning to tow behind Ford Explorers due to liability concerns, with no published data to substantiate the claim. Unofficial reports from employees indicated that it was due to the rear bumper separating from the vehicle, including the tow hook assembly. U-Haul did not alter its policies regarding the renting of trailers to persons planning to tow behind the Mercury Mountaineer , Mazda Navajo or earlier versions of the Lincoln Aviator , which are all mechanically identical to the Ford Explorer. In mid-2013, U-Haul began allowing Ford Explorers of model year 2011 and newer to tow their trailers. All other Ford Motor Company vehicles are allowed to tow U-Haul trailers. Sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Explorer (US) Police Interceptor Utility (US) 140,509 N/A 1991 282,837 292,069 301,668 278,065 1995 395,227 402,663 383,852 1998 431,488 1999 428,772 2000 445,157 415,921 2002 433,847 2003 373,118 339,333 2005 239,788 2006 179,229 2007 137,817 2008 78,439 2009 52,190 60,687 2011 135,179 2012 158,344 5,863 2013 178,311 14,086 2014 189,339 20,655 2015 224,309 24,942 2016 216,294 32,213 2017 238,056 33,075 Total 7,216,214 98,621 See also ( edit ) Cars portal Ford Explorer Sport Trac Mercury Mountaineer Lincoln Aviator Saleen XP6 Saleen XP8 Firestone and Ford tire controversy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.edmunds.com/ford/explorer/2019/suv/ Jump up ^ https://www.motortrend.com/news/2020-ford-explorer-expect-fords-redesigned-family-hauler/ Jump up ^ `` Documents Show Ford's Concerns Over Explorer'' . latimes . Jump up ^ `` Ford Explorer Rollover History Tire Recall Chronology'' . Willis Law Firm. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015 . 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Ford Explorer official website Ford Explorer America Concept SUV at Ford Auto Shows Ford Explorer America Concept SUV On Ford and the Environment SMPR History of the 1st Ford Explorer Serious Explorations -- Ford Explorer Enthusiast Website Vehicle Specs for the Ford Explorer models and variants from Where Can I Buy A Car Online Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars C-Max/Grand C-Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus GT Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan China Pickup trucks F-Series Raptor Ranger Super Duty SUVs/Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL/Max Explorer Police Interceptor Utility Everest/Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Galaxy S-Max Tourneo/Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial trucks Cargo Super Duty F-350/F-450/F-550 F-650/F-750 Former production models (by date of introduction) 1900s Model A/AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s-- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s-- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C-Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel (Brand) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort (Europe) Executive Fairlane (Australia) Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon (Americas) Falcon (Australia) GT40 H-Series Trucks LTD N-Series Trucks Torino W-Series Trucks XL 1970s Courier Econovan Econowagon Elite Fairmont Granada (Europe) Granada (North America) L-Series Trucks Landau (Australia) Maverick (North America) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort (North America) EXP Festiva Laser/Lynx/Meteor/Tierra LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ranger (North America) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Freda Maverick (Europe) Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Five Hundred Freestar Fusion (Europe) Freestyle/Taurus X Ikon i-Max (Taiwan) Maverick (Europe) Sportka/Streetka Territory 2010s B-Max Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons `` previous -- Ford Motor Company light truck timeline, United States & Canada, 1980s-- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Crossover Subcompact EcoSport Compact Escape Escape Escape Mid-size Edge Edge Full-size Freestyle Taurus X Explorer Flex SUV Compact Bronco II Mid-size Explorer Explorer Explorer Explorer Full-size Bronco Bronco Bronco Expedition Expedition Expedition Expedition Excursion Expedition EL/Max Expedition Max Pickup truck Coupé utility Durango Compact Courier Ranger Ranger Ranger Mid-size Explorer Sport Trac Explorer Sport Trac Ranger Full-size F-Series (all) F-Series (all) F-Series (all) F-150/F-250 F-150 F-150 F-150 SVT Lightning SVT Lightning SVT Raptor Raptor Super Duty Super Duty Super Duty Super Duty Van Compact MPV Transit Connect Transit Connect C-MAX Minivan Aerostar Aerostar Windstar Windstar Freestar Full-size Econoline Econoline/E-Series Transit `` previous -- Ford automobile timeline, European market , 1980s-- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 City car Ka I Ka II Ka III Subcompact car Fiesta I Fiesta II Fiesta IV Fiesta V Fiesta III Fiesta VI Fiesta VII Compact car Escort III / Orion I Escort IV / Orion II Escort V / Orion III Escort Vb Escort VI Focus I Focus II Focus III Focus IV Mid-size car Taunus III / Cortina V Sierra I Sierra II Mondeo I Mondeo II Mondeo III Mondeo IV Full size car Granada II Scorpio I / Granada III Scorpio II Sports car Puma Capri Probe Cougar Mustang VI RS200 GT Mini SUV EcoSport Compact SUV Maverick Maverick Kuga I Kuga II Mid-size SUV Explorer Edge Mini MPV Fusion B-MAX Compact MPV C-MAX I C-MAX II Large MPV S-MAX I S-MAX II Galaxy I Galaxy II Galaxy III LCV / LAV Courier III Courier IV Transit Courier Transit Connect I Transit Connect II Van Transit Custom Transit II Transit III Transit IV Transit V Transit VI Pick-up Ranger I Ranger II Ranger III Notes Only models sold in Continental Europe are shown, overseas territories often have different offerings. Ford Australia automobile timeline, 1980s-- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 City Ka Subcompact Festiva Festiva Fiesta Fiesta Compact Escort Laser Laser Laser Laser Laser Focus Focus Focus Meteor Mid-size Cortina Telstar Telstar Taurus Corsair Mondeo Mondeo Mondeo Full-size Falcon / Fairmont Falcon / Fairmont Falcon / Fairmont Falcon Fairlane / LTD Fairlane / LTD Fairlane / LTD Sports Capri Probe Cougar Mustang Mustang Utility F-Series F-Series Courier Courier Courier Ranger Ranger Falcon Ute Falcon Ute Falcon Ute Van Falcon Van Spectron Econovan Econovan Econovan Transit Custom Transit Transit Transit Transit Transit Subcompact SUV EcoSport Compact SUV Escape Escape Kuga/Escape Mid-size SUV Raider Territory Endura Bronco Maverick Explorer Explorer Everest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Explorer&oldid=866041668 '' Categories : Ford vehicles All-wheel-drive vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Mid-size sport utility vehicles Police vehicles Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Flexible-fuel vehicles 1990s cars 2000s cars 2010s cars Cars introduced in 1990 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Dorerin Naoero 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 21:54 (UTC) . 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how much damage did hurricane sandy do to new york | Hurricane Sandy Category 1 hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Satellite image of Sandy at 4 : 15 p.m. EDT on October 29 as it was about to make landfall on the Jersey Shore Formed October 28 , 2012 ( First rainbands begin to affect New Jersey ) Dissipated November 2 , 2012 ( Dissipated as extratropical cyclone ) ( Extratropical after October 29 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) Highest gust Gusts : 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) Lowest pressure 945 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.91 inHg Fatalities 53 total Damage $32 billion ( 2012 USD ) ( Estimated damage total ) Areas affected New York , especially the New York metropolitan area Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season Part of a series on Hurricane Sandy General Meteorological history Impact Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other wikis Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories | [
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"Hurricane Sandy Category 1 hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Satellite image of Sandy at 4 : 15 p.m. EDT on October 29 as it was about to make landfall on the Jersey Shore Formed October 28 , 2012 ( First rainbands begin to affect New Jersey ) Dissipated November 2 , 2012 ( Dissipated as extratropical cyclone ) ( Extratropical after October 29 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) Highest gust Gusts : 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) Lowest pressure 945 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.91 inHg Fatalities 53 total Damage $32 billion ( 2012 USD ) ( Estimated damage total ) Areas affected New York , especially the New York metropolitan area Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season Part of a series on Hurricane Sandy General Meteorological history Impact Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other wikis Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories",
"Category 1 hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS )",
"Satellite image of Sandy at 4 : 15 p.m. EDT on October 29 as it was about to make landfall on the Jersey Shore",
"Formed October 28 , 2012 ( First rainbands begin to affect New Jersey )",
"Dissipated November 2 , 2012 ( Dissipated as extratropical cyclone )",
"( Extratropical after October 29 )",
"Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 80 mph ( 130 km / h )",
"Highest gust Gusts : 100 mph ( 155 km / h )",
"Lowest pressure 945 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.91 inHg",
"Fatalities 53 total",
"Damage $32 billion ( 2012 USD ) ( Estimated damage total )",
"Areas affected New York , especially the New York metropolitan area",
"Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season",
"Part of a series on Hurricane Sandy",
"General Meteorological history Impact Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other wikis Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories",
"Meteorological history",
"Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada",
"United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England",
"Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England",
"Maryland and Washington , D.C.",
"Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories",
"Commons : Sandy images",
"Wikinews : Sandy stories",
"New York was severely affected by Hurricane Sandy in 2012 , particularly New York City , its suburbs , and Long Island . Sandy 's impacts included the flooding of the New York City Subway system , of many suburban communities , and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel . The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days . Numerous homes and businesses were destroyed by fire , including over 100 homes in Breezy Point , Queens . Large parts of the city and surrounding areas lost electricity for several days . Several thousand people in midtown Manhattan were evacuated for six days due to a crane collapse at Extell 's One57 . Bellevue Hospital Center and a few other large hospitals were closed and evacuated . Flooding at 140 West Street and another exchange disrupted voice and data communication in lower Manhattan .",
"At least 53 people died in New York as a result of the storm . Thousands of homes and an estimated 250,000 vehicles were destroyed during the storm , and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion with an estimated $32.8 billion required for restoration across the state .",
"On October 28 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state . He also asked for a pre-disaster declaration to better access federal assistance . Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano ordered voluntary evacuations of the South Shore storm surge area , which includes the area south of Sunrise Highway , as well as the North Shore 's areas north of Route 25A and in elevations 15 feet above sea level or less . Shelters were opened at Levittown Memorial High School , Locust Valley High School , Nassau Community College and SUNY Old Westbury . In Suffolk County , officials ordered mandatory evacuations for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon , Brookhaven , Islip , Riverhead , Southampton and Southold . Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School , Sachem East High School , and the Brentwood High School Sonderling Building . Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29 , including Adelphi University , Hofstra University , Molloy College , Nassau Community College and Stony Brook University .",
"On October 28 , President Barack Obama signed an emergency declaration for the state of New York . The Metro - North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road suspended service beginning 7 p.m. October 27 through October 29 and possibly October 30 . Starbucks closed all of its outlets in the city and Long Island on October 28 at 4 p.m. to let employees get home before the transit system shut down . The stores remained closed on October 29 . The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p.m. EDT due to wind conditions .",
"Mayor Michael Bloomberg told reporters on October 26 that the city had begun taking precautions but said at that time there was no call for mandatory evacuations and no plans to suspend the city 's mass transit or cancel school . But on October 28 , Governor Cuomo ordered the MTA , including the subway , closed and in a press conference immediately after Cuomo 's announcement , Mayor Bloomberg ordered public schools closed on October 29 . He ordered mandatory evacuations for Zone A which includes the southern tip of Manhattan , the Coney Island - Brighton Beach and Red Hook areas of Brooklyn , the entire Rockaways peninsula , much of Staten Island , City Island , and part of the Throggs Neck area of the Bronx . On October 28 , officials activated the city 's coastal emergency plan , with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011 . More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city .",
"The MTA announced that all subway , bus and commuter rail service would be suspended , beginning at 7 p.m. EDT on October 28 and expected to continue suspension through at least October 30 . All PATH train service and stations were shut down at 12 : 01 a.m. October 29 . 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city . All bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a.m. October 29 . U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29 and October 30 . It was the first two - day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888 . All state courts were closed October 29 , except for arraignments and emergency applications . NYU Langone Medical Center cancelled all surgeries and medical procedures , except for emergency procedures .",
"On October 27 , Google postponed their planned Android event in New York City due to the storm . The Staten Island Ferry and East River Ferry services were suspended at least through October 29 . Most bridges and tunnels closed . Major carriers cancelled all flights into and out of JFK , LaGuardia and Newark - Liberty airports until it was safe to fly . Broadway cancelled all October 28 evening and October 29 performances . Alternate - side parking and parking meter regulations were suspended on October 29 . Grand Central Terminal , Central Park and Battery Park were closed on October 29 . The Holland Tunnel and the Brooklyn -- Battery Tunnel closed at 2 p.m. EDT on October 29 . The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed later on that day .",
"One of the units at Indian Point nuclear power plant ( Unit # 3 ) was shut down around 10 : 45 p.m. October 29 , because of external electrical grid issues according to plant operator Entergy .",
"While moving ashore in New Jersey , the northern and eastern sides of Sandy were characterized with light , sporadic rainfall , but strong winds . Precipitation in New York reached 3.42 in ( 87 mm ) in Sherman , in the extreme western portion of the state . The highest recorded wind gust in New York was 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) at Islip . Supplemented by spring tide , the storm surge was approximately 14 feet above Mean Low Water , flooding many tunnels and damaging electrical equipment . The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was similarly powerful but struck at low tide and thus caused less flooding .",
"United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius declared a public health emergency on October 31 for New York . In response , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) sent 30 teams of workers into damaged areas of the New York region .",
"During a news conference on November 1 , Mayor Bloomberg announced that most parks would reopen on November 3 ; that Coney Island , the Rockaways , and parts of Staten Island would get temporary centers for the distribution of meals and bottles of water at a time ; that AT&T would bring cellphone - charging and cell service - enabled pods to certain areas of New York City ; and that 400 members of the National Guard were to go door - to - door to deliver meals and supplies to elderly and home - bound residents . A relief fund was created for residents of Staten Island . Time Warner Cable donated $500,000 to the Mayor 's Fund to Advance New York City , and $50,000 each to the Red Cross of Northeastern New York and the Red Cross of Northern New Jersey . They also sent out vehicles with mobile charging stations and free WiFi access points , and additionally opened all of their WiFi spots in the city .",
"United States Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano toured the island on November 2. On that same day , the state of New York created a $100 million fund to help people hit hardest .",
"On November 3 , the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was being pumped free of floodwater and reopened on the 6th . Five emergency mobile gas stations were deployed by the military on the same day , offering 10 free gallons per person .",
"Thousands of runners who came to the city to run the New York City Marathon met in Central Park on November 4 ; due to the marathon 's being called off , many went to Staten Island to help storm victims .",
"On November 5 , meteorologists began tracking a coastal nor'easter that threatened cleanup and recovery efforts in the state on November 7 and 8 . NYU Langone Medical Center , evacuated during the storm , began reopening on the same day , and about 750 workers resumed construction on Ground Zero. Governor Cuomo signed an executive order saying that displaced New Yorkers could vote in the 2012 United States elections at any polling place in the state .",
"On November 7 , Governor Cuomo fired Steven Kuhr , the head of the New York Office of Emergency Management , after Cuomo discovered that Kuhr had sent Suffolk County workers to clear a tree in his Long Island driveway as other victims needed help . A day later , Cuomo said that the estimated storm damage in New York state was $33 billion . New York City and the counties of Nassau and Suffolk imposed `` odd - even '' gasoline rationing , as New Jersey had , to ease congestion and frustration at filling stations . The system began on November 9 in the wake of a shortage . Cuomo also temporarily waived certain taxes and pollution restrictions on fuel deliveries .",
"New York City schools remained closed through Friday , November 2 with classes resuming Monday for most students ; but as many as 40,000 stayed home until November 7 . 57 schools were still flooded as of that date . Many colleges and universities and K - 12 schools in the tri-state area also cancelled classes .",
"The Statue of Liberty was closed October 29 , a day after its grand reopening . Both the statue and Ellis Island remained closed through 2012 ; the statue reopened July 4 , 2013 , while Ellis Island remained closed until 2014 .",
"The New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation closed all state parks on Long Island until further notice , due to downed trees , dangling branches , beach erosion , and damaged boardwalks .",
"On November 1 , CBS News reported the 76 shelters opened initially were being consolidated down to 15 .",
"On November 6 , Bloomberg announced the closing of parks , playgrounds and beaches again for 24 hours starting at noon November 7 , as the nor'easter neared . Also on November 6 , John Jay High School in Brooklyn , being used as a shelter for Sandy victims , was shut down after about a dozen storm refugees came down with a stomach virus . Bloomberg said the school would be closed November 7 instead of opening for classes as scheduled , so it could be cleaned and then reopened .",
"On October 30 , the John B. Caddell tanker was driven ashore at Staten Island .",
"On October 31 , NY Waterway ferries between Hudson County , New Jersey , and Manhattan resumed service . The Staten Island Ferry resumed full service November 2 and Staten Island Railway the next day .",
"On November 1 , fuel ships started arriving in reopened New York Harbor .",
"On November 2 , Governor Cuomo signed an executive order waiving the state 's requirements that fuel tankers register and pay a tax before unloading .",
"The George Washington Bridge , Throgs Neck Bridge , Verrazano Bridge , and Whitestone Bridge closed at 7 p.m. EDT October 29 . All road tunnels into Manhattan , except the Lincoln Tunnel , were flooded and closed , as were subway tunnels under the East River and the PATH subway system . Limited bus service resumed Tuesday evening , Oct 30 . Limited MTA subway service was scheduled to resume on November 1 with two East River tunnels ( 59th Street and 63rd Street ) in operation and shuttle bus service to Manhattan from Brooklyn termini . The Long Island Rail Road remained closed due to storm damage until November 8 , 2012 . The LIRR then re-opened with partial service to most of its branches , excluding Long Beach . Nassau Inter-County Express and Suffolk County Transit suspended and / or greatly limited service for the storm . In response to the flooding of tunnels and other infrastructure , the United States Army Corps of Engineers sent its National Unwatering Team .",
"As of October 31 , 2012 , MTA bus service began operating on a regular schedule . The subway system was tested with plans to resume limited service to 14 of the 23 services on November 1 . PATH services remained suspended ; the Long Island Rail Road resumed limited , hourly service ; and Metro - North restored hourly service on its Harlem Line between North White Plains and Grand Central Terminal . All bridges and tunnels were open except the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel . Amtrak provided modified service starting on November 1 , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal reopened with no Greyhound Lines service or commuter buses to New Jersey .",
"On the morning of November 1 , the first train , an A train , pulled out of Penn Station three days after tunnels were flooded . Subway service in Lower Manhattan except for the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and to Brooklyn was disconnected . The G train ( which is a crosstown route between Queens and Brooklyn ) , as well as the Rockaway Park Shuttle and the part - time B , C , and Z trains , were also suspended . Governor Cuomo waived fares on MTA trains and buses through November 5 .",
"The Holland Tunnel opened to buses only on November 2 . HOV restrictions on bridges and Lincoln Tunnel ended on that day . By November 3 , 80 percent of subway service was restored . On November 6 , the Queens Midtown Tunnel reopened one lane for buses heading into and out of Manhattan during rush hour . The Holland Tunnel reopened November 7 at 5 a.m. EST. , while the Queens - Midtown Tunnel reopened on November 9 at 6 a.m. EST . The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel opened November 12 to limited rush - hour bus service .",
"Delta Air Lines cancelled all flights out of LaGuardia Airport through October 30 at 8 p.m. EDT . The three major airports serving New York City , JFK , LaGuardia , and Newark , were closed as of 8 p.m. on October 29 . More than 8,000 flights were canceled by 4 p.m. EDT for the day of October 30 . LaGuardia and Newark had a total of 2,400 cancelled flights . As of early morning October 31 , nearly 3,000 flights were canceled , but JFK and Newark airports began handling flights after 7 a.m. LaGuardia Airport reopened November 1 at 7 : 00 a.m.",
"New York 's Village Halloween Parade , held annually on October 31 , was cancelled due to blackout conditions in Greenwich Village .",
"After many complaints that running the race through affected areas would seem insensitive and would put further pressure on police and other service workers who would be better deployed in the recovery efforts , Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been cancelled . The event was to take place on Sunday , November 4 . Marathon officials said that it would not be rescheduled .",
"The opening game at the Barclays Center between the National Basketball Association 's Brooklyn Nets and New York Knicks originally scheduled to take place on November 1 was rescheduled for November 26 .",
"The soccer game between the New York Red Bulls and D.C. United in the 2012 Major League Soccer playoffs , scheduled for November 3 , was moved to November 7 , due to a power outage at Red Bull Arena in New Jersey .",
"New York University Langone Medical Center was evacuated October 29 after the backup generators at the hospital failed due to flooding . Over 200 patients were safely transferred to other hospitals . Bellevue Hospital Center ( about 500 patients ) , Coney Island Hospital , and Palisades Medical Center are additional New York City area hospitals which have been either partially or fully evacuated .",
"The Emergency Medical Services of New York City faced a series of challenges and setbacks during the storm relating to the flooding , closure , and evacuation of hospitals and FDNY - EMS Stations across the city . Downtown Hospital was closed in preparation for the storm , but several hospitals were forced to close during the storm , including Bellevue Hospital , NYU Hospital , Manhattan VA Hospital , Metropolitan Hospital , Coney Island Hospital , and St. Johns Hospital . A fire broke out on the fourth floor of Coney Island Hospital , which proved difficult for Fire and EMS resources access due to flooding , high winds , and downed wires . Four out of five FDNY - EMS Stations in Manhattan were evacuated during the storm as flooding began to surround stations in low - lying areas , including EMS Station 4 ( South Street , location of Division 1 Headquarters which was moved to Downtown Brooklyn during the storm ) , Station 7 ( Chelsea ) , Station 8 ( Bellevue ) , and Station 10 ( Spanish Harlem / Metropolitan Hospital ) . Station 16 , located at Harlem Hospital , did not have to evacuate .",
"On October 29 , National Guard troops arrived in Island Park , New York , as anecdotal accounts and earlier reports of a substation explosion were officially denied by a LIPA representative .",
"On October 30 , a helicopter rescue crew airlifted five adults and a child from the roof of a Staten Island house which was nearly submerged by flooding waters .",
"On October 31 , National Guard troops and local police were evacuating the last of 700 patients from Bellevue to other hospitals and local shelters .",
"On November 6 , some of the state 's residents that had been evacuated for Sandy were evacuated a second time due to a nor'easter that was expected to bring high winds , rain and possible snow to areas of New York .",
"On November 26 , Governor Cuomo said Sandy cost the state $32 billion in damage and loss . Mayor Bloomberg announced earlier in the day that the storm caused $19 billion in losses in New York City , which was included in the estimate Cuomo gave . At the time of the disaster , a total of 43 civilians were confirmed to have died in New York City as a result of the hurricane .",
"As of the morning of November 1 , Con Ed had restored two power networks , but there were still more than 600,000 customers without power throughout the five boroughs . Con Ed predicted most all of Manhattan would be fully restored by November 3 . By the afternoon of the same day , Con Ed said it expected to `` restore the vast majority of customers who lost power by the weekend of November 10 and 11 . The remaining customer restorations could take an additional week more . ''",
"As of the morning of November 2 , more than 1.3 million customers were without power , down from 2.2 million . As of 5 : 00 a.m. EDT ( 0900 GMT ) on that date Con Edison said about 226,000 customers lacked service in Manhattan , 84,000 in Queens , 35,000 in Brooklyn , 54,000 in Staten Island 31,000 in the Bronx and 140,000 in Westchester . On Long Island , LIPA said it still had about 532,000 customers without power , down from more than 900,000 . In the evening of November 2 , LIPA said they expected to cut the number of customer outages by 150,000 by November 4 .",
"As of 4 a.m. November 3 , Con Ed reported about :",
"94,769 customer outages in Manhattan 81,372 customer outages in Queens 37,504 customer outages in Staten Island 31,448 customer outages in Brooklyn 26,252 customer outages in the Bronx",
"94,769 customer outages in Manhattan",
"81,372 customer outages in Queens",
"37,504 customer outages in Staten Island",
"31,448 customer outages in Brooklyn",
"26,252 customer outages in the Bronx",
"During the evening of November 3 , Con Ed announced all Manhattan power networks were back online . Approximately 153,000 Con Ed customers were without power as of 8 p.m. November 3 :",
"9,211 customer outages in Manhattan 74,067 customer outages in Queens 27,842 customer outages in Staten Island 24,707 customer outages in Brooklyn 19,501 customer outages in the Bronx",
"9,211 customer outages in Manhattan",
"74,067 customer outages in Queens",
"27,842 customer outages in Staten Island",
"24,707 customer outages in Brooklyn",
"19,501 customer outages in the Bronx",
"As of around noon November 5 , Con Ed reported those without electricity were :",
"3,825 customer outages in Manhattan 38,397 customer outages in Queens 17,465 customer outages in Staten Island 22,887 customer outages in Brooklyn 8,282 customer outages in the Bronx",
"3,825 customer outages in Manhattan",
"38,397 customer outages in Queens",
"17,465 customer outages in Staten Island",
"22,887 customer outages in Brooklyn",
"8,282 customer outages in the Bronx",
"As of January 2013 , there were still 8,200 people without power .",
"On October 30 , over 190 firefighters fought a six alarm fire that destroyed 111 structures and damaged another 20 in Breezy Point , Queens , as a result of the storm . The area had been under evacuation orders , but some residents rode out the storm . One firefighter and two residents were injured . The rescuers were in chest - deep water and had to use a boat to reach survivors . A transformer explosion is suspected to have caused the fire . On October 31 , Breezy Point residents pledged to rebuild their community .",
"Suffolk county suffered an outbreak of fires in the aftermath of the storm with ten separate instances occurring at once as a result of downed trees collapsing on power lines and exploding transformers . Compounded with the floodwaters , the situation taxed first responders heavily , leading to instances where firefighters became trapped due to rising waters as they were working to save affected residents. One home in West Babylon and another in Lindenhurst were burning continuously , and both had to be knocked down with payloaders .",
"Heavy winds caused a construction crane atop One57 to collapse , causing the area to be evacuated on October 29 . The crane was secured to the building on November 3 and West 57th Street reopened to traffic that evening .",
"Space Shuttle Enterprise , on board the flight deck of the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum in the Hudson River , was damaged . The shuttle 's inflatable structure appears to have first deflated and then been torn by the high winds .",
"The storm damaged , destroyed , or severely flooded around 100,000 homes on Long Island . As of December 10 , 2012 , more than 2,000 homes were deemed uninhabitable .",
"Bloomberg stated on November 3 that there were 55,000 buildings in Zone A that were ordered to evacuate and must be inspected .",
"Damaged structures included community centers in South Brooklyn . The offices of the Jewish Community Council of Greater Coney Island , as well as a senior home run by the organization , were affected . The Old Orchard Shoal Light in New York Harbor was destroyed by the hurricane .",
"The hurricane damaged many homes beyond habitability . Governor Cuomo worked closely with President Barack Obama and with Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey , which was even more hard - hit , to come to their aid . Cuomo allowed New York voters , via a specific provision aimed at accommodating those displaced , to cast provisional ballots for the 2012 election anywhere in New York state . He also appointed a commission to examine the responses of New York utilities to damage caused by the storm , and to help lower the energy costs of residents affected by the damage . The Cuomo administration used $140 million of the funds originally allocated to this commission in order to pay for the broadcast of national TV ads encouraging businesses to return to New York after the disaster . Many have been critical of the effort , including former New York governor Eliot Spitzer , who called the ads `` fluff '' and `` a waste of taxpayer money '' .",
"Looters and burglars were arrested in Coney Island , the Rockaways , and other parts of New York City and Long Island which had been evacuated or damaged by the storm . Some posed as Con Ed workers to fool their victims ; some other , would - be-looters posed as rescue workers . On November 2 , it was reported that `` on Long Island , looting has become such a problem on the south shore in the wake of superstorm Sandy that state police are on patrol . '' In addition to the looting of homes and stores , armed robberies , criminal siphoning of gasoline out of vehicle gas tanks , and thefts of generators were reported . Some New Yorkers ignored advice to evacuate in advance of the nor'easter of November 7 -- , in favor of protecting their property . Thefts were averted by residents , some armed , who surprised those who had broken into their homes ; by the National Guard ; and by neighborhood watch groups .",
"On November 1 , a St. Albans motorist was arrested on charges of menacing and criminal possession of a weapon after he tried to cut in line at a Mobil station on the corner of Astoria Boulevard and 43rd Street in Queens and pointed a pistol at another motorist who complained . Also , in Brooklyn , people argued at a Getty gas station . It was further reported that gasoline , in heavy demand for both vehicles and home generators , had become scarce and frustration with fuel supplies topped `` the list of issues causing tensions to boil over in New Jersey , New York and Connecticut , the states hardest hit by power outages in the wake of superstorm Sandy . '' As of November 6 , police reported 41 arrests in New York City stemming from fights at gas lines . This excluded the arrest of one teenager in East Setauket , who pulled a knife on a BP employee when told they were out of high - octane gas ."
] | Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York - wikipedia Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York Jump to: navigation , search Hurricane Sandy Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS) Satellite image of Sandy at 4:15 p.m. EDT on October 29 as it was about to make landfall on the Jersey Shore Formed October 28, 2012 (First rainbands begin to affect New Jersey) Dissipated November 2, 2012 (Dissipated as extratropical cyclone) ( Extratropical after October 29 ) Highest winds 1-minute sustained : 80 mph (130 km/h) Highest gust Gusts: 100 mph (155 km/h) Lowest pressure 945 mbar ( hPa ); 27.91 inHg Fatalities 53 total Damage $32 billion (2012 USD ) (Estimated damage total) Areas affected New York , especially the New York metropolitan area Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season Part of a series on Hurricane Sandy General Meteorological history Impact Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington, D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other wikis Commons: Sandy images Wikinews: Sandy stories New York was severely affected by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, particularly New York City , its suburbs, and Long Island . Sandy's impacts included the flooding of the New York City Subway system, of many suburban communities, and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel . The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days. Numerous homes and businesses were destroyed by fire, including over 100 homes in Breezy Point, Queens . Large parts of the city and surrounding areas lost electricity for several days. Several thousand people in midtown Manhattan were evacuated for six days due to a crane collapse at Extell's One57 . Bellevue Hospital Center and a few other large hospitals were closed and evacuated. Flooding at 140 West Street and another exchange disrupted voice and data communication in lower Manhattan . At least 53 people died in New York as a result of the storm. Thousands of homes and an estimated 250,000 vehicles were destroyed during the storm, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion with an estimated $32.8 billion required for restoration across the state. Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparations 2 Immediate aftermath 2.1 Venue closures 2.2 Transportation 2.2.1 Waterways and services 2.2.2 Ground 2.2.3 Airports and airlines 2.3 Events 3 Evacuations and rescues during storm 4 Damage 4.1 Electricity 4.2 Fires 4.3 Wind 4.4 Structures 5 Political 6 Looting 7 References 8 External links Preparations ( edit ) Shelves at a Montgomery, New York , ShopRite supermarket emptied of bottled water on eve of storm Times Square subway station shut down during Hurricane Sandy On October 28, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. He also asked for a pre-disaster declaration to better access federal assistance. Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano ordered voluntary evacuations of the South Shore storm surge area, which includes the area south of Sunrise Highway , as well as the North Shore 's areas north of Route 25A and in elevations 15 feet above sea level or less. Shelters were opened at Levittown Memorial High School, Locust Valley High School, Nassau Community College and SUNY Old Westbury . In Suffolk County , officials ordered mandatory evacuations for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon , Brookhaven , Islip , Riverhead , Southampton and Southold . Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School , Sachem East High School, and the Brentwood High School Sonderling Building . Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29, including Adelphi University , Hofstra University , Molloy College , Nassau Community College and Stony Brook University . On October 28, President Barack Obama signed an emergency declaration for the state of New York. The Metro-North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road suspended service beginning 7 p.m. October 27 through October 29 and possibly October 30. Starbucks closed all of its outlets in the city and Long Island on October 28 at 4 p.m. to let employees get home before the transit system shut down. The stores remained closed on October 29. The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p.m. EDT due to wind conditions. Mayor Michael Bloomberg told reporters on October 26 that the city had begun taking precautions but said at that time there was no call for mandatory evacuations and no plans to suspend the city's mass transit or cancel school. But on October 28, Governor Cuomo ordered the MTA , including the subway, closed and in a press conference immediately after Cuomo's announcement, Mayor Bloomberg ordered public schools closed on October 29. He ordered mandatory evacuations for Zone A which includes the southern tip of Manhattan, the Coney Island - Brighton Beach and Red Hook areas of Brooklyn , the entire Rockaways peninsula, much of Staten Island , City Island , and part of the Throggs Neck area of the Bronx . On October 28, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city. The MTA announced that all subway, bus and commuter rail service would be suspended, beginning at 7 p.m. EDT on October 28 and expected to continue suspension through at least October 30. All PATH train service and stations were shut down at 12:01 a.m. October 29. 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city. All bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a.m. October 29. U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29 and October 30. It was the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888 . All state courts were closed October 29, except for arraignments and emergency applications. NYU Langone Medical Center cancelled all surgeries and medical procedures, except for emergency procedures. On October 27, Google postponed their planned Android event in New York City due to the storm. The Staten Island Ferry and East River Ferry services were suspended at least through October 29. Most bridges and tunnels closed. Major carriers cancelled all flights into and out of JFK , LaGuardia and Newark-Liberty airports until it was safe to fly. Broadway cancelled all October 28 evening and October 29 performances. Alternate-side parking and parking meter regulations were suspended on October 29. Grand Central Terminal , Central Park and Battery Park were closed on October 29. The Holland Tunnel and the Brooklyn-- Battery Tunnel closed at 2 p.m. EDT on October 29. The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed later on that day. One of the units at Indian Point nuclear power plant (Unit #3) was shut down around 10:45 p.m. October 29, because of external electrical grid issues according to plant operator Entergy . Immediate aftermath ( edit ) Boat on the subway tracks of the IND Rockaway Line While moving ashore in New Jersey, the northern and eastern sides of Sandy were characterized with light, sporadic rainfall, but strong winds. Precipitation in New York reached 3.42 in (87 mm) in Sherman , in the extreme western portion of the state. The highest recorded wind gust in New York was 90 mph (140 km/h) at Islip. Supplemented by spring tide , the storm surge was approximately 14 feet above Mean Low Water, flooding many tunnels and damaging electrical equipment. The 1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was similarly powerful but struck at low tide and thus caused less flooding. United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius declared a public health emergency on October 31 for New York. In response, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) sent 30 teams of workers into damaged areas of the New York region. During a news conference on November 1, Mayor Bloomberg announced that most parks would reopen on November 3; that Coney Island, the Rockaways, and parts of Staten Island would get temporary centers for the distribution of meals and bottles of water at a time; that AT&T would bring cellphone-charging and cell service-enabled pods to certain areas of New York City; and that 400 members of the National Guard were to go door-to-door to deliver meals and supplies to elderly and home-bound residents. A relief fund was created for residents of Staten Island. Time Warner Cable donated $500,000 to the Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City, and $50,000 each to the Red Cross of Northeastern New York and the Red Cross of Northern New Jersey. They also sent out vehicles with mobile charging stations and free WiFi access points, and additionally opened all of their WiFi spots in the city. Crane collapse at One57 on 57th Street United States Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano toured the island on November 2. On that same day, the state of New York created a $100 million fund to help people hit hardest. On November 3, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was being pumped free of floodwater and reopened on the 6th. Five emergency mobile gas stations were deployed by the military on the same day, offering 10 free gallons per person. Thousands of runners who came to the city to run the New York City Marathon met in Central Park on November 4; due to the marathon's being called off, many went to Staten Island to help storm victims. On November 5, meteorologists began tracking a coastal nor'easter that threatened cleanup and recovery efforts in the state on November 7 and 8. NYU Langone Medical Center, evacuated during the storm, began reopening on the same day, and about 750 workers resumed construction on Ground Zero. Governor Cuomo signed an executive order saying that displaced New Yorkers could vote in the 2012 United States elections at any polling place in the state. On November 7, Governor Cuomo fired Steven Kuhr, the head of the New York Office of Emergency Management , after Cuomo discovered that Kuhr had sent Suffolk County workers to clear a tree in his Long Island driveway as other victims needed help. A day later, Cuomo said that the estimated storm damage in New York state was $33 billion. New York City and the counties of Nassau and Suffolk imposed `` odd-even '' gasoline rationing, as New Jersey had, to ease congestion and frustration at filling stations. The system began on November 9 in the wake of a shortage. Cuomo also temporarily waived certain taxes and pollution restrictions on fuel deliveries. Venue closures ( edit ) New York City schools remained closed through Friday, November 2 with classes resuming Monday for most students; but as many as 40,000 stayed home until November 7. 57 schools were still flooded as of that date. Many colleges and universities and K-12 schools in the tri-state area also cancelled classes. The Statue of Liberty was closed October 29, a day after its grand reopening. Both the statue and Ellis Island remained closed through 2012; the statue reopened July 4, 2013, while Ellis Island remained closed until 2014. The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation closed all state parks on Long Island until further notice, due to downed trees, dangling branches, beach erosion , and damaged boardwalks . On November 1, CBS News reported the 76 shelters opened initially were being consolidated down to 15. On November 6, Bloomberg announced the closing of parks, playgrounds and beaches again for 24 hours starting at noon November 7, as the nor'easter neared. Also on November 6, John Jay High School in Brooklyn, being used as a shelter for Sandy victims, was shut down after about a dozen storm refugees came down with a stomach virus . Bloomberg said the school would be closed November 7 instead of opening for classes as scheduled, so it could be cleaned and then reopened. Tanker beached on Front Street, Staten Island Transportation ( edit ) Waterways and services ( edit ) On October 30, the John B. Caddell tanker was driven ashore at Staten Island. On October 31, NY Waterway ferries between Hudson County, New Jersey , and Manhattan resumed service. The Staten Island Ferry resumed full service November 2 and Staten Island Railway the next day. On November 1, fuel ships started arriving in reopened New York Harbor . On November 2, Governor Cuomo signed an executive order waiving the state's requirements that fuel tankers register and pay a tax before unloading. Ground ( edit ) Replacement shuttle buses boarding at Barclays Center Pump train cleaning water out of the Cranberry Street Tunnel The George Washington Bridge , Throgs Neck Bridge , Verrazano Bridge , and Whitestone Bridge closed at 7 p.m. EDT October 29. All road tunnels into Manhattan, except the Lincoln Tunnel, were flooded and closed, as were subway tunnels under the East River and the PATH subway system. Limited bus service resumed Tuesday evening, Oct 30. Limited MTA subway service was scheduled to resume on November 1 with two East River tunnels (59th Street and 63rd Street ) in operation and shuttle bus service to Manhattan from Brooklyn termini. The Long Island Rail Road remained closed due to storm damage until November 8, 2012. The LIRR then re-opened with partial service to most of its branches, excluding Long Beach. Nassau Inter-County Express and Suffolk County Transit suspended and/or greatly limited service for the storm. In response to the flooding of tunnels and other infrastructure, the United States Army Corps of Engineers sent its National Unwatering Team. As of October 31, 2012 , MTA bus service began operating on a regular schedule. The subway system was tested with plans to resume limited service to 14 of the 23 services on November 1. PATH services remained suspended; the Long Island Rail Road resumed limited, hourly service; and Metro-North restored hourly service on its Harlem Line between North White Plains and Grand Central Terminal. All bridges and tunnels were open except the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel. Amtrak provided modified service starting on November 1, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal reopened with no Greyhound Lines service or commuter buses to New Jersey. On the morning of November 1, the first train, an A train , pulled out of Penn Station three days after tunnels were flooded. Subway service in Lower Manhattan except for the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and to Brooklyn was disconnected. The G train (which is a crosstown route between Queens and Brooklyn), as well as the Rockaway Park Shuttle and the part-time B , C , and Z trains, were also suspended. Governor Cuomo waived fares on MTA trains and buses through November 5. Northern access to Brooklyn-- Battery Tunnel flooded The Holland Tunnel opened to buses only on November 2. HOV restrictions on bridges and Lincoln Tunnel ended on that day. By November 3, 80 percent of subway service was restored. On November 6, the Queens Midtown Tunnel reopened one lane for buses heading into and out of Manhattan during rush hour . The Holland Tunnel reopened November 7 at 5 a.m. EST., while the Queens-Midtown Tunnel reopened on November 9 at 6 a.m. EST. The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel opened November 12 to limited rush-hour bus service. Airports and airlines ( edit ) Delta Air Lines cancelled all flights out of LaGuardia Airport through October 30 at 8 p.m. EDT. The three major airports serving New York City, JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark, were closed as of 8 p.m. on October 29. More than 8,000 flights were canceled by 4 p.m. EDT for the day of October 30. LaGuardia and Newark had a total of 2,400 cancelled flights. As of early morning October 31, nearly 3,000 flights were canceled, but JFK and Newark airports began handling flights after 7 a.m. LaGuardia Airport reopened November 1 at 7:00 a.m. After Hurricane Sandy, large portions of Manhattan were without electricity Events ( edit ) New York's Village Halloween Parade , held annually on October 31, was cancelled due to blackout conditions in Greenwich Village . After many complaints that running the race through affected areas would seem insensitive and would put further pressure on police and other service workers who would be better deployed in the recovery efforts, Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been cancelled. The event was to take place on Sunday, November 4. Marathon officials said that it would not be rescheduled. The opening game at the Barclays Center between the National Basketball Association 's Brooklyn Nets and New York Knicks originally scheduled to take place on November 1 was rescheduled for November 26. The soccer game between the New York Red Bulls and D.C. United in the 2012 Major League Soccer playoffs, scheduled for November 3, was moved to November 7, due to a power outage at Red Bull Arena in New Jersey . Evacuations and rescues during storm ( edit ) A hurricane-induced fire struck Breezy Point on October 30, 2012 Going around a crater scoured in a Brooklyn park road New York University Langone Medical Center was evacuated October 29 after the backup generators at the hospital failed due to flooding. Over 200 patients were safely transferred to other hospitals. Bellevue Hospital Center (about 500 patients), Coney Island Hospital , and Palisades Medical Center are additional New York City area hospitals which have been either partially or fully evacuated. The Emergency Medical Services of New York City faced a series of challenges and setbacks during the storm relating to the flooding, closure, and evacuation of hospitals and FDNY -EMS Stations across the city. Downtown Hospital was closed in preparation for the storm, but several hospitals were forced to close during the storm, including Bellevue Hospital, NYU Hospital, Manhattan VA Hospital, Metropolitan Hospital, Coney Island Hospital, and St. Johns Hospital. A fire broke out on the fourth floor of Coney Island Hospital, which proved difficult for Fire and EMS resources access due to flooding, high winds, and downed wires. Four out of five FDNY-EMS Stations in Manhattan were evacuated during the storm as flooding began to surround stations in low-lying areas, including EMS Station 4 (South Street, location of Division 1 Headquarters which was moved to Downtown Brooklyn during the storm), Station 7 (Chelsea), Station 8 (Bellevue), and Station 10 (Spanish Harlem/Metropolitan Hospital). Station 16, located at Harlem Hospital , did not have to evacuate. On October 29, National Guard troops arrived in Island Park, New York , as anecdotal accounts and earlier reports of a substation explosion were officially denied by a LIPA representative. On October 30, a helicopter rescue crew airlifted five adults and a child from the roof of a Staten Island house which was nearly submerged by flooding waters. On October 31, National Guard troops and local police were evacuating the last of 700 patients from Bellevue to other hospitals and local shelters. On November 6, some of the state's residents that had been evacuated for Sandy were evacuated a second time due to a nor'easter that was expected to bring high winds, rain and possible snow to areas of New York. Damage ( edit ) Residents of a blackout zone seek gasoline in a nearby lit zone Mobile banking and insurance offices serve Rockaway On November 26, Governor Cuomo said Sandy cost the state $32 billion in damage and loss. Mayor Bloomberg announced earlier in the day that the storm caused $19 billion in losses in New York City, which was included in the estimate Cuomo gave. At the time of the disaster, a total of 43 civilians were confirmed to have died in New York City as a result of the hurricane. Electricity ( edit ) As of the morning of November 1, Con Ed had restored two power networks, but there were still more than 600,000 customers without power throughout the five boroughs. Con Ed predicted most all of Manhattan would be fully restored by November 3. By the afternoon of the same day, Con Ed said it expected to `` restore the vast majority of customers who lost power by the weekend of November 10 and 11. The remaining customer restorations could take an additional week more.'' As of the morning of November 2, more than 1.3 million customers were without power, down from 2.2 million. As of 5:00 a.m. EDT (0900 GMT) on that date Con Edison said about 226,000 customers lacked service in Manhattan, 84,000 in Queens, 35,000 in Brooklyn, 54,000 in Staten Island 31,000 in the Bronx and 140,000 in Westchester. On Long Island, LIPA said it still had about 532,000 customers without power, down from more than 900,000. In the evening of November 2, LIPA said they expected to cut the number of customer outages by 150,000 by November 4. As of 4 a.m. November 3, Con Ed reported about: 94,769 customer outages in Manhattan 81,372 customer outages in Queens 37,504 customer outages in Staten Island 31,448 customer outages in Brooklyn 26,252 customer outages in the Bronx During the evening of November 3, Con Ed announced all Manhattan power networks were back online. Approximately 153,000 Con Ed customers were without power as of 8 p.m. November 3: 9,211 customer outages in Manhattan 74,067 customer outages in Queens 27,842 customer outages in Staten Island 24,707 customer outages in Brooklyn 19,501 customer outages in the Bronx As of around noon November 5, Con Ed reported those without electricity were: 3,825 customer outages in Manhattan 38,397 customer outages in Queens 17,465 customer outages in Staten Island 22,887 customer outages in Brooklyn 8,282 customer outages in the Bronx As of January 2013 , there were still 8,200 people without power. Breezy Point, Queens Fires ( edit ) On October 30, over 190 firefighters fought a six alarm fire that destroyed 111 structures and damaged another 20 in Breezy Point, Queens, as a result of the storm. The area had been under evacuation orders, but some residents rode out the storm. One firefighter and two residents were injured. The rescuers were in chest-deep water and had to use a boat to reach survivors. A transformer explosion is suspected to have caused the fire. On October 31, Breezy Point residents pledged to rebuild their community. Suffolk county suffered an outbreak of fires in the aftermath of the storm with ten separate instances occurring at once as a result of downed trees collapsing on power lines and exploding transformers. Compounded with the floodwaters, the situation taxed first responders heavily, leading to instances where firefighters became trapped due to rising waters as they were working to save affected residents. One home in West Babylon and another in Lindenhurst were burning continuously, and both had to be knocked down with payloaders . Wind ( edit ) Space Shuttle Enterprise Heavy winds caused a construction crane atop One57 to collapse, causing the area to be evacuated on October 29. The crane was secured to the building on November 3 and West 57th Street reopened to traffic that evening. Space Shuttle Enterprise , on board the flight deck of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in the Hudson River , was damaged. The shuttle's inflatable structure appears to have first deflated and then been torn by the high winds. Pier damaged by waves Structures ( edit ) The storm damaged, destroyed, or severely flooded around 100,000 homes on Long Island. As of December 10, 2012 , more than 2,000 homes were deemed uninhabitable. Bloomberg stated on November 3 that there were 55,000 buildings in Zone A that were ordered to evacuate and must be inspected. Damaged structures included community centers in South Brooklyn. The offices of the Jewish Community Council of Greater Coney Island , as well as a senior home run by the organization, were affected. The Old Orchard Shoal Light in New York Harbor was destroyed by the hurricane. Political ( edit ) The hurricane damaged many homes beyond habitability. Governor Cuomo worked closely with President Barack Obama and with Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey, which was even more hard-hit, to come to their aid. Cuomo allowed New York voters, via a specific provision aimed at accommodating those displaced, to cast provisional ballots for the 2012 election anywhere in New York state. He also appointed a commission to examine the responses of New York utilities to damage caused by the storm, and to help lower the energy costs of residents affected by the damage. The Cuomo administration used $140 million of the funds originally allocated to this commission in order to pay for the broadcast of national TV ads encouraging businesses to return to New York after the disaster. Many have been critical of the effort, including former New York governor Eliot Spitzer , who called the ads `` fluff'' and `` a waste of taxpayer money'' . Looting ( edit ) Looters and burglars were arrested in Coney Island, the Rockaways, and other parts of New York City and Long Island which had been evacuated or damaged by the storm. Some posed as Con Ed workers to fool their victims; some other, would-be-looters posed as rescue workers. On November 2, it was reported that `` on Long Island, looting has become such a problem on the south shore in the wake of superstorm Sandy that state police are on patrol.'' In addition to the looting of homes and stores, armed robberies, criminal siphoning of gasoline out of vehicle gas tanks, and thefts of generators were reported. Some New Yorkers ignored advice to evacuate in advance of the nor'easter of November 7-- , in favor of protecting their property. Thefts were averted by residents, some armed, who surprised those who had broken into their homes; by the National Guard; and by neighborhood watch groups. On November 1, a St. Albans motorist was arrested on charges of menacing and criminal possession of a weapon after he tried to cut in line at a Mobil station on the corner of Astoria Boulevard and 43rd Street in Queens and pointed a pistol at another motorist who complained. Also, in Brooklyn, people argued at a Getty gas station. It was further reported that gasoline, in heavy demand for both vehicles and home generators, had become scarce and frustration with fuel supplies topped `` the list of issues causing tensions to boil over in New Jersey, New York and Connecticut, the states hardest hit by power outages in the wake of superstorm Sandy.'' As of November 6, police reported 41 arrests in New York City stemming from fights at gas lines. This excluded the arrest of one teenager in East Setauket , who pulled a knife on a BP employee when told they were out of high-octane gas. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cuomo: Sandy will cost state estimated $33 billion'' . Newsday . 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Jump up ^ `` NYC Evacuation Zones: Bloomberg Orders ' Zone A' Residents to Evacuate'' . AllMediaNY . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mann, Ted. `` New York City Subways to Shut Down -- WSJ.com'' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2012-10-28 . Jump up ^ October 29, 2012, 2:55 PM. `` Sandy keeps financial markets closed Tuesday'' . CBS News . Retrieved 2012-10-30 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy to keep stock markets shuttered Tuesday -- Market Day'' . 29 October 2012. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transit Systems, Schools Plan Closings Ahead Of Sandy's Arrival'' . NY1. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google cancels October 29 event due to hurricane -- GSMArena.com news'' . Gsmarena.com . Retrieved October 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Google Blog: Nexus: The best of Google, now in three sizes'' . Googleblog.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012-10-30 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Severe Weather'' . NYC.gov. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Side Parking Rules Suspended Monday'' . Crownheights.info . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomasch, Paul (29 October 2012). `` Two key New York City tunnels closing; bridges open for now: A crane on the 75th floor of building 1 wtc on oct.29 2:30pm.governor'' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Transit, Schools Other Agencies Closed Ahead Of Sandy'' . CBS News New York . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NUCLEAR PLANT SHUTS DOWN UNIT AS STORM HITS COAST'' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2012-10-30 . Jump up ^ Gerhardt, Krekeler, Sullivan (October 30, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 34 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved October 30, 2012 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Battery Tide Gauge High water mark Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy - Public Health Situation Updates - PHE'' . www.phe.gov . Retrieved 2016-10-27 . Jump up ^ Danny Hakim (November 7, 2012). `` Cuomo Fires Emergency Office Chief for Misusing Workers in Hurricane'' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonen, Yoav. `` 40,000 kids at storm-damaged schools won't attend classes Monday'' . New York Post . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jill Colvin, Michael P. Ventura (October 28, 2012). `` Schools Closed for Classes Monday, Many Offer Emergency Shelter'' . DNA Info . Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Gallucci, Jaclyn (October 29, 2012). `` Hurricane Sandy Long Island School Closings (Tuesday)'' . Long Island Press . Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Weather: School Closings'' . NBC New York . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statue Of Liberty, Ellis Island Will Not Reopen To Visitors In 2012'' . CBS News New York . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Long, Colleen (4 July 2013). `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth'' . Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2013-07-04. Jump up ^ Hajela, Deepti (March 24, 2013). `` Ellis Island Museum Unlikely To Reopen In 2013 After Severe Superstorm Sandy Damage'' . Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-04-25. Jump up ^ `` State Parks Closed Across Long Island'' . Northport Patch. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Con Ed Says ' Vast Majority' Will Have Power Restored By Next Weekend, Nov. 10-- 11'' . CBS News New York . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York City closing parks, playgrounds, beaches again for 24 hours starting noon tomorrow as nor'easter approaches'' . breakingnews.com . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virus Breaks Out at NYC School Being Used as Storm Shelter'' . WNBC TV . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy: Storm-hit New York declared major disaster area'' . BBC News Online. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Aftermath: Live Updates'' . New York Times. 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Death toll from Sandy now 96 in U.S'' . CNN. 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Donohue, Pete (October 29, 2012). `` Hurricane Sandy shuts down transportation, nearly every bridge, tunnel and major roadway closed'' . Daily News . New York. Jump up ^ Limited subway service to return to 14 lines tomorrow Jump up ^ `` Limited MTA Subway service to resume'' . WABC TV . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSIT UPDATE: Suffolk County Transit bus lines to resume regular service Thursday'' . facebook . Facebook. October 31, 2012 . Retrieved June 27, 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudson, John (Oct 30, 2012). `` Unwatering SWAT Team'' . Atlantic Wire . ^ Jump up to: `` Limited MTA Subway service to resume'' . WABC TV New York . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NYC'S SUBWAYS ROLLING AGAIN, WITH LIMITED SERVICE'' . AP . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Sandy Recovery Service As of November 1 Archived 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NY GOVERNOR: LIMITED NYC TRANSIT SERVICE RESUMING'' . AP . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York transit, commuter lines turning the corner'' . Politico . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CUOMO: 80 PERCENT OF NYC SUBWAY SERVICE RESTORED'' . AP . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DETAILS: Subway, Bus, Rail Options After Sandy'' . NBC News . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holland Tunnel reopens Wednesday after Sandy'' . WABC TV . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queens-Midtown Tunnel To Reopen Friday, After Being Flooded By Sandy'' . CBS News New York . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Carey-Brooklyn Battery Tunnel To Open For Monday's Rush Hour Buses'' . NY1 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh, Ben (29 October 2012). `` Sandy causes virtual shutdown of more than a dozen airports'' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NYC area airports are still closed'' . The Denver Post . 2012-10-30. Jump up ^ `` Superstorm Sandy: nearly 3,000 flights cancelled today'' . London: The Telegraph. 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE: Village Halloween Parade CANCELLED, Park Slope Parade Also Cancelled'' . Gothamist. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Marathon Won't Be Held Sunday: Officials'' . WNBC TV . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nets-Knicks Barclays Game Rescheduled To Nov. 26'' . CBS News New York . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman, J. David; Moynihan, Colin (30 October 2012). `` Patients Evacuated From City Medical Center After Power Failure'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Superstorm Sandy Tests Hospital Preparedness , ABC News, By KATIE MOISSE and SYDNEY LUPKIN, Oct. 30, 2012. Jump up ^ Jennings, Ashley (October 31, 2012). `` New York City's Bellevue Hospital Forced to Evacuate Patients After Sandy'' . ABC News . Retrieved October 31, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Guard called in to Island Park'' . Long Island Herald. 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded Mother and Baby Airlifted In Rooftop Rescue'' . WPIX 11 News. 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Strauss, Gary; Pesce, Carolyn (31 October 2012). `` Sandy's death toll rises as Northeast begins recover'' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nor'easter Evacuations for Some New York, New Jersey Residents'' . ABC News . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CUOMO: SANDY COST NY, NYC $32B IN DAMAGE AND LOSS'' . AP . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Mass Transit, HOV Restrictions Begin As Sandy Outages Persist'' . NY1. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A STATE-BY-STATE LOOK AT SUPERSTORM'S EFFECTS'' . AP . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LIPA aims to cut number of outages by 150,000 by Sunday'' . Newsday . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Con Ed Continues To Restore Power After Storm, But Much Work Remains'' . NY1 . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` as Lines Pop Up Citywide As Relief Efforts Continue'' . NY1. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In The Papers 11/5/12'' . NY. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Nessen. `` As Cold Snap Hits, Some Sandy Victims Still Lack Heat'' . WNYCdate =23 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crane collapses at One57, as hurricane winds pick up speed'' . therealdeal.com . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Work To Secure Collapsed Midtown Crane To Begin Saturday'' . NY1. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Enterprise Damaged by Hurricane Sandy'' . space.com . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Officials: Sandy destroys more than 2,000 LI homes Newsday December 10, 2012 Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy: The road to recovery'' . NY Amsterdam News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Donation Helps Center Damaged By Sandy Get Back On Its Feet. NY1 . Jan 24, 2013. Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ain, Stewart. Holocaust Survivors Affected By Sandy Get Aid From Germans And Claims Conference. The Jewish Week . Jan 15, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Old Orchard Shoal Light Is No More'' , Mai Armstrong for Working Harbor Committee, blog post November 9, 2012. Archived November 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USCG ' Local Notice to Mariners'' week 44/12, LLNR 35395 states `` Structure Destroyed'' Archived 2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Signs Executive Order to Facilitate Voting for New Yorkers Who Were Affected by Hurricane Sandy'' . Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. 2014-09-28 . Retrieved 2016-10-27 . Jump up ^ THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (November 6, 2012). `` Sandy looting fears plague New York as nor'easter looms'' . Jump up ^ Harshbarger, Rebecca. `` Looters ' swipe' up the mess in chaos zones'' . New York Post . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Llanos (7 November 2012). `` Nor'easter snow falls atop Sandy destruction; new power outages reported'' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` Looting Becomes Problem on Long Island's South Shore'' . 2 November 2012. Jump up ^ News 12 Long Island . 8 November 2012. Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ Tania Lopez (6 November 2012). `` South Shore Residents Complain of Looting'' . Newsday . Jump up ^ `` Looters threaten homes devastated by Sandy'' . News12.com. 2012-11-06. Jump up ^ THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (November 6, 2012). `` Sandy looting fears plague New York as nor'easter looms'' . Newsday . Jump up ^ `` NYC man accused of pulling a gun in gas line: The fight for fuel after Superstorm Sandy is starting to get nasty'' . USA Today . NEW YORK: AP. November 2, 2012. ^ Jump up to: Greg Wilson (November 2, 2012). `` Man pulls gun in gas line, state troopers deployed at stations as tensions boil in Sandy's wake'' . FoxNews.com . Jump up ^ DNA Info Staff (November 1, 2012). `` Man Pulls Gun at Queens Gas Station as Cars Line Up for Scarce Fuel'' . Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Lorena Mongelli (2012-11-06). `` New Week of Gaso-Lean Times'' . New York Post. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York . National Hurricane Center advisories Hurricane Recovery and Volunteer Resources , The New York Times Mapping Hurricane Sandy's Deadly Toll -- Interactive Feature -- NYTimes.com NYC Sandy Evacuation Zones Visual.ly ( hide ) Hurricane Sandy Meteorological history Political impact Effects by region Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington, D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other Bounty John B. Caddell Chris Christie Lorenzo Langford Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together Occupy Sandy 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief Commons Wikinews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York&oldid=809057886 '' Categories : Hurricane Sandy 2012 in New York City 2012 in New York (state) 2012 natural disasters in the United States Disasters in New York City History of the New York City Subway Hurricanes in New York (state) Effects of hurricanes Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 21:53. 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who plays john dutton's wife on yellowstone | 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' August 8 , 2018 0.4 2.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD | [
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"Yellowstone Genre Drama Created by Taylor Sheridan John Linson Written by Taylor Sheridan Directed by Taylor Sheridan Starring Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser Producer ( s ) John Vohlers Cinematography Ben Richardson Editor ( s ) Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films Release Original network Paramount Network Original release June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website",
"Yellowstone",
"Genre Drama",
"Created by Taylor Sheridan John Linson",
"Taylor Sheridan John Linson",
"Written by Taylor Sheridan",
"Directed by Taylor Sheridan",
"Starring Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham",
"Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham",
"Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons",
"No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser",
"John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser",
"David C. Glasser",
"Producer ( s ) John Vohlers",
"Cinematography Ben Richardson",
"Editor ( s ) Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren",
"Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren",
"Gary D. Roach",
"Camera setup Single - camera",
"Running time 42 -- 92 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films",
"Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films",
"Bosque Ranch Productions",
"Release",
"Original network Paramount Network",
"Original release June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) -- present ( present )",
"External links",
"Official website",
"Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20 , 2018 on Paramount Network . It stars Kevin Costner , Wes Bentley , Kelly Reilly , Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham . The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch , an Indian reservation , land developers and Yellowstone National Park . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season .",
"Yellowstone follows `` the Dutton family , led by John Dutton , who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States , under constant attack by those it borders -- land developers , an Indian reservation , and America 's first National Park . It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny -- where land grabs make developers billions , and politicians are bought and sold by the world 's largest oil and lumber corporations . Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news : they are a consequence of living in the new frontier . It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both . ''",
"Kevin Costner as John Dutton , the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States . He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer . Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role . Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton , a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son . Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role . Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton , a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn . She is educated , highly intelligent , and a master manipulator . She is also , however , very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem . Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role . Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton , an attorney , aspiring politician , and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . Although completely loyal to his father and family , he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family . He also has an intense love / hate relationship with his sister Beth . Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler , the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John 's right - hand man and enforcer . Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John . He has an on - again , off - again relationship with Beth . Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton , Kayce 's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation . She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation . Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton , the son of Kayce and Monica and John 's only grandchild . Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom , a ranch hand at Yellowstone . Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins , a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone . Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater , the chief of the nearby Indian reservation .",
"Kevin Costner as John Dutton , the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States . He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer . Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role .",
"Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton , a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son . Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role .",
"Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton , a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn . She is educated , highly intelligent , and a master manipulator . She is also , however , very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem . Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role .",
"Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton , an attorney , aspiring politician , and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . Although completely loyal to his father and family , he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family . He also has an intense love / hate relationship with his sister Beth .",
"Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler , the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John 's right - hand man and enforcer . Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John . He has an on - again , off - again relationship with Beth .",
"Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton , Kayce 's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation . She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation .",
"Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton , the son of Kayce and Monica and John 's only grandchild .",
"Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom , a ranch hand at Yellowstone .",
"Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins , a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone .",
"Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater , the chief of the nearby Indian reservation .",
"Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry , the Governor of Montana . Ian Bohen as Ryan , a cowboy wrangler Denim Richards as Colby , a cowboy wrangler Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd Atticus Todd as Ben Waters Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds Rudy Ramos as Felix Long Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott John Aylward as Father Bob Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton , the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce , Beth , Jamie , and Lee . Ryan Bingham as Walker Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins , the wife of Dan Jenkins . Golden Brooks as Geraldine Rainwater , wife of Thomas Rainwater .",
"Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry , the Governor of Montana .",
"Ian Bohen as Ryan , a cowboy wrangler",
"Denim Richards as Colby , a cowboy wrangler",
"Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd",
"Atticus Todd as Ben Waters",
"Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart",
"Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers",
"Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone",
"Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh",
"Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds",
"Rudy Ramos as Felix Long",
"Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl",
"Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield",
"Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott",
"John Aylward as Father Bob",
"Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long",
"Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene",
"Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz",
"Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton , the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce , Beth , Jamie , and Lee .",
"Ryan Bingham as Walker",
"Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen",
"Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins , the wife of Dan Jenkins .",
"Golden Brooks as Geraldine Rainwater , wife of Thomas Rainwater .",
"Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ( `` Daybreak '' ) Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ( `` Daybreak '' ) , an ally of Chief Rainwater . Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ( `` Daybreak '' ) Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ( `` No Good Horses '' ) Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ( `` Coming Home '' ) Ryan Bingham as Walker ( `` Coming Home '' ) Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' )",
"Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ( `` Daybreak '' )",
"Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ( `` Daybreak '' ) , an ally of Chief Rainwater .",
"Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ( `` Daybreak '' )",
"Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ( `` No Good Horses '' )",
"Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ( `` Coming Home '' )",
"Ryan Bingham as Walker ( `` Coming Home '' )",
"Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' )",
"Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' )",
"Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' )",
"No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 2.83 `` Kill the Messenger '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 2.07 `` No Good Horses '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 2.17 `` The Long Black Train '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.89 5 `` Coming Home '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.95 6 `` The Remembering '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 2.10 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 2.08 8 `` The Unravelling : Pt. 1 '' TBA TBA August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) TBD 9 `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' TBA TBA August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) TBD",
"No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"`` Daybreak '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 2.83",
"`` Kill the Messenger '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 2.07",
"`` No Good Horses '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 2.17",
"`` The Long Black Train '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.89",
"5 `` Coming Home '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.95",
"6 `` The Remembering '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 2.10",
"7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 2.08",
"8 `` The Unravelling : Pt. 1 '' TBA TBA August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) TBD",
"9 `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' TBA TBA August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) TBD",
"In 2013 , Taylor Sheridan began work on the series , having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays . Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming , Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston .",
"On May 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series , Yellowstone . Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The series was set to be written , directed , and executive - produced by Sheridan . Other executive producers were to include John Linson , Art Linson , Harvey Weinstein , and David Glasser . Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company .",
"On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein , his name would be removed from the series ' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well . On January 15 , 2018 , Kevin Kay , president of Paramount Network , clarified during the annual Television Critics Association 's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company 's credits or logo on them , even though that company was involved in production . Furthermore , he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company 's new name in the show 's credits when available . That same day , it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20 , 2018 .",
"On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season .",
"On May 15 , 2017 , it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton . In June 2017 , it was reported that Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley , and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars . On July 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role . In August 2017 , it was reported that Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham , and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz , Gretchen Mol , Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , Ian Bohen , Denim Richards , and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity . In November 2017 , it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles . On December 19 , 2017 , it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity . On June 13 , 2018 , it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role .",
"Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby , Montana , which stands in as the home of John Dutton . Filming also took place that month near Park City , Utah . The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City , which is a total of 45,000 square feet . The building also houses offices , editing , a huge wardrobe department and construction shops . By November 2017 , the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah , including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork . Additionally , filming also took place at various locations in Montana . Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017 .",
"On February 28 , 2018 , a teaser trailer for the series was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released .",
"On June 25 , 2018 , the series held a screening at Seriesfest , an annual international television festival , at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver , Colorado .",
"The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a 50 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 34 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously , diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . ''",
"The two - hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most - watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network ( or its predecessor Spike ) . The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in . The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network 's first scripted drama series , Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network 's new comedy series , American Woman . It was later reported that the premiere 's Live + 3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in . By the series ' third episode , it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad - supported cable to air in 2018 , only behind AMC 's The Walking Dead .",
"No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' June 20 , 2018 0.4 2.83 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31 `` Kill the Messenger '' June 27 , 2018 0.3 2.07 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29 `` No Good Horses '' July 11 , 2018 0.4 2.17 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22 `` The Long Black Train '' July 18 , 2018 0.3 1.89 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64 5 `` Coming Home '' July 25 , 2018 0.3 1.95 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98 6 `` The Remembering '' August 1 , 2018 0.4 2.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' August 8 , 2018 0.4 2.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD",
"No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )",
"`` Daybreak '' June 20 , 2018 0.4 2.83 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31",
"`` Kill the Messenger '' June 27 , 2018 0.3 2.07 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29",
"`` No Good Horses '' July 11 , 2018 0.4 2.17 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22",
"`` The Long Black Train '' July 18 , 2018 0.3 1.89 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64",
"5 `` Coming Home '' July 25 , 2018 0.3 1.95 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98",
"6 `` The Remembering '' August 1 , 2018 0.4 2.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD",
"7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' August 8 , 2018 0.4 2.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD"
] | Yellowstone (US TV series) - wikipedia Yellowstone (US TV series) Yellowstone Genre Drama Created by Taylor Sheridan John Linson Written by Taylor Sheridan Directed by Taylor Sheridan Starring Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham Composer(s) Brian Tyler Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser Producer(s) John Vohlers Cinematography Ben Richardson Editor(s) Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren Camera setup Single-camera Running time 42-- 92 minutes Production company(s) Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films Release Original network Paramount Network Original release June 20, 2018 ( 2018-06-20 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20, 2018 on Paramount Network . It stars Kevin Costner , Wes Bentley , Kelly Reilly , Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham . The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch, an Indian reservation, land developers and Yellowstone National Park . On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season. Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Yellowstone follows `` the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders -- land developers, an Indian reservation, and America's first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny -- where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world's largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both.'' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role. Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role. Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role. Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation. Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild. Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone. Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone. Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation. Recurring ( edit ) Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana. Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd Atticus Todd as Ben Waters Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds Rudy Ramos as Felix Long Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott John Aylward as Father Bob Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce, Beth, Jamie, and Lee. Ryan Bingham as Walker Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins. Golden Brooks as Geraldine Rainwater, wife of Thomas Rainwater. Guest ( edit ) Dave Annable as Lee Dutton (`` Daybreak'' ) Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington (`` Daybreak'' ), an ally of Chief Rainwater. Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long (`` Daybreak'' ) Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau (`` No Good Horses'' ) Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley (`` Coming Home'' ) Ryan Bingham as Walker (`` Coming Home'' ) Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions (`` A Monster Is Among Us'' ) Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding (`` A Monster Is Among Us'' ) Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford (`` A Monster Is Among Us'' ) Episodes ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) `` Daybreak'' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20, 2018 ( 2018-06-20 ) 2.83 `` Kill the Messenger'' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27, 2018 ( 2018-06-27 ) 2.07 `` No Good Horses'' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11, 2018 ( 2018-07-11 ) 2.17 `` The Long Black Train'' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18, 2018 ( 2018-07-18 ) 1.89 5 `` Coming Home'' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25, 2018 ( 2018-07-25 ) 1.95 6 `` The Remembering'' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1, 2018 ( 2018-08-01 ) 2.10 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us'' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8, 2018 ( 2018-08-08 ) 2.08 8 `` The Unravelling: Pt. 1'' TBA TBA August 15, 2018 ( 2018-08-15 ) TBD 9 `` The Unravelling: Pt. 2'' TBA TBA August 22, 2018 ( 2018-08-22 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston . On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone . Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson , Art Linson , Harvey Weinstein , and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company . On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well. On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association 's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company's new name in the show's credits when available. That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018. On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season. Casting ( edit ) On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton. In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley , and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars. On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role. In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham , and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz , Gretchen Mol , Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , Ian Bohen , Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity. In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles. On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity. On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role. Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana , which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah . The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017. Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released. On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released. Premiere ( edit ) On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 34 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, `` Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops.'' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews.'' Ratings ( edit ) The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network's first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman . It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in. By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC 's The Walking Dead . No. Title Air date Rating (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) `` Daybreak '' June 20, 2018 0.4 2.83 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31 `` Kill the Messenger '' June 27, 2018 0.3 2.07 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29 `` No Good Horses '' July 11, 2018 0.4 2.17 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22 `` The Long Black Train '' July 18, 2018 0.3 1.89 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64 5 `` Coming Home '' July 25, 2018 0.3 1.95 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98 6 `` The Remembering '' August 1, 2018 0.4 2.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' August 8, 2018 0.4 2.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (May 3, 2017). `` Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series: Family Saga ' Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Yellowstone: Episode Guide'' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 21, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (June 21, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (June 28, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2018). `` Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2018'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh, Cory (December 10, 2017). `` Costner: ' Yellowstone' TV series will be ' postcard for Montana ' '' . Missoulian . Retrieved February 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (October 12, 2017). `` Harvey Weinstein's name removed from credits as made-in-Utah TV show ' Yellowstone' kicks off cast auditions'' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony (January 15, 2018). `` Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein's Involvement In TWC Series ' Waco' & ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony (January 15, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' : Taylor Sheridan On Working After ' Wind River' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 24, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network'' . Deadline . Retrieved July 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 15, 2017). `` Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series ' Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (June 23, 2017). `` Luke Grimes Starring in ' Yellowstone' With Kevin Costner (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Retrieved March 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). `` Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network's ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 13, 2017). `` Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network's ' Yellowstone' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 3, 2017). `` ' Yellowstone' : Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham Set As Leads, Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 11, 2017). `` ' Yellowstone' : Jefferson White Cast As Regular, Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 14, 2017). `` ' Yellowstone' : Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (August 10, 2017). `` Paramount Network's ' Yellowstone' Casts ' Girlfriends' Alum Golden Brooks (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Retrieved March 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 3, 2017). `` Michaela Conlin Joins ' Yellowstone' ; ' Carnival Row' Casts Ariyon Bakare'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2017). `` ' Yellowstone' : Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 19, 2017). `` ' Yellowstone' Casts Heather Hemmens; Mike Dopud Joins ' The 100 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 13, 2018). `` Barret Swatek Joins ' Yellowstone' ; Tony Curran In ' Ray Donovan ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (August 17, 2017). `` Kevin Costner's new TV series begins production in Utah'' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (November 17, 2017). `` Kevin Costner's new TV series ' Yellowstone' is filming, and spending tons of money, all over Utah'' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 28, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama'' . Deadline . Retrieved February 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (April 26, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network's Neo-Western Drama'' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Wenzel, John (May 15, 2018). `` Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year's SeriesFest'' . The Know . Retrieved May 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 30, 2018). `` SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup, Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama ' New Amsterdam ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone: Season 1 - Metacritic'' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' Premiere Draws All-Time High Viewership For Paramount Network'' . Deadline . Retrieved June 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (June 25, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing'' . Variety . Retrieved June 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 16, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable, Hits New Ratings Highs'' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 5, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' premiere scores in cable Live +7 ratings for June 18-24'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 6, 2018). `` Live+3 Weekly Ratings: ' Code Black' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts; ' Big Brother 20' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18-49 Gains'' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 29, 2018). `` ' Yellowstone' and ' Preacher' score big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 9-15'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). `` ' Teen Mom II' doubles in 18-49, ' Snowfall' gets big viewers boost cable Live +7 ratings for July 16-22'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2018). `` ' American Woman' scores big viewer gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 23-29'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Yellowstone on IMDb Paramount Network original programming Current Lip Sync Battle (since 2018) Bellator MMA (since 2018) Cops (since 2018) Ink Master (since 2018) Bar Rescue (since 2018) Ink Master: Angels (since 2018) American Woman (since 2018) Yellowstone (since 2018) Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story (since 2018) Former Waco (2018) Nobodies (2018) It Was Him: The Many Murders of Ed Edwards (2018) Upcoming First Wives Club (2019) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=854732294 '' Categories : Paramount Network shows English-language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts Television series about families Yellowstone National Park Television shows set in Montana Television shows filmed in Utah Hidden categories: Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 11:56 (UTC) . 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what is a tropical cyclone called in north and south america | References : | [
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"Part of a series on Tropical cyclones Formation and naming ( show ) Development Structure Effects ( show ) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms Climatology and tracking ( show ) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone naming ( show ) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal",
"Part of a series on",
"Tropical cyclones",
"Formation and naming ( show ) Development Structure",
"Effects ( show ) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms",
"Climatology and tracking ( show ) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology",
"Tropical cyclone naming ( show ) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names",
"Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal",
"",
"",
"Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts , watches , and warnings . The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin . Generally once storms produce sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots ( 61 km / h ; 38 mph ) , names are assigned in order from predetermined lists depending on which basin they originate . However , standards vary from basin to basin : some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific , while tropical cyclones must have a significant amount of gale - force winds occurring around the centre before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere .",
"Before the formal start of naming , tropical cyclones were named after places , objects , or saints ' feast days on which they occurred . The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named systems between 1887 and 1907 . This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired , until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific . Formal naming schemes and naming lists have subsequently been introduced and developed for the Eastern , Central , Western and Southern Pacific basins , as well as the Australian region , Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean .",
"Tropical cyclone naming institutions Basin Institution Area of responsibility Northern Hemisphere North Atlantic Eastern Pacific United States National Hurricane Center Equator northward , African Coast -- 140 ° W Central Pacific United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center Equator northward , 140 ° W - 180 ° Western Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency PAGASA ( Unofficial ) Equator -- 60 ° N , 180 -- 100 ° E 5 ° N -- 21 ° N , 115 ° E -- 135 ° E North Indian Ocean India Meteorological Department Equator northward , 100 ° E -- 45 ° E Southern Hemisphere South - West Indian Ocean Mauritius Meteorological Services Météo Madagascar Equator -- 40 ° S , 55 ° E -- 90 ° E Equator -- 40 ° S , African Coast -- 55 ° E Australian region Indonesian Agency for Meteorology , Climatology and Geophysics Papua New Guinea National Weather Service Australian Bureau of Meteorology Equator -- 10 ° S , 90 ° E -- 141 ° E Equator -- 10 ° S , 141 ° E -- 160 ° E 10 ° S -- 36 ° S , 90 ° E -- 160 ° E Southern Pacific Fiji Meteorological Service Meteorological Service of New Zealand Equator -- 25 ° S , 160 ° E -- 120 ° W 25 ° S -- 40 ° S , 160 ° E -- 120 ° W South Atlantic Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center ( Unofficial ) Equator -- 35 ° S , Brazilian Coast -- 20 ° W",
"Tropical cyclone naming institutions",
"Basin Institution Area of responsibility",
"Northern Hemisphere",
"North Atlantic Eastern Pacific United States National Hurricane Center Equator northward , African Coast -- 140 ° W",
"Central Pacific United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center Equator northward , 140 ° W - 180 °",
"Western Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency PAGASA ( Unofficial ) Equator -- 60 ° N , 180 -- 100 ° E 5 ° N -- 21 ° N , 115 ° E -- 135 ° E",
"North Indian Ocean India Meteorological Department Equator northward , 100 ° E -- 45 ° E",
"Southern Hemisphere",
"South - West Indian Ocean Mauritius Meteorological Services Météo Madagascar Equator -- 40 ° S , 55 ° E -- 90 ° E Equator -- 40 ° S , African Coast -- 55 ° E",
"Australian region Indonesian Agency for Meteorology , Climatology and Geophysics Papua New Guinea National Weather Service Australian Bureau of Meteorology Equator -- 10 ° S , 90 ° E -- 141 ° E Equator -- 10 ° S , 141 ° E -- 160 ° E 10 ° S -- 36 ° S , 90 ° E -- 160 ° E",
"Southern Pacific Fiji Meteorological Service Meteorological Service of New Zealand Equator -- 25 ° S , 160 ° E -- 120 ° W 25 ° S -- 40 ° S , 160 ° E -- 120 ° W",
"South Atlantic Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center ( Unofficial ) Equator -- 35 ° S , Brazilian Coast -- 20 ° W",
"Before the formal start of naming , tropical cyclones were often named after places , objects , or saints ' feast days on which they occurred . The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named systems between 1887 and 1907 . This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific . Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic , Eastern , Central , Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean .",
"At present , tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to facilitate the effective communication of forecasts and storm - related hazards to the general public . This is especially important when multiple storms are occurring simultaneously in the same ocean basin . Names are generally assigned in order from predetermined lists , once they produce one , three , or ten - minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . However , standards vary from basin to basin , with some systems named in the Western Pacific when they develop into tropical depressions or enter PAGASA 's area of responsibility . Within the Southern Hemisphere , systems must be characterized by a significant amount of gale - force winds occurring around the center before they are named .",
"Any member of the World Meteorological Organization 's hurricane , typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists . A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the system has acquired a special notoriety , such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage , impact , or for other special reasons . A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon , but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons : these reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name , the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names , and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media . PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones when they have caused at least 7009100000000000000 ♠ ₱ 1 billion in damage or have caused at least 300 deaths .",
"Within the North Atlantic Ocean , tropical or subtropical cyclones are named by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC / RSMC Miami ) when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn ( 39 mph ; 63 km / h ) . There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the first letters A -- W used , skipping Q and U , and alternating between male and female names . The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists , with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization 's Hurricane Committee meeting . If all of the names on a list are used , storms are named after the letters of the Greek alphabet .",
"The current naming scheme began with the 1979 season . It uses alternating women 's and men 's names , and also includes some Spanish and a few French names . Before then , only women 's names were used .",
"List of Atlantic tropical cyclone names 2018 Names Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sara Tony Valerie William 2019 Names Andrea Barry Chantal Dorian Erin Fernand Gabrielle Humberto Imelda Jerry Karen Lorenzo Melissa Nestor Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy 2020 Names Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred 2021 Names Ana Bill Claudette Danny Elsa Fred Grace Henri Ida Julian Kate Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda 2022 Names Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl Lisa Martin Nicole Owen Paula Richard Shary Tobias Virginie Walter 2023 Names Arlene Bret Cindy Don Emily Franklin Gert Harold Idalia Jose Katia Lee Margot Nigel Ophelia Philippe Rina Sean Tammy Vince Whitney References :",
"2018",
"Names Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk",
"Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sara Tony Valerie William",
"2019",
"Names Andrea Barry Chantal Dorian Erin Fernand Gabrielle Humberto Imelda Jerry Karen",
"Lorenzo Melissa Nestor Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy",
"2020",
"Names Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle",
"Laura Marco Nana Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred",
"2021",
"Names Ana Bill Claudette Danny Elsa Fred Grace Henri Ida Julian Kate",
"Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda",
"2022",
"Names Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl",
"Lisa Martin Nicole Owen Paula Richard Shary Tobias Virginie Walter",
"2023",
"Names Arlene Bret Cindy Don Emily Franklin Gert Harold Idalia Jose Katia",
"Lee Margot Nigel Ophelia Philippe Rina Sean Tammy Vince Whitney",
"References :",
"Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean , there are two warning centers that assign names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn ( 39 mph ; 63 km / h ) . Tropical cyclones that intensify into tropical storms between the coast of Americas and 140 ° W are named by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC / RSMC Miami ) , while tropical cyclones intensifying into tropical storms between 140 ° W and 180 ° are named by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC / RSMC Honolulu ) . Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists and a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization Hurricane Committee .",
"The current naming scheme began with the 1978 season , one year before the Atlantic basin ( and which anomalously used the list that will be used next in 2018 , rather than the one for 2020 ) . As with the Atlantic basin , it uses alternating women 's and men 's names , and also includes some Spanish and a few French names . Before then , only women 's names were used . Because Eastern Pacific hurricanes mainly threaten western Mexico and Central America , the lists contain more Spanish names than the Atlantic lists .",
"When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between the coastline of the Americas and 140 ° W , it will be named by the NHC . There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the letters A -- Z used , skipping Q and U , with each name alternating between a male or a female name . The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists , with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization 's Hurricane Committee . If all of the names on a list are used , storms are named using the letters of the Greek alphabet .",
"List of Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone names 2018 Names Aletta Bud Carlotta Daniel Emilia Fabio Gilma Hector Ileana Kristy Lane Miriam Norman Olivia Paul Rosa Sergio Tara Vicente Willa Xavier Yolanda Zeke 2019 Names Alvin Barbara Cosme Dalila Erick Flossie Gil Henriette Ivo Juliette Kiko Lorena Mario Narda Octave Priscilla Raymond Sonia Tico Velma Wallis Xina York Zelda 2020 Names Amanda Boris Cristina Douglas Elida Fausto Genevieve Hernan Iselle Julio Karina Lowell Marie Norbert Odalys Polo Rachel Simon Trudy Vance Winnie Xavier Yolanda Zeke 2021 Names Andres Blanca Carlos Dolores Enrique Felicia Guillermo Hilda Ignacio Jimena Kevin Linda Marty Nora Olaf Pamela Rick Sandra Terry Vivian Waldo Xina York Zelda 2022 Names Agatha Blas Celia Darby Estelle Frank Georgette Howard Ivette Javier Kay Lester Madeline Newton Orlene Paine Roslyn Seymour Tina Virgil Winifred Xavier Yolanda Zeke 2023 Names Adrian Beatriz Calvin Dora Eugene Fernanda Greg Hilary Irwin Jova Kenneth Lidia Max Norma Otis Pilar Ramon Selma Todd Veronica Wiley Xina York Zelda References :",
"2018",
"Names Aletta Bud Carlotta Daniel Emilia Fabio Gilma Hector Ileana Kristy Lane",
"Miriam Norman Olivia Paul Rosa Sergio Tara Vicente Willa Xavier Yolanda Zeke",
"2019",
"Names Alvin Barbara Cosme Dalila Erick Flossie Gil Henriette Ivo Juliette Kiko Lorena",
"Mario Narda Octave Priscilla Raymond Sonia Tico Velma Wallis Xina York Zelda",
"2020",
"Names Amanda Boris Cristina Douglas Elida Fausto Genevieve Hernan Iselle Julio Karina Lowell",
"Marie Norbert Odalys Polo Rachel Simon Trudy Vance Winnie Xavier Yolanda Zeke",
"2021",
"Names Andres Blanca Carlos Dolores Enrique Felicia Guillermo Hilda Ignacio Jimena Kevin Linda",
"Marty Nora Olaf Pamela Rick Sandra Terry Vivian Waldo Xina York Zelda",
"2022",
"Names Agatha Blas Celia Darby Estelle Frank Georgette Howard Ivette Javier Kay Lester",
"Madeline Newton Orlene Paine Roslyn Seymour Tina Virgil Winifred Xavier Yolanda Zeke",
"2023",
"Names Adrian Beatriz Calvin Dora Eugene Fernanda Greg Hilary Irwin Jova Kenneth Lidia",
"Max Norma Otis Pilar Ramon Selma Todd Veronica Wiley Xina York Zelda",
"References :",
"When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between 140 ° W and 180 ° , it is named by the CPHC . Four lists of Hawaiian names are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization 's hurricane committee , rotating without regard to year , with the first name for a new year being the next name in sequence that was not used the previous year . Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists , with a replacement name selected at the next Hurricane Committee meeting .",
"List of Central Pacific tropical cyclone names List Names Akoni Ema Hone Iona Keli Lala Moke Nolo Olana Pena Ulana Wale Aka Ekeka Hene Iolana Keoni Lino Mele Nona Oliwa Pama Upana Wene Alika Ele Huko Iopa Kika Lana Maka Neki Omeka Pewa Unala Wali Ana Ela Halola Iune Kilo Loke Malia Niala Oho Pali Ulika Walaka References :",
"List Names",
"Akoni Ema Hone Iona Keli Lala Moke Nolo Olana Pena Ulana Wale",
"Aka Ekeka Hene Iolana Keoni Lino Mele Nona Oliwa Pama Upana Wene",
"Alika Ele Huko Iopa Kika Lana Maka Neki Omeka Pewa Unala Wali",
"Ana Ela Halola Iune Kilo Loke Malia Niala Oho Pali Ulika Walaka",
"References :",
"Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100 ° E are officially named by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms . However , PAGASA also names tropical cyclones that occur or develop into tropical depressions within their self - defined area of responsibility between 5 ° N -- 25 ° N and 115 ° E-135 ° E . This often results in tropical cyclones in the region having two names .",
"Tropical cyclones within the Western Pacific are assigned international names by the JMA when they become a tropical storm with 10 - minute sustained winds of at least 34 kn ( 39 mph ; 63 km / h ) . The names are used sequentially without regard to year and are taken from five lists of names that were prepared by the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee , after each of the 14 members submitted 10 names in 1998 . The order of the names to be used was determined by placing the English name of the members in alphabetical order . Members of the committee are allowed to request the retirement or replacement of a system 's name if it causes extensive destruction or for other reasons such as number of deaths . Unlike other basins , storms are also named after plants , animals , objects , and mythological beings .",
"List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names List Contributing nation Cambodia China North Korea ( DPRK ) Hong Kong Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Micronesia Philippines South Korea ( ROK ) Thailand United States Vietnam Damrey Haikui Kirogi Kai - tak Tembin Bolaven Sanba Jelawat Ewiniar Maliksi Gaemi Prapiroon Maria Son - Tinh Ampil Wukong Jongdari Shanshan Yagi Leepi Bebinca Rumbia Soulik Cimaron Jebi Mangkhut Barijat Trami Kong - rey Yutu Toraji Man - yi Usagi Pabuk Wutip Sepat Mun Danas Nari Wipha Francisco Lekima Krosa Bailu Podul Lingling Kajiki Faxai Peipah Tapah Mitag Hagibis Neoguri Bualoi Matmo Halong Nakri Fengshen Kalmaegi Fung - wong Kammuri Phanfone Vongfong Nuri Sinlaku Hagupit Jangmi Mekkhala Higos Bavi Maysak Haishen Noul Dolphin Kujira Chan - hom Linfa Nangka Saudel Molave Goni Atsani Etau Vamco Krovanh Dujuan Surigae Choi - wan Koguma Champi In - fa Cempaka Nepartak Lupit Mirinae Nida Omais Conson Chanthu Dianmu Mindulle Lionrock Kompasu Namtheun Malou Nyatoh Rai Malakas Megi Chaba Aere Songda 5 Trases Mulan Meari Ma - on Tokage Hinnamnor Muifa Merbok Nanmadol Talas Noru Kulap Roke Sonca Nesat Haitang Nalgae Banyan Hato Pakhar Sanvu Mawar Guchol Talim Doksuri Khanun Lan Saola References :",
"List Contributing nation",
"Cambodia China North Korea ( DPRK ) Hong Kong Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Micronesia Philippines South Korea ( ROK ) Thailand United States Vietnam",
"Damrey Haikui Kirogi Kai - tak Tembin Bolaven Sanba Jelawat Ewiniar Maliksi Gaemi Prapiroon Maria Son - Tinh",
"Ampil Wukong Jongdari Shanshan Yagi Leepi Bebinca Rumbia Soulik Cimaron Jebi Mangkhut Barijat Trami",
"Kong - rey Yutu Toraji Man - yi Usagi Pabuk Wutip Sepat Mun Danas Nari Wipha Francisco Lekima",
"Krosa Bailu Podul Lingling Kajiki Faxai Peipah Tapah Mitag Hagibis Neoguri Bualoi Matmo Halong",
"Nakri Fengshen Kalmaegi Fung - wong Kammuri Phanfone Vongfong Nuri Sinlaku Hagupit Jangmi Mekkhala Higos Bavi",
"Maysak Haishen Noul Dolphin Kujira Chan - hom Linfa Nangka Saudel Molave Goni Atsani Etau Vamco",
"Krovanh Dujuan Surigae Choi - wan Koguma Champi In - fa Cempaka Nepartak Lupit Mirinae Nida Omais Conson",
"Chanthu Dianmu Mindulle Lionrock Kompasu Namtheun Malou Nyatoh Rai Malakas Megi Chaba Aere Songda",
"5 Trases Mulan Meari Ma - on Tokage Hinnamnor Muifa Merbok Nanmadol Talas Noru Kulap Roke Sonca",
"Nesat Haitang Nalgae Banyan Hato Pakhar Sanvu Mawar Guchol Talim Doksuri Khanun Lan Saola",
"References :",
"Since 1963 , PAGASA has independently operated its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that occur within its own self - defined Philippine Area of Responsibility . The names are taken from four different lists of 25 names and are assigned when a system moves into or develops into a tropical depression within PAGASA 's jurisdiction . The four lists of names are rotated every four years , with the names of significant tropical cyclones retired should they have caused at least 7009100000000000000 ♠ ₱ 1 billion in damage and or at least 300 deaths within the Philippines . Should the list of names for a given year be exhausted , names are taken from an auxiliary list , the first ten of which are published every year .",
"List of Philippine region tropical cyclone names 2018 Main Agaton Basyang Caloy Domeng Ester Florita Gardo Henry Inday Josie Karding Luis Maymay Neneng Ompong Paeng Queenie Rosita Samuel Tomas Usman Venus Waldo Yayang Zeny Auxiliary Agila Bagwis Chito Diego Elena Felino Gunding Harriet Indang Jessa 2019 Main Amang Betty Chedeng Dodong Egay Falcon Goring Hanna Ineng Jenny Kabayan Liwayway Marilyn Nimfa Onyok Perla Quiel Ramon Sarah Tisoy Ursula Viring Weng Yoyoy Zigzag Auxiliary Abe Berto Charo Dado Estoy Felion Gening Herman Irma Jaime 2020 Main Ambo Butchoy Carina Dindo Enteng Ferdie Gener Helen Igme Julian Kristine Leon Marce Nika Ofel Pepito Quinta Rolly Siony Tonyo Ulysses Vicky Warren Yoyong Zosimo Auxiliary Alakdan Baldo Clara Dencio Estong Felipe Gomer Heling Ismael Julio 2021 Main Auring Bising Crising Dante Emong Fabian Gorio Huaning Isang Jolina Kiko Lannie Maring Nando Odette Paolo Quedan Ramil Salome Tino Urduja Vinta Wilma Yasmin Zoraida Auxiliary Alamid Bruno Conching Dolor Ernie Florante Gerardo Hernan Isko Jerome References :",
"2018",
"Main Agaton Basyang Caloy Domeng Ester Florita Gardo Henry Inday Josie Karding Luis Maymay",
"Neneng Ompong Paeng Queenie Rosita Samuel Tomas Usman Venus Waldo Yayang Zeny",
"Auxiliary Agila Bagwis Chito Diego Elena Felino Gunding Harriet Indang Jessa",
"2019",
"Main Amang Betty Chedeng Dodong Egay Falcon Goring Hanna Ineng Jenny Kabayan Liwayway Marilyn",
"Nimfa Onyok Perla Quiel Ramon Sarah Tisoy Ursula Viring Weng Yoyoy Zigzag",
"Auxiliary Abe Berto Charo Dado Estoy Felion Gening Herman Irma Jaime",
"2020",
"Main Ambo Butchoy Carina Dindo Enteng Ferdie Gener Helen Igme Julian Kristine Leon Marce",
"Nika Ofel Pepito Quinta Rolly Siony Tonyo Ulysses Vicky Warren Yoyong Zosimo",
"Auxiliary Alakdan Baldo Clara Dencio Estong Felipe Gomer Heling Ismael Julio",
"2021",
"Main Auring Bising Crising Dante Emong Fabian Gorio Huaning Isang Jolina Kiko Lannie Maring",
"Nando Odette Paolo Quedan Ramil Salome Tino Urduja Vinta Wilma Yasmin Zoraida",
"Auxiliary Alamid Bruno Conching Dolor Ernie Florante Gerardo Hernan Isko Jerome",
"References :",
"Within the North Indian Ocean between 45 ° E -- 100 ° E , tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD / RSMC New Delhi ) when they are judged to have intensified into a cyclonic storm with 3 - minute sustained wind speeds of at least 34 kn ( 39 mph ; 63 km / h ) . There are eight lists of names which are used in sequence and are not rotated every few years ; however , the names of significant tropical cyclones are retired .",
"List of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names List Contributing nation Bangladesh India Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Sri Lanka Thailand Onil Agni Hibaru Pyarr Baaz Fanoos Mala Mukda Ogni Akash Gonu Yemyin Sidr Nargis Rashmi Khai - Muk Nisha Bijli Aila Phyan Ward Laila Bandu Phet Giri Jal Keila Thane Murjan Nilam Viyaru Phailin 5 Helen Lehar Madi Nanauk Hudhud Nilofar Ashobaa Komen 6 Chapala Megh Roanu Kyant Nada Vardah Maarutha Mora 7 Ockhi Sagar Mekunu Daye Luban Titli Gaja Phethai 8 Fani Vayu Hikaa Kyarr Maha Bulbul Pawan Amphan References :",
"List Contributing nation",
"Bangladesh India Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Sri Lanka Thailand",
"Onil Agni Hibaru Pyarr Baaz Fanoos Mala Mukda",
"Ogni Akash Gonu Yemyin Sidr Nargis Rashmi Khai - Muk",
"Nisha Bijli Aila Phyan Ward Laila Bandu Phet",
"Giri Jal Keila Thane Murjan Nilam Viyaru Phailin",
"5 Helen Lehar Madi Nanauk Hudhud Nilofar Ashobaa Komen",
"6 Chapala Megh Roanu Kyant Nada Vardah Maarutha Mora",
"7 Ockhi Sagar Mekunu Daye Luban Titli Gaja Phethai",
"8 Fani Vayu Hikaa Kyarr Maha Bulbul Pawan Amphan",
"References :",
"Within the South - West Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90 ° E , a tropical or subtropical disturbance is named when it is judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn ( 39 mph ; 63 km / h ) . This is defined as being when gales are either observed or estimated to be present near a significant portion of the system 's center . Systems are named in conjunction with Météo - France Reunion by either Météo Madagascar or the Mauritius Meteorological Service . If a disturbance reaches the naming stage between Africa and 55 ° E , then Météo Madagascar names it ; if it reaches the naming stage between 55 ° E and 90 ° E , then the Mauritius Meteorological Service names it . The names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names , which rotate on a triennial basis , with any names that have been used automatically removed . The names that are going to be used during a season are selected in advance by the World Meteorological Organization 's RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee from names submitted by member countries .",
"List of South -- West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names 2017 -- 18 Names Ava Berguitta Cebile Dumazile Eliakim Fakir Guambe Habana Iman Jobo Kanga Ludzi Melina Nathan Onias Pelagie Quamar Rita Solani Tarik Urilia Vuyane Wagner Xusa Yarona Zacarias 2018 -- 19 Names Alcide Bouchra Cilida Desmond Eketsang Funani Gelena Haleh Idai Joaninha Kenneth Lorna Maipelo Njazi Oscar Pamela Quentin Rajab Savana Themba Uyapo Viviane Walter Xangy Yemurai Zanele 2019 -- 20 Names Ambali Belna Calvinia Diane Esami Francisco Gabekile Herold Irondro Jeruto Kundai Lisebo Michel Nousra Olivier Pokera Quincy Rebaone Salama Tristan Ursula Violet Wilson Xila Yekela Zania References :",
"2017 -- 18",
"Names Ava Berguitta Cebile Dumazile Eliakim Fakir Guambe Habana Iman Jobo Kanga Ludzi Melina",
"Nathan Onias Pelagie Quamar Rita Solani Tarik Urilia Vuyane Wagner Xusa Yarona Zacarias",
"2018 -- 19",
"Names Alcide Bouchra Cilida Desmond Eketsang Funani Gelena Haleh Idai Joaninha Kenneth Lorna Maipelo",
"Njazi Oscar Pamela Quentin Rajab Savana Themba Uyapo Viviane Walter Xangy Yemurai Zanele",
"2019 -- 20",
"Names Ambali Belna Calvinia Diane Esami Francisco Gabekile Herold Irondro Jeruto Kundai Lisebo Michel",
"Nousra Olivier Pokera Quincy Rebaone Salama Tristan Ursula Violet Wilson Xila Yekela Zania",
"References :",
"Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90 ° E -- 160 ° E , a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue . The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi , Klimatologi , dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10 ° S and 90 ° E and 141 ° E , while Papua New Guinea 's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10 ° S and 141 ° E and 160 ° E. Outside of these areas , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones . If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community , then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region . A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization 's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting .",
"If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator - 10 ° S and 90 ° E-141 ° E , it will be named by the Badan Meteorologi , Klimatologi , dan Geofisika ( BMKG / TCWC Jakarta ) . Names are assigned in sequence from list A , while list B details names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons .",
"List of Indonesian tropical cyclone names List A Anggrek Bakung Cempaka Dahlia Flamboyan Kenanga Lili Mangga Seroja Teratai List B Anggur Belimbing Duku Jambu Lengkeng Melati Nangka Pisang Rambutan Sawo References :",
"List A",
"Anggrek Bakung Cempaka Dahlia Flamboyan Kenanga Lili Mangga Seroja Teratai",
"List B",
"Anggur Belimbing Duku Jambu Lengkeng Melati Nangka Pisang Rambutan Sawo",
"References :",
"If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator -- 10 ° S and 141 ° E -- 160 ° E , then it will be named by Papua New Guinea National Weather Service ( NWS , TCWC Port Moresby ) . Names are assigned in sequence from list A and are automatically retired after being used regardless of any damage caused . List B contains names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons .",
"List of Papua New Guinea tropical cyclone names List A Alu Buri Dodo Emau Fere Hibu Ila Kama Lobu Maila List B Nou Obaha Paia Ranu Sabi Tau Ume Vali Wau Auram References :",
"List A",
"Alu Buri Dodo Emau Fere Hibu Ila Kama Lobu Maila",
"List B",
"Nou Obaha Paia Ranu Sabi Tau Ume Vali Wau Auram",
"References :",
"When a system develops into a tropical cyclone below 10 ° S between 90 ° E and 160 ° E , then it will be named by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) which operates three Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane . The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year .",
"List of Australian tropical cyclone names List A Names Anika Billy Charlotte Dominic Ellie Freddy Gabrielle Herman Ilsa Jasper Kirrily Lincoln Megan Neville Olga Paul Robyn Sean Tasha Vince Zelia -- -- -- List B Names Anthony Bianca Courtney Dianne Errol Fina Grant Hayley Iggy Jenna Koji Luana Mitchell Narelle Oran Peta Riordan Sandra Tim Victoria Zane -- -- -- List C Names Alessia Bruce Catherine Dylan Edna Fletcher Gillian Hadi Ivana Jack Kate Laszlo Mingzhu Nathan Olwyn Quincey Raquel Stan Tatiana Uriah Yvette -- -- -- List D Names Alfred Blanche Caleb Debbie Ernie Frances Greg Hilda Irving Joyce Kelvin Linda Marcus Nora Owen Penny Riley Savannah Trevor Veronica Wallace -- -- -- List E Names Ann Blake Claudia Damien Esther Ferdinand Gretel Harold Imogen Joshua Kimi Lucas Marian Noah Odette Paddy Ruby Seth Tiffany Vernon -- -- -- -- -- - References :",
"List A",
"Names Anika Billy Charlotte Dominic Ellie Freddy Gabrielle Herman Ilsa Jasper Kirrily",
"Lincoln Megan Neville Olga Paul Robyn Sean Tasha Vince Zelia -- -- --",
"List B",
"Names Anthony Bianca Courtney Dianne Errol Fina Grant Hayley Iggy Jenna Koji",
"Luana Mitchell Narelle Oran Peta Riordan Sandra Tim Victoria Zane -- -- --",
"List C",
"Names Alessia Bruce Catherine Dylan Edna Fletcher Gillian Hadi Ivana Jack Kate",
"Laszlo Mingzhu Nathan Olwyn Quincey Raquel Stan Tatiana Uriah Yvette -- -- --",
"List D",
"Names Alfred Blanche Caleb Debbie Ernie Frances Greg Hilda Irving Joyce Kelvin",
"Linda Marcus Nora Owen Penny Riley Savannah Trevor Veronica Wallace -- -- --",
"List E",
"Names Ann Blake Claudia Damien Esther Ferdinand Gretel Harold Imogen Joshua Kimi",
"Lucas Marian Noah Odette Paddy Ruby Seth Tiffany Vernon -- -- -- -- -- -",
"References :",
"Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160 ° E -- 120 ° W , a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue . The Fiji Meteorological Service ( FMS ) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25 ° S , while the New Zealand MetService names systems ( in conjunction with the FMS ) that develop to the south of 25 ° S. If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community , then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region . A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization 's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting . The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A -- D in order , without regard to year before restarting with List A. List E contains names that will replace names on A-D when needed .",
"List of South Pacific tropical cyclone names List A Names Ana Bina Cody Dovi Eva Fili Gina Hagar Irene Judy Kevin Lola Mal Nat Osai Pita Rae Sheila Tam Urmil Vaianu Wati Xavier Yani Zita List B Names Arthur Becky Chip Denia Elisa Fotu Glen Hettie Innis Julie Ken Lin Maciu Nisha Orea Pearl Rene Sarah Troy Uinita Vanessa Wano -- -- -- Yvonne Zaka List C Names Alvin Bune Cyril Daphne Eden Florin Garry Haley Isa June Kofi Louise Mike Niko Opeti Perry Reuben Solo Tuni Usa Victor Wanita -- -- -- Yates Zidane List D Names Amos Bart Cook Donna Ella Fehi Gita Hola Iris Josie Keni Liua Mona Neil Oma Pola Rita Sarai Tino Uili Vicky Wiki -- -- -- Yolanda Zazu List E ( Standby ) Names Aru Ben Cama Dean Emosi Fanny Garth Hart Ili -- -- -- -- -- -- Lute Mata Neta Olivia Pana Rex Seru Tasi Uesi Velma Wasa -- -- -- Yasa Zanna References :",
"List A",
"Names Ana Bina Cody Dovi Eva Fili Gina Hagar Irene Judy Kevin Lola Mal",
"Nat Osai Pita Rae Sheila Tam Urmil Vaianu Wati Xavier Yani Zita",
"List B",
"Names Arthur Becky Chip Denia Elisa Fotu Glen Hettie Innis Julie Ken Lin Maciu",
"Nisha Orea Pearl Rene Sarah Troy Uinita Vanessa Wano -- -- -- Yvonne Zaka",
"List C",
"Names Alvin Bune Cyril Daphne Eden Florin Garry Haley Isa June Kofi Louise Mike",
"Niko Opeti Perry Reuben Solo Tuni Usa Victor Wanita -- -- -- Yates Zidane",
"List D",
"Names Amos Bart Cook Donna Ella Fehi Gita Hola Iris Josie Keni Liua Mona",
"Neil Oma Pola Rita Sarai Tino Uili Vicky Wiki -- -- -- Yolanda Zazu",
"List E ( Standby )",
"Names Aru Ben Cama Dean Emosi Fanny Garth Hart Ili -- -- -- -- -- -- Lute Mata",
"Neta Olivia Pana Rex Seru Tasi Uesi Velma Wasa -- -- -- Yasa Zanna",
"References :",
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] | Tropical cyclone naming - wikipedia Tropical cyclone naming Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the current and future tropical cyclone lists. For the history of naming, see History of tropical cyclone naming . For previously named storms, see Historic tropical cyclone names . Part of a series on Tropical cyclones Formation and naming (show) Development Structure Effects (show) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms Climatology and tracking (show) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone naming (show) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin . Generally once storms produce sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph), names are assigned in order from predetermined lists depending on which basin they originate. However, standards vary from basin to basin: some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must have a significant amount of gale -force winds occurring around the centre before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere . Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes and naming lists have subsequently been introduced and developed for the Eastern, Central , Western and Southern Pacific basins, as well as the Australian region , Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 North Atlantic Ocean 3 Eastern Pacific Ocean 3.1 North Pacific east of 140° W 3.2 Central North Pacific Ocean (140° W to 180° ) 4 Western Pacific Ocean (180° -- 100° E) 4.1 International names 4.2 Philippines 5 North Indian Ocean (45° E -- 100° E) 6 South-West Indian Ocean (Africa -- 90° E) 7 Australian Region (90° E -- 160° E) 7.1 Indonesia 7.2 Papua New Guinea 7.3 Australia 8 Southern Pacific Ocean (160° E -- 120° W) 9 South Atlantic 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main articles: History of tropical cyclone naming and List of historic tropical cyclone names Tropical cyclone naming institutions Basin Institution Area of responsibility Northern Hemisphere North Atlantic Eastern Pacific United States National Hurricane Center Equator northward, African Coast -- 140° W Central Pacific United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center Equator northward, 140° W - 180° Western Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency PAGASA (Unofficial) Equator -- 60° N, 180 -- 100° E 5° N -- 21° N, 115° E -- 135° E North Indian Ocean India Meteorological Department Equator northward, 100° E -- 45° E Southern Hemisphere South-West Indian Ocean Mauritius Meteorological Services Météo Madagascar Equator -- 40° S, 55° E -- 90° E Equator -- 40° S, African Coast -- 55° E Australian region Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Papua New Guinea National Weather Service Australian Bureau of Meteorology Equator -- 10° S, 90° E -- 141° E Equator -- 10° S, 141° E -- 160° E 10° S -- 36° S, 90° E -- 160° E Southern Pacific Fiji Meteorological Service Meteorological Service of New Zealand Equator -- 25° S, 160° E -- 120° W 25° S -- 40° S, 160° E -- 120° W South Atlantic Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center (Unofficial) Equator -- 35° S, Brazilian Coast -- 20° W Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were often named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge , who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean. At present, tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to facilitate the effective communication of forecasts and storm-related hazards to the general public. This is especially important when multiple storms are occurring simultaneously in the same ocean basin. Names are generally assigned in order from predetermined lists, once they produce one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph). However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some systems named in the Western Pacific when they develop into tropical depressions or enter PAGASA's area of responsibility. Within the Southern Hemisphere , systems must be characterized by a significant amount of gale -force winds occurring around the center before they are named. Any member of the World Meteorological Organization 's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists. A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the system has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage, impact, or for other special reasons. A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon, but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons: these reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names, and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media. PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones when they have caused at least 7009100000000000000♠ ₱ 1 billion in damage or have caused at least 300 deaths. North Atlantic Ocean ( edit ) Main article: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Hurricane Lee nearing peak strength in September 2017 Within the North Atlantic Ocean, tropical or subtropical cyclones are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami) when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h). There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the first letters A-- W used, skipping Q and U, and alternating between male and female names. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee meeting. If all of the names on a list are used, storms are named after the letters of the Greek alphabet . The current naming scheme began with the 1979 season . It uses alternating women's and men's names, and also includes some Spanish and a few French names. Before then, only women's names were used. List of Atlantic tropical cyclone names 2018 Names Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sara Tony Valerie William 2019 Names Andrea Barry Chantal Dorian Erin Fernand Gabrielle Humberto Imelda Jerry Karen Lorenzo Melissa Nestor Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy 2020 Names Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred 2021 Names Ana Bill Claudette Danny Elsa Fred Grace Henri Ida Julian Kate Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda 2022 Names Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl Lisa Martin Nicole Owen Paula Richard Shary Tobias Virginie Walter 2023 Names Arlene Bret Cindy Don Emily Franklin Gert Harold Idalia Jose Katia Lee Margot Nigel Ophelia Philippe Rina Sean Tammy Vince Whitney References: Eastern Pacific Ocean ( edit ) Main article: List of retired Pacific hurricane names Hurricane Kenneth near peak intensity in August 2017 Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, there are two warning centers that assign names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h). Tropical cyclones that intensify into tropical storms between the coast of Americas and 140° W are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), while tropical cyclones intensifying into tropical storms between 140° W and 180° are named by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu). Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists and a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization Hurricane Committee. The current naming scheme began with the 1978 season , one year before the Atlantic basin (and which anomalously used the list that will be used next in 2018, rather than the one for 2020). As with the Atlantic basin, it uses alternating women's and men's names, and also includes some Spanish and a few French names. Before then, only women's names were used. Because Eastern Pacific hurricanes mainly threaten western Mexico and Central America, the lists contain more Spanish names than the Atlantic lists. North Pacific East of 140° W ( edit ) When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between the coastline of the Americas and 140° W, it will be named by the NHC. There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the letters A-- Z used, skipping Q and U, with each name alternating between a male or a female name. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee. If all of the names on a list are used, storms are named using the letters of the Greek alphabet. List of Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone names 2018 Names Aletta Bud Carlotta Daniel Emilia Fabio Gilma Hector Ileana Kristy Lane Miriam Norman Olivia Paul Rosa Sergio Tara Vicente Willa Xavier Yolanda Zeke 2019 Names Alvin Barbara Cosme Dalila Erick Flossie Gil Henriette Ivo Juliette Kiko Lorena Mario Narda Octave Priscilla Raymond Sonia Tico Velma Wallis Xina York Zelda 2020 Names Amanda Boris Cristina Douglas Elida Fausto Genevieve Hernan Iselle Julio Karina Lowell Marie Norbert Odalys Polo Rachel Simon Trudy Vance Winnie Xavier Yolanda Zeke 2021 Names Andres Blanca Carlos Dolores Enrique Felicia Guillermo Hilda Ignacio Jimena Kevin Linda Marty Nora Olaf Pamela Rick Sandra Terry Vivian Waldo Xina York Zelda 2022 Names Agatha Blas Celia Darby Estelle Frank Georgette Howard Ivette Javier Kay Lester Madeline Newton Orlene Paine Roslyn Seymour Tina Virgil Winifred Xavier Yolanda Zeke 2023 Names Adrian Beatriz Calvin Dora Eugene Fernanda Greg Hilary Irwin Jova Kenneth Lidia Max Norma Otis Pilar Ramon Selma Todd Veronica Wiley Xina York Zelda References: Central North Pacific Ocean (140° W to 180° ) ( edit ) Hurricane Pali in January 2016, the earliest named system in the basin When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between 140° W and 180° , it is named by the CPHC. Four lists of Hawaiian names are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane committee, rotating without regard to year, with the first name for a new year being the next name in sequence that was not used the previous year. Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next Hurricane Committee meeting. List of Central Pacific tropical cyclone names List Names Akoni Ema Hone Iona Keli Lala Moke Nolo Olana Pena Ulana Wale Aka Ekeka Hene Iolana Keoni Lino Mele Nona Oliwa Pama Upana Wene Alika Ele Huko Iopa Kika Lana Maka Neki Omeka Pewa Unala Wali Ana Ela Halola Iune Kilo Loke Malia Niala Oho Pali Ulika Walaka References: Western Pacific Ocean (180° -- 100° E) ( edit ) Typhoon Talim off Taiwan at peak intensity in September 2017 Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100° E are officially named by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms. However, PAGASA also names tropical cyclones that occur or develop into tropical depressions within their self-defined area of responsibility between 5° N-- 25° N and 115° E-135° E. This often results in tropical cyclones in the region having two names. International names ( edit ) Main article: List of retired Pacific typhoon names Tropical cyclones within the Western Pacific are assigned international names by the JMA when they become a tropical storm with 10-minute sustained winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h). The names are used sequentially without regard to year and are taken from five lists of names that were prepared by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, after each of the 14 members submitted 10 names in 1998. The order of the names to be used was determined by placing the English name of the members in alphabetical order. Members of the committee are allowed to request the retirement or replacement of a system's name if it causes extensive destruction or for other reasons such as number of deaths. Unlike other basins, storms are also named after plants, animals, objects, and mythological beings. List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names List Contributing nation Cambodia China North Korea (DPRK) Hong Kong Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Micronesia Philippines South Korea (ROK) Thailand United States Vietnam Damrey Haikui Kirogi Kai-tak Tembin Bolaven Sanba Jelawat Ewiniar Maliksi Gaemi Prapiroon Maria Son-Tinh Ampil Wukong Jongdari Shanshan Yagi Leepi Bebinca Rumbia Soulik Cimaron Jebi Mangkhut Barijat Trami Kong-rey Yutu Toraji Man-yi Usagi Pabuk Wutip Sepat Mun Danas Nari Wipha Francisco Lekima Krosa Bailu Podul Lingling Kajiki Faxai Peipah Tapah Mitag Hagibis Neoguri Bualoi Matmo Halong Nakri Fengshen Kalmaegi Fung-wong Kammuri Phanfone Vongfong Nuri Sinlaku Hagupit Jangmi Mekkhala Higos Bavi Maysak Haishen Noul Dolphin Kujira Chan-hom Linfa Nangka Saudel Molave Goni Atsani Etau Vamco Krovanh Dujuan Surigae Choi-wan Koguma Champi In-fa Cempaka Nepartak Lupit Mirinae Nida Omais Conson Chanthu Dianmu Mindulle Lionrock Kompasu Namtheun Malou Nyatoh Rai Malakas Megi Chaba Aere Songda 5 Trases Mulan Meari Ma-on Tokage Hinnamnor Muifa Merbok Nanmadol Talas Noru Kulap Roke Sonca Nesat Haitang Nalgae Banyan Hato Pakhar Sanvu Mawar Guchol Talim Doksuri Khanun Lan Saola References: Philippines ( edit ) Main article: List of retired Philippine typhoon names Typhoon Paolo (Lan) at peak strength in October 2017 Since 1963, PAGASA has independently operated its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that occur within its own self-defined Philippine Area of Responsibility . The names are taken from four different lists of 25 names and are assigned when a system moves into or develops into a tropical depression within PAGASA's jurisdiction. The four lists of names are rotated every four years, with the names of significant tropical cyclones retired should they have caused at least 7009100000000000000♠ ₱ 1 billion in damage and or at least 300 deaths within the Philippines. Should the list of names for a given year be exhausted, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first ten of which are published every year. List of Philippine region tropical cyclone names 2018 Main Agaton Basyang Caloy Domeng Ester Florita Gardo Henry Inday Josie Karding Luis Maymay Neneng Ompong Paeng Queenie Rosita Samuel Tomas Usman Venus Waldo Yayang Zeny Auxiliary Agila Bagwis Chito Diego Elena Felino Gunding Harriet Indang Jessa 2019 Main Amang Betty Chedeng Dodong Egay Falcon Goring Hanna Ineng Jenny Kabayan Liwayway Marilyn Nimfa Onyok Perla Quiel Ramon Sarah Tisoy Ursula Viring Weng Yoyoy Zigzag Auxiliary Abe Berto Charo Dado Estoy Felion Gening Herman Irma Jaime 2020 Main Ambo Butchoy Carina Dindo Enteng Ferdie Gener Helen Igme Julian Kristine Leon Marce Nika Ofel Pepito Quinta Rolly Siony Tonyo Ulysses Vicky Warren Yoyong Zosimo Auxiliary Alakdan Baldo Clara Dencio Estong Felipe Gomer Heling Ismael Julio 2021 Main Auring Bising Crising Dante Emong Fabian Gorio Huaning Isang Jolina Kiko Lannie Maring Nando Odette Paolo Quedan Ramil Salome Tino Urduja Vinta Wilma Yasmin Zoraida Auxiliary Alamid Bruno Conching Dolor Ernie Florante Gerardo Hernan Isko Jerome References: North Indian Ocean (45° E -- 100° E) ( edit ) Cyclone Ockhi near its peak intensity in November 2017 Within the North Indian Ocean between 45° E -- 100° E, tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) when they are judged to have intensified into a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h). There are eight lists of names which are used in sequence and are not rotated every few years; however, the names of significant tropical cyclones are retired. List of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names List Contributing nation Bangladesh India Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Sri Lanka Thailand Onil Agni Hibaru Pyarr Baaz Fanoos Mala Mukda Ogni Akash Gonu Yemyin Sidr Nargis Rashmi Khai-Muk Nisha Bijli Aila Phyan Ward Laila Bandu Phet Giri Jal Keila Thane Murjan Nilam Viyaru Phailin 5 Helen Lehar Madi Nanauk Hudhud Nilofar Ashobaa Komen 6 Chapala Megh Roanu Kyant Nada Vardah Maarutha Mora 7 Ockhi Sagar Mekunu Daye Luban Titli Gaja Phethai 8 Fani Vayu Hikaa Kyarr Maha Bulbul Pawan Amphan References: South-West Indian Ocean (Africa -- 90° E) ( edit ) Cyclone Enawo nearing landfall in Madagascar in March 2017 Within the South-West Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90° E, a tropical or subtropical disturbance is named when it is judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h). This is defined as being when gales are either observed or estimated to be present near a significant portion of the system's center. Systems are named in conjunction with Météo -France Reunion by either Météo Madagascar or the Mauritius Meteorological Service. If a disturbance reaches the naming stage between Africa and 55° E, then Météo Madagascar names it; if it reaches the naming stage between 55° E and 90° E, then the Mauritius Meteorological Service names it. The names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. The names that are going to be used during a season are selected in advance by the World Meteorological Organization's RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee from names submitted by member countries. List of South-- West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names 2017-- 18 Names Ava Berguitta Cebile Dumazile Eliakim Fakir Guambe Habana Iman Jobo Kanga Ludzi Melina Nathan Onias Pelagie Quamar Rita Solani Tarik Urilia Vuyane Wagner Xusa Yarona Zacarias 2018-- 19 Names Alcide Bouchra Cilida Desmond Eketsang Funani Gelena Haleh Idai Joaninha Kenneth Lorna Maipelo Njazi Oscar Pamela Quentin Rajab Savana Themba Uyapo Viviane Walter Xangy Yemurai Zanele 2019-- 20 Names Ambali Belna Calvinia Diane Esami Francisco Gabekile Herold Irondro Jeruto Kundai Lisebo Michel Nousra Olivier Pokera Quincy Rebaone Salama Tristan Ursula Violet Wilson Xila Yekela Zania References: Australian Region (90° E -- 160° E) ( edit ) Main article: List of retired Australian cyclone names Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90° E -- 160° E, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue. The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10° S and 90° E and 141° E, while Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10° S and 141° E and 160° E. Outside of these areas, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones. If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region. A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting. Indonesia ( edit ) If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator-10° S and 90° E-141° E, it will be named by the Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Names are assigned in sequence from list A, while list B details names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons. List of Indonesian tropical cyclone names List A Anggrek Bakung Cempaka Dahlia Flamboyan Kenanga Lili Mangga Seroja Teratai List B Anggur Belimbing Duku Jambu Lengkeng Melati Nangka Pisang Rambutan Sawo References: Papua New Guinea ( edit ) If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator -- 10° S and 141° E -- 160° E, then it will be named by Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Names are assigned in sequence from list A and are automatically retired after being used regardless of any damage caused. List B contains names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons. List of Papua New Guinea tropical cyclone names List A Alu Buri Dodo Emau Fere Hibu Ila Kama Lobu Maila List B Nou Obaha Paia Ranu Sabi Tau Ume Vali Wau Auram References: Australia ( edit ) Cyclone Debbie making landfall over Queensland in March 2017 When a system develops into a tropical cyclone below 10° S between 90° E and 160° E, then it will be named by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) which operates three Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane . The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year. List of Australian tropical cyclone names List A Names Anika Billy Charlotte Dominic Ellie Freddy Gabrielle Herman Ilsa Jasper Kirrily Lincoln Megan Neville Olga Paul Robyn Sean Tasha Vince Zelia ------ List B Names Anthony Bianca Courtney Dianne Errol Fina Grant Hayley Iggy Jenna Koji Luana Mitchell Narelle Oran Peta Riordan Sandra Tim Victoria Zane ------ List C Names Alessia Bruce Catherine Dylan Edna Fletcher Gillian Hadi Ivana Jack Kate Laszlo Mingzhu Nathan Olwyn Quincey Raquel Stan Tatiana Uriah Yvette ------ List D Names Alfred Blanche Caleb Debbie Ernie Frances Greg Hilda Irving Joyce Kelvin Linda Marcus Nora Owen Penny Riley Savannah Trevor Veronica Wallace ------ List E Names Ann Blake Claudia Damien Esther Ferdinand Gretel Harold Imogen Joshua Kimi Lucas Marian Noah Odette Paddy Ruby Seth Tiffany Vernon ------ ----- References: Southern Pacific Ocean (160° E -- 120° W) ( edit ) Cyclone Donna in May 2017, the strongest off-season cyclone in the South Pacific Main article: List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160° E -- 120° W, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue. The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25° S, while the New Zealand MetService names systems (in conjunction with the FMS) that develop to the south of 25° S. If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region. A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization 's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting. The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A -- D in order, without regard to year before restarting with List A. List E contains names that will replace names on A-D when needed. List of South Pacific tropical cyclone names List A Names Ana Bina Cody Dovi Eva Fili Gina Hagar Irene Judy Kevin Lola Mal Nat Osai Pita Rae Sheila Tam Urmil Vaianu Wati Xavier Yani Zita List B Names Arthur Becky Chip Denia Elisa Fotu Glen Hettie Innis Julie Ken Lin Maciu Nisha Orea Pearl Rene Sarah Troy Uinita Vanessa Wano ------ Yvonne Zaka List C Names Alvin Bune Cyril Daphne Eden Florin Garry Haley Isa June Kofi Louise Mike Niko Opeti Perry Reuben Solo Tuni Usa Victor Wanita ------ Yates Zidane List D Names Amos Bart Cook Donna Ella Fehi Gita Hola Iris Josie Keni Liua Mona Neil Oma Pola Rita Sarai Tino Uili Vicky Wiki ------ Yolanda Zazu List E (Standby) Names Aru Ben Cama Dean Emosi Fanny Garth Hart Ili ------ ------ Lute Mata Neta Olivia Pana Rex Seru Tasi Uesi Velma Wasa ------ Yasa Zanna References: South Atlantic ( edit ) When a significant tropical or subtropical cyclone exists in the South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center 's Serviço Meteorológico Marinho names the system using a predetermined list of names. List of South Atlantic tropical cyclone names Names Arani Bapo Cari Deni Eçaí Guará Iba Jaguar Kamby Mani References: See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Tropical cyclone scales Atlantic hurricane season South Atlantic tropical cyclone Pacific hurricane season Pacific typhoon season South Pacific tropical cyclone season North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season Australian region tropical cyclone season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name Kai-tak was retired after Tropical Storm Kai-tak , but no name has been confirmed to replace it. Jump up ^ The name Tembin was retired after Typhoon Tembin , but no name has been confirmed to replace it. Jump up ^ The name Hato was retired after Typhoon Hato , but no name has been confirmed to replace it. Jump up ^ The name Urduja was retired after Tropical Storm Urduja , but no name has been confirmed to replace it. Jump up ^ The name Vinta was retired after Typhoon Vinta , but no name has been confirmed to replace it. Jump up ^ The name Olwyn is scheduled to be replaced. Jump up ^ The name Debbie is scheduled to be replaced. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: RA IV Hurricane Committee (June 6, 2016). Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan 2016 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-30). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 30-- 31, 101-- 105 . Retrieved March 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: WMO/ESCP Typhoon Committee (March 13, 2015). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual Meteorological Component 2015 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-23). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 1-- 7, 33-- 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2015 . Retrieved March 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Why and how storms get their names'' . GMA News. September 27, 2011 . Retrieved December 1, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: RSMC -- Tropical Cyclones New Delhi (2010). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2009 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. pp. 2-- 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2010 . Retrieved May 24, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee (September 16, 2016). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean: 2016 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-12). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 13-- 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016 . Retrieved September 18, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (November 18, 2016). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2016 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. I-- 4 -- II-- 9 (9-- 21). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 20, 2016 . Retrieved November 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima '' (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2015 . Retrieved February 6, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Dorst, Neal M (October 23, 2012). `` They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones'' (PPTX) . Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Slides 8-- 72. ^ Jump up to: Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 1, 2014). `` Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?'' . Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. ^ Jump up to: `` Tropical Cyclone Names'' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015 . Retrieved March 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAGASA replaces names of 2014 destructive typhoons'' (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. February 5, 2015. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015 . Retrieved March 30, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Replacement Names of HAIMA, SARIKA, NOCK-TEN and MERANTI in the Tropical Cyclone Name List'' (PDF) . Retrieved February 21, 2018 . Jump up ^ RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center (March 24, 2018). `` List of names for tropical cyclones adopted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea (valid as of 2018): Names of tropical cyclones'' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Philippine Tropical cyclone names'' . Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016 . Retrieved January 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAGASA replaces Tropical Cyclone `` Lando'' to `` Liwayway '' '' (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015 . Retrieved November 4, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Urduja removed from PAGASA name list as damage exceeds P1 billion'' . GMA News. December 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to: Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea: 2015 (PDF) (2015 ed.). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 11-- 12 . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naming of Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean'' (PDF) . India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to: La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 31, 2015). `` How are the names chosen?'' . Météo -France. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015 . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Naming'' . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved June 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclone Names'' . Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015 . Retrieved April 11, 2015 . External links ( edit ) AskBOM: How do tropical cyclones get their names? 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what is the orange and white marshmallow in lucky charms | Older marshmallows were phased out periodically . The first shapes to disappear were the yellow moons and blue diamonds , replaced by yellow / orange pots of gold and blue moons respectively in 1994 . In 2006 , the assortment included purple horseshoes ; red balloons ; blue crescent - moons ; orange and white shooting stars ; yellow and orange pots of gold ; pink , yellow , and blue rainbows ; two - tone green leprechaun hats ; pink hearts ( the one shape to survive since the beginning ) ; with the most recent addition being the return of the clovers in 2004 . The hourglass shape was retired in spring 2018 and was replaced by a unicorn , which was chosen on social media by way of emojis . The size and brightness of the marshmallows changed in 2004 . | [
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"Lucky Charms Product type Cereal with marshmallows Owner General Mills Country United States Introduced March 20 , 1964 ; 54 years ago ( 1964 - 03 - 20 ) Markets United States , United Kingdom , Canada Tagline `` They 're magically delicious . '' Website luckycharms.com",
"Product type Cereal with marshmallows",
"Owner General Mills",
"Country United States",
"Introduced March 20 , 1964 ; 54 years ago ( 1964 - 03 - 20 )",
"Markets United States , United Kingdom , Canada",
"Tagline `` They 're magically delicious . ''",
"Website luckycharms.com",
"Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964 . The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes ( `` marbits '' or marshmallow bits ) . The label features a leprechaun mascot , Lucky , animated in commercials .",
"Lucky Charms was created in 1964 by product developer John Holahan . General Mills management challenged a team of product developers to use the available manufacturing capacity from either of General Mills ' two principal cereal products -- Wheaties or Cheerios -- and do something unique . Holahan came up with the idea after a visit to the grocery store in which he decided to mix Cheerios with bits of Brach 's Circus Peanuts .",
"An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets . Thus , the charms of Lucky Charms were born . Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe . The mascot of Lucky Charms , created in 1963 , is Lucky the Leprechaun , also known as Sir Charms , and originally called L.C. Leprechaun . The cartoon character 's voice was supplied by the late voice actor Arthur Anderson until 1992 . In 1975 , Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England , while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States . The oat cereal was not originally sugar coated . After initial sales failed to meet expectations , the oats were sugar coated , and the cereal 's success grew . Piggy banks and plastic watches were introduced as cereal box send - away prizes as a marketing tactic to increase sales . The recipe for the cereal remained unchanged until the introduction of a new flavor : Chocolate Lucky Charms , in 2005 . Later in 2012 , General Mills introduced `` Lucky Charms Marshmallow Treats . ''",
"Following the product launch , the General Mills marketing department found that sales performed dramatically better if the composition of the marbits changed periodically . Various features of the marbits were modified to maximize their appeal to young consumers . Over the years , over 40 limited edition features such as Winter Lucky Charms , Olympic - themed Lucky Charms , and Lucky Charms featuring marshmallow landmarks from around the world , were created to drive consumer demands . In focus groups and market research , more brightly colored charms resulted in better sales than did dull or pastel colors . Currently , General Mills conducts `` concept - ideation '' studies on Lucky Charms .",
"The first boxes of Lucky Charms cereal contained marshmallows in the shapes of pink hearts , yellow moons , orange stars , and green clovers . The lineup has changed occasionally , beginning with the introduction of blue diamonds in 1975 , followed by purple horseshoes in 1983 , red balloons in 1989 , green trees 1991 , rainbows in 1992 , blue moons 1995 , leprechaun hats in 1997 ( temporarily replaced the green clovers ) , orange shooting stars and around the world charms in 1998 ( added blue , green , yellow , purple , and red in 2011 ) , a crystal ball in 2001 , and an hourglass in 2008 . In 2013 , 6 new rainbow swirl moons and 2 new rainbow charms were introduced . From the original four marshmallows , the permanent roster as of 2013 includes eight marshmallows .",
"Older marshmallows were phased out periodically . The first shapes to disappear were the yellow moons and blue diamonds , replaced by yellow / orange pots of gold and blue moons respectively in 1994 . In 2006 , the assortment included purple horseshoes ; red balloons ; blue crescent - moons ; orange and white shooting stars ; yellow and orange pots of gold ; pink , yellow , and blue rainbows ; two - tone green leprechaun hats ; pink hearts ( the one shape to survive since the beginning ) ; with the most recent addition being the return of the clovers in 2004 . The hourglass shape was retired in spring 2018 and was replaced by a unicorn , which was chosen on social media by way of emojis . The size and brightness of the marshmallows changed in 2004 .",
"Recent changes to the marshmallows include the star shape taking on a `` shooting star '' design , the orange five - pointed star being complemented by a white `` trail . '' In late 2005 , another marshmallow shape was added , the `` Hidden Key '' . It is a solid yellow marshmallow that resembles an arched door ( similar to the shape of a tombstone ; flat at the bottom , flat sides with a round top ) . When liquid is added to the cereal , the sugar in the marshmallow dissolves and the shape of a skeleton key appears `` as if by magic . '' The tagline was , `` Unlock the door with milk ! '' This `` new '' marshmallow type has been used in other hot and cold cereals , but with mixed success ( from characters `` hidden '' inside a bigger marshmallow to letters appearing ) . In early June 2006 , General Mills introduced Magic Mirror marshmallows . In 2008 , yellow and orange hourglass marshmallows were introduced with the marketing tagline of , `` The Hourglass Charm has the power to Stop Time * Speed Up Time * Reverse Time '' . As of 2011 , swirled marshmallows and rainbow - colored stars have been introduced . In 2018 , for the first time in ten years Lucky Charms retired a marshmallow , which was the hourglass , and added a new permanent marshmallow , the Magical Unicorn . It 's powers are unknown .",
"The marshmallows are meant to represent Lucky 's magical charms , each with their own special meaning or `` power . '' The following are explanations of the permanent marshmallows :",
"Hearts - power to bring things to life Shooting Stars - power to fly Horseshoes - power to speed things up Clovers - luck , but you will never know what kind of luck you will get Blue Moons - power of invisibility Rainbows - instantaneous travel from place to place Balloons - power to make things float Hourglass - power to control time",
"Hearts - power to bring things to life",
"Shooting Stars - power to fly",
"Horseshoes - power to speed things up",
"Clovers - luck , but you will never know what kind of luck you will get",
"Blue Moons - power of invisibility",
"Rainbows - instantaneous travel from place to place",
"Balloons - power to make things float",
"Hourglass - power to control time",
"There have been more than 30 featured limited edition marshmallow shapes over the years , with the introduction of themed Lucky Charms , such as Winter Lucky Charms . Some of these include :",
"In 1986 , a whale - shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup . In 1990 , a green pine tree - shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup . During that time , the cereal promoted Earth Day with a free Colorado Blue Spruce seedling with proofs - of - purchase . In 1991 , the star and balloon shape marshmallows were combined for a short time . The red balloon featured a gold six - pointed star . The star was removed at a later date to make the Red Balloon and Star marshmallows separate . In 1994 , sprinkles were temporarily added to the marshmallows . In 1999 , the moon shape marshmallows were modified with the addition of the yellow curve line for a limited time . In 2000 , a `` New Sparkling Rainbow '' was added to the mix for a limited time . It was described by General Mills as `` a sprinkling of multicolored sugar on a white rainbow marbit . '' This marshmallow replaced the original rainbow at this time . In 2010 , the swirled marshmallows were in Lucky Charms for a limited time . In June 2013 , two new rainbow marshmallows were added for LGBT Pride Month . In 2015 , new diamond shaped marshmallows were added in . Introduced in 2017 , limited edition cinnamon vanilla Lucky Charms include only snowman , snowball , and snowflake shaped marshmallows .",
"In 1986 , a whale - shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup .",
"In 1990 , a green pine tree - shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup . During that time , the cereal promoted Earth Day with a free Colorado Blue Spruce seedling with proofs - of - purchase .",
"In 1991 , the star and balloon shape marshmallows were combined for a short time . The red balloon featured a gold six - pointed star . The star was removed at a later date to make the Red Balloon and Star marshmallows separate .",
"In 1994 , sprinkles were temporarily added to the marshmallows .",
"In 1999 , the moon shape marshmallows were modified with the addition of the yellow curve line for a limited time .",
"In 2000 , a `` New Sparkling Rainbow '' was added to the mix for a limited time . It was described by General Mills as `` a sprinkling of multicolored sugar on a white rainbow marbit . '' This marshmallow replaced the original rainbow at this time .",
"In 2010 , the swirled marshmallows were in Lucky Charms for a limited time .",
"In June 2013 , two new rainbow marshmallows were added for LGBT Pride Month .",
"In 2015 , new diamond shaped marshmallows were added in .",
"Introduced in 2017 , limited edition cinnamon vanilla Lucky Charms include only snowman , snowball , and snowflake shaped marshmallows .",
"In May 2017 , General Mills announced they would be promoting 10,000 boxes of cereal that contain only marshmallow pieces . In order to win one of the coveted boxes , consumers would need to purchase a specially - marked box of regular Lucky Charms with a code on the inside panel . The code would be entered into an official website to see if the consumer is the winner of one of the 10,000 novelty boxes produced . The sweepstakes ran through December 2017 .",
"In the earliest commercials , Lucky Charms cereal had no theme jingle ; action was accompanied by a light instrumental `` Irish '' tune . Soon , however , a simple two - line tag was added :",
"Frosted Lucky Charms , They 're magically delicious !",
"Frosted Lucky Charms ,",
"They 're magically delicious !",
"This simple closer , with the kids usually singing the first line and Lucky singing the second , survived into the 1980s .",
"Then , with the addition of the purple horseshoe marbit , it was extended into a jingle describing the contents of the box . This was later revised with the addition of red balloons to the now - familiar `` Hearts , stars and horse - shoes , clovers and blue - moons . Pots of gold and rainbows , and tasty red balloons ! '' In 2008 , the pot of gold was replaced with the hourglass in the theme song .",
"The jingle is usually accompanied by mentioning that Lucky Charms contains whole grain ingredients , and is part of a balanced meal . General Mills ' market position is centered on cereals that contain `` more whole grain than any other single ingredient , which is significant , because 95 percent of Americans are n't eating minimally 48 grams of whole grain per day as recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines . ''",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"They 're Magically Delicious ! Frosted Lucky Charms , They 're Magically Delicious ! They 're Always After Me Lucky Charms ! You 'll Never Get Me Lucky Charms ! Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , and Green Clovers ! Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , Green Clovers , and Blue Diamonds ! Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , Green Clovers , Blue Diamonds , and Purple Horseshoes ! Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , Green Clovers , Blue Diamonds , Purple Horseshoes , and Red Balloons ! Hearts , Stars , and Horseshoes , Clovers and Blue Moons , Pots of Gold and Rainbows , and Red Balloons ! Hearts , Stars , and Horseshoes , Clovers and Blue Moons , Hourglasses , Rainbows , and Tasty Red Balloons ! Hearts , Stars , and Horseshoes , Clovers , Red Balloons , Hourglasses , Rainbows , and Six New Swirled Moons ! Hearts , Stars and Horseshoes , Clovers , Blue Moons , Hourglasses , Rainbows , and Tasty Red Balloons in Lucky Charms ! Heart , Star , Horseshoe , Clover , Blue Moon , Hourglass , Rainbow , and also Red Balloon !",
"They 're Magically Delicious !",
"Frosted Lucky Charms , They 're Magically Delicious !",
"They 're Always After Me Lucky Charms !",
"You 'll Never Get Me Lucky Charms !",
"Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , and Green Clovers !",
"Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , Green Clovers , and Blue Diamonds !",
"Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , Green Clovers , Blue Diamonds , and Purple Horseshoes !",
"Pink Hearts , Yellow Moons , Orange Stars , Green Clovers , Blue Diamonds , Purple Horseshoes , and Red Balloons !",
"Hearts , Stars , and Horseshoes , Clovers and Blue Moons , Pots of Gold and Rainbows , and Red Balloons !",
"Hearts , Stars , and Horseshoes , Clovers and Blue Moons , Hourglasses , Rainbows , and Tasty Red Balloons !",
"Hearts , Stars , and Horseshoes , Clovers , Red Balloons , Hourglasses , Rainbows , and Six New Swirled Moons !",
"Hearts , Stars and Horseshoes , Clovers , Blue Moons , Hourglasses , Rainbows , and Tasty Red Balloons in Lucky Charms !",
"Heart , Star , Horseshoe , Clover , Blue Moon , Hourglass , Rainbow , and also Red Balloon !",
"Lucky Charms contains :",
"Oats ( Whole grain ) , Oats ( flour ) , marshmallows ( sugar , modified starch / modified corn starch , corn syrup , dextrose , gelatin , calcium carbonate , yellow 5 & yellow 6 , blue 1 , red 40 ) , artificial flavor , sugar , corn syrup , corn starch , salt , calcium carbonate , food coloring / artificial color , trisodium phosphate , zinc , iron , vitamin C ( sodium ascorbic ) , niacinamide ( a B vitamin ) , vitamin B2 ( riboflavin ) , vitamin B1 ( thiamin mononitrate ) , vitamin A ( palmitate ) , folic acid , vitamin B12 , vitamin D , vitamin E ( mixed tocopherols )",
"According to the manufacturer , Lucky Charms is 37 % sugar by weight . This places it at the high - sugar end of what Choice magazine calls `` high sugar breakfast cereals '' .",
"Chocolate Lucky Charms :",
"Ingredients - Whole Grain Corn , Sugar , Marshmallows ( sugar , modified corn starch , corn syrup , dextrose , gelatin , calcium carbonate , yellow 5&6 , blue 1 , red 40 , artificial flavor ) , corn meal , canola and / or rice bran oil , cocoa processed with alkali , color added , salt , fructose , natural and artificial flavor , trisodium phosphate , BHT .",
"Vitamins and Minerals - calcium , carbonate , tricalcium phosphate , zinc and iron ( mineral nutrients ) , vitamin C ( sodium ascorbate ) , B vitamin ( niacinamide ) , vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine hydrochloride ) , vitamin B2 ( riboflavin ) , vitamin B1 ( thiamin mononitrate ) , vitamin A ( palmitate ) , B vitamin ( folic acid ) , vitamin B12 , vitamin D .",
"Lucky Charms Treats :",
"( Contains MILK AND SOY ingredients )",
"Ingredients - cereal ( whole grain oats , sugar , oat flour , corn syrup , corn starch , salt , trisodium phosphate , color added , natural and artificial flavor , mixed tocopherols ) , corn syrup , confectionery coating ( sugar , palm kernel oil , maltodextrin , yogurt powder ( cultured non-fat milk , whey protein concentrate , yogurt cultures ) , non-fat milk , soy lecithin , natural flavor ) , marshmallows ( sugar , modified corn starch , corn syrup , dextrose , gelatin , calcium carbonate , colored with yellow 5&6 , blue 1 , red 40 , artificial flavor ) , crisp rice ( rice flour , barley malt extract , salt ) , canola oil , fructose , high fructose corn syrup , sugar . Contains 2 % or less of : Glycerin , Maltodextrin , Sorbitol , Water , Gelatin , Salt , Artificial Flavor .",
"Vitamins and Minerals - calcium carbonate , zinc and iron ( mineral nutrients ) , vitamin C ( sodium ascorbate ) , B vitamin ( niacinamide ) , vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine hydrochloride ) , vitamin B2 ( riboflavin ) , vitamin B1 ( thiamin mononitrate ) , vitamin A ( palmitate ) , B vitamin ( folic acid ) , vitamin B12 , vitamin D3 ."
] | Lucky Charms - wikipedia Lucky Charms Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Lucky Charms (disambiguation) . Lucky Charms Product type Cereal with marshmallows Owner General Mills Country United States Introduced March 20, 1964 ; 54 years ago ( 1964-03-20 ) Markets United States, United Kingdom, Canada Tagline `` They're magically delicious.'' Website luckycharms.com Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (`` marbits'' or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Marshmallows 2.1 Limited Edition Marshmallows 2.2 Marshmallow-only promotion 3 Theme song 4 Taglines 5 Ingredients 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Lucky Charms was created in 1964 by product developer John Holahan. General Mills management challenged a team of product developers to use the available manufacturing capacity from either of General Mills' two principal cereal products-- Wheaties or Cheerios -- and do something unique. Holahan came up with the idea after a visit to the grocery store in which he decided to mix Cheerios with bits of Brach's Circus Peanuts . An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets . Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms, created in 1963, is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. The cartoon character 's voice was supplied by the late voice actor Arthur Anderson until 1992. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. The oat cereal was not originally sugar coated. After initial sales failed to meet expectations, the oats were sugar coated, and the cereal's success grew. Piggy banks and plastic watches were introduced as cereal box send-away prizes as a marketing tactic to increase sales. The recipe for the cereal remained unchanged until the introduction of a new flavor: Chocolate Lucky Charms, in 2005. Later in 2012, General Mills introduced `` Lucky Charms Marshmallow Treats.'' Following the product launch, the General Mills marketing department found that sales performed dramatically better if the composition of the marbits changed periodically. Various features of the marbits were modified to maximize their appeal to young consumers. Over the years, over 40 limited edition features such as Winter Lucky Charms, Olympic-themed Lucky Charms, and Lucky Charms featuring marshmallow landmarks from around the world, were created to drive consumer demands. In focus groups and market research, more brightly colored charms resulted in better sales than did dull or pastel colors. Currently, General Mills conducts `` concept-ideation'' studies on Lucky Charms. Marshmallows ( edit ) Lucky Charms The first boxes of Lucky Charms cereal contained marshmallows in the shapes of pink hearts, yellow moons, orange stars, and green clovers. The lineup has changed occasionally, beginning with the introduction of blue diamonds in 1975, followed by purple horseshoes in 1983, red balloons in 1989, green trees 1991, rainbows in 1992, blue moons 1995, leprechaun hats in 1997 (temporarily replaced the green clovers), orange shooting stars and around the world charms in 1998 (added blue, green, yellow, purple, and red in 2011), a crystal ball in 2001, and an hourglass in 2008. In 2013, 6 new rainbow swirl moons and 2 new rainbow charms were introduced. From the original four marshmallows, the permanent roster as of 2013 includes eight marshmallows. Older marshmallows were phased out periodically. The first shapes to disappear were the yellow moons and blue diamonds, replaced by yellow/orange pots of gold and blue moons respectively in 1994. In 2006, the assortment included purple horseshoes; red balloons; blue crescent-moons; orange and white shooting stars; yellow and orange pots of gold; pink, yellow, and blue rainbows; two-tone green leprechaun hats; pink hearts (the one shape to survive since the beginning); with the most recent addition being the return of the clovers in 2004. The hourglass shape was retired in spring 2018 and was replaced by a unicorn, which was chosen on social media by way of emojis . The size and brightness of the marshmallows changed in 2004. Recent changes to the marshmallows include the star shape taking on a `` shooting star'' design, the orange five-pointed star being complemented by a white `` trail.'' In late 2005, another marshmallow shape was added, the `` Hidden Key'' . It is a solid yellow marshmallow that resembles an arched door (similar to the shape of a tombstone; flat at the bottom, flat sides with a round top). When liquid is added to the cereal, the sugar in the marshmallow dissolves and the shape of a skeleton key appears `` as if by magic.'' The tagline was, `` Unlock the door with milk!'' This `` new'' marshmallow type has been used in other hot and cold cereals, but with mixed success (from characters `` hidden'' inside a bigger marshmallow to letters appearing). In early June 2006, General Mills introduced Magic Mirror marshmallows. In 2008, yellow and orange hourglass marshmallows were introduced with the marketing tagline of, `` The Hourglass Charm has the power to Stop Time * Speed Up Time * Reverse Time'' . As of 2011, swirled marshmallows and rainbow-colored stars have been introduced. In 2018, for the first time in ten years Lucky Charms retired a marshmallow, which was the hourglass, and added a new permanent marshmallow, the Magical Unicorn. It's powers are unknown. The marshmallows are meant to represent Lucky's magical charms, each with their own special meaning or `` power.'' The following are explanations of the permanent marshmallows: Hearts - power to bring things to life Shooting Stars - power to fly Horseshoes - power to speed things up Clovers - luck, but you will never know what kind of luck you will get Blue Moons - power of invisibility Rainbows - instantaneous travel from place to place Balloons - power to make things float Hourglass - power to control time Limited edition marshmallows ( edit ) There have been more than 30 featured limited edition marshmallow shapes over the years, with the introduction of themed Lucky Charms, such as Winter Lucky Charms. Some of these include: In 1986, a whale-shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup. In 1990, a green pine tree-shaped marshmallow was temporarily added to the lineup. During that time, the cereal promoted Earth Day with a free Colorado Blue Spruce seedling with proofs-of-purchase. In 1991, the star and balloon shape marshmallows were combined for a short time. The red balloon featured a gold six-pointed star. The star was removed at a later date to make the Red Balloon and Star marshmallows separate. In 1994, sprinkles were temporarily added to the marshmallows. In 1999, the moon shape marshmallows were modified with the addition of the yellow curve line for a limited time. In 2000, a `` New Sparkling Rainbow'' was added to the mix for a limited time. It was described by General Mills as `` a sprinkling of multicolored sugar on a white rainbow marbit.'' This marshmallow replaced the original rainbow at this time. In 2010, the swirled marshmallows were in Lucky Charms for a limited time. In June 2013, two new rainbow marshmallows were added for LGBT Pride Month. In 2015, new diamond shaped marshmallows were added in. Introduced in 2017, limited edition cinnamon vanilla Lucky Charms include only snowman, snowball, and snowflake shaped marshmallows. Marshmallow-only promotion ( edit ) In May 2017, General Mills announced they would be promoting 10,000 boxes of cereal that contain only marshmallow pieces. In order to win one of the coveted boxes, consumers would need to purchase a specially-marked box of regular Lucky Charms with a code on the inside panel. The code would be entered into an official website to see if the consumer is the winner of one of the 10,000 novelty boxes produced. The sweepstakes ran through December 2017. Theme song ( edit ) In the earliest commercials, Lucky Charms cereal had no theme jingle; action was accompanied by a light instrumental `` Irish'' tune. Soon, however, a simple two-line tag was added: Frosted Lucky Charms, They're magically delicious! This simple closer, with the kids usually singing the first line and Lucky singing the second, survived into the 1980s. Then, with the addition of the purple horseshoe marbit, it was extended into a jingle describing the contents of the box. This was later revised with the addition of red balloons to the now-familiar `` Hearts, stars and horse-shoes, clovers and blue-moons. Pots of gold and rainbows, and tasty red balloons!'' In 2008, the pot of gold was replaced with the hourglass in the theme song. The jingle is usually accompanied by mentioning that Lucky Charms contains whole grain ingredients, and is part of a balanced meal. General Mills' market position is centered on cereals that contain `` more whole grain than any other single ingredient, which is significant, because 95 percent of Americans aren't eating minimally 48 grams of whole grain per day as recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines.'' Taglines ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) They're Magically Delicious! Frosted Lucky Charms, They're Magically Delicious! They're Always After Me Lucky Charms! You'll Never Get Me Lucky Charms! Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, and Green Clovers! Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, Green Clovers, and Blue Diamonds! Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, Green Clovers, Blue Diamonds, and Purple Horseshoes! Pink Hearts, Yellow Moons, Orange Stars, Green Clovers, Blue Diamonds, Purple Horseshoes, and Red Balloons! Hearts, Stars, and Horseshoes, Clovers and Blue Moons, Pots of Gold and Rainbows, and Red Balloons! Hearts, Stars, and Horseshoes, Clovers and Blue Moons, Hourglasses, Rainbows, and Tasty Red Balloons! Hearts, Stars, and Horseshoes, Clovers, Red Balloons, Hourglasses, Rainbows, and Six New Swirled Moons! Hearts, Stars and Horseshoes, Clovers, Blue Moons, Hourglasses, Rainbows, and Tasty Red Balloons in Lucky Charms! Heart, Star, Horseshoe, Clover, Blue Moon, Hourglass, Rainbow, and also Red Balloon! Ingredients ( edit ) Lucky Charms contains: Oats (Whole grain), Oats (flour), marshmallows (sugar, modified starch /modified corn starch, corn syrup , dextrose , gelatin , calcium carbonate , yellow 5 & yellow 6 , blue 1 , red 40 ), artificial flavor , sugar, corn syrup, corn starch, salt, calcium carbonate , food coloring /artificial color, trisodium phosphate , zinc, iron, vitamin C (sodium ascorbic), niacinamide (a B vitamin), vitamin B2 ( riboflavin ), vitamin B1 (thiamin mononitrate), vitamin A (palmitate), folic acid , vitamin B12 , vitamin D, vitamin E (mixed tocopherols ) According to the manufacturer, Lucky Charms is 37% sugar by weight. This places it at the high-sugar end of what Choice magazine calls `` high sugar breakfast cereals'' . Chocolate Lucky Charms: Ingredients - Whole Grain Corn, Sugar, Marshmallows (sugar, modified corn starch, corn syrup, dextrose, gelatin, calcium carbonate, yellow 5&6 , blue 1, red 40, artificial flavor), corn meal, canola and/or rice bran oil, cocoa processed with alkali, color added, salt, fructose, natural and artificial flavor, trisodium phosphate, BHT. Vitamins and Minerals - calcium, carbonate, tricalcium phosphate, zinc and iron (mineral nutrients), vitamin C (sodium ascorbate), B vitamin (niacinamide), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B1 (thiamin mononitrate), vitamin A (palmitate), B vitamin (folic acid), vitamin B12, vitamin D. Lucky Charms Treats: (Contains MILK AND SOY ingredients) Ingredients - cereal (whole grain oats, sugar, oat flour , corn syrup , corn starch , salt, trisodium phosphate , color added, natural and artificial flavor , mixed tocopherols ), corn syrup, confectionery coating (sugar, palm kernel oil , maltodextrin , yogurt powder (cultured non-fat milk, whey protein concentrate , yogurt cultures), non-fat milk, soy lecithin, natural flavor), marshmallows (sugar, modified corn starch, corn syrup, dextrose, gelatin, calcium carbonate, colored with yellow 5&6 , blue 1, red 40, artificial flavor), crisp rice (rice flour, barley malt extract, salt), canola oil, fructose, high fructose corn syrup , sugar. Contains 2% or less of: Glycerin, Maltodextrin, Sorbitol, Water, Gelatin, Salt, Artificial Flavor. Vitamins and Minerals - calcium carbonate, zinc and iron (mineral nutrients), vitamin C (sodium ascorbate), B vitamin (niacinamide), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B1 (thiamin mononitrate), vitamin A (palmitate), B vitamin (folic acid), vitamin B12, vitamin D3. See also ( edit ) Marshmallow Mateys References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960s'' (PDF) . General Mills History Timeline . General Mills. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2007 . Retrieved 2009-05-20 . Jump up ^ Hartel, Richard; Hartel, AnnaKate (October 4, 2004). `` The Miracle of Orange Circus Peanuts'' . The Capital Times . Madison, Wisconsin . Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. ^ Jump up to: Karen Wright (August 1999). `` A Charm's Life - Lucky Charm's cereal (sic)'' . Discover Magazine . Archived from the original on 2008-09-15. Jump up ^ Hoffman, David (2005). The Breakfast Cereal Gourmet . Andrew McMeel Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 9780740750298 . Retrieved 2014-05-05 . Jump up ^ `` Waldo the Wizard'' the Forgotten Lucky Charms Mascot`` . http://www.neatorama.com/2015/03/18/Waldo-the-Wizard-The-Forgotten-Lucky-Charms-Mascot/ accessed September 1, 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.blog.generalmills.com/2014/03/lucky-charms/ Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms reveals new unicorn marshmallow'' . KABC-TV . February 19, 2018 . Retrieved February 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms Unleashes The Power Of The Unicorn As The Next New Permanent Marshmallow In Its Magical Cereal Line-Up'' (Press release). PR Newswire . February 19, 2018 . Retrieved February 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` General Mills Cereals'' . Topher's Breakfast Cereal Character Guide. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Lucky Announces the Power to Control Time with New Marshmallow Charm in Lucky Charms® Cereal!'' (Press release). General Mills . June 9, 2008. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. ^ Jump up to: `` 5 Things about Lucky Charm Cereal'' . Archived from the original on 2013-05-31 . Retrieved 2013-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms and Christmas'' . Retrieved 2014-06-18 . Jump up ^ Elliott, Stuart (2000-06-02). `` Marketers bet on the concept of good luck as a selling tool'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms, General Mills Cereal, Celebrates LGBT Pride With #LuckyToBe Campaign'' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2013-06-28 . Retrieved 2013-12-30 . Jump up ^ Natt Garun (26 April 2017). `` Lucky Charms Gives Away 10,000 Marshmallow-Only Boxes'' . The VERGE . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Painter, Kristen (2017-05-15). `` General Mills to make 10,000 boxes of marshmallow-only Lucky Charms'' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2017-05-16 . Jump up ^ Ben Popken (16 May 2017). `` Amazon's Echo Look Privacy Could Be a Big Issue Someday'' . NBC News . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Acres ad slogans'' . Archived from the original on February 4, 2013 . Retrieved June 21, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms has adult allure'' . Retrieved 2013-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms Cereal (10/02/09)'' . Retrieved 2013-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Ingredients'' . Jump up ^ `` Lucky Charms® Cereal - Grow Up Strong'' . General Mills . Retrieved 2013-12-30 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews of breakfast cereals'' . CHOICE. 2008-08-07. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06 . Retrieved 2013-12-30 . ^ Jump up to: `` Lucky Charms Product List'' . Retrieved 2013-02-12 . Further reading ( edit ) An Actor's Odyssey: Orson Welles to Lucky the Leprechaun, by Arthur Anderson. Albany, 2010. BearManor Media. ISBN 1-59393-522-6 External links ( edit ) General Mills corporate Lucky Charms site : includes package information and Nutrition Facts . General Mills Historical figures Cadwallader C. Washburn John Crosby Charles Alfred Pillsbury James Ford Bell William de la Barre Adelaide Hawley Cumming Cereals Boo-Berry Cheerios Chex Cinnamon Toast Crunch Cocoa Puffs Cookie Crisp Count Chocula Franken-Berry French Toast Crunch Golden Grahams Honey Nut Cheerios Honey Nut Clusters Kaboom Kix Lucky Charms Nesquik Oatmeal Crisp Reese's Puffs Total Trix Wheaties Brands Betty Crocker Green Giant Hamburger Helper Old El Paso Progresso Totino's Wanchai Ferry Pillsbury Jus-Rol Pillsbury Toaster Strudel Snacks Bugles Chex Mix Fruit by the Foot Fruit Gushers Fruit Roll-Ups Gardetto's Nature Valley Shark Bites Dairy Go-Gurt Häagen -Dazs Liberté Yoplait Baking Betty Crocker Bisquick Gold Medal Flour Natural and organic Annie's Homegrown Cascadian Farms Food Should Taste Good Lärabar Former Colombo Yogurt Pet, Inc. Squeezit Other Betty Crocker Kitchens Cereal Partners Worldwide The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater Mill City Museum Pillsbury Bake-Off Pillsbury Doughboy Key innovations DSV Alvin Hazard analysis and critical control points Project Strato-Lab Skyhook balloon Space food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucky_Charms&oldid=833948891 '' Categories : General Mills cereals General Mills characters Products introduced in 1964 Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 04:26. About Wikipedia | 8726492134999102489 |
contribution of inca civilization to the rest of the world | The Inca relied on and worshiped water heavily . A temple was built , the Incamisana , to worship water and the deities granting them water . The temple , as well as many other buildings constructed by the Inca , incorporated aesthetics , underground water conduits , and hydraulic systems . The Inca understood water was needed for agricultural production ( used in terraces ) and for domestic purposes . The civil engineers of the time for the Inca were tasked with laying out diversion and canal routes to a designated spot , finding what water source would give the desired flow rate , and what elevation the water source would need to be tapped from for gravity to work effectively . Sanitation was also well known by the Inca . The Inca had their own wastewater treatment systems and it is documented that they would collect the human waste to perform land application to help ensure successful harvest seasons . | [
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"Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State",
"Inca Empire",
"Inca society",
"Education Religion Mythology",
"Architecture Engineering Roads",
"Army Agriculture Cuisine",
"Inca history",
"Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire",
"( Civil War Spanish conquest )",
"Neo-Inca State",
"",
"",
"The Inca society was the society of the Inca civilization in South America . The Inca Empire , which was centred in what is now called Peru , Bolivia , Ecuador and southern Colombia and lasted from 1438 to 1533 AD , represented the height of this civilization . The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438 . Over the course of the Inca Empire , the rulers used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America , centred on the Andean mountain ranges . The empire proved relatively short - lived however : by 1533 , Atahualpa , the last Sapa Inca ( emperor ) of the Inca Empire , was killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro , marking the beginning of Spanish rule . The last Inca stronghold , the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 .",
"Population estimates for the Tawantinsuyu society range from as few as 4 million people to more than 37 million . Most estimates are between 6 and 14 million people . The reason for these various estimates is that , despite that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus , knowledge of how to read them has been lost . Almost all of them were destroyed by the Spanish in the course of their conquest and rule .",
"Women and men had paralleled roles , but were separate in Inca society . They were equally valued for the part they played in their society despite their differing roles . Marriage was no different .",
"Incan women were typically married at the age of sixteen , while men married at the age of twenty . Age , however , was not as important as keeping track of the stage of life that a person was at , such as whether or not they were able to work or be married . Ranks played a role in a person 's marriage status as well . Men of lower rank could only have one wife ; people of ranks higher than the kuraka were allowed more . If a man had more than one wife , one served as the principal wife while the other ( s ) were considered secondary . Having more wives showed that the man had more labour showing that the household was wealthy . The death of the principal wife was sometimes met with suspicion that the husband played a role in her death . The man had to find a new principal wife before he was able to recover from the previous wife 's death . To prevent such suspicion and to increase the likelihood of a successful marriage , there were situations in which the couple could test how well the marriage would work out .",
"Trial marriages were typical of Inca culture . In this type of marriage , the man and woman would agree to try out being married to one another for a few years . At the end of this time , the woman could go home to her parents if she wished , and her husband could also send her home if he did not think it would work out . However , once the marriage was made final , they could only divorce if the woman was childless . To make the marriage final , the provincial governor had to approve the union .",
"In the Inca society , a wedding was a simple event . Instead , it was looked at more as a business - like agreement . Therefore , marriage was an economic agreement between two families . Parents on either side had to come to an agreement before the marriage took place and the couple could not be directly related to one another . Women would almost always marry men in the same social class as themselves . However , while it was very rare for them to marry a man with a higher social ranking , it was still possible for some young women . The only way for a young woman to alter her social ranking would be if a man of higher ranking took notice of her .",
"Once a woman was married , she was expected to collect food and cook , watch over the animals and the children , and to supply cloth to the government . Women of higher ranking also weaved , like those of lower ranks , but their work was used in special clothing for the higher ranks . A man 's role sometimes resembled those of a woman , but acted in conjunction with one another . A woman 's household obligations would not change after she became pregnant . When she did find out she was pregnant she prayed and made offerings to an Inca god , Kanopa. Using marriage as an alliance strategy was also common among the Inca . Even before the Spaniards ' arrival , the Inca used marriage as a way to claim themselves to power . After the Spaniards arrival the Inca allowed marriages between the Inca and Spaniards in order to gain power during a time of civil war .",
"The Inca were a conquering society , and their expansionist assimilation of other cultures is evident in their artistic style . The artistic style of the Inca utilized the vocabulary of many regions and cultures , but incorporated these themes into a standardized imperial style that could easily be replicated and spread throughout the empire . The simple abstract geometric forms and highly stylised animal representation in ceramics , wood carvings , textiles and metalwork were all part of the Inca culture . The motifs were not as revivalist as previous empires . No motifs of other societies were directly used with the exception of Huari and Tiwanaku arts .",
"For fishing , trade , construction , transport and military purposes , the Inca built seagoing vessels called balsas by weaving together totora reeds . The largest of these vessels were 20 to 30 meters long , making them comparable in length to the Spanish caravel . This method of constructing ships from woven reeds is an ancient Peruvian tradition which long predates the Inca . There are depictions of such vessels in Moche pottery dating back to 100 A.D.",
"Inca officials wore stylized tunics that indicated their status . It contains an amalgamation of motifs used in the tunics of particular officeholders . For instance , the black and white checkerboard pattern topped with a pink triangle is believed to have been worn by soldiers of the army . Some of the motifs make reference to earlier cultures , such as the stepped diamonds of the Huari and the three - step stairstep motif of the Moche .",
"Cloth was divided into three classes . Awaska was used for household use , and usually made from llama wool . Finer cloth , qunpi , was divided into two classes : The first , woven by male qunpikamayuq ( keepers of fine cloth ) from alpaca wool , was collected as tribute from throughout the country and was used for trade , The other class of qunpi ranked highest . It was woven in the Acllawasi ( acllahuasi ) by `` aclla '' ( female virgins of the sun god temple ) from vicuña wool and used solely for royal and religious use . These had thread counts of 300 or more per inch , unsurpassed anywhere in the world , until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century .",
"Aside from the tunic , a person of importance wore a llawt'u , a series of cords wrapped around the head . To establish his importance , the Inca Atahualpa commissioned a llawt'u woven from vampire bat hair . The leader of each ayllu , or extended family , had its own headdress .",
"In conquered regions , traditional clothing continued to be worn , but the finest weavers , such as those of Chan Chan , were transferred to Cusco and kept there to weave qunpi . ( The Chimú had previously transferred these same weavers to Chan Chan from Sican . )",
"The Incan government controlled all clothing of their society . One would receive two outfits of clothing , one formal and one casual pair , and they would then proceed to wear those same outfits until they could literally be worn no longer . Since the government was in such strict control on their clothing , the Incas could not alter their clothing without the permission of the government .",
"The wearing of jewellery was not uniform throughout the empire . Chimú artisans , for example , continued to wear earrings after their integration into the empire , but in many other regions , usually , only local leaders wore them . Jewelry may have been common among the Inca people , however it did not hold as much value to them because labor was the main way people paid each other .",
"Ceramics were for the most part utilitarian in nature , but also incorporated the imperialist style that was prevalent in the Inca textiles and metalwork . In addition , the Inca played drums and on woodwind instruments including flutes , pan-pipes and trumpets made of shell and ceramics .",
"The Inca made beautiful objects of gold , silver , copper , bronze and tumbaga . But precious metals were in shorter supply than in earlier Peruvian cultures . The Inca metalworking style draws much of its inspiration from Chimú art and in fact the best metal workers of Chan Chan were transferred to Cusco when the Kingdom of Chimor was incorporated into the empire . Unlike the Chimú , the Inca do not seem to have regarded metals to be as precious as fine cloth . Nonetheless , the metalworks of the Incas were perhaps the most advanced in America . When the Spanish first encountered the Inca they were offered gifts of qunpi cloth .",
"Incan ceramics are usually very distinct and easy to recognize . The shapes of the vessels are highly standardized . The most typical Incan pottery would have a spherical body with a cone shaped base . This spherical body usually includes two vertical side handles with a tall neck and flaring rim . The Incans often would place animal heads on their pottery as well usually near the top of the vessel . There were also several other popular styles for Incan ceramics which included a shallow dish with a single bird head and handle , a pedestal beaker , and a single or double handled bottle .",
"Incans often decorated their ceramics with a multitude of images and colors . They usually decorated their pottery with bright colors of red , yellow , orange , black and white . Much like all other forms of Incan art , the pottery was often decorated with geometric shapes . The Incans would put diamonds , squares , checkers , triangles , circles and dots on almost all of their ceramic work . Other common themes were animals and insects like llamas , birds , jaguars , alpacas , bees , butterflies as well as block - like humans .",
"As part of a tax obligation to the commoners , mining was required in all the provinces . Even though the Inca Empire contained a lot of precious metals , the Incans did not value their metal as much as fine cloth . The Incans adopted much of their metal - working characteristics from the metalwork of Chimu . Because of their expertise in metalworking , after the fall of Chimu many metalworkers were taken back to the capital city of Cuzco to continue their metalworking for the emperor . Copper , tin , gold , and silver were all obtained from mines or washed from the river gravels . These metals would then be handed over to metallurgists . Because the Inca had a system that emphasized political and religious organization , there were many specialized artisans like metallurgists . There were also specialized weavers , cloth makers , pottery makers , and many more . Both copper and bronze would be used for basic farming tools or weapons . Some of the common bronze and copper pieces found in the Incan empire included sharp sticks for digging , club - heads , knives with curved blades , axes , chisels , needles and pins . All of these items would be forged by a metallurgist and then spread throughout the empire .",
"The Incans reserved their more precious metals for ornaments and decorations . Gold , magnesium and silver were common themes throughout the palaces of Incan emperors . It was said that the walls and thrones were covered with gold and that the emperor dined on gold and silver service . These golden plated services would often be inlaid with llamas , butterflies or other creatures . Even beyond the gold and decoration of the emperor 's palace were the ornaments that decorated all of the temples throughout the empire . The temples of the Incans were strewn with sacred and highly precious objects . Headdresses , crowns , ceremonial knives , cups , and a lot of ceremonial clothing were all inlaid with gold or silver .",
"Many historians believe that the choice of gold was to distinguish the more `` sacred '' or `` holy '' pieces from others . The commonality of gold has much to do with the Incan religion surrounding the sun . Because of the beautiful reflection that gold casts , it gave the appearance of containing the sun , making the precious metal even more valued in a sun - obsessed society . Gold was reserved for the highest class of Incan society which consisted of priests , lords and of course the Sapa Inca or emperor .",
"Inca government is generally seen as an omnipotent emperor that ruled over a bureaucracy made up of local elites who had been recruited to serve in the state . This style of rule is often credited to Cuzco 's success .",
"The Inca empire was adamant about expansion and did so through two imperialism strategies : territorial administration and indirect - hegemonic control . Territorial administration consisted of a complete take over of provinces by reorganizing the economy through increased agricultural production and control of exchange routes via the Incan road system . The territorial administration allowed the Inca empire to put in a great deal of effort to control a new territory in hopes to strengthen the empire by a flow of surplus goods back to the empire core from the overtaken province . Indirect - hegemonic control enabled the Incas to gain control over a province but would allow the local leaders to govern the province . The reason behind this strategy was to gain land and flow of surplus goods back to the empire core without spending a great deal of effort to overtake and govern .",
"Imperial rule was sustained through enforcement by Incan rulers and military troops on a random basis , as well as education of the provincial elite youth of the Incan way of life . Temples and shrines were also constructed in overtaken provinces to inflict Incan religion upon provincial peoples .",
"The Inca used quipu or bunches of knotted strings , for accounting and census purposes . Much of the information on the surviving quipus has been shown to be numeric data ; some numbers seem to have been used as mnemonic labels , and the colour , spacing , and structure of the quipu carried information as well . Since it is n't known how to interpret the coded or non-numeric data , some scholars still hope to find that the quipu recorded",
"The belief system of the Incas was polytheistic . Viracocha , the creator of the universe and Inti , the Sun God , were the most important gods . Viracocha was believed to have created humanity on an island in the middle of Lake Titicaca . Inti was devoutly loved so much that the Inca people called themselves `` Intip Churin '' which in the Inca language means `` the children of the sun . ''",
"The Inca took part in spiritual human sacrifices known as the Capacocha . These sacrifices were taken out onto mountains all throughout the Andes and placed alive into burial tombs where they were left with items such as figurines , coca leaves , food , alcoholic beverages , and pottery . These offerings were carried out on large mountains where ceremonial sites were constructed , and were believed to have been made for numerous events such as : important festivals , natural phenomenon , and efforts to please the mountain deities . The vilca camayos were the overseers of the offerings , in which they had decision on where the sacrifices were made and the amount of sacrifices made on each mountain . Mountain deities were worshiped because it was believed that they controlled things like rainfall , water flow and therefore , the abundance and fertility of crops. ,",
"The Inca practiced cranial deformation . They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns in order to alter the shape of their still - soft skulls . These deformations did not result in brain damage . Researchers at the Field Museum believe that the practice was used to mark different ethnicities across the Inca Empire .",
"The Inca preserved bodies through mummification . Bodies were wrapped in the fetal position in cloth or leather . Rank determined how the Incas were buried . Common people were placed in an open cave or chullpa for possible visiting . Emperors organs were removed and placed in jars separate from their bodies . After preparation they were placed where they most occupied in life .",
"It is estimated that the Inca cultivated around seventy crop species . The main crops were potatoes , sweet potatoes , maize , chili peppers , cotton , tomatoes , peanuts , an edible root called oca , and the pseudograins quinoa and amaranth . The crops developed by the Inca and preceding cultures makes South America one of the historic centers of crop diversity ( along with the Middle East , India , Mesoamerica , Ethiopia , and the Far East ) . Many of these crops were widely distributed by the Spanish and are now important crops worldwide . Salsa was originated by the Inca people using tomatoes , chili peppers , and other spices .",
"In the Incan settlement of Vitcos , pollen from maize and quinoa was found in several soil samples which date back as early as the Incan period .",
"The Inca cultivated food crops on dry Pacific coastlines , high on the slopes of the Andes , and in the lowland Amazon rainforest . In mountainous Andean environments , they made extensive use of terraced fields which not only allowed them to put to use the mineral - rich mountain soil which other peoples left fallow , but also took advantage of micro-climates conducive to a variety of crops being cultivated throughout the year . A contributing factor for the ability of the Inca to expand their population and agriculture as quick as they did , was because of a small climate shift that allowed for slightly warmer temperatures and a small increase in annual precipitation . This contributed to the Inca 's ability to use terraced and irrigated fields in higher elevations , opening up vast amount of the Andes Mountains for Inca agriculture . Agricultural tools consisted mostly of simple digging sticks .",
"The Inca developed Qollqas , a building made of `` adobe , field stone , clay mortar , plaster and pirca '' used for food storage . These granaries stored `` maize , quinoa , potatoes , potatoes , chica ( maize beer ) , fruit , salt , fish , tubers , and grain '' . Qollqas allowed for the survival of food supplies in the cold climate of the Andes .",
"The Inca also raised llamas and alpacas for their wool , meat , and to use them as pack animals and captured wild vicuñas for their fine hair .",
"The Inca road system was key to farming success as it allowed distribution of foods over long distances . The Inca also constructed vast storehouses , which allowed them to live through El Niño years while some neighboring civilizations suffered .",
"Inca leaders kept records of what each ayllu in the empire produced , but did not tax them on their production . They instead used the mita for the support of the empire .",
"The Inca diet consisted primarily of fish and vegetables , supplemented less frequently with the meat of cuyes ( guinea pigs ) and camelids . In addition , they hunted various animals for meat , skins and feathers . Maize was malted and used to make chicha , a fermented alcoholic beverage .",
"According to Ferreira and Chamot :",
"`` The social system of the Incas had an ancient Andean origin based on the ayllu , an extended family group with a common ancestor . The economic system was also based on ancient social structures and can be explained through several principles , namely reciprocity , redistribution , and vertical control . ''",
"`` The social system of the Incas had an ancient Andean origin based on the ayllu , an extended family group with a common ancestor . The economic system was also based on ancient social structures and can be explained through several principles , namely reciprocity , redistribution , and vertical control . ''",
"These authors also add :",
"`` Redistribution , a practice employed by the state , ensured that all agricultural goods not exchanged by reciprocity were to be distributed in the different areas of the empire in the case of bad crops . ''",
"`` Redistribution , a practice employed by the state , ensured that all agricultural goods not exchanged by reciprocity were to be distributed in the different areas of the empire in the case of bad crops . ''",
"In essence , the government of the Inca functioned as a safeguard against mass starvation .",
"Unlike the Europeans , gold and silver were not used as a form of currency . Instead , clothing and food were distributed by the rulers in exchange for labor .",
"The Incan required tribute from those they conquered . Historical records show that agricultural production as well as cloth production increases after Incan conquest .",
"The `` Qhapaq Ñan '' ( Inca Road ) was largely used and constructed across the Inca Empire . Uses were not only for nobility to spread information and expand the empire , but was also used for soldiers , for transportation of goods , and for private usage . Not only were Incan roads expansive , but they were also well planned and maintained . The Incans made a standard design for the roads and carried out the standard throughout the empire . Roads were built so that they were easily drained to prevent damage of the roads and flooding . The roads were cleaned often by designated maintenance workers . Lodges for traveling nobles were also constructed alongside the roads . Rest stops called tambos were built close to roads with water supplies leading to each so that travelers and messengers could have a place to rest and clean water to drink . Military store houses were also built near the roads and kept food for when troops were traveling . Bridges were built across rivers that were too deep to cross , and large flat stones were placed along the sides of roads as markers to distinguish different sections of the roads .",
"The Inca relied on and worshiped water heavily . A temple was built , the Incamisana , to worship water and the deities granting them water . The temple , as well as many other buildings constructed by the Inca , incorporated aesthetics , underground water conduits , and hydraulic systems . The Inca understood water was needed for agricultural production ( used in terraces ) and for domestic purposes . The civil engineers of the time for the Inca were tasked with laying out diversion and canal routes to a designated spot , finding what water source would give the desired flow rate , and what elevation the water source would need to be tapped from for gravity to work effectively . Sanitation was also well known by the Inca . The Inca had their own wastewater treatment systems and it is documented that they would collect the human waste to perform land application to help ensure successful harvest seasons ."
] | Inca society - wikipedia Inca society Jump to: navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . (February 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State The Inca society was the society of the Inca civilization in South America . The Inca Empire , which was centred in what is now called Peru , Bolivia , Ecuador and southern Colombia and lasted from 1438 to 1533 AD, represented the height of this civilization. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438. Over the course of the Inca Empire, the rulers used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges. The empire proved relatively short-lived however: by 1533, Atahualpa , the last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire, was killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro , marking the beginning of Spanish rule. The last Inca stronghold, the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Contents ( hide ) 1 Population 2 Marriage 3 Arts 3.1 Shipbuilding 3.2 Clothing 3.3 Jewelry 3.4 Ceramics and metalwork 4 Politics 5 Education 6 Religion 7 Other practices 8 Agriculture 9 Economy 10 Infrastructure 11 References 12 External links Population ( edit ) Population estimates for the Tawantinsuyu society range from as few as 4 million people to more than 37 million. Most estimates are between 6 and 14 million people. The reason for these various estimates is that, despite that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus , knowledge of how to read them has been lost. Almost all of them were destroyed by the Spanish in the course of their conquest and rule. Marriage ( edit ) Women and men had paralleled roles, but were separate in Inca society. They were equally valued for the part they played in their society despite their differing roles. Marriage was no different. Incan women were typically married at the age of sixteen, while men married at the age of twenty. Age, however, was not as important as keeping track of the stage of life that a person was at, such as whether or not they were able to work or be married. Ranks played a role in a person's marriage status as well. Men of lower rank could only have one wife; people of ranks higher than the kuraka were allowed more . If a man had more than one wife, one served as the principal wife while the other(s) were considered secondary. Having more wives showed that the man had more labour showing that the household was wealthy. The death of the principal wife was sometimes met with suspicion that the husband played a role in her death. The man had to find a new principal wife before he was able to recover from the previous wife's death. To prevent such suspicion and to increase the likelihood of a successful marriage, there were situations in which the couple could test how well the marriage would work out. Trial marriages were typical of Inca culture. In this type of marriage, the man and woman would agree to try out being married to one another for a few years. At the end of this time, the woman could go home to her parents if she wished, and her husband could also send her home if he did not think it would work out. However, once the marriage was made final, they could only divorce if the woman was childless. To make the marriage final, the provincial governor had to approve the union. In the Inca society, a wedding was a simple event. Instead, it was looked at more as a business-like agreement. Therefore, marriage was an economic agreement between two families. Parents on either side had to come to an agreement before the marriage took place and the couple could not be directly related to one another. Women would almost always marry men in the same social class as themselves. However, while it was very rare for them to marry a man with a higher social ranking, it was still possible for some young women. The only way for a young woman to alter her social ranking would be if a man of higher ranking took notice of her. Once a woman was married, she was expected to collect food and cook, watch over the animals and the children, and to supply cloth to the government. Women of higher ranking also weaved, like those of lower ranks, but their work was used in special clothing for the higher ranks. A man's role sometimes resembled those of a woman, but acted in conjunction with one another. A woman's household obligations would not change after she became pregnant. When she did find out she was pregnant she prayed and made offerings to an Inca god, Kanopa. Using marriage as an alliance strategy was also common among the Inca. Even before the Spaniards' arrival, the Inca used marriage as a way to claim themselves to power. After the Spaniards arrival the Inca allowed marriages between the Inca and Spaniards in order to gain power during a time of civil war. Arts ( edit ) The Inca were a conquering society, and their expansionist assimilation of other cultures is evident in their artistic style. The artistic style of the Inca utilized the vocabulary of many regions and cultures, but incorporated these themes into a standardized imperial style that could easily be replicated and spread throughout the empire. The simple abstract geometric forms and highly stylised animal representation in ceramics, wood carvings, textiles and metalwork were all part of the Inca culture. The motifs were not as revivalist as previous empires. No motifs of other societies were directly used with the exception of Huari and Tiwanaku arts. Shipbuilding ( edit ) For fishing, trade, construction, transport and military purposes, the Inca built seagoing vessels called balsas by weaving together totora reeds. The largest of these vessels were 20 to 30 meters long, making them comparable in length to the Spanish caravel . This method of constructing ships from woven reeds is an ancient Peruvian tradition which long predates the Inca. There are depictions of such vessels in Moche pottery dating back to 100 A.D. Clothing ( edit ) Inca tunic Inca officials wore stylized tunics that indicated their status. It contains an amalgamation of motifs used in the tunics of particular officeholders. For instance, the black and white checkerboard pattern topped with a pink triangle is believed to have been worn by soldiers of the army. Some of the motifs make reference to earlier cultures, such as the stepped diamonds of the Huari and the three-step stairstep motif of the Moche . Cloth was divided into three classes. Awaska was used for household use, and usually made from llama wool. Finer cloth, qunpi , was divided into two classes: The first, woven by male qunpikamayuq (keepers of fine cloth) from alpaca wool, was collected as tribute from throughout the country and was used for trade,The other class of qunpi ranked highest. It was woven in the Acllawasi (acllahuasi) by `` aclla'' (female virgins of the sun god temple) from vicuña wool and used solely for royal and religious use. These had thread counts of 300 or more per inch, unsurpassed anywhere in the world, until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. Aside from the tunic, a person of importance wore a llawt'u , a series of cords wrapped around the head. To establish his importance, the Inca Atahualpa commissioned a llawt'u woven from vampire bat hair. The leader of each ayllu , or extended family, had its own headdress. In conquered regions, traditional clothing continued to be worn, but the finest weavers, such as those of Chan Chan , were transferred to Cusco and kept there to weave qunpi . (The Chimú had previously transferred these same weavers to Chan Chan from Sican .) The Incan government controlled all clothing of their society. One would receive two outfits of clothing, one formal and one casual pair, and they would then proceed to wear those same outfits until they could literally be worn no longer. Since the government was in such strict control on their clothing, the Incas could not alter their clothing without the permission of the government. Jewelry ( edit ) The wearing of jewellery was not uniform throughout the empire. Chimú artisans , for example, continued to wear earrings after their integration into the empire, but in many other regions, usually, only local leaders wore them. Jewelry may have been common among the Inca people, however it did not hold as much value to them because labor was the main way people paid each other. Ceramics and metalwork ( edit ) Chimú -Inca ceramic from the Late Horizon . Ceramics were for the most part utilitarian in nature, but also incorporated the imperialist style that was prevalent in the Inca textiles and metalwork. In addition, the Inca played drums and on woodwind instruments including flutes , pan-pipes and trumpets made of shell and ceramics. The Inca made beautiful objects of gold, silver, copper, bronze and tumbaga . But precious metals were in shorter supply than in earlier Peruvian cultures. The Inca metalworking style draws much of its inspiration from Chimú art and in fact the best metal workers of Chan Chan were transferred to Cusco when the Kingdom of Chimor was incorporated into the empire. Unlike the Chimú , the Inca do not seem to have regarded metals to be as precious as fine cloth. Nonetheless, the metalworks of the Incas were perhaps the most advanced in America. When the Spanish first encountered the Inca they were offered gifts of qunpi cloth. Incan ceramics are usually very distinct and easy to recognize. The shapes of the vessels are highly standardized. The most typical Incan pottery would have a spherical body with a cone shaped base. This spherical body usually includes two vertical side handles with a tall neck and flaring rim. The Incans often would place animal heads on their pottery as well usually near the top of the vessel. There were also several other popular styles for Incan ceramics which included a shallow dish with a single bird head and handle, a pedestal beaker, and a single or double handled bottle. Incans often decorated their ceramics with a multitude of images and colors. They usually decorated their pottery with bright colors of red, yellow, orange, black and white. Much like all other forms of Incan art, the pottery was often decorated with geometric shapes. The Incans would put diamonds, squares, checkers, triangles, circles and dots on almost all of their ceramic work. Other common themes were animals and insects like llamas, birds, jaguars, alpacas, bees, butterflies as well as block-like humans. As part of a tax obligation to the commoners, mining was required in all the provinces. Even though the Inca Empire contained a lot of precious metals, the Incans did not value their metal as much as fine cloth. The Incans adopted much of their metal-working characteristics from the metalwork of Chimu . Because of their expertise in metalworking, after the fall of Chimu many metalworkers were taken back to the capital city of Cuzco to continue their metalworking for the emperor. Copper, tin, gold, and silver were all obtained from mines or washed from the river gravels. These metals would then be handed over to metallurgists. Because the Inca had a system that emphasized political and religious organization, there were many specialized artisans like metallurgists. There were also specialized weavers, cloth makers, pottery makers, and many more. Both copper and bronze would be used for basic farming tools or weapons. Some of the common bronze and copper pieces found in the Incan empire included sharp sticks for digging, club-heads, knives with curved blades, axes, chisels, needles and pins. All of these items would be forged by a metallurgist and then spread throughout the empire. The Incans reserved their more precious metals for ornaments and decorations. Gold, magnesium and silver were common themes throughout the palaces of Incan emperors. It was said that the walls and thrones were covered with gold and that the emperor dined on gold and silver service. These golden plated services would often be inlaid with llamas, butterflies or other creatures. Even beyond the gold and decoration of the emperor's palace were the ornaments that decorated all of the temples throughout the empire. The temples of the Incans were strewn with sacred and highly precious objects. Headdresses, crowns, ceremonial knives, cups, and a lot of ceremonial clothing were all inlaid with gold or silver. Many historians believe that the choice of gold was to distinguish the more `` sacred'' or `` holy'' pieces from others. The commonality of gold has much to do with the Incan religion surrounding the sun. Because of the beautiful reflection that gold casts, it gave the appearance of containing the sun, making the precious metal even more valued in a sun-obsessed society. Gold was reserved for the highest class of Incan society which consisted of priests, lords and of course the Sapa Inca or emperor. Politics ( edit ) Inca government is generally seen as an omnipotent emperor that ruled over a bureaucracy made up of local elites who had been recruited to serve in the state. This style of rule is often credited to Cuzco's success. The Inca empire was adamant about expansion and did so through two imperialism strategies: territorial administration and indirect-hegemonic control. Territorial administration consisted of a complete take over of provinces by reorganizing the economy through increased agricultural production and control of exchange routes via the Incan road system. The territorial administration allowed the Inca empire to put in a great deal of effort to control a new territory in hopes to strengthen the empire by a flow of surplus goods back to the empire core from the overtaken province. Indirect-hegemonic control enabled the Incas to gain control over a province but would allow the local leaders to govern the province. The reason behind this strategy was to gain land and flow of surplus goods back to the empire core without spending a great deal of effort to overtake and govern. Imperial rule was sustained through enforcement by Incan rulers and military troops on a random basis, as well as education of the provincial elite youth of the Incan way of life. Temples and shrines were also constructed in overtaken provinces to inflict Incan religion upon provincial peoples. Education ( edit ) Main article: Inca education Representation of an Incan quipu The Inca used quipu or bunches of knotted strings, for accounting and census purposes. Much of the information on the surviving quipus has been shown to be numeric data; some numbers seem to have been used as mnemonic labels, and the colour, spacing, and structure of the quipu carried information as well. Since it isn't known how to interpret the coded or non-numeric data, some scholars still hope to find that the quipu recorded Religion ( edit ) Main article: Inca religion The belief system of the Incas was polytheistic. Viracocha, the creator of the universe and Inti, the Sun God, were the most important gods. Viracocha was believed to have created humanity on an island in the middle of Lake Titicaca . Inti was devoutly loved so much that the Inca people called themselves `` Intip Churin'' which in the Inca language means `` the children of the sun.'' The Inca took part in spiritual human sacrifices known as the Capacocha . These sacrifices were taken out onto mountains all throughout the Andes and placed alive into burial tombs where they were left with items such as figurines, coca leaves, food, alcoholic beverages, and pottery. These offerings were carried out on large mountains where ceremonial sites were constructed, and were believed to have been made for numerous events such as: important festivals, natural phenomenon, and efforts to please the mountain deities. The vilca camayos were the overseers of the offerings, in which they had decision on where the sacrifices were made and the amount of sacrifices made on each mountain. Mountain deities were worshiped because it was believed that they controlled things like rainfall, water flow and therefore, the abundance and fertility of crops., Other practices ( edit ) The Inca practiced cranial deformation . They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns in order to alter the shape of their still-soft skulls. These deformations did not result in brain damage. Researchers at the Field Museum believe that the practice was used to mark different ethnicities across the Inca Empire. The Inca preserved bodies through mummification. Bodies were wrapped in the fetal position in cloth or leather. Rank determined how the Incas were buried. Common people were placed in an open cave or chullpa for possible visiting. Emperors organs were removed and placed in jars separate from their bodies. After preparation they were placed where they most occupied in life. Agriculture ( edit ) Main article: Inca cuisine Around 200 varieties of Peruvian potatoes were cultivated by the Incas and their predecessors It is estimated that the Inca cultivated around seventy crop species. The main crops were potatoes , sweet potatoes , maize , chili peppers , cotton , tomatoes , peanuts , an edible root called oca , and the pseudograins quinoa and amaranth . The crops developed by the Inca and preceding cultures makes South America one of the historic centers of crop diversity (along with the Middle East , India , Mesoamerica , Ethiopia , and the Far East ). Many of these crops were widely distributed by the Spanish and are now important crops worldwide. Salsa was originated by the Inca people using tomatoes, chili peppers, and other spices. In the Incan settlement of Vitcos, pollen from maize and quinoa was found in several soil samples which date back as early as the Incan period. The Inca cultivated food crops on dry Pacific coastlines, high on the slopes of the Andes, and in the lowland Amazon rainforest . In mountainous Andean environments, they made extensive use of terraced fields which not only allowed them to put to use the mineral-rich mountain soil which other peoples left fallow, but also took advantage of micro-climates conducive to a variety of crops being cultivated throughout the year. A contributing factor for the ability of the Inca to expand their population and agriculture as quick as they did, was because of a small climate shift that allowed for slightly warmer temperatures and a small increase in annual precipitation. This contributed to the Inca's ability to use terraced and irrigated fields in higher elevations, opening up vast amount of the Andes Mountains for Inca agriculture. Agricultural tools consisted mostly of simple digging sticks . The Inca developed Qollqas , a building made of `` adobe, field stone, clay mortar, plaster and pirca'' used for food storage. These granaries stored `` maize, quinoa, potatoes, potatoes, chica (maize beer), fruit, salt, fish, tubers, and grain'' . Qollqas allowed for the survival of food supplies in the cold climate of the Andes. Many varieties of Peruvian maize (corn) were well-known to the Incas for centuries The Inca also raised llamas and alpacas for their wool, meat, and to use them as pack animals and captured wild vicuñas for their fine hair. The Inca road system was key to farming success as it allowed distribution of foods over long distances. The Inca also constructed vast storehouses, which allowed them to live through El Niño years while some neighboring civilizations suffered. Inca leaders kept records of what each ayllu in the empire produced, but did not tax them on their production. They instead used the mita for the support of the empire. The Inca diet consisted primarily of fish and vegetables, supplemented less frequently with the meat of cuyes (guinea pigs) and camelids. In addition, they hunted various animals for meat, skins and feathers. Maize was malted and used to make chicha , a fermented alcoholic beverage . Economy ( edit ) According to Ferreira and Chamot: `` The social system of the Incas had an ancient Andean origin based on the ayllu, an extended family group with a common ancestor. The economic system was also based on ancient social structures and can be explained through several principles, namely reciprocity, redistribution, and vertical control. '' These authors also add: `` Redistribution, a practice employed by the state, ensured that all agricultural goods not exchanged by reciprocity were to be distributed in the different areas of the empire in the case of bad crops. '' In essence, the government of the Inca functioned as a safeguard against mass starvation. Unlike the Europeans, gold and silver were not used as a form of currency. Instead, clothing and food were distributed by the rulers in exchange for labor. The Incan required tribute from those they conquered. Historical records show that agricultural production as well as cloth production increases after Incan conquest. Infrastructure ( edit ) The `` Qhapaq Ñan '' (Inca Road) was largely used and constructed across the Inca Empire. Uses were not only for nobility to spread information and expand the empire, but was also used for soldiers, for transportation of goods, and for private usage. Not only were Incan roads expansive, but they were also well planned and maintained. The Incans made a standard design for the roads and carried out the standard throughout the empire. Roads were built so that they were easily drained to prevent damage of the roads and flooding. The roads were cleaned often by designated maintenance workers. Lodges for traveling nobles were also constructed alongside the roads. Rest stops called tambos were built close to roads with water supplies leading to each so that travelers and messengers could have a place to rest and clean water to drink. Military store houses were also built near the roads and kept food for when troops were traveling. Bridges were built across rivers that were too deep to cross, and large flat stones were placed along the sides of roads as markers to distinguish different sections of the roads. The Inca relied on and worshiped water heavily. A temple was built, the Incamisana, to worship water and the deities granting them water. The temple, as well as many other buildings constructed by the Inca, incorporated aesthetics, underground water conduits, and hydraulic systems. The Inca understood water was needed for agricultural production (used in terraces) and for domestic purposes. The civil engineers of the time for the Inca were tasked with laying out diversion and canal routes to a designated spot, finding what water source would give the desired flow rate, and what elevation the water source would need to be tapped from for gravity to work effectively. Sanitation was also well known by the Inca. The Inca had their own wastewater treatment systems and it is documented that they would collect the human waste to perform land application to help ensure successful harvest seasons. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McEwan, Gordon Francis (2006). The Incas: New Perspectives . W.W. Norton. pp. 93-- 96. ISBN 0-393-33301-9 . There is some debate about the size of the population. Jump up ^ Powers, Karen Vieira. `` Andeans and Spaniards in the Contact Zone: A Gendered Collision'' . American Indian Quarterly . 24 : 511-- 536. doi : 10.1353/aiq.2000.0025 -- via Ebscohost. Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence (2015). The Incas (2nd ed.). West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 295. ISBN 9781444331158 . Jump up ^ Incas: lords of gold and glory . New York: Time-Life Books. 1992. p. 130. ISBN 0-8094-9870-7 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence (2015). The Incas (2nd ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 305-- 306. ISBN 9781444331158 . ^ Jump up to: D'Altroy , Terence (2015). The Incas (2nd ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 304. ISBN 9781444331158 . Jump up ^ Silverblatt, Irene (October 1978). `` Andean Women in the Inca Empire'' . Feminist Studies . 4 (3): 39. access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Silverblatt, Irene (Oct 1978). `` Andean Women in the Inca Empire'' . Feminist Studios, Inc. 4 (3): 42. access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence (2015). The Incas . West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 300. ISBN 9781444331158 . Jump up ^ Guengerich, Sara Vicuna (2015). `` Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru'' . Colonial Latin America Review . 24 (2): 147-- 148. doi : 10.1080/10609164.2015.1040275 . access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Spalding, Karen (1984). Huarochirà : An Andean Society Under Inca and Spanish Rule . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 83-- 84. ISBN 0-8047-1516-5 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: D'Altroy , Terence (2015). The Incas . West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4443-3115-8 . ^ Jump up to: Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire : Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism, edited by Michael A. Malpass, and Sonia Alconini, University of Iowa Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/detail.action?docID=843228. ^ Jump up to: Wright, Kenneth R.; Gibaja Oviendo, Arminda M.; McEwan, Gordon F.; Miksad, Richard W.; Wright, Ruth M. (2015). Incamisana: Engineering an Inca Water Temple . American Society of Civil Engineers. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.mst.edu/lib/umr-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4534226 Jump up ^ Reinhard, Johan (September 2016). Frozen Mummies of the Andes . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ (Reinhard, Johan and Constanza Ceruti. `` Sacred Mountains, Ceremonial Sites, and Human Sacrifice among the Incas.'' Archaeoastronomy, vol. 19, June 2005, pp. 1-43. EBSCOhost, libproxy.mst.edu/login?url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=22773113&site=ehost-live .) Jump up ^ Machu Picchu: Ongoing Investigations Jump up ^ `` NOVA Online Ice Mummies of the Inca Mummies of the World (2)'' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . Jump up ^ Francis., McEwan, Gordon (2006). The Incas : new perspectives . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851095797 . OCLC 63189780 . Jump up ^ Meseth, Enrique; et al. (July 2015). `` Reconstructing Agriculture in Vitcos Inca Settlement, Peru'' . Irrigation and Drainage. 64 : 340-- 352. doi : 10.1002/ird.1891 -- via Database. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to: Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. ; Frogley, M.R. ; Bauer, B.S. ; Leng, M.J. ; Boessenkool, K.P. ; Carcaillet, C.; Ali, A.A. ; Gioda, A. (2009-07-22). `` Putting the rise of the Inca Empire within a climatic and land management context'' . Clim. Past. 5 (3): 375-- 388. doi : 10.5194/cp-5-375-2009 . ISSN 1814-9332 . ^ Jump up to: Brandlin, Daniela; Schexnayder, Cliff. `` Lessons in Sustainability from the Inca Empire'' . Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction . 18 (1): 52-- 55. doi : 10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000138 . Jump up ^ Darget-Chamot, Ferreira ' ' ' Cultures and Customs of Peru ; Greenwood Press; Westport Ct/London; 2003; pp 13 Jump up ^ `` The Lost Inca Empire -- NOVA PBS'' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017-09-29 . Jump up ^ Costin, Cathy Lynne (May 1, 2016). `` Who Benefits? Structural Change and lived Experience in the Late Prehispanic Andes'' . Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association . Jump up ^ Garrido, Franciso (September 2016). `` Rethinking Imperial Infrastructure:A Bottom- up Perspective on the Inca Road'' . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 43 : 94-- 109. doi : 10.1016/j.jaa.2016.06.001 . https://ac-els-cdn-com.libproxy.mst.edu/S0278416516300599/1-s2.0-S0278416516300599-main.pdf?_tid=a3b4c3be-aef6-11e7-80a7-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1507776179_8ef75bdf7e76a27dd4b488c65a746988 Jump up ^ Bond, T., Roma, E., Foxon, K.M. , Templeton, M.R. , & Buckley, C.A. (2013). Ancient water and sanitation systems - applicability for the contemporary urban developing world. Water Science and Technology, 67 (5), 935-941. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.mst.edu/10.2166/wst.2013.628 External links ( edit ) Inca Architecture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inca_society&oldid=843641281 '' Categories : Inca South American society Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with weasel words from February 2010 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français Italiano Македонски Seeltersk Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 13:35. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -3572801102963989244 |
what happened at the end of the story of an hour | After a few minutes , Mrs. Mallard gets up out of her chair and opens the door for Josephine and they both walk downstairs together . Upon arriving to the bottom of the staircase , the front door to Mrs. Mallard 's house began to unlock and open . It was Mrs. Mallard 's husband , Brently Mallard ! Alive and well . Mrs. Mallard was so immensely shocked at the sight of him that her poor , weak heart gave out right then and there . `` When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease -- of joy that kills '' . The cynicism of this sentence can be detected almost immediately , and as explained by ThoughtCo , `` It seems clear that her shock was not joy over her husband 's survival , but rather distress over losing her cherished , newfound freedom . Louise did briefly experience joy -- the joy of imagining herself in control of her own life . And it was the removal of that intense joy that led to her death . '' To further express the meaning of this `` joy '' , Selina S. Jamil explains in the article , `` Emotions in the Story of an Hour '' , `` ... the `` joy '' that kills Louise is the joy that ( doctors assume to be joy of finding out that Brently was not actually dead ) she refuses to surrender , as the patriarchy would require her to do at Brently 's return . But , for one climactic hour of her life , Louise does truly taste joy . For one hour of emotion , Louise does glimpse meaning and fulfillment . To be fully alive , then , is to engage in heightened consciousness , to observe and connect with the world around one 's self . '' This helps to show just how powerful the emotion was that Louise had felt . For one hour , Louise had a sense of freedom and was so ecstatic to begin her new life , but that was stripped away from her far too soon and her heart was unable to bear the shock that she felt about seeing her husband alive . | [
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"`` The Story of an Hour '' Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Short story Published in United States Publication type Magazine Publisher Vogue Publication date 1894",
"`` The Story of an Hour ''",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Genre ( s ) Short story",
"Published in United States",
"Publication type Magazine",
"Publisher Vogue",
"Publication date 1894",
"`` The Story of an Hour , '' is a short story written by Kate Chopin on April 19 , 1894 . It was originally published in Vogue on December 6 , 1894 , as `` The Dream of an Hour '' . It was later reprinted in St. Louis Life on January 5 , 1895 , as `` The Story of an Hour '' .",
"The title of the short story refers to the time elapsed between the moments at which the protagonist , Louise Mallard , hears that her husband is dead , and when she discovers that he is alive after all . `` The Story of an Hour '' was controversial by American standards of the 1890s because it features a female protagonist who feels liberated by the news of her husband 's death . In Unveiling Kate Chopin , Emily Toth argues that Chopin `` had to have her heroine die '' in order to make the story publishable `` . ( The `` heroine '' dies when she sees her husband alive after he was thought to be dead . )",
"`` The Story of an Hour '' expresses every emotion that Louise Mallard feels after she finds out about the death of her husband . The very first sentence of the story states , `` Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble , great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband 's death '' . As the news is broken to her as delicately as possible , Mrs. Mallard begins weeping uncontrollably into the arms of her sister , Josephine . Mrs. Mallard is very heartbroken by the report of her husband 's death , but when her grief subsides , she goes away to her room to be alone . She sits down in an armchair that is facing a window and looks out at all of the nature . All of a sudden , as she is gazing outside this window , a feeling comes to her . A feeling that she keeps trying to push back , but she is unable to . It is a feeling of freedom . She knows that when the time of his funeral comes and she sees him with his arms folded across his chest , she will feel sad again . But as she looks ahead at her future years without her husband , she feels enlightened . Mrs. Mallard keeps whispering to herself , `` Free ! Body and soul free ! '' and as Josephine listens in to her sister from the other side of the door , she gets very worried and tells Mrs. Mallard to open the door or she will make herself ill . Josephine was unable to hear exactly what her sister was saying inside of her room , but as Joseph Rosenblum states within his article , ' `` The Story of an Hour '' by Kate Chopin '' , `` Josephine ... would be shocked if she knew what thoughts were racing through her sister 's mind . ''",
"After a few minutes , Mrs. Mallard gets up out of her chair and opens the door for Josephine and they both walk downstairs together . Upon arriving to the bottom of the staircase , the front door to Mrs. Mallard 's house began to unlock and open . It was Mrs. Mallard 's husband , Brently Mallard ! Alive and well . Mrs. Mallard was so immensely shocked at the sight of him that her poor , weak heart gave out right then and there . `` When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease -- of joy that kills '' . The cynicism of this sentence can be detected almost immediately , and as explained by ThoughtCo , `` It seems clear that her shock was not joy over her husband 's survival , but rather distress over losing her cherished , newfound freedom . Louise did briefly experience joy -- the joy of imagining herself in control of her own life . And it was the removal of that intense joy that led to her death . '' To further express the meaning of this `` joy '' , Selina S. Jamil explains in the article , `` Emotions in the Story of an Hour '' , `` ... the `` joy '' that kills Louise is the joy that ( doctors assume to be joy of finding out that Brently was not actually dead ) she refuses to surrender , as the patriarchy would require her to do at Brently 's return . But , for one climactic hour of her life , Louise does truly taste joy . For one hour of emotion , Louise does glimpse meaning and fulfillment . To be fully alive , then , is to engage in heightened consciousness , to observe and connect with the world around one 's self . '' This helps to show just how powerful the emotion was that Louise had felt . For one hour , Louise had a sense of freedom and was so ecstatic to begin her new life , but that was stripped away from her far too soon and her heart was unable to bear the shock that she felt about seeing her husband alive .",
"To this day , `` The Story of an Hour '' is one of Kate Chopin 's most popular works . Although , it is commonly wondered why Mrs. Mallard would feel relieved by the news of her husband 's death . It may seem like an unsettling thought , but as Wikipedia explains , `` It was a correlation to both the time period and the way men perceived woman back in the 1800s . The thought of a woman being able to survive without a man was a distant thought among many civilians back in that time . Women were often stuck at home while the husbands went to work . It was thought of between women at the time that the death of their husbands would bring them `` freedom '' and therefore Kate Chopin 's , `` The Story of an Hour , '' resonated with a lot of women at the time , but was not so popular with men . '' This helps readers to see that Mrs. Mallard may have felt trapped and exploited by her marriage . Which brings us to another important element that this short story expresses ; marriage is not always what it seems . When most people think of the day that they will get married , they think of how happy their lives will be from that point on . However , that is not always the case , and `` The Story of an Hour '' just goes to show it . Louise Mallard did feel love for her husband sometimes , but she felt like her newly found freedom from him was a joyful thing and for once in her life she felt hopeful about her future .",
"The heroine of Kate Chopin 's `` The Story of an Hour `` , Louise Mallard , is known to be suffering from a weak heart. After the death of her husband , Mrs. Mallard was unable to shake the thought of being free from her husband . The word `` free '' began to haunt her mind , free from oppression . Daniel P. Deneau mentions about a continuous debate about Mrs , Mallard 's personality . `` Is Louise a normal , understandable , sympathetic woman , or is she an egocentric , selfish monster or anomaly ? '' What is understood is that Mrs. Mallard 's reaction to her husband 's death allowed readers to view the `` selfish monster '' side of her . After being released of her husband 's grasp , she began to find relations to the world . Normal women would have gone into grief and weep in sorrow ; however , Mrs. Mallard 's reaction towards her husband was a passionate reaction that had caused the audience to question her personality . Mrs. Mallard 's irregular reaction caused readers to question her emotions towards the husband 's death . Throughout `` The Story of an Hour '' , her constant baffle on freedom had led readers to confusion whether her heart condition has anything to do with her reaction . Selina S. Jamil exclaims to her audience that , `` Mrs. Mallard 's `` heart trouble '' ( 193 ) is not so much a physical ailment ... as a sign of a woman who has unconsciously surrendered her heart ( i.e. , her identity as an individual ) to the culture of paternalism . '' in which she goes through a stage where she appears `` optimistic '' towards life . Then , in result , Mrs. Mallard 's weak heart , which is supposed to be frail , and her fear soon transforms into joy that is uncontrollable to begin with . Chopin 's interpretation of Louise Mallard is not similar to most women at all . `` As her body responds to her emotions , she feels a rhythmic connection to the physical world '' ( Jamil ) , by repeating words like `` free '' in her head has shown that her emotions towards the loss of her husband has enhanced her connection to world . Kate Chopin 's `` The Story of an Hour '' presents the heroine as a heartless person who does not fear the death of her husband , but instead is filled with glee and joy . Nicole Diederich questions the `` focus on the challenge the ending poses to the reader '' ( Diederich 117 ) about how the audience sees her death . Her husband 's death was another way to escape the marriage she was binded to whereas her death was also another escape that was expressed at the end of the short story . Heidi Podlasti - Labrenz also supports that Mrs. Mallard was under Brently 's influence by stating , `` ... her strength of character and willpower are apparently mostly controlled and absorbed by Brently Mallard 's well - meant but forceful dominance '' and claims that her actions as this `` crazed '' human being was just a reaction after being freed from marriage . Mrs. Mallard , as a character , shows that she was aware of her actions through Brently 's arrival . `` But , for one climactic hour of her life , Louise does truly taste joy , '' ( Jamil ) which happens to cause her frail heart to collapse . Louise Mallard 's personality in `` The Story of an Hour '' was understood to portray an unthoughtful image of what a wife should be . Her actions were to `` illustrate the dangers of making assumptions '' ( Mayer ) and in result , her weakened heart had taken her life . Her sister thought of her behavior as nothing but a sickness . Josephine had not thought that her sister 's actions were to match her personality , but to think that Louise 's reaction was her reaching existentialism . It was not her mind going crazy , but Louise `` reaching existentialism '' is her finally realizing her time and place as this new awakened being . When the thought of being free in mind and soul , existentialism , that 's when she began to act as if she was not normal .",
"The article `` Marriage and The Story of an Hour '' suggests that Chopin 's short story demonstrates that marriage is not always what it appears to be , and that the journey to freedom can be dangerous . Chopin shows her readers that the love of only one partner in a marriage is not indicative of a mutual relationship . In the story , Louise says that she loves her husband sometimes , and in the article it suggests that maybe her husband was cruel ; so even though she did indeed love him , she also loves her prospective freedom from him .",
"The open window through which Mrs. Mallard gazes for a majority of the story is a sign of the freedom and opportunities that await her through her newfound independence . `` She hears people and birds singing and smells a coming rainstorm . Everything that she experiences through her senses suggests joy and spring -- new life . '' Mrs. Mallard can look into the distance and see nothing but a clear bright future ahead of her .",
"Bert Bender offers a biographical reading of the text and argues that writing of the 1890s was influenced by Charles Darwin 's theory of sexual selection . Chopin 's understanding of the meaning of love and courtship , in particular , was altered and became more pessimistic . This attitude finds its expression in `` The Story of an Hour '' when Mrs. Mallard questions the meaning of love and ultimately rejects it as meaningless .",
"Lawrence I. Berkove notes that there has been `` virtual critical agreement '' that the story is about female liberation from a repressive marriage . However , he contests this reading and argues that there is a `` deeper level of irony in the story '' . The story , according to Berkove , depicts Mrs. Mallard as an `` immature egotist '' and a `` victim of her own extreme self - assertion '' . He also challenges the notion that Chopin intended for the views of the story 's main character to coincide with those of the author . Xuding Wang has criticized Berkove 's interpretation .",
"In her article , `` Emotions in ' The Story of An Hour ' '' , Selina Jamil argues that Chopin portrays Mrs. Mallard 's perception of her husband 's supposed death as fostered by emotions , rather than by rationality . Jamil claims that up until that point , Mrs. Mallard 's life has been devoid of emotion to such an extent that she has even wondered if it is worth living . The repression of emotion may represent Mrs. Mallard 's repressive husband , who had , up until that point , `` smothered '' and `` silenced '' her will . Therefore , her newfound freedom is brought on by an influx of emotion ( representing the death of her repressive husband ) that adds meaning and value to her life . Although Mrs. Mallard initially feels fear when she hears of her husband 's death , the strength of the emotion is so powerful that Mrs. Mallard actually feels joy ( because she is feeling ) . Since this `` joy that kills '' ultimately leads to Mrs. Mallard 's death , one possible interpretation is that the repression of Mrs. Mallard 's feelings is what killed her in the end .",
"In the same article , Jamil shows the repression that Mrs. Mallard faces as a wife . She realizes after her husband 's apparent death that she is `` free , free , free '' . This shows how her life would change and that she is now a new person and removed from the repressed life she faced before . No evidence is given in the story about how she is repressed , but her reaction to his death and her newfound confidence and freedom are enough . This repression of herself , that she dealt with , has now been removed , enabling her to be free .",
"In a 2013 article , Jeremy Foote argues that `` The Story of an Hour '' can be read as a commentary and warning about technology -- specifically the railroad and the telegraph . The railroad , he claims , may be the cause of the distance between the Mallards ( and many other couples of the time ) . It allowed for work and home to be very distant from each other , and eliminated opportunities for spouses to spend time together . Foote argues that the reason that Louise Mallard wanted more autonomy was because she and her husband did not spend time together . The alone time that Louise had in the house made her less close to her husband , and made her want her independence .",
"The way the telegraph is used in the story can be viewed as a warning about a world in which information ( and people ) are moving too quickly . Instead of having enough time to think about and process the death of her husband , it is thrust upon Mrs. Mallard , in its entirety , followed within minutes by the shock of seeing him alive . As the title suggests , this is a story about the importance of time . It may not have been the events that happened so much as the speed at which they happened which is so devastating to Mrs. Mallard .",
"Louise Mallard is a young married woman , who feels constrained in her home and her marriage . Ellen Harrington states `` It 's not as if her husband is mean or abusive , but she is trapped in a relationship that limits her freedoms as an individual . '' She discovers that her husband has died and she feels liberated ; but soon after , her husband walks through the door , unharmed and alive , and kills his wife with a shock that was too much for her heart . Lawrence Berkove argues : `` As we look at the character of Mrs. Mallard , we can take into account that , while she is happy her husband has died , she 's not involved in a loveless marriage , nor is she abused or oppressed by her husband . '' In fact Chopin states in her story , `` She did love him . Sometimes . '' Mrs. Mallard wished no ill on her husband and is even sad when she first hears the news . However , upon reflection , she decides this is a good thing . She is free to live her own life again and decides she is happy her husband has died . This offers us a glimpse into the dark side of her personality . Is this a mere expression of freedom , or is she excited to be free of this man who she believes has held her back ? The story is vague on that particular topic . Mahmoud Sabbaugh states `` It is more or less up to the reader to decide if Louise Mallard is a feminist champion , or a monster who wished death upon her husband . ''",
"Throughout the story Mrs. Mallard is indirectly shown to feel trapped within her marriage . She was joyful when the news of her husband 's alleged passing was brought to her attention and this showed the readers how she actually felt about being in her marriage . It 's shown that women who are married feel trapped and they are less happier then married men . Mrs. Mallard spends a lot of time thinking about how her life is going to be now that her `` husband is gone '' and this further raises the question of how happy is she really . This take on the story could allow readers to look deeper behind her actions after her husbands death .",
"In `` The Story of an Hour '' by Kate Chopin , there are many different themes that could be discussed . Marriage and self - assertion play a huge role in this short story . In the beginning the reader learns that Mrs. Mallard 's husband has died `` ... great care was taken to break her as gently as possible the news of her husband 's death '' ( 15 ) . At first , Mrs. Mallard seems to be grief stricken by the loss of her husband . She left to her room alone to grieve `` ... pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul . '' ( 15 ) The reader begins to assume in this moment that Mrs. Mallard was exhausted by her marriage , not by the fact that she has learned that her husband has died . While Mrs. Mallard is grieving alone in her room , she gazes out the window and notices `` ... the new spring life . The delicious breath of rain was in the air . '' ( 15 ) She begins to notice the new beginnings of spring in the air , and she realizes that she has something in common with this new spring day . As she sits in her chair and ponders over the feeling she is having , the feeling finally comes to her `` ... free , free , free ! '' ( 15 ) Prior to these words leaving her mouth , she sobs for only a few short minutes and then realizes she is only crying because of these words she has now spoken . These words now leave the reader with the belief that Mrs. Mallard was unhappy with her marriage and as Mavis Chia - Chieh states that `` The text indicates that Louise 's life is extremely restricted because of her domestic confinement and also suggests that she must have been secretly yearning for a life of her own . '' As the reader continues through this short story , Chopin writes `` But she saw beyond the bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely . And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome . '' ( 16 ) While the reader was never told if Mrs. Mallard was truly unhappy in her marriage , the reader can only begin to conclude when reading those sentences that Mrs. Mallard was unhappy and would finally be free from a marriage that only confined her .",
"Previously it was mentioned that there is nothing in this story that defines that Mrs. Mallard had a difficult marriage . The reader only comes to this conclusion based on what is said and described in the story . In one research article titled Fatal Self - Assertion in Kate Chopin 's The Story of an Hour , Berkove states that this story is simply about Louise Mallard . Berkove enforces what the reader should be able to determine from reading this short story , that it is never defined that Mrs. Mallard is truly unhappy in her marriage or in her life in society . The reader watches the struggle of Mrs. Mallard realizing her husband is dead and finding self - assertion in such a short amount of time . However , at the end of the story , the reader learns that Brently Mallard is not dead and that Mrs. Mallard is not a widow . Suddenly , Mrs. Mallard shrieks , and the reader learns that she has died `` ... of heart disease - of joy that kills . '' ( 16 ) The reader is left wondering about the joy that killed Mrs. Mallard , was it that she is happy that her husband was in fact still alive or was it in terror that she felt free and is in fact not free because her husband is standing before her . As mentioned in the article Emotions in the Story of an Hour , the reader could assume that Mrs. Mallard 's death is `` ... a sign of a woman who has unconsciously surrendered her heart ( i.e. , her identity as an individual ) to the culture of paternalism . '' ( Jamil ) The reader is never told why she dies , but it can only be assumed that she died from surrendering her heart to a life of being an individual and finding her own happiness as a widow .",
"In 1984 , Director Tina Rathbone released a film adaptation of the story titled The Joy That Kills . This film is based on Kate Chopin 's story , `` The Story of an Hour '' . Frances Conroy also has from a heart condition , just like Lousie Mallard does . This production is mostly concerned with the psychological state ."
] | The Story of an Hour - Wikipedia The Story of an Hour Jump to: navigation , search `` The Story of an Hour'' Country United States Language English Genre(s) Short story Published in United States Publication type Magazine Publisher Vogue Publication date 1894 `` The Story of an Hour ,'' is a short story written by Kate Chopin on April 19, 1894. It was originally published in Vogue on December 6, 1894, as `` The Dream of an Hour '' . It was later reprinted in St. Louis Life on January 5, 1895, as `` The Story of an Hour'' . The title of the short story refers to the time elapsed between the moments at which the protagonist, Louise Mallard, hears that her husband is dead, and when she discovers that he is alive after all. `` The Story of an Hour'' was controversial by American standards of the 1890s because it features a female protagonist who feels liberated by the news of her husband's death. In Unveiling Kate Chopin , Emily Toth argues that Chopin `` had to have her heroine die'' in order to make the story publishable`` . (The `` heroine'' dies when she sees her husband alive after he was thought to be dead.) Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Analysis 3 Critical responses 4 Characters 5 Effects of marriage 6 Film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Summary ( edit ) `` The Story of an Hour'' expresses every emotion that Louise Mallard feels after she finds out about the death of her husband. The very first sentence of the story states, `` Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death'' . As the news is broken to her as delicately as possible, Mrs. Mallard begins weeping uncontrollably into the arms of her sister, Josephine. Mrs. Mallard is very heartbroken by the report of her husband's death, but when her grief subsides, she goes away to her room to be alone. She sits down in an armchair that is facing a window and looks out at all of the nature. All of a sudden, as she is gazing outside this window, a feeling comes to her. A feeling that she keeps trying to push back, but she is unable to. It is a feeling of freedom. She knows that when the time of his funeral comes and she sees him with his arms folded across his chest, she will feel sad again. But as she looks ahead at her future years without her husband, she feels enlightened. Mrs. Mallard keeps whispering to herself, `` Free! Body and soul free!'' and as Josephine listens in to her sister from the other side of the door, she gets very worried and tells Mrs. Mallard to open the door or she will make herself ill. Josephine was unable to hear exactly what her sister was saying inside of her room, but as Joseph Rosenblum states within his article, ' `` The Story of an Hour'' by Kate Chopin'' , `` Josephine ... would be shocked if she knew what thoughts were racing through her sister's mind.'' After a few minutes, Mrs. Mallard gets up out of her chair and opens the door for Josephine and they both walk downstairs together. Upon arriving to the bottom of the staircase, the front door to Mrs. Mallard's house began to unlock and open. It was Mrs. Mallard's husband, Brently Mallard! Alive and well. Mrs. Mallard was so immensely shocked at the sight of him that her poor, weak heart gave out right then and there. `` When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease -- of joy that kills'' . The cynicism of this sentence can be detected almost immediately, and as explained by ThoughtCo, `` It seems clear that her shock was not joy over her husband's survival, but rather distress over losing her cherished, newfound freedom. Louise did briefly experience joy -- the joy of imagining herself in control of her own life. And it was the removal of that intense joy that led to her death.'' To further express the meaning of this `` joy'' , Selina S. Jamil explains in the article, `` Emotions in the Story of an Hour'' , `` ... the `` joy'' that kills Louise is the joy that (doctors assume to be joy of finding out that Brently was not actually dead) she refuses to surrender, as the patriarchy would require her to do at Brently's return. But, for one climactic hour of her life, Louise does truly taste joy. For one hour of emotion, Louise does glimpse meaning and fulfillment. To be fully alive, then, is to engage in heightened consciousness, to observe and connect with the world around one's self.'' This helps to show just how powerful the emotion was that Louise had felt. For one hour, Louise had a sense of freedom and was so ecstatic to begin her new life, but that was stripped away from her far too soon and her heart was unable to bear the shock that she felt about seeing her husband alive. To this day, `` The Story of an Hour'' is one of Kate Chopin's most popular works. Although, it is commonly wondered why Mrs. Mallard would feel relieved by the news of her husband's death. It may seem like an unsettling thought, but as Wikipedia explains, `` It was a correlation to both the time period and the way men perceived woman back in the 1800s. The thought of a woman being able to survive without a man was a distant thought among many civilians back in that time. Women were often stuck at home while the husbands went to work. It was thought of between women at the time that the death of their husbands would bring them `` freedom'' and therefore Kate Chopin's , `` The Story of an Hour,'' resonated with a lot of women at the time, but was not so popular with men.'' This helps readers to see that Mrs. Mallard may have felt trapped and exploited by her marriage. Which brings us to another important element that this short story expresses; marriage is not always what it seems. When most people think of the day that they will get married, they think of how happy their lives will be from that point on. However, that is not always the case, and `` The Story of an Hour'' just goes to show it. Louise Mallard did feel love for her husband sometimes, but she felt like her newly found freedom from him was a joyful thing and for once in her life she felt hopeful about her future. Analysis ( edit ) The heroine of Kate Chopin's `` The Story of an Hour `` , Louise Mallard, is known to be suffering from a weak heart.After the death of her husband, Mrs. Mallard was unable to shake the thought of being free from her husband. The word `` free'' began to haunt her mind, free from oppression. Daniel P. Deneau mentions about a continuous debate about Mrs, Mallard's personality. `` Is Louise a normal, understandable, sympathetic woman, or is she an egocentric, selfish monster or anomaly?'' What is understood is that Mrs. Mallard's reaction to her husband's death allowed readers to view the `` selfish monster'' side of her. After being released of her husband's grasp, she began to find relations to the world. Normal women would have gone into grief and weep in sorrow; however, Mrs. Mallard's reaction towards her husband was a passionate reaction that had caused the audience to question her personality. Mrs. Mallard's irregular reaction caused readers to question her emotions towards the husband's death. Throughout `` The Story of an Hour'' , her constant baffle on freedom had led readers to confusion whether her heart condition has anything to do with her reaction. Selina S. Jamil exclaims to her audience that ,`` Mrs. Mallard's `` heart trouble'' (193) is not so much a physical ailment... as a sign of a woman who has unconsciously surrendered her heart (i.e., her identity as an individual) to the culture of paternalism.'' in which she goes through a stage where she appears `` optimistic'' towards life. Then, in result, Mrs. Mallard's weak heart, which is supposed to be frail, and her fear soon transforms into joy that is uncontrollable to begin with. Chopin's interpretation of Louise Mallard is not similar to most women at all. `` As her body responds to her emotions, she feels a rhythmic connection to the physical world'' (Jamil), by repeating words like `` free'' in her head has shown that her emotions towards the loss of her husband has enhanced her connection to world. Kate Chopin's `` The Story of an Hour'' presents the heroine as a heartless person who does not fear the death of her husband, but instead is filled with glee and joy. Nicole Diederich questions the `` focus on the challenge the ending poses to the reader'' (Diederich 117) about how the audience sees her death. Her husband's death was another way to escape the marriage she was binded to whereas her death was also another escape that was expressed at the end of the short story. Heidi Podlasti-Labrenz also supports that Mrs. Mallard was under Brently's influence by stating, `` ...her strength of character and willpower are apparently mostly controlled and absorbed by Brently Mallard's well-meant but forceful dominance'' and claims that her actions as this `` crazed'' human being was just a reaction after being freed from marriage. Mrs. Mallard, as a character, shows that she was aware of her actions through Brently's arrival. `` But, for one climactic hour of her life, Louise does truly taste joy,'' (Jamil) which happens to cause her frail heart to collapse. Louise Mallard's personality in `` The Story of an Hour'' was understood to portray an unthoughtful image of what a wife should be. Her actions were to `` illustrate the dangers of making assumptions'' (Mayer) and in result, her weakened heart had taken her life. Her sister thought of her behavior as nothing but a sickness. Josephine had not thought that her sister's actions were to match her personality, but to think that Louise's reaction was her reaching existentialism. It was not her mind going crazy, but Louise `` reaching existentialism'' is her finally realizing her time and place as this new awakened being. When the thought of being free in mind and soul, existentialism, that's when she began to act as if she was not normal. The article `` Marriage and The Story of an Hour'' suggests that Chopin's short story demonstrates that marriage is not always what it appears to be, and that the journey to freedom can be dangerous. Chopin shows her readers that the love of only one partner in a marriage is not indicative of a mutual relationship. In the story, Louise says that she loves her husband sometimes, and in the article it suggests that maybe her husband was cruel; so even though she did indeed love him, she also loves her prospective freedom from him. The open window through which Mrs. Mallard gazes for a majority of the story is a sign of the freedom and opportunities that await her through her newfound independence. `` She hears people and birds singing and smells a coming rainstorm. Everything that she experiences through her senses suggests joy and spring-- new life.'' Mrs. Mallard can look into the distance and see nothing but a clear bright future ahead of her. Critical responses ( edit ) Bert Bender offers a biographical reading of the text and argues that writing of the 1890s was influenced by Charles Darwin 's theory of sexual selection . Chopin's understanding of the meaning of love and courtship, in particular, was altered and became more pessimistic. This attitude finds its expression in `` The Story of an Hour'' when Mrs. Mallard questions the meaning of love and ultimately rejects it as meaningless. Lawrence I. Berkove notes that there has been `` virtual critical agreement'' that the story is about female liberation from a repressive marriage. However, he contests this reading and argues that there is a `` deeper level of irony in the story'' . The story, according to Berkove, depicts Mrs. Mallard as an `` immature egotist'' and a `` victim of her own extreme self-assertion'' . He also challenges the notion that Chopin intended for the views of the story's main character to coincide with those of the author. Xuding Wang has criticized Berkove's interpretation. In her article, `` Emotions in ' The Story of An Hour' '' , Selina Jamil argues that Chopin portrays Mrs. Mallard's perception of her husband's supposed death as fostered by emotions, rather than by rationality. Jamil claims that up until that point, Mrs. Mallard's life has been devoid of emotion to such an extent that she has even wondered if it is worth living. The repression of emotion may represent Mrs. Mallard's repressive husband, who had, up until that point, `` smothered'' and `` silenced'' her will. Therefore, her newfound freedom is brought on by an influx of emotion (representing the death of her repressive husband) that adds meaning and value to her life. Although Mrs. Mallard initially feels fear when she hears of her husband's death, the strength of the emotion is so powerful that Mrs. Mallard actually feels joy (because she is feeling). Since this `` joy that kills'' ultimately leads to Mrs. Mallard's death, one possible interpretation is that the repression of Mrs. Mallard's feelings is what killed her in the end. In the same article, Jamil shows the repression that Mrs. Mallard faces as a wife. She realizes after her husband's apparent death that she is `` free, free, free'' . This shows how her life would change and that she is now a new person and removed from the repressed life she faced before. No evidence is given in the story about how she is repressed, but her reaction to his death and her newfound confidence and freedom are enough. This repression of herself, that she dealt with, has now been removed, enabling her to be free. In a 2013 article, Jeremy Foote argues that `` The Story of an Hour'' can be read as a commentary and warning about technology -- specifically the railroad and the telegraph. The railroad, he claims, may be the cause of the distance between the Mallards (and many other couples of the time). It allowed for work and home to be very distant from each other, and eliminated opportunities for spouses to spend time together. Foote argues that the reason that Louise Mallard wanted more autonomy was because she and her husband did not spend time together. The alone time that Louise had in the house made her less close to her husband, and made her want her independence. The way the telegraph is used in the story can be viewed as a warning about a world in which information (and people) are moving too quickly. Instead of having enough time to think about and process the death of her husband, it is thrust upon Mrs. Mallard, in its entirety, followed within minutes by the shock of seeing him alive. As the title suggests, this is a story about the importance of time. It may not have been the events that happened so much as the speed at which they happened which is so devastating to Mrs. Mallard. Characters ( edit ) Louise Mallard is a young married woman, who feels constrained in her home and her marriage. Ellen Harrington states `` It's not as if her husband is mean or abusive, but she is trapped in a relationship that limits her freedoms as an individual.'' She discovers that her husband has died and she feels liberated; but soon after, her husband walks through the door, unharmed and alive, and kills his wife with a shock that was too much for her heart. Lawrence Berkove argues: `` As we look at the character of Mrs. Mallard, we can take into account that, while she is happy her husband has died, she's not involved in a loveless marriage, nor is she abused or oppressed by her husband.'' In fact Chopin states in her story, `` She did love him. Sometimes.'' Mrs. Mallard wished no ill on her husband and is even sad when she first hears the news. However, upon reflection, she decides this is a good thing. She is free to live her own life again and decides she is happy her husband has died. This offers us a glimpse into the dark side of her personality. Is this a mere expression of freedom, or is she excited to be free of this man who she believes has held her back? The story is vague on that particular topic. Mahmoud Sabbaugh states `` It is more or less up to the reader to decide if Louise Mallard is a feminist champion, or a monster who wished death upon her husband.'' Effects of marriage ( edit ) Throughout the story Mrs. Mallard is indirectly shown to feel trapped within her marriage. She was joyful when the news of her husband's alleged passing was brought to her attention and this showed the readers how she actually felt about being in her marriage. It's shown that women who are married feel trapped and they are less happier then married men. Mrs. Mallard spends a lot of time thinking about how her life is going to be now that her `` husband is gone'' and this further raises the question of how happy is she really. This take on the story could allow readers to look deeper behind her actions after her husbands death. In `` The Story of an Hour'' by Kate Chopin, there are many different themes that could be discussed. Marriage and self-assertion play a huge role in this short story. In the beginning the reader learns that Mrs. Mallard's husband has died `` ...great care was taken to break her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death'' (15). At first, Mrs. Mallard seems to be grief stricken by the loss of her husband. She left to her room alone to grieve `` ...pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.'' (15) The reader begins to assume in this moment that Mrs. Mallard was exhausted by her marriage, not by the fact that she has learned that her husband has died. While Mrs. Mallard is grieving alone in her room, she gazes out the window and notices `` ...the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air.'' (15) She begins to notice the new beginnings of spring in the air, and she realizes that she has something in common with this new spring day. As she sits in her chair and ponders over the feeling she is having, the feeling finally comes to her `` ...free, free, free!'' (15) Prior to these words leaving her mouth, she sobs for only a few short minutes and then realizes she is only crying because of these words she has now spoken. These words now leave the reader with the belief that Mrs. Mallard was unhappy with her marriage and as Mavis Chia-Chieh states that `` The text indicates that Louise's life is extremely restricted because of her domestic confinement and also suggests that she must have been secretly yearning for a life of her own.'' As the reader continues through this short story, Chopin writes `` But she saw beyond the bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.'' (16) While the reader was never told if Mrs. Mallard was truly unhappy in her marriage, the reader can only begin to conclude when reading those sentences that Mrs. Mallard was unhappy and would finally be free from a marriage that only confined her. Another point to look at and that can closely relate with the unhappy marriage discussed above, is how Mrs. Mallard is beginning to find her individuality in such a short period of time from finding out about her husband's death. It is mentioned in the article Emotions in the Story of an Hour `` ... emotion connects the soul to the body. As her body responds to her emotions, she feels a rhythmic connection to the physical world.'' (Jamil) The reader can see in the text how the emotions of Mrs. Mallard is connecting to her body. Chopin writes `` Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.'' (15) Its as if the reader can feel Mrs. Mallard relaxing knowing that her individuality and freedom from her marriage are finally in her grasp. As mentioned previously, Mrs. Mallard repeats the word free over and over. This plays a significant part in both her finding freedom in her marriage but also freedom for herself. Towards the end of the story, Chopin writes `` Free! Body and soul free!'' (16) At this point Mrs. Mallard's sister is at her door worried that she is making herself ill to which Mrs. Mallard insists that she is not making herself ill. Instead, Mrs. Mallard is `` ...drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window.'' (16) This line can define that Mrs. Mallard is finally finding her independence and breathing in her new found freedom. Previously it was mentioned that there is nothing in this story that defines that Mrs. Mallard had a difficult marriage. The reader only comes to this conclusion based on what is said and described in the story. In one research article titled Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour, Berkove states that this story is simply about Louise Mallard. Berkove enforces what the reader should be able to determine from reading this short story, that it is never defined that Mrs. Mallard is truly unhappy in her marriage or in her life in society. The reader watches the struggle of Mrs. Mallard realizing her husband is dead and finding self-assertion in such a short amount of time. However, at the end of the story, the reader learns that Brently Mallard is not dead and that Mrs. Mallard is not a widow. Suddenly, Mrs. Mallard shrieks, and the reader learns that she has died `` ...of heart disease- of joy that kills.'' (16) The reader is left wondering about the joy that killed Mrs. Mallard, was it that she is happy that her husband was in fact still alive or was it in terror that she felt free and is in fact not free because her husband is standing before her. As mentioned in the article Emotions in the Story of an Hour, the reader could assume that Mrs. Mallard's death is `` ...a sign of a woman who has unconsciously surrendered her heart (i.e., her identity as an individual) to the culture of paternalism.'' (Jamil) The reader is never told why she dies, but it can only be assumed that she died from surrendering her heart to a life of being an individual and finding her own happiness as a widow. Film adaptation ( edit ) In 1984 , Director Tina Rathbone released a film adaptation of the story titled The Joy That Kills . This film is based on Kate Chopin's story, `` The Story of an Hour'' . Frances Conroy also has from a heart condition, just like Lousie Mallard does. This production is mostly concerned with the psychological state. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jamil, Selina S. `` Emotions in ' The Story of an Hour' '' Explicator (2009): 215-- 220. EBSCOhost. Jump up ^ Toth, Emily (1999). Unveiling Kate Chopin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-57806-101-3 . Jump up ^ Chopin, Kate. `` The Story of an Hour.'' The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing, 11th ed, edited by Michael Meyer, Bedford/St. Martin's , 2016, pp. 15-16. Jump up ^ Meyer, Michael, editor. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing, 11th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's , 2016. Jump up ^ Rosenblum, Joseph. `` The Story of an Hour'' by Kate Chopin.'' Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature, 2015. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.mga.edu/login?url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=98697020&site=eds-live&scope=site . Jump up ^ Sustana, Catherine. `` Analysis of `` The Story of an Hour'' by Kate Chopin. ThoughtCo., 8 Sep. 2017, www.thoughtco.com/analysis-story-of-an-hour-2990475. Accessed 24 Jan. 2018. Jump up ^ Jamil, S. Selina. `` Emotions in the Story of an Hour.'' Explicator, vol. 67, no. 3, Spring2009, pp. 215-220. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.mga.edu/login?url= http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fth&AN=40121203&site=eds-live&scope=site . Jump up ^ `` Marriage and The Story of An Hour'' . Odyssey. 2016-09-07 . Retrieved 2017-05-08 . Jump up ^ `` SparkNotes: The Story of an Hour: Themes, Motifs, and Symbols'' . www.sparknotes.com . Jump up ^ Bender, Bert (1991). `` The Teeth of Desire: The Awakening and the Descent of Man'' . American Literature 63 (3): 459-- 473. Jump up ^ Berkove, Lawrence L. (2000) `` Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopin's ' The Story of an Hour.' '' American Literary Realism 32 (2): 152-- 158. Jump up ^ Xuding Wang, `` Feminine Self-Assertion in ' The Story of an Hour' ,'' English Department, Tamkang University, Taiwan (1) Jump up ^ Jamil, Selina S. `` Emotions in ' The Story of an Hour' '' Explicator (2009): 215-- 220. EBSCOhost. Jump up ^ Foote, J. (2013). `` Speed That Kills: The Role of Technology in Kate Chopin's THE STORY OF AN HOUR'' . The Explicator. 71 (2): 85-- 89. doi : 10.1080/00144940.2013.779222 . Jump up ^ Wade, Lisa (January 11, 2017). `` The Modern Marriage Trap and - What to do about it'' . Time.com . Jump up ^ Berkove, Lawrence I. `` Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopin's ' The Story of an Hour.' '' American Literary Realism, vol. 32, no. 2, 2000, pp. 152-- 158. JSTOR, JSTOR Chopin, Kate. `` The Story of an Hour.'' The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing, 11th ed, edited by Michael Meyer, Bedford/St. Martin's , 2013, pp. 1646-1647. Jamil, S. Selina. `` Emotions in the Story of an Hour.'' The Explicator, no. 3, 2009, p. 215. EBSCOhost, Mavis Chia-Chieh, Tseng. `` Joy That Kills'' : Female Jouissance in Kate Chopin's ' The Story of an Hour.' '' Short Story, vol. 22, no. 2, Fall 2014, pp. 29-38. EBSCOhost, Jump up ^ Corry, John (January 28, 1985). `` TV REVIEW;' THE JOY THAT KILLS,' ON WNET'' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Story of an Hour The Story of an Hour public domain audiobook at LibriVox Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_an_Hour&oldid=839167235 '' Categories : 1894 short stories Feminist fiction Short stories by Kate Chopin Hidden categories: Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018, at 18:19. About Wikipedia | 1570613155139972530 |
do they know it's christmas band aid wiki | Slade released a version of the song on their 1985 Christmas album Crackers : The Christmas Party Album , with vocals by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea and proceeds from the track , along with a further Slade release `` Do You Believe in Miracles '' ( which told the story of Geldof 's rise and demise in the pop scene and then his determination to raise money for the famine victims ) , were donated to the Band Aid Trust . | [
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"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid B - side `` Feed the World '' ( 1984 ) `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' ( 1985 ) Released 3 December 1984 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 25 November 1984 Studio Sarm West Studios , London Genre Christmas new wave synth - pop Length 3 : 50 6 : 16 ( 12 '' version ) Label Phonogram ( UK ) Columbia ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Midge Ure Trevor Horn ( 12 '' and 1985 reissue ) Music video `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' on YouTube",
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"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia . It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid , a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time . The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984 and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks , becoming the Christmas number one of 1984 . The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history , selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984 , on the way to displacing Wings 's `` Mull of Kintyre '' as the biggest - selling single of all time in the UK . It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' , released in tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales following her death . The original version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date .",
"The song was also a major success around the world , reaching number one in thirteen other countries outside the UK . In the US , the single fell short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay , but it had sold an estimated 2.5 million copies in the US by January 1985 . Worldwide the single had sold 11.7 million copies by 1989 . Geldof 's cautious hope was that the single would raise £ 70,000 for Ethiopia , but `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' raised £ 8 million within twelve months of release . The single 's worldwide success in raising awareness and financial relief for the victims of the Ethiopian famine led the recording of several other charity singles in the UK and in other countries , such as `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa . The song also led to various spin - off charity events , such as Comic Relief , and the Live Aid concert which would take place seven months later in July 1985 .",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was re-recorded three times : in 1989 , 2004 , and 2014 . All the re-recordings were also charity records ; the 1989 and 2004 versions also provide money for famine relief , while the 2014 version was used to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa . All three of these versions also reached number one in the UK , and the 2004 version of the song was also a UK million seller , with 1.8 million copies sold .",
"The song was inspired by a series of reports that Michael Buerk made for BBC television news programmes , which highlighted the famine in Ethiopia that was taking place at the time . The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine , with Buerk 's report on 23 October describing it as `` a biblical famine in the 20th century '' and `` the closest thing to hell on Earth '' . The reports shocked the UK , motivating the British people to inundate relief agencies , such as Save the Children , with donations , and also to bring world attention to the crisis in Ethiopia . The Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his partner , television presenter Paula Yates , watched the 23 October report and were also deeply affected by it . On 2 November Yates travelled from the couple 's home in London to the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube . Among the acts performing on that week 's programme were Ultravox , promoting their greatest hits album The Collection . Ultravox 's front man Midge Ure happened to be chatting to Yates in the dressing room after the show when Geldof called her . On discovering that she was with Ure , an old friend of Geldof 's , he asked to speak to Ure and told him that he wanted to do something to alleviate the suffering in Ethiopia . Ure immediately agreed to help and the pair arranged to meet and discuss ideas over lunch the following Monday , 5 November , quickly coming to the conclusion that the best option would be to make a charity record .",
"Following their meeting , Geldof immediately set about recruiting other well known musicians to participate on the record . Geldof said , `` I then rang Sting and he said , yeah , count me in , and then ( Simon ) Le Bon , he just immediately said tell me the date and we 'll clear the diary . The same day I was passing by this antique shop and who is standing in there but Gary Kemp , just about to go off on tour to Japan . He said he was mad for it as well and to wait 10 days till they ( Spandau Ballet ) got back in the country ... suddenly it hit me . I thought , ' Christ , we have got the real top boys here ' , all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this ... I knew then that we were off , and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up , asking them to do it . '' Further phone calls from Geldof also secured promises of everybody involved in the record 's making to provide their services free of charge , including most of the UK music magazines which donated advertising space in their publications to promote the single , Geldof 's record label Phonogram who released the single , their parent company Polygram who distributed it , and the artist Peter Blake who created the single 's sleeve .",
"Geldof and Ure 's biggest problem was to be able to come up with a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas . They both realised that they would have to write one themselves and not record a cover version , otherwise they would have to pay royalties which would have to be subtracted from the amount raised for charity . On the Monday afternoon Ure came up with the outline of what he felt sounded a Christmas - like melody on a portable keyboard , which he recorded onto a tape and sent to Geldof , who sarcastically told him that the tune sounded like the theme to Z - Cars . Geldof came to Ure 's house the next day and together they worked on the tune with Geldof on his acoustic guitar . Geldof added lyrics based on a song he had originally written for the Boomtown Rats , as he later recalled :",
"It was lucky in a way , because I had already written this song , which I had provisionally called ' It 's My World ' , and I knew it would be suitable if I just changed the words a bit and called it ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' Midge , reliable as ever , sent down this tune which is the sort of Christmassy bit at the end and we married the two together .",
"Ure recorded Geldof and his guitar and used the recording to develop Geldof 's ideas later back in his home studio , adding his own melody onto the end as a chorus . He later stated that he had been unable to improve on Geldof 's lyrics and left most of them as they were , with the exception of the line `` And there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' -- the original lyric substituted `` Africa '' with `` Ethiopia '' but Ure decided that this did not scan .",
"Geldof 's original idea had been to ask Trevor Horn to produce the song . At the time Horn was an in - demand producer , having produced the three number one singles in 1984 for Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Although Horn was receptive to the idea , he told Geldof that he would need at least six weeks to be able to produce the song , which made it impossible for it to be ready by Christmas . He did , however , offer the use of Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill in west London ( owned by Horn and his wife Jill Sinclair ) free of charge for twenty - four hours on Sunday 25 November . Horn would later remix and co-produce the 12 '' version of the single , as well as remixing the single for its 1985 re-release . In Horn 's absence Ure was assigned the job of producer and he spent several days in his home studio with his engineer Rik Walton to create the song 's backing track , programming the keyboards and drum machines and using a sample of the drums from the title track of Tears for Fears album The Hurting for the song 's intro . John Taylor of Duran Duran and Paul Weller visited Ure 's studio the day before the recording at Sarm West in order to add bass guitar and lead guitar respectively , although Ure and Weller later agreed that the lead guitar did not fit the predominantly synthesizer - based song and subsequently decided not to use Weller 's contribution . Ure sang the original guide vocal , although Simon Le Bon and Sting both came to Ure 's studio to add the vocals for their lines .",
"While Ure was occupied creating the song 's backing track in the studio , Geldof was busy contacting various British artists to ask them to appear for the recording session . His plan was to have the biggest names in British music at the time appear on the record , and few declined : Geldof later revealed that only three people had turned him down , although he refused to disclose who they were . Those he asked but who were unable to appear instead sent recorded messages of support that appeared on the single 's B - side , including David Bowie and Paul McCartney . Another UK act who had been successful in 1984 , The Thompson Twins , were unable to appear on the Band Aid record as they were out of the country and were made aware of the recording too late to return and be involved in it , but they donated part of the proceeds of their then current single `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' to the Action for Ethiopia charity .",
"Geldof kept a November appointment with BBC Radio 1 DJ Richard Skinner to appear on his show , but instead of discussing his new album ( the original reason for his booking ) , he used the airtime to publicise the idea for the charity single , so by the time the musicians were recruited there was intense media interest in the subject .",
"Geldof and Ure arrived at Sarm West at around 8 am on Sunday 25 November with the media in attendance outside . With recording scheduled to begin at 10 : 30 am the artists began arriving . Geldof had arranged for the UK newspaper The Daily Mirror to have exclusive access inside the studio , and ensured that a ' team photo ' was taken by the newspaper 's photographer Brian Aris before any recording got under way , knowing that it would be ready in time to appear in the following day 's edition of the newspaper and help publicise the record . The photograph also appeared on the back cover of the single .",
"Ure played the backing track and guide vocals to the artists and then decided , as a way of getting all involved straightaway , to record the climax first . The artists were put in a huge group and sang the ' Feed the world , let them know it 's Christmas time ' refrain over and over again until it was complete . Having recorded the group , Ure chose Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet to be the first singer into the studio to record his solo part . Hadley admitted that this had been nerve - wracking , knowing that all his contemporaries were watching him . One by one the other assigned singers then did likewise , with Ure taping their efforts and then making notes on which segments would be cut into the final recording . Le Bon , despite having already recorded his part at Ure 's house , re-recorded it so he could be part of the moment . Sting also recorded his words again , this time to provide harmony vocals . Despite being lead singers themselves , both Geldof and Ure had already decided that they would not sing any solo lines , although both took part in the ' feed the world ' finale . Ure later stated in his autobiography that he was constantly battling with Geldof , and telling him to leave when he would come into the production booth and wrongly tell the artist behind the microphone what to sing .",
"Phil Collins arrived with his entire drum kit to record a live drum track on top of the already programmed drum machine . He set up the kit and then waited patiently until early evening until after all the vocals had been recorded . Ure was content with the first take that Collins performed , but the perfectionist Collins was unhappy with it and asked for a second take to be recorded , which he was satisfied with .",
"Although the majority of the artists who took part were the UK 's biggest musical stars at the time , there were a few unusual participants . Members of the US group Kool & the Gang appeared on the record because they were signed to the same record label as the Boomtown Rats , and just happened to be visiting Phonogram 's London offices on the day that Geldof walked in to pitch his idea for the charity single to the label . Singer Marilyn , who had scored a couple of chart hits a year earlier but whose star had faded throughout 1984 , saw the opportunity to reclaim the spotlight and turned up to the recording despite not being invited to take part , a fact overlooked by Geldof and Ure who felt any publicity was good publicity and the more stars they could get to appear on the record , the better . Actor Nigel Planer , who had reached number two earlier in the year with a cover version of `` Hole in My Shoe '' in the guise of his character Neil from the television comedy series The Young Ones , also showed up uninvited and in character as Neil to play up to the cameras , and after being tolerated for a while was sent away by Ure .",
"Geldof also asked Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt , the two frontmen of rock band Status Quo , to take part , knowing that although the group were from an entirely different musical era and background , their consistent chart success and fame would bring a certain amount of credibility to the project from the rock fraternity and ensure that the group 's loyal following of fans ( the `` Quo Army '' ) would buy the record in large numbers . Ure 's original idea was for Rossi and Parfitt to sing the `` here 's to you '' harmonies in the song 's bridge , but he had to shelve the idea because Parfitt could not hit the high notes . This section was eventually taken on by Weller , Sting and Glenn Gregory . Rossi privately told Ure afterwards that in the studio he sang most of Status Quo 's vocal parts and that Parfitt only usually sang onstage , and that Ure should have kept Parfitt away from the microphone . Parfitt admitted in a 2004 documentary that he and Rossi had been extremely hungover from partying the night before , and were in no fit state to attempt to record their vocals . However , according to the journalist Robin Eggar , who at the time was music correspondent for The Daily Mirror and who was the only journalist present throughout the recording of the song , the pair were able to contribute in other ways :",
"Once Status Quo produced their bag of cocaine and the booze started to flow -- I brought six bottles of wine from my flat , which disappeared in a minute -- it became a party .",
"Geldof had been keen to include Culture Club 's Boy George on the single , at the time one of the biggest music stars in the world , and had called him in New York the day before the recording to insist that George turn up . By midday , with George still absent , an irate Geldof telephoned him again demanding to know where he was . Having only gone to bed a few hours before , a sleepy George was woken up by Geldof insisting that he get onto a Concorde transatlantic flight later that morning . However , George went back to sleep following the phone call , and only made it onto the last Concorde flight of the day later that afternoon . George eventually arrived at Sarm West at 6 pm and went immediately into the recording booth to deliver his lines , the last solo artist of the day . Once George 's contribution had been recorded , Ure began working on the mix as the participants began to party in the studio . A B - side was also produced by Trevor Horn in his own studio , using the same instrumental track and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording , and also from those who had been unable to attend , including David Bowie , Paul McCartney , the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood .",
"The song comprises two parts : a verse and bridge which allow individual singers to perform different lines ; and a chorus in the form of two repeated phrases by ensemble . The first line of the recording is sung by Paul Young on the 1984 version , Kylie Minogue on the 1989 version , Chris Martin of Coldplay on the 2004 version , and One Direction on the 2014 version . The line was originally written for David Bowie who finally sang it at the Live Aid concert in 1985 .",
"The following morning Geldof appeared on Mike Read 's BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show to promote the record and promised that every penny would go to the cause . Most record retailers agreed to sell the record at its cost price of £ 1.35 including VAT : however , some refused , citing cost pressures . Geldof was also incensed that the British Government refused to waive the VAT on the sales of the single . Geldof made the headlines by publicly standing up to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In the end the UK government relented and donated an amount to the charity equal to the amount of tax they had collected on the single .",
"Radio 1 began to play the song every hour -- normally an A-list single got seven or eight plays per day . The number one single at the time of its release was `` I Should Have Known Better '' by Jim Diamond , and Diamond was quoted as saying , `` I 'm delighted to be at number one , but next week I do n't want people to buy my record ; I want them to buy Band Aid instead '' .",
"The song had advance orders of 250,000 within a week of its recording , and orders from record dealers had topped one million by 8 December . In order to meet demand , Phonogram had all five of their European factories put to work pressing the single .",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on Monday 3 December 1984 . It received further publicity from a launch party on 7 December at the Royal Albert Hall during the charity event `` Dinner at Albert 's '' , an evening of music to raise money for Save the Children and the Ethiopia Famine Relief Fund . The single entered the UK Singles Chart the following week at number one , outselling all the other records in the chart put together , with the 7 '' single alone selling 200,000 copies in the first two days of release .",
"In the United States , the video was played on MTV frequently throughout the Christmas season . Released in the US on 10 December 1984 on Columbia Records , `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' sold 1.9 million copies in its first eleven days on release but did not reach number 1 there , due to the more complex nature of the chart system , which counted airplay as well as sales . Despite outselling the official number 1 by four to one , it did not make the top ten due to a lack of airplay , ultimately peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 .",
"Due to the time constraints of releasing the single as quickly as possible , the promotional video for the song simply featured footage from the recording session . David Bowie , who had been Geldof 's original choice to sing the song 's opening line but who had been unable to attend the recording , flew into England from Switzerland to record a short introduction for the video to be played on the BBC 's flagship television music show Top of the Pops . However , Geldof was unhappy when he discovered that the show 's regulations meant that the song and its video could not be played until it had actually charted . Undeterred , he contacted BBC1 controller Michael Grade directly and successfully persuaded Grade to order that every programme preceding that week 's episode of Top of the Pops should start five minutes early to make space to broadcast the song 's video ( complete with Bowie 's introduction ) just before the show .",
"Each week of its stay at number one , the video was shown on Top of the Pops . However , for the Christmas Day special edition of the programme , most of the artists on the record appeared in the studio to mime to the song as it was relayed through the speaker system . The two most notable absentees were George Michael and Bono : during Michael 's line the cameras focussed on the studio audience , while Paul Weller mimed Bono 's line to the camera .",
"The charity received a further boost during Band Aid 's five week tenure at the top of the UK charts with Wham ! at number 2 with their double A-side `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' . Wham ! singer George Michael had appeared on the Band Aid single and he and fellow band member Andrew Ridgeley donated all the royalties from their single to the Band Aid Trust . `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' also ended up selling over a million copies and became the biggest - selling single never to reach number 1 in the UK .",
"A 30 - minute video titled ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' -- The Story of the Official Band Aid Video was released in the UK on 15 December 1984 and in the US on 18 December 1984 on VHS and Betamax formats . The video featured documentary footage shot at the recording session and interviews with Geldof and Ure , as well as the completed promotional video . At the 1986 Grammy Awards the song 's video was nominated for the Best Music Video , Short Form award , eventually losing out to its US counterpart song `` We Are the World '' .",
"The reception in December 1984 to the original single from the UK music press was mixed . Under a caption of `` TURKEY '' ( a double meaning referring both to the traditional British Christmas meal and an artistic failure ) , the biggest selling music paper NME dismissed the song with the single line , `` Millions of Dead Stars write and perform rotten record for the right reasons '' . The other two major music papers looked upon the record more favourably , recognising that while musically the song was flawed , its intentions were admirable . Sounds said , `` It 's far from brilliant ( if not quite the Bland Aid some have predicted ) but you can have fun playing Spot the Star on the vocals , and it deserves to sell by the truckload '' . Melody Maker stated , `` Inevitably , after such massive publicity , the record itself is something of an anti-climax , even though Geldof 's sense of universal melodrama is perfectly suited to this kind of epic musical manifesto . Midge Ure 's large - screen production and the emotional vocal deliveries of the various celebrities matches the demonstrative sweep of Geldof 's lyric , which veers occasionally toward an uncomfortably generalised sentimentality which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation . On the other hand , I 'm sure it 's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine . ''",
"The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western - centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa . Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak , stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is . He cited lyrics such as `` There is no peace and joy in west Africa this Christmas '' ; saying he goes to Ghana yearly for the sole purpose of peace and joy , so singing such lyrics would be a blatant lie .",
"A parody version entitled `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' was created to poke fun at the lyrics in the original version .",
"In the 2014 version , several lyrics that were previously criticised were rewritten , and the song was changed to focus on Ebola rather than the original version 's famine . The new lyrics have also been criticised for stereotypes and condescension .",
"Geldof and Ure themselves later recognised the musical limitations of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' : in his typically blunt manner , Geldof told Australia 's Daily Telegraph in 2010 , `` I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history . The other one is ' We Are the World ' . '' Ure 's assessment in his autobiography was that `` it is a song that has nothing to do with music . It was all about generating money ... The song did n't matter : the song was secondary , almost irrelevant . ''",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was reissued the following year on 29 November 1985 , reaching number 3 in the UK Singles Chart the week following Christmas . The 1985 single was remixed by Trevor Horn , the intended producer of the original version , and it included an updated B - side entitled `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' , beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months .",
"( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve )",
"Vocalists : Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton ( U2 ) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist ) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats ) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama ) Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats ) Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet ) Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham ! ) Jon Moss ( Culture Club ) Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet ) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo ) Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran ) Francis Rossi ( Status Quo ) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran ) James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang ) John Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang ) Midge Ure ( Ultravox ) Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 ) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) Paul Young Additional spoken messages on B - side : Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney Musicians : Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming",
"Vocalists : Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton ( U2 ) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist ) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats ) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama ) Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats ) Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet ) Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham ! ) Jon Moss ( Culture Club ) Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet ) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo ) Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran ) Francis Rossi ( Status Quo ) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran ) James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang ) John Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang ) Midge Ure ( Ultravox ) Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 ) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) Paul Young Additional spoken messages on B - side : Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney Musicians : Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming",
"Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton ( U2 ) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist ) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats ) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama ) Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats ) Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet ) Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham ! ) Jon Moss ( Culture Club ) Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet ) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo )",
"Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang )",
"Bono ( U2 )",
"Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats )",
"Adam Clayton ( U2 )",
"Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist )",
"Chris Cross ( Ultravox )",
"Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats )",
"Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama )",
"Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama )",
"Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats )",
"Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats )",
"Boy George ( Culture Club )",
"Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 )",
"Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet )",
"John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet )",
"Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet )",
"Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet )",
"Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran )",
"George Michael ( Wham ! )",
"Jon Moss ( Culture Club )",
"Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet )",
"Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo )",
"Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran ) Francis Rossi ( Status Quo ) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran ) James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang ) John Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang ) Midge Ure ( Ultravox ) Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 ) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) Paul Young",
"Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran )",
"Francis Rossi ( Status Quo )",
"Sting ( The Police )",
"Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran )",
"James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang )",
"John Taylor ( Duran Duran )",
"Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran )",
"Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang )",
"Midge Ure ( Ultravox )",
"Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 )",
"Paul Weller ( The Style Council )",
"Keren Woodward ( Bananarama )",
"Additional spoken messages on B - side :",
"Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney",
"Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country )",
"Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood )",
"Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming",
"Phil Collins -- drums",
"John Taylor -- bass",
"Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming",
"Jump up ^ Annie Lennox 's name also appears on the sleeve credits as a recorded message from her was due to be included on the B - side , but the message did not arrive in time before the record was pressed . Jump up ^ Midge Ure stated in his autobiography that most of the bass line was created and played on a synthesizer ( later revealed to be the OSCar ) , but that John Taylor had added some bass guitar to the song in Ure 's home studio on 24 November 1984 .",
"Jump up ^ Annie Lennox 's name also appears on the sleeve credits as a recorded message from her was due to be included on the B - side , but the message did not arrive in time before the record was pressed .",
"Jump up ^ Midge Ure stated in his autobiography that most of the bass line was created and played on a synthesizer ( later revealed to be the OSCar ) , but that John Taylor had added some bass guitar to the song in Ure 's home studio on 24 November 1984 .",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19 New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19 New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13",
"Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( Kent Music Report )",
"Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )",
"Canada ( RPM 100 Singles )",
"Denmark ( Tracklisten )",
"Europe ( Europarade )",
"France ( SNEP ) 34",
"Germany ( Official German Charts )",
"Ireland ( IRMA )",
"Italy ( FIMI )",
"Japan ( Oricon ) 20",
"Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )",
"Norway ( VG - lista )",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"US Billboard Hot 100 13",
"Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23",
"Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position",
"Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23",
"Chart ( 1984 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19 New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14",
"Chart ( 1984 ) Position",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"Chart ( 1985 ) Position",
"Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19",
"New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000",
"New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000",
"United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000",
"shipments figures based on certification alone",
"shipments figures based on certification alone",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid II B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Instrumental ) Released 11 December 1989 Format 7 '' cassette CD Recorded 2 -- 3 December 1989 at The Hit Factory , London Genre Pop Length 4 : 25 Label PWL Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"Single by Band Aid II",
"B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Instrumental )",
"Released 11 December 1989",
"Format 7 '' cassette CD",
"7 '' cassette CD",
"Recorded 2 -- 3 December 1989 at The Hit Factory , London",
"Genre Pop",
"Length 4 : 25",
"Label PWL Polydor",
"PWL Polydor",
"Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure",
"Bob Geldof Midge Ure",
"Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman",
"A second version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989 , overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s , Stock Aitken Waterman . Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman to ask him to produce a new version of the song to aid the ongoing situation in Ethiopia , and within 24 hours the recording session had been arranged at Stock Aitken Waterman 's studios on London 's South Bank . The recording took place over the weekend of 2 and 3 December , and featured several artists who had already been produced by SAW , including Kylie Minogue , Jason Donovan , Bananarama , Sonia , and Cliff Richard , as well as other artists who had big hits in 1989 , such as Lisa Stansfield , Jimmy Somerville , Wet Wet Wet and Bros. Bananarama 's Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward became the only artists to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 versions of the record . Siobhan Fahey , who had been part of Bananarama 's line - up at the time the first recording of the song was released , had left the group in 1988 .",
"The lyrics were rearranged for a more traditional ' verse and chorus ' structure , with the opening verse being split in two with a short repeat of the ending chorus being played at the end of both , followed by the `` here 's to you '' section and a final lengthened version of the closing chorus ( with commentary by Michael Buerk played over the outro in the music video ) .",
"Released on 11 December 1989 , the Band Aid II version spent three weeks at number one in the UK , becoming the Christmas number one single and the last number one single of the 1980s , and ended the year as the ninth biggest selling single of 1989 .",
"( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve )",
"Bananarama Big Fun Bros Cathy Dennis D Mob Jason Donovan Kevin Godley Glen Goldsmith Kylie Minogue The Pasadenas Chris Rea Cliff Richard Jimmy Somerville Sonia Lisa Stansfield Technotronic ( incorrectly listed as `` Technotronics '' on the record sleeve ) Wet Wet Wet",
"Technotronic ( incorrectly listed as `` Technotronics '' on the record sleeve )",
"Wet Wet Wet",
"Matt Aitken -- keyboards , guitar Luke Goss -- drums Chris Rea -- guitar Mike Stock -- keyboards",
"Matt Aitken -- keyboards , guitar",
"Luke Goss -- drums",
"Chris Rea -- guitar",
"Mike Stock -- keyboards",
"The sleeve also credits `` A Linn '' with playing drums on the record , a joking reference to the programmed Linn drum machine .",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position",
"Australia ( ARIA ) 30",
"Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74",
"Ireland ( IRMA )",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8",
"Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
"Chart ( 1989 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9",
"Chart ( 1989 ) Position",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Region Certification Certified units / Sales",
"United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000",
"shipments figures based on certification alone",
"shipments figures based on certification alone",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid 20 B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 ) Released 29 November 2004 Format CD digital download Recorded 12 -- 14 November 2004 at Mayfair Studios , Primrose Hill and AIR Studios , Hampstead , London Genre Pop alternative rock Length 5 : 07 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Music video Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at MTV UK",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"Single by Band Aid 20",
"B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 )",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 )",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version )",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 )",
"Released 29 November 2004",
"Format CD digital download",
"CD digital download",
"Recorded 12 -- 14 November 2004 at Mayfair Studios , Primrose Hill and AIR Studios , Hampstead , London",
"Genre Pop alternative rock",
"Pop alternative rock",
"Length 5 : 07",
"Label Mercury",
"Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure",
"Bob Geldof Midge Ure",
"Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich",
"Music video",
"Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at MTV UK",
"Band Aid 20 recorded a third version of the song in November 2004 for the twentieth anniversary of the original recording , and again got to number one . The recording and release of the single tied in with the release of the Live Aid concert on DVD for the first time . The idea was prompted by Coldplay 's Chris Martin , although Geldof and Ure both got quickly involved . Geldof did the publicity and educated the younger artists on the issues ( some of them were n't born , or were very young , when the original was recorded ) while Ure assisted producer Nigel Godrich and filmed the event for the corresponding documentary .",
"The gathering of the artists to record the song 's chorus took place at AIR Studios in Hampstead in north London on Sunday 14 November 2004 , although the backing track and many of the solo lines had been recorded over the previous two days . Damon Albarn did not take part in the recording but turned up to serve tea to the participants .",
"This version of the song featured an extra segment -- a rap by Dizzee Rascal in the midst of the `` here 's to you '' section . Bono flew in especially from Ireland late on Sunday evening to sing the same line as he had done two decades earlier , making him the sixth artist to appear on two versions , in addition to Geldof , Ure , Paul McCartney , Sarah Dallin and Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) .",
"Vocalists : Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane ) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko ) Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis ) Musicians : Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano Additional personnel : Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer",
"Vocalists : Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane ) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko ) Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis ) Musicians : Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano Additional personnel : Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer",
"Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane ) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko )",
"Tim Wheeler ( Ash )",
"Bono ( U2 )",
"Chris Martin ( Coldplay )",
"Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne",
"Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song",
"Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba )",
"Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy )",
"Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness )",
"Tom Chaplin ( Keane )",
"Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane )",
"Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints )",
"Róisín Murphy ( Moloko )",
"Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis )",
"Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles",
"Fran Healy ( Travis )",
"Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano",
"Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums",
"Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar",
"Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar",
"Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar",
"Paul McCartney -- bass guitar",
"Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano",
"Additional personnel :",
"Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer",
"Damon Albarn -- tea boy",
"Bob Geldof -- organiser",
"Nigel Godrich -- producer",
"Midge Ure -- executive producer",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,184,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,184,000 shipments figures based on certification alone",
"Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )",
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"shipments figures based on certification alone",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' Single by Band Aid 30 Released 17 November 2014 Format CD digital download Recorded 15 November 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 48 Label Virgin EMI Island Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Paul Epworth",
"`` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) ''",
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"Bob Geldof Midge Ure",
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"At a press conference on 10 November 2014 , Geldof and Ure announced that another group of artists would come together to re-record the song , this time under the banner of Band Aid 30 and in aid of the Ebola crisis . It was released on the following Monday , 17 November , 11 days short of the 30th anniversary of the release of the original version of the track .",
"Tracey Emin provided the artwork and Paul Epworth produced the track . Vocal contributions came from artists including Ed Sheeran , One Direction , Paloma Faith , Ellie Goulding , Seal , Sam Smith , Sinéad O'Connor , Rita Ora , Emeli Sandé , Bastille and Olly Murs . Returning guest musicians from previous versions of the song included Chris Martin ( who recorded the opening lines of the 2004 version ) and Bono ( who sang the tenth line in both the 1984 and 2004 versions ) . The line `` Well , there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' was changed to `` Bring peace and joy this Christmas to West Africa '' .",
"Vocalists : Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware Musicians : Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards Additional personnel : Paul Epworth -- producer",
"Vocalists : Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware Musicians : Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards Additional personnel : Paul Epworth -- producer",
"Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs",
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"Chris Martin ( Coldplay )",
"Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware",
"Karl Hyde ( Underworld )",
"Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards",
"Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin",
"Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello",
"Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards",
"Additional personnel :",
"Paul Epworth -- producer",
"Paul Epworth -- producer",
"A German - language version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on 21 November 2014 . It was produced by Vincent Sorg and Tobias Kuhn and features vocals from artists including 2raumwohnung , Andreas Bourani , Die Toten Hosen , Jan Delay , Joy Denalane , Max Raabe , Milky Chance , Peter Maffay , Silbermond , Thees Uhlmann , and Wolfgang Niedecken .",
"Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 48",
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"German digital download -- German version No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 55",
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"1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 55",
"German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50",
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"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56",
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"German CD maxi - single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 3 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2004 version ) '' ( Band Aid 20 ) 5 : 06 4 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1989 version ) '' ( Band Aid II ) 4 : 22 5 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1984 version ) '' ( Band Aid ) 3 : 52",
"German CD maxi - single",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56",
"2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50",
"3 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2004 version ) '' ( Band Aid 20 ) 5 : 06",
"4 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1989 version ) '' ( Band Aid II ) 4 : 22",
"5 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1984 version ) '' ( Band Aid ) 3 : 52",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) British and Irish version ( original ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 63 German version Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 501,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone",
"Weekly charts ( edit ) British and Irish version ( original ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 63 German version Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 501,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone",
"British and Irish version ( original )",
"British and Irish version ( original )",
"Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 63",
"Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position",
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"Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8",
"Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35",
"France ( SNEP ) 25",
"Germany ( Official German Charts )",
"Hungary ( Single Top 40 )",
"Ireland ( IRMA )",
"Italy ( FIMI ) 11",
"Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31",
"Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )",
"New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )",
"Norway ( VG - lista ) 40",
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"US Billboard Hot 100 63",
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"Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21",
"Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position",
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"Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 17 November 2014 Digital download Virgin EMI Germany 21 November 2014 28 November 2014 CD single CD maxi - single",
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"Germany 21 November 2014",
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"ITV television show Spitting Image produced a song entitled `` We 're Scared of Bob '' with the various artists suggesting they are only making the record because they were too afraid to say no when Bob Geldof asked them .",
"ITV television show Spitting Image produced a song entitled `` We 're Scared of Bob '' with the various artists suggesting they are only making the record because they were too afraid to say no when Bob Geldof asked them .",
"Slade released a version of the song on their 1985 Christmas album Crackers : The Christmas Party Album , with vocals by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea and proceeds from the track , along with a further Slade release `` Do You Believe in Miracles '' ( which told the story of Geldof 's rise and demise in the pop scene and then his determination to raise money for the famine victims ) , were donated to the Band Aid Trust ."
] | Do They Know It's Christmas? - Wikipedia Do They Know It's Christmas? Jump to: navigation , search `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' Single by Band Aid B-side `` Feed the World'' (1984) `` One Year On (Feed the World)'' (1985) Released 3 December 1984 Format 7'' 12'' Recorded 25 November 1984 Studio Sarm West Studios , London Genre Christmas new wave synth-pop Length 3 : 50 6:16 (12'' version) Label Phonogram (UK) Columbia (US) Songwriter(s) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer(s) Midge Ure Trevor Horn (12'' and 1985 reissue) Music video `` Do They Know It's Christmas'' on YouTube `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983-- 85 famine in Ethiopia . It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid , a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time. The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984 and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks, becoming the Christmas number one of 1984. The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history, selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984, on the way to displacing Wings 's `` Mull of Kintyre '' as the biggest-selling single of all time in the UK. It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' , released in tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales following her death . The original version of `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date. The song was also a major success around the world, reaching number one in thirteen other countries outside the UK. In the US, the single fell short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay, but it had sold an estimated 2.5 million copies in the US by January 1985. Worldwide the single had sold 11.7 million copies by 1989. Geldof's cautious hope was that the single would raise £ 70,000 for Ethiopia, but `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' raised £ 8 million within twelve months of release. The single's worldwide success in raising awareness and financial relief for the victims of the Ethiopian famine led the recording of several other charity singles in the UK and in other countries, such as `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa . The song also led to various spin-off charity events, such as Comic Relief , and the Live Aid concert which would take place seven months later in July 1985. `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' was re-recorded three times: in 1989 , 2004 , and 2014 . All the re-recordings were also charity records; the 1989 and 2004 versions also provide money for famine relief , while the 2014 version was used to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa . All three of these versions also reached number one in the UK, and the 2004 version of the song was also a UK million seller, with 1.8 million copies sold. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Style and content 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception and criticism 7 1985 reissue 8 Personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year-end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Band Aid II 10.1 Personnel 10.2 Charts and certifications 10.2.1 Weekly charts 10.2.2 Year-end charts 10.2.3 Certifications 11 Band Aid 20 11.1 Personnel 11.2 Charts and certifications 11.2.1 Weekly charts 11.2.2 Year-end charts 11.2.3 Certifications 12 Band Aid 30 12.1 Background 12.2 Personnel 12.3 German version 12.4 Track listing 12.5 Charts and certifications 12.5.1 Weekly charts 12.5.2 Year-end charts 12.5.3 Certifications 12.6 Release history 13 Other versions 14 See also 15 References Background ( edit ) The song was inspired by a series of reports that Michael Buerk made for BBC television news programmes, which highlighted the famine in Ethiopia that was taking place at the time. The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine, with Buerk's report on 23 October describing it as `` a biblical famine in the 20th century'' and `` the closest thing to hell on Earth'' . The reports shocked the UK, motivating the British people to inundate relief agencies, such as Save the Children , with donations, and also to bring world attention to the crisis in Ethiopia. The Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his partner, television presenter Paula Yates , watched the 23 October report and were also deeply affected by it. On 2 November Yates travelled from the couple's home in London to the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube . Among the acts performing on that week's programme were Ultravox , promoting their greatest hits album The Collection . Ultravox's front man Midge Ure happened to be chatting to Yates in the dressing room after the show when Geldof called her. On discovering that she was with Ure, an old friend of Geldof's , he asked to speak to Ure and told him that he wanted to do something to alleviate the suffering in Ethiopia. Ure immediately agreed to help and the pair arranged to meet and discuss ideas over lunch the following Monday, 5 November, quickly coming to the conclusion that the best option would be to make a charity record. Following their meeting, Geldof immediately set about recruiting other well known musicians to participate on the record. Geldof said, `` I then rang Sting and he said, yeah, count me in, and then (Simon) Le Bon , he just immediately said tell me the date and we'll clear the diary. The same day I was passing by this antique shop and who is standing in there but Gary Kemp , just about to go off on tour to Japan. He said he was mad for it as well and to wait 10 days till they ( Spandau Ballet ) got back in the country... suddenly it hit me. I thought, ' Christ, we have got the real top boys here' , all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this... I knew then that we were off, and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up, asking them to do it.'' Further phone calls from Geldof also secured promises of everybody involved in the record's making to provide their services free of charge, including most of the UK music magazines which donated advertising space in their publications to promote the single, Geldof's record label Phonogram who released the single, their parent company Polygram who distributed it, and the artist Peter Blake who created the single's sleeve. Composition ( edit ) Geldof and Ure's biggest problem was to be able to come up with a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas. They both realised that they would have to write one themselves and not record a cover version , otherwise they would have to pay royalties which would have to be subtracted from the amount raised for charity. On the Monday afternoon Ure came up with the outline of what he felt sounded a Christmas-like melody on a portable keyboard, which he recorded onto a tape and sent to Geldof, who sarcastically told him that the tune sounded like the theme to Z-Cars . Geldof came to Ure's house the next day and together they worked on the tune with Geldof on his acoustic guitar. Geldof added lyrics based on a song he had originally written for the Boomtown Rats, as he later recalled: It was lucky in a way, because I had already written this song, which I had provisionally called ' It's My World' , and I knew it would be suitable if I just changed the words a bit and called it ' Do They Know It's Christmas?' Midge, reliable as ever, sent down this tune which is the sort of Christmassy bit at the end and we married the two together. Ure recorded Geldof and his guitar and used the recording to develop Geldof's ideas later back in his home studio, adding his own melody onto the end as a chorus. He later stated that he had been unable to improve on Geldof's lyrics and left most of them as they were, with the exception of the line `` And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmas time'' -- the original lyric substituted `` Africa'' with `` Ethiopia'' but Ure decided that this did not scan. Geldof's original idea had been to ask Trevor Horn to produce the song. At the time Horn was an in-demand producer, having produced the three number one singles in 1984 for Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Although Horn was receptive to the idea, he told Geldof that he would need at least six weeks to be able to produce the song, which made it impossible for it to be ready by Christmas. He did, however, offer the use of Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill in west London (owned by Horn and his wife Jill Sinclair) free of charge for twenty-four hours on Sunday 25 November. Horn would later remix and co-produce the 12'' version of the single, as well as remixing the single for its 1985 re-release. In Horn's absence Ure was assigned the job of producer and he spent several days in his home studio with his engineer Rik Walton to create the song's backing track, programming the keyboards and drum machines and using a sample of the drums from the title track of Tears for Fears album The Hurting for the song's intro. John Taylor of Duran Duran and Paul Weller visited Ure's studio the day before the recording at Sarm West in order to add bass guitar and lead guitar respectively, although Ure and Weller later agreed that the lead guitar did not fit the predominantly synthesizer-based song and subsequently decided not to use Weller's contribution. Ure sang the original guide vocal, although Simon Le Bon and Sting both came to Ure's studio to add the vocals for their lines. Recording ( edit ) While Ure was occupied creating the song's backing track in the studio, Geldof was busy contacting various British artists to ask them to appear for the recording session. His plan was to have the biggest names in British music at the time appear on the record, and few declined: Geldof later revealed that only three people had turned him down, although he refused to disclose who they were. Those he asked but who were unable to appear instead sent recorded messages of support that appeared on the single's B-side , including David Bowie and Paul McCartney . Another UK act who had been successful in 1984, The Thompson Twins , were unable to appear on the Band Aid record as they were out of the country and were made aware of the recording too late to return and be involved in it, but they donated part of the proceeds of their then current single `` Lay Your Hands on Me'' to the Action for Ethiopia charity. Geldof kept a November appointment with BBC Radio 1 DJ Richard Skinner to appear on his show, but instead of discussing his new album (the original reason for his booking), he used the airtime to publicise the idea for the charity single, so by the time the musicians were recruited there was intense media interest in the subject. Geldof and Ure arrived at Sarm West at around 8 am on Sunday 25 November with the media in attendance outside. With recording scheduled to begin at 10:30 am the artists began arriving. Geldof had arranged for the UK newspaper The Daily Mirror to have exclusive access inside the studio, and ensured that a ' team photo' was taken by the newspaper's photographer Brian Aris before any recording got under way, knowing that it would be ready in time to appear in the following day's edition of the newspaper and help publicise the record. The photograph also appeared on the back cover of the single. Ure played the backing track and guide vocals to the artists and then decided, as a way of getting all involved straightaway, to record the climax first. The artists were put in a huge group and sang the ' Feed the world, let them know it's Christmas time' refrain over and over again until it was complete. Having recorded the group, Ure chose Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet to be the first singer into the studio to record his solo part. Hadley admitted that this had been nerve-wracking, knowing that all his contemporaries were watching him. One by one the other assigned singers then did likewise, with Ure taping their efforts and then making notes on which segments would be cut into the final recording. Le Bon, despite having already recorded his part at Ure's house, re-recorded it so he could be part of the moment. Sting also recorded his words again, this time to provide harmony vocals. Despite being lead singers themselves, both Geldof and Ure had already decided that they would not sing any solo lines, although both took part in the ' feed the world' finale. Ure later stated in his autobiography that he was constantly battling with Geldof, and telling him to leave when he would come into the production booth and wrongly tell the artist behind the microphone what to sing. Phil Collins arrived with his entire drum kit to record a live drum track on top of the already programmed drum machine. He set up the kit and then waited patiently until early evening until after all the vocals had been recorded. Ure was content with the first take that Collins performed, but the perfectionist Collins was unhappy with it and asked for a second take to be recorded, which he was satisfied with. Although the majority of the artists who took part were the UK's biggest musical stars at the time, there were a few unusual participants. Members of the US group Kool & the Gang appeared on the record because they were signed to the same record label as the Boomtown Rats, and just happened to be visiting Phonogram's London offices on the day that Geldof walked in to pitch his idea for the charity single to the label. Singer Marilyn , who had scored a couple of chart hits a year earlier but whose star had faded throughout 1984, saw the opportunity to reclaim the spotlight and turned up to the recording despite not being invited to take part, a fact overlooked by Geldof and Ure who felt any publicity was good publicity and the more stars they could get to appear on the record, the better. Actor Nigel Planer , who had reached number two earlier in the year with a cover version of `` Hole in My Shoe '' in the guise of his character Neil from the television comedy series The Young Ones , also showed up uninvited and in character as Neil to play up to the cameras, and after being tolerated for a while was sent away by Ure. Geldof also asked Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt , the two frontmen of rock band Status Quo , to take part, knowing that although the group were from an entirely different musical era and background, their consistent chart success and fame would bring a certain amount of credibility to the project from the rock fraternity and ensure that the group's loyal following of fans (the `` Quo Army'' ) would buy the record in large numbers. Ure's original idea was for Rossi and Parfitt to sing the `` here's to you'' harmonies in the song's bridge, but he had to shelve the idea because Parfitt could not hit the high notes. This section was eventually taken on by Weller, Sting and Glenn Gregory . Rossi privately told Ure afterwards that in the studio he sang most of Status Quo's vocal parts and that Parfitt only usually sang onstage, and that Ure should have kept Parfitt away from the microphone. Parfitt admitted in a 2004 documentary that he and Rossi had been extremely hungover from partying the night before, and were in no fit state to attempt to record their vocals. However, according to the journalist Robin Eggar, who at the time was music correspondent for The Daily Mirror and who was the only journalist present throughout the recording of the song, the pair were able to contribute in other ways: Once Status Quo produced their bag of cocaine and the booze started to flow -- I brought six bottles of wine from my flat, which disappeared in a minute -- it became a party. Geldof had been keen to include Culture Club 's Boy George on the single, at the time one of the biggest music stars in the world, and had called him in New York the day before the recording to insist that George turn up. By midday, with George still absent, an irate Geldof telephoned him again demanding to know where he was. Having only gone to bed a few hours before, a sleepy George was woken up by Geldof insisting that he get onto a Concorde transatlantic flight later that morning. However, George went back to sleep following the phone call, and only made it onto the last Concorde flight of the day later that afternoon. George eventually arrived at Sarm West at 6 pm and went immediately into the recording booth to deliver his lines, the last solo artist of the day. Once George's contribution had been recorded, Ure began working on the mix as the participants began to party in the studio. A B-side was also produced by Trevor Horn in his own studio, using the same instrumental track and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording, and also from those who had been unable to attend, including David Bowie , Paul McCartney , the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Style and content ( edit ) The song comprises two parts: a verse and bridge which allow individual singers to perform different lines; and a chorus in the form of two repeated phrases by ensemble. The first line of the recording is sung by Paul Young on the 1984 version, Kylie Minogue on the 1989 version, Chris Martin of Coldplay on the 2004 version, and One Direction on the 2014 version. The line was originally written for David Bowie who finally sang it at the Live Aid concert in 1985. Release and promotion ( edit ) The following morning Geldof appeared on Mike Read 's BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show to promote the record and promised that every penny would go to the cause. Most record retailers agreed to sell the record at its cost price of £ 1.35 including VAT : however, some refused, citing cost pressures. Geldof was also incensed that the British Government refused to waive the VAT on the sales of the single. Geldof made the headlines by publicly standing up to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In the end the UK government relented and donated an amount to the charity equal to the amount of tax they had collected on the single. Radio 1 began to play the song every hour -- normally an A-list single got seven or eight plays per day. The number one single at the time of its release was `` I Should Have Known Better '' by Jim Diamond , and Diamond was quoted as saying, `` I'm delighted to be at number one, but next week I don't want people to buy my record; I want them to buy Band Aid instead'' . The song had advance orders of 250,000 within a week of its recording, and orders from record dealers had topped one million by 8 December. In order to meet demand, Phonogram had all five of their European factories put to work pressing the single. `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' was released on Monday 3 December 1984. It received further publicity from a launch party on 7 December at the Royal Albert Hall during the charity event `` Dinner at Albert's '' , an evening of music to raise money for Save the Children and the Ethiopia Famine Relief Fund. The single entered the UK Singles Chart the following week at number one, outselling all the other records in the chart put together, with the 7'' single alone selling 200,000 copies in the first two days of release. In the United States, the video was played on MTV frequently throughout the Christmas season. Released in the US on 10 December 1984 on Columbia Records , `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' sold 1.9 million copies in its first eleven days on release but did not reach number 1 there, due to the more complex nature of the chart system, which counted airplay as well as sales. Despite outselling the official number 1 by four to one, it did not make the top ten due to a lack of airplay, ultimately peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100. Due to the time constraints of releasing the single as quickly as possible, the promotional video for the song simply featured footage from the recording session. David Bowie, who had been Geldof's original choice to sing the song's opening line but who had been unable to attend the recording, flew into England from Switzerland to record a short introduction for the video to be played on the BBC's flagship television music show Top of the Pops . However, Geldof was unhappy when he discovered that the show's regulations meant that the song and its video could not be played until it had actually charted. Undeterred, he contacted BBC1 controller Michael Grade directly and successfully persuaded Grade to order that every programme preceding that week's episode of Top of the Pops should start five minutes early to make space to broadcast the song's video (complete with Bowie's introduction) just before the show. Each week of its stay at number one, the video was shown on Top of the Pops . However, for the Christmas Day special edition of the programme, most of the artists on the record appeared in the studio to mime to the song as it was relayed through the speaker system. The two most notable absentees were George Michael and Bono : during Michael's line the cameras focussed on the studio audience, while Paul Weller mimed Bono's line to the camera. The charity received a further boost during Band Aid's five week tenure at the top of the UK charts with Wham! at number 2 with their double A-side `` Last Christmas '' /`` Everything She Wants '' . Wham! singer George Michael had appeared on the Band Aid single and he and fellow band member Andrew Ridgeley donated all the royalties from their single to the Band Aid Trust. `` Last Christmas'' /`` Everything She Wants'' also ended up selling over a million copies and became the biggest-selling single never to reach number 1 in the UK. A 30-minute video titled ' Do They Know It's Christmas?' -- The Story of the Official Band Aid Video was released in the UK on 15 December 1984 and in the US on 18 December 1984 on VHS and Betamax formats. The video featured documentary footage shot at the recording session and interviews with Geldof and Ure, as well as the completed promotional video. At the 1986 Grammy Awards the song's video was nominated for the Best Music Video, Short Form award, eventually losing out to its US counterpart song `` We Are the World'' . Reception and criticism ( edit ) The reception in December 1984 to the original single from the UK music press was mixed. Under a caption of `` TURKEY'' (a double meaning referring both to the traditional British Christmas meal and an artistic failure ), the biggest selling music paper NME dismissed the song with the single line, `` Millions of Dead Stars write and perform rotten record for the right reasons'' . The other two major music papers looked upon the record more favourably, recognising that while musically the song was flawed, its intentions were admirable. Sounds said, `` It's far from brilliant (if not quite the Bland Aid some have predicted) but you can have fun playing Spot the Star on the vocals, and it deserves to sell by the truckload'' . Melody Maker stated, `` Inevitably, after such massive publicity, the record itself is something of an anti-climax, even though Geldof's sense of universal melodrama is perfectly suited to this kind of epic musical manifesto. Midge Ure's large-screen production and the emotional vocal deliveries of the various celebrities matches the demonstrative sweep of Geldof's lyric, which veers occasionally toward an uncomfortably generalised sentimentality which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation. On the other hand, I'm sure it's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine.'' The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western-centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa. Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing `` Do They Know It's Christmas'' with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak , stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is. He cited lyrics such as `` There is no peace and joy in west Africa this Christmas'' ; saying he goes to Ghana yearly for the sole purpose of peace and joy, so singing such lyrics would be a blatant lie. A parody version entitled `` Do They Know It's Hallowe'en ? '' was created to poke fun at the lyrics in the original version. In the 2014 version, several lyrics that were previously criticised were rewritten, and the song was changed to focus on Ebola rather than the original version's famine. The new lyrics have also been criticised for stereotypes and condescension. Geldof and Ure themselves later recognised the musical limitations of `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' : in his typically blunt manner, Geldof told Australia's Daily Telegraph in 2010, `` I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history. The other one is ' We Are the World' .'' Ure's assessment in his autobiography was that `` it is a song that has nothing to do with music. It was all about generating money... The song didn't matter: the song was secondary, almost irrelevant.'' 1985 reissue ( edit ) `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' was reissued the following year on 29 November 1985, reaching number 3 in the UK Singles Chart the week following Christmas. The 1985 single was remixed by Trevor Horn, the intended producer of the original version, and it included an updated B-side entitled `` One Year On (Feed the World)'' , beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months. Personnel ( edit ) (adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve) Vocalists : Robert `` Kool'' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton (U2) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe (The Boomtown Rats) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey (Bananarama) Johnny Fingers (The Boomtown Rats) Bob Geldof (The Boomtown Rats) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble (Spandau Ballet) Gary Kemp (Spandau Ballet) Martin Kemp (Spandau Ballet) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham! ) Jon Moss (Culture Club) Steve Norman (Spandau Ballet) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo ) Nick Rhodes (Duran Duran) Francis Rossi (Status Quo) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor (Duran Duran) James `` J.T.'' Taylor (Kool & the Gang) John Taylor (Duran Duran) Roger Taylor (Duran Duran) Dennis Thomas (Kool & the Gang) Midge Ure (Ultravox) Martyn Ware (Heaven 17) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward (Bananarama) Paul Young Additional spoken messages on B-side : Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney Musicians : Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming Notes: Jump up ^ Annie Lennox 's name also appears on the sleeve credits as a recorded message from her was due to be included on the B-side, but the message did not arrive in time before the record was pressed. Jump up ^ Midge Ure stated in his autobiography that most of the bass line was created and played on a synthesizer (later revealed to be the OSCar ), but that John Taylor had added some bass guitar to the song in Ure's home studio on 24 November 1984. Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1984-- 85) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Chart (2016) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1984) Position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) Chart (1985) Position Australian Singles (Kent Music Report) 19 New Zealand Singles (RMNZ) 10 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid II ( edit ) `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' Single by Band Aid II B-side `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (Instrumental) Released 11 December 1989 Format 7'' cassette CD Recorded 2-- 3 December 1989 at The Hit Factory, London Genre Pop Length 4 : 25 Label PWL Polydor Songwriter(s) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer(s) Stock Aitken Waterman A second version of `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989, overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s, Stock Aitken Waterman . Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman to ask him to produce a new version of the song to aid the ongoing situation in Ethiopia, and within 24 hours the recording session had been arranged at Stock Aitken Waterman's studios on London's South Bank . The recording took place over the weekend of 2 and 3 December, and featured several artists who had already been produced by SAW, including Kylie Minogue , Jason Donovan , Bananarama , Sonia , and Cliff Richard , as well as other artists who had big hits in 1989, such as Lisa Stansfield , Jimmy Somerville , Wet Wet Wet and Bros. Bananarama's Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward became the only artists to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 versions of the record. Siobhan Fahey , who had been part of Bananarama's line-up at the time the first recording of the song was released, had left the group in 1988. The lyrics were rearranged for a more traditional ' verse and chorus' structure, with the opening verse being split in two with a short repeat of the ending chorus being played at the end of both, followed by the `` here's to you'' section and a final lengthened version of the closing chorus (with commentary by Michael Buerk played over the outro in the music video). Released on 11 December 1989, the Band Aid II version spent three weeks at number one in the UK, becoming the Christmas number one single and the last number one single of the 1980s, and ended the year as the ninth biggest selling single of 1989. Personnel ( edit ) (adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve) Bananarama Big Fun Bros Cathy Dennis D Mob Jason Donovan Kevin Godley Glen Goldsmith Kylie Minogue The Pasadenas Chris Rea Cliff Richard Jimmy Somerville Sonia Lisa Stansfield Technotronic (incorrectly listed as `` Technotronics'' on the record sleeve) Wet Wet Wet Musicians : Matt Aitken -- keyboards, guitar Luke Goss -- drums Chris Rea -- guitar Mike Stock -- keyboards The sleeve also credits `` A Linn'' with playing drums on the record, a joking reference to the programmed Linn drum machine . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1989-- 90) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1989) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 20 ( edit ) Main article: Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' Single by Band Aid 20 B-side `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (original Band Aid version) `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (performed at Live Aid , 1985) Released 29 November 2004 Format CD digital download Recorded 12-- 14 November 2004 at Mayfair Studios , Primrose Hill and AIR Studios , Hampstead , London Genre Pop alternative rock Length 5 : 07 Label Mercury Songwriter(s) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer(s) Nigel Godrich Music video Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' at MTV UK Band Aid 20 recorded a third version of the song in November 2004 for the twentieth anniversary of the original recording, and again got to number one. The recording and release of the single tied in with the release of the Live Aid concert on DVD for the first time. The idea was prompted by Coldplay 's Chris Martin , although Geldof and Ure both got quickly involved. Geldof did the publicity and educated the younger artists on the issues (some of them weren't born, or were very young, when the original was recorded) while Ure assisted producer Nigel Godrich and filmed the event for the corresponding documentary. The gathering of the artists to record the song's chorus took place at AIR Studios in Hampstead in north London on Sunday 14 November 2004, although the backing track and many of the solo lines had been recorded over the previous two days. Damon Albarn did not take part in the recording but turned up to serve tea to the participants. This version of the song featured an extra segment-- a rap by Dizzee Rascal in the midst of the `` here's to you'' section. Bono flew in especially from Ireland late on Sunday evening to sing the same line as he had done two decades earlier, making him the sixth artist to appear on two versions, in addition to Geldof, Ure, Paul McCartney, Sarah Dallin and Keren Woodward (Bananarama). Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice-Oxley (Keane) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko ) Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis ) Musicians : Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins (The Darkness) -- guitar Justin Hawkins (The Darkness) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke (Radiohead) -- piano Additional personnel : Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (2004) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) Scotland (Official Charts Company) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (2004) Position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2× Platinum 1,184,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 30 ( edit ) Main article: Band Aid 30 `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' Single by Band Aid 30 Released 17 November 2014 Format CD digital download Recorded 15 November 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 48 Label Virgin EMI Island Songwriter(s) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer(s) Paul Epworth At a press conference on 10 November 2014, Geldof and Ure announced that another group of artists would come together to re-record the song, this time under the banner of Band Aid 30 and in aid of the Ebola crisis . It was released on the following Monday, 17 November, 11 days short of the 30th anniversary of the release of the original version of the track. Background ( edit ) Tracey Emin provided the artwork and Paul Epworth produced the track. Vocal contributions came from artists including Ed Sheeran , One Direction , Paloma Faith , Ellie Goulding , Seal , Sam Smith , Sinéad O'Connor , Rita Ora , Emeli Sandé , Bastille and Olly Murs . Returning guest musicians from previous versions of the song included Chris Martin (who recorded the opening lines of the 2004 version) and Bono (who sang the tenth line in both the 1984 and 2004 versions). The line `` Well, there won't be snow in Africa this Christmas time'' was changed to `` Bring peace and joy this Christmas to West Africa'' . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware Musicians : Milan Neil Amin-Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums, keyboards Additional personnel : Paul Epworth -- producer German version ( edit ) A German-language version of `` Do They Know It's Christmas?'' was released on 21 November 2014. It was produced by Vincent Sorg and Tobias Kuhn and features vocals from artists including 2raumwohnung , Andreas Bourani , Die Toten Hosen , Jan Delay , Joy Denalane , Max Raabe , Milky Chance , Peter Maffay , Silbermond , Thees Uhlmann , and Wolfgang Niedecken . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No. Title Length 1. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' 3:48 German digital download -- German version No. Title Length 1. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (Deutsche version) 3:55 German CD single No. Title Length 1. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (Deutsche version) 3:56 2. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' 3:50 German CD maxi-single No. Title Length 1. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (Deutsche version) 3:56 2. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' 3:50 3. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (2004 version)'' ( Band Aid 20 ) 5:06 4. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (1989 version)'' ( Band Aid II ) 4:22 5. `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (1984 version)'' ( Band Aid ) 3:52 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) British and Irish version (original) Chart (2014) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) 40 Scotland (Official Charts Company) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 63 German version Chart (2014) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (2014) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 501,000 sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 17 November 2014 Digital download Virgin EMI Germany 21 November 2014 28 November 2014 CD single CD maxi-single Other versions ( edit ) ITV television show Spitting Image produced a song entitled `` We're Scared of Bob'' with the various artists suggesting they are only making the record because they were too afraid to say no when Bob Geldof asked them. Slade released a version of the song on their 1985 Christmas album Crackers: The Christmas Party Album , with vocals by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea and proceeds from the track, along with a further Slade release `` Do You Believe in Miracles '' (which told the story of Geldof's rise and demise in the pop scene and then his determination to raise money for the famine victims), were donated to the Band Aid Trust. See also ( edit ) Christmas portal `` Tears Are Not Enough '' , 1985 charity single recorded by a supergroup of Canadian artists, under the name Northern Lights `` We Are the World '' , 1985 charity single recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa `` What More Can I Give '' , song written by Michael Jackson and recorded by a supergroup of singers following the 11 September attacks in 2001 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Looking Back At Live Aid, 25 Years Later'' . MTV. Retrieved 22 October 2016 ^ Jump up to: `` Band-Aid Rocks the Shops'' . The Sun . London, England: News International . 4 December 1984. p. 1. ^ Jump up to: `` Band Aid sales top 3m -- proceeds set to reach Ethiopia by summer'' . Music Week . London, England: Morgan-- Grampian Publications: 3. 12 January 1985. Jump up ^ Allison, David (18 August 2017). `` Mull of Kintyre -- Looking back on a Scottish mega-hit'' . BBC Scotland News . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sedghi, Ami (4 November 2012). `` UK's million-selling singles: the full list'' . The Guardian . London, England: Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Copsey, Rob (19 September 2017). `` he UK's Official Chart ' millionaires' revealed'' . The Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Green, Paul (5 January 1985). `` Ethiopia-Aid Single, Video Take Off'' . Billboard . New York City, USA: Billboard Publications: 3. access-date= requires url= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: Holden, Stephen (27 February 1985). `` The Pop Life; Artists Join in Effort for Famine Relief'' . The New York Times . New York City, USA: The New York Times Company . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarlen, Donald. Guinness Book of World Records, 1989, page 155-156 . Jim Pattison Group . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Presenter: Midge Ure (21 October 2004). Band Aid: The Song That Rocked the World (Documentary) format= requires url= ( help ) (TV Production). Jump up ^ `` 1984: Extent of Ethiopia famine revealed'' . BBC. 7 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Higgins marvels at change in Ethiopia's Tigray province'' . The Irish Times . 7 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Live Aid: Against All Odds: Episode 1'' . BBC. 7 January 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` Live Aid: The show that rocked the world'' . BBC. Retrieved 7 January 2018 ^ Jump up to: Ure, Midge (2013). If I Was... An Enhanced Updated Autobiography . Acorn Digital Press. ^ Jump up to: McIlhenney, Barry (8 December 1984). `` Feed the World'' . Melody Maker . London, England: IPC Media : 24-- 25. ^ Jump up to: `` Stars rally round'' . Music Week . London, England: Morgan-- Grampian Publications: 1. 1 December 1984. Jump up ^ `` More Action for Ethiopia'' . Melody Maker . London, England: IPC Media: 4. 8 December 1984. Jump up ^ Eggar, Robin (18 November 2004). `` From fears to tears'' . The Daily Telegraph . London, England: Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Band Aid bonanza'' . Music Week . Morgan-Grampian Publications: 1 & 4. 15 December 1984. ^ Jump up to: Maconie, Stuart (2014). The People's Songs: The Story of Modern Britain in 50 Songs . London, England: Ebury Press . p. 291. ISBN 978-0-09193-380-7 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia -- dealers ' superb ' '' . Music Week . Morgan-Grampian Publications: 4. 8 December 1984. Jump up ^ Davis, Sharon (1999). ' 80s Chart Toppers: Every Chart-Topper Tells a Story . Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85158-838-1 . ^ Jump up to: Jones, Peter; Dupler, Simon (15 December 1984). `` Ethiopia Aid Single Due Out in U.S.'' . Billboard . New York City, USA: Billboard Publications, Inc. 96 (50): 6 & 78. Jump up ^ Kopf, Biba (8 December 1984). `` Singles'' . NME . London, England: IPC Media: 21. Jump up ^ Johnson, Garry (8 December 1984). `` Singles'' . Sounds . London, England: Spotlight Publications: 16. Jump up ^ Jones, Allan (8 December 1984). `` Singles'' . Melody Maker . London, England: IPC Media: 27. Jump up ^ `` Live Aid, Band Aid, USA for Africa: Did pop stars and hit songs help Ethiopia famine victims?'' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bono had the good sense to change that awful lyric for the new `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' `` . Jump up ^ `` uprisingradio.org '' Do They Know How Racist They Sound?`` . Jump up ^ `` In Africa, do they know it's Christmas time at all? - Crikey'' . crikey.com. Jump up ^ `` The 15 Worst Christmas Songs, Ranked'' . pastemagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Why I had to turn down Band Aid'' . The Guardian . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ollerenshaw, Tracy (17 November 2014). `` Bob Geldof: Fuse ODG felt awkward about Band Aid track'' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McGregor, Nesta (18 November 2014). `` Band Aid is ' detrimental' to African continent says Fuse ODG'' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham, Jess (18 November 2014). `` Band Aid 30: Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof single over ' negative' image of Africa'' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - World premiere of Band Aid song'' . Jump up ^ `` In a Send-Up of Charity Songs, the Elite Of Indie Rock Take On Halloween Revelry'' . The New York Times . 5 October 2005. Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It's Christmas 2014 remake is about Ebola, featuring Bono, Sam Smith, and other Brits. It's terrible (VIDEO)'' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 lyrics: Reworked lyrics for Ebola-themed ' Do they know it's Christmas?' revealed'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Outrage over ' ignorant' Band Aid 30 Ebola lyrics'' . Jump up ^ `` Why Adele was right to ignore Bob Geldof and Band Aid'' . Telegraph.co.uk. 18 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30: Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof's song over ' negative' image of Africa'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Bim Adewunmi. `` Band Aid 30: clumsy, patronising and wrong in so many ways'' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Fucked Up'' . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ McCabe, Kathy (27 November 2010). `` Sir Bob Geldof's tacky curse of Christmas'' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney , Australia: Nationwide News . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid reissue -- onus on dealers'' . Music Week . London, England: Morgan-- Grampian Publications: 4. 23 November 1985. Jump up ^ Band Aid (1984). Do They Know It's Christmas? (Record sleeve). Phonogram . FEED 1. Jump up ^ Wiffen, Paul (September 1999). `` Oxford Synthesizer Company OSCar'' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-- 1992 . St Ives, New South Wales , Australia: Australian Chart Book. p. 26. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles, January 5, 1985'' . RPM , Vol. 41 No. 17. Canada: Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Europarade Hot 100'' . Music Week . London, England: Morgan-- Grampian Publications. 12 January 1985. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in French). Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Irish Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to: `` Hits of the World'' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media: 62. 9 February 1985 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Band Aid'' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . VG-lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video'' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 27 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 3 -- December 29, 1984'' . Music Week . London, England: Spotlight Publications: 37. 26 January 1985. Jump up ^ Kent (1993). p. 437. Jump up ^ Scapolo, Dean (1997). `` Top Songs 1985'' . New Zealand Music Charts 1966-- 1996: Singles . Wellington, New Zealand: IPL Books. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-90887-600-6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 5 -- December 28, 1985'' . Music Week . London, England: Spotlight Publications: 10. 18 January 1986. Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Music Canada . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo (1997). p. 28. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Enter Do They Know It's Christmas? in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to: `` News Extra: Band Aid II'' . Record Mirror . London, England: United Newspapers : 54. 9 December 1989. ^ Jump up to: `` Year-End Chart ' 89: Top 100 Singles'' . Music Week . London, England: Spotlight Publications: 16. 3 March 1990. Jump up ^ Band Aid II (1989). Do They Know It's Christmas? (Record sleeve). PWL / Polydor . FEED 2. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid II Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Enter Do They Know It's Christmas? in the search field and then press Enter. ^ Jump up to: Murray, Shane (30 November 2004). `` How Band Aid 20 came together'' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Youngs, Ian (14 November 2004). `` Blogging the Band Aid recording'' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World premiere of Band Aid song'' . BBC News. 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in French). Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World'' . Billboard . New York City . 18 December 2004. p. 42. Missing or empty url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in French). Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track: Week 49, 2004'' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . VG-lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004'' . IRMA . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts: 2004'' (PDF) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' `` . IFPI Denmark . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Enter Do They Know It's Christmas? in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` Do they know it's 2014? Geldof puts Band Aid back together 30 years after it first topped the chart'' . Daily Mail . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elbow and Ed Sheeran among Band Aid 30 artists'' . BBC News . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 details revealed: line-up to feature Adele, One Direction, more'' . 10 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30-line-up: A clickable guide of who's who'' . BBC. 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAND AID 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas? (Dt. Version, 2014) - Diskografie'' . www.universal-music.de . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 26 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (in French). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 29 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (in French). Les classement single . Retrieved 24 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ'' (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 27 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track: Week 47, 2014'' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 22 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History (Japan Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . VG-lista . Retrieved 29 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart'' (in Slovenian). SloTop50 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (Deutsche Version / 2014)'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid 30 Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 4 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (Deutsche Version / 2014)'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014)'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Enter Do They Know It's Christmas? (2014) in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ Myers, Justin (8 December 2016). `` Christmas Number 1 Flashback: Do They Know It's Christmas?'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (Deutsche Version / 2014)'' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (German + UK Version)'' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It's Christmas? (German + UK Versionen)'' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Band Aid version Preceded by `` Mull of Kintyre '' by Wings UK best-selling single in history ( UK Top 10 Best Selling Singles ) 11 December 1984 -- 14 September 1997 Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight / Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John Preceded by `` The Power of Love '' by Frankie Goes to Hollywood UK number one single 11 December 1984 - 15 January 1985 Succeeded by `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' by Foreigner Preceded by `` Only You '' by The Flying Pickets UK Singles Chart Christmas number one 1984 Succeeded by `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' by Shakin' Stevens Preceded by `` Like a Virgin '' by Madonna Australian Kent Music Report number one single 14 January 1985 - 4 February 1985 Succeeded by `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' by Foreigner Band Aid II version Preceded by `` Let's Party '' by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers UK number one single 17 December 1989 - 7 January 1990 Succeeded by `` Hangin' Tough '' by New Kids on the Block Preceded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard UK Singles Chart Christmas number one 1989 Succeeded by `` Saviour's Day '' by Cliff Richard Band Aid 20 version Preceded by `` I'll Stand by You '' by Girls Aloud UK number one single 11 December 2004 - 8 January 2005 Succeeded by `` Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now) '' by Steve Brookstein Preceded by `` Just Lose It '' by Eminem RIANZ (New Zealand) number-one single 20 December 2004 -- 27 December 2004 Succeeded by `` Drop It Like It's Hot '' by Snoop Dogg Preceded by `` Mad World '' by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules UK Singles Chart Christmas number one Succeeded by `` That's My Goal '' by Shayne Ward Band Aid 30 version Preceded by `` Wake Me Up '' by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir UK number one single 23 November 2014 - 30 November 2014 Succeeded by `` These Days '' by Take That UK Christmas number-one singles in the 1980s `` There's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred's School Choir , 1980) `` Don't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983) `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' ( Band Aid , 1984) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin' Stevens , 1985) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988) `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number-one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000) `` Somethin' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003) `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004) `` That's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number-one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009) 2000s 2010s Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952-- 1969 1952: `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn (UK) 1953: `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954: `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955: `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956: `` I'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957: `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958: `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959: `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard (UK) 1960: `` It's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961: `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962: `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield (UK) 1963: `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles (UK) 1964: `` Can't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles (UK) 1965: `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd (UK) 1966: `` Green, Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones (UK) 1967: `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck (UK) 1968: `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles (UK) 1969: `` Sugar, Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970-- 1989 1970: `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971: `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison (UK) 1972: `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK) 1973: `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974: `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud (UK) 1975: `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers (UK) 1976: `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man (UK) 1977: `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls' School '' -- Wings (UK) 1978: `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M. 1979: `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980: `` Don't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police (UK) 1981: `` Don't You Want Me '' -- The Human League (UK) 1982: `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners (UK) 1983: `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club (UK) 1984: `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid (UK) 1985: `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986: `` Don't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards (UK) 1987: `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley (UK) 1988: `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard (UK) 1989: `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990-- 2009 1990: `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991: `` (Everything I Do) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992: `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993: `` I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994: `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet (UK) 1995: `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome (UK) 1996: `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997: `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John (UK) 1998: `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999: `` ...Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000: `` Can We Fix It? '' -- Bob the Builder (UK) 2001: `` It Wasn't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK) 2002: `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young (UK) 2003: `` Where Is the Love? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004: `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid 20 (UK) 2005: `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK) 2006: `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007: `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis (UK) 2008: `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke (UK) 2009: `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010-- present 2010: `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011: `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele (UK) 2012: `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014: `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015: `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars 2016: `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK) 2017: `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran (UK) UK best-selling singles (by decade) 1950s: `` Rock Around the Clock '' - Bill Haley & His Comets 1960s: `` She Loves You '' - The Beatles 1970s: `` Mull of Kintyre '' - Wings 1980s: `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' - Band Aid 1990s: `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' - Elton John 2000s: `` Anything Is Possible '' /`` Evergreen '' - Will Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F&oldid=834133634 '' Categories : Christmas number-one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number-one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1984 singles 1985 singles 1989 singles 2004 singles All-star recordings European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria Number-one singles in Denmark Number-one singles in Finland Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in Norway Number-one singles in Sweden Number-one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number-one singles UK Singles Chart number-one singles Christmas songs Charity singles Number-one singles in New Zealand Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Midge Ure Slade songs Albums with cover art by Peter Blake (artist) 1984 songs Phonogram Records singles Columbia Records singles Pete Waterman Entertainment singles Polydor Records singles Mercury Records singles Virgin EMI Records singles Island Records singles 2014 singles SNEP Top Singles number-one singles Songs about poverty Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium (Flanders) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Belgium (Wallonia) Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi SvenskaTürkçeTiếngViệt中文12moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon4April2018,at03:16.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -109410783827585301 |
who played dr cox's son in scrubs | In IGN 's list of the 10 best Scrubs episodes , `` My Screw Up '' placed third . | [
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"`` My Screw Up '' Scrubs episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 14 Directed by Chris Koch Written by Neil Goldman Garrett Donovan Featured music `` Winter '' by Joshua Radin Production code 315 Original air date February 24 , 2004 Guest appearance ( s ) Christa Miller as Jordan Sullivan Brendan Fraser as Ben Sullivan Tara Reid as Danni Sullivan Sam Lloyd as Ted Buckland Aloma Wright as Nurse Laverne Roberts Randall Winston as Leonard Ned Bellamy as Dr. Green Frank Encarnacao as Dr. Walter Mickhead Warren Munson as Mr. Taylor Episode chronology ← Previous `` My Porcelain God '' Next → `` My Tormented Mentor '' Scrubs ( season 3 ) List of Scrubs episodes",
"`` My Screw Up ''",
"Scrubs episode",
"Episode no . Season 3 Episode 14",
"Directed by Chris Koch",
"Written by Neil Goldman Garrett Donovan",
"Featured music `` Winter '' by Joshua Radin",
"Production code 315",
"Original air date February 24 , 2004",
"Guest appearance ( s )",
"Christa Miller as Jordan Sullivan Brendan Fraser as Ben Sullivan Tara Reid as Danni Sullivan Sam Lloyd as Ted Buckland Aloma Wright as Nurse Laverne Roberts Randall Winston as Leonard Ned Bellamy as Dr. Green Frank Encarnacao as Dr. Walter Mickhead Warren Munson as Mr. Taylor",
"Christa Miller as Jordan Sullivan Brendan Fraser as Ben Sullivan Tara Reid as Danni Sullivan Sam Lloyd as Ted Buckland Aloma Wright as Nurse Laverne Roberts Randall Winston as Leonard Ned Bellamy as Dr. Green Frank Encarnacao as Dr. Walter Mickhead Warren Munson as Mr. Taylor",
"Christa Miller as Jordan Sullivan",
"Brendan Fraser as Ben Sullivan",
"Tara Reid as Danni Sullivan",
"Sam Lloyd as Ted Buckland",
"Aloma Wright as Nurse Laverne Roberts",
"Randall Winston as Leonard",
"Ned Bellamy as Dr. Green",
"Frank Encarnacao as Dr. Walter Mickhead",
"Warren Munson as Mr. Taylor",
"Episode chronology",
"← Previous `` My Porcelain God '' Next → `` My Tormented Mentor ''",
"← Previous `` My Porcelain God '' Next → `` My Tormented Mentor ''",
"← Previous `` My Porcelain God '' Next → `` My Tormented Mentor ''",
"Scrubs ( season 3 ) List of Scrubs episodes",
"`` My Screw Up '' is the 14th episode of Season 3 and the 60th episode overall of the American sitcom Scrubs . It originally aired on February 24 , 2004 on NBC .",
"It features Brendan Fraser 's final appearance as Ben Sullivan . The character had previously appeared in the Season 1 episodes `` My Occurrence '' and `` My Hero . ''",
"Critical reaction was very positive . Most notably , the episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series .",
"Jordan and Dr. Cox are preparing to throw a party for their son Jack 's first birthday . Dr. Cox advises J.D. not to attend the party because Jordan 's sister Danni , with whom J.D. had recently broken up , is also coming . Also coming to the party is Jordan and Danni 's brother Ben ( Brendan Fraser ) , whose cancer has gone into remission ; however he has failed to have routine screenings and Cox advises him to get checked out .",
"Meanwhile , Turk and Carla clash over removing a mole from Turk 's face and Carla taking Turk as her last name after they marry , and one of Ted 's band members quits . J.D. is taking care of an elderly man with an irregular heartbeat when Dr. Cox instructs him to run tests on Ben while Cox runs an errand . Twenty minutes later , J.D. is called to resuscitate a patient who has gone into cardiac arrest .",
"When Dr. Cox returns , J.D. hands him a chart and informs him that the patient died . Dr. Cox angrily blames J.D. and sends him home , despite Ben 's efforts to convince Cox that it was n't J.D. 's fault . Two days later , Cox has been at the hospital for sixty straight hours and it is apparent that Jordan is worried he wo n't show up for Jack 's party later that day . Ben follows Cox around the hospital , apparently trying to convince him to go to his son 's party .",
"Meanwhile , Carla is busy annoying everyone as she is looking for advice : first she is upset because she does n't know what to do to repay Turk for having his mole removed , but when he asks her to agree to take his name ( hoping she would say no so he would n't have to have the surgery ) she gladly accepts his terms . But after that she is angry that Turk is ' forcing her ' to take his name . She asks an annoyed Dr. Kelso for advice ; he responds that she may end up missing the mole after it 's gone , even though she thinks she hates it . She finally decides that Turk should n't have to have his mole removed , and Turk respects her wishes to keep her own last name .",
"Ben finally gets Dr. Cox to leave the hospital to go to the party , as well as apologize to J.D. for blaming him for the patient 's death , and on the way to the celebration tells him to forgive himself . J.D. arrives and asks Dr. Cox if he knows where he is , at which point Ben disappears . Cox and J.D. are shown to be walking into a cemetery where they are joined by Jordan , Danni , and many of the hospital staff . They are not at Jack 's birthday party , but instead are attending Ben 's funeral . In reality , Ben was the patient who died under J.D. 's watch . Cox , unable to accept the death of his best friend , had been seeing Ben 's spirit as if he were alive . The episode ends as a heartbroken Dr. Cox uncharacteristically allows those around to comfort him .",
"In the special features on the Season 3 DVD , Bill Lawrence says that this episode is a homage to The Sixth Sense . The film , starring Bruce Willis , is famous for its twist ending , when it is revealed that Willis ' character has been dead throughout the film . In the film , Willis interacts only with a boy who can `` see dead people '' ; no other characters ever acknowledge Willis ' presence . The film allows the audience to assume Willis is alive . Similarly , the audience in `` My Screw Up '' is led to believe that Ben is alive until the very end , even as close examination reveals that Dr. Cox is the only character who acknowledges him after the point in the episode when he dies . Ben says early in the episode that he will take his camera with him everywhere until the day he dies . After `` the patient '' dies , Ben does n't have his camera for the rest of the episode .",
"Footage from this episode was later re-used in `` My Urologist , '' with Dr. Kim Briggs digitally worked into it ( replacing Carla ) to verify she was there for Ben 's funeral .",
"Brendan Fraser was supposed to appear in `` My Long Goodbye '' as Ben , when Carla asked Dr. Cox if he had ever seen a ghost . However , Fraser could n't appear because he was filming a movie . As such , Jill Tracy from `` My Lunch '' appears instead .",
"Ben had previously appeared in two Season 1 episodes : `` My Occurrence '' and `` My Hero '' . It is in these two episodes that Ben was diagnosed with leukemia . In the former , J.D. himself goes through a incident similar to Dr. Cox 's and imagines a series of events in which he proves Ben is misdiagnosed and actually well , before realizing it is a fantasy and Ben in fact has leukemia .",
"In the locker room where J.D. shows off his `` Shower Shorts '' , on the locker behind him stands `` Peace Sam '' . Sam is the name of J.D. 's father , played by John Ritter , who died September 11 , 2003 . Upon seeing Danni , Jordan 's sister , played by Tara Reid , J.D. quickly mentions that he destroyed the video they made when she last visited . The video features Danni hitting J.D. in the crotch with a golf club , a mockery of many entries submitted to America 's Funniest Home Videos . J.D. mentions sadly that now he 'll never get to meet Bob Saget , even though Saget left the show in the mid 1990s .",
"In the locker room where J.D. shows off his `` Shower Shorts '' , on the locker behind him stands `` Peace Sam '' . Sam is the name of J.D. 's father , played by John Ritter , who died September 11 , 2003 .",
"Upon seeing Danni , Jordan 's sister , played by Tara Reid , J.D. quickly mentions that he destroyed the video they made when she last visited . The video features Danni hitting J.D. in the crotch with a golf club , a mockery of many entries submitted to America 's Funniest Home Videos . J.D. mentions sadly that now he 'll never get to meet Bob Saget , even though Saget left the show in the mid 1990s .",
"It received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series . In 2008 , Empire placed Scrubs 19th on their list of `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' and cited `` My Screw Up '' as the show 's best episode . In IGN 's list of the 10 best Scrubs episodes , `` My Screw Up '' placed third .",
"It received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series . In 2008 , Empire placed Scrubs 19th on their list of `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' and cited `` My Screw Up '' as the show 's best episode .",
"In IGN 's list of the 10 best Scrubs episodes , `` My Screw Up '' placed third ."
] | My Screw up - wikipedia My Screw up Jump to: navigation , search `` My Screw Up '' Scrubs episode Episode no. Season 3 Episode 14 Directed by Chris Koch Written by Neil Goldman Garrett Donovan Featured music `` Winter'' by Joshua Radin Production code 315 Original air date February 24, 2004 Guest appearance(s) Christa Miller as Jordan Sullivan Brendan Fraser as Ben Sullivan Tara Reid as Danni Sullivan Sam Lloyd as Ted Buckland Aloma Wright as Nurse Laverne Roberts Randall Winston as Leonard Ned Bellamy as Dr. Green Frank Encarnacao as Dr. Walter Mickhead Warren Munson as Mr. Taylor Episode chronology ← Previous `` My Porcelain God '' Next → `` My Tormented Mentor '' Scrubs (season 3) List of Scrubs episodes `` My Screw Up '' is the 14th episode of Season 3 and the 60th episode overall of the American sitcom Scrubs . It originally aired on February 24, 2004 on NBC . It features Brendan Fraser 's final appearance as Ben Sullivan. The character had previously appeared in the Season 1 episodes `` My Occurrence '' and `` My Hero .'' Critical reaction was very positive. Most notably, the episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Homage to The Sixth Sense 3 Continuity 4 Cultural references 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Jordan and Dr. Cox are preparing to throw a party for their son Jack's first birthday. Dr. Cox advises J.D. not to attend the party because Jordan's sister Danni, with whom J.D. had recently broken up, is also coming. Also coming to the party is Jordan and Danni's brother Ben ( Brendan Fraser ), whose cancer has gone into remission; however he has failed to have routine screenings and Cox advises him to get checked out. Meanwhile, Turk and Carla clash over removing a mole from Turk's face and Carla taking Turk as her last name after they marry, and one of Ted 's band members quits. J.D. is taking care of an elderly man with an irregular heartbeat when Dr. Cox instructs him to run tests on Ben while Cox runs an errand. Twenty minutes later, J.D. is called to resuscitate a patient who has gone into cardiac arrest . When Dr. Cox returns, J.D. hands him a chart and informs him that the patient died. Dr. Cox angrily blames J.D. and sends him home, despite Ben's efforts to convince Cox that it wasn't J.D.'s fault. Two days later, Cox has been at the hospital for sixty straight hours and it is apparent that Jordan is worried he won't show up for Jack's party later that day. Ben follows Cox around the hospital, apparently trying to convince him to go to his son's party. Meanwhile, Carla is busy annoying everyone as she is looking for advice: first she is upset because she doesn't know what to do to repay Turk for having his mole removed, but when he asks her to agree to take his name (hoping she would say no so he wouldn't have to have the surgery) she gladly accepts his terms. But after that she is angry that Turk is ' forcing her' to take his name. She asks an annoyed Dr. Kelso for advice; he responds that she may end up missing the mole after it's gone, even though she thinks she hates it. She finally decides that Turk shouldn't have to have his mole removed, and Turk respects her wishes to keep her own last name. Ben finally gets Dr. Cox to leave the hospital to go to the party, as well as apologize to J.D. for blaming him for the patient's death, and on the way to the celebration tells him to forgive himself. J.D. arrives and asks Dr. Cox if he knows where he is, at which point Ben disappears. Cox and J.D. are shown to be walking into a cemetery where they are joined by Jordan, Danni, and many of the hospital staff. They are not at Jack's birthday party, but instead are attending Ben's funeral. In reality, Ben was the patient who died under J.D.'s watch. Cox, unable to accept the death of his best friend, had been seeing Ben's spirit as if he were alive. The episode ends as a heartbroken Dr. Cox uncharacteristically allows those around to comfort him. Homage to the Sixth Sense ( edit ) In the special features on the Season 3 DVD , Bill Lawrence says that this episode is a homage to The Sixth Sense . The film, starring Bruce Willis , is famous for its twist ending , when it is revealed that Willis' character has been dead throughout the film. In the film, Willis interacts only with a boy who can `` see dead people'' ; no other characters ever acknowledge Willis' presence. The film allows the audience to assume Willis is alive. Similarly, the audience in `` My Screw Up'' is led to believe that Ben is alive until the very end, even as close examination reveals that Dr. Cox is the only character who acknowledges him after the point in the episode when he dies. Ben says early in the episode that he will take his camera with him everywhere until the day he dies. After `` the patient'' dies, Ben doesn't have his camera for the rest of the episode. Continuity ( edit ) Footage from this episode was later re-used in `` My Urologist ,'' with Dr. Kim Briggs digitally worked into it (replacing Carla) to verify she was there for Ben's funeral. Brendan Fraser was supposed to appear in `` My Long Goodbye '' as Ben, when Carla asked Dr. Cox if he had ever seen a ghost. However, Fraser couldn't appear because he was filming a movie. As such, Jill Tracy from `` My Lunch '' appears instead. Ben had previously appeared in two Season 1 episodes: `` My Occurrence'' and `` My Hero'' . It is in these two episodes that Ben was diagnosed with leukemia . In the former, J.D. himself goes through a incident similar to Dr. Cox's and imagines a series of events in which he proves Ben is misdiagnosed and actually well, before realizing it is a fantasy and Ben in fact has leukemia. Cultural references ( edit ) In the locker room where J.D. shows off his `` Shower Shorts'' , on the locker behind him stands `` Peace Sam'' . Sam is the name of J.D.'s father, played by John Ritter , who died September 11, 2003. Upon seeing Danni, Jordan's sister, played by Tara Reid , J.D. quickly mentions that he destroyed the video they made when she last visited. The video features Danni hitting J.D. in the crotch with a golf club, a mockery of many entries submitted to America's Funniest Home Videos . J.D. mentions sadly that now he'll never get to meet Bob Saget , even though Saget left the show in the mid 1990s. Reception ( edit ) It received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series . In 2008, Empire placed Scrubs 19th on their list of `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time'' and cited `` My Screw Up'' as the show's best episode. In IGN 's list of the 10 best Scrubs episodes, `` My Screw Up'' placed third. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scrubs TV Show Series on NBC: Find Videos and Season Episode . NBC Online Site Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time'' . Empire . Retrieved 2008-03-29 . External links ( edit ) `` My Screw Up'' on IMDb `` My Screw Up'' at TV.com ( hide ) Scrubs Characters John `` J.D.'' Dorian Christopher Turk Elliot Reid Carla Espinosa Perry Cox Bob Kelso Janitor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Episodes `` My First Day '' `` My Own American Girl '' `` My Screw Up '' `` My Fault '' `` My Life in Four Cameras '' `` My Way Home '' `` My Chopped Liver '' `` My Musical '' `` My Long Goodbye '' `` Their Story '' `` My Point of No Return '' `` My Own Worst Enemy '' `` My Growing Pains '' `` My Bad Too '' `` My Princess '' `` My Jerks '' `` My Last Words '' `` My ABC's '' `` My Nah Nah Nah '' `` My Finale '' `` Our First Day of School '' `` Our Role Models '' Related Scrubs: Interns Accolades Soundtracks The Blanks Riding the Wave `` Superman '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Screw_Up&oldid=840142741 '' Categories : Scrubs (season 3) episodes 2004 American television episodes Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 00:40. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8025757467484570920 |
when did roger federer last win a grand slam | 1999 -- 2015 15 years playing a Davis Cup tie for Switzerland Heinz Günthardt | [
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"Roger Federer Federer at Wimbledon in 2009 . Country ( sports ) Switzerland Residence Bottmingen , Switzerland ( 1981 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1981 ( age 36 ) Basel , Switzerland Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Turned pro 1998 Plays Right - handed ( one - handed backhand ) Prize money US $ 108,250,560 2nd all - time leader in earnings Official website rogerfederer.com Singles Career record 1121 -- 249 ( 81.82 % ) Career titles 93 ( 3rd in the Open Era ) Highest ranking No. 1 ( 2 February 2004 ) Current ranking No. 2 ( 25 September 2017 ) Grand Slam Singles results Australian Open W ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) French Open W ( 2009 ) Wimbledon W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 ) US Open W ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) Other tournaments Tour Finals W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 ) Olympic Games F ( 2012 ) Doubles Career record 129 -- 89 ( 59.17 % ) Career titles 8 Highest ranking No. 24 ( 9 June 2003 ) Current ranking -- ( 25 September 2017 ) Grand Slam Doubles results Australian Open 3R ( 2003 ) French Open 1R ( 2000 ) Wimbledon QF ( 2000 ) US Open 3R ( 2002 ) Other doubles tournaments Olympic Games W ( 2008 ) Team competitions Davis Cup W ( 2014 ) Hopman Cup W ( 2001 ) Olympic medal record ( hide ) 2008 Beijing Doubles 2012 London Singles Last updated on : 25 September 2017 .",
"Federer at Wimbledon in 2009 .",
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"Prize money US $ 108,250,560 2nd all - time leader in earnings",
"US $ 108,250,560",
"2nd all - time leader in earnings",
"2nd all - time leader in earnings",
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"Career titles 93 ( 3rd in the Open Era )",
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"Current ranking No. 2 ( 25 September 2017 )",
"Grand Slam Singles results",
"Australian Open W ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 )",
"French Open W ( 2009 )",
"Wimbledon W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 )",
"US Open W ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 )",
"Other tournaments",
"Tour Finals W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 )",
"Olympic Games F ( 2012 )",
"Doubles",
"Career record 129 -- 89 ( 59.17 % )",
"Career titles 8",
"Highest ranking No. 24 ( 9 June 2003 )",
"Current ranking -- ( 25 September 2017 )",
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"French Open 1R ( 2000 )",
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"US Open 3R ( 2002 )",
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"Last updated on : 25 September 2017 .",
"Roger Federer ( German pronunciation : ( ˈrɔdʒər ˈfeːdərər ) ; born 8 August 1981 ) is a Swiss professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Federer has won 19 Grand Slam singles titles , the most in history for a male tennis player and has held the world No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a record total of 302 weeks , including a record 237 consecutive weeks . After turning professional in 1998 , he was continuously ranked in the top ten from October 2002 to November 2016 .",
"In majors , he has won a record eight Wimbledon titles , five Australian Open titles , a record five consecutive US Open titles and one French Open title . He is among eight men to have captured a career Grand Slam and has reached a record 29 men 's singles Grand Slam finals , including ten in a row from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships to the 2007 US Open . Given these achievements , many players and analysts consider Federer the greatest tennis player of all time .",
"Among Federer 's other ATP tournament records include winning six ATP World Tour Finals and playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments . He has also won an Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and an Olympic silver medal in singles at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games . Representing Switzerland , Federer was a part of the 2001 winning Hopman Cup team and the 2014 winning Davis Cup team .",
"Federer has been named Swiss Sports Personality of the Year a record six times . In 2007 , he won the ESPY Award for Best International Athlete and he has won the Best Male Tennis Player award a record seven times . He was named ATP Player of the Year five times , was named ITF World Champion five time , and won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years . In 2010 , MARCA has elected Federer the Sportsman of the Decade . He was named three times the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year . In 2017 , ESPN ranked him fourth in its most famous athletes list .",
"Federer was born in Basel , Switzerland . His father , Robert Federer , is Swiss , from Berneck , in the Canton of St. Gallen ; and his mother , Lynette Federer ( née Durand ) , from Kempton Park , Gauteng . Federer 's mother is descended from Dutch and French Huguenots . Federer has one sibling , his older sister Diana , who is the mother of a set of twins . He holds both Swiss and South African citizenship . He grew up in nearby Birsfelden , Riehen , and then Münchenstein , close to the French and German borders and speaks Swiss German , Standard German , English and French fluently , Swiss German being his native language .",
"Like all male Swiss citizens , Federer was subject to compulsory military service in the Swiss Armed Forces . However , in 2003 he was ruled `` unsuitable '' and was subsequently not required to fulfill his military obligation . Instead , he served in the civil protection force and was required to pay 3 % of his taxable income as an alternative . He grew up supporting F.C. Basel and the Swiss National Football Team . Federer also credits his hand - eye coordination to the wide range of sports he played as a child , including badminton and basketball .",
"Federer is married to former Women 's Tennis Association player Mirka Federer . He met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics . Miroslava Vavrinec retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury 7 years before she married Federer . They were married at Wenkenhof Villa in Riehen near Basel on 11 April 2009 , surrounded by a small group of close friends and family . In July 2009 , Mirka gave birth to identical twin girls , Myla Rose and Charlene Riva . The Federers had another pair of identical twins in 2014 , this time boys whom they named Leo and Lennart ( known as Lenny ) .",
"In 2003 , he established the Roger Federer Foundation to help disadvantaged children and to promote their access to education and sports . Since May 2004 , citing his close ties with South Africa , including that being where his mother was raised , he began supporting the South Africa - Swiss charity IMBEWU which helps children better connect to sports and social and health awareness . Later , In 2005 , Federer visited South Africa to meet the children that had benefited from his support . In 2005 , he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina . At the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells , Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP and WTA tour called Rally for Relief . The proceeds went to the victims of the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . In December 2006 he visited Tamil Nadu , one of the areas in India most affected by the tsunami . He was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador by UNICEF in April 2006 and has appeared in UNICEF public messages to raise public awareness of AIDS .",
"In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Federer arranged a collaboration with fellow top tennis players for a special charity event during the 2010 Australian Open called ' Hit for Haiti ' , in which proceeds went to Haiti earthquake victims . He participated in a follow - up charity exhibition during the 2010 Indian Wells Masters which raised $1 million . The Nadal vs Federer `` Match for Africa '' in 2010 in Zurich and Madrid raised more than $4 million for the Roger Federer Foundation and Fundación Rafa Nadal . In January 2011 , Federer took part in an exhibition , Rally for Relief , to raise money for the victims of the Queensland floods . In 2014 , the `` Match for Africa 2 '' between Federer and Stan Wawrinka , again in Zurich , raised £ 850,000 for education projects in southern Africa .",
"Federer 's main accomplishments as a junior player came at Wimbledon in 1998 , where he won both the boys ' singles final over Irakli Labadze , and in doubles teamed with Olivier Rochus , defeating the team of Michaël Llodra and Andy Ram . In addition , Federer lost the US Open Junior final in 1998 to David Nalbandian . He won four ITF junior singles tournaments in his career , including the prestigious Orange Bowl , where he defeated Guillermo Coria in the final . He ended 1998 with the # 1 junior world ranking , is awarded ITF junior World Champion , and he entered his first tournament as a professional during 1998 in Gstaad , where he lost to Lucas Arnold Ker in the first round .",
"Federer entered the top 100 ranking for the first time on 20 September 1999 and started at the 1999 Marseille Open defeating the reigning champion of the 1998 French Open , Spaniard Carlos Moya . His first final came at the Marseille Open in 2000 , where he lost to fellow Swiss Marc Rosset . Federer won the 2001 Hopman Cup representing Switzerland , along with Martina Hingis . The duo defeated the American pair of Monica Seles and Jan - Michael Gambill in the finals . Federer 's first singles win was at the 2001 Milan Indoor tournament , where he defeated Julien Boutter in the final . Although he won his first title already in 1999 on the Challenger tour , winning the doubles event in Segovia , Spain with Dutchman Sander Groen , the final was played on Federer 's 18th birthday . In 2001 , Federer made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open , and at Wimbledon that same year defeated four - time defending champion Pete Sampras to reach the quarterfinals . The most prestigious event final he reached during this period was the 2002 Miami Masters event , where he lost to Andre Agassi on hard court .",
"Federer won his first Master Series event at the 2002 Hamburg Masters on clay , over Marat Safin ; the victory put him in top 10 for the first time . Federer made 10 singles finals between 1998 and 2002 , of which he won four and lost six . He also made six finals in doubles . Of note are Federer and partner Max Mirnyi 's defeat in the final of the Indian Wells Masters in 2002 , and their victory in the same year in the final of the Rotterdam 500 series event . Federer had won the latter a year earlier with partner Jonas Björkman . He finished 2001 with an ATP ranking of # 13 , and 2002 was the first year he was ranked within the top 10 , finishing at # 6 .",
"In 2003 , Federer won his first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon , beating Mark Philippoussis in the final . Federer won his first and only doubles Masters Series 1000 event in Miami with Max Mirnyi and made it to one singles Masters Series 1000 event in Rome on clay , which he lost . Federer made it to nine finals on the ATP Tour and won seven of them , including the 500 series events at Dubai and Vienna . Lastly , Federer won the year - end championships over Andre Agassi , finishing the year as world # 2 , narrowly behind Andy Roddick by only 160 points .",
"During 2004 , Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles for the first time in his career and became the first person to do so since Mats Wilander in 1988 . His first major hard - court title came at the Australian Open over Marat Safin , thereby becoming the world # 1 for the first time . He then won his second Wimbledon crown over Andy Roddick . Federer defeated the 2001 US Open champion , Lleyton Hewitt , at the US Open for his first title there .",
"Federer won three ATP Masters Series 1000 events , one was on clay in Hamburg , and the other two were on hard surfaces at Indian Wells and in Canada . Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai and wrapped up the year by winning the year - end championships for the second time . He also won his first tournament on home soil by capturing the Swiss Open in Gstaad . His 11 singles titles were the most of any player in two decades , and his record of 74 -- 6 was the best since Ivan Lendl in 1986 . He improved his year - end ranking to world # 1 for the first time .",
"In 2005 , Federer failed to reach the finals of the first two Grand Slam tournaments , losing the Australian Open semifinal to eventual champion Safin after holding match points , and the French Open semifinal to eventual champion Rafael Nadal . However , Federer quickly reestablished his dominance on grass , winning the Wimbledon Championships over Andy Roddick . At the US Open , Federer defeated Andre Agassi in the latter 's last major final .",
"Federer also took four ATP Masters Series 1000 wins : Indian Wells , Miami , and Cincinnati on hard court , and Hamburg on clay . The win in Miami was particularly noteworthy as it was the first final contested between Federer and Rafael Nadal in what would become one of the greatest rivalries in tennis history . Federer recovered from down two sets and a break to take the final in five sets . Furthermore , Federer won two ATP 500 series events at Rotterdam and Dubai . Federer lost the year - end championships to David Nalbandian in five sets while playing through a foot injury that sidelined him for almost the entire season after September . He maintained his position as world # 1 for the entirety of the season .",
"The season was statistically one of the most dominant in the Open Era . He won 11 singles titles , which tied his 2004 season as the most in over two decades , his 81 match victories were the most since Pete Sampras in 1993 , and his record of 81 -- 4 ( 95.2 % ) remains the second - best winning percentage in the Open Era behind only John McEnroe in 1984 .",
"The 2006 season was statistically the best season of Federer 's career , as well as one of the greatest seasons of any player in tennis history . In November 2011 , Stephen Tignor , chief editorial writer for Tennis.com , ranked Federer 's 2006 season as the second - greatest season of all time during the Open Era , behind only Rod Laver 's Grand Slam year of 1969 .",
"Federer won 12 singles titles ( the most of any player since John McEnroe in 1984 ) and had a match record of 92 -- 5 ( the most wins since Ivan Lendl in 1982 ) . Federer reached the finals in an astounding 16 of the 17 tournaments he entered during the season .",
"In 2006 , Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the final of the other , with the only loss coming against Nadal in the French Open . This was Federer and Nadal 's first meeting in a Grand Slam final . He was the first man to reach all four finals in a calendar year since Rod Laver in 1969 . Federer defeated Nadal in the Wimbledon Championships final . In the Australian Open , Federer defeated Marcos Baghdatis , and at the US Open , Federer defeated Roddick ( 2003 champion ) . In addition , Federer made it to six ATP Masters Series 1000 finals , winning four on hard surfaces and losing two on clay to Nadal . Federer , however , consistently pushed Nadal to the limit on clay throughout the season taking him to fourth - set tiebreakers in Monte - Carlo and Paris , and a thrilling match in Rome that went to a deciding fifth - set tiebreaker .",
"Federer won one ATP 500 series event in Tokyo and captured the year - end championships for the third time in his career , again finishing the year as world # 1 . Federer only lost to two players during 2006 , to Nadal four times in finals , and to 19 - year - old Andy Murray in the second round of the 2006 Cincinnati Masters , in what would be Federer 's only defeat before reaching the final of a tournament that year . Federer finished the season on a 29 - match winning streak , as well as winning 48 of his last 49 matches after the French Open .",
"A personal highlight for Federer came near the end of the season when he finally won his hometown tournament the Swiss Indoors in Basel , Switzerland .",
"In 2007 , Federer reached all four Grand Slam singles finals , winning three of them again . He won the Australian Open without dropping a set , beating Fernando González in the final . This made him the first man in the 21st century to accomplish the feat , as Björn Borg at the 1980 French Open was the last to win a Grand Slam tournament without the loss of a set . Federer had entered the year on a huge winning streak and after capturing his fourth Dubai crown Federer 's winning streak stood at 41 matches , the longest of his career and only five shy of the record . Federer entered Indian Wells as the three - time defending champion , but his streak would end in controversy . He was defeated by an Argentine , Guillermo Cañas , who had failed a drug test for illegal doping .",
"This surprising first - round defeat marked the first time since August 2006 he suffered defeat , a period spanning over seven months .",
"During the clay season , Federer 's victory in the Hamburg Masters final was particularly impressive , as it snapped Rafael Nadal 's 81 - match winning streak on clay , an Open - Era record . Federer turned the match around from a set down to sweep 12 of the final 14 games , including a final set bagel . At the French Open , some anticipated that Federer could become the first man in almost 40 years to hold all four majors simultaneously , having just resoundingly defeated young rival Nadal on clay entering the tournament . However , in a repeat of the previous year Federer played a tough four - set final against Nadal , but was undone by going 1 / 18 on break - point chances .",
"At Wimbledon , Federer entered the tournament not only as the four - time defending champion , but also riding a 48 - match winning streak on grass . Once again , he defeated Rafael Nadal for a second consecutive year in the final , this time in a thrilling five - set encounter that many analysts hailed as the greatest Wimbledon final since 1980 . Victory at Wimbledon equaled him with Björn Borg for the record of five consecutive championships at the All England Club .",
"Federer reached the final in Montreal before playing a young and relatively unknown Serbian named Novak Djokovic . Djokovic proved his potential by stunning the world # 1 in a final - set tiebreaker upset . Federer rebounded in Cincinnati to capture his fifth title of the year . Federer entered the US Open as the three - time defending champion and faced Djokovic in the final . This time , Federer prevailed in a close straight - set match . Victory in New York moved him ahead of Laver and Borg for third on the all - time list of major championship victories . Throughout the tournament , the American press labelled him Darth Federer for his all - black attire ( which included tuxedo - striped shorts ) and the tournament played The Imperial March from Star Wars when he was announced onto the court for each of his matches . He would close out the year with victories in Basel and the Year End Championships in Shanghai .",
"He finished the season as the year - end world # 1 for the fourth year in a row , demonstrating his dominance , and during these four years he won 11 Grand Slam singles titles . After his phenomenal triple Grand Slam season yet again , Federer became the only player in history to win three Majors in a year for three years ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) . It was the third consecutive season that Federer would hold the world # 1 ranking for all 52 weeks of the year .",
"Federer 's success in 2008 was severely hampered by a lingering bout of mononucleosis , which he suffered from during the first half of the year . At the end of the year , he would suffer a back injury that would prove to be recurring throughout his career .",
"In 2008 , Federer captured one Grand Slam , a singles title at the US Open over Briton Andy Murray . Federer was defeated by Nadal in two Grand Slam finals , at the French Open , and at Wimbledon , when he was going for six straight wins to break Björn Borg 's record . At the Australian Open , Federer lost in the semifinals to eventual winner Djokovic , which ended his record of 10 consecutive finals . Later in the year , it was found Federer had been suffering from mononucleosis at the start of the year , particularly during the Australian Open . He lost twice in Masters Series 1000 finals on clay to Nadal , at Monte Carlo and Hamburg . However , Federer captured three titles in 250 - level events at Estoril , Halle , and Basel .",
"At the Olympic Games , Federer and Stan Wawrinka won the gold medal in doubles , after beating the Bryan brothers American team in the semifinals and the Swedish duo of Simon Aspelin and Thomas Johansson in the final However , Federer could only reach the quarterfinals in the singles draw , knocked out by then world # 8 James Blake . He ended the year as world # 2 .",
"Federer entered the 2009 season with 13 Grand Slams , only one behind Pete Sampras ' all - time record . The season began with a loss to Nadal in the finals of the Australian Open in a hotly contested five - set match . Federer struggled following the defeat in Melbourne and entered the clay season without a title .",
"Federer 's season turned around in the final masters event of the clay season , when he defeated Nadal on clay for only the second time to capture the Madrid Masters . Federer entered the French Open with few predicting him to win the elusive Parisian title , having lost to Nadal in the final weekend for the past four seasons . After Nadal 's unexpected defeat to Robin Söderling Federer suddenly became the overwhelming favorite . It would not be easy as in his next match he was forced to come from two sets and break point down in the third set to defeat Tommy Haas in five sets . He was also forced to fight back from a two sets to one deficit against a young Juan Martín del Potro to win a five setter in the semifinals . In the final he faced Söderling , and with a straight sets victory finally captured the Coupe des Mousquetaires and the career Grand Slam . This victory tied him with Pete Sampras for the most Grand Slam men 's singles titles .",
"Federer immediately turned his sights to the grass courts of Wimbledon , where he breezed his way to the final . In the championship match he faced long - time rival Andy Roddick in what would be their eighth and eventually final meeting at a Grand Slam . Roddick pushed Federer into a record - setting fifth set , which the Swiss claimed 16 -- 14 to win his 15th men 's singles Grand Slam singles title , breaking the all - time record of Pete Sampras .",
"Federer continued his summer run by winning his third title on the lightning - fast courts of the Cincinnati Masters , defeating Novak Djokovic in the final . At the US Open he defeated Söderling in the quarters and Djokovic , for the third consecutive year , in the semifinals . On the penultimate point of the Djokovic match he hit what many consider to be the greatest shot of his career , a tweener winner , to setup match points . Federer played del Potro in the final and led two sets to one before ultimately losing a fourth set tiebreaker and subsequently the match .",
"The 2009 season was perhaps the most historically relevant of Federer 's career as he completed a career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title and won a men 's record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon , surpassing Pete Sampras 's mark of fourteen . The 2009 Wimbledon final was also historic for being the longest Grand Slam final in terms of games played with Federer prevailing 16 -- 14 in the fifth set . Upon breaking the Grand Slam tournament record , Federer was hailed by some analysts and many tennis greats as the greatest player in tennis history . Federer finished the season as the year end World No. 1 for the fifth time in his career .",
"The year started with a win at the Australian Open , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and extended the Grand Slam singles record to sixteen titles , matching Andre Agassi 's record of four Australian Open titles . Since Wimbledon 2005 Federer had made the finals of 18 out of 19 Grand Slam tournaments , an extraordinary period of sustained excellence unparalleled in the Open Era . This tournament , however , would mark the end of his utter dominance at the majors .",
"At the French Open , Federer won his 700th tour match and 150th tour match on clay . However , he failed to reach a Grand Slam semifinal for the first time since the 2004 French Open , losing to Söderling in the quarterfinals and relinquishing his # 1 ranking , having been just one week away from equalling Pete Sampras 's record of 286 weeks as world # 1 . In a huge upset at Wimbledon , Federer lost in the quarterfinals to Tomáš Berdych and fell to # 3 in the rankings for the first time in 6 years and 8 months .",
"Towards the middle of July , Federer hired Pete Sampras ' old coach Paul Annacone on a trial basis to put his tennis game and career back on the right path . At the 2010 US Open , Federer reached the semifinals , where he lost a heart - breaking five - set match to Novak Djokovic after holding two match points . Federer made it to four Masters 1000 finals , prevailing at the Cincinnati Masters against Mardy Fish .",
"Federer finished the year in strong form , winning indoor titles at the Stockholm Open , Swiss Indoors , and the ATP World Tour Finals in London , which brought his tally to 66 career titles . Federer won the year - end championships in London by beating rival Rafael Nadal for his fifth title at the event . He showed much of his old form , beating all contenders except Nadal in straight sets . It remains the only tournament in his career where Federer defeated all fellow members of the Big Four . Since Wimbledon 2010 , Federer had a win - loss record of 34 -- 4 . Federer finished in the top two for the eighth consecutive season .",
"The 2011 season , although great by most players ' standards , was a lean year for Federer . He was defeated in straight sets in the semifinals of the 2011 Australian Open by eventual champion Novak Djokovic , marking the first time since July 2003 that he did not hold any of the four major titles . In the French Open semifinals , Federer ended Djokovic 's undefeated streak of 43 consecutive wins with a four - set victory . However , Federer then lost in the final to Rafael Nadal . At Wimbledon , Federer advanced to his 29th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal , but lost to Jo - Wilfried Tsonga . It marked the first time in his career that he had lost a Grand Slam tournament match after winning the first two sets .",
"At the US Open , Federer lost a much - anticipated semifinal match with Novak Djokovic , after squandering two match points in the fifth set , which repeated his previous year 's result against Djokovic and added a second loss from two sets up in Grand Slam tournament play to his record . The loss at Flushing Meadows meant that Federer did not win any of the four majors in 2011 , the first time this has happened since 2002 . Later that month , in September 2011 , in a South African poll , Federer was voted the second most trusted and respected person in the world , next to Nelson Mandela .",
"Federer finished the season on a high note by yet again dominating the indoor season , winning his last three tournaments of the year at the Swiss Indoors , Paris Masters , and ATP World Tour Finals . He ended a 10 - month title drought by winning the Swiss Indoors for the fifth time , defeating Kei Nishikori . Federer followed this up with his first Paris Masters title , where he became the first player to reach all nine Masters 1000 finals . In the final of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals , Federer defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga for the third consecutive Sunday and , in doing so , claimed a record sixth ATP World Tour Finals title , finishing the year as world # 3 .",
"The 2012 season was a return to excellence for Federer . He had his most match wins since 2006 and his highest winning percentage and number of titles won since 2007 .",
"Federer reached the semifinal of the 2012 Australian Open , setting up a 27th career meeting with Nadal , a match he lost in four tight sets . He then won the Rotterdam Open for the first time since 2005 , defeating Juan Martín del Potro . Federer played in the 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and won the championship title for the fifth time in his career . Federer then moved on to the Indian Wells Masters , where he defeated Rafael Nadal in the semifinals , and John Isner in the final . Federer won the title for a record fourth time , and , in doing so , equalled Rafael Nadal 's record of 19 ATP Masters 1000 titles .",
"Federer went on to compete at the Madrid Masters on the new blue clay surface , where he beat Tomáš Berdych in the final , thus regaining the world # 2 ranking from Rafael Nadal . In the French Open , Federer made the semifinals before losing to Djokovic .",
"At Wimbledon , Federer survived a five - set match in the third round against Julien Benneteau on his way to the semifinals . In his semifinal match - up against world # 1 Novak Djokovic , Federer earned a record eighth Wimbledon final appearance after dispatching Djokovic in four sets . Federer defeated Andy Murray in four sets in the 2012 Wimbledon final , regaining the world # 1 ranking in the process . `` It 's amazing . It equals me with Pete Sampras , who 's my hero . It just feels amazing '' , Federer said of winning his seventh Wimbledon championship , tying Sampras ' Open Era record . By defeating top - ranked Djokovic in the semifinals and winning in the finals , Federer returned to the top spot in the world rankings and , in doing so , broke Sampras ' record of 286 weeks atop the list .",
"Four weeks after the Wimbledon final , Federer again faced Murray on the Wimbledon centre court , this time for the final of the 2012 Summer Olympics . This came after an epic 4 - hour 26 - minute semifinal against Juan Martín del Potro of Argentina that Federer won 19 -- 17 in the third and final set . He lost to Murray in straight sets in the final , winning a silver medal for his country .",
"Federer won in Cincinnati , beating Novak Djokovic soundly in the final . In the US Open , five - time champ Federer was defeated by Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals . In the Shanghai Rolex Masters , defeating Stan Wawrinka in the third round , Federer confirmed his 300th week at # 1 . Federer made it to the finals of the ATP World Tour Finals , where he lost to Novak Djokovic in two sets .",
"Federer struggled with back injuries sustained in March and again in July and saw his ranking drop from # 2 to # 6 . The 2013 season was the first since 1999 in which Federer failed to reach a final in the first four months of the year .",
"Federer 's first and only title of 2013 came at the Gerry Weber Open ( def . Mikhail Youzhny ) , where he also played doubles with good friend Tommy Haas . With the victory in Halle , he tied John McEnroe for the third-most number of ATP titles won by a male player in the Open Era . Federer , however , was unable to maintain his form into Wimbledon , suffering his worst Grand Slam tournament defeat since 2003 in the second round against Sergiy Stakhovsky . Not only did the loss end Federer 's record streak of 36 consecutive quarterfinals at Grand Slam tournaments , it meant he would drop out of the top 4 for first time since July 2003 , exactly 10 years after he won his first Wimbledon title .",
"During the summer , he experimented with various different racquets and played the German Open with a blacked - out 98 - inch Wilson racquet , instead of his regular Pro Staff 6.1 90 BLX racquet with the smaller 90 - inch hitting area . He returned to his regular racquet for the second half of the season . After Wimbledon , Federer continued to be upset early in tournaments in Hamburg and Gstaad because of a serious back injury through October , when he announced that he was parting ways with Paul Annacone , his coach for the last three years . Federer made the final in Basel , succumbing to Juan Martín del Potro in three sets , and indicated it was a mistake to have played certain tournaments while suffering from a back injury .",
"On 27 December 2013 , Federer announced that Stefan Edberg was joining his team as co-coach with Severin Lüthi .",
"Federer began the season by changing rackets for the first time in his career , from his longtime frame of 90 square inches to one measured at 97 square inches . He had long been at a comparative disadvantage in equipment as almost the entire tour , including his top rivals Nadal and Djokovic , used more powerful frames of between 95 and 100 square inches . At the Australian Open , Federer defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga and Andy Murray to reach his 11th consecutive semifinal in Melbourne , before losing to Rafael Nadal in straight sets .",
"At the Dubai Tennis Championships , he defeated Novak Djokovic in the semifinals , and then defeated Tomáš Berdych in the final to win his sixth Dubai crown and his first title since Halle in 2013 . Federer made the final at the Indian Wells Masters , but lost to Novak Djokovic in a final - set tiebreaker . At the Davis Cup quarterfinals , Federer won both of his singles rubbers against Kazakhstan , the second of which was the first live deciding rubber of his Davis Cup career . Federer then took a wild card into the Monte - Carlo Masters defeating Novak Djokovic on his way to the finals , but lost to compatriot Stan Wawrinka in a tight final .",
"In June , Federer announced that after the end of his third term , he would resign as President of the ATP Players Council , a position he had held since 2008 . At the Halle Open , Federer reached both the singles and the doubles finals and won his seventh Halle singles title , beating Alejandro Falla in the final . At Wimbledon , Federer reached a record ninth final , but he was defeated by Djokovic in an epic five - set match .",
"Federer made the final of the Canadian Open , but was defeated by Jo - Wilfried Tsonga . Federer defeated Spain 's David Ferrer in three sets to capture his sixth Cincinnati crown and his 22nd ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title , his first since Cincinnati 2012 . He then reached the semifinals at the US Open , but lost in straight sets to eventual champion Marin Čilić . At the Davis Cup semifinals , Federer won both of his singles matches against Italy in straight sets and hence led Switzerland to the final for the first time since 1992 .",
"Federer then played in the Shanghai Masters . He beat Novak Djokovic in the semifinals , ending the Serb 's 28 - match unbeaten run on Chinese soil . He battled Frenchman Gilles Simon in his second Shanghai final , defeating him in two tiebreak sets and collected the 23rd Masters 1000 title of his career . The victory saw Federer return to world # 2 for the first time since May 2013 . Federer then played the Swiss Indoors in October , where he won a record sixth title and his 82nd ATP men 's singles title overall . Federer also reached the finals of the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals to face Djokovic again , but withdrew from the final because of another back injury from his semifinal match against Stan Wawrinka .",
"Despite his injury , Federer finished the season on a high by defeating Richard Gasquet to clinch the Davis Cup for Switzerland for the first time in its history . The final was held at the Stade Pierre - Mauroy in Lille , France attracting over 27,000 spectators per match ; this broke attendance record for the highest ever officially - sanctioned competition tennis match .",
"Federer started his season at the Brisbane International . He defeated Milos Raonic in the final , thereby becoming only the third man in the Open Era to have 1000 or more wins , joining Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl , as well as the first man in the Open Era to win at least one title in each of 15 consecutive years . In Dubai , Federer successfully defended his title with a straight - set victory over Novak Djokovic in the final , marking his seventh title at the tournament and , after Wimbledon and Halle , was the third time he had won seven or more titles in a tournament . Additionally , Federer became the fourth person since 1991 to surpass 9,000 career aces . In March , he reached the final of the Indian Wells , but lost in three sets to defending champion Djokovic .",
"Federer won his third title of the season at the inaugural Istanbul Open clay - court tournament , ending a title drought on red clay since the 2009 French Open . Federer made it to the final of the Italian Open in May , but was unable to win his first title there , losing to Djokovic in the final .",
"As the new expanded grass season began , Federer won his record eighth Gerry Weber Open and become only the third man in the Open Era to win a title eight times . Federer entered Wimbledon as the second seed . He played a flawless match to defeat Andy Murray in straight sets in the semifinals and advance to his 10th Wimbledon final in a repeat against Novak Djokovic . Federer lost the match in four sets .",
"He defeated Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic in straight sets to win the Cincinnati Masters for the seventh time . This marked the first time that Federer had beaten the top 2 players in the world at the same tournament . At the US Open , he advanced to his first final there since 2009 without dropping a set , including a win over Stan Wawrinka in the semifinals . In the final , he was once again defeated by top seed Djokovic in four sets . At the Swiss Indoors tournament in Basel , Federer won his sixth singles title of the year , and his 88th ATP title , defeating his old rival Rafael Nadal in the final . It was the seventh time he had captured his hometown tournament .",
"In December , Federer announced that he would enter the 2016 ATP World Tour season with a new - look coaching team , having additionally announced that Stefan Edberg would not be travelling with him next year . While countryman Severin Lüthi remained Federer 's head coach , joining the team in 2016 was Croatian former world # 3 player Ivan Ljubicic . The Swiss tennis player revealed that Edberg originally signed on to the coaching team for one season only in 2014 , but agreed to stay on in 2015 .",
"Federer started his season by participating in the Brisbane International as the defending champion , despite having a virus when the tournament started . However , in a rematch of the previous year 's final , he lost in the final to Milos Raonic in straight sets . Federer then participated at the 2016 Australian Open and rebounded from his third round defeat by Andreas Seppi in 2015 by reaching the semifinals but lost to eventual champion Novak Djokovic in four sets . The day after his loss to Djokovic , Federer sustained a knee injury and in early February , he underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his knee and missed the tournaments in Rotterdam and Dubai in February and in Indian Wells in March . He was scheduled to return to action in Miami . Due to a stomach virus he had to withdraw from Miami thus prolonging his time on the sidelines .",
"Federer made his comeback at the Monte - Carlo Masters with straight set wins over Guillermo García - López and Roberto Bautista Agut before losing in the quarterfinals to Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in three sets . Federer then announced that he would be entering the Madrid Open . However , he suffered a back injury during practice and withdrew shortly after arriving . Although the season had been plagued with injuries , Federer regained the # 2 ranking in the world for a brief period following Madrid . He then participated in the Internazionali BNL d'Italia where he defeated Alexander Zverev in straight sets , but lost in the third round to Dominic Thiem . He subsequently missed the Madrid Open , before withdrawing from the French Open , breaking a run of 65 consecutive participations in the main draw of Grand Slam tournaments , stretching back to the 2000 Australian Open . On 6 July , he came back from two sets down to defeat Marin Čilić in five sets in the 2016 Wimbledon quarterfinals , equalling Jimmy Connors ' all - time records of eleven Wimbledon semifinals and 84 match wins . He suffered his first defeat in a Wimbledon semifinal two days later in a five - set loss to Raonic .",
"On 26 July , Federer announced that he would miss the 2016 Summer Olympics and the remainder of the 2016 season to fully recover from his knee injury .",
"Federer played in the Hopman Cup and Australian Open in January 2017 . At the Australian Open , he beat top - 10 players Tomáš Berdych and Kei Nishikori to reach the quarterfinals , where he beat Mischa Zverev , making Federer the oldest man to compete in a grand slam semi-final since Jimmy Connors in 1991 . In the semi-finals , he defeated Stanislas Wawrinka in five sets , making him the oldest player to compete in a Grand Slam final since Ken Rosewall in 1974 . Coming back from a break down in the fifth set , Federer defeated Rafael Nadal to win the Australian Open , which also marked Federer 's 100th match at the Australian Open ; it was the first time Federer had won a match against Nadal in a Grand Slam event since the 2007 Wimbledon final , and also marked Federer 's first ever Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon . His victory against Nadal moved Federer to number ten in the ATP rankings , and made him the oldest player to win a major since Bill Tilden won Wimbledon in 1930 .",
"In March , the Swiss won his 25th Masters title at Indian Wells , defeating Wawrinka in the final and gaining another victory over Nadal in the 4th round . This was also Federer 's 90th career title and he climbed to # 6 in the ATP rankings . Federer collected his 26th Masters title by defeating Nadal in the final of the Miami Masters in straight sets and climbed to # 4 in the ATP rankings . This marked the third time Federer had won in Indian Wells and Miami back - to - back , colloquially referred to as the Sunshine Double ( 2005 , 2006 and 2017 ) .",
"Due to concerns about his longevity , Federer decided that he would skip the entire clay - court season . He returned to the tour at the beginning of the grass - court season in Stuttgart , where he suffered a shock defeat to Tommy Haas in the second round despite holding match points , the lowest - ranked player ( No. 302 ) to beat him since No. 407 Bjoern Phau in 1999 . He rebounded the following week by winning a record - extending ninth title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle , doing so without the loss of a set . In the 2017 Wimbledon Championships , Federer made it to the final without dropping a set , defeating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals and Tomáš Berdych in the semifinals . In the final , Federer defeated Marin Cilic in straight sets to win a record - breaking eighth Wimbledon title and his record - extending 19th overall major title , to become the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era . The Swiss became the second man in the Open era to win Wimbledon without dropping a set after Björn Borg in 1976 . It marked the second time in his career that he had won a grand slam tournament without losing a set , matching his performance at the 2007 Australian Open . Federer moved up to become world number 3 in the ATP Rankings after the event and qualified for the ATP Finals for a record 15th time .",
"At the opening of the summer hard court swing Federer was defeated in the final of the Montreal Masters by Alexander Zverev after injuring his back during the match . Due to the injury , he opted to withdraw from the Cincinnati Masters to be fit for the US Open .",
"Despite his withdrawal from Cincinnati , Federer had little time to recover for the US Open , and the back injury severely affected his practice sessions . From the very beginning , he looked uncomfortable and it took him five sets to win each of the first two rounds against Frances Tiafoe and Mikhail Youzhny . His campaign at the US Open finally ended in the quarterfinals , where he lost to Juan Martin del Potro in four sets . His game was characterized by unforced errors at critical points in the match and even Federer admitted that he never felt that he had a chance to win the tournament .",
"Federer 's next participation was in September in the inaugural Laver Cup , representing team Europe . Federer played his first singles match on day two , where he dispatched Sam Querrey in straight sets . Later on day two , he partnered with his rival Nadal in doubles , where they defeated the Team World duo of Sam Querrey and Jack Sock in the match tie breaker , which took place at one set all . This was the first time Federer and Nadal competed on the same side of a doubles match . On day three , Federer competed in the final match of the tournament , where he sealed victory for Team Europe by defeating Nick Kyrgios 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , ( 11 -- 9 ) , saving a match point in the champion 's tiebreak . With three wins and seven points , Federer was the most accomplished player of the tournament .",
"Federer made his Davis Cup for Switzerland debut in the World Group 1st Round against Italy in 1999 at 17 years of age . In his first match he defeated Davide Sanguinetti in four sets and recorded a second singles victory in a dead rubber two days later as Switzerland advanced to the World Group Quarterfinals . In the Quarterfinals Federer , who was still 17 years old , suffered his first Davis Cup loss when he was defeated by Belgian Christophe Van Garsse in five sets . The Swiss team would go on to lose the rubber 3 -- 2 . A year later , Federer competed in his first Davis Cup doubles rubber where he teamed with countryman Lorenzo Manta to defeat Australians Wayne Arthurs and Sandon Stolle in four sets . Despite the doubles victory , Federer lost both singles rubbers to Mark Philippoussis and Lleyton Hewitt which saw Switzerland sent to the World Group Playoffs for the first time in Federer 's career . He would return for the playoffs in July 2000 and led Switzerland to a 5 -- 0 win over Belarus by recording wins in singles and doubles .",
"His first Davis Cup highlight came in 2003 as the newly crowned Wimbledon champion led his country to an historic semifinal run . After recording five wins in ties against the Netherlands and France , the Swiss team traveled to Melbourne to play the highly rated Australians . Federer once again defeated Wimbledon runner - up Mark Philippoussis in the second rubber but allowed the Australians to lead the tie 2 -- 1 going into Day 3 after dropping the doubles rubber in five sets . Federer then played Lleyton Hewitt in a sudden death situation for Switzerland and despite leading two sets to love , succumbed to a fast finishing Hewitt in five sets . Australia would go on to claim the Davis Cup title months later as Federer 's interest in Davis Cup began to wane and his focus shifted to his personal career . He would go on to skip many ties over the years but often competed in the World Group Playoffs each year in order for Switzerland to maintain their place in the top division .",
"The emergence of countryman Stanislas Wawrinka as a Grand Slam singles champion in 2014 renewed hope for Federer in his Davis Cup quest , and the pair both committed to playing each tie that year . Their commitment would pay off as wins over Serbia , Kazakhstan and Italy allowed the Swiss team to advance to the 2014 Davis Cup Final . Leading into the final , Federer was suffering from a back injury that threw serious doubt over Switzerland 's chance to claim the title , and a second rubber straight sets loss to Gaël Monfils seemingly spelled the worst for Switzerland . However , a rejuvenated Federer returned the following day to help claim the doubles rubber , which set up a fourth rubber singles tie between Federer and Richard Gasquet . Federer defeated Gasquet in straight sets and in doing so handed Switzerland its first ( and only to date ) Davis Cup title .",
"Federer holds many Davis Cup records for Switzerland that includes most total wins , most singles wins and most years played .",
"An 18 - year - old Federer made his Olympic debut at Sydney in 2000 , where he entered the singles competition . He surprised many by reaching the semifinals but lost to Tommy Haas in the semifinals and then to Arnaud Di Pasquale in the bronze medal match , causing Federer to leave Sydney empty handed . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Federer was the clear favorite after claiming the world number one ranking earlier in the year and capturing the Australian Open and Wimbledon titles . However , he lost in the second round to 18 - year - old Tomáš Berdych . In doubles , he and compatriot Yves Allegro lost in the second round . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Federer was again the top seed and favorite , but lost in the quarterfinals to James Blake . However , he found more success on the doubles court , capturing the gold medal in men 's doubles with compatriot Stan Wawrinka , defeating Simon Aspelin and Thomas Johansson of Sweden . At both the Athens and Beijing Olympic Games , Federer was the flagbearer for Switzerland in the opening ceremony . At London 2012 , Federer won his first singles medal , losing to Andy Murray in the final to claim the silver . He and Wawrinka were unable to defend their gold medal in doubles , losing in the second round to Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram of Israel . Federer did not compete in the Rio Olympics after taking the remainder of the season off after Wimbledon to recover from a knee injury .",
"Federer and Rafael Nadal have been playing each other since 2004 , and their rivalry is a significant part of both men 's careers .",
"They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 17 August 2009 , when Nadal fell to world # 3 ( Andy Murray became the new # 2 ) . They are the only pair of men to have ever finished six consecutive calendar years at the top . Federer was ranked # 1 for a record 237 consecutive weeks beginning in February 2004 . Nadal , who is five years younger , ascended to # 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks , before surpassing Federer in August 2008 .",
"Nadal leads their head - to - head 23 -- 14 . Federer has a winning record on grass ( 2 -- 1 ) and indoor hard courts ( 5 -- 1 ) , while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts ( 8 -- 5 ) and clay ( 13 -- 2 ) . Because tournament seedings are based on rankings , 23 of their matches have been in tournament finals which have included an all - time record nine Grand Slam finals . From 2006 to 2008 , they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final . They then met in the 2009 Australian Open final , the 2011 French Open final , and the 2017 Australian Open final . Nadal won six of the nine , losing the first two Wimbledon finals and the second Australian Open final . Four of these finals were five set - matches ( 2007 and 2008 Wimbledon , 2009 and 2017 Australian Open ) , with the 2008 Wimbledon final being lauded as the greatest match ever by many long - time tennis analysts . Of their 37 meetings , 13 have reached a deciding set . They have also played in 11 Masters Series finals , including their lone five - hour match at the 2006 Rome Masters which Nadal won in a fifth - set tie - break , having saved two match points .",
"Federer and Novak Djokovic have met 45 times with Djokovic leading 23 -- 22 wins . They are tied 17 -- 17 on hard - courts and 4 -- 4 on clay while Djokovic leads 2 -- 1 on grass . The Federer -- Djokovic rivalry is the largest rivalry in men 's Grand Slam tournament history with a record 15 matches played against each other with Djokovic leading 9 -- 6 . Djokovic is the only player besides Nadal to defeat Federer in consecutive Grand Slam tournaments ( 2010 US Open and 2011 Australian Open , also 2015 Wimbledon , US Open and 2016 Australian Open ) , and the only player besides Nadal and Murray who has double - figure career wins over Federer . Djokovic is one of two players ( the other again being Nadal ) on tour to have defeated Federer in straight sets at a Grand Slam event ( 2008 Australian Open , 2011 Australian Open , 2012 French Open ) and the only player to do so three times . Of their 45 meetings , 15 have reached a deciding set .",
"Federer and Djokovic first played in a Grand Slam final at the 2007 US Open where the three - time reigning champion and world # 1 Federer emerged victorious in straight sets . Federer ended Djokovic 's perfect 41 -- 0 start to the 2011 season in the semifinals of the French Open , but Djokovic was able to avenge this loss at the 2011 US Open in five sets after saving two match points against Federer for the second straight year . In the semifinals of Wimbledon 2012 , Federer beat defending champion and world # 1 Djokovic in four sets . The two met again during the finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic emerging victorious after five sets . Federer also ended Djokovic 's 28 straight wins in China at 2014 Shanghai Open . Federer and Djokovic rematched in the 2015 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic once again claiming victory in four sets . The pair met once more for the final major of the season , the 2015 US Open and once more Djokovic prevailed in four sets . Many experts have included the rivalry between Federer and Djokovic as one of the best rivalries in the Open Era .",
"Federer and Andy Murray have met 25 times with Federer leading 14 -- 11 . Federer leads 12 -- 10 on hard courts , and 2 -- 1 on grass . They have never met on clay . The two have met six times at the Grand Slam tournament level , the first three times in the finals , Federer winning all three of these matches ; at the 2008 US Open and the 2010 Australian Open , both of which he won in straight sets , and at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships in which Murray took the opening set , but went on to lose in four sets . However , Murray won their encounter in the semifinals of the 2013 Australian Open , defeating the Swiss for the first time at a Grand slam tournament in five sets . At the 2014 Australian Open , Federer reversed that result , defeating Murray in four sets in the quarterfinals . The most recent meeting between the two in a Major was in the semifinals of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , where a dominant Federer triumphed in straight sets .",
"They met in the final of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games , in which Murray defeated Federer in straight sets , denying the Swiss a career Golden Slam . Murray also leads 6 -- 3 in ATP 1000 tournaments , 2 -- 0 in finals . They have also met five times at the ATP World Tour Finals , with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008 , and Federer in London in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 . Murray is one of only three players to have recorded 10 or more victories over Federer ( the other two being Nadal and Novak Djokovic ) .",
"One of Federer 's longstanding rivalries was with American Andy Roddick . Roddick lost his world # 1 ranking to Federer after Federer won his first Australian Open in 2004 . Federer and Roddick met on 24 occasions , including four Grand Slam event finals ( three at Wimbledon and one at the US Open -- all won by Federer ) . Federer 's record is overall 21 -- 3 . Roddick himself said it was not much of a rivalry , being so one - sided .",
"In the 2009 Wimbledon final , Roddick lost to Federer in five sets . The match included a fifth set of 30 games ( a Grand Slam final record ) and was over four hours long . In the final game of the deciding set , Roddick 's serve was broken for the first time in the match . With that victory , Federer broke Pete Sampras ' record of 14 Grand Slam tournament titles , and Roddick apologised to Sampras ( who was there ) for not being able to stop Federer .",
"Lleyton Hewitt and Roger Federer played each other on 27 occasions . Early in their careers , Hewitt dominated Federer , winning seven of their first nine meetings , including a victory from two sets down in the 2003 Davis Cup semifinal which allowed Australia to defeat Switzerland . However , from 2004 onward , Federer dominated the rivalry , winning 16 of the last 18 meetings to finish with an 18 -- 9 overall head - to - head record . This is Hewitt 's longest rivalry as these two first played each other as juniors in 1996 . They met in one Grand Slam tournament final , the 2004 US Open final , where Federer won his first US Open title in a lopsided encounter in which Federer scored a bagel on both sides of a second - set tiebreak . Federer met Hewitt at six of the Grand Slam tournaments in which he lifted the trophy , including all five of his triumphs between 2004 and 2005 . Their last meeting was at the 2014 Brisbane International , where Hewitt triumphed over Federer in three sets for his first title since 2010 , when he also beat Federer to the Halle title .",
"Hewitt and Federer teamed up in the men 's doubles at Wimbledon in 1999 . They got to the third round before losing to Jonas Björkman and Pat Rafter .",
"Federer and Andre Agassi played each other 11 times between 1998 and 2005 before Agassi 's retirement in 2006 . Federer led the rivalry 8 -- 3 . This was Federer 's most significant rivalry with an all - time great player of the previous generation . They first met in only the third tournament of Federer 's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer 's hometown , with Agassi prevailing over the 17 - year - old . Agassi also defeated Federer at the 2001 US Open and the finals of the Miami Masters in 2002 . Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003 , when he defeated Agassi in both the round robin and the final . They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over two days with Federer eventually prevailing in five sets . At the 2005 Dubai Championships , Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a helipad almost 220 meters above sea level at the hotel Burj al - Arab . Their final match was at one of the most prestigious platforms in the sport , when they played in the finals of the 2005 US Open . Federer was victorious in four sets , claiming the 6th Grand Slam tournament of his career and denying Agassi his 9th .",
"Juan Martín del Potro and Roger Federer have played 22 times with Federer leading 16 -- 6 . They have met seven times in Grand Slam tournaments with Federer leading 5 -- 2 . Their two most famous Grand Slam tournament meetings came in 2009 . The first was in the French Open semifinals , when Federer survived a five - set clash when he was on his way to the only French title of his career . The second was in the final of the US Open , where del Potro stunned five - time defending champion Federer in five sets , ending his 20 - match winning streak at Grand Slams . Another high - profile match was in the semifinals of the 2012 London Olympics , where Federer prevailed 19 -- 17 in the final set to secure the Olympic silver medal . They also met in the finals of the Swiss Indoors in 2012 and 2013 , with del Potro prevailing on both occasions in tight three - set matches . In the 2017 U.S. Open quarterfinals , in a rematch of 2009 US Open final , Del Potro again stunned Federer in four sets to end his unbeaten streak in grand slams that year . With this win , Del Potro also denied first Federer - Nadal match at US Open , as in 2009 where he crushed Nadal in straight sets in semifinals .",
"Marat Safin and Federer played each other 12 times , with Federer leading 10 -- 2 . Federer and Safin turned pro within one year of each other , with Safin turning pro in 1997 and Federer in 1998 . Federer leads 4 -- 1 on hard courts , 3 -- 0 on grass , and 3 -- 0 on clay courts , while Safin leads 1 -- 0 on carpet . Notable meetings include Federer 's defeating Safin at the 2002 Hamburg Masters to win the first Masters 1000 title of his career , as well as Federer 's emerging victorious in the semifinals of the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , after winning a tiebreak 20 -- 18 on his eighth match point . Federer also defeated Safin in the finals of the 2004 Australian Open to capture his first Australian Open and second Grand Slam tournament title . However , Safin defeated Federer in the 2005 Australian Open semifinals , having saved one match point in the fourth - set tiebreak , to end a 26 - match winning streak by Federer . They met each other five times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 4 -- 1 .",
"David Nalbandian was Federer 's biggest rival in his early career . The two played each other 19 times , with Federer leading 11 -- 8 . Nalbandian dominated early on , winning their first five matches from 2002 -- 03 . Federer reversed this trend at the 2003 Masters Cup , where he recorded his first victory , and would go on to win 11 of their last 14 meetings . Federer leads 6 -- 5 on hard courts , 1 -- 0 on grass , and 3 -- 1 on clay courts , while Nalbandian leads 2 -- 1 on carpet . Notable meetings include Nalbandian 's win in a fifth - set tiebreaker to win the 2005 Masters Cup , and Federer 's win in the 2006 French Open semifinals . They met each other six times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 4 -- 2 .",
"Tomáš Berdych and Federer have played each other 25 times with Federer leading 19 -- 6 . Federer leads 11 -- 5 on hard courts , 3 -- 1 on grass courts , 4 -- 0 on clay courts , and 1 -- 0 on carpet . Berdych won their first professional match , notably upsetting then world # 1 Federer at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Federer then went on to win their next eight meetings , before Berdych ended the losing streak in 2010 . Between 2010 and 2013 , Berdych won 5 of 8 meetings . Federer then switched to a larger racquet in 2014 to prevent being overpowered by players like Berdych and leads 8 -- 0 since . They have met nine times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 7 -- 2 , and Berdych is one of five players , along with Arnaud Clément , Álex Corretja , David Nalbandian , and Jo - Wilfried Tsonga , to defeat Federer multiple times in majors before the semifinal stage . Their most notable Grand Slam matches took place in the 2009 Australian Open , when Federer prevailed in five sets after dropping the first two sets , the 2010 Wimbledon Championships and the 2012 US Open , both of which Berdych won in four sets . Berdych went on to reach the only Grand Slam final of his career after the Wimbledon quarterfinal victory which was significant as it ended Federer 's run of seven consecutive finals at Wimbledon dating back to 2003 .",
"Jo - Wilfried Tsonga and Federer have met 17 times with Federer leading 11 -- 6 . Federer leads 5 -- 3 on outdoor hard courts and 4 -- 0 on indoor hard , while Tsonga leads 1 -- 0 on grass . They are 2 -- 2 on clay courts . The pair have met six times in Grand Slam tournaments , including their five - set matches in the quarterfinals of 2011 Wimbledon and 2013 Australian Open . They have also one Grand Slam semifinal meeting in the 2010 Australian Open , with Federer winning in straight sets . Federer and Tsonga have played in the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals final and the Swiss maestro won his record - sixth Year - End Championship , after a three - setter . The pair have also met in two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals . The first was in the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters , with Federer winning his first title in Bercy , and the second was in the 2014 Rogers Cup , with Tsonga winning his second Masters 1000 title .",
"Federer 's most notable matchup with a compatriot has been with Stan Wawrinka and they have played each other 23 times with Federer leading 20 -- 3 . Federer leads 6 -- 1 in Grand Slam tournaments , 15 -- 0 on hard courts , 1 -- 0 on grass courts and 4 -- 3 on clay courts . The pair are 1 -- 1 in finals . Their first meeting in the final came at 2014 Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters where Wawrinka defeated Federer in three sets to win his first Masters 1000 title before Federer avenged his loss at 2017 BNP Paribas Open by beating him in the final . While the rivalry is one - sided in Federer 's favour , the two of them have contested some close matches . Wawrinka defeated Federer in straight sets during the 2015 French Open quarterfinals en route to winning his first French Open title , although Federer then won a straight - sets victory in the 2015 US Open semifinals . Other close matches include the 2012 Shanghai Masters and the 2013 Indian Wells Masters , both of which Federer won in three sets , the 2014 Wimbledon quarterfinal which Federer won in four sets , the 2014 ATP World Tour Final semifinal in which Federer won in three sets after saving four match points and the 2017 Australian Open semifinal which Federer won in five sets . Despite their on - court rivalry , they are friends off court and they have played doubles together on numerous occasions , most notably when they won the doubles Olympic Gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2014 Davis Cup .",
"Federer has been regarded by many pundits , coaches , and past and present players as the greatest tennis player of all time . He dominated the game at his peak and has won more Grand Slam tournament titles ( 19 ) than any other men 's singles player . He is also the first men 's singles player to have reached ten consecutive Grand Slam tournament finals and a total of 29 Grand Slam finals . He has earned a men 's doubles gold medal , and a men 's single silver medal at the Olympics in 2008 and 2012 , respectively . He spent the most amount of time in the Open Era at the top of the ATP Rankings ( 302 weeks ) . He also holds the record for the most titles ( 6 ) at the year - end tournament , where only the year - end eight highest - ranked players participate . Federer was ranked among the top eight players in the world continuously for 14 years and two weeks ; from 14 October 2002 till 31 October 2016 , when injuries forced him to skip much of the 2016 season .",
"Federer has won the ATPWorldTour.com Fans ' Favourite Award a record 14 times consecutively ( 2003 -- 2016 ) , has won the ATP Player of the year five time ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 ) , ( 5 ) ITF World Champion ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 ) and the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award ( voted for by the players ) a record 12 times ( 2004 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 ) , both being awards indicative of respect and popularity . He also won the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award twice in 2006 and 2013 . He was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years ( 2005 -- 2008 ) . Federer is at times referred to as the Federer Express , shortened to Fed Express or FedEx , and the Swiss Maestro , or just Maestro .",
"In 2016 , he was ranked by ESPN as the greatest male or female tennis player ever . After his victory over Rafael Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open Final , John McEnroe concluded that `` Federer ( had ) cemented himself as the greatest player of all time '' .",
"One of his most lasting legacies may turn out to be his creation of a new annual tournament called the Laver Cup which pits Europe against the rest of the world . Federer founded the tournament in honor of tennis legend Rod Laver and the inaugural edition was played in 2017 .",
"Federer helped to lead a revival in tennis known by many as the Golden Age . This led to increased interest in the sport , which in turn led to higher revenues for many venues across tennis . During this period rising revenues led to exploding prize money ; when Federer first won the Australian Open in 2004 he earned $985,000 , compared to when he won in 2017 and the prize had increased to $2,774,000 .",
"Upon winning the 2009 French Open and completing the career Grand Slam , Federer became the first individual male tennis player to grace the cover of Sports Illustrated since Andre Agassi in 1999 . He was also the first non-American player to appear on the cover of the magazine since Stefan Edberg in 1992 . Federer again made the cover of Sports Illustrated following his record breaking 8th Wimbledon title and second Grand Slam of 2017 , becoming the first male tennis player to be featured on the cover since himself in 2009 .",
"Federer 's versatility has been described by Jimmy Connors as : `` In an era of specialists , you 're either a clay court specialist , a grass court specialist , or a hard court specialist ... or you 're Roger Federer . ''",
"An elite athlete , Federer is an all - court , all - around player known for his speed , fluid style of play , and exceptional shot making . Federer mainly plays from the baseline but is also comfortable at the net , being one of the best volleyers in the game . He has a powerful , accurate smash and very effectively performs rare elements playing tennis , such as backhand smash and skyhook , half - volley and jump smash ( slam dunk ) . David Foster Wallace compared the brute force of Federer 's forehand motion with that of `` a great liquid whip '' , while John McEnroe has referred to Federer 's forehand as `` the greatest shot in our sport . '' Federer is also known for his efficient movement around the court and excellent footwork , which enables him to run around shots directed to his backhand and instead hit a powerful inside - out or inside - in forehand , one of his best shots .",
"Federer plays with a single - handed backhand , which gives him great variety . He employs the slice , occasionally using it to lure his opponent to the net and deliver a passing shot . Federer can also fire topspin winners and possesses a ' flick ' backhand with which he can generate pace with his wrist ; this is usually used to pass the opponent at the net . His serve is difficult to read because he always uses a similar ball toss , regardless of what type of serve he is going to hit and where he aims to hit it , and turns his back to his opponents during his motion . He is often able to produce big serves on key points during a match . His first serve is typically around 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) ; however , he is capable of serving at 220 km / h ( 137 mph ) . Federer is also accomplished at serve and volleying , and employed this tactic frequently in his early career .",
"Later in his career , Federer added the drop shot to his arsenal and can perform a well - disguised one off both wings . He sometimes uses a between - the - legs shot , which is colloquially referred to as a `` tweener '' or `` hotdog '' . His most notable use of the tweener was in the semifinals of the 2009 US Open against Novak Djokovic , bringing him triple match point . Federer is one of the top players who employs successfully the `` squash shot '' , when he gets pushed deep and wide on his forehand wing . Since Stefan Edberg joined his coaching team at the start of the 2014 season , Federer has played a more offensive game , attacking the net more often , and improved his volley shots . In the lead - up to the 2015 US Open , Federer successfully added a new unique shot to his arsenal called SABR ( Sneak Attack by Roger ) , in which he charges his opponent while receiving the serve and hits a return on the run . With the switch to a bigger 97 inch racket from 90 inches , Federer has gained easy power while relinquishing some control on his shots . The bigger racket has enabled easier serving and better defense on both wings with less shanks . However this has diminished his forehand , slice backhand and dropshot . Since his comeback in 2017 , Federer is noted for his improved backhand both down the line and cross court which was cited as the reason for his defeat of Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open Final and Indian Wells 4th Round .",
"Federer is also noted for his cool demeanour and emotional control on the court . In contrast to his early career , the majority of his professional game has been characterised by lack of outbursts or emotional frustration at errors , which gives him an advantage over less controlled opponents .",
"`` I do n't get the anxiety during a match so much anymore . You know , to throw racquets , to toss balls out of the court , scream and stuff . I almost laugh ( on the inside ) about it a little bit today when an opponent does it . But that 's something for me that 's not a problem any more . '' ~ Roger Federer",
"Federer plays with the Wilson Prostaff RF97 Autograph , a 97 square inch tennis racquet with 21.5 mm beam , 360 g weight , 331 swing weight and 16x19 string pattern ( all strung with overgrip ) . Since the 1998 Wimbledon Junior Championships Federer played with a Pro Staff 6.0 85 racquet . He switched to a bigger custom - built 90 tennis racquet since 2003 , which is characterised by its smaller hitting area of 90 square inches , heavy strung weight of 364 grams , and thin beam of 17.5 millimetres . His grip size was 4 3 / 8 inches ( sometimes referred to as L3 ) . Federer strung his racquets at 21.5 kg mains / 20 kg crosses pre-stretched 20 percent , using Wilson Natural Gut 16 gauge for his main strings and Luxilon Big Banger ALU Power Rough 16L gauge ( polyester ) for his cross strings . When asked about string tensions , Federer stated `` this depends on how warm the days are and with what kind of balls I play and against who I play . So you can see -- it depends on several factors and not just the surface ; the feeling I have is most important . ''",
"Federer has a contract with Nike footwear and apparel . For the 2006 championships at Wimbledon , Nike designed a jacket emblazoned with a crest of three tennis racquets , symbolising the three Wimbledon Championships he had previously won , and which was updated the next year with four racquets after he won the Championship in 2006 . At Wimbledon 2008 , and again in 2009 , Nike continued this trend by making him a personalised cardigan that also had his own logo , an R and an F joined together .",
"Federer is one of the highest - earning athletes in the world . He is listed at # 4 on the Forbes `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes '' list . As of 2013 , he remains the top earner in tennis with ten endorsement deals . He makes 40 to 50 million euros a year from prize money and endorsements from Nike and the Swiss companies Nationale Suisse , Credit Suisse , Rolex , Lindt , Sunrise , and Jura Elektroapparate . In 2010 , his endorsement by Mercedes - Benz China was extended into a global partnership deal . His other sponsors include Gillette , Wilson , and Moët & Chandon . Previously , he was an ambassador for NetJets , Emmi AG , and Maurice Lacroix .",
"Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH",
"SF QF # R RR Q # NH",
"Tournament 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W -- L Win % Australian Open Q1 3R 3R 4R 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 3R SF 5 / 18 87 -- 13 87.00 French Open 1R 4R QF 1R 1R 3R SF QF SF QF 4R QF 1 / 17 65 -- 16 80.25 Wimbledon 1R 1R QF 1R QF QF 2R SF 8 / 19 91 -- 11 89.22 US Open Q2 3R 4R 4R 4R SF SF QF 4R SF QF 5 / 17 82 -- 12 87.23 Win -- Loss 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 7 -- 4 13 -- 4 6 -- 4 13 -- 3 22 -- 1 24 -- 2 27 -- 1 26 -- 1 24 -- 3 26 -- 2 20 -- 3 20 -- 4 19 -- 3 13 -- 4 19 -- 4 18 -- 4 10 -- 2 18 -- 1 19 / 71 325 -- 52 86.21",
"Tournament 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W -- L Win %",
"Australian Open Q1 3R 3R 4R 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 3R SF 5 / 18 87 -- 13 87.00",
"French Open 1R 4R QF 1R 1R 3R SF QF SF QF 4R QF 1 / 17 65 -- 16 80.25",
"Wimbledon 1R 1R QF 1R QF QF 2R SF 8 / 19 91 -- 11 89.22",
"US Open Q2 3R 4R 4R 4R SF SF QF 4R SF QF 5 / 17 82 -- 12 87.23",
"Win -- Loss 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 7 -- 4 13 -- 4 6 -- 4 13 -- 3 22 -- 1 24 -- 2 27 -- 1 26 -- 1 24 -- 3 26 -- 2 20 -- 3 20 -- 4 19 -- 3 13 -- 4 19 -- 4 18 -- 4 10 -- 2 18 -- 1 19 / 71 325 -- 52 86.21",
"Note : Federer received fourth - round walkovers at the US Open ( 2004 and 2012 ) and the Wimbledon Championships ( 2007 ) , and a second - round walkover at the Australian Open ( 2012 ) ; these are not counted as wins",
"Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Win 2003 Wimbledon Grass Mark Philippoussis 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Win Australian Open Hard Marat Safin 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Win Wimbledon ( 2 ) Grass Andy Roddick 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Win US Open Hard Lleyton Hewitt 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Win 2005 Wimbledon ( 3 ) Grass Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Win 2005 US Open ( 2 ) Hard Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Win 2006 Australian Open ( 2 ) Hard Marcos Baghdatis 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 Loss 2006 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 Win 2006 Wimbledon ( 4 ) Grass Rafael Nadal 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 Win 2006 US Open ( 3 ) Hard Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 Win 2007 Australian Open ( 3 ) Hard Fernando González 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Loss 2007 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Win 2007 Wimbledon ( 5 ) Grass Rafael Nadal 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Win 2007 US Open ( 4 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Loss 2008 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 1 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 0 -- 6 Loss 2008 Wimbledon Grass Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 9 Win 2008 US Open ( 5 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Loss 2009 Australian Open Hard Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 Win 2009 French Open Clay Robin Söderling 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Win 2009 Wimbledon ( 6 ) Grass Andy Roddick 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 Loss 2009 US Open Hard Juan Martín del Potro 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 Win Australian Open ( 4 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Loss 2011 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 1 -- 6 Win 2012 Wimbledon ( 7 ) Grass Andy Murray 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Loss 2014 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 Loss 2015 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 Loss 2015 US Open Hard Novak Djokovic 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Win 2017 Australian Open ( 5 ) Hard Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Win 2017 Wimbledon ( 8 ) Grass Marin Čilić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4",
"Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score",
"Win 2003 Wimbledon Grass Mark Philippoussis 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6",
"Win Australian Open Hard Marat Safin 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2",
"Win Wimbledon ( 2 ) Grass Andy Roddick 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4",
"Win US Open Hard Lleyton Hewitt 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0",
"Win 2005 Wimbledon ( 3 ) Grass Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4",
"Win 2005 US Open ( 2 ) Hard Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1",
"Win 2006 Australian Open ( 2 ) Hard Marcos Baghdatis 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2",
"Loss 2006 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7",
"Win 2006 Wimbledon ( 4 ) Grass Rafael Nadal 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3",
"Win 2006 US Open ( 3 ) Hard Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1",
"Win 2007 Australian Open ( 3 ) Hard Fernando González 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4",
"Loss 2007 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6",
"Win 2007 Wimbledon ( 5 ) Grass Rafael Nadal 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2",
"Win 2007 US Open ( 4 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4",
"Loss 2008 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 1 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 0 -- 6",
"Loss 2008 Wimbledon Grass Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 9",
"Win 2008 US Open ( 5 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2",
"Loss 2009 Australian Open Hard Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6",
"Win 2009 French Open Clay Robin Söderling 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4",
"Win 2009 Wimbledon ( 6 ) Grass Andy Roddick 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14",
"Loss 2009 US Open Hard Juan Martín del Potro 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 2 -- 6",
"Win Australian Open ( 4 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6",
"Loss 2011 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 1 -- 6",
"Win 2012 Wimbledon ( 7 ) Grass Andy Murray 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4",
"Loss 2014 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6",
"Loss 2015 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6",
"Loss 2015 US Open Hard Novak Djokovic 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6",
"Win 2017 Australian Open ( 5 ) Hard Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3",
"Win 2017 Wimbledon ( 8 ) Grass Marin Čilić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4",
"Tournament Since Record accomplished Players matched Refs Grand Slam 1877 19 men 's singles titles overall Stands alone 3 men 's singles titles per - year 3 times ( 2004 , 2006 -- 07 ) 2 men 's singles titles per - year 6 times ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 , 2017 ) 5 consecutive wins in 2 Slams ( 2003 -- 2007 Wimbledon , 2004 -- 2008 U.S. Open ) 29 men 's singles finals overall 42 men 's singles semifinals overall 51 men 's singles quarterfinals overall 10 consecutive men 's singles finals 23 consecutive men 's singles semifinals 36 consecutive men 's singles quarterfinals 65 consecutive men 's singles tournament appearances 325 singles match wins overall 169 hardcourt wins overall Reached all 4 Grand Slam finals 3 times ( 2006 -- 07 , 2009 ) 11 men 's singles finals at a single major 71 men 's singles tournament appearances",
"Tournament Since Record accomplished Players matched Refs",
"Grand Slam 1877 19 men 's singles titles overall Stands alone",
"3 men 's singles titles per - year 3 times ( 2004 , 2006 -- 07 )",
"2 men 's singles titles per - year 6 times ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 , 2017 )",
"5 consecutive wins in 2 Slams ( 2003 -- 2007 Wimbledon , 2004 -- 2008 U.S. Open )",
"29 men 's singles finals overall",
"42 men 's singles semifinals overall",
"51 men 's singles quarterfinals overall",
"10 consecutive men 's singles finals",
"23 consecutive men 's singles semifinals",
"36 consecutive men 's singles quarterfinals",
"65 consecutive men 's singles tournament appearances",
"325 singles match wins overall",
"169 hardcourt wins overall",
"Reached all 4 Grand Slam finals 3 times ( 2006 -- 07 , 2009 )",
"11 men 's singles finals at a single major",
"71 men 's singles tournament appearances",
"These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis . Records in bold indicate peerless achievements . Records in italics are active streaks .",
"These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis .",
"Records in bold indicate peerless achievements .",
"Records in italics are active streaks .",
"( show ) Time span Selected Grand Slam tournament records Players matched 2003 Wimbledon -- 2009 French Open Career Grand Slam Rod Laver Andre Agassi Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5 + titles at 3 different Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2008 US Open 5 consecutive titles at 2 different Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5 + finals at all 4 Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2006 Australian Open First 7 finals won Stands alone 2004 Australian Open -- 2017 Australian Open 10 hard court titles Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 8 grass court titles Stands alone 2008 US Open -- 2009 Wimbledon Simultaneous holder of Majors on clay , grass and hard court Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2006 -- 2007 & 2009 All 4 Major finals in 1 season Rod Laver Novak Djokovic 2000 Australian Open -- 2017 US Open 80 + match wins at 3 Majors Stands alone 2006 27 match wins in 1 season Novak Djokovic 2017 Australian Open 4 match victories vs. top 10 opponents in one tournament Guillermo Vilas Björn Borg Mats Wilander 1999 French Open -- 2017 US Open 71 Grand Slam appearances Stands alone",
"( show ) Time span Selected Grand Slam tournament records Players matched",
"2003 Wimbledon -- 2009 French Open Career Grand Slam Rod Laver Andre Agassi Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic",
"2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5 + titles at 3 different Majors Stands alone",
"2003 Wimbledon -- 2008 US Open 5 consecutive titles at 2 different Majors Stands alone",
"2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5 + finals at all 4 Majors Stands alone",
"2003 Wimbledon -- 2006 Australian Open First 7 finals won Stands alone",
"2004 Australian Open -- 2017 Australian Open 10 hard court titles Stands alone",
"2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 8 grass court titles Stands alone",
"2008 US Open -- 2009 Wimbledon Simultaneous holder of Majors on clay , grass and hard court Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic",
"2006 -- 2007 & 2009 All 4 Major finals in 1 season Rod Laver Novak Djokovic",
"2000 Australian Open -- 2017 US Open 80 + match wins at 3 Majors Stands alone",
"2006 27 match wins in 1 season Novak Djokovic",
"2017 Australian Open 4 match victories vs. top 10 opponents in one tournament Guillermo Vilas Björn Borg Mats Wilander",
"1999 French Open -- 2017 US Open 71 Grand Slam appearances Stands alone",
"( show ) Grand Slam tournaments Time Span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched Refs Australian Open 2004 -- 2017 6 finals overall Novak Djokovic 2007 Won title without losing a set Ken Rosewall 2004 -- 2014 11 consecutive semifinals Stands alone 2000 -- 2017 87 match wins overall 2006 -- 2008 30 consecutive sets won French Open -- Wimbledon 2009 Accomplished a `` Channel Slam '' : Winning both tournaments in the same year Rod Laver Björn Borg Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 2003 -- 2017 8 titles overall Stands alone 2003 -- 2007 5 consecutive titles Björn Borg 2017 Won title without losing a set Björn Borg 2001 -- 2017 91 match wins overall Stands alone 2003 -- 2017 11 finals overall 2003 -- 2009 7 consecutive finals 2003 -- 2017 12 career semifinals 2001 -- 2017 15 career quarterfinals 2005 -- 2006 34 consecutive sets won US Open 2004 -- 2008 5 titles overall Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras 2004 -- 2008 5 consecutive titles Stands alone 2004 -- 2009 40 consecutive match wins",
"( show ) Grand Slam tournaments Time Span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched Refs",
"Australian Open 2004 -- 2017 6 finals overall Novak Djokovic",
"2007 Won title without losing a set Ken Rosewall",
"2004 -- 2014 11 consecutive semifinals Stands alone",
"2000 -- 2017 87 match wins overall",
"2006 -- 2008 30 consecutive sets won",
"French Open -- Wimbledon 2009 Accomplished a `` Channel Slam '' : Winning both tournaments in the same year Rod Laver Björn Borg Rafael Nadal",
"Wimbledon 2003 -- 2017 8 titles overall Stands alone",
"2003 -- 2007 5 consecutive titles Björn Borg",
"2017 Won title without losing a set Björn Borg",
"2001 -- 2017 91 match wins overall Stands alone",
"2003 -- 2017 11 finals overall",
"2003 -- 2009 7 consecutive finals",
"2003 -- 2017 12 career semifinals",
"2001 -- 2017 15 career quarterfinals",
"2005 -- 2006 34 consecutive sets won",
"US Open 2004 -- 2008 5 titles overall Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras",
"2004 -- 2008 5 consecutive titles Stands alone",
"2004 -- 2009 40 consecutive match wins",
"( show ) Time span Other selected records Players matched Year - End Championship records 2003 -- 2011 6 titles overall Stands alone 2003 -- 2015 10 finals overall 2002 -- 2015 13 semifinals overall 2002 -- 2015 52 match wins overall 2002 -- 2015 14 consecutive appearances ATP Masters 1000 records 2000 -- 2017 347 match wins overall Stands alone 2002 -- 2017 45 finals overall Rafael Nadal 2005 -- 2006 2 consecutive years winning 4 + titles Novak Djokovic 2002 -- 2011 9 different finals Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 2004 -- 2017 5 Indian Wells Masters titles Novak Djokovic 2002 -- 2007 4 Hamburg Masters titles Stands alone 2005 -- 2015 7 Cincinnati Masters titles 2012 , 2015 Won title without having serve broken or losing a set ( Cincinnati Masters ) Other records 2004 -- 2012 302 total weeks at No. 1 Stands alone 2 February 2004 -- 17 August 2008 237 consecutive weeks at No. 1 12 June 2000 -- 9 October 2017 905 consecutive weeks in Top 50 2003 -- 2005 26 consecutive match victories vs. top 10 opponents 1999 -- 2017 697 hard court match victories 1999 -- 2017 857 outdoor court match victories 2005 -- 2006 56 consecutive hard court match victories 2003 -- 2008 65 consecutive grass court match victories 2003 -- 2005 24 consecutive tournament finals won 2003 -- 2017 17 grass court titles 2002 -- 2017 63 hard court titles 2000 -- 2015 12 finals at a single tournament ( Swiss Indoors ) 2001 -- 2015 15 consecutive years winning 1 + title 1998 -- 2017 414 tiebreaks won 1999 -- 2017 87.23 % ( 164 -- 24 ) grass court match winning percentage 2005 -- 2007 3 consecutive calendar years as wire - to - wire No. 1 2000 -- 2016 10 match wins after trailing 0 -- 2 in sets Aaron Krickstein Boris Becker Davis Cup records 1999 -- 2015 40 Davis Cup singles wins for Switzerland Stands alone 1999 -- 2015 52 Davis Cup singles and doubles wins for Switzerland 1999 -- 2015 15 years playing a Davis Cup tie for Switzerland Heinz Günthardt",
"( show ) Time span Other selected records Players matched",
"Year - End Championship records",
"2003 -- 2011 6 titles overall Stands alone",
"2003 -- 2015 10 finals overall",
"2002 -- 2015 13 semifinals overall",
"2002 -- 2015 52 match wins overall",
"2002 -- 2015 14 consecutive appearances",
"ATP Masters 1000 records",
"2000 -- 2017 347 match wins overall Stands alone",
"2002 -- 2017 45 finals overall Rafael Nadal",
"2005 -- 2006 2 consecutive years winning 4 + titles Novak Djokovic",
"2002 -- 2011 9 different finals Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal",
"2004 -- 2017 5 Indian Wells Masters titles Novak Djokovic",
"2002 -- 2007 4 Hamburg Masters titles Stands alone",
"2005 -- 2015 7 Cincinnati Masters titles",
"2012 , 2015 Won title without having serve broken or losing a set ( Cincinnati Masters )",
"Other records",
"2004 -- 2012 302 total weeks at No. 1 Stands alone",
"2 February 2004 -- 17 August 2008 237 consecutive weeks at No. 1",
"12 June 2000 -- 9 October 2017 905 consecutive weeks in Top 50",
"2003 -- 2005 26 consecutive match victories vs. top 10 opponents",
"1999 -- 2017 697 hard court match victories",
"1999 -- 2017 857 outdoor court match victories",
"2005 -- 2006 56 consecutive hard court match victories",
"2003 -- 2008 65 consecutive grass court match victories",
"2003 -- 2005 24 consecutive tournament finals won",
"2003 -- 2017 17 grass court titles",
"2002 -- 2017 63 hard court titles",
"2000 -- 2015 12 finals at a single tournament ( Swiss Indoors )",
"2001 -- 2015 15 consecutive years winning 1 + title",
"1998 -- 2017 414 tiebreaks won",
"1999 -- 2017 87.23 % ( 164 -- 24 ) grass court match winning percentage",
"2005 -- 2007 3 consecutive calendar years as wire - to - wire No. 1",
"2000 -- 2016 10 match wins after trailing 0 -- 2 in sets Aaron Krickstein Boris Becker",
"Davis Cup records",
"1999 -- 2015 40 Davis Cup singles wins for Switzerland Stands alone",
"1999 -- 2015 52 Davis Cup singles and doubles wins for Switzerland",
"1999 -- 2015 15 years playing a Davis Cup tie for Switzerland Heinz Günthardt"
] | Roger Federer - wikipedia Roger Federer Jump to: navigation , search `` Federer'' redirects here. For other uses, see Federer (disambiguation) . Roger Federer Federer at Wimbledon in 2009. Country (sports) Switzerland Residence Bottmingen , Switzerland ( 1981-08-08 ) 8 August 1981 (age 36) Basel , Switzerland Height 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) Turned pro 1998 Plays Right-handed (one-handed backhand) Prize money US$ 108,250,560 2nd all-time leader in earnings Official website rogerfederer.com Singles Career record 1121-- 249 (81.82%) Career titles 93 ( 3rd in the Open Era ) Highest ranking No. 1 (2 February 2004) Current ranking No. 2 (25 September 2017) Grand Slam Singles results Australian Open W ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) French Open W ( 2009 ) Wimbledon W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 ) US Open W ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) Other tournaments Tour Finals W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 ) Olympic Games F ( 2012 ) Doubles Career record 129-- 89 (59.17%) Career titles 8 Highest ranking No. 24 (9 June 2003) Current ranking -- (25 September 2017) Grand Slam Doubles results Australian Open 3R ( 2003 ) French Open 1R ( 2000 ) Wimbledon QF ( 2000 ) US Open 3R ( 2002 ) Other doubles tournaments Olympic Games W ( 2008 ) Team competitions Davis Cup W ( 2014 ) Hopman Cup W ( 2001 ) Olympic medal record (hide) 2008 Beijing Doubles 2012 London Singles Last updated on: 25 September 2017. Roger Federer ( German pronunciation: (ˈrɔdʒər ˈfeːdərər ) ; born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Federer has won 19 Grand Slam singles titles, the most in history for a male tennis player and has held the world No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a record total of 302 weeks, including a record 237 consecutive weeks. After turning professional in 1998, he was continuously ranked in the top ten from October 2002 to November 2016. In majors, he has won a record eight Wimbledon titles, five Australian Open titles, a record five consecutive US Open titles and one French Open title. He is among eight men to have captured a career Grand Slam and has reached a record 29 men's singles Grand Slam finals, including ten in a row from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships to the 2007 US Open . Given these achievements, many players and analysts consider Federer the greatest tennis player of all time. Among Federer's other ATP tournament records include winning six ATP World Tour Finals and playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments. He has also won an Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and an Olympic silver medal in singles at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games . Representing Switzerland, Federer was a part of the 2001 winning Hopman Cup team and the 2014 winning Davis Cup team. Federer has been named Swiss Sports Personality of the Year a record six times. In 2007, he won the ESPY Award for Best International Athlete and he has won the Best Male Tennis Player award a record seven times. He was named ATP Player of the Year five times , was named ITF World Champion five time, and won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years. In 2010, MARCA has elected Federer the Sportsman of the Decade. He was named three times the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year . In 2017, ESPN ranked him fourth in its most famous athletes list. Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 1.1 Childhood and early life 1.2 Family 1.3 Philanthropy and outreach 2 Tennis career 2.1 Pre-- 1998: Junior years 2.2 1998-- 2002: Early career and breakthrough in the ATP 2.3 2003: Wimbledon victory 2.4 2004: Imposing dominance 2.5 2005: Consolidating dominance 2.6 2006: Career best season 2.7 2007: Holding off young rivals 2.8 2008: Fifth US Open title and Olympic Gold 2.9 2009: Career Grand Slam, and Major title record 2.10 2010: Fourth Australian Open 2.11 2011: Fifth French Open final and Tour Finals title record 2.12 2012: Seventh Wimbledon, Olympic Silver and return to No. 1 2.13 2013: Injury struggles 2.14 2014: Wimbledon runner-up, and Davis Cup glory 2.15 2015: 1,000th win, Wimbledon and US Open runners-up 2.16 2016: Knee surgery and long injury break 2.17 2017: Fifth Australian and Eighth Wimbledon title 3 National representation 3.1 Davis Cup 3.2 Olympics 4 Rivalries 4.1 Federer vs. Nadal 4.2 Federer vs. Djokovic 4.3 Federer vs. Murray 4.4 Federer vs. Roddick 4.5 Federer vs. Hewitt 4.6 Federer vs. Agassi 4.7 Federer vs. del Potro 4.8 Federer vs. Safin 4.9 Federer vs. Nalbandian 4.10 Federer vs. Berdych 4.11 Federer vs. Tsonga 4.12 Federer vs. Wawrinka 5 Legacy 6 Cultural impact 7 Playing style 8 Equipment and apparel 8.1 Equipment 8.2 Apparel 9 Endorsements 10 Career statistics 10.1 Grand Slam tournament performance timeline 10.1.1 Grand Slam tournament finals: 29 (19 titles, 10 losses) 10.2 Records 10.2.1 All-time tournament records 10.2.2 Open Era records 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Video 15 External links 15.1 Profiles Personal life ( edit ) Childhood and early life ( edit ) Federer was born in Basel , Switzerland . His father, Robert Federer, is Swiss, from Berneck , in the Canton of St. Gallen ; and his mother, Lynette Federer (née Durand), from Kempton Park , Gauteng . Federer's mother is descended from Dutch and French Huguenots . Federer has one sibling, his older sister Diana, who is the mother of a set of twins. He holds both Swiss and South African citizenship. He grew up in nearby Birsfelden , Riehen , and then Münchenstein , close to the French and German borders and speaks Swiss German , Standard German , English and French fluently, Swiss German being his native language. Federer's signature Like all male Swiss citizens, Federer was subject to compulsory military service in the Swiss Armed Forces. However, in 2003 he was ruled `` unsuitable'' and was subsequently not required to fulfill his military obligation. Instead, he served in the civil protection force and was required to pay 3% of his taxable income as an alternative. He grew up supporting F.C. Basel and the Swiss National Football Team . Federer also credits his hand-eye coordination to the wide range of sports he played as a child, including badminton and basketball. Family ( edit ) Federer is married to former Women's Tennis Association player Mirka Federer . He met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics . Miroslava Vavrinec retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury 7 years before she married Federer. They were married at Wenkenhof Villa in Riehen near Basel on 11 April 2009, surrounded by a small group of close friends and family. In July 2009, Mirka gave birth to identical twin girls, Myla Rose and Charlene Riva. The Federers had another pair of identical twins in 2014, this time boys whom they named Leo and Lennart (known as Lenny). Philanthropy and outreach ( edit ) In 2003, he established the Roger Federer Foundation to help disadvantaged children and to promote their access to education and sports. Since May 2004, citing his close ties with South Africa, including that being where his mother was raised, he began supporting the South Africa-Swiss charity IMBEWU which helps children better connect to sports and social and health awareness. Later, In 2005, Federer visited South Africa to meet the children that had benefited from his support. In 2005, he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina . At the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP and WTA tour called Rally for Relief . The proceeds went to the victims of the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . In December 2006 he visited Tamil Nadu , one of the areas in India most affected by the tsunami. He was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador by UNICEF in April 2006 and has appeared in UNICEF public messages to raise public awareness of AIDS. In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Federer arranged a collaboration with fellow top tennis players for a special charity event during the 2010 Australian Open called ' Hit for Haiti ' , in which proceeds went to Haiti earthquake victims. He participated in a follow-up charity exhibition during the 2010 Indian Wells Masters which raised $1 million. The Nadal vs Federer `` Match for Africa '' in 2010 in Zurich and Madrid raised more than $4 million for the Roger Federer Foundation and Fundación Rafa Nadal . In January 2011, Federer took part in an exhibition, Rally for Relief , to raise money for the victims of the Queensland floods . In 2014, the `` Match for Africa 2'' between Federer and Stan Wawrinka , again in Zurich, raised £ 850,000 for education projects in southern Africa. Tennis career ( edit ) Pre-- 1998: junior years ( edit ) Main article: Roger Federer junior years Federer's main accomplishments as a junior player came at Wimbledon in 1998, where he won both the boys' singles final over Irakli Labadze , and in doubles teamed with Olivier Rochus , defeating the team of Michaël Llodra and Andy Ram . In addition, Federer lost the US Open Junior final in 1998 to David Nalbandian . He won four ITF junior singles tournaments in his career, including the prestigious Orange Bowl, where he defeated Guillermo Coria in the final. He ended 1998 with the # 1 junior world ranking, is awarded ITF junior World Champion, and he entered his first tournament as a professional during 1998 in Gstaad , where he lost to Lucas Arnold Ker in the first round. 1998-- 2002: early career and breakthrough in the ATP ( edit ) Main article: Roger Federer's early career Federer entered the top 100 ranking for the first time on 20 September 1999 and started at the 1999 Marseille Open defeating the reigning champion of the 1998 French Open , Spaniard Carlos Moya . His first final came at the Marseille Open in 2000, where he lost to fellow Swiss Marc Rosset . Federer won the 2001 Hopman Cup representing Switzerland, along with Martina Hingis . The duo defeated the American pair of Monica Seles and Jan-Michael Gambill in the finals. Federer's first singles win was at the 2001 Milan Indoor tournament, where he defeated Julien Boutter in the final. Although he won his first title already in 1999 on the Challenger tour, winning the doubles event in Segovia, Spain with Dutchman Sander Groen , the final was played on Federer's 18th birthday. In 2001, Federer made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open, and at Wimbledon that same year defeated four-time defending champion Pete Sampras to reach the quarterfinals. The most prestigious event final he reached during this period was the 2002 Miami Masters event, where he lost to Andre Agassi on hard court. Federer won his first Master Series event at the 2002 Hamburg Masters on clay, over Marat Safin ; the victory put him in top 10 for the first time. Federer made 10 singles finals between 1998 and 2002, of which he won four and lost six. He also made six finals in doubles. Of note are Federer and partner Max Mirnyi 's defeat in the final of the Indian Wells Masters in 2002, and their victory in the same year in the final of the Rotterdam 500 series event . Federer had won the latter a year earlier with partner Jonas Björkman . He finished 2001 with an ATP ranking of # 13, and 2002 was the first year he was ranked within the top 10, finishing at # 6. 2003: Wimbledon victory ( edit ) Main article: 2003 Roger Federer tennis season In 2003, Federer won his first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon , beating Mark Philippoussis in the final. Federer won his first and only doubles Masters Series 1000 event in Miami with Max Mirnyi and made it to one singles Masters Series 1000 event in Rome on clay, which he lost. Federer made it to nine finals on the ATP Tour and won seven of them, including the 500 series events at Dubai and Vienna. Lastly, Federer won the year-end championships over Andre Agassi , finishing the year as world # 2, narrowly behind Andy Roddick by only 160 points. 2004: imposing dominance ( edit ) Federer at the 2004 US Open, where he became the first man since 1988 to win three majors in a season Main article: 2004 Roger Federer tennis season During 2004, Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles for the first time in his career and became the first person to do so since Mats Wilander in 1988. His first major hard-court title came at the Australian Open over Marat Safin , thereby becoming the world # 1 for the first time. He then won his second Wimbledon crown over Andy Roddick . Federer defeated the 2001 US Open champion, Lleyton Hewitt , at the US Open for his first title there. Federer won three ATP Masters Series 1000 events, one was on clay in Hamburg, and the other two were on hard surfaces at Indian Wells and in Canada. Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai and wrapped up the year by winning the year-end championships for the second time. He also won his first tournament on home soil by capturing the Swiss Open in Gstaad. His 11 singles titles were the most of any player in two decades, and his record of 74-- 6 was the best since Ivan Lendl in 1986. He improved his year-end ranking to world # 1 for the first time. 2005: consolidating dominance ( edit ) Main article: 2005 Roger Federer tennis season In 2005, Federer failed to reach the finals of the first two Grand Slam tournaments, losing the Australian Open semifinal to eventual champion Safin after holding match points, and the French Open semifinal to eventual champion Rafael Nadal . However, Federer quickly reestablished his dominance on grass, winning the Wimbledon Championships over Andy Roddick . At the US Open , Federer defeated Andre Agassi in the latter's last major final. Federer also took four ATP Masters Series 1000 wins: Indian Wells, Miami, and Cincinnati on hard court, and Hamburg on clay. The win in Miami was particularly noteworthy as it was the first final contested between Federer and Rafael Nadal in what would become one of the greatest rivalries in tennis history. Federer recovered from down two sets and a break to take the final in five sets. Furthermore, Federer won two ATP 500 series events at Rotterdam and Dubai. Federer lost the year-end championships to David Nalbandian in five sets while playing through a foot injury that sidelined him for almost the entire season after September. He maintained his position as world # 1 for the entirety of the season. The season was statistically one of the most dominant in the Open Era. He won 11 singles titles, which tied his 2004 season as the most in over two decades, his 81 match victories were the most since Pete Sampras in 1993, and his record of 81-- 4 (95.2%) remains the second-best winning percentage in the Open Era behind only John McEnroe in 1984. 2006: career best season ( edit ) Main article: 2006 Roger Federer tennis season The 2006 season was statistically the best season of Federer's career, as well as one of the greatest seasons of any player in tennis history. In November 2011, Stephen Tignor, chief editorial writer for Tennis.com , ranked Federer's 2006 season as the second-greatest season of all time during the Open Era, behind only Rod Laver 's Grand Slam year of 1969. Federer hits a forehand at the 2006 US Open, where he became the first man in history to achieve the Wimbledon-US Open double for three consecutive seasons Federer won 12 singles titles (the most of any player since John McEnroe in 1984) and had a match record of 92-- 5 (the most wins since Ivan Lendl in 1982). Federer reached the finals in an astounding 16 of the 17 tournaments he entered during the season. In 2006, Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the final of the other, with the only loss coming against Nadal in the French Open . This was Federer and Nadal's first meeting in a Grand Slam final. He was the first man to reach all four finals in a calendar year since Rod Laver in 1969. Federer defeated Nadal in the Wimbledon Championships final. In the Australian Open , Federer defeated Marcos Baghdatis , and at the US Open , Federer defeated Roddick (2003 champion). In addition, Federer made it to six ATP Masters Series 1000 finals, winning four on hard surfaces and losing two on clay to Nadal. Federer, however, consistently pushed Nadal to the limit on clay throughout the season taking him to fourth-set tiebreakers in Monte-Carlo and Paris, and a thrilling match in Rome that went to a deciding fifth-set tiebreaker. Federer won one ATP 500 series event in Tokyo and captured the year-end championships for the third time in his career, again finishing the year as world # 1. Federer only lost to two players during 2006, to Nadal four times in finals, and to 19-year-old Andy Murray in the second round of the 2006 Cincinnati Masters , in what would be Federer's only defeat before reaching the final of a tournament that year. Federer finished the season on a 29-match winning streak, as well as winning 48 of his last 49 matches after the French Open. A personal highlight for Federer came near the end of the season when he finally won his hometown tournament the Swiss Indoors in Basel, Switzerland. 2007: holding off young rivals ( edit ) Main article: 2007 Roger Federer tennis season In 2007, Federer reached all four Grand Slam singles finals, winning three of them again. He won the Australian Open without dropping a set, beating Fernando González in the final. This made him the first man in the 21st century to accomplish the feat, as Björn Borg at the 1980 French Open was the last to win a Grand Slam tournament without the loss of a set. Federer had entered the year on a huge winning streak and after capturing his fourth Dubai crown Federer's winning streak stood at 41 matches, the longest of his career and only five shy of the record. Federer entered Indian Wells as the three-time defending champion, but his streak would end in controversy. He was defeated by an Argentine, Guillermo Cañas , who had failed a drug test for illegal doping. Federer was coined `` Darth Federer'' by fans and commentators at the 2007 US Open This surprising first-round defeat marked the first time since August 2006 he suffered defeat, a period spanning over seven months. During the clay season, Federer's victory in the Hamburg Masters final was particularly impressive, as it snapped Rafael Nadal 's 81-match winning streak on clay, an Open-Era record. Federer turned the match around from a set down to sweep 12 of the final 14 games, including a final set bagel . At the French Open, some anticipated that Federer could become the first man in almost 40 years to hold all four majors simultaneously, having just resoundingly defeated young rival Nadal on clay entering the tournament. However, in a repeat of the previous year Federer played a tough four-set final against Nadal, but was undone by going 1/18 on break-point chances. At Wimbledon , Federer entered the tournament not only as the four-time defending champion, but also riding a 48-match winning streak on grass. Once again, he defeated Rafael Nadal for a second consecutive year in the final, this time in a thrilling five-set encounter that many analysts hailed as the greatest Wimbledon final since 1980 . Victory at Wimbledon equaled him with Björn Borg for the record of five consecutive championships at the All England Club . Federer reached the final in Montreal before playing a young and relatively unknown Serbian named Novak Djokovic . Djokovic proved his potential by stunning the world # 1 in a final-set tiebreaker upset. Federer rebounded in Cincinnati to capture his fifth title of the year. Federer entered the US Open as the three-time defending champion and faced Djokovic in the final. This time, Federer prevailed in a close straight-set match. Victory in New York moved him ahead of Laver and Borg for third on the all-time list of major championship victories. Throughout the tournament, the American press labelled him Darth Federer for his all-black attire (which included tuxedo-striped shorts) and the tournament played The Imperial March from Star Wars when he was announced onto the court for each of his matches. He would close out the year with victories in Basel and the Year End Championships in Shanghai. He finished the season as the year-end world # 1 for the fourth year in a row, demonstrating his dominance, and during these four years he won 11 Grand Slam singles titles. After his phenomenal triple Grand Slam season yet again, Federer became the only player in history to win three Majors in a year for three years (2004, 2006, 2007). It was the third consecutive season that Federer would hold the world # 1 ranking for all 52 weeks of the year. 2008: fifth US Open title and Olympic gold ( edit ) Main article: 2008 Roger Federer tennis season Federer's success in 2008 was severely hampered by a lingering bout of mononucleosis , which he suffered from during the first half of the year. At the end of the year, he would suffer a back injury that would prove to be recurring throughout his career. In 2008, Federer captured one Grand Slam, a singles title at the US Open over Briton Andy Murray . Federer was defeated by Nadal in two Grand Slam finals, at the French Open , and at Wimbledon , when he was going for six straight wins to break Björn Borg 's record. At the Australian Open , Federer lost in the semifinals to eventual winner Djokovic, which ended his record of 10 consecutive finals. Later in the year, it was found Federer had been suffering from mononucleosis at the start of the year, particularly during the Australian Open. He lost twice in Masters Series 1000 finals on clay to Nadal, at Monte Carlo and Hamburg. However, Federer captured three titles in 250-level events at Estoril, Halle, and Basel. At the Olympic Games , Federer and Stan Wawrinka won the gold medal in doubles, after beating the Bryan brothers American team in the semifinals and the Swedish duo of Simon Aspelin and Thomas Johansson in the final However, Federer could only reach the quarterfinals in the singles draw, knocked out by then world # 8 James Blake . He ended the year as world # 2. 2009: career Grand Slam, and major title record ( edit ) Main article: 2009 Roger Federer tennis season Federer entered the 2009 season with 13 Grand Slams, only one behind Pete Sampras' all-time record. The season began with a loss to Nadal in the finals of the Australian Open in a hotly contested five-set match. Federer struggled following the defeat in Melbourne and entered the clay season without a title. Federer winning the French Open, and completing the career Grand Slam. Federer's season turned around in the final masters event of the clay season, when he defeated Nadal on clay for only the second time to capture the Madrid Masters . Federer entered the French Open with few predicting him to win the elusive Parisian title, having lost to Nadal in the final weekend for the past four seasons. After Nadal's unexpected defeat to Robin Söderling Federer suddenly became the overwhelming favorite. It would not be easy as in his next match he was forced to come from two sets and break point down in the third set to defeat Tommy Haas in five sets. He was also forced to fight back from a two sets to one deficit against a young Juan Martín del Potro to win a five setter in the semifinals. In the final he faced Söderling , and with a straight sets victory finally captured the Coupe des Mousquetaires and the career Grand Slam. This victory tied him with Pete Sampras for the most Grand Slam men's singles titles. Federer immediately turned his sights to the grass courts of Wimbledon, where he breezed his way to the final. In the championship match he faced long-time rival Andy Roddick in what would be their eighth and eventually final meeting at a Grand Slam. Roddick pushed Federer into a record-setting fifth set, which the Swiss claimed 16-- 14 to win his 15th men's singles Grand Slam singles title, breaking the all-time record of Pete Sampras. Federer continued his summer run by winning his third title on the lightning-fast courts of the Cincinnati Masters , defeating Novak Djokovic in the final. At the US Open he defeated Söderling in the quarters and Djokovic, for the third consecutive year, in the semifinals. On the penultimate point of the Djokovic match he hit what many consider to be the greatest shot of his career, a tweener winner, to setup match points. Federer played del Potro in the final and led two sets to one before ultimately losing a fourth set tiebreaker and subsequently the match. The 2009 season was perhaps the most historically relevant of Federer's career as he completed a career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title and won a men's record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon, surpassing Pete Sampras 's mark of fourteen. The 2009 Wimbledon final was also historic for being the longest Grand Slam final in terms of games played with Federer prevailing 16-- 14 in the fifth set. Upon breaking the Grand Slam tournament record, Federer was hailed by some analysts and many tennis greats as the greatest player in tennis history. Federer finished the season as the year end World No.1 for the fifth time in his career. 2010: fourth Australian Open ( edit ) Main article: 2010 Roger Federer tennis season Federer won a record 16th Major at the 2010 Australian Open The year started with a win at the Australian Open , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and extended the Grand Slam singles record to sixteen titles, matching Andre Agassi 's record of four Australian Open titles. Since Wimbledon 2005 Federer had made the finals of 18 out of 19 Grand Slam tournaments, an extraordinary period of sustained excellence unparalleled in the Open Era . This tournament, however, would mark the end of his utter dominance at the majors. At the French Open , Federer won his 700th tour match and 150th tour match on clay. However, he failed to reach a Grand Slam semifinal for the first time since the 2004 French Open , losing to Söderling in the quarterfinals and relinquishing his # 1 ranking, having been just one week away from equalling Pete Sampras 's record of 286 weeks as world # 1. In a huge upset at Wimbledon, Federer lost in the quarterfinals to Tomáš Berdych and fell to # 3 in the rankings for the first time in 6 years and 8 months. Towards the middle of July, Federer hired Pete Sampras ' old coach Paul Annacone on a trial basis to put his tennis game and career back on the right path. At the 2010 US Open , Federer reached the semifinals, where he lost a heart-breaking five-set match to Novak Djokovic after holding two match points. Federer made it to four Masters 1000 finals, prevailing at the Cincinnati Masters against Mardy Fish . Federer finished the year in strong form, winning indoor titles at the Stockholm Open , Swiss Indoors , and the ATP World Tour Finals in London, which brought his tally to 66 career titles. Federer won the year-end championships in London by beating rival Rafael Nadal for his fifth title at the event. He showed much of his old form, beating all contenders except Nadal in straight sets. It remains the only tournament in his career where Federer defeated all fellow members of the Big Four . Since Wimbledon 2010, Federer had a win-loss record of 34-- 4. Federer finished in the top two for the eighth consecutive season. 2011: fifth French Open final and Tour finals title record ( edit ) Main article: 2011 Roger Federer tennis season The 2011 season, although great by most players' standards, was a lean year for Federer. He was defeated in straight sets in the semifinals of the 2011 Australian Open by eventual champion Novak Djokovic , marking the first time since July 2003 that he did not hold any of the four major titles. In the French Open semifinals, Federer ended Djokovic's undefeated streak of 43 consecutive wins with a four-set victory. However, Federer then lost in the final to Rafael Nadal . At Wimbledon, Federer advanced to his 29th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal, but lost to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga . It marked the first time in his career that he had lost a Grand Slam tournament match after winning the first two sets. At the US Open , Federer lost a much-anticipated semifinal match with Novak Djokovic , after squandering two match points in the fifth set, which repeated his previous year's result against Djokovic and added a second loss from two sets up in Grand Slam tournament play to his record. The loss at Flushing Meadows meant that Federer did not win any of the four majors in 2011, the first time this has happened since 2002. Later that month, in September 2011, in a South African poll, Federer was voted the second most trusted and respected person in the world, next to Nelson Mandela . Federer finished the season on a high note by yet again dominating the indoor season, winning his last three tournaments of the year at the Swiss Indoors , Paris Masters , and ATP World Tour Finals . He ended a 10-month title drought by winning the Swiss Indoors for the fifth time, defeating Kei Nishikori . Federer followed this up with his first Paris Masters title, where he became the first player to reach all nine Masters 1000 finals. In the final of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals , Federer defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga for the third consecutive Sunday and, in doing so, claimed a record sixth ATP World Tour Finals title, finishing the year as world # 3. 2012: seventh Wimbledon, Olympic silver and return to No. 1 ( edit ) Main article: 2012 Roger Federer tennis season The 2012 season was a return to excellence for Federer. He had his most match wins since 2006 and his highest winning percentage and number of titles won since 2007. Federer reached the semifinal of the 2012 Australian Open , setting up a 27th career meeting with Nadal, a match he lost in four tight sets. He then won the Rotterdam Open for the first time since 2005, defeating Juan Martín del Potro . Federer played in the 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and won the championship title for the fifth time in his career. Federer then moved on to the Indian Wells Masters , where he defeated Rafael Nadal in the semifinals, and John Isner in the final. Federer won the title for a record fourth time, and, in doing so, equalled Rafael Nadal 's record of 19 ATP Masters 1000 titles. Federer won a record 17th Major, a record-equaling 7th Wimbledon, and returned to No. 1. Federer went on to compete at the Madrid Masters on the new blue clay surface, where he beat Tomáš Berdych in the final, thus regaining the world # 2 ranking from Rafael Nadal . In the French Open , Federer made the semifinals before losing to Djokovic. At Wimbledon , Federer survived a five-set match in the third round against Julien Benneteau on his way to the semifinals. In his semifinal match-up against world # 1 Novak Djokovic , Federer earned a record eighth Wimbledon final appearance after dispatching Djokovic in four sets. Federer defeated Andy Murray in four sets in the 2012 Wimbledon final, regaining the world # 1 ranking in the process. `` It's amazing. It equals me with Pete Sampras, who's my hero. It just feels amazing'' , Federer said of winning his seventh Wimbledon championship, tying Sampras' Open Era record. By defeating top-ranked Djokovic in the semifinals and winning in the finals, Federer returned to the top spot in the world rankings and, in doing so, broke Sampras' record of 286 weeks atop the list. Four weeks after the Wimbledon final, Federer again faced Murray on the Wimbledon centre court, this time for the final of the 2012 Summer Olympics . This came after an epic 4-hour 26-minute semifinal against Juan Martín del Potro of Argentina that Federer won 19-- 17 in the third and final set. He lost to Murray in straight sets in the final, winning a silver medal for his country. Federer won in Cincinnati, beating Novak Djokovic soundly in the final. In the US Open , five-time champ Federer was defeated by Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals. In the Shanghai Rolex Masters, defeating Stan Wawrinka in the third round, Federer confirmed his 300th week at # 1. Federer made it to the finals of the ATP World Tour Finals, where he lost to Novak Djokovic in two sets. 2013: injury struggles ( edit ) Main article: 2013 Roger Federer tennis season Federer struggled with back injuries sustained in March and again in July and saw his ranking drop from # 2 to # 6. The 2013 season was the first since 1999 in which Federer failed to reach a final in the first four months of the year. Federer's first and only title of 2013 came at the Gerry Weber Open (def. Mikhail Youzhny ), where he also played doubles with good friend Tommy Haas . With the victory in Halle , he tied John McEnroe for the third-most number of ATP titles won by a male player in the Open Era. Federer, however, was unable to maintain his form into Wimbledon, suffering his worst Grand Slam tournament defeat since 2003 in the second round against Sergiy Stakhovsky . Not only did the loss end Federer's record streak of 36 consecutive quarterfinals at Grand Slam tournaments, it meant he would drop out of the top 4 for first time since July 2003, exactly 10 years after he won his first Wimbledon title. During the summer, he experimented with various different racquets and played the German Open with a blacked-out 98-inch Wilson racquet, instead of his regular Pro Staff 6.1 90 BLX racquet with the smaller 90-inch hitting area. He returned to his regular racquet for the second half of the season. After Wimbledon, Federer continued to be upset early in tournaments in Hamburg and Gstaad because of a serious back injury through October, when he announced that he was parting ways with Paul Annacone , his coach for the last three years. Federer made the final in Basel, succumbing to Juan Martín del Potro in three sets, and indicated it was a mistake to have played certain tournaments while suffering from a back injury. On 27 December 2013, Federer announced that Stefan Edberg was joining his team as co-coach with Severin Lüthi . 2014: Wimbledon runner-up, and Davis Cup glory ( edit ) Main article: 2014 Roger Federer tennis season Federer began the season by changing rackets for the first time in his career, from his longtime frame of 90 square inches to one measured at 97 square inches. He had long been at a comparative disadvantage in equipment as almost the entire tour, including his top rivals Nadal and Djokovic, used more powerful frames of between 95 and 100 square inches. At the Australian Open, Federer defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Andy Murray to reach his 11th consecutive semifinal in Melbourne, before losing to Rafael Nadal in straight sets. At the Dubai Tennis Championships , he defeated Novak Djokovic in the semifinals, and then defeated Tomáš Berdych in the final to win his sixth Dubai crown and his first title since Halle in 2013. Federer made the final at the Indian Wells Masters , but lost to Novak Djokovic in a final-set tiebreaker. At the Davis Cup quarterfinals, Federer won both of his singles rubbers against Kazakhstan, the second of which was the first live deciding rubber of his Davis Cup career. Federer then took a wild card into the Monte-Carlo Masters defeating Novak Djokovic on his way to the finals, but lost to compatriot Stan Wawrinka in a tight final. In June, Federer announced that after the end of his third term, he would resign as President of the ATP Players Council , a position he had held since 2008. At the Halle Open , Federer reached both the singles and the doubles finals and won his seventh Halle singles title, beating Alejandro Falla in the final. At Wimbledon , Federer reached a record ninth final, but he was defeated by Djokovic in an epic five-set match. Federer receiving serve against Richard Gasquet in the title clinching match for Switzerland at the 2014 Davis Cup Federer made the final of the Canadian Open , but was defeated by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga . Federer defeated Spain's David Ferrer in three sets to capture his sixth Cincinnati crown and his 22nd ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title, his first since Cincinnati 2012. He then reached the semifinals at the US Open , but lost in straight sets to eventual champion Marin Čilić . At the Davis Cup semifinals, Federer won both of his singles matches against Italy in straight sets and hence led Switzerland to the final for the first time since 1992. Federer then played in the Shanghai Masters . He beat Novak Djokovic in the semifinals, ending the Serb's 28-match unbeaten run on Chinese soil. He battled Frenchman Gilles Simon in his second Shanghai final, defeating him in two tiebreak sets and collected the 23rd Masters 1000 title of his career. The victory saw Federer return to world # 2 for the first time since May 2013. Federer then played the Swiss Indoors in October, where he won a record sixth title and his 82nd ATP men's singles title overall. Federer also reached the finals of the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals to face Djokovic again, but withdrew from the final because of another back injury from his semifinal match against Stan Wawrinka . Despite his injury, Federer finished the season on a high by defeating Richard Gasquet to clinch the Davis Cup for Switzerland for the first time in its history. The final was held at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy in Lille, France attracting over 27,000 spectators per match; this broke attendance record for the highest ever officially-sanctioned competition tennis match. 2015: 1,000th win, Wimbledon and US Open runners-up ( edit ) Main article: 2015 Roger Federer tennis season Federer started his season at the Brisbane International . He defeated Milos Raonic in the final, thereby becoming only the third man in the Open Era to have 1000 or more wins, joining Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl , as well as the first man in the Open Era to win at least one title in each of 15 consecutive years. In Dubai, Federer successfully defended his title with a straight-set victory over Novak Djokovic in the final, marking his seventh title at the tournament and, after Wimbledon and Halle , was the third time he had won seven or more titles in a tournament. Additionally, Federer became the fourth person since 1991 to surpass 9,000 career aces. In March, he reached the final of the Indian Wells , but lost in three sets to defending champion Djokovic. Federer won his third title of the season at the inaugural Istanbul Open clay-court tournament, ending a title drought on red clay since the 2009 French Open . Federer made it to the final of the Italian Open in May, but was unable to win his first title there, losing to Djokovic in the final. As the new expanded grass season began, Federer won his record eighth Gerry Weber Open and become only the third man in the Open Era to win a title eight times. Federer entered Wimbledon as the second seed. He played a flawless match to defeat Andy Murray in straight sets in the semifinals and advance to his 10th Wimbledon final in a repeat against Novak Djokovic . Federer lost the match in four sets. He defeated Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic in straight sets to win the Cincinnati Masters for the seventh time. This marked the first time that Federer had beaten the top 2 players in the world at the same tournament. At the US Open , he advanced to his first final there since 2009 without dropping a set, including a win over Stan Wawrinka in the semifinals. In the final, he was once again defeated by top seed Djokovic in four sets. At the Swiss Indoors tournament in Basel, Federer won his sixth singles title of the year, and his 88th ATP title, defeating his old rival Rafael Nadal in the final. It was the seventh time he had captured his hometown tournament. In December, Federer announced that he would enter the 2016 ATP World Tour season with a new-look coaching team, having additionally announced that Stefan Edberg would not be travelling with him next year. While countryman Severin Lüthi remained Federer's head coach, joining the team in 2016 was Croatian former world # 3 player Ivan Ljubicic . The Swiss tennis player revealed that Edberg originally signed on to the coaching team for one season only in 2014, but agreed to stay on in 2015. 2016: knee surgery and long injury break ( edit ) Main article: 2016 Roger Federer tennis season Federer started his season by participating in the Brisbane International as the defending champion, despite having a virus when the tournament started. However, in a rematch of the previous year's final, he lost in the final to Milos Raonic in straight sets. Federer then participated at the 2016 Australian Open and rebounded from his third round defeat by Andreas Seppi in 2015 by reaching the semifinals but lost to eventual champion Novak Djokovic in four sets. The day after his loss to Djokovic, Federer sustained a knee injury and in early February, he underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his knee and missed the tournaments in Rotterdam and Dubai in February and in Indian Wells in March. He was scheduled to return to action in Miami . Due to a stomach virus he had to withdraw from Miami thus prolonging his time on the sidelines. Federer made his comeback at the Monte-Carlo Masters with straight set wins over Guillermo García -López and Roberto Bautista Agut before losing in the quarterfinals to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in three sets. Federer then announced that he would be entering the Madrid Open . However, he suffered a back injury during practice and withdrew shortly after arriving. Although the season had been plagued with injuries, Federer regained the #2 ranking in the world for a brief period following Madrid. He then participated in the Internazionali BNL d'Italia where he defeated Alexander Zverev in straight sets, but lost in the third round to Dominic Thiem . He subsequently missed the Madrid Open , before withdrawing from the French Open , breaking a run of 65 consecutive participations in the main draw of Grand Slam tournaments, stretching back to the 2000 Australian Open . On 6 July, he came back from two sets down to defeat Marin Čilić in five sets in the 2016 Wimbledon quarterfinals, equalling Jimmy Connors ' all-time records of eleven Wimbledon semifinals and 84 match wins. He suffered his first defeat in a Wimbledon semifinal two days later in a five-set loss to Raonic. On 26 July, Federer announced that he would miss the 2016 Summer Olympics and the remainder of the 2016 season to fully recover from his knee injury. 2017: fifth Australian and eighth Wimbledon title ( edit ) Main article: 2017 Roger Federer tennis season Federer played in the Hopman Cup and Australian Open in January 2017. At the Australian Open, he beat top-10 players Tomáš Berdych and Kei Nishikori to reach the quarterfinals, where he beat Mischa Zverev , making Federer the oldest man to compete in a grand slam semi-final since Jimmy Connors in 1991. In the semi-finals, he defeated Stanislas Wawrinka in five sets, making him the oldest player to compete in a Grand Slam final since Ken Rosewall in 1974. Coming back from a break down in the fifth set, Federer defeated Rafael Nadal to win the Australian Open, which also marked Federer's 100th match at the Australian Open; it was the first time Federer had won a match against Nadal in a Grand Slam event since the 2007 Wimbledon final , and also marked Federer's first ever Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon. His victory against Nadal moved Federer to number ten in the ATP rankings, and made him the oldest player to win a major since Bill Tilden won Wimbledon in 1930 . In March, the Swiss won his 25th Masters title at Indian Wells , defeating Wawrinka in the final and gaining another victory over Nadal in the 4th round. This was also Federer's 90th career title and he climbed to # 6 in the ATP rankings. Federer collected his 26th Masters title by defeating Nadal in the final of the Miami Masters in straight sets and climbed to # 4 in the ATP rankings. This marked the third time Federer had won in Indian Wells and Miami back-to-back, colloquially referred to as the Sunshine Double (2005, 2006 and 2017). Due to concerns about his longevity, Federer decided that he would skip the entire clay-court season. He returned to the tour at the beginning of the grass-court season in Stuttgart, where he suffered a shock defeat to Tommy Haas in the second round despite holding match points, the lowest-ranked player (No. 302) to beat him since No. 407 Bjoern Phau in 1999. He rebounded the following week by winning a record-extending ninth title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, doing so without the loss of a set. In the 2017 Wimbledon Championships , Federer made it to the final without dropping a set, defeating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals and Tomáš Berdych in the semifinals. In the final, Federer defeated Marin Cilic in straight sets to win a record-breaking eighth Wimbledon title and his record-extending 19th overall major title, to become the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era. The Swiss became the second man in the Open era to win Wimbledon without dropping a set after Björn Borg in 1976 . It marked the second time in his career that he had won a grand slam tournament without losing a set, matching his performance at the 2007 Australian Open . Federer moved up to become world number 3 in the ATP Rankings after the event and qualified for the ATP Finals for a record 15th time. At the opening of the summer hard court swing Federer was defeated in the final of the Montreal Masters by Alexander Zverev after injuring his back during the match. Due to the injury, he opted to withdraw from the Cincinnati Masters to be fit for the US Open . Despite his withdrawal from Cincinnati, Federer had little time to recover for the US Open, and the back injury severely affected his practice sessions. From the very beginning, he looked uncomfortable and it took him five sets to win each of the first two rounds against Frances Tiafoe and Mikhail Youzhny . His campaign at the US Open finally ended in the quarterfinals, where he lost to Juan Martin del Potro in four sets. His game was characterized by unforced errors at critical points in the match and even Federer admitted that he never felt that he had a chance to win the tournament. Federer's next participation was in September in the inaugural Laver Cup , representing team Europe. Federer played his first singles match on day two, where he dispatched Sam Querrey in straight sets. Later on day two, he partnered with his rival Nadal in doubles, where they defeated the Team World duo of Sam Querrey and Jack Sock in the match tie breaker, which took place at one set all. This was the first time Federer and Nadal competed on the same side of a doubles match. On day three, Federer competed in the final match of the tournament, where he sealed victory for Team Europe by defeating Nick Kyrgios 4-- 6, 7-- 6 , (11-- 9), saving a match point in the champion's tiebreak. With three wins and seven points, Federer was the most accomplished player of the tournament. National representation ( edit ) Davis Cup ( edit ) Federer made his Davis Cup for Switzerland debut in the World Group 1st Round against Italy in 1999 at 17 years of age. In his first match he defeated Davide Sanguinetti in four sets and recorded a second singles victory in a dead rubber two days later as Switzerland advanced to the World Group Quarterfinals. In the Quarterfinals Federer, who was still 17 years old, suffered his first Davis Cup loss when he was defeated by Belgian Christophe Van Garsse in five sets. The Swiss team would go on to lose the rubber 3-- 2. A year later, Federer competed in his first Davis Cup doubles rubber where he teamed with countryman Lorenzo Manta to defeat Australians Wayne Arthurs and Sandon Stolle in four sets. Despite the doubles victory, Federer lost both singles rubbers to Mark Philippoussis and Lleyton Hewitt which saw Switzerland sent to the World Group Playoffs for the first time in Federer's career. He would return for the playoffs in July 2000 and led Switzerland to a 5-- 0 win over Belarus by recording wins in singles and doubles. His first Davis Cup highlight came in 2003 as the newly crowned Wimbledon champion led his country to an historic semifinal run. After recording five wins in ties against the Netherlands and France , the Swiss team traveled to Melbourne to play the highly rated Australians . Federer once again defeated Wimbledon runner-up Mark Philippoussis in the second rubber but allowed the Australians to lead the tie 2-- 1 going into Day 3 after dropping the doubles rubber in five sets. Federer then played Lleyton Hewitt in a sudden death situation for Switzerland and despite leading two sets to love, succumbed to a fast finishing Hewitt in five sets. Australia would go on to claim the Davis Cup title months later as Federer's interest in Davis Cup began to wane and his focus shifted to his personal career. He would go on to skip many ties over the years but often competed in the World Group Playoffs each year in order for Switzerland to maintain their place in the top division. The emergence of countryman Stanislas Wawrinka as a Grand Slam singles champion in 2014 renewed hope for Federer in his Davis Cup quest, and the pair both committed to playing each tie that year. Their commitment would pay off as wins over Serbia , Kazakhstan and Italy allowed the Swiss team to advance to the 2014 Davis Cup Final. Leading into the final, Federer was suffering from a back injury that threw serious doubt over Switzerland's chance to claim the title, and a second rubber straight sets loss to Gaël Monfils seemingly spelled the worst for Switzerland. However, a rejuvenated Federer returned the following day to help claim the doubles rubber, which set up a fourth rubber singles tie between Federer and Richard Gasquet . Federer defeated Gasquet in straight sets and in doing so handed Switzerland its first (and only to date) Davis Cup title. Federer holds many Davis Cup records for Switzerland that includes most total wins, most singles wins and most years played. Olympics ( edit ) An 18-year-old Federer made his Olympic debut at Sydney in 2000, where he entered the singles competition. He surprised many by reaching the semifinals but lost to Tommy Haas in the semifinals and then to Arnaud Di Pasquale in the bronze medal match, causing Federer to leave Sydney empty handed. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Federer was the clear favorite after claiming the world number one ranking earlier in the year and capturing the Australian Open and Wimbledon titles. However, he lost in the second round to 18-year-old Tomáš Berdych . In doubles, he and compatriot Yves Allegro lost in the second round. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Federer was again the top seed and favorite, but lost in the quarterfinals to James Blake . However, he found more success on the doubles court, capturing the gold medal in men's doubles with compatriot Stan Wawrinka , defeating Simon Aspelin and Thomas Johansson of Sweden . At both the Athens and Beijing Olympic Games, Federer was the flagbearer for Switzerland in the opening ceremony . At London 2012 , Federer won his first singles medal, losing to Andy Murray in the final to claim the silver. He and Wawrinka were unable to defend their gold medal in doubles, losing in the second round to Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram of Israel . Federer did not compete in the Rio Olympics after taking the remainder of the season off after Wimbledon to recover from a knee injury. Rivalries ( edit ) See also: Big Four (tennis) Federer vs. Nadal ( edit ) Main article: Federer-- Nadal rivalry Federer and Nadal at the 2008 Wimbledon final Federer and Rafael Nadal have been playing each other since 2004, and their rivalry is a significant part of both men's careers. They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 17 August 2009, when Nadal fell to world # 3 (Andy Murray became the new # 2). They are the only pair of men to have ever finished six consecutive calendar years at the top. Federer was ranked # 1 for a record 237 consecutive weeks beginning in February 2004. Nadal, who is five years younger, ascended to # 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks, before surpassing Federer in August 2008. Nadal leads their head-to-head 23-- 14. Federer has a winning record on grass (2-- 1) and indoor hard courts (5-- 1), while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts (8-- 5) and clay (13-- 2). Because tournament seedings are based on rankings, 23 of their matches have been in tournament finals which have included an all-time record nine Grand Slam finals. From 2006 to 2008, they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final. They then met in the 2009 Australian Open final, the 2011 French Open final, and the 2017 Australian Open final. Nadal won six of the nine, losing the first two Wimbledon finals and the second Australian Open final. Four of these finals were five set-matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 and 2017 Australian Open), with the 2008 Wimbledon final being lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts. Of their 37 meetings, 13 have reached a deciding set. They have also played in 11 Masters Series finals, including their lone five-hour match at the 2006 Rome Masters which Nadal won in a fifth-set tie-break, having saved two match points. Federer vs. Djokovic ( edit ) Main article: Djokovic-- Federer rivalry Federer and Novak Djokovic have met 45 times with Djokovic leading 23-- 22 wins. They are tied 17-- 17 on hard-courts and 4-- 4 on clay while Djokovic leads 2-- 1 on grass. The Federer-- Djokovic rivalry is the largest rivalry in men's Grand Slam tournament history with a record 15 matches played against each other with Djokovic leading 9-- 6. Djokovic is the only player besides Nadal to defeat Federer in consecutive Grand Slam tournaments (2010 US Open and 2011 Australian Open, also 2015 Wimbledon, US Open and 2016 Australian Open), and the only player besides Nadal and Murray who has double-figure career wins over Federer. Djokovic is one of two players (the other again being Nadal) on tour to have defeated Federer in straight sets at a Grand Slam event (2008 Australian Open, 2011 Australian Open, 2012 French Open) and the only player to do so three times. Of their 45 meetings, 15 have reached a deciding set. Federer and Djokovic first played in a Grand Slam final at the 2007 US Open where the three-time reigning champion and world # 1 Federer emerged victorious in straight sets. Federer ended Djokovic's perfect 41-- 0 start to the 2011 season in the semifinals of the French Open, but Djokovic was able to avenge this loss at the 2011 US Open in five sets after saving two match points against Federer for the second straight year. In the semifinals of Wimbledon 2012, Federer beat defending champion and world # 1 Djokovic in four sets. The two met again during the finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic emerging victorious after five sets. Federer also ended Djokovic's 28 straight wins in China at 2014 Shanghai Open . Federer and Djokovic rematched in the 2015 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic once again claiming victory in four sets. The pair met once more for the final major of the season, the 2015 US Open and once more Djokovic prevailed in four sets. Many experts have included the rivalry between Federer and Djokovic as one of the best rivalries in the Open Era. Federer vs. Murray ( edit ) Main article: Federer-- Murray rivalry Federer and Andy Murray have met 25 times with Federer leading 14-- 11. Federer leads 12-- 10 on hard courts, and 2-- 1 on grass. They have never met on clay. The two have met six times at the Grand Slam tournament level, the first three times in the finals, Federer winning all three of these matches; at the 2008 US Open and the 2010 Australian Open, both of which he won in straight sets, and at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships in which Murray took the opening set, but went on to lose in four sets. However, Murray won their encounter in the semifinals of the 2013 Australian Open , defeating the Swiss for the first time at a Grand slam tournament in five sets. At the 2014 Australian Open , Federer reversed that result, defeating Murray in four sets in the quarterfinals. The most recent meeting between the two in a Major was in the semifinals of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , where a dominant Federer triumphed in straight sets. They met in the final of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games , in which Murray defeated Federer in straight sets, denying the Swiss a career Golden Slam . Murray also leads 6-- 3 in ATP 1000 tournaments, 2-- 0 in finals. They have also met five times at the ATP World Tour Finals , with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008, and Federer in London in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Murray is one of only three players to have recorded 10 or more victories over Federer (the other two being Nadal and Novak Djokovic ). Federer vs. Roddick ( edit ) Main article: Federer-- Roddick rivalry One of Federer's longstanding rivalries was with American Andy Roddick . Roddick lost his world # 1 ranking to Federer after Federer won his first Australian Open in 2004. Federer and Roddick met on 24 occasions, including four Grand Slam event finals (three at Wimbledon and one at the US Open -- all won by Federer). Federer's record is overall 21-- 3. Roddick himself said it was not much of a rivalry, being so one-sided. In the 2009 Wimbledon final, Roddick lost to Federer in five sets. The match included a fifth set of 30 games (a Grand Slam final record) and was over four hours long. In the final game of the deciding set, Roddick's serve was broken for the first time in the match. With that victory, Federer broke Pete Sampras ' record of 14 Grand Slam tournament titles, and Roddick apologised to Sampras (who was there) for not being able to stop Federer. Federer vs. Hewitt ( edit ) Lleyton Hewitt and Roger Federer played each other on 27 occasions. Early in their careers, Hewitt dominated Federer, winning seven of their first nine meetings, including a victory from two sets down in the 2003 Davis Cup semifinal which allowed Australia to defeat Switzerland. However, from 2004 onward, Federer dominated the rivalry, winning 16 of the last 18 meetings to finish with an 18-- 9 overall head-to-head record. This is Hewitt's longest rivalry as these two first played each other as juniors in 1996. They met in one Grand Slam tournament final, the 2004 US Open final, where Federer won his first US Open title in a lopsided encounter in which Federer scored a bagel on both sides of a second-set tiebreak. Federer met Hewitt at six of the Grand Slam tournaments in which he lifted the trophy, including all five of his triumphs between 2004 and 2005. Their last meeting was at the 2014 Brisbane International , where Hewitt triumphed over Federer in three sets for his first title since 2010, when he also beat Federer to the Halle title. Hewitt and Federer teamed up in the men's doubles at Wimbledon in 1999 . They got to the third round before losing to Jonas Björkman and Pat Rafter . Federer vs. Agassi ( edit ) Federer and Andre Agassi played each other 11 times between 1998 and 2005 before Agassi's retirement in 2006. Federer led the rivalry 8-- 3. This was Federer's most significant rivalry with an all-time great player of the previous generation. They first met in only the third tournament of Federer's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer's hometown, with Agassi prevailing over the 17-year-old. Agassi also defeated Federer at the 2001 US Open and the finals of the Miami Masters in 2002. Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003, when he defeated Agassi in both the round robin and the final. They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over two days with Federer eventually prevailing in five sets. At the 2005 Dubai Championships , Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a helipad almost 220 meters above sea level at the hotel Burj al-Arab . Their final match was at one of the most prestigious platforms in the sport, when they played in the finals of the 2005 US Open . Federer was victorious in four sets, claiming the 6th Grand Slam tournament of his career and denying Agassi his 9th. Federer vs. del Potro ( edit ) Juan Martín del Potro and Roger Federer have played 22 times with Federer leading 16-- 6. They have met seven times in Grand Slam tournaments with Federer leading 5-- 2. Their two most famous Grand Slam tournament meetings came in 2009. The first was in the French Open semifinals, when Federer survived a five-set clash when he was on his way to the only French title of his career. The second was in the final of the US Open , where del Potro stunned five-time defending champion Federer in five sets, ending his 20-match winning streak at Grand Slams. Another high-profile match was in the semifinals of the 2012 London Olympics , where Federer prevailed 19-- 17 in the final set to secure the Olympic silver medal. They also met in the finals of the Swiss Indoors in 2012 and 2013, with del Potro prevailing on both occasions in tight three-set matches. In the 2017 U.S. Open quarterfinals, in a rematch of 2009 US Open final, Del Potro again stunned Federer in four sets to end his unbeaten streak in grand slams that year. With this win, Del Potro also denied first Federer-Nadal match at US Open, as in 2009 where he crushed Nadal in straight sets in semifinals. Federer vs. Safin ( edit ) Marat Safin and Federer played each other 12 times, with Federer leading 10-- 2. Federer and Safin turned pro within one year of each other, with Safin turning pro in 1997 and Federer in 1998. Federer leads 4-- 1 on hard courts, 3-- 0 on grass, and 3-- 0 on clay courts, while Safin leads 1-- 0 on carpet. Notable meetings include Federer's defeating Safin at the 2002 Hamburg Masters to win the first Masters 1000 title of his career, as well as Federer's emerging victorious in the semifinals of the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , after winning a tiebreak 20-- 18 on his eighth match point. Federer also defeated Safin in the finals of the 2004 Australian Open to capture his first Australian Open and second Grand Slam tournament title. However, Safin defeated Federer in the 2005 Australian Open semifinals, having saved one match point in the fourth-set tiebreak, to end a 26-match winning streak by Federer. They met each other five times in Grand Slam tournaments, with Federer leading 4-- 1. Federer vs. Nalbandian ( edit ) David Nalbandian was Federer's biggest rival in his early career. The two played each other 19 times, with Federer leading 11-- 8. Nalbandian dominated early on, winning their first five matches from 2002-- 03. Federer reversed this trend at the 2003 Masters Cup , where he recorded his first victory, and would go on to win 11 of their last 14 meetings. Federer leads 6-- 5 on hard courts, 1-- 0 on grass, and 3-- 1 on clay courts, while Nalbandian leads 2-- 1 on carpet. Notable meetings include Nalbandian's win in a fifth-set tiebreaker to win the 2005 Masters Cup , and Federer's win in the 2006 French Open semifinals. They met each other six times in Grand Slam tournaments, with Federer leading 4-- 2. Federer vs. Berdych ( edit ) Tomáš Berdych and Federer have played each other 25 times with Federer leading 19-- 6. Federer leads 11-- 5 on hard courts, 3-- 1 on grass courts, 4-- 0 on clay courts, and 1-- 0 on carpet. Berdych won their first professional match, notably upsetting then world # 1 Federer at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Federer then went on to win their next eight meetings, before Berdych ended the losing streak in 2010. Between 2010 and 2013, Berdych won 5 of 8 meetings. Federer then switched to a larger racquet in 2014 to prevent being overpowered by players like Berdych and leads 8-- 0 since. They have met nine times in Grand Slam tournaments, with Federer leading 7-- 2, and Berdych is one of five players, along with Arnaud Clément , Álex Corretja , David Nalbandian , and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga , to defeat Federer multiple times in majors before the semifinal stage. Their most notable Grand Slam matches took place in the 2009 Australian Open , when Federer prevailed in five sets after dropping the first two sets, the 2010 Wimbledon Championships and the 2012 US Open , both of which Berdych won in four sets. Berdych went on to reach the only Grand Slam final of his career after the Wimbledon quarterfinal victory which was significant as it ended Federer's run of seven consecutive finals at Wimbledon dating back to 2003. Federer vs. Tsonga ( edit ) Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Federer have met 17 times with Federer leading 11-- 6. Federer leads 5-- 3 on outdoor hard courts and 4-- 0 on indoor hard, while Tsonga leads 1-- 0 on grass. They are 2-- 2 on clay courts. The pair have met six times in Grand Slam tournaments, including their five-set matches in the quarterfinals of 2011 Wimbledon and 2013 Australian Open . They have also one Grand Slam semifinal meeting in the 2010 Australian Open , with Federer winning in straight sets. Federer and Tsonga have played in the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals final and the Swiss maestro won his record-sixth Year-End Championship , after a three-setter. The pair have also met in two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals. The first was in the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters , with Federer winning his first title in Bercy, and the second was in the 2014 Rogers Cup , with Tsonga winning his second Masters 1000 title. Federer vs. Wawrinka ( edit ) Federer's most notable matchup with a compatriot has been with Stan Wawrinka and they have played each other 23 times with Federer leading 20-- 3. Federer leads 6-- 1 in Grand Slam tournaments, 15-- 0 on hard courts, 1-- 0 on grass courts and 4-- 3 on clay courts. The pair are 1-- 1 in finals. Their first meeting in the final came at 2014 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters where Wawrinka defeated Federer in three sets to win his first Masters 1000 title before Federer avenged his loss at 2017 BNP Paribas Open by beating him in the final. While the rivalry is one-sided in Federer's favour, the two of them have contested some close matches. Wawrinka defeated Federer in straight sets during the 2015 French Open quarterfinals en route to winning his first French Open title, although Federer then won a straight-sets victory in the 2015 US Open semifinals. Other close matches include the 2012 Shanghai Masters and the 2013 Indian Wells Masters , both of which Federer won in three sets, the 2014 Wimbledon quarterfinal which Federer won in four sets, the 2014 ATP World Tour Final semifinal in which Federer won in three sets after saving four match points and the 2017 Australian Open semifinal which Federer won in five sets. Despite their on-court rivalry, they are friends off court and they have played doubles together on numerous occasions, most notably when they won the doubles Olympic Gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2014 Davis Cup . Legacy ( edit ) Federer has been regarded by many pundits, coaches, and past and present players as the greatest tennis player of all time. He dominated the game at his peak and has won more Grand Slam tournament titles (19) than any other men's singles player. He is also the first men's singles player to have reached ten consecutive Grand Slam tournament finals and a total of 29 Grand Slam finals. He has earned a men's doubles gold medal, and a men's single silver medal at the Olympics in 2008 and 2012, respectively. He spent the most amount of time in the Open Era at the top of the ATP Rankings (302 weeks). He also holds the record for the most titles (6) at the year-end tournament, where only the year-end eight highest-ranked players participate. Federer was ranked among the top eight players in the world continuously for 14 years and two weeks; from 14 October 2002 till 31 October 2016, when injuries forced him to skip much of the 2016 season. Federer has won the ATPWorldTour.com Fans' Favourite Award a record 14 times consecutively (2003-- 2016), has won the ATP Player of the year five time ( 2004-- 07,2009 ), (5) ITF World Champion (2004-- 07, 2009) and the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award (voted for by the players) a record 12 times (2004-- 2009, 2011-- 2016), both being awards indicative of respect and popularity. He also won the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award twice in 2006 and 2013. He was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years (2005-- 2008). Federer is at times referred to as the Federer Express, shortened to Fed Express or FedEx, and the Swiss Maestro, or just Maestro. In 2016, he was ranked by ESPN as the greatest male or female tennis player ever. After his victory over Rafael Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open Final, John McEnroe concluded that `` Federer (had) cemented himself as the greatest player of all time'' . One of his most lasting legacies may turn out to be his creation of a new annual tournament called the Laver Cup which pits Europe against the rest of the world. Federer founded the tournament in honor of tennis legend Rod Laver and the inaugural edition was played in 2017. Cultural impact ( edit ) Federer helped to lead a revival in tennis known by many as the Golden Age . This led to increased interest in the sport, which in turn led to higher revenues for many venues across tennis. During this period rising revenues led to exploding prize money; when Federer first won the Australian Open in 2004 he earned $985,000, compared to when he won in 2017 and the prize had increased to $2,774,000. Upon winning the 2009 French Open and completing the career Grand Slam, Federer became the first individual male tennis player to grace the cover of Sports Illustrated since Andre Agassi in 1999. He was also the first non-American player to appear on the cover of the magazine since Stefan Edberg in 1992. Federer again made the cover of Sports Illustrated following his record breaking 8th Wimbledon title and second Grand Slam of 2017, becoming the first male tennis player to be featured on the cover since himself in 2009. Playing style ( edit ) Federer's versatility has been described by Jimmy Connors as: `` In an era of specialists, you're either a clay court specialist, a grass court specialist, or a hard court specialist... or you're Roger Federer.'' Federer serving An elite athlete, Federer is an all-court, all-around player known for his speed, fluid style of play, and exceptional shot making. Federer mainly plays from the baseline but is also comfortable at the net, being one of the best volleyers in the game. He has a powerful, accurate smash and very effectively performs rare elements playing tennis, such as backhand smash and skyhook , half-volley and jump smash (slam dunk). David Foster Wallace compared the brute force of Federer's forehand motion with that of `` a great liquid whip'' , while John McEnroe has referred to Federer's forehand as `` the greatest shot in our sport.'' Federer is also known for his efficient movement around the court and excellent footwork, which enables him to run around shots directed to his backhand and instead hit a powerful inside-out or inside-in forehand, one of his best shots. Federer plays with a single-handed backhand, which gives him great variety. He employs the slice , occasionally using it to lure his opponent to the net and deliver a passing shot. Federer can also fire topspin winners and possesses a ' flick' backhand with which he can generate pace with his wrist; this is usually used to pass the opponent at the net. His serve is difficult to read because he always uses a similar ball toss, regardless of what type of serve he is going to hit and where he aims to hit it, and turns his back to his opponents during his motion. He is often able to produce big serves on key points during a match. His first serve is typically around 200 km/h (125 mph); however, he is capable of serving at 220 km/h (137 mph). Federer is also accomplished at serve and volleying , and employed this tactic frequently in his early career. Later in his career, Federer added the drop shot to his arsenal and can perform a well-disguised one off both wings. He sometimes uses a between-the-legs shot, which is colloquially referred to as a `` tweener'' or `` hotdog'' . His most notable use of the tweener was in the semifinals of the 2009 US Open against Novak Djokovic , bringing him triple match point. Federer is one of the top players who employs successfully the `` squash shot'' , when he gets pushed deep and wide on his forehand wing. Since Stefan Edberg joined his coaching team at the start of the 2014 season, Federer has played a more offensive game, attacking the net more often, and improved his volley shots. In the lead-up to the 2015 US Open, Federer successfully added a new unique shot to his arsenal called SABR (Sneak Attack by Roger), in which he charges his opponent while receiving the serve and hits a return on the run. With the switch to a bigger 97 inch racket from 90 inches, Federer has gained easy power while relinquishing some control on his shots. The bigger racket has enabled easier serving and better defense on both wings with less shanks. However this has diminished his forehand, slice backhand and dropshot. Since his comeback in 2017, Federer is noted for his improved backhand both down the line and cross court which was cited as the reason for his defeat of Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open Final and Indian Wells 4th Round. Federer is also noted for his cool demeanour and emotional control on the court. In contrast to his early career, the majority of his professional game has been characterised by lack of outbursts or emotional frustration at errors, which gives him an advantage over less controlled opponents. `` I don't get the anxiety during a match so much anymore. You know, to throw racquets, to toss balls out of the court, scream and stuff. I almost laugh (on the inside) about it a little bit today when an opponent does it. But that's something for me that's not a problem any more.'' ~ Roger Federer Equipment and apparel ( edit ) Equipment ( edit ) Federer plays with the Wilson Prostaff RF97 Autograph, a 97 square inch tennis racquet with 21.5 mm beam, 360 g weight, 331 swing weight and 16x19 string pattern (all strung with overgrip). Since the 1998 Wimbledon Junior Championships Federer played with a Pro Staff 6.0 85 racquet. He switched to a bigger custom-built 90 tennis racquet since 2003, which is characterised by its smaller hitting area of 90 square inches, heavy strung weight of 364 grams, and thin beam of 17.5 millimetres. His grip size was 4 3/8 inches (sometimes referred to as L3). Federer strung his racquets at 21.5 kg mains/20 kg crosses pre-stretched 20 percent, using Wilson Natural Gut 16 gauge for his main strings and Luxilon Big Banger ALU Power Rough 16L gauge ( polyester ) for his cross strings. When asked about string tensions, Federer stated `` this depends on how warm the days are and with what kind of balls I play and against who I play. So you can see -- it depends on several factors and not just the surface; the feeling I have is most important.'' Apparel ( edit ) Federer has a contract with Nike footwear and apparel. For the 2006 championships at Wimbledon, Nike designed a jacket emblazoned with a crest of three tennis racquets, symbolising the three Wimbledon Championships he had previously won, and which was updated the next year with four racquets after he won the Championship in 2006. At Wimbledon 2008, and again in 2009, Nike continued this trend by making him a personalised cardigan that also had his own logo, an R and an F joined together. Endorsements ( edit ) Federer is one of the highest-earning athletes in the world. He is listed at # 4 on the Forbes `` World's Highest Paid Athletes'' list . As of 2013 , he remains the top earner in tennis with ten endorsement deals . He makes 40 to 50 million euros a year from prize money and endorsements from Nike and the Swiss companies Nationale Suisse , Credit Suisse , Rolex , Lindt , Sunrise , and Jura Elektroapparate . In 2010, his endorsement by Mercedes-Benz China was extended into a global partnership deal. His other sponsors include Gillette , Wilson , and Moët & Chandon . Previously, he was an ambassador for NetJets , Emmi AG , and Maurice Lacroix . Career Statistics ( edit ) Main article: Roger Federer career statistics Grand Slam tournament performance timeline ( edit ) Key SF QF #R RR Q# NH (W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (A) absent; (NH) not held. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament, or when the player's participation in the tournament has ended. Tournament 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W-- L Win % Australian Open Q1 3R 3R 4R 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 3R SF 5 / 18 87-- 13 87.00 French Open 1R 4R QF 1R 1R 3R SF QF SF QF 4R QF 1 / 17 65-- 16 80.25 Wimbledon 1R 1R QF 1R QF QF 2R SF 8 / 19 91-- 11 89.22 US Open Q2 3R 4R 4R 4R SF SF QF 4R SF QF 5 / 17 82-- 12 87.23 Win-- Loss 0-- 0 0-- 2 7-- 4 13-- 4 6-- 4 13-- 3 22-- 1 24-- 2 27-- 1 26-- 1 24-- 3 26-- 2 20-- 3 20-- 4 19-- 3 13-- 4 19-- 4 18-- 4 10-- 2 18-- 1 19 / 71 325-- 52 86.21 Note: Federer received fourth-round walkovers at the US Open (2004 and 2012) and the Wimbledon Championships (2007), and a second-round walkover at the Australian Open (2012); these are not counted as wins Grand Slam tournament finals: 29 (19 titles, 10 losses) ( edit ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Win 2003 Wimbledon Grass Mark Philippoussis 7-- 6 , 6-- 2, 7-- 6 Win Australian Open Hard Marat Safin 7-- 6 , 6-- 4, 6-- 2 Win Wimbledon (2) Grass Andy Roddick 4-- 6, 7-- 5, 7-- 6 , 6-- 4 Win US Open Hard Lleyton Hewitt 6-- 0, 7-- 6 , 6-- 0 Win 2005 Wimbledon (3) Grass Andy Roddick 6-- 2, 7-- 6 , 6-- 4 Win 2005 US Open (2) Hard Andre Agassi 6-- 3, 2-- 6, 7-- 6 , 6-- 1 Win 2006 Australian Open (2) Hard Marcos Baghdatis 5-- 7, 7-- 5, 6-- 0, 6-- 2 Loss 2006 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 6-- 1, 1-- 6, 4-- 6, 6-- 7 Win 2006 Wimbledon (4) Grass Rafael Nadal 6-- 0, 7-- 6 , 6-- 7 , 6-- 3 Win 2006 US Open (3) Hard Andy Roddick 6-- 2, 4-- 6, 7-- 5, 6-- 1 Win 2007 Australian Open (3) Hard Fernando González 7-- 6 , 6-- 4, 6-- 4 Loss 2007 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 3-- 6, 6-- 4, 3-- 6, 4-- 6 Win 2007 Wimbledon (5) Grass Rafael Nadal 7-- 6 , 4-- 6, 7-- 6 , 2-- 6, 6-- 2 Win 2007 US Open (4) Hard Novak Djokovic 7-- 6 , 7-- 6 , 6-- 4 Loss 2008 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 1-- 6, 3-- 6, 0-- 6 Loss 2008 Wimbledon Grass Rafael Nadal 4-- 6, 4-- 6, 7-- 6 , 7-- 6 , 7-- 9 Win 2008 US Open (5) Hard Andy Murray 6-- 2, 7-- 5, 6-- 2 Loss 2009 Australian Open Hard Rafael Nadal 5-- 7, 6-- 3, 6-- 7 , 6-- 3, 2-- 6 Win 2009 French Open Clay Robin Söderling 6-- 1, 7-- 6 , 6-- 4 Win 2009 Wimbledon (6) Grass Andy Roddick 5-- 7, 7-- 6 , 7-- 6 , 3-- 6, 16-- 14 Loss 2009 US Open Hard Juan Martín del Potro 6-- 3, 6-- 7 , 6-- 4, 6-- 7 , 2-- 6 Win Australian Open (4) Hard Andy Murray 6-- 3, 6-- 4, 7-- 6 Loss 2011 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 5-- 7, 6-- 7 , 7-- 5, 1-- 6 Win 2012 Wimbledon (7) Grass Andy Murray 4-- 6, 7-- 5, 6-- 3, 6-- 4 Loss 2014 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 7-- 6 , 4-- 6, 6-- 7 , 7-- 5, 4-- 6 Loss 2015 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 6-- 7 , 7-- 6 , 4-- 6, 3-- 6 Loss 2015 US Open Hard Novak Djokovic 4-- 6, 7-- 5, 4-- 6, 4-- 6 Win 2017 Australian Open (5) Hard Rafael Nadal 6-- 4, 3-- 6, 6-- 1, 3-- 6, 6-- 3 Win 2017 Wimbledon (8) Grass Marin Čilić 6-- 3, 6-- 1, 6-- 4 Records ( edit ) Main article: List of career achievements by Roger Federer All-time tournament records ( edit ) Roger Federer has spent a total of 302 weeks and 237 consecutive weeks at the top of the ATP rankings , the most of any player. Roger Federer Singles Ranking History Chart Tournament Since Record accomplished Players matched Refs Grand Slam 1877 19 men's singles titles overall Stands alone 3 men's singles titles per-year 3 times (2004, 2006-- 07) 2 men's singles titles per-year 6 times (2004-- 07, 2009, 2017) 5 consecutive wins in 2 Slams (2003-- 2007 Wimbledon, 2004-- 2008 U.S. Open) 29 men's singles finals overall 42 men's singles semifinals overall 51 men's singles quarterfinals overall 10 consecutive men's singles finals 23 consecutive men's singles semifinals 36 consecutive men's singles quarterfinals 65 consecutive men's singles tournament appearances 325 singles match wins overall 169 hardcourt wins overall Reached all 4 Grand Slam finals 3 times (2006-- 07, 2009) 11 men's singles finals at a single major 71 men's singles tournament appearances Open Era records ( edit ) These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis. Records in bold indicate peerless achievements. Records in italics are active streaks. ( show ) Time span Selected Grand Slam tournament records Players matched 2003 Wimbledon -- 2009 French Open Career Grand Slam Rod Laver Andre Agassi Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5+ titles at 3 different Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2008 US Open 5 consecutive titles at 2 different Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5+ finals at all 4 Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2006 Australian Open First 7 finals won Stands alone 2004 Australian Open -- 2017 Australian Open 10 hard court titles Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 8 grass court titles Stands alone 2008 US Open -- 2009 Wimbledon Simultaneous holder of Majors on clay, grass and hard court Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2006-- 2007 & 2009 All 4 Major finals in 1 season Rod Laver Novak Djokovic 2000 Australian Open -- 2017 US Open 80+ match wins at 3 Majors Stands alone 2006 27 match wins in 1 season Novak Djokovic 2017 Australian Open 4 match victories vs. top 10 opponents in one tournament Guillermo Vilas Björn Borg Mats Wilander 1999 French Open -- 2017 US Open 71 Grand Slam appearances Stands alone ( show ) Grand Slam tournaments Time Span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched Refs Australian Open 2004-- 2017 6 finals overall Novak Djokovic 2007 Won title without losing a set Ken Rosewall 2004-- 2014 11 consecutive semifinals Stands alone 2000-- 2017 87 match wins overall 2006-- 2008 30 consecutive sets won French Open-- Wimbledon 2009 Accomplished a `` Channel Slam'' : Winning both tournaments in the same year Rod Laver Björn Borg Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 2003-- 2017 8 titles overall Stands alone 2003-- 2007 5 consecutive titles Björn Borg 2017 Won title without losing a set Björn Borg 2001-- 2017 91 match wins overall Stands alone 2003-- 2017 11 finals overall 2003-- 2009 7 consecutive finals 2003-- 2017 12 career semifinals 2001-- 2017 15 career quarterfinals 2005-- 2006 34 consecutive sets won US Open 2004-- 2008 5 titles overall Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras 2004-- 2008 5 consecutive titles Stands alone 2004-- 2009 40 consecutive match wins ( show ) Time span Other selected records Players matched Year-End Championship records 2003-- 2011 6 titles overall Stands alone 2003-- 2015 10 finals overall 2002-- 2015 13 semifinals overall 2002-- 2015 52 match wins overall 2002-- 2015 14 consecutive appearances ATP Masters 1000 records 2000-- 2017 347 match wins overall Stands alone 2002-- 2017 45 finals overall Rafael Nadal 2005-- 2006 2 consecutive years winning 4+ titles Novak Djokovic 2002-- 2011 9 different finals Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 2004-- 2017 5 Indian Wells Masters titles Novak Djokovic 2002-- 2007 4 Hamburg Masters titles Stands alone 2005-- 2015 7 Cincinnati Masters titles 2012, 2015 Won title without having serve broken or losing a set ( Cincinnati Masters ) Other records 2004-- 2012 302 total weeks at No. 1 Stands alone 2 February 2004 -- 17 August 2008 237 consecutive weeks at No. 1 12 June 2000-- 9 October 2017 905 consecutive weeks in Top 50 2003-- 2005 26 consecutive match victories vs. top 10 opponents 1999-- 2017 697 hard court match victories 1999-- 2017 857 outdoor court match victories 2005-- 2006 56 consecutive hard court match victories 2003-- 2008 65 consecutive grass court match victories 2003-- 2005 24 consecutive tournament finals won 2003-- 2017 17 grass court titles 2002-- 2017 63 hard court titles 2000-- 2015 12 finals at a single tournament ( Swiss Indoors ) 2001-- 2015 15 consecutive years winning 1+ title 1998-- 2017 414 tiebreaks won 1999-- 2017 87.23% (164-- 24) grass court match winning percentage 2005-- 2007 3 consecutive calendar years as wire-to-wire No. 1 2000-- 2016 10 match wins after trailing 0-- 2 in sets Aaron Krickstein Boris Becker Davis Cup records 1999-- 2015 40 Davis Cup singles wins for Switzerland Stands alone 1999-- 2015 52 Davis Cup singles and doubles wins for Switzerland 1999-- 2015 15 years playing a Davis Cup tie for Switzerland Heinz Günthardt See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Biography portal Switzerland portal Book: Roger Federer Roger Federer career statistics List of career achievements by Roger Federer List of Grand Slam men's singles champions All-time tennis records -- men's singles Open Era tennis records -- men's singles (since 1968) ATP World Tour records (since 1990) ATP World Tour Awards List of ATP number 1 ranked singles players (since 1973) 2004 Summer Olympics national flag bearers 2008 Summer Olympics national flag bearers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See. See also 100 Greatest of All Time . Jump up ^ Known as `` Tennis Masters Cup'' (2000-- 2008) and `` ATP World Tour Finals '' (2009-- present). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roland-Garros 2014 -- Roger Federer'' . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player profile -- Roger Federer'' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ATP Rankings'' . ATP World Tour. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Jump up ^ http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/roger-federer/f324/rankings-history Jump up ^ `` Federer named greatest player by Tennis Channel'' . Fox Sports. 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian tennis great Rod Laver says Roger Federer is the greatest player of all time'' . adelaidenow.com.au. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans, Richard (24 June 2007). `` Jack the Lad'' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 15 February 2009 . Jack Kramer ' is ready to anoint Roger Federer as the best he has seen' . Jump up ^ `` Federer the greatest ever -- Lloyd'' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jago, Richard (5 June 2009). `` ' Roger Federer is the greatest' says Pete Sampras after record broken'' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes, Simon (8 June 2009). `` Roger Federer, greatest of all time, ensures statistics back up unrivalled artistry'' . The Times . London . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Men's Tennis Players of All Time'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Federer the best of all time, says Agassi . The Age. Retrieved 20 July 2012 ^ Jump up to: `` Federer cemented himself as greatest of all time'' . ESPN . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Federer greatest of all time, says Laver`` . tennis.com/au. Retrieved 20 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Borg: Federer a True Artist'' . NOS. 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Tennis' top 20 of all time'' . ESPN. 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hewitt: Federer is the greatest tennis player of all time'' . The New Paper. 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer ' is the greatest ever tennis player ' '' . CNN . 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niet compatibele browser'' . Facebook . Retrieved August 6, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100'' . ESPN. 30 May 2017. ^ Jump up to: `` Credit Suisse -- Roger Federer, a Basel Boy Forever'' . Sponsorship.credit-suisse.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer se Suid-Afrikaanse Durand-Hugenote afkoms'' . Litnet. 23 September 2013. ^ Jump up to: René Stauffer (2007). The Roger Federer Story: Quest for Perfection . New Chapter Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-942257-39-1 . Jump up ^ Dwyre, Bill (12 March 2009). `` Roger Federer wants to show he can go from two to one'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Briggs, Simon (13 May 2014). `` Roger Federer: Birth of twins makes this time of my life'' . The Daily Telegraph . London. Jump up ^ Für wen schlägt Federers Fussball-Herz? , Blick.ch, 11 September 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ask Roger -- Official website'' . Roger Federer Official Website. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Roger Federer. `` Ask Roger'' . Roger Federer Official Website. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Fabian Muhieddine (13 July 2009). `` Roger Federer: le voici exempté de PC...'' . Le Matin (in French). Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today: Federer to serve in Swiss civil force, not army'' . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer -- Celebrity fans -- Interviews'' . FourFourTwo. 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Lin (29 May 2009). `` How Badminton Helped Federer's Game'' . Straight Sets . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Viner (2 July 2005). `` Roger Federer: A Smashing Guy'' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Off Court -- Mr. and Mrs. Federer'' . Roger Federer Official Website. 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer and wife are proud parents of twins'' . OneIndia. 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer's wife gives birth to second set of twins'' . BBC News. 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer: Mirka and I couldn't be happier with twin boys -- and now we know how to cope with babies on tour'' . The Guardian . 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Foundation To Support Children And Young People in South Africa'' . Roger Federer Official Website. 28 May 2004. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Foundation Mission'' . Roger Federer Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Les Roopanarine (30 November 2012). `` Roger Federer Foundation aiming for maximum impact with minimum spin'' . The Guardian . London. Jump up ^ `` FOUNDATION -- ROGER FEDERER FOUNDATION TO SUPPORT CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN SOUTH AFRICA'' . rogerfederer.com. 28 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Solid foundation improves children's lives'' . swissinfo.ch. 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stauffer, Rene (2007). The Roger Federer Story: Question for Perfection . New Chapter Press. p. 226. ISBN 0942257391 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Off Court -- Racquets Net $40,000 For Victims of Hurricane'' . Roger Federer Official Website. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 24 October 2006 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Federer visits tsunami victims in India'' . SwissInfo. 23 December 2006 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF's newest Goodwill Ambassador, tennis star Roger Federer, hits an ace for children'' . UNICEF. 3 April 2006 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ David Koch (26 November 2007). `` Roger Federer to speak out on World AIDS Day'' . UNICEF. Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer leads Haiti earthquake fundraiser in Melbourne'' . The Guardian . London. 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Gecker (18 January 2010). `` Tennis stars revel in ' Hit for Haiti' fundraiser'' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hit for Haiti Raises $1 Million on a Night to Remember'' . www.atpworldtour.com . ATP World Tour. 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis stars rally for relief'' . Tennis Australia. 13 January 2011. Jump up ^ Emma Quayle (17 January 2011). `` Tennis aces serve it up for the flood victims'' . 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Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Federer also became the first man in the Open Era to win his first four Grand Slam finals. Jump up ^ Hinds, Richard (30 January 2006). `` Federer takes new leap towards history'' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Federer's perfect record in seven grand slam finals. Jump up ^ Beasley, Bryan (29 January 2017). `` The numbers behind Federer's 5th Australian Open title'' . ESPN. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tandon, Kamakshi (24 December 2009). `` What's your tennis IQ? -- 2009 tennis holiday quiz'' . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . (Nadal's ) Australian Open title made him the first man to simultaneously hold majors on clay, grass and hard courts. Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Bio'' . Tennis Magazine . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . In 2006, Federer became the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to make all four Grand Slam finals in a calendar year, winning three of them; he repeated that feat in 2007. He also made all four finals in 2009, winning two. Jump up ^ `` Federer Records 60th Win at Roland Garros; Raonic Powers Through'' . ATP World Tour. 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Garber, Greg (29 January 2017). `` Roger Federer beats longtime rival Rafael Nadal, wins 18th Grand Slam'' . ESPN. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Petkovski, Suzi (26 January 2012). `` Top 10: Fed's feats and streaks'' . Australian Open. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Walsh, Courtney (24 January 2013). `` Roger Federer forced to dig deep over five sets by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in Australian Open'' . The Australian . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . (H)e threatened to end another of Federer's streaks...a tenth straight semi-final in Melbourne. Jump up ^ Cambers, Simon (19 January 2008). `` Federer survives massive scare in Melbourne'' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . It was the first set he had dropped at the Australian Open since 2006. Jump up ^ Tandon, Kamakshi (17 June 2011). `` Nadal eyes another Channel Slam'' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Federer Claims Historic Eighth Wimbledon Title'' . ATP World Tour. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Bhagavatula, Manoj (16 July 2017). `` The numbers behind Roger Federer's Wimbledon win'' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon -- Championships History'' . Wimbledon.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery, Piers (4 July 2017). `` Wimbledon 2017: Roger Federer & Novak Djokovic through after opponents quit'' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis, Aimee (6 July 2012). `` Federer beats Djokovic to reach final'' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Garber, Greg (6 July 2012). `` Just like old times for Roger Federer'' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Elser, Christopher (3 July 2009). `` Roddick Beats Murray for Wimbledon Final With Federer'' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Federer is the first man to reach the Wimbledon final seven years in a row since 1922, when the system of automatically putting the defending champion into the title match was dropped. Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2017: Federer reaches record 12th semi-final at SW19'' . Jump up ^ `` Federer equals Wimbledon quarter-final record after beating Johnson'' . Jump up ^ 2005 Wimbledon Championships on ATPWorldTour.com `` 2006 Wimbledon draws and results'' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` US Open Most Championship Titles Record Book'' (PDF) . US Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US Open Singles Record Book'' (PDF) . US Open. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Barcays ATP World Tour Finals -- Historical Stats'' . ATP Tour . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nishikori wins, Federer advances'' . ESPN. Associated Press. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federer To Return To Barclays ATP World Tour Finals For Record 13th Straight Year'' . ATP World Tour. 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 ATP World Tour Media Guide'' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Wins Fifth Indian Wells Title'' . ATP World Tour. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Federer Wins Record Fifth Cincinnati Crown; Ties Nadal's Masters 1000 Mark'' . ATP World Tour. 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Holds Off Ferrer for 80th Title, Sixth in Cincinnati'' . ATP World Tour. 17 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buddell, James (16 July 2012). `` Federer Rises Above'' . London: ATP World Tour . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rossingh, Danielle (7 November 2012). `` Federer Breaks Tour Finals Record to Open Bid for Seventh Title'' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . (Federer)...completed a record 302nd week at # 1 before being usurped by Djokovic this week. Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer da 17 anni in top 50. Superato il record di Jimmy Connors'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Roger Federer: By The Numbers'' . Sports Illustrated. 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index -- Winning percentage on Grass'' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index -- Winning percentage on Hard'' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer in 1,000th career win with Brisbane International title'' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index -- Tie-breakers'' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Imhoff, Dan (6 July 2016). `` Federer delivers one of his greatest comebacks'' . Wimbledon.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team -- Switzerland (SUI)'' . Davis Cup. 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowers, Chris (2007). Fantastic Federer: The Biography of the World's Greatest Tennis Player . John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-407-9 . Stauffer, René (2007). The Roger Federer Story: Quest for Perfection . New York: New Chapter Press. ISBN 0-942257-39-1 . Publications by and about Roger Federer in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library Video ( edit ) Wimbledon Classic Match: Federer vs Sampras . Standing Room Only, DVD release date: 31 October 2006, run time: 233 minutes, ASIN B000ICLR98 . Wimbledon 2007 Final: Federer vs. Nadal (2007) . Kultur White Star, DVD release date: 30 October 2007, run time: 180 minutes, ASIN B000V02CU0 . Wimbledon-- The 2008 Finals: Nadal vs. Federer . Standing Room Only, DVD release date: 19 August 2008, run time: 300 minutes, ASIN B001CWYUBU . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Roger Federer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roger Federer . Official website Roger Federer Foundation Profiles ( edit ) Roger Federer at the Association of Tennis Professionals Roger Federer at the International Tennis Federation Roger Federer at the Davis Cup Roger Federer on IMDb Roger Federer (achievement predecessor and successor) Sporting positions Preceded by Andy Roddick Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic World No. 1 February 2, 2004 -- August 18, 2008 July 6, 2009 -- June 7, 2010 July 9, 2012 -- November 5, 2012 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Preceded by Andy Roddick US Open Series Champion 2007 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Awards and achievements Preceded by Andy Roddick Rafael Nadal ITF World Champion -- Men's singles 2004-- 07 2009 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal ATP Player of the Year 2004 -- 07 2009 Preceded by Marat Safin ATP Fans' Favorite Player 2003 -- 16 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Paradorn Srichaphan Rafael Nadal ATP Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award 2004-- 09 2011-- 16 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Incumbent Preceded by Simon Ammann Thomas Lüthi Didier Cuche Dario Cologna Swiss Sportsman of the Year 2003-- 04 2006-- 07 2012 2014 Succeeded by Thomas Lüthi Fabian Cancellara Dario Cologna Stan Wawrinka Preceded by Lance Armstrong Shane Warne BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2006-- 07 Succeeded by Shane Warne Usain Bolt Preceded by None Rafael Nadal Golden Bagel Award 2006-- 07 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal David Ferrer Preceded by Andy Roddick Best Male Tennis Player ESPY Award 2005-- 10 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Preceded by Michael Schumacher Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2005-- 08 Succeeded by Usain Bolt Preceded by Hicham El Guerrouj L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2005-- 07 Preceded by Michael Phelps Gazzetta dello Sport Sportsman of the Year 2005-- 07 Preceded by Carlos Moyá Novak Djokovic Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year 2006 2013 Succeeded by Ivan Ljubičić Andy Murray Records Preceded by Pete Sampras ATP Prize money leader 2007 -- 2016 Succeeded by Novak Djokovic Preceded by Pete Sampras Most career Grand Slam singles titles July 5, 2009 -- Incumbent Preceded by Pete Sampras Most weeks at World No. 1 July 16, 2012 -- Incumbent Olympic Games Preceded by Thomas Frischknecht Flagbearer for Switzerland Athens 2004 Beijing 2008 Succeeded by Stanislas Wawrinka Roger Federer Team Mirka Federer (wife) Severin Lüthi (coach, 2007-- current) Ivan Ljubičić (coach, 2015-- current) Stefan Edberg (coach, 2014-- 2015) Paul Annacone (coach, 2010-- 2013) José Higueras (coach, 2008) Tony Roche (coach, 2005-- 2007) Peter Lundgren (coach, 2000-- 2003) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Rivalry with Andy Roddick Rivalry with Andy Murray Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2009 French Open final 2009 Wimbledon final 2012 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Seasons Juniors Early career 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Open 2006 2007 2017 French Open 2009 Wimbledon Juniors: 1998 ( Singles & Doubles ) Seniors: 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 World Tour Final 2003 2006 2007 2011 Indian Wells 2005 2006 2012 2017 Miami 2005 2006 2017 Monte Carlo Finals: 2006 2007 2008 2014 Roma Finals: 2003 2006 2013 2015 Hamburg/Madrid 2002 2005 2007 2009 2012 Canada 2006 Cincinnati 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015 Madrid/Shanghai 2006 2014 Paris 2011 Olympics 2012 (Singles) 2008 (Doubles) Davis Cup titles 2014 Official website Big Four Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray Rivalries Federer-- Nadal Djokovic-- Federer Djokovic-- Nadal Federer-- Murray Djokovic-- Murray Seasons Roger Federer 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rafael Nadal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Novak Djokovic 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Andy Murray 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2006 2007 2009 2017 French Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 Tour Finals 2003 2005 2006 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 Masters titles Indian Wells (5) Miami (3) Madrid / Hamburg (6) Canada (2) Cincinnati (7) Shanghai / Madrid (2) Paris (1) Rafael Nadal ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2009 2012 2014 2017 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2006 2007 2008 2011 US Open 2011 2013 2017 Tour Finals 2013 Masters titles Indian Wells (3) Monte Carlo (10) Madrid / Hamburg (5) Rome (7) Canada (3) Cincinnati (1) Shanghai / Madrid (1) Novak Djokovic ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2012 2014 2015 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2007 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Masters titles Indian Wells (5) Miami (6) Monte Carlo (2) Madrid (2) Rome (4) Canada (4) Shanghai (3) Paris (4) Andy Murray ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2012 2013 2016 US Open 2008 2012 Tour Finals 2016 Masters titles Miami (2) Madrid (1) Rome (1) Canada (3) Cincinnati (2) Shanghai / Madrid (4) Paris (1) Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Roger Federer in Grand Slam tournaments Wimbledon (Open Era) boys' singles champions 1968 John Alexander 1969 Byron Bertram 1970 Byron Bertram 1971 Robert Kreiss 1972 Björn Borg 1973 Billy Martin 1974 Billy Martin 1975 Chris Lewis 1976 Heinz Günthardt 1977 Van Winitsky 1978 Ivan Lendl 1979 Ramesh Krishnan 1980 Thierry Tulasne 1981 Matt Anger 1982 Pat Cash 1983 Stefan Edberg 1984 Mark Kratzmann 1985 Leonardo Lavalle 1986 Eduardo Vélez 1987 Diego Nargiso 1988 Nicolás Pereira 1989 Nicklas Kulti 1990 Leander Paes 1991 Thomas Enqvist 1992 David Škoch 1993 Răzvan Sabău 1994 Scott Humphries 1995 Olivier Mutis 1996 Vladimir Voltchkov 1997 Wesley Whitehouse 1998 Roger Federer 1999 Jürgen Melzer 2000 Nicolas Mahut 2001 Roman Valent 2002 Todd Reid 2003 Florin Mergea 2004 Gaël Monfils 2005 Jérémy Chardy 2006 Thiemo de Bakker 2007 Donald Young 2008 Grigor Dimitrov 2009 Andrey Kuznetsov 2010 Márton Fucsovics 2011 Luke Saville 2012 Filip Peliwo 2013 Gianluigi Quinzi 2014 Noah Rubin 2015 Reilly Opelka 2016 Denis Shapovalov 2017 Alejandro Davidovich Fokina Wimbledon (Open Era) boys' doubles champions 1982 Pat Cash / John Frawley 1983 Mark Kratzmann / Simon Youl 1984 Ricky Brown / Robbie Weiss 1985 Agustín Moreno / Jaime Yzaga 1986 Tomas Carbonell / Petr Korda 1987 Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge 1988 Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge 1989 Jared Palmer / Jonathan Stark 1990 Sébastien Lareau / Sébastien Leblanc 1991 Karim Alami / Greg Rusedski 1992 Steven Baldas / Scott Draper 1993 Steven Downs / James Greenhalgh 1994 Ben Ellwood / Mark Philippoussis 1995 Martin Lee / James Trotman 1996 Daniele Bracciali / Jocelyn Robichaud 1997 Luis Horna / Nicolás Massú 1998 Roger Federer / Olivier Rochus 1999 Guillermo Coria / David Nalbandian 2000 Dominique Coene / Kristof Vliegen 2001 Frank Dancevic / Giovanni Lapentti 2002 Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău 2003 Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău 2004 Brendan Evans / Scott Oudsema 2005 Jesse Levine / Michael Shabaz 2006 Kellen Damico / Nathaniel Schnugg 2007 Daniel Alejandro López / Matteo Trevisan 2008 Yang Tsung-hua / Hsieh Cheng-peng 2009 Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Kevin Krawietz 2010 Liam Broady / Tom Farquharson 2011 George Morgan / Mate Pavić 2012 Andrew Harris / Nick Kyrgios 2013 Thanasi Kokkinakis / Nick Kyrgios 2014 Orlando Luz / Marcelo Zormann 2015 Lý Hoàng Nam / Sumit Nagal 2016 Kenneth Raisma / Stefanos Tsitsipas 2017 Axel Geller / Hsu Yu-hsiou Australian Open men's singles champions ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) John Newcombe ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson ( 1977 (Jan)) Roscoe Tanner ( 1977 (Dec)) Vitas Gerulaitis ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg (1986) Not Held ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1991 ) Boris Becker ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Jim Courier ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi ( 1996 ) Boris Becker ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Petr Korda ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Marat Safin ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Roger Federer French Open men's singles champions ( 1968 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1971 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1972 ) Andrés Gimeno ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Björn Borg ( 1975 ) Björn Borg ( 1976 ) Adriano Panatta ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Björn Borg ( 1982 ) Mats Wilander ( 1983 ) Yannick Noah ( 1984 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1985 ) Mats Wilander ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Michael Chang ( 1990 ) Andrés Gómez ( 1991 ) Jim Courier ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1994 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1995 ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1997 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 1998 ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2002 ) Albert Costa ( 2003 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2004 ) Gastón Gaudio ( 2005 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2006 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2007 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2012 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2015 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Wimbledon (Open Era) gentlemen's singles champions ( 1968 ) Rod Laver ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) John Newcombe ( 1971 ) John Newcombe ( 1972 ) Stan Smith ( 1973 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1976 ) Björn Borg ( 1977 ) Björn Borg ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Boris Becker ( 1986 ) Boris Becker ( 1987 ) Pat Cash ( 1988 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1991 ) Michael Stich ( 1992 ) Andre Agassi ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Richard Krajicek ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Pete Sampras ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Pete Sampras ( 2001 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Roger Federer ( 2013 ) Andy Murray ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ( 2017 ) Roger Federer US Open men's singles champions ( 1968 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1971 ) Stan Smith ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1976 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1979 ) John McEnroe ( 1980 ) John McEnroe ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Pete Sampras ( 1991 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1992 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1998 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Marat Safin ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Pete Sampras ( 2003 ) Andy Roddick ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Roger Federer ( 2009 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Andy Murray ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Marin Čilić ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam-winning singles/doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men's singles 1938: Don Budge 1962: Rod Laver 1969: Rod Laver Women's singles 1953: Maureen Connolly 1970: Margaret Court 1988: Steffi Graf Men's doubles 1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women's doubles 1960: Maria Bueno 1984: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998: Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963: Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965: Margaret Court 1967: Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men's singles 2015-- 16: Novak Djokovic Women's singles 1983-- 84: Martina Navratilova 1993-- 94: Steffi Graf 2002-- 03: Serena Williams 2014-- 15: Serena Williams Men's doubles 2012-- 13: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women's doubles 1949-- 50: Louise Brough 1986-- 87: Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992-- 93: Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996-- 97: Natasha Zvereva 2009-- 10: Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967-- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men's singles 1933-34-35: Fred Perry 1937-38: Don Budge 1960-61-62: Rod Laver 1961-63-64: Roy Emerson 1992-94-95-99: Andre Agassi 2003-04-09: Roger Federer 2005-08-09-10: Rafael Nadal 2008-11-16: Novak Djokovic Women's singles 1951-52-53: Maureen Connolly 1949-50-51-54: Doris Hart 1951-56-57: Shirley Fry Irvin 1960-62-63: Margaret Court 1966-67-68-72: Billie Jean King 1974-75-82: Chris Evert 1978-81-82-83: Martina Navratilova 1987-88: Steffi Graf 1999-2002-03: Serena Williams 2004-06-08-12: Maria Sharapova Men's doubles 1935-36-39: Adrian Quist 1948-50-51 Frank Sedgman 1951: Ken McGregor 1953-- 56: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957-58-59: Neale Fraser 1959-60-62: Roy Emerson 1965-- 67: John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962-64-67-77: Bob Hewitt 1982-84-86-89: John Fitzgerald 1983-87-89: Anders Järryd 1994-95-98: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989-92-- 93-2000: Mark Woodforde 1992-- 93-95-2000: Todd Woodbridge 1998-2002-03-05: Jonas Björkman 2003-05-06: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002-04-07-08: Daniel Nestor 1999-2006-12: Leander Paes Women's doubles 1942-46-50: Louise Brough Clapp 1947-48-50-51: Doris Hart 1950-51-57: Shirley Fry Irvin 1956-- 1957: Althea Gibson 1958-- 60: Maria Bueno 1961-- 64: Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961-63-64: Margaret Court 1964-66-69-70: Judy Tegart Dalton 1980-- 81: Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975-76-77-80: / Martina Navratilova 1981-82-83-84: Pam Shriver 1989-90-93: Helena Suková 1988-- 90-91-92: Gigi Fernández 1989-90-91-93: / Natasha Zvereva 1989-90-94: Jana Novotná 1996-97-98: Martina Hingis 1999-2000-01: Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000-01-06: Lisa Raymond 2012-13-14: Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925-26-27-28 Jean Borotra 1949-- 51: Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961-1963: Margaret Court 1962-1963: Ken Fletcher 1965-66-67: Owen Davidson 1967-- 68: Billie Jean King 1969-- 75: Marty Riessen 1961-70-77-79: Bob Hewitt 1992-- 93-95: Mark Woodforde 1990-93-94-95: Todd Woodbridge 1974-85-2003: Martina Navratilova 2001-02-05: Daniela Hantuchová 1997-99-2005-06: Mahesh Bhupathi 2002-04-08-10: Cara Black 1999-2003-08-16: Leander Paes 2006-15-16: Martina Hingis Male tennis players who have won 3 or more Grand Slam singles titles in one season (1933) Jack Crawford (3) (1934) Fred Perry (3) (1938) Don Budge (4) (1955) Tony Trabert (3) (1956) Lew Hoad (3) (1958) Ashley Cooper (3) (1962) Rod Laver (4) (1964) Roy Emerson (3) (1969) Rod Laver (4) (1974) Jimmy Connors (3) (1988) Mats Wilander (3) (2004) Roger Federer (3) (2006) Roger Federer (3) (2007) Roger Federer (3) (2010) Rafael Nadal (3) (2011) Novak Djokovic (3) (2015) Novak Djokovic (3) Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year Four wins 1938: Don Budge 1962: Rod Laver 1969: Rod Laver Three wins 1933: Jack Crawford (AC&FC&WI ) 1934: Fred Perry (AC&WI&US ) 1955: Tony Trabert (FO&WI&US ) 1956: Lew Hoad (AO&FO&WI ) 1958: Ashley Cooper (AC&WI&US ) 1964: Roy Emerson (AC&WI&US ) 1974: Jimmy Connors (AO&WI&US ) 1988: Mats Wilander (AO&FO&US ) 2004: Roger Federer (AO&WI&US ) 2006: Roger Federer (AO&WI&US ) 2007: Roger Federer (AO&WI&US ) 2010: Rafael Nadal (FO&WI&US ) 2011: Novak Djokovic (AO&WI&US ) 2015: Novak Djokovic (AO&WI&US ) Two wins 1903: Laurence Doherty (WI&US ) 1920: Bill Tilden (WI&US ) 1921: Bill Tilden (WI&US ) 1925: René Lacoste (FC&WI ) 1927: René Lacoste (FC&US ) 1928: Henri Cochet (FC&US ) 1932: Ellsworth Vines (WI&US ) 1935: Fred Perry (FC&WI ) 1936: Fred Perry (WI&US ) 1937: Don Budge (WI&US ) 1939: Bobby Riggs (WI&US ) 1947: Jack Kramer (WI&US ) 1950: Budge Patty (FC&WI ) 1951: Dick Savitt (AC&WI )) 1952: Frank Sedgman (WI&US ) 1953: Ken Rosewall (AC&FO ) 1959: Alex Olmedo (AC&WI ) 1960: Neale Fraser (WI&US ) 1961: Roy Emerson (AC&US ) 1963: Roy Emerson (AC&FC ) 1965: Roy Emerson (AC&WI ) 1967: Roy Emerson (AC&FC ) 1967: John Newcombe (WI&US ) 1973: John Newcombe (AO&US ) 1977: Guillermo Vilas (FO&US ) 1978: Björn Borg (FO&WI ) 1979: Björn Borg (FO&WI ) 1980: Björn Borg (FO&WI ) 1981: John McEnroe (WI&US ) 1982: Jimmy Connors (WI&US ) 1984: John McEnroe (WI&US ) 1986: Ivan Lendl (FO&US ) 1987: Ivan Lendl (FO&US ) 1989: Boris Becker (WI&US ) 1992: Jim Courier (AO&FO ) 1993: Pete Sampras (WI&US ) 1994: Pete Sampras (AO&WI ) 1995: Pete Sampras (WI&US ) 1997: Pete Sampras (AO&WI ) 1999: Andre Agassi (FO&US ) 2005: Roger Federer (WI&US ) 2008: Rafael Nadal (FO&WI ) 2009: Roger Federer (FO&WI ) 2013: Rafael Nadal (FO&US ) 2016: Novak Djokovic (AO&FO ) 2017: Roger Federer (AO&WI ) 2017: Rafael Nadal (FO&US ) AC= Australasian/Australian Championships , AO= Australian Open , FC= French Championships , FO= French Open , WI= Wimbledon , US= U.S. National Championships / US Open Roger Federer's achievements Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) world No. 1 singles players Ilie Năstase (1973/1974 -- 40 w) John Newcombe (1974 -- 8 w) Jimmy Connors (1974/1983 -- 268 w) Björn Borg (1977/1981 -- 109 w) John McEnroe (1980/1985 -- 170 w) Ivan Lendl (1983/1990 -- 270 w) Mats Wilander (1988/1989 -- 20 w) Stefan Edberg (1990/1992 -- 72 w) Boris Becker (1991 -- 12 w) Jim Courier (1992/1993 -- 58 w) Pete Sampras (1993/2000 -- 286 w) Andre Agassi (1995/2003 -- 101 w) Thomas Muster (1996 -- 6 w) Marcelo Ríos (1998 -- 6 w) Carlos Moyá (1999 -- 2 w) Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1999 -- 6 w) Patrick Rafter (1999 -- 1 w) Marat Safin (2000/2001 -- 9 w) Gustavo Kuerten (2000/2001 -- 43 w) Lleyton Hewitt (2001/2003 -- 80 w) Juan Carlos Ferrero (2003 -- 8 w) Andy Roddick (2003/2004 -- 13 w) Roger Federer (2004/2012 -- 302 w) Rafael Nadal (2008/2017 -- 149 w) Novak Djokovic (2011/2016 -- 223 w) Andy Murray (2016/2017 -- 41 w) ATP singles rankings incepted on August 23, 1973 (year first held/year last held -- number of weeks (w)) current No. 1 in bold, as of week of October 9, 2017 Year-end championships winners singles (1970) Stan Smith (1971) Ilie Năstase (1972) Ilie Năstase (1973) Ilie Năstase (1974) Guillermo Vilas (1975) Ilie Năstase (1976) Manuel Orantes (1977) Jimmy Connors (1978) John McEnroe (1979) Björn Borg (1980) Björn Borg (1981) Ivan Lendl (1982) Ivan Lendl (1983) John McEnroe (1984) John McEnroe (1985) Ivan Lendl (1986) Ivan Lendl (1987) Ivan Lendl (1988) Boris Becker (1989) Stefan Edberg (1990) Andre Agassi (1991) Pete Sampras (1992) Boris Becker (1993) Michael Stich (1994) Pete Sampras (1995) Boris Becker (1996) Pete Sampras (1997) Pete Sampras (1998) Alex Corretja (1999) Pete Sampras (2000) Gustavo Kuerten (2001) Lleyton Hewitt (2002) Lleyton Hewitt (2003) Roger Federer (2004) Roger Federer (2005) David Nalbandian (2006) Roger Federer (2007) Roger Federer (2008) Novak Djokovic (2009) Nikolay Davydenko (2010) Roger Federer (2011) Roger Federer (2012) Novak Djokovic (2013) Novak Djokovic (2014) Novak Djokovic (2015) Novak Djokovic (2016) Andy Murray ATP Masters Series : Singles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990: Stefan Edberg 1991: Jim Courier 1992: Michael Chang 1993: Jim Courier 1994: Pete Sampras 1995: Pete Sampras 1996: Michael Chang 1997: Michael Chang 1998: Marcelo Ríos 1999: Mark Philippoussis 2000: Àlex Corretja 2001: Andre Agassi 2002: Lleyton Hewitt 2003: Lleyton Hewitt 2004: Roger Federer 2005: Roger Federer 2006: Roger Federer 2007: Rafael Nadal 2008: Novak Djokovic 2009: Rafael Nadal 2010: Ivan Ljubičić 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Roger Federer 2013: Rafael Nadal 2014: Novak Djokovic 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Novak Djokovic 2017: Roger Federer Miami Masters 1990: Andre Agassi 1991: Jim Courier 1992: Michael Chang 1993: Pete Sampras 1994: Pete Sampras 1995: Andre Agassi 1996: Andre Agassi 1997: Thomas Muster 1998: Marcelo Ríos 1999: Richard Krajicek 2000: Pete Sampras 2001: Andre Agassi 2002: Andre Agassi 2003: Andre Agassi 2004: Andy Roddick 2005: Roger Federer 2006: Roger Federer 2007: Novak Djokovic 2008: Nikolay Davydenko 2009: Andy Murray 2010: Andy Roddick 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Novak Djokovic 2013: Andy Murray 2014: Novak Djokovic 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Novak Djokovic 2017: Roger Federer Monte-Carlo Masters 1990: Andrei Chesnokov 1991: Sergi Bruguera 1992: Thomas Muster 1993: Sergi Bruguera 1994: Andriy Medvedev 1995: Thomas Muster 1996: Thomas Muster 1997: Marcelo Ríos 1998: Carlos Moyá 1999: Gustavo Kuerten 2000: Cédric Pioline 2001: Gustavo Kuerten 2002: Juan Carlos Ferrero 2003: Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004: Guillermo Coria 2005: Rafael Nadal 2006: Rafael Nadal 2007: Rafael Nadal 2008: Rafael Nadal 2009: Rafael Nadal 2010: Rafael Nadal 2011: Rafael Nadal 2012: Rafael Nadal 2013: Novak Djokovic 2014: Stan Wawrinka 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Rafael Nadal 2017: Rafael Nadal Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990: Juan Aguilera 1991: Karel Nováček 1992: Stefan Edberg 1993: Michael Stich 1994: Andriy Medvedev 1995: Andriy Medvedev 1996: Roberto Carretero 1997: Andriy Medvedev 1998: Albert Costa 1999: Marcelo Ríos 2000: Gustavo Kuerten 2001: Albert Portas 2002: Roger Federer 2003: Guillermo Coria 2004: Roger Federer 2005: Roger Federer 2006: Tommy Robredo 2007: Roger Federer 2008: Rafael Nadal 2009: Roger Federer 2010: Rafael Nadal 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Roger Federer 2013: Rafael Nadal 2014: Rafael Nadal 2015: Andy Murray 2016: Novak Djokovic 2017: Rafael Nadal Rome Masters 1990: Thomas Muster 1991: Emilio Sánchez 1992: Jim Courier 1993: Jim Courier 1994: Pete Sampras 1995: Thomas Muster 1996: Thomas Muster 1997: Àlex Corretja 1998: Marcelo Ríos 1999: Gustavo Kuerten 2000: Magnus Norman 2001: Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002: Andre Agassi 2003: Félix Mantilla 2004: Carlos Moyá 2005: Rafael Nadal 2006: Rafael Nadal 2007: Rafael Nadal 2008: Novak Djokovic 2009: Rafael Nadal 2010: Rafael Nadal 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Rafael Nadal 2013: Rafael Nadal 2014: Novak Djokovic 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Andy Murray 2017: Alexander Zverev Jr. Canada Masters 1990: Michael Chang 1991: Andrei Chesnokov 1992: Andre Agassi 1993: Mikael Pernfors 1994: Andre Agassi 1995: Andre Agassi 1996: Wayne Ferreira 1997: Chris Woodruff 1998: Patrick Rafter 1999: Thomas Johansson 2000: Marat Safin 2001: Andrei Pavel 2002: Guillermo Cañas 2003: Andy Roddick 2004: Roger Federer 2005: Rafael Nadal 2006: Roger Federer 2007: Novak Djokovic 2008: Rafael Nadal 2009: Andy Murray 2010: Andy Murray 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Novak Djokovic 2013: Rafael Nadal 2014: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 2015: Andy Murray 2016: Novak Djokovic 2017: Alexander Zverev Jr. Cincinnati Masters 1990: Stefan Edberg 1991: Guy Forget 1992: Pete Sampras 1993: Michael Chang 1994: Michael Chang 1995: Andre Agassi 1996: Andre Agassi 1997: Pete Sampras 1998: Patrick Rafter 1999: Pete Sampras 2000: Thomas Enqvist 2001: Gustavo Kuerten 2002: Carlos Moyá 2003: Andy Roddick 2004: Andre Agassi 2005: Roger Federer 2006: Andy Roddick 2007: Roger Federer 2008: Andy Murray 2009: Roger Federer 2010: Roger Federer 2011: Andy Murray 2012: Roger Federer 2013: Rafael Nadal 2014: Roger Federer 2015: Roger Federer 2016: Marin Čilić 2017: Grigor Dimitrov Stockholm / Essen/Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990: Boris Becker 1991: Boris Becker 1992: Goran Ivanišević 1993: Michael Stich 1994: Boris Becker 1995: Thomas Muster 1996: Boris Becker 1997: Petr Korda 1998: Richard Krajicek 1999: Thomas Enqvist 2000: Wayne Ferreira 2001: Tommy Haas 2002: Andre Agassi 2003: Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004: Marat Safin 2005: Rafael Nadal 2006: Roger Federer 2007: David Nalbandian 2008: Andy Murray 2009: Nikolay Davydenko 2010: Andy Murray 2011: Andy Murray 2012: Novak Djokovic 2013: Novak Djokovic 2014: Roger Federer 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Andy Murray Paris Masters 1990: Stefan Edberg 1991: Guy Forget 1992: Boris Becker 1993: Goran Ivanišević 1994: Andre Agassi 1995: Pete Sampras 1996: Thomas Enqvist 1997: Pete Sampras 1998: Greg Rusedski 1999: Andre Agassi 2000: Marat Safin 2001: Sébastien Grosjean 2002: Marat Safin 2003: Tim Henman 2004: Marat Safin 2005: Tomáš Berdych 2006: Nikolay Davydenko 2007: David Nalbandian 2008: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 2009: Novak Djokovic 2010: Robin Söderling 2011: Roger Federer 2012: David Ferrer 2013: Novak Djokovic 2014: Novak Djokovic 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Andy Murray ATP Masters Series : Doubles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990: Boris Becker / Guy Forget 1991: Jim Courier / Javier Sánchez 1992: Steve DeVries / David Macpherson 1993: Guy Forget / Henri Leconte 1994: Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith 1995: Tommy Ho / Brett Steven 1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1997: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1998: Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter 1999: Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle 2000: Alex O'Brien / Jared Palmer 2001: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2004: Arnaud Clément / Sébastien Grosjean 2005: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2006: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2007: Martin Damm / Leander Paes 2008: Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram 2009: Mardy Fish / Andy Roddick 2010: Marc López / Rafael Nadal 2011: Alexandr Dolgopolov / Xavier Malisse 2012: Marc López / Rafael Nadal 2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015: Vasek Pospisil / Jack Sock 2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017: Raven Klaasen / Rajeev Ram Miami Masters 1990: Rick Leach / Jim Pugh 1991: Wayne Ferreira / Piet Norval 1992: Ken Flach / Todd Witsken 1993: Richard Krajicek / Jan Siemerink 1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 1999: Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle 2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001: Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003: Roger Federer / Max Mirnyi 2004: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009: Max Mirnyi / Andy Ram 2010: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes 2011: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2012: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek 2013: Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi / Jean-Julien Rojer 2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Monte-Carlo Masters 1990: Petr Korda / Tomáš Šmíd 1991: Luke Jensen / Laurie Warder 1992: Boris Becker / Michael Stich 1993: Stefan Edberg / Petr Korda 1994: Nicklas Kulti / Magnus Larsson 1995: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1996: Ellis Ferreira / Jan Siemerink 1997: Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana 1998: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1999: Olivier Delaître / Tim Henman 2000: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2001: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2002: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2003: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004: Tim Henman / Nenad Zimonjić 2005: Leander Paes / Nenad Zimonjić 2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008: Rafael Nadal / Tommy Robredo 2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2011: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2012: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2013: Julien Benneteau / Nenad Zimonjić 2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017: Rohan Bopanna / Pablo Cuevas Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990: Sergi Bruguera / Jim Courier 1991: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1992: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1993: Paul Haarhuis / Mark Koevermans 1994: Scott Melville / Piet Norval 1995: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 1996: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1997: Luis Lobo / Javier Sánchez 1998: Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana 1999: Wayne Arthurs / Andrew Kratzmann 2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2002: Mahesh Bhupathi / Jan-Michael Gambill 2003: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2004: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006: Paul Hanley / Kevin Ullyett 2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2012: Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski 2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2015: Rohan Bopanna / Florin Mergea 2016: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău 2017: Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Rome Masters 1990: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1991: Omar Camporese / Goran Ivanišević 1992: Jakob Hlasek / Marc Rosset 1993: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1994: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / David Rikl 1995: Cyril Suk / Daniel Vacek 1996: Byron Black / Grant Connell 1997: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1998: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1999: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 2000: Martin Damm / Dominik Hrbatý 2001: Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2002: Martin Damm / Cyril Suk 2003: Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley 2004: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2005: Michaël Llodra / Fabrice Santoro 2006: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2007: Fabrice Santoro / Nenad Zimonjić 2008: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011: John Isner / Sam Querrey 2012: Marcel Granollers / Marc López 2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2015: Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero 2016: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2017: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Canada Masters 1990: Paul Annacone / David Wheaton 1991: Patrick Galbraith / Todd Witsken 1992: Patrick Galbraith / Danie Visser 1993: Jim Courier / Mark Knowles 1994: Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 1995: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Andrei Olhovskiy 1996: Patrick Galbraith / Paul Haarhuis 1997: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1998: Martin Damm / Jim Grabb 1999: Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter 2000: Sébastien Lareau / Daniel Nestor 2001: Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2002: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2003: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2005: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2006: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2007: Mahesh Bhupathi / Pavel Vízner 2008: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2009: Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles 2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011: Michaël Llodra / Nenad Zimonjić 2012: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2013: Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares 2014: Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares 2015: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2017: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Cincinnati Masters 1990: Darren Cahill / Mark Kratzmann 1991: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso 1992: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1993: Andre Agassi / Petr Korda 1994: Alex O'Brien / Sandon Stolle 1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1996: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1999: Byron Black / Jonas Björkman 2000: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2002: James Blake / Todd Martin 2003: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2005: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006: Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007: Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram 2008: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2012: Robert Lindstedt / Horia Tecău 2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015: Daniel Nestor / Édouard Roger-Vasselin 2016: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo Stockholm / Essen/Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990: Guy Forget / Jakob Hlasek 1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd 1992: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1993: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1994: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1995: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1996: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 1997: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 1999: Byron Black / Jonas Björkman 2000: Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2001: Max Mirnyi / Sandon Stolle 2002: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2005: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2006: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008: Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski 2009: Julien Benneteau / Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 2010: Jürgen Melzer / Leander Paes 2011: Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor 2012: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek 2013: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015: Raven Klaasen / Marcelo Melo 2016: John Isner / Jack Sock Paris Masters 1990: Scott Davis / David Pate 1991: Anders Järryd / John Fitzgerald 1992: John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe 1993: Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1995: Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith 1996: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1997: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1998: Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1999: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 2000: Nicklas Kulti / Max Mirnyi 2001: Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 2002: Nicolas Escudé / Fabrice Santoro 2003: Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley 2004: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2005: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2006: Arnaud Clément / Michaël Llodra 2007: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008: Jonas Björkman / Kevin Ullyett 2009: Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2011: Rohan Bopanna / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi 2012: Mahesh Bhupathi / Rohan Bopanna 2013: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014: Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015: Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2016: Henri Kontinen / John Peers Olympic Tennis Champions in men's doubles Demonstration 1968 : Rafael Osuna & Vicente Zarazua ( MEX ) Indoor 1908 : Herbert Barrett & Arthur Gore ( GBR ) 1912 : Maurice Germot & André Gobert ( FRA ) Outdoor 1896 : John Pius Boland ( GBR ) & Friedrich Traun ( GER ) 1900 : Laurence Doherty & Reginald Doherty ( GBR ) 1904 : Edgar Leonard & Beals Wright ( USA ) 1908 : Reginald Doherty & George Hillyard ( GBR ) 1912 : Harold Kitson & Charles Winslow ( RSA ) 1920 : Oswald Turnbull & Max Woosnam ( GBR ) 1924 : Francis Hunter & Vincent Richards ( USA ) 1988 : Ken Flach & Robert Seguso ( USA ) 1992 : Boris Becker & Michael Stich ( GER ) 1996 : Todd Woodbridge & Mark Woodforde ( AUS ) 2000 : Sébastien Lareau & Daniel Nestor ( CAN ) 2004 : Fernando González & Nicolás Massú ( CHI ) 2008 : Roger Federer & Stanislas Wawrinka ( SUI ) 2012 : Bob Bryan & Mike Bryan ( USA ) 2016 : Marc López & Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000-- 01: Tiger Woods 2002: Michael Schumacher 2003: Lance Armstrong 2004: Michael Schumacher 2005-- 08: Roger Federer 2009-- 10: Usain Bolt 2011: Rafael Nadal 2012: Novak Djokovic 2013: Usain Bolt 2014: Sebastian Vettel 2015-- 16: Novak Djokovic 2017: Usain Bolt World rankings -- Top ten tennis players as of week of 9 October 2017 ATP singles ATP doubles WTA singles WTA doubles Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Andy Murray Alexander Zverev Marin Čilić Novak Djokovic Dominic Thiem Stan Wawrinka Grigor Dimitrov David Goffin Henri Kontinen John Peers Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Nicolas Mahut Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Pierre-Hugues Herbert Jamie Murray Bruno Soares Simona Halep Garbiñe Muguruza Karolína Plíšková Elina Svitolina Venus Williams Caroline Wozniacki Jeļena Ostapenko Svetlana Kuznetsova Caroline Garcia Johanna Konta Martina Hingis Chan Yung-jan Elena Vesnina Ekaterina Makarova Lucie Šafářová Bethanie Mattek-Sands Andrea Hlaváčková Peng Shuai Sania Mirza Lucie Hradecká Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten European male singles tennis players as of 9 October 2017 1. Rafael Nadal (1 ) 2. Roger Federer (2 ) 3. Andy Murray (3 ) 4. Alexander Zverev (4 ) 5. Marin Čilić (5 ) 6. Novak Djokovic (6 ) 7. Dominic Thiem (7 ) 8. Stan Wawrinka (8 1) 9. Grigor Dimitrov (9 1) 10. David Goffin (10 1) Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten Swiss male singles tennis players as of 18 September 2017 1. Roger Federer (2 ) 2. Stan Wawrinka (8 ) 3. Henri Laaksonen (113 2) 4. Marco Chiudinelli (309 47) 5. Yann Marti (455 ) 6. Adrian Bodmer (507 2) 7. Adrien Bossel (532 1) 8. Antoine Bellier (727 33) 9. Luca Margaroli (732 6) 10. Marc-Andrea Hüsler (774 8) Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005: Pujols 2006: Pujols 2007: Federer 2008: Ochoa 2009: Bolt 2010-- 2011: Award not given 2012: Messi 2013: Bolt 2014: Ronaldo 2015: Messi 2016: Ronaldo 2017: Bolt VIAF : 78783058 LCCN : n2006023994 ISNI : 0000 0000 7844 9693 GND : 129256560 SUDOC : 085185086 BNF : cb14611813r (data) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Federer&oldid=805006912 '' Categories : Roger Federer 1981 births Australian Open (tennis) champions French Open champions Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles Hopman Cup competitors Laureus World Sports Awards winners Living people Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Münchenstein Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland Olympic medalists in tennis Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland Olympic tennis players of Switzerland People from Basel-Stadt South African people of Swiss descent Sports world record holders Swiss male tennis players Swiss people of Dutch descent Swiss people of French descent Swiss people of South African descent Swiss Roman Catholics Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics UNICEF ambassadors US Open (tennis) champions Wimbledon champions Wimbledon junior champions World No. 1 tennis players Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල SimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்TaqbaylitТатарча/tatarçaతెలుగుไทยTürkçeTürkmençeTwiТывадылУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệtWalonYorùbá粵語中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon12October2017,at13:30.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | -4068448509873399675 |
what is the capital of the country that has a southeastern border with burma | Professional sporting teams in Yunnan include the Yunnan Bulls in the Chinese Basketball Association . Football teams include Yunnan Lijiang Dongba and the defunct Yunnan Hongta . | [
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"Yunnan Province 云南 省 Province Name transcription ( s ) Chinese 云南 省 ( Yúnnán Shěng ) Abbreviation YN / 滇 ( Diān ) or 云 / 雲 ( Yún ) Map showing the location of Yunnan Province Coordinates : 25 ° 03 ′ N 101 ° 52 ′ E / 25.050 ° N 101.867 ° E / 25.050 ; 101.867 Coordinates : 25 ° 03 ′ N 101 ° 52 ′ E / 25.050 ° N 101.867 ° E / 25.050 ; 101.867 Capital Kunming Largest city Kunming Divisions 16 prefectures , 129 counties , 1565 townships Government Secretary Chen Hao Governor Ruan Chengfa Area Total 394,000 km ( 152,000 sq mi ) Area rank 8th Highest elevation 6,740 m ( 22,110 ft ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 45,966,239 Rank 12th Density 120 / km ( 300 / sq mi ) Density rank 24th Demographics Ethnic composition Han : 67 % Yi : 11 % Bai : 3.6 % Hani : 3.4 % Zhuang : 2.7 % Dai : 2.7 % Miao : 2.5 % Hui : 1.5 % Tibetan : 0.3 % De'ang ( Ta'ang ) : 0.19 % Languages and dialects Southwestern Mandarin 25 ethnic minority languages ISO 3166 code CN - YN GDP ( 2013 ) CNY 1.2 trillion US $191 billion ( 24th ) per capita CNY 25,500 US $4,000 ( 30th ) HDI ( 2013 ) 0.609 ( medium ) ( 29th ) Website www.yn.gov.cn",
"Yunnan Province 云南 省",
"Province",
"Name transcription ( s )",
"Chinese 云南 省 ( Yúnnán Shěng )",
"Abbreviation YN / 滇 ( Diān ) or 云 / 雲 ( Yún )",
"Map showing the location of Yunnan Province",
"Coordinates : 25 ° 03 ′ N 101 ° 52 ′ E / 25.050 ° N 101.867 ° E / 25.050 ; 101.867 Coordinates : 25 ° 03 ′ N 101 ° 52 ′ E / 25.050 ° N 101.867 ° E / 25.050 ; 101.867",
"Capital Kunming",
"Largest city Kunming",
"Divisions 16 prefectures , 129 counties , 1565 townships",
"Government",
"Secretary Chen Hao",
"Governor Ruan Chengfa",
"Area",
"Total 394,000 km ( 152,000 sq mi )",
"Area rank 8th",
"Highest elevation 6,740 m ( 22,110 ft )",
"Population ( 2010 )",
"Total 45,966,239",
"Rank 12th",
"Density 120 / km ( 300 / sq mi )",
"Density rank 24th",
"Demographics",
"Ethnic composition Han : 67 % Yi : 11 % Bai : 3.6 % Hani : 3.4 % Zhuang : 2.7 % Dai : 2.7 % Miao : 2.5 % Hui : 1.5 % Tibetan : 0.3 % De'ang ( Ta'ang ) : 0.19 %",
"Han : 67 % Yi : 11 % Bai : 3.6 % Hani : 3.4 % Zhuang : 2.7 % Dai : 2.7 % Miao : 2.5 % Hui : 1.5 % Tibetan : 0.3 % De'ang ( Ta'ang ) : 0.19 %",
"Han : 67 %",
"Yi : 11 %",
"Bai : 3.6 %",
"Hani : 3.4 %",
"Zhuang : 2.7 %",
"Dai : 2.7 %",
"Miao : 2.5 %",
"Hui : 1.5 %",
"Tibetan : 0.3 %",
"De'ang ( Ta'ang ) : 0.19 %",
"Languages and dialects Southwestern Mandarin 25 ethnic minority languages",
"ISO 3166 code CN - YN",
"GDP ( 2013 ) CNY 1.2 trillion US $191 billion ( 24th )",
"per capita CNY 25,500 US $4,000 ( 30th )",
"HDI ( 2013 ) 0.609 ( medium ) ( 29th )",
"Website www.yn.gov.cn",
"Yunnan `` Yunnan '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 云南 Traditional Chinese 雲南 Literal meaning `` South of the Yun ( ling Mountains ) '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yúnnán Bopomofo ㄩ ㄣ ˊ ㄋ ㄢ ˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Yunnan Wade -- Giles Yün - nan IPA ( y̌n. nǎn ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Yiuin - noe Hakka Romanization Yùn - nàm Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Wàhn - nàahm IPA ( wɐ̏n. nȁːm ) Jyutping Wan - naam Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hûn - lâm Yi name Yi ꒊꆈ yyp nuo Dai name Dai ᦑᦱᧃ ᦑᦳᧂ yun nuo",
"Yunnan",
"`` Yunnan '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters",
"Chinese name",
"Simplified Chinese 云南",
"Traditional Chinese 雲南",
"Literal meaning `` South of the Yun ( ling Mountains ) ''",
"( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yúnnán Bopomofo ㄩ ㄣ ˊ ㄋ ㄢ ˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Yunnan Wade -- Giles Yün - nan IPA ( y̌n. nǎn ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Yiuin - noe Hakka Romanization Yùn - nàm Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Wàhn - nàahm IPA ( wɐ̏n. nȁːm ) Jyutping Wan - naam Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hûn - lâm",
"( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yúnnán Bopomofo ㄩ ㄣ ˊ ㄋ ㄢ ˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Yunnan Wade -- Giles Yün - nan IPA ( y̌n. nǎn ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Yiuin - noe Hakka Romanization Yùn - nàm Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Wàhn - nàahm IPA ( wɐ̏n. nȁːm ) Jyutping Wan - naam Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hûn - lâm",
"( show ) Transcriptions",
"Standard Mandarin",
"Hanyu Pinyin Yúnnán",
"Bopomofo ㄩ ㄣ ˊ ㄋ ㄢ ˊ",
"Gwoyeu Romatzyh Yunnan",
"Wade -- Giles Yün - nan",
"IPA ( y̌n. nǎn ) ( listen )",
"Wu",
"Romanization Yiuin - noe",
"Hakka",
"Romanization Yùn - nàm",
"Yue : Cantonese",
"Yale Romanization Wàhn - nàahm",
"IPA ( wɐ̏n. nȁːm )",
"Jyutping Wan - naam",
"Southern Min",
"Hokkien POJ Hûn - lâm",
"Yi name",
"Yi ꒊꆈ yyp nuo",
"Dai name",
"Dai ᦑᦱᧃ ᦑᦳᧂ yun nuo",
"Yunnan is a province of the People 's Republic of China , located in the far southwest of the country . It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres ( 152,000 sq mi ) and has a population of 45.7 million ( as of 2009 ) . The capital of the province is Kunming , formerly also known as Yunnan . The province borders the Chinese provinces Guangxi , Guizhou , Sichuan , and the Tibet Autonomous Region , and the countries Vietnam , Laos , and Myanmar .",
"Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area , with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast . Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province . In the west , the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) . Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China . Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China , Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more . Yunnan 's reserves of aluminium , lead , zinc and tin are the largest in China , and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel .",
"The Han Empire first recorded diplomatic relations with the province at the end of the 2nd century BC . It became the seat of a Sino - Tibetan - speaking kingdom of Nanzhao in the 8th century AD . Nanzhao was multi-ethnic , but the elite most - likely spoke a northern dialect of Yi . The Mongols conquered the region in the 13th century , with local control exercised by warlords until the 1930s . From the Yuan dynasty onward , the area was part of a central - government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier , with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han - majority areas in northern and southeast China . As with other parts of China 's southwest , Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of majority Han people into the region . These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China , with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population . Major ethnic groups include Yi , Bai , Hani , Zhuang , Dai and Miao .",
"The Yuanmou Man , a Homo erectus fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s , has been determined to be the oldest - known hominid fossil in China . By the Neolithic period , there were human settlements in the area of Lake Dian . These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures .",
"Around the 3rd century BC , the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian . The Chu general Zhuang Qiao ( 庄 蹻 ) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River and set himself up as `` King of Dian '' . He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence , the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion .",
"In 221 BC , Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south . Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan . An existing road in Sichuan -- the `` Five Foot Way '' -- was extended south to around present day Qujing , in eastern Yunnan . The Han -- Dian wars began under Emperor Wu . He dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Dian during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty . In 109 BC , Emperor Wu sent General Guo Chang ( 郭 昌 ) south to Yunnan , establishing Yizhou commandery and 24 subordinate counties . The commandery seat was at Dianchi county in present - day Jinning . Another county was called `` Yunnan '' , probably the first use of the name . To expand the burgeoning trade with Burma and India , Emperor Wu also sent Tang Meng ( zh ) to maintain and expand the Five Foot Way , renaming it `` Southwest Barbarian Way '' ( 西南 夷 道 ) . By this time , agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly . The local people used bronze tools , plows and kept a variety of livestock , including cattle , horses , sheep , goats , pigs and dogs . Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai . They lived in tribal congregations , sometimes led by exiled Chinese .",
"During the Three Kingdoms , the territory of present - day Yunnan , western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong . The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures . In AD 225 , the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes . His seven captures of Meng Huo , a local magnate , is much celebrated in Chinese folklore .",
"International trade flowed by din of Yunnan .",
"In the 4th century , northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north . In the 320s , the Cuan ( 爨 ) clan migrated into Yunnan . Cuan Chen ( 爨 琛 ) named himself king and held authority from Lake Dian , then known as Kunchuan . Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled eastern Yunnan for over four hundred years .",
"Before the rise and dominance of the Nanzhao Kingdom around Yunnan in the eighth century , many local tribes , clans , and other groups sprang up . Around Lake Erhai , namely , the Dali area , there emerged six zhao : Mengzi ( 蒙 巂 ) , Yuexi ( 越 析 ) , Langqiong ( 浪 穹 ) , Dengdan ( 邆 赕 ) , Shilling ( 施 浪 ) , and Mengshe ( 蒙 舍 ) . Zhao ( 诏 ) was an indigenous non-Chinese language term meaning `` king '' or `` kingdom . '' Among the six regimes Mengshe was located south of the other five ; therefore given the new , larger context , it was called Nanzhao ( Southern Kingdom ) .",
"By the 730s Nanzhao had succeeded in bringing the Erhai Lake -- area under its authority . In 738 , the western Yunnan was united by Piluoge , the fourth king of Nanzhao , who was confirmed by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty as king of Yunnan . Ruling from Dali , the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a part in the dynamic relationship between China and Tibet .",
"By the 750s , Nanzhao had taken eastern Yunnan into its empire and had become a potential rival to Tang China . The following period inevitably saw conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao . In 750 , Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou , the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan.In 751 , Xianyu Zhongtong ( 鮮于 仲通 ) , the regional commander of Jiannan ( Sichuan ) , led a Tang campaign against Nanzhao . Geluofeng regarded the previous incident as personal and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace . Howerver , Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal . Confronted with Tang armies , Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to Tubo . The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be `` fraternal states '' ; Geluofeng was given the titles zanpuzhong ( `` younger brother '' ). The Nanzhao - Tubo alliance finally made Xianyu 's expedition became a disaster .",
"Tang China did not give up after one failure . In 753 , another expedition was prepared , but thiswas also defeated by Nanzhao . In 754 , the Tang organized an army of more than 100,000 troops that advanced to the Dali plain , resulting in only another slaughter . By the end of the eighth century , Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao .",
"Nanzhao 's expansion lasted for several decades . In 829 , Nanzhao suddenly plundered Sichuan and entered Chengdu . When it retreated , hundreds of Sichuan people , including skilled artisans , were taken to Yunnan . In 832 , the Nanzhao army captured the capital of the Pyu kingdom in modern upper Burma . Nanzhao also attacked the Khmer peoples of Zhenla . Generally speaking , Nanzhao was then the most powerful kingdom in mainland Southeast Asia , and played an extremely active role in multistate interactions .",
"In 859 , Nanzhao captured Bozhou , and this event exacerbated the Nanzhao - Tang clashes . When the Tang governor of Annam took Bozhou back in the following year , Nanzhao , with the help of native peoples , occupied Hanoi as the Tang army moved to Bozhou . When the Tang forces returned , Nanzhao troops retreated from Hanoi but attacked and plundered Yongzhou . In the winter of 862 , Nanzhao , allying with local groups , led an army of over 50,000 men to invade Annam again . It is reported that the Tang forces lost over 150,000 soldiers ( either killed or captured by Nanzhao ) in the two Annam battles. The autumn of 866 saw Tang victory in Hanoi and soon all of the Nanzhao forces were driven away . But Tang China had lost its ability to attack Nanzhao .",
"While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam , it still occasionally attacked Sichuan . In 869 , Shilong ( 世 隆 ) , the eighth king and the first empire of Nanzhao , invaded Sichuan . In 874 , Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again .",
"In 902 , Zheng Maisi , the qingpingguan ( 清平 官 , `` Primier Minister '' ) of Nanzhao , murdered the infant king of Nanzhao , and established a short - lived regime , namely , Da Chang He . Nanzhao , a once - powerful empire , disappeared .",
"In 937 , Duan Siping overthrew the Nanzhao and established the Kingdom of Dali . The kingdom was conquered by the Mongol Empire in 1253 after Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols . The Duans incorporated into the Mongol dominion as Maharajahs of the new province . The Mongolian prince sent to administer the region with them was killed . In 1273 , Kublai Khan reformed the province and appointed the Semuren Sayid Ajall as its governor . The Yunnan Province during the Yuan dynasty included significant portions of Upper Burma after the Burmese campaigns in the 1270s and 1280s . But with the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 , the Ming dynasty destroyed the Yuan loyalists led by Basalawarmi in the Ming conquest of Yunnan by the early 1380s . The Ming installed Mu Ying and his family as hereditary aristocrats in Yunnan .",
"During the Ming and Qing dynasties , large areas of Yunnan were administered under the native chieftain system . Under the Qing dynasty a war with Burma also occurred in the 1760s due to the attempted consolidation of borderlands under local chiefs by both China and Burma .",
"Yunnan was a destination for Han Chinese during Yuan rule . Colonizers moved into the area during Ming and Qing rule .",
"During the Ming dynasty , 3 million Han Chinese mostly from Nanjing ( before the original Nanjing population was largely replaced by Wu speakers ) and some from Shanxi and Hebei settled in Yunnan .",
"Although largely forgotten , the bloody Panthay Rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other local minorities against the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan . A British officer testified that the Muslims did not rebel for religious reasons and that the Chinese were tolerant of different religions and were unlikely to have caused the revolt by interfering with the practising of Islam . Loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing crush the rebel Muslims . The Qing armies only massacred Muslims who had rebelled or supported the rebels and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising .",
"In 1894 , George Ernest Morrison , an Australian correspondent for The Times , traveled from Beijing to British - occupied Burma via Yunnan . His book , An Australian in China , details his experiences .",
"The 1905 Tibetan Rebellion in which Tibetan Buddhist Lamas attacked and killed French Catholic missionaries spread to Yunnan .",
"Yunnan was transformed by the events of the war against Japan , which caused many east coast refugees and industrial establishments to relocate to the province . It assumed strategic significance , particularly as the Burma Road from Lashio , in Burma to Kunming was a fought over supply line of vital importance to China 's war effort .",
"University faculty and students in the east had originally decamped to Changsha , capital of Hunan . But as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938 . The 800 faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000 mile journey to Kunming , capital of Yunnan in China 's mountainous southwest . It was here that the National Southwest Associated University ( commonly known as ' Lianda University ' ) was established . In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years , staff , professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by the Japanese . There were dire shortages of food , equipment , books , clothing and other essential needs , but they managed to conduct the running of a modern university . Over those eight years of war ( 1937 - 1945 ) , Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many , if not most , of China 's most prominent academics , scholars , scientists and intellectuals . Both of China 's only Nobel laureates in physics studied at Lianda in Kunming .",
"Thousands of plant , insect and mammal species were described in the 19th century by scientists of the French National Museum of Natural History , Paris , in connection with permanent settlements of missionaries of the Missions étrangères de Paris in north - west Yunnan , among them noticeably Jean - André Soulié and Felix Biet . From 1916 to 1917 , Roy Chapman Andrews and Yvette Borup Andrews led the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History through much of western and southern Yunnan , as well as other provinces of China . The book , Camps and Trails in China , records their experiences . Other notable explorers include Heinrich Handel - Mazzetti ; George Forrest ; Joseph Francis Charles Rock , who from 1922 -- 1949 spent most of his time studying the flora , peoples and languages of southwest China , mainly in Yunnan ; and Peter Goullart , a White Russian who studied Naxi culture and lived in Lijiang from 1940 to 1949 .",
"Yunnan is the most southwestern province in China , with the Tropic of Cancer running through its southern part . The province has an area of 394,100 square kilometres ( 152,200 sq mi ) , 4.1 % of the nation 's total . The northern part of the province forms part of the Yunnan -- Guizhou Plateau . The province borders Guangxi and Guizhou in the east , Sichuan in the north , and the Tibet Autonomous Region in the northwest . It shares a border of 4,060 kilometres ( 2,520 mi ) with Burma in the west , Laos in the south and Vietnam in the southeast . For practical purposes , all of Yunnan province falls within the Zomia ( region ) of Asia .",
"Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the Himalayan uplift , and was pushed up in the Pleistocene , primarily in the Middle Pleistocene , although the uplift continues into the present . The eastern part of the province is a limestone plateau with karst topography and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges . The main surface formations of the plateau are the Lower Permian Maokou Formation , characterized by thick limestone deposits , the Lower Permian Qixia Formation , characterised by dolomitic limestones and dolostones , the Upper Permian basalts of the Ermeishan Formation ( formerly Omeishan plateau basalts ) , and the red sandstones , mudstones , siltstones , and conglomerates of the Mesozoic -- Paleogene , including the Lufeng Formation and the Lunan Group ( Lumeiyi , Xiaotun , and Caijiacong formations ) . In this area is the noted Stone Forest or Shilin , eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone ( Maokou Formation ) . In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards . The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south .",
"Yunnanozoon -- Lower Cambrian possible chordate Jingshanosaurus -- Early Jurassic long - neck prosauropod dinosaur",
"Yunnanozoon -- Lower Cambrian possible chordate",
"Jingshanosaurus -- Early Jurassic long - neck prosauropod dinosaur",
"Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province 's location on south - facing mountain slopes , receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans , and although the growing period is long , the rugged terrain provides little arable land . See Agriculture in Yunnan . Under the Köppen climate classification , much of the province lies within the subtropical highland ( Köppen Cwb ) or humid subtropical zone ( Cwa ) , with mild to warm winters , and tempered summers , except in the almost tropical south , where temperatures regularly exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the warmer half of the year . In general , January average temperatures range from 8 to 17 ° C ( 46 to 63 ° F ) ; July averages vary from 21 to 27 ° C ( 70 to 81 ° F ) . Average annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2,300 millimetres ( 24 to 91 in ) , with over half the rain occurring between June and August . The plateau region has moderate temperatures . The western canyon region is hot at the valley bottoms , but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops .",
"The terrain is largely mountainous , especially in the north and west . A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province . There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east . Yunnan 's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains .",
"The average elevation is 1,980 metres ( 6,500 ft ) . The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) ; in the south they rise no higher than 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) . The highest point in the north is the Kawagebo Peak in Deqin County on the Diqing Plateau , which is about 6,740 m ( 22,110 ft ) ; and the lowest is in the Red River Valley in Hekou County , near the Vietnamese border , with an elevation of 76.4 m ( 251 ft ) .",
"The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges ; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south . These include the Nujiang ( Thai : Salween ) and the Lancangjiang ( Thai : Mekong ) . The rugged , vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna , and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden .",
"Bordering Chinese provincial - level divisions are Tibet , Sichuan , Guizhou and Guangxi . Starting from the east and working clockwise , bordering countries are Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Lào Cai , Lai Châu and Điện Biên provinces ) , Laos ( Phongsaly , Oudomxay and Luang Namtha provinces ) , Myanmar ( states of Shan and Kachin ) . The main border crossings are :",
"Hekou -- Lào Cai , by road and rail , is the only Sino - Vietnamese land border crossing open to non-Chinese / non-Vietnamese . Sino - Laotian at Boten Ruili -- Muse is the only Sino - Burmese border crossing open to non-Chinese / non-Burmese .",
"Hekou -- Lào Cai , by road and rail , is the only Sino - Vietnamese land border crossing open to non-Chinese / non-Vietnamese .",
"Sino - Laotian at Boten",
"Ruili -- Muse is the only Sino - Burmese border crossing open to non-Chinese / non-Burmese .",
"There are several major lakes in Yunnan . The province has nine lakes with areas of over 30 square kilometres ( 12 sq mi ) . They include :",
"Dianchi Lake , near Kunming Fuxian Lake , in Yuxi , the second deepest lake in China Xingyun Lake , directly south of Fuxian Lake and connected with it by a short river Qilu Lake , south of Fuxian and Xingyun Lakes , separated from them by mountains , in Tonghai County Erhai Lake , near Dali City Lugu Lake , in Ninglang near the border with Sichuan Yangzong Lake , in Yiliang County Yilong Lake",
"Dianchi Lake , near Kunming",
"Fuxian Lake , in Yuxi , the second deepest lake in China",
"Xingyun Lake , directly south of Fuxian Lake and connected with it by a short river",
"Qilu Lake , south of Fuxian and Xingyun Lakes , separated from them by mountains , in Tonghai County",
"Erhai Lake , near Dali City",
"Lugu Lake , in Ninglang near the border with Sichuan",
"Yangzong Lake , in Yiliang County",
"Yunnan is the source of two rivers , the Xi River ( there known as the Nanpan and Hongshui ) and the Yuan River . The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River . Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province , it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between Guizhou province and Guangxi autonomous region . Flowing for 345 km ( 214 mi ) , it unites with the Yu River at Guiping to form what eventually becomes the Xi River .",
"The province is drained by six major river systems :",
"the Yangtze River , here known as the Jinsha Jiang ( River of Golden Sands ) , drains the province 's north . the Pearl River , with its source near Qujing , collects the waters from the east . the Mekong ( Lancang ) , which flows from Tibet into the South China Sea forming the boundaries between Laos and Burma , between Laos and Thailand and through Laos , Cambodia and Vietnam the Red River ( Yuan or Honghe ) has its source in the mountains south of Dali and enters the South China Sea through Hanoi , Vietnam the Salween ( Nujiang ) , which flows into the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea through Burma the Irrawaddy , which arises from the confluence of two rivers in Kachin State in Burma , has a few small tributaries in Yunnan 's far west , such as the Dulongjiang and Taping River , and rivers in the prefecture of Dehong .",
"the Yangtze River , here known as the Jinsha Jiang ( River of Golden Sands ) , drains the province 's north .",
"the Pearl River , with its source near Qujing , collects the waters from the east .",
"the Mekong ( Lancang ) , which flows from Tibet into the South China Sea forming the boundaries between Laos and Burma , between Laos and Thailand and through Laos , Cambodia and Vietnam",
"the Red River ( Yuan or Honghe ) has its source in the mountains south of Dali and enters the South China Sea through Hanoi , Vietnam",
"the Salween ( Nujiang ) , which flows into the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea through Burma",
"the Irrawaddy , which arises from the confluence of two rivers in Kachin State in Burma , has a few small tributaries in Yunnan 's far west , such as the Dulongjiang and Taping River , and rivers in the prefecture of Dehong .",
"Yunnan is China 's most diverse province , biologically as well as culturally . The province contains snow - capped mountains and true tropical environments , thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types . The Yunnan camellia ( Camellia reticulata ) is the provincial emblem .",
"During summer , the Great Plateau of Tibet acts as a barrier to monsoon winds , trapping moisture in the province . This gives the alpine flora in particular what one source has called a `` lushness found nowhere else '' .",
"This topographic range combined with a tropical moisture sustains extremely high biodiversity and high degrees of endemism , probably the richest botanically in the world 's temperate regions . Perhaps 17,000 species of higher plants , of which an estimated 2,500 are endemic , can be found in the province . The province is said to have `` as much flowering plant diversity as the rest of the Northern Hemisphere put together '' .",
"Yunnan Province has less than 4 % of the land of China , yet contains about half of China 's birds and mammals . Yunnan is home to , most notably , the southeast Asian gaur , a giant forest - dwelling bovine , the Indochinese tiger and the Asian elephant . Other extremely rare species are the Yunnan box turtle and the Yunnan snub - nosed monkey , and it is feared that the Yunnan lar gibbon already is extinct .",
"The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species , including more than 580 natives ( the remaining are introduced ) . This equals almost 40 % of the freshwater fish species in China . Of the Yunnan natives , more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened . Several species that are restricted to single lakes ( notably Dian , Erhai , Fuxian and Yilong ) are likely already are extinct . By far the most diverse order in Yunnan is Cypriniformes ; both in total species number and number of endemics .",
"Yunnan has been designated a :",
"`` Center of Plant Diversity '' ( IUCN / WWF : Davis et al. 1995 ) `` Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion '' for biodiversity conservation ( WWF : Olsen and Dinerstein 1998 ) `` Endemic Bird Area '' ( Birdlife International : Bibby , C. et al. 1992 ) and `` Global Biodiversity Hotspot , '' as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem ( Conservation International : Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997 )",
"`` Center of Plant Diversity '' ( IUCN / WWF : Davis et al. 1995 )",
"`` Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion '' for biodiversity conservation ( WWF : Olsen and Dinerstein 1998 )",
"`` Endemic Bird Area '' ( Birdlife International : Bibby , C. et al. 1992 ) and",
"`` Global Biodiversity Hotspot , '' as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem ( Conservation International : Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997 )",
"A main source of wealth lies in its vast mineral resources ; indeed , mining is the leading industry in Yunnan . Yunnan has proven deposits of 86 kinds of minerals in 2,700 places . Some 13 % of the proved deposits of minerals are the largest of their kind in China , and two - thirds of the deposits are among the largest of their kind in the Yangtze River valley and in south China . Yunnan ranks first in the country in deposits of zinc , lead , tin , cadmium , indium , thallium and crocidolite . Other deposits include iron , coal , copper , gold , mercury , silver , antimony and sulfur . More than 150 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the province . The potential value of the proven deposits in Yunnan is 3 trillion yuan , 40 % of which come from fuel minerals , 7.3 % from metallic minerals and 52.7 % from nonmetallic minerals .",
"Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes . The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres , three times that of the Yellow River . The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres , which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province . This is four times the average in the country . The rich water resources offer abundant hydro - energy . China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power ; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993 .",
"After four years of drought , in the fall of 2012 , winter of 2012 - 13 , and spring of 2013 severe drought was reported which affected flow of springs and the level of spring - fed lakes ; agriculture and urban water supplies were also affected . Water levels in Yilong Lake dropped and grass was reported growing in the middle of the lake bed .",
"Pudacuo National Park , opened in 2007 , in Shangri - La County Laojunshan National Park ( 老 君山 国家 公园 ) , in Lijiang Prefecture , pending approval",
"Pudacuo National Park , opened in 2007 , in Shangri - La County",
"Laojunshan National Park ( 老 君山 国家 公园 ) , in Lijiang Prefecture , pending approval",
"Old Town of Lijiang , accepted in 1997 as a cultural site Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , accepted in 2003 as a natural site South China Karst , accepted in 2007 as a natural site Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces , accepted in 2013 as a cultural site",
"Old Town of Lijiang , accepted in 1997 as a cultural site",
"Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , accepted in 2003 as a natural site",
"South China Karst , accepted in 2007 as a natural site",
"Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces , accepted in 2013 as a cultural site",
"Yunnan consists of sixteen prefecture - level divisions : eight prefecture - level cities and eight autonomous prefectures :",
"Administrative divisions of Yunnan Prefecture - level city district areas County - level cities No Division code English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km Population 2010 Seat Divisions Districts Counties Aut . counties CL cities 530000 Yunnan 云南 省 Yúnnán Shěng 394000.00 45,966,239 Kunming 16 69 29 15 530100 Kunming 昆明 市 Kūnmíng Shì 21,001.28 6,432,000 Chenggong District 7 530300 Qujing 曲靖 市 Qǔjìng Shì 28,939.41 5,855,000 Qilin District 6 530400 Yuxi 玉溪 市 Yùxī Shì 14,941.53 2,304,000 Hongta District 530500 Baoshan 保山 市 Bǎoshān Shì 19,064.60 2,506,000 Longyang District 5 530600 Zhaotong 昭通 市 Zhāotōng Shì 22,439.76 5,213,000 Zhaoyang District 10 6 530700 Lijiang 丽江 市 Lìjiāng Shì 20,557.25 1,245,000 Gucheng District 7 530800 Pu'er 普洱 市 Pǔ'ěr Shì 44,264.79 2,543,000 Simao District 9 8 530900 Lincang 临 沧 市 Líncāng Shì 23,620.72 2,430,000 Linxiang District 13 532300 Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 楚雄 彝族 自治州 Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu 28,436.87 2,684,000 Chuxiong 9 14 532500 Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture 红河 哈尼 族 彝族 自治州 Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu 32,167.67 4,501,000 Mengzi 6 15 532600 Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 文山 壮族 苗族 自治州 Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu 31,409.12 3,518,000 Wenshan 7 16 532800 Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 西双版纳 傣族 自治州 Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu 19,107.05 1,134,000 Jinghong 12 532900 Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture 大理 白族 自治州 Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu 28,299.43 3,456,000 Dali 8 9 533100 Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture 德 宏 傣族 景颇 族 自治州 Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu 11,171.41 1,211,000 Mangshi 10 533300 Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture 怒江 傈僳 族 自治州 Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu 14,588.92 534,000 Lushui 11 533400 Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 迪 庆 藏族 自治州 Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu 23,185.59 400,000 Shangri - La",
"Administrative divisions of Yunnan",
"Prefecture - level city district areas County - level cities",
"Prefecture - level city district areas County - level cities",
"No Division code English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km Population 2010 Seat Divisions",
"Districts Counties Aut . counties CL cities",
"530000 Yunnan 云南 省 Yúnnán Shěng 394000.00 45,966,239 Kunming 16 69 29 15",
"530100 Kunming 昆明 市 Kūnmíng Shì 21,001.28 6,432,000 Chenggong District 7",
"530300 Qujing 曲靖 市 Qǔjìng Shì 28,939.41 5,855,000 Qilin District 6",
"530400 Yuxi 玉溪 市 Yùxī Shì 14,941.53 2,304,000 Hongta District",
"530500 Baoshan 保山 市 Bǎoshān Shì 19,064.60 2,506,000 Longyang District",
"5 530600 Zhaotong 昭通 市 Zhāotōng Shì 22,439.76 5,213,000 Zhaoyang District 10",
"6 530700 Lijiang 丽江 市 Lìjiāng Shì 20,557.25 1,245,000 Gucheng District",
"7 530800 Pu'er 普洱 市 Pǔ'ěr Shì 44,264.79 2,543,000 Simao District 9",
"8 530900 Lincang 临 沧 市 Líncāng Shì 23,620.72 2,430,000 Linxiang District",
"13 532300 Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 楚雄 彝族 自治州 Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu 28,436.87 2,684,000 Chuxiong 9",
"14 532500 Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture 红河 哈尼 族 彝族 自治州 Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu 32,167.67 4,501,000 Mengzi 6",
"15 532600 Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 文山 壮族 苗族 自治州 Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu 31,409.12 3,518,000 Wenshan 7",
"16 532800 Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 西双版纳 傣族 自治州 Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu 19,107.05 1,134,000 Jinghong",
"12 532900 Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture 大理 白族 自治州 Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu 28,299.43 3,456,000 Dali 8",
"9 533100 Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture 德 宏 傣族 景颇 族 自治州 Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu 11,171.41 1,211,000 Mangshi",
"10 533300 Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture 怒江 傈僳 族 自治州 Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu 14,588.92 534,000 Lushui",
"11 533400 Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 迪 庆 藏族 自治州 Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu 23,185.59 400,000 Shangri - La",
"The sixteen prefecture - level divisions of Yunnan are subdivided into 129 county - level divisions ( 16 districts , 15 county - level cities , 69 counties , and 29 autonomous counties ) .",
"Secretaries of the CPC Yunnan Committee : The Secretary of the CPC is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan .",
"Song Renqiong ( 宋任穷 ) : 1950 -- 1952 Xie Fuzhi ( 谢 富治 ) : July 1952 -- August 1959 Yan Hongyan ( 阎红彦 ) : August 1959 -- January 1967 Zhou Xing ( 周 兴 ) : June 1971 -- October 1975 Jia Qiyun ( 贾启允 ) : October 1975 -- February 1977 An Pingsheng ( 安 平生 ) : February 1977 -- July 1985 Pu Chaozhu ( 普 朝 柱 ) : July 1985 -- June 1995 Gao Yan ( 高 严 ) : June 1995 -- August 1997 Linghu An ( 令 狐 安 ) : August 1997 -- October 2001 Bai Enpei ( 白恩培 ) : October 2001 -- August 2011 Qin Guangrong ( 秦 光荣 ) : August 2011 -- October 2014 Li Jiheng ( 李纪恒 ) : October 2014 -- August 2016 Chen Hao ( 陈豪 ) : August 2016 -- incumbent",
"Song Renqiong ( 宋任穷 ) : 1950 -- 1952",
"Xie Fuzhi ( 谢 富治 ) : July 1952 -- August 1959",
"Yan Hongyan ( 阎红彦 ) : August 1959 -- January 1967",
"Zhou Xing ( 周 兴 ) : June 1971 -- October 1975",
"Jia Qiyun ( 贾启允 ) : October 1975 -- February 1977",
"An Pingsheng ( 安 平生 ) : February 1977 -- July 1985",
"Pu Chaozhu ( 普 朝 柱 ) : July 1985 -- June 1995",
"Gao Yan ( 高 严 ) : June 1995 -- August 1997",
"Linghu An ( 令 狐 安 ) : August 1997 -- October 2001",
"Bai Enpei ( 白恩培 ) : October 2001 -- August 2011",
"Qin Guangrong ( 秦 光荣 ) : August 2011 -- October 2014",
"Li Jiheng ( 李纪恒 ) : October 2014 -- August 2016",
"Chen Hao ( 陈豪 ) : August 2016 -- incumbent",
"Governors of Yunnan : The Governor is the second highest office in Yunnan , after the Secretary of the CPC Yunnan Committee . The Governor , who is elected by the Yunnan Provincial People 's Congress , is responsible for all economic , environmental , political , personnel and foreign affairs issues concerning Yunnan .",
"Chen Geng ( 陈赓 ) : March 1950 -- February 1955 Guo Yingqiu ( 郭影秋 ) : February 1955 -- November 1958 Ding Yichuan ( 丁一川 ) : November 1958 -- January 1965 Zhou Xing ( 周 兴 ) : January 1965 -- 1966 Tan Furen ( 谭 甫 仁 ) : August 1968 -- October 1970 Zhou Xing : October 1970 -- October 1975 Jia Qiyun ( 贾启允 ) : October 1975 -- February 1977 An Pingsheng ( 安 平生 ) : February 1977 -- December 1979 Liu Minghui ( 刘明辉 ) : December 1979 -- April 1983 Pu Chaozhu ( 普 朝 柱 ) : April 1983 -- August 1985 He Zhiqiang ( 和志 强 ) : August 1985 -- January 1998 Li Jiating ( 李嘉廷 ) : January 1998 -- June 2001 Xu Rongkai ( 徐荣凯 ) : June 2001 -- November 2006 Qin Guangrong ( 秦 光荣 ) : January 2007 -- August 2011 Li Jiheng ( 李纪恒 ) : August 2011 -- October 2014 Chen Hao ( 陈豪 ) : October 2014 -- incumbent",
"Chen Geng ( 陈赓 ) : March 1950 -- February 1955",
"Guo Yingqiu ( 郭影秋 ) : February 1955 -- November 1958",
"Ding Yichuan ( 丁一川 ) : November 1958 -- January 1965",
"Zhou Xing ( 周 兴 ) : January 1965 -- 1966",
"Tan Furen ( 谭 甫 仁 ) : August 1968 -- October 1970",
"Zhou Xing : October 1970 -- October 1975",
"Jia Qiyun ( 贾启允 ) : October 1975 -- February 1977",
"An Pingsheng ( 安 平生 ) : February 1977 -- December 1979",
"Liu Minghui ( 刘明辉 ) : December 1979 -- April 1983",
"Pu Chaozhu ( 普 朝 柱 ) : April 1983 -- August 1985",
"He Zhiqiang ( 和志 强 ) : August 1985 -- January 1998",
"Li Jiating ( 李嘉廷 ) : January 1998 -- June 2001",
"Xu Rongkai ( 徐荣凯 ) : June 2001 -- November 2006",
"Qin Guangrong ( 秦 光荣 ) : January 2007 -- August 2011",
"Li Jiheng ( 李纪恒 ) : August 2011 -- October 2014",
"Chen Hao ( 陈豪 ) : October 2014 -- incumbent",
"Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1912 9,468,000 -- 1928 13,821,000 + 46.0 % 1936 - 37 12,042,000 − 12.9 % 1947 9,066,000 − 24.7 % 1954 17,472,737 + 92.7 % 1964 20,509,525 + 17.4 % 1982 32,553,817 + 58.7 % 36,972,610 + 13.6 % 2000 42,360,089 + 14.6 % 45,966,239 + 8.5 %",
"Historical population",
"Year Pop . ± %",
"1912 9,468,000 --",
"1928 13,821,000 + 46.0 %",
"1936 - 37 12,042,000 − 12.9 %",
"1947 9,066,000 − 24.7 %",
"1954 17,472,737 + 92.7 %",
"1964 20,509,525 + 17.4 %",
"1982 32,553,817 + 58.7 %",
"36,972,610 + 13.6 %",
"2000 42,360,089 + 14.6 %",
"45,966,239 + 8.5 %",
"Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity . It has the highest number of ethnic groups among the provinces and autonomous regions in China . Among the country 's 56 recognised ethnic groups , twenty - five are found in Yunnan . Some 38 % of the province population are members of ethnic minorities , including the Yi , Bai , Hani , Tai , Dai , Miao , Lisu , Hui , Lahu , Wa , Nakhi , Yao , Tibetans , Jingpo , Blang , Pumi , Nu , Achang , Jinuo , Mongols , Derung , Manchus , Sui , and Buyei . Several other groups are represented , but they live neither in compact settlements nor do they reach the required threshold of five thousand to be awarded the official status of being present in the province . Some groups , such as the Mosuo , who are officially recognised as part of the Naxi , have in the past claimed official status as a national minority , and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people .",
"Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province . Some twenty - five minorities live in compact communities , each of which has a population of more than five thousand . Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the Hui , Manchus , Bai , Naxi , Mongols , Zhuang , Dai , Achang , Buyei and Shui , with a combined population of 4.5 million ; those in low mountainous areas are the Hani , Yao , Lahu , Va , Jingpo , Blang and Jino , with a combined population of 5 million ; and those in high mountainous areas are Miao , Lisu , Tibetan , Pumi and Drung , with a total population of four million .",
"Most dialects of the Chinese language spoken in Yunnan belong to the southwestern subdivision of the Mandarin group , and are therefore very similar to the dialects of neighbouring Sichuan and Guizhou provinces . Notable features found in many Yunnan dialects include the partial or complete loss of distinction between finals / n / and / ŋ / , as well as the lack of / y / . In addition to the local dialects , most people also speak Standard Chinese ( Putonghua , commonly called `` Mandarin '' ) , which is used in the media , by the government , and as the language of instruction in education .",
"Yunnan 's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity . Languages spoken in Yunnan include Tibeto - Burman languages such as Bai , Yi , Tibetan , Hani , Jingpo , Lisu , Lahu , Naxi ; Tai languages like Zhuang , Bouyei , Dong , Shui , Tai Lü and Tai Nüa ; as well as Hmong -- Mien languages .",
"The Naxi , in particular , use the Dongba script , which is the only pictographic writing system in use in the world today . The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals : today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction . Perhaps the best known Western Dongba scholar was Joseph Rock .",
"By the end of 1998 , among the province 's population , 419,800 had received college education or above , 2.11 million , senior middle school education , 8.3 million , junior middle school education , 18.25 million , primary school education , and 8.25 million aged 15 or above , illiterate or semi-literate .",
"Religion in Yunnan ( 2005 )",
"According to a demographic analysis of religions in Yunnan , as of 2005 the province has around 4 million believers of the five government - sanctioned organised religious doctrines of China , almost 90 % of them belonging to the ethnic minorities . Of these :",
"2.6 million or about 6 % of the total population are Buddhists ; 620,000 or 1.4 % are Muslims ; 530,000 or 1.2 % are Protestants ; 240,000 or 0.5 % are Taoists ( note that `` Taoist '' traditionally only defines priests ) ; 66,000 or 0.1 % are Catholics .",
"2.6 million or about 6 % of the total population are Buddhists ;",
"620,000 or 1.4 % are Muslims ;",
"530,000 or 1.2 % are Protestants ;",
"240,000 or 0.5 % are Taoists ( note that `` Taoist '' traditionally only defines priests ) ;",
"66,000 or 0.1 % are Catholics .",
"According to surveys conducted in 2004 and 2007 , in those years approximately 32.22 % of the province 's population was involved in worship of ancestors and 2.75 % declared a Christian identity .",
"Most of the population of the province practices traditional indigenous religions including the Chinese folk religion among the Han Chinese , Bimoism among the Yi peoples and Benzhuism among the Bai people . The Dai people are one of the few ethnic minorities of China that traditionally follow the Theravada branch of Buddhism . Most of the Hui people of the region are Muslims . Christianity is dominant among the Lisu , the Jingpo and the Derung ethnic groups .",
"Main hall of the Qiongzhu Buddhist Temple to the northwest of Kunming . Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains ( Xishan ) of Kunming . Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition . Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming . Nanjieying Mosque in Tonghai County , Yuxi . Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Jinghong , Xishuangbanna . Kunming temple ( Yuantong Temple ) Zhongdian sumtseling gompa",
"Main hall of the Qiongzhu Buddhist Temple to the northwest of Kunming . Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains ( Xishan ) of Kunming . Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition . Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming . Nanjieying Mosque in Tonghai County , Yuxi . Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Jinghong , Xishuangbanna . Kunming temple ( Yuantong Temple ) Zhongdian sumtseling gompa",
"Main hall of the Qiongzhu Buddhist Temple to the northwest of Kunming . Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains ( Xishan ) of Kunming . Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition . Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming . Nanjieying Mosque in Tonghai County , Yuxi . Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Jinghong , Xishuangbanna . Kunming temple ( Yuantong Temple ) Zhongdian sumtseling gompa",
"Main hall of the Qiongzhu Buddhist Temple to the northwest of Kunming .",
"Main hall of the Qiongzhu Buddhist Temple to the northwest of Kunming .",
"Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains ( Xishan ) of Kunming .",
"Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains ( Xishan ) of Kunming .",
"Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition .",
"Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition .",
"Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming .",
"Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming .",
"Nanjieying Mosque in Tonghai County , Yuxi .",
"Nanjieying Mosque in Tonghai County , Yuxi .",
"Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Jinghong , Xishuangbanna .",
"Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Jinghong , Xishuangbanna .",
"Kunming temple ( Yuantong Temple )",
"Kunming temple ( Yuantong Temple )",
"Zhongdian sumtseling gompa",
"Zhongdian sumtseling gompa",
"The region maintains a strong agricultural focus . Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains , open valleys , and terraced hillsides . Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation . Rice is the main crop ; corn , barley , wheat , rapeseed , sweet potatoes , soybeans ( as a food crop ) , tea , sugarcane , tobacco , and cotton are also grown . On the steep slopes in the west livestock is raised and timber , a valuable resource , is cut ( teak in the southwest ) .",
"Tobacco is the main ( export ) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP . Furthermore , Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries , especially in low value - added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples .",
"Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms . In China , there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms , and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan . In 2004 , around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported , making up for 70 % of the total export of this product in China . The so - called ' pine mushroom ' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities .",
"Due to China 's growing consumption of dairy products , Yunnan 's dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors .",
"The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s . Yunnan province accounts for 50 % of China 's total cut flower production . The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares . In 2003 , the output totaled 2.3 billion stems . In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3.4 billion . Export amounted to US $18 million . Apart from sales on the domestic market , Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan , Korea , Hong Kong , Thailand and Singapore .",
"As of the mid-19th century , Yunnan exported birds , brass , tin , gemstones , musk , nuts , and peacock feathers mainly to stores in Guangzhou . They imported silk , wool , and cotton cloth , tobacco and books .",
"Yunnan is one of China 's relatively undeveloped provinces with more poverty - stricken counties than the other provinces . In 1994 , about 7 million people lived below the poverty line of less than an annual average income of 300 yuan per capita . They were distributed in the province 's 73 counties mainly and financially supported by the central government . With an input of 3.15 billion yuan in 2002 , the absolutely poor rural population in the province has been reduced from 4.05 million in 2000 to 2.86 million . The poverty alleviation plan includes five large projects aimed at improving infrastructure facilities . They involve planned attempts at soil improvement , water conservation , electric power , roads , and `` green belt '' building . Upon the completion of the projects , the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of grain , water , electric power and roads .",
"Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to socio - economic development . However , because of its geographic location the province has comparative advantages in regional and border trade with countries in southeast Asia . The Lancang River ( upper reaches of Mekong River ) is the waterway to southeast Asia . In recent years land transportation has been improved to strengthen economic and trade co-operation among countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion . Yunnan 's abundance in resources determines that the province 's pillar industries are : agriculture , tobacco , mining , hydro - electric power , and tourism . In general , the province still depends on the natural resources . Secondary industry is currently the largest industrial tier in Yunnan , contributing more than 45 percent of GDP . Tertiary industry contributes 40 percent and agriculture 15 percent . Investment is the key driver of Yunnan 's economic growth , especially in construction .",
"The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major development . Its low productivity and competitiveness restrict the rapid development of the province . The province also faces great challenges in social issues such as environmental protection , poverty elimination , illegal migration , drug trafficking and HIV / AIDS .",
"Yunnan 's four pillar industries include tobacco , agriculture / biology , mining , and tourism . The main manufacturing industries are iron and steel production and copper - smelting , commercial vehicles , chemicals , fertilizers , textiles , and optical instruments . Yunnan has trade contacts with more than seventy countries and regions in the world . Yunnan established the Muse border trade zone ( located in Ruili ) along its border with Burma . Yunnan mainly exports tobacco , machinery and electrical equipment , chemical and agricultural products , and non-ferrous metals . In 2008 , its total two - way trade ( imports and exports ) reached US $9.6 billion . The province signed foreign direct investment contracts involving US $1.69 billion , of which US $777 million were actually utilized during the year . Yunnan 's unemployment rate at the end of 2008 was 4.21 % .",
"Yunnan 's nominal GDP in 2011 was 875.1 billion yuan ( US $138.92 billion ) , an annual growth rate of 13.7 % . Its per capita GDP was 13,494 yuan ( US $1,975 ) . The share of GDP of Yunnan 's primary , secondary , and tertiary industries were 17.9 % , 43 % , and 39.1 % respectively .",
"Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper , lead , zinc , tin and aluminum in China . Gejiu is well known as `` the Kingdom of Zinc '' with the reserves ranked first in the country . The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu , which is registered on the London Metal Exchange ( LME ) . Besides , reserves of germanium , indium , zirconium , platinum , rock salt , sylvite , nickel , phosphate , mirabilite , arsenic and blue asbestos are also high . Significant copper deposits are found at Dongchuan , iron ore at Wuding , and coal at Xuanwei and Kaiyuan . Economic policy to locate new industry in interior areas with substantial mineral wealth , led to major industrial development in Yunnan , especially in the Kunming area .",
"The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan , which plays a key role in the `` West - East Electricity Transmission Project '' . The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to Guangdong .",
"Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"First established in 1992 , Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national - level zone approved by the State Council . Kunming is located in east - central Yunnan province with preferential location . After several years ' development , the zone has formed its pillar industries , which include tobacco processing , machinery manufacturing , electronic information , and biotechnology .",
"The Kunming High - tech Industrial Development Zone ( KMHNZ ) , is a state - level high - tech industrial zone established in 1992 in Northwest Kunming . It is administratively under Kunming Prefecture . It has covers an area of 9 km ( 3.5 sq mi ) . KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city , 4 kilometers from Kunming Railway Station , 5 kilometers from Kunming International Airport .",
"Kunming Dianchi Tourism & Vacation Zone Kunming Airport Economic Zone Ruili Border Trade Economic Cooperation Zone",
"Kunming Dianchi Tourism & Vacation Zone",
"Kunming Airport Economic Zone",
"Ruili Border Trade Economic Cooperation Zone",
"Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone ( RLBECZ ) is a Chinese State Council - approved Industrial Park based in Ruili , Dehong Prefecture , founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma . The area 's import and export trade include the processing industry , local agriculture and biological resources are very promising . Sino - Burmese business is growing fast . Burma is now one of Yunnan 's biggest foreign trade partners . In 1999 , Sino - Burmese trade accounted for 77.4 % of Yunnan 's foreign trade . In the same year , exports for electromechanical equipments came up to US $55.28 million . Main exports here include fiber cloth , cotton yarn , ceresin wax , mechanical equipments , fruits , rice seeds , fiber yarn and tobacco .",
"Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone",
"Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone",
"Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone ( WTBECZ ) is a Chinese State Council - approved Industrial Park based in Wanding Town , Ruili , Dehong , founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma . The zone spans 6 km ( 2.3 sq mi ) and is focuses on developing trading , processing , agriculture resources and tourism .",
"Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone ( QETDZ ) is a provincial development zone approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in August 1992 . It is located in the east of urban Qujing , the second largest city in Yunnan in terms of economic strengths . The location of the development zone is the economic , political and cultural center of Qujing . As an agency under Qujing municipal Party committee and municipal government , the administrative commission of QETDZ functions as an economy supervising body at the prefecture level and an administration body at the county level . It has 106 km ( 41 sq mi ) under its jurisdiction . It shoulders the task of building a new 40 - square - kilometer city area and providing service for a population of 400,000 in the upcoming 10 years .",
"Yuxi Economic and Technological Development Zone Dali Economic and Technological Development Zone Chuxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Yuxi Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Dali Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Chuxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone",
"Chuxiong Economic Development Zone is an important zone in Yunnan . Now the zone has attracted a number of investment projects . It is an important industry for the development of new - type industry platform . The zone covers an area of 12 km , composed of four parks .",
"Songming Yanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone",
"Songming Yanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries",
"Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone",
"First established in 1992 , Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone is a border zone approved by State Council to promote Sino - Vietnamese trade . It has a planned area of 4.02 km ( 1.55 sq mi ) . The zone implemented several policies to serve its clients in China from various industries and sectors including investment , trade , finance , taxation , immigration , etc .",
"Jiegao Border Trade Economic Zone Lijiang Yulong Snow Mountain Tourism Zone Cang Mountain & Erhai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali Xishuangbanna Tourism and Vacation Zone Tengchong Tourism and Vacation Zone Yangzonghai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone Fuxian Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone",
"Jiegao Border Trade Economic Zone",
"Lijiang Yulong Snow Mountain Tourism Zone",
"Cang Mountain & Erhai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali",
"Xishuangbanna Tourism and Vacation Zone",
"Tengchong Tourism and Vacation Zone",
"Yangzonghai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone",
"Fuxian Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone",
"Since the 1960s , improvements have been achieved in the overall educational level , which can be seen in the increase in average years of regular education received . The development of part - time schools have brought adult , distance and continuing education to farms , factories , offices , and other places . Evening , time off work / study leave classes allow people to receive education without leaving their jobs . Policies to upgrade adult education have begun to complement the campaign against illiteracy . A basic Chinese vocabulary in simplified strokes is taught to millions of illiterate people in short , intensive courses . Despite progress made , Yunnan 's illiteracy rate remains one of the highest in China mainly due to insufficient education among minority peoples .",
"In higher education , Yunnan has one `` National Key University '' -- Yunnan University in Kunming . There is also a growing number of technical schools , among which the most prominent are the Yunnan Normal University , the Southwest Forestry University , Yunnan Agricultural University , Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming Medical University , Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Kunming University of Science and Technology . Other notable establishments of learning are the Kunming branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory , and the Yunnan Provincial Library . As of 2000 , there were 24 institutions of higher learning in Yunnan , with an enrollment of over 90,400 students and a faculty of 9,237 ; 2,562 secondary schools with an enrollment of more than 2,137,400 students and 120,461 teachers ; and 22,151 primary schools with an enrollment of 4,720,600 pupils and a faculty of 210,507 . The gross enrollment rate of school - age children was 99.02 % .",
"See also : List of universities and colleges in Yunnan",
"Yunnan Province is responsible for about 50 % of officially reported malaria cases in China .",
"It is presently considered to be the main source of plague in China .",
"HIV / AIDS in Yunnan",
"HIV / AIDS in Yunnan",
"The first railway in Yunnan was the narrow gauge Yunnan -- Vietnam Railway built by France from 1904 to 1910 to connect Kunming with Vietnam , then a French colony . In Yunnan , the Chinese section of this railway is known as the Yunnan - Hekou Railway and the line gave Yunnan access to the seaport at Haiphong . During the Second World War , Britain and the United States began building a railway from Yunnan to Burma but abandoned the effort due to Japanese advance .",
"Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction , Yunnan remained outside of China 's domestic rail network until 1966 when the Guiyang -- Kunming Railway was completed . The line would not enter into operation until 1970 , the same year that the Chengdu - Kunming was completed . The Nanning -- Kunming Railway to Guangxi was completed in 1997 , followed by the Neijiang -- Kunming Railway in 2001 . The Panxi Railway , originally built in 1975 to draw coal from neighboring Guizhou , was electrified in 2001 and adds to eastern Yunnan 's outbound rail transport capacity .",
"Within the province , the Kunming -- Yuxi , opened in 1993 , and the Guangtong -- Dali , opened in 1998 , expanded the rail network to southern and western Yunnan , respectively . The Dali -- Lijiang Railway , opened in 2010 , brought rail service to northwestern Yunnan . That line is planned to be extended further north to Xamgyi'nyilha County .",
"The province is extending the railway network to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia . From Yuxi , the Yuxi -- Mengzi Railway , built from 2005 to 2013 , and the Mengzi -- Hekou Railway , under construction since 2008 , will form a standard gauge railway connection with Vietnam . The Dali -- Ruili Railway , under construction since May 2011 , will bring rail service to the border with Myanmar . Also under planning is a rail line from Yuxi to Mohan , in Xishuangbana Prefecture , on the border with Laos . This line could be extended further south to Thailand , Malaysia and Singapore .",
"The Burma Road was a highway extending about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) through mountainous terrain from Lashio , northeast Burma northeastward to Kunming , China . Undertaken by the Chinese after the start of the Sino - Japanese War in 1937 and completed in 1938 , it was a vital transportation route for wartime supplies to the Chinese government from Rangoon and shipped by railroad to Lashio from 1938 to 1946 . An extension runs east through China from Kunming , then north to Chongqing . This traffic increased in importance to China after the Japanese took effective control of the Chinese coast and of Indochina . It was seized by the Japanese in 1942 and reopened when it was connected to the Stilwell Road from India . The Ledo Road ( later called the Stilwell Road ) from Ledo , India , into Burma was begun in December 1942 . In 1944 the Ledo Road reached Myitkyina and was joined to the Burma Road . Both roads have lost their former importance and are in a state of disrepair . The Burma Road 's importance diminished after World War II , but it has remained a link in a 3,400 - km road system from Yangon , Burma , to Chongqing .",
"Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated : over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province . Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan , Kunming to Mojiang ( on the way to Jinghong ) , Kunming to Qujing , Kunming to Shilin ( Stone Forest ) . The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010 , and to complete a high - speed road network by 2020 .",
"All county towns are now accessible by paved , all - weather roads from Kunming , all townships have a road connection ( the last to be connected was Yangla , in the far north , but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year ) , and about half of all villages have road access .",
"Second - level national highways stretch 958 km ( 595 mi ) , third - level highways , 7,571 km ( 4,704 mi ) and fourth - level highways , 52,248 km ( 32,465 mi ) . The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions , and further on to Burma , Laos , Vietnam and Thailand .",
"National highways running through Yunnan province are :",
"China National Highway 108 China National Highway 213 China National Highway 214 China National Highway 320 China National Highway 323 China National Highway 324 China National Highway 326",
"China National Highway 108",
"China National Highway 213",
"China National Highway 214",
"China National Highway 320",
"China National Highway 323",
"China National Highway 324",
"China National Highway 326",
"After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie expressway , Luofu expressway , the first between Yunnan and Guangxi Province , opened in October 2007 . It has made material and passenger transportation between the two provinces much more convenient . Moreover , Luofu Expressway has also become the main road from Yunnan to Guangxi and the coastal ports . Luofu Expressway begins from the crossroads of Luo Village between Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces and ends at Funing County of Wenshan State . The total length of the expressway is 79.3 kilometers which has shortened the commute between Yunnan and Guangxi from the previous 3 and half hours to just 50 minutes .",
"Expressways running through Yunnan province are :",
"Kunming -- Bangkok Expressway G5611 Dali Expressway from Dali to Lijiang G78 Shankun Expressway from Shantou to Kunming G80 Guangkun Expressway from Guangzhou to Kunming G8011 Kaihe Expressway from Kaiyuan to Hekou on the Vietnamese border",
"Kunming -- Bangkok Expressway",
"G5611 Dali Expressway from Dali to Lijiang",
"G78 Shankun Expressway from Shantou to Kunming",
"G80 Guangkun Expressway from Guangzhou to Kunming",
"G8011 Kaihe Expressway from Kaiyuan to Hekou on the Vietnamese border",
"Generally , rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan . Only very small parts of Yunnan 's river systems are navigable . However , China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power ; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993 .",
"In 1995 , the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km ( 501 mi ) of navigation lines . It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each . The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported , two million .",
"The province has twenty domestic air routes from Kunming to Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou , Chengdu , Haikou , Chongqing , Shenyang , Harbin , Wuhan , Xi'an , Lanzhou , Hangzhou , Xiamen , Nanning , Shenzhen , Guiyang , Changsha , Guilin , Lhasa and Hong Kong ; ten provincial air routes from Kunming to Jinghong , Mangshi , Lincang , Tengchong , Lijiang , Dali , Xamgyi'nyilha , Zhaotong , Baoshan and Simao ; and ten international air routes from Kunming to Bangkok , Kolkata , Chiang Mai , Yangon , Singapore , Seoul , Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Kuala Lumpur and Vientiane .",
"Replacing Kunming Wujiaba International Airport is Kunming Changshui International Airport , which opened June 28 , 2012 .",
"Bridge - building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the Tibetan Empire built an iron chain bridge over the Yangtze to the neighboring Nanzhao Kingdom at what is today Weixi Lisu Autonomous County during the Tang dynasty . Iron chain bridges are still found across high river valleys of Yunnan . The Jinlong Bridge on the Jinsha River in Lijiang remains the oldest bridge over the Yangtze . With the expansion of the highway and railway network in Yunnan , numerous large - scale bridges have been built across the region 's myriad of rivers , including the Yangtze which has dozens of crossings in Yunnan .",
"Yunnan 's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity . Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in Jinning , south of Kunming . In Zhaotong in northeastern Yunnan , there has been discovered , frescos of the Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) . Many Chinese cultural relics have been discovered in later periods . The lineage of tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples persisted uninfluenced by modernity until the mid-20th century . Tribal traditions , such as Yi slaveholding and Wa headhunting , have since been abolished . After the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , when many minority culture and religious practices were suppressed , Yunnan has come to celebrate its cultural diversity and subsequently many local customs and festivals have flourished .",
"Yunnan has several different tea growing regions . One of Yunnan 's best known products is Pu - erh tea ( or Puer ) , named after the old tea trading town of Pu - erh ( Puer ) . The province is also known for its Yunnan Gold and other Dianhong teas , developed in the 20th century .",
"Yunnan is host to 15,000 species of plants , including 60 percent of the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine .",
"Yunnan Baiyao",
"Yunnan Province , due to its beautiful landscapes , mild climate and cultural diversity , is one of China 's major tourist destinations . Most visitors are Chinese tourists , although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well . Mainland tourists travel by the masses ; 2.75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday . Also a different trend is slowly developing ; small scale and environmentally friendly ecotourism . At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO 's .",
"In 2004 , tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB , and thus accounting for 12 , 6 % of the provincial GDP . Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years . This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector . More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition .",
"Tourism is expected to grow further . In 2010 , the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five - Year Tourism Development Plan . Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid - to high - end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016 .",
"The Nature Conservancy and the Chinese government came together to form a partnership and explore the possibility of bringing adventure tourism onto the rivers of Southwest China . A two - month white - water expedition explored from the Mekong River 's Moon Gorge to Yangze River 's Great Bend . The expedition provided valuable information to the partnership , encouraging them to take into account the safety , culture , economics , and conservation of the Yunnan Province . Creating an adventure tourism sector would bring valuable economic resources to the economically struggling population , who had once relied on logging as income prior to it being banned due to deforestation .",
"Tourist centres in Yunnan include :",
"Dali , the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms . Chuxiong , the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang . Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town . Jinghong , the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture . Lijiang , a Naxi minority city . It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997 . Xamgyi'nyilha County ( also known as Shangri - La and formerly Zhongdian ) , an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan 's northwestern mountains . Shilin ( Stone Forest ) , a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming . Yuanyang , a Hani minority settlement with vast rice - terraced mountains . Xishuangbanna , a national scenic resort , noted for its natural and cultural attractions .",
"Dali , the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms .",
"Chuxiong , the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang . Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town .",
"Jinghong , the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture .",
"Lijiang , a Naxi minority city . It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997 .",
"Xamgyi'nyilha County ( also known as Shangri - La and formerly Zhongdian ) , an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan 's northwestern mountains .",
"Shilin ( Stone Forest ) , a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming .",
"Yuanyang , a Hani minority settlement with vast rice - terraced mountains .",
"Xishuangbanna , a national scenic resort , noted for its natural and cultural attractions .",
"Black Dragon Pool Baishutai Cangshan Erhai Lake Ganlan Basin Green Lake Park Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Lancang River ( Mekong River ) Manting Park ( Chunhuan Park ) in Jinghong Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin Pujian Temple Sanchahe Nature Reserve in Jinghong ShaPing Market , Dali Shaxi Stone Forest Three Pagodas Tengchong ( hot springs ) Tiger Leaping Gorge Visitor Center for Nature and Culture in Northwest Yunnan Wase markets , near Dali Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower & Plant Garden Yuantong Temple Yunnan Provincial Museum",
"Black Dragon Pool",
"Green Lake Park",
"Jade Dragon Snow Mountain",
"Lancang River ( Mekong River )",
"Manting Park ( Chunhuan Park ) in Jinghong",
"Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin",
"Sanchahe Nature Reserve in Jinghong",
"ShaPing Market , Dali",
"Tengchong ( hot springs )",
"Tiger Leaping Gorge",
"Visitor Center for Nature and Culture in Northwest Yunnan",
"Wase markets , near Dali",
"Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower & Plant Garden",
"Yunnan Provincial Museum",
"Professional sporting teams in Yunnan include the Yunnan Bulls in the Chinese Basketball Association . Football teams include Yunnan Lijiang Dongba and the defunct Yunnan Hongta ."
] | Yunnan - wikipedia Yunnan Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Yunan . Province Yunnan Province 云南 省 Province Name transcription(s) Chinese 云南 省 (Yúnnán Shěng ) Abbreviation YN / 滇 (Diān ) or 云 / 雲 (Yún ) Map showing the location of Yunnan Province Coordinates: 25° 03′ N 101° 52′ E / 25.050° N 101.867° E / 25.050; 101.867 Coordinates : 25° 03′ N 101° 52′ E / 25.050° N 101.867° E / 25.050; 101.867 Capital Kunming Largest city Kunming Divisions 16 prefectures , 129 counties , 1565 townships Government Secretary Chen Hao Governor Ruan Chengfa Area Total 394,000 km (152,000 sq mi) Area rank 8th Highest elevation 6,740 m (22,110 ft) Population (2010) Total 45,966,239 Rank 12th Density 120/km (300/sq mi) Density rank 24th Demographics Ethnic composition Han : 67% Yi : 11% Bai : 3.6% Hani : 3.4% Zhuang : 2.7% Dai : 2.7% Miao : 2.5% Hui : 1.5% Tibetan : 0.3% De'ang (Ta'ang ): 0.19% Languages and dialects Southwestern Mandarin 25 ethnic minority languages ISO 3166 code CN-YN GDP (2013) CNY 1.2 trillion US$191 billion ( 24th ) per capita CNY 25,500 US$4,000 ( 30th ) HDI (2013) 0.609 ( medium ) ( 29th ) Website www.yn.gov.cn Yunnan `` Yunnan'' in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 云南 Traditional Chinese 雲南 Literal meaning `` South of the Yun(ling Mountains) '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yúnnán Bopomofo ㄩ ㄣ ˊ ㄋ ㄢ ˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Yunnan Wade-- Giles Yün -nan IPA (y̌n. nǎn ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Yiuin -noe Hakka Romanization Yùn -nàm Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Wàhn -nàahm IPA (wɐ̏n. nȁːm ) Jyutping Wan -naam Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hûn -lâm Yi name Yi ꒊꆈ yyp nuo Dai name Dai ᦑᦱᧃ ᦑᦳᧂ yun nuo Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China , located in the far southwest of the country. It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 45.7 million (as of 2009). The capital of the province is Kunming , formerly also known as Yunnan. The province borders the Chinese provinces Guangxi , Guizhou , Sichuan , and the Tibet Autonomous Region , and the countries Vietnam , Laos , and Myanmar . Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more. Yunnan's reserves of aluminium , lead , zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel . The Han Empire first recorded diplomatic relations with the province at the end of the 2nd century BC. It became the seat of a Sino-Tibetan -speaking kingdom of Nanzhao in the 8th century AD. Nanzhao was multi-ethnic, but the elite most-likely spoke a northern dialect of Yi . The Mongols conquered the region in the 13th century, with local control exercised by warlords until the 1930s. From the Yuan dynasty onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han-majority areas in northern and southeast China. As with other parts of China's southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of majority Han people into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population. Major ethnic groups include Yi , Bai , Hani , Zhuang , Dai and Miao . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Pre-Nanzhao period 1.3 Nanzhao period 1.4 Post-Nanzhao period 1.5 Naturalists 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.2 Paleontology 2.3 Climate 2.4 Topography 2.5 Borders 2.6 Lakes 2.7 Rivers 2.8 Biodiversity 2.9 Designation 2.10 Natural resources 2.10.1 Drought 3 Scenic areas 3.1 National parks 3.2 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 4 Governance 4.1 Administrative divisions 4.2 Politics 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnicity 5.2 Languages 5.3 Literacy 5.4 Religion 6 Agriculture 7 Economy 7.1 Economic and Technological Development Zones 8 Education 9 Health 9.1 HIV-AIDS 10 Transport 10.1 Railways 10.2 Burma Road 10.3 Highways 10.3.1 Expressways 10.4 Waterways 10.5 Airports 10.6 Bridges 11 Culture 11.1 Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan 11.2 Cuisine 11.3 Tea 11.4 Music 11.5 Chinese medicine 11.6 Tourism 11.7 Places of interest 11.8 Sport 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article: History of Yunnan Kunming Street Dalisanta( Pagoda) Wuhua Lou Lijiang Prehistory ( edit ) The Yuanmou Man , a Homo erectus fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s, has been determined to be the oldest-known hominid fossil in China. By the Neolithic period, there were human settlements in the area of Lake Dian . These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures. Pre-nanzhao period ( edit ) Around the 3rd century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian . The Chu general Zhuang Qiao (庄 蹻 ) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River and set himself up as `` King of Dian'' . He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence, the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion. Bronze sculpture of the Dian Kingdom , 3rd century BCE In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan -- the `` Five Foot Way'' -- was extended south to around present day Qujing , in eastern Yunnan. The Han-- Dian wars began under Emperor Wu . He dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Dian during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty . In 109 BC, Emperor Wu sent General Guo Chang (郭 昌 ) south to Yunnan, establishing Yizhou commandery and 24 subordinate counties. The commandery seat was at Dianchi county in present-day Jinning . Another county was called `` Yunnan'' , probably the first use of the name. To expand the burgeoning trade with Burma and India , Emperor Wu also sent Tang Meng ( zh ) to maintain and expand the Five Foot Way, renaming it `` Southwest Barbarian Way'' ( 西南 夷 道 ). By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai . They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese. During the Three Kingdoms , the territory of present-day Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong . The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 225, the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes. His seven captures of Meng Huo , a local magnate, is much celebrated in Chinese folklore. International trade flowed by din of Yunnan. In the 4th century, northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north. In the 320s, the Cuan ( 爨 ) clan migrated into Yunnan. Cuan Chen ( 爨 琛 ) named himself king and held authority from Lake Dian , then known as Kunchuan . Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled eastern Yunnan for over four hundred years. Nanzhao period ( edit ) Main article: Nanzhao Before the rise and dominance of the Nanzhao Kingdom around Yunnan in the eighth century, many local tribes, clans, and other groups sprang up. Around Lake Erhai , namely, the Dali area, there emerged six zhao: Mengzi ( 蒙 巂 ), Yuexi ( 越 析 ), Langqiong ( 浪 穹 ), Dengdan ( 邆 赕 ), Shilling ( 施 浪 ), and Mengshe ( 蒙 舍 ). Zhao( 诏 ) was an indigenous non-Chinese language term meaning `` king'' or `` kingdom.'' Among the six regimes Mengshe was located south of the other five; therefore given the new, larger context, it was called Nanzhao (Southern Kingdom). By the 730s Nanzhao had succeeded in bringing the Erhai Lake-- area under its authority. In 738, the western Yunnan was united by Piluoge , the fourth king of Nanzhao, who was confirmed by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty as king of Yunnan. Ruling from Dali, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a part in the dynamic relationship between China and Tibet. By the 750s, Nanzhao had taken eastern Yunnan into its empire and had become a potential rival to Tang China. The following period inevitably saw conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao. In 750, Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou, the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan.In 751, Xianyu Zhongtong ( 鮮于 仲通 ), the regional commander of Jiannan (Sichuan), led a Tang campaign against Nanzhao. Geluofeng regarded the previous incident as personal and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace. Howerver, Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal. Confronted with Tang armies, Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to Tubo . The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be `` fraternal states'' ; Geluofeng was given the titles zanpuzhong (`` younger brother'' ).The Nanzhao-Tubo alliance finally made Xianyu's expedition became a disaster. Tang China did not give up after one failure. In 753, another expedition was prepared, but thiswas also defeated by Nanzhao. In 754, the Tang organized an army of more than 100,000 troops that advanced to the Dali plain, resulting in only another slaughter. By the end of the eighth century, Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao. Nanzhao's expansion lasted for several decades. In 829, Nanzhao suddenly plundered Sichuan and entered Chengdu . When it retreated, hundreds of Sichuan people, including skilled artisans, were taken to Yunnan. In 832, the Nanzhao army captured the capital of the Pyu kingdom in modern upper Burma . Nanzhao also attacked the Khmer peoples of Zhenla . Generally speaking, Nanzhao was then the most powerful kingdom in mainland Southeast Asia, and played an extremely active role in multistate interactions. In 859, Nanzhao captured Bozhou , and this event exacerbated the Nanzhao-Tang clashes. When the Tang governor of Annam took Bozhou back in the following year, Nanzhao, with the help of native peoples, occupied Hanoi as the Tang army moved to Bozhou. When the Tang forces returned, Nanzhao troops retreated from Hanoi but attacked and plundered Yongzhou . In the winter of 862, Nanzhao, allying with local groups, led an army of over 50,000 men to invade Annam again. It is reported that the Tang forces lost over 150,000 soldiers (either killed or captured by Nanzhao) in the two Annam battles.The autumn of 866 saw Tang victory in Hanoi and soon all of the Nanzhao forces were driven away. But Tang China had lost its ability to attack Nanzhao. While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam, it still occasionally attacked Sichuan. In 869, Shilong ( 世 隆 ), the eighth king and the first empire of Nanzhao, invaded Sichuan. In 874, Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again. In 902, Zheng Maisi, the qingpingguan ( 清平 官 ,`` Primier Minister'' ) of Nanzhao, murdered the infant king of Nanzhao, and established a short-lived regime, namely, Da Chang He . Nanzhao, a once-powerful empire, disappeared. Post-nanzhao period ( edit ) In 937, Duan Siping overthrew the Nanzhao and established the Kingdom of Dali . The kingdom was conquered by the Mongol Empire in 1253 after Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols. The Duans incorporated into the Mongol dominion as Maharajahs of the new province. The Mongolian prince sent to administer the region with them was killed. In 1273, Kublai Khan reformed the province and appointed the Semuren Sayid Ajall as its governor. The Yunnan Province during the Yuan dynasty included significant portions of Upper Burma after the Burmese campaigns in the 1270s and 1280s. But with the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Ming dynasty destroyed the Yuan loyalists led by Basalawarmi in the Ming conquest of Yunnan by the early 1380s. The Ming installed Mu Ying and his family as hereditary aristocrats in Yunnan. A scene of the Qing campaign against the Miao people in 1795. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, large areas of Yunnan were administered under the native chieftain system . Under the Qing dynasty a war with Burma also occurred in the 1760s due to the attempted consolidation of borderlands under local chiefs by both China and Burma. Yunnan was a destination for Han Chinese during Yuan rule. Colonizers moved into the area during Ming and Qing rule. During the Ming dynasty, 3 million Han Chinese mostly from Nanjing (before the original Nanjing population was largely replaced by Wu speakers) and some from Shanxi and Hebei settled in Yunnan. Although largely forgotten, the bloody Panthay Rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other local minorities against the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan. A British officer testified that the Muslims did not rebel for religious reasons and that the Chinese were tolerant of different religions and were unlikely to have caused the revolt by interfering with the practising of Islam. Loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing crush the rebel Muslims. The Qing armies only massacred Muslims who had rebelled or supported the rebels and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising. In 1894, George Ernest Morrison , an Australian correspondent for The Times , traveled from Beijing to British-occupied Burma via Yunnan. His book, An Australian in China , details his experiences. The 1905 Tibetan Rebellion in which Tibetan Buddhist Lamas attacked and killed French Catholic missionaries spread to Yunnan. Yunnan was transformed by the events of the war against Japan , which caused many east coast refugees and industrial establishments to relocate to the province. It assumed strategic significance, particularly as the Burma Road from Lashio , in Burma to Kunming was a fought over supply line of vital importance to China's war effort. University faculty and students in the east had originally decamped to Changsha , capital of Hunan . But as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000 mile journey to Kunming , capital of Yunnan in China's mountainous southwest. It was here that the National Southwest Associated University (commonly known as ' Lianda University' ) was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by the Japanese. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they managed to conduct the running of a modern university . Over those eight years of war (1937-1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China's most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China's only Nobel laureates in physics studied at Lianda in Kunming. Naturalists ( edit ) Thousands of plant, insect and mammal species were described in the 19th century by scientists of the French National Museum of Natural History , Paris, in connection with permanent settlements of missionaries of the Missions étrangères de Paris in north-west Yunnan, among them noticeably Jean-André Soulié and Felix Biet . From 1916 to 1917, Roy Chapman Andrews and Yvette Borup Andrews led the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History through much of western and southern Yunnan, as well as other provinces of China. The book, Camps and Trails in China , records their experiences. Other notable explorers include Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti ; George Forrest ; Joseph Francis Charles Rock , who from 1922-- 1949 spent most of his time studying the flora, peoples and languages of southwest China, mainly in Yunnan; and Peter Goullart , a White Russian who studied Naxi culture and lived in Lijiang from 1940 to 1949. Geography ( edit ) Snowy mountains in Diqing , northwestern Yunnan. Terrace field yunnan china Erhai Lake (洱海 湖 ), Dali , Yunnan Lugu Lake , northern Yunnan. The Yangtze River near the Tiger Leaping Gorge Yunnan is the most southwestern province in China, with the Tropic of Cancer running through its southern part. The province has an area of 394,100 square kilometres (152,200 sq mi), 4.1% of the nation's total. The northern part of the province forms part of the Yunnan-- Guizhou Plateau . The province borders Guangxi and Guizhou in the east, Sichuan in the north, and the Tibet Autonomous Region in the northwest. It shares a border of 4,060 kilometres (2,520 mi) with Burma in the west, Laos in the south and Vietnam in the southeast. For practical purposes, all of Yunnan province falls within the Zomia (region) of Asia. Geology ( edit ) Meili Snow Mountains Lincang mountains Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the Himalayan uplift , and was pushed up in the Pleistocene , primarily in the Middle Pleistocene , although the uplift continues into the present. The eastern part of the province is a limestone plateau with karst topography and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges. The main surface formations of the plateau are the Lower Permian Maokou Formation, characterized by thick limestone deposits, the Lower Permian Qixia Formation, characterised by dolomitic limestones and dolostones , the Upper Permian basalts of the Ermeishan Formation (formerly Omeishan plateau basalts), and the red sandstones , mudstones , siltstones , and conglomerates of the Mesozoic -- Paleogene , including the Lufeng Formation and the Lunan Group (Lumeiyi, Xiaotun, and Caijiacong formations). In this area is the noted Stone Forest or Shilin, eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone (Maokou Formation). In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards. The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. Paleontology ( edit ) See also: Maotianshan Shales Yunnanozoon -- Lower Cambrian possible chordate Jingshanosaurus -- Early Jurassic long-neck prosauropod dinosaur Climate ( edit ) Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province's location on south-facing mountain slopes, receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans, and although the growing period is long, the rugged terrain provides little arable land . See Agriculture in Yunnan . Under the Köppen climate classification , much of the province lies within the subtropical highland (Köppen Cwb ) or humid subtropical zone ( Cwa ), with mild to warm winters, and tempered summers, except in the almost tropical south, where temperatures regularly exceed 30 ° C (86 ° F) in the warmer half of the year. In general , January average temperatures range from 8 to 17 ° C (46 to 63 ° F); July averages vary from 21 to 27 ° C (70 to 81 ° F). Average annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2,300 millimetres (24 to 91 in), with over half the rain occurring between June and August. The plateau region has moderate temperatures. The western canyon region is hot at the valley bottoms, but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops. Topography ( edit ) The terrain is largely mountainous, especially in the north and west. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east. Yunnan's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains. The average elevation is 1,980 metres (6,500 ft). The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft); in the south they rise no higher than 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The highest point in the north is the Kawagebo Peak in Deqin County on the Diqing Plateau , which is about 6,740 m (22,110 ft); and the lowest is in the Red River Valley in Hekou County , near the Vietnamese border, with an elevation of 76.4 m (251 ft). The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nujiang ( Thai : Salween ) and the Lancangjiang ( Thai : Mekong ). The rugged, vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna, and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden. Borders ( edit ) Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are Tibet , Sichuan , Guizhou and Guangxi . Starting from the east and working clockwise, bordering countries are Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Lào Cai , Lai Châu and Điện Biên provinces), Laos ( Phongsaly , Oudomxay and Luang Namtha provinces), Myanmar (states of Shan and Kachin ). The main border crossings are: Hekou -- Lào Cai , by road and rail, is the only Sino-Vietnamese land border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Vietnamese. Sino-Laotian at Boten Ruili -- Muse is the only Sino-Burmese border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Burmese. Lakes ( edit ) There are several major lakes in Yunnan. The province has nine lakes with areas of over 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi). They include: Dianchi Lake , near Kunming Fuxian Lake , in Yuxi , the second deepest lake in China Xingyun Lake , directly south of Fuxian Lake and connected with it by a short river Qilu Lake , south of Fuxian and Xingyun Lakes, separated from them by mountains, in Tonghai County Erhai Lake , near Dali City Lugu Lake , in Ninglang near the border with Sichuan Yangzong Lake , in Yiliang County Yilong Lake Rivers ( edit ) Yunnan is the source of two rivers, the Xi River (there known as the Nanpan and Hongshui ) and the Yuan River . The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River. Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province, it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between Guizhou province and Guangxi autonomous region. Flowing for 345 km (214 mi), it unites with the Yu River at Guiping to form what eventually becomes the Xi River . The province is drained by six major river systems: the Yangtze River , here known as the Jinsha Jiang (River of Golden Sands), drains the province's north. the Pearl River , with its source near Qujing , collects the waters from the east. the Mekong (Lancang), which flows from Tibet into the South China Sea forming the boundaries between Laos and Burma , between Laos and Thailand and through Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam the Red River (Yuan or Honghe) has its source in the mountains south of Dali and enters the South China Sea through Hanoi , Vietnam the Salween (Nujiang), which flows into the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea through Burma the Irrawaddy , which arises from the confluence of two rivers in Kachin State in Burma , has a few small tributaries in Yunnan's far west, such as the Dulongjiang and Taping River , and rivers in the prefecture of Dehong. Biodiversity ( edit ) Yunnan is China's most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally. The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. The Yunnan camellia ( Camellia reticulata ) is the provincial emblem. During summer, the Great Plateau of Tibet acts as a barrier to monsoon winds, trapping moisture in the province. This gives the alpine flora in particular what one source has called a `` lushness found nowhere else'' . This topographic range combined with a tropical moisture sustains extremely high biodiversity and high degrees of endemism , probably the richest botanically in the world's temperate regions. Perhaps 17,000 species of higher plants, of which an estimated 2,500 are endemic, can be found in the province. The province is said to have `` as much flowering plant diversity as the rest of the Northern Hemisphere put together'' . Yunnan Province has less than 4% of the land of China, yet contains about half of China's birds and mammals. Yunnan is home to, most notably, the southeast Asian gaur , a giant forest-dwelling bovine , the Indochinese tiger and the Asian elephant . Other extremely rare species are the Yunnan box turtle and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey , and it is feared that the Yunnan lar gibbon already is extinct. The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species, including more than 580 natives (the remaining are introduced ). This equals almost 40% of the freshwater fish species in China. Of the Yunnan natives, more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened. Several species that are restricted to single lakes (notably Dian , Erhai , Fuxian and Yilong ) are likely already are extinct. By far the most diverse order in Yunnan is Cypriniformes ; both in total species number and number of endemics. See also: Distribution of orchid species Designation ( edit ) Yunnan has been designated a: `` Center of Plant Diversity'' (IUCN/WWF: Davis et al. 1995) `` Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion'' for biodiversity conservation (WWF: Olsen and Dinerstein 1998) `` Endemic Bird Area'' (Birdlife International: Bibby, C. et al. 1992) and `` Global Biodiversity Hotspot,'' as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem (Conservation International: Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997) Natural resources ( edit ) A main source of wealth lies in its vast mineral resources ; indeed, mining is the leading industry in Yunnan. Yunnan has proven deposits of 86 kinds of minerals in 2,700 places. Some 13% of the proved deposits of minerals are the largest of their kind in China, and two-thirds of the deposits are among the largest of their kind in the Yangtze River valley and in south China. Yunnan ranks first in the country in deposits of zinc , lead , tin , cadmium , indium , thallium and crocidolite . Other deposits include iron , coal , copper , gold , mercury , silver , antimony and sulfur . More than 150 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the province. The potential value of the proven deposits in Yunnan is 3 trillion yuan , 40% of which come from fuel minerals, 7.3% from metallic minerals and 52.7% from nonmetallic minerals. Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres, three times that of the Yellow River . The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy. China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993. Drought ( edit ) After four years of drought, in the fall of 2012, winter of 2012-13, and spring of 2013 severe drought was reported which affected flow of springs and the level of spring-fed lakes; agriculture and urban water supplies were also affected. Water levels in Yilong Lake dropped and grass was reported growing in the middle of the lake bed. Scenic areas ( edit ) National parks ( edit ) See also: List of national parks in China Pudacuo National Park , opened in 2007, in Shangri-La County Laojunshan National Park (老 君山 国家 公园 ), in Lijiang Prefecture , pending approval UNESCO World Heritage Sites ( edit ) Old Town of Lijiang , accepted in 1997 as a cultural site Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , accepted in 2003 as a natural site South China Karst , accepted in 2007 as a natural site Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces , accepted in 2013 as a cultural site Governance ( edit ) Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Yunnan and List of township-level divisions of Yunnan Yunnan consists of sixteen prefecture-level divisions : eight prefecture-level cities and eight autonomous prefectures : Administrative divisions of Yunnan Prefecture-level city district areas County-level cities No Division code English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km Population 2010 Seat Divisions Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities 530000 Yunnan 云南 省 Yúnnán Shěng 394000.00 45,966,239 Kunming 16 69 29 15 530100 Kunming 昆明 市 Kūnmíng Shì 21,001.28 6,432,000 Chenggong District 7 530300 Qujing 曲靖 市 Qǔjìng Shì 28,939.41 5,855,000 Qilin District 6 530400 Yuxi 玉溪 市 Yùxī Shì 14,941.53 2,304,000 Hongta District 530500 Baoshan 保山 市 Bǎoshān Shì 19,064.60 2,506,000 Longyang District 5 530600 Zhaotong 昭通 市 Zhāotōng Shì 22,439.76 5,213,000 Zhaoyang District 10 6 530700 Lijiang 丽江 市 Lìjiāng Shì 20,557.25 1,245,000 Gucheng District 7 530800 Pu'er 普洱 市 Pǔ'ěr Shì 44,264.79 2,543,000 Simao District 9 8 530900 Lincang 临 沧 市 Líncāng Shì 23,620.72 2,430,000 Linxiang District 13 532300 Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 楚雄 彝族 自治州 Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu 28,436.87 2,684,000 Chuxiong 9 14 532500 Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture 红河 哈尼 族 彝族 自治州 Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu 32,167.67 4,501,000 Mengzi 6 15 532600 Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 文山 壮族 苗族 自治州 Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu 31,409.12 3,518,000 Wenshan 7 16 532800 Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 西双版纳 傣族 自治州 Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu 19,107.05 1,134,000 Jinghong 12 532900 Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture 大理 白族 自治州 Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu 28,299.43 3,456,000 Dali 8 9 533100 Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture 德 宏 傣族 景颇 族 自治州 Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu 11,171.41 1,211,000 Mangshi 10 533300 Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture 怒江 傈僳 族 自治州 Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu 14,588.92 534,000 Lushui 11 533400 Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 迪 庆 藏族 自治州 Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu 23,185.59 400,000 Shangri-La The sixteen prefecture-level divisions of Yunnan are subdivided into 129 county-level divisions (16 districts , 15 county-level cities , 69 counties , and 29 autonomous counties ). Politics ( edit ) Further information: List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China Secretaries of the CPC Yunnan Committee : The Secretary of the CPC is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan. Song Renqiong (宋任穷 ): 1950-- 1952 Xie Fuzhi (谢 富治 ): July 1952 -- August 1959 Yan Hongyan (阎红彦 ): August 1959 -- January 1967 Zhou Xing (周 兴 ): June 1971 -- October 1975 Jia Qiyun (贾启允 ): October 1975 -- February 1977 An Pingsheng (安 平生 ): February 1977 -- July 1985 Pu Chaozhu (普 朝 柱 ): July 1985 -- June 1995 Gao Yan (高 严 ): June 1995 -- August 1997 Linghu An (令 狐 安 ): August 1997 -- October 2001 Bai Enpei (白恩培 ): October 2001 -- August 2011 Qin Guangrong ( 秦 光荣 ) : August 2011 -- October 2014 Li Jiheng ( 李纪恒 ) : October 2014 -- August 2016 Chen Hao ( 陈豪 ) : August 2016 -- incumbent Governors of Yunnan : The Governor is the second highest office in Yunnan, after the Secretary of the CPC Yunnan Committee. The Governor, who is elected by the Yunnan Provincial People's Congress , is responsible for all economic , environmental , political , personnel and foreign affairs issues concerning Yunnan. Chen Geng (陈赓 ): March 1950 -- February 1955 Guo Yingqiu (郭影秋 ): February 1955 -- November 1958 Ding Yichuan (丁一川 ): November 1958 -- January 1965 Zhou Xing (周 兴 ): January 1965 -- 1966 Tan Furen (谭 甫 仁 ): August 1968 -- October 1970 Zhou Xing: October 1970 -- October 1975 Jia Qiyun (贾启允 ): October 1975 -- February 1977 An Pingsheng (安 平生 ): February 1977 -- December 1979 Liu Minghui (刘明辉 ): December 1979 -- April 1983 Pu Chaozhu (普 朝 柱 ): April 1983 -- August 1985 He Zhiqiang (和志 强 ): August 1985 -- January 1998 Li Jiating (李嘉廷 ): January 1998 -- June 2001 Xu Rongkai (徐荣凯 ): June 2001 -- November 2006 Qin Guangrong ( 秦 光荣 ) : January 2007 -- August 2011 Li Jiheng ( 李纪恒 ) : August 2011 -- October 2014 Chen Hao ( 陈豪 ) : October 2014 -- incumbent Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop. ± % 1912 9,468,000 -- 1928 13,821,000 +46.0% 1936-37 12,042,000 − 12.9% 1947 9,066,000 − 24.7% 1954 17,472,737 +92.7% 1964 20,509,525 +17.4% 1982 32,553,817 +58.7% 36,972,610 +13.6% 2000 42,360,089 +14.6% 45,966,239 +8.5% Ethnicity ( edit ) Major Autonomous areas within Yunnan. (excluding Hui ) Sumtseling Monastery in Zhongdian . Cubical houses in Xiangcheng Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity. It has the highest number of ethnic groups among the provinces and autonomous regions in China. Among the country's 56 recognised ethnic groups , twenty-five are found in Yunnan. Some 38% of the province population are members of ethnic minorities, including the Yi , Bai , Hani , Tai , Dai , Miao , Lisu , Hui , Lahu , Wa , Nakhi , Yao , Tibetans , Jingpo , Blang , Pumi , Nu , Achang , Jinuo , Mongols , Derung , Manchus , Sui , and Buyei . Several other groups are represented, but they live neither in compact settlements nor do they reach the required threshold of five thousand to be awarded the official status of being present in the province. Some groups, such as the Mosuo , who are officially recognised as part of the Naxi , have in the past claimed official status as a national minority, and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people. Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the Hui , Manchus , Bai , Naxi , Mongols , Zhuang , Dai , Achang , Buyei and Shui , with a combined population of 4.5 million; those in low mountainous areas are the Hani , Yao , Lahu , Va , Jingpo , Blang and Jino , with a combined population of 5 million; and those in high mountainous areas are Miao , Lisu , Tibetan , Pumi and Drung , with a total population of four million. Languages ( edit ) CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of ethnolinguistic groups in Yunnan Province (1971). Most dialects of the Chinese language spoken in Yunnan belong to the southwestern subdivision of the Mandarin group, and are therefore very similar to the dialects of neighbouring Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. Notable features found in many Yunnan dialects include the partial or complete loss of distinction between finals /n/ and /ŋ / , as well as the lack of /y/ . In addition to the local dialects, most people also speak Standard Chinese ( Putonghua , commonly called `` Mandarin'' ), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education. Yunnan's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include Tibeto-Burman languages such as Bai , Yi , Tibetan , Hani , Jingpo , Lisu , Lahu , Naxi ; Tai languages like Zhuang , Bouyei , Dong , Shui , Tai Lü and Tai Nüa ; as well as Hmong-- Mien languages . The Naxi, in particular, use the Dongba script , which is the only pictographic writing system in use in the world today. The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals: today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction. Perhaps the best known Western Dongba scholar was Joseph Rock . Literacy ( edit ) By the end of 1998, among the province's population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2.11 million, senior middle school education, 8.3 million, junior middle school education, 18.25 million, primary school education, and 8.25 million aged 15 or above, illiterate or semi-literate. Religion ( edit ) Religion in Yunnan (2005) Chinese religions , ethnic minorities' folk religions, or not religious (91.3%) Buddhism (6%) Islam (1.4%) Christianity (1.3%) According to a demographic analysis of religions in Yunnan, as of 2005 the province has around 4 million believers of the five government-sanctioned organised religious doctrines of China , almost 90% of them belonging to the ethnic minorities. Of these: 2.6 million or about 6% of the total population are Buddhists ; 620,000 or 1.4% are Muslims ; 530,000 or 1.2% are Protestants ; 240,000 or 0.5% are Taoists (note that `` Taoist'' traditionally only defines priests ); 66,000 or 0.1% are Catholics . According to surveys conducted in 2004 and 2007, in those years approximately 32.22% of the province's population was involved in worship of ancestors and 2.75% declared a Christian identity. Most of the population of the province practices traditional indigenous religions including the Chinese folk religion among the Han Chinese , Bimoism among the Yi peoples and Benzhuism among the Bai people . The Dai people are one of the few ethnic minorities of China that traditionally follow the Theravada branch of Buddhism. Most of the Hui people of the region are Muslims . Christianity is dominant among the Lisu , the Jingpo and the Derung ethnic groups. Main hall of the Qiongzhu Buddhist Temple to the northwest of Kunming . Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains (Xishan) of Kunming. Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition . Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming. Nanjieying Mosque in Tonghai County , Yuxi . Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Jinghong , Xishuangbanna . Kunming temple( Yuantong Temple) Zhongdian sumtseling gompa Agriculture ( edit ) View of Duoyishu sunrise in Yuanyang The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains, open valleys, and terraced hillsides. Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation. Rice is the main crop; corn , barley , wheat , rapeseed , sweet potatoes , soybeans (as a food crop), tea , sugarcane , tobacco , and cotton are also grown. On the steep slopes in the west livestock is raised and timber , a valuable resource, is cut ( teak in the southwest). Tobacco is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP. Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples. Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms . In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called ' pine mushroom' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities. Due to China's growing consumption of dairy products, Yunnan's dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors. The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s. Yunnan province accounts for 50% of China's total cut flower production. The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares. In 2003, the output totaled 2.3 billion stems. In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3.4 billion. Export amounted to US$18 million. Apart from sales on the domestic market, Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. Economy ( edit ) As of the mid-19th century, Yunnan exported birds, brass, tin, gemstones, musk, nuts, and peacock feathers mainly to stores in Guangzhou . They imported silk, wool, and cotton cloth, tobacco and books. Local traders in Lijiang City Aerial view of Downtown Kunming Yunnan is one of China's relatively undeveloped provinces with more poverty -stricken counties than the other provinces. In 1994, about 7 million people lived below the poverty line of less than an annual average income of 300 yuan per capita . They were distributed in the province's 73 counties mainly and financially supported by the central government . With an input of 3.15 billion yuan in 2002, the absolutely poor rural population in the province has been reduced from 4.05 million in 2000 to 2.86 million. The poverty alleviation plan includes five large projects aimed at improving infrastructure facilities. They involve planned attempts at soil improvement , water conservation , electric power , roads, and `` green belt '' building. Upon the completion of the projects, the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of grain , water, electric power and roads. Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to socio-economic development . However, because of its geographic location the province has comparative advantages in regional and border trade with countries in southeast Asia . The Lancang River (upper reaches of Mekong River) is the waterway to southeast Asia. In recent years land transportation has been improved to strengthen economic and trade co-operation among countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion . Yunnan's abundance in resources determines that the province's pillar industries are: agriculture , tobacco , mining , hydro- electric power , and tourism . In general, the province still depends on the natural resources . Secondary industry is currently the largest industrial tier in Yunnan, contributing more than 45 percent of GDP. Tertiary industry contributes 40 percent and agriculture 15 percent. Investment is the key driver of Yunnan's economic growth , especially in construction . The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major development . Its low productivity and competitiveness restrict the rapid development of the province. The province also faces great challenges in social issues such as environmental protection , poverty elimination , illegal migration , drug trafficking and HIV/AIDS . Yunnan's four pillar industries include tobacco , agriculture / biology , mining , and tourism . The main manufacturing industries are iron and steel production and copper-smelting, commercial vehicles, chemicals, fertilizers, textiles, and optical instruments. Yunnan has trade contacts with more than seventy countries and regions in the world. Yunnan established the Muse border trade zone (located in Ruili ) along its border with Burma. Yunnan mainly exports tobacco , machinery and electrical equipment, chemical and agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals. In 2008, its total two-way trade (imports and exports) reached US$9.6 billion. The province signed foreign direct investment contracts involving US$1.69 billion, of which US$777 million were actually utilized during the year. Yunnan's unemployment rate at the end of 2008 was 4.21%. Yunnan's nominal GDP in 2011 was 875.1 billion yuan (US$138.92 billion), an annual growth rate of 13.7%. Its per capita GDP was 13,494 yuan (US$1,975). The share of GDP of Yunnan's primary , secondary , and tertiary industries were 17.9%, 43%, and 39.1% respectively. Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China. Gejiu is well known as `` the Kingdom of Zinc'' with the reserves ranked first in the country. The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu, which is registered on the London Metal Exchange (LME). Besides, reserves of germanium, indium, zirconium, platinum, rock salt, sylvite, nickel, phosphate, mirabilite, arsenic and blue asbestos are also high. Significant copper deposits are found at Dongchuan , iron ore at Wuding , and coal at Xuanwei and Kaiyuan . Economic policy to locate new industry in interior areas with substantial mineral wealth, led to major industrial development in Yunnan, especially in the Kunming area . The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the `` West-East Electricity Transmission Project'' . The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to Guangdong . Economic and Technological development zones ( edit ) Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone First established in 1992, Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national-level zone approved by the State Council. Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province with preferential location. After several years' development, the zone has formed its pillar industries, which include tobacco processing, machinery manufacturing, electronic information, and biotechnology. The Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (KMHNZ), is a state-level high-tech industrial zone established in 1992 in Northwest Kunming. It is administratively under Kunming Prefecture. It has covers an area of 9 km (3.5 sq mi). KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city, 4 kilometers from Kunming Railway Station, 5 kilometers from Kunming International Airport. Kunming Dianchi Tourism & Vacation Zone Kunming Airport Economic Zone Ruili Border Trade Economic Cooperation Zone Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone (RLBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The area's import and export trade include the processing industry, local agriculture and biological resources are very promising. Sino-Burmese business is growing fast. Burma is now one of Yunnan's biggest foreign trade partners. In 1999, Sino-Burmese trade accounted for 77.4% of Yunnan's foreign trade. In the same year, exports for electromechanical equipments came up to US$55.28 million. Main exports here include fiber cloth, cotton yarn, ceresin wax, mechanical equipments, fruits, rice seeds, fiber yarn and tobacco. Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone (WTBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Wanding Town, Ruili, Dehong, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The zone spans 6 km (2.3 sq mi) and is focuses on developing trading, processing, agriculture resources and tourism. Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone (QETDZ) is a provincial development zone approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in August 1992. It is located in the east of urban Qujing, the second largest city in Yunnan in terms of economic strengths. The location of the development zone is the economic, political and cultural center of Qujing. As an agency under Qujing municipal Party committee and municipal government, the administrative commission of QETDZ functions as an economy supervising body at the prefecture level and an administration body at the county level. It has 106 km (41 sq mi) under its jurisdiction. It shoulders the task of building a new 40-square-kilometer city area and providing service for a population of 400,000 in the upcoming 10 years. Yuxi Economic and Technological Development Zone Dali Economic and Technological Development Zone Chuxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone Chuxiong Economic Development Zone is an important zone in Yunnan. Now the zone has attracted a number of investment projects. It is an important industry for the development of new-type industry platform. The zone covers an area of 12 km , composed of four parks. Songming Yanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone First established in 1992, Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone is a border zone approved by State Council to promote Sino-Vietnamese trade. It has a planned area of 4.02 km (1.55 sq mi). The zone implemented several policies to serve its clients in China from various industries and sectors including investment, trade, finance, taxation, immigration, etc. Jiegao Border Trade Economic Zone Lijiang Yulong Snow Mountain Tourism Zone Cang Mountain & Erhai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali Xishuangbanna Tourism and Vacation Zone Tengchong Tourism and Vacation Zone Yangzonghai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone Fuxian Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone Education ( edit ) Since the 1960s, improvements have been achieved in the overall educational level, which can be seen in the increase in average years of regular education received. The development of part-time schools have brought adult , distance and continuing education to farms, factories, offices, and other places. Evening, time off work / study leave classes allow people to receive education without leaving their jobs. Policies to upgrade adult education have begun to complement the campaign against illiteracy . A basic Chinese vocabulary in simplified strokes is taught to millions of illiterate people in short, intensive courses. Despite progress made, Yunnan's illiteracy rate remains one of the highest in China mainly due to insufficient education among minority peoples. In higher education , Yunnan has one `` National Key University '' -- Yunnan University in Kunming . There is also a growing number of technical schools, among which the most prominent are the Yunnan Normal University , the Southwest Forestry University , Yunnan Agricultural University , Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming Medical University , Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , and Kunming University of Science and Technology . Other notable establishments of learning are the Kunming branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory , and the Yunnan Provincial Library . As of 2000, there were 24 institutions of higher learning in Yunnan, with an enrollment of over 90,400 students and a faculty of 9,237; 2,562 secondary schools with an enrollment of more than 2,137,400 students and 120,461 teachers; and 22,151 primary schools with an enrollment of 4,720,600 pupils and a faculty of 210,507. The gross enrollment rate of school-age children was 99.02%. See also : List of universities and colleges in Yunnan Health ( edit ) Yunnan Province is responsible for about 50% of officially reported malaria cases in China. It is presently considered to be the main source of plague in China. HIV-AIDS ( edit ) HIV/AIDS in Yunnan Transport ( edit ) Main article: Transport in Yunnan Railways ( edit ) Viaduct of the Dali-- Lijiang Railway near Dali The first railway in Yunnan was the narrow gauge Yunnan-- Vietnam Railway built by France from 1904 to 1910 to connect Kunming with Vietnam , then a French colony. In Yunnan, the Chinese section of this railway is known as the Yunnan-Hekou Railway and the line gave Yunnan access to the seaport at Haiphong . During the Second World War, Britain and the United States began building a railway from Yunnan to Burma but abandoned the effort due to Japanese advance. Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction, Yunnan remained outside of China's domestic rail network until 1966 when the Guiyang-- Kunming Railway was completed. The line would not enter into operation until 1970, the same year that the Chengdu-Kunming was completed. The Nanning-- Kunming Railway to Guangxi was completed in 1997, followed by the Neijiang-- Kunming Railway in 2001. The Panxi Railway , originally built in 1975 to draw coal from neighboring Guizhou, was electrified in 2001 and adds to eastern Yunnan's outbound rail transport capacity. Within the province, the Kunming-- Yuxi , opened in 1993, and the Guangtong-- Dali , opened in 1998, expanded the rail network to southern and western Yunnan, respectively. The Dali-- Lijiang Railway , opened in 2010, brought rail service to northwestern Yunnan. That line is planned to be extended further north to Xamgyi'nyilha County . The province is extending the railway network to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. From Yuxi , the Yuxi-- Mengzi Railway , built from 2005 to 2013, and the Mengzi-- Hekou Railway , under construction since 2008, will form a standard gauge railway connection with Vietnam . The Dali-- Ruili Railway , under construction since May 2011, will bring rail service to the border with Myanmar . Also under planning is a rail line from Yuxi to Mohan, in Xishuangbana Prefecture, on the border with Laos. This line could be extended further south to Thailand , Malaysia and Singapore . Burma Road ( edit ) The Burma Road was a highway extending about 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) through mountainous terrain from Lashio , northeast Burma northeastward to Kunming, China. Undertaken by the Chinese after the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and completed in 1938, it was a vital transportation route for wartime supplies to the Chinese government from Rangoon and shipped by railroad to Lashio from 1938 to 1946. An extension runs east through China from Kunming, then north to Chongqing. This traffic increased in importance to China after the Japanese took effective control of the Chinese coast and of Indochina. It was seized by the Japanese in 1942 and reopened when it was connected to the Stilwell Road from India. The Ledo Road (later called the Stilwell Road) from Ledo , India, into Burma was begun in December 1942. In 1944 the Ledo Road reached Myitkyina and was joined to the Burma Road. Both roads have lost their former importance and are in a state of disrepair. The Burma Road's importance diminished after World War II, but it has remained a link in a 3,400-km road system from Yangon , Burma , to Chongqing . Highways ( edit ) Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province. Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020. Roadway in Lijiang with the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in the distance. Road sign in Xamgyi'nyilha County . A street in Jinghong lined with palm trees. All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access. Second-level national highways stretch 958 km (595 mi), third-level highways, 7,571 km (4,704 mi) and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km (32,465 mi). The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Burma, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. National highways running through Yunnan province are: China National Highway 108 China National Highway 213 China National Highway 214 China National Highway 320 China National Highway 323 China National Highway 324 China National Highway 326 Expressways ( edit ) After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie expressway, Luofu expressway, the first between Yunnan and Guangxi Province, opened in October 2007. It has made material and passenger transportation between the two provinces much more convenient. Moreover, Luofu Expressway has also become the main road from Yunnan to Guangxi and the coastal ports. Luofu Expressway begins from the crossroads of Luo Village between Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces and ends at Funing County of Wenshan State . The total length of the expressway is 79.3 kilometers which has shortened the commute between Yunnan and Guangxi from the previous 3 and half hours to just 50 minutes. Expressways running through Yunnan province are: Kunming-- Bangkok Expressway G5611 Dali Expressway from Dali to Lijiang G78 Shankun Expressway from Shantou to Kunming G80 Guangkun Expressway from Guangzhou to Kunming G8011 Kaihe Expressway from Kaiyuan to Hekou on the Vietnamese border Waterways ( edit ) Yangzi River Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan's river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993. In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km (501 mi) of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million. Airports ( edit ) Dali Airport The province has twenty domestic air routes from Kunming to Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou , Chengdu , Haikou , Chongqing , Shenyang , Harbin , Wuhan , Xi'an , Lanzhou , Hangzhou , Xiamen , Nanning , Shenzhen , Guiyang , Changsha , Guilin , Lhasa and Hong Kong ; ten provincial air routes from Kunming to Jinghong , Mangshi, Lincang, Tengchong, Lijiang , Dali , Xamgyi'nyilha , Zhaotong , Baoshan and Simao ; and ten international air routes from Kunming to Bangkok , Kolkata , Chiang Mai , Yangon , Singapore , Seoul , Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Kuala Lumpur and Vientiane . Replacing Kunming Wujiaba International Airport is Kunming Changshui International Airport , which opened June 28, 2012. Bridges ( edit ) Bridge-building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the Tibetan Empire built an iron chain bridge over the Yangtze to the neighboring Nanzhao Kingdom at what is today Weixi Lisu Autonomous County during the Tang dynasty . Iron chain bridges are still found across high river valleys of Yunnan. The Jinlong Bridge on the Jinsha River in Lijiang remains the oldest bridge over the Yangtze. With the expansion of the highway and railway network in Yunnan, numerous large-scale bridges have been built across the region's myriad of rivers, including the Yangtze which has dozens of crossings in Yunnan. Culture ( edit ) See also: Bashu culture and Major national historical and cultural sites (Yunnan) Hand-painted Chinese New Year's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people's homes, Old Town, Lijiang . Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in Jinning , south of Kunming . In Zhaotong in northeastern Yunnan, there has been discovered, frescos of the Jin dynasty (265-- 420) . Many Chinese cultural relics have been discovered in later periods. The lineage of tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples persisted uninfluenced by modernity until the mid-20th century. Tribal traditions, such as Yi slaveholding and Wa headhunting , have since been abolished. After the Cultural Revolution (1966-- 76), when many minority culture and religious practices were suppressed, Yunnan has come to celebrate its cultural diversity and subsequently many local customs and festivals have flourished. Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan ( edit ) Main article: Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan Cuisine ( edit ) Main article: Yunnan cuisine Tea ( edit ) For the tea from this region, see Yunnan tea . Yunnan has several different tea growing regions. One of Yunnan's best known products is Pu-erh tea (or Puer), named after the old tea trading town of Pu-erh (Puer). The province is also known for its Yunnan Gold and other Dianhong teas, developed in the 20th century. Music ( edit ) Main article: Music of Yunnan Chinese medicine ( edit ) Yunnan is host to 15,000 species of plants, including 60 percent of the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine . Yunnan Baiyao Tourism ( edit ) Rice-terraced mountains of Yuanyang county Lijiang Town Shangri-La Yunnan Province, due to its beautiful landscapes, mild climate and cultural diversity, is one of China's major tourist destinations. Most visitors are Chinese tourists, although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well. Mainland tourists travel by the masses; 2.75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday. Also a different trend is slowly developing; small scale and environmentally friendly ecotourism . At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO's . In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12, 6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition. Tourism is expected to grow further. In 2010, the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan. Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid- to high-end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016. The Nature Conservancy and the Chinese government came together to form a partnership and explore the possibility of bringing adventure tourism onto the rivers of Southwest China. A two-month white-water expedition explored from the Mekong River's Moon Gorge to Yangze River's Great Bend. The expedition provided valuable information to the partnership, encouraging them to take into account the safety, culture, economics, and conservation of the Yunnan Province. Creating an adventure tourism sector would bring valuable economic resources to the economically struggling population, who had once relied on logging as income prior to it being banned due to deforestation. Tourist centres in Yunnan include: Dali , the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms. Chuxiong , the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town. Jinghong , the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture. Lijiang , a Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997. Xamgyi'nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains. Shilin (Stone Forest) , a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming . Yuanyang , a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains. Xishuangbanna , a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions. Places of interest ( edit ) The Three Pagodas of Dali City The Gucheng Mosque of Yunnan Black Dragon Pool Baishutai Cangshan Erhai Lake Ganlan Basin Green Lake Park Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Lancang River (Mekong River) Manting Park (Chunhuan Park) in Jinghong Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin Pujian Temple Sanchahe Nature Reserve in Jinghong ShaPing Market , Dali Shaxi Stone Forest Three Pagodas Tengchong (hot springs) Tiger Leaping Gorge Visitor Center for Nature and Culture in Northwest Yunnan Wase markets, near Dali Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower & Plant Garden Yuantong Temple Yunnan Provincial Museum Sport ( edit ) Professional sporting teams in Yunnan include the Yunnan Bulls in the Chinese Basketball Association . Football teams include Yunnan Lijiang Dongba and the defunct Yunnan Hongta . See also ( edit ) China portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in Yunnan Province of China'' . Ministry Of Commerce - People's Republic Of China . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Zheng Jinran (February 21, 2013). `` Home / China / Society Drought affects 660,000 people in Yunnan, Gansu and Hebei'' . China Daily . Jump up ^ Mamta Badkar (March 1, 2013). `` 660,000 People In China Have Been Living With Almost No Water For Four Years'' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 17, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lijiang is to build Laojunshan National Park'' . Kunming. 2009-01-09 . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. `` South China Karst - UNESCO World Heritage Centre'' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` 中华 人民 共和国 县 以上 行政 区划 代码 '' (in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs . Jump up ^ Shenzhen Statistical Bureau ( 深圳 市 统计 局 ). 《 深圳 统计 年鉴 2014》 (in Chinese). China Statistics Print ( 中国 统计 出版 社 ) . Retrieved 2015-05-29 . 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Jump up ^ `` 中国 云南 省 五 个 民族 DYS287位 点 多 态 性 的 调查 '' . Windrug.com . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . ^ Jump up to: 毕 迎春 : 云南 省 宗教 信教 群众 达 400余 万 人 Archived 2014-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. , 2005-7-27. Jump up ^ China General Social Survey 2004, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived September 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to: `` China Economy @ China Perspective'' . Thechinaperspective.com. 2013-11-13 . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . Jump up ^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat . New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 123. Jump up ^ `` Myanmar to open second largest border trade zone'' . People's Daily Online. February 13, 2006 . Retrieved 2008-10-14 . Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone'' . RightSite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone'' . RightSite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone'' . RightSite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone China Industrial Space'' . Rightsite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone'' . RightSite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Chuxiong Economic Development Zone'' . RightSite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wednesday, November 20, 2013 - 09:00. `` Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone'' . RightSite.asia . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ L. Tian, J. Li, K. Zhang, P. Guest. `` Women's status, institutional barriers and reproductive health care: A case study in Yunnan, China'' . Health Policy , Volume 84, Issue 2, Pages 284-- 297 Jump up ^ `` Literacy Co-ordination Office of Yunnan Province'' . Portal.unesco.org . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . Jump up ^ Yunnan DQ Testing Turns Up Fake Artesunates, Health Officials Alerted Archived 2008-09-09 at the Wayback Machine . USP Drug Quality and Information Program Jump up ^ Zhang Z, Hai R, Song Z, Xia L, Liang Y, Cai H, Liang Y, Shen X, Zhang E, Xu J, Yu D, Yu XJ. (2009) Spatial variation of Yersinia pestis from Yunnan Province of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 81(4):714-717 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2013-08-07 . Retrieved 2014-03-23 . Jump up ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation. `` Thomson Reuters Foundation News, Information and Connections for Action'' . Alertnet.org . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Article on the tea growing regions of Yunnan'' . The-leaf.org. 1985-06-11 . Retrieved 2013-11-17 . Jump up ^ `` Yunnan catches up'' . TTGmice . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Dillon, Michael (26 July 1999), China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects , Richmond, UK: Routledge / Curzon Press, ISBN 0-7007-1026-4 , retrieved 28 June 2010 Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle . Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road . Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2 Fytche, Albert (1878), Burma past and present , London: C.K. Paul & Co , retrieved 28 June 2010 Jim Goodman (2002). The Exploration of Yunnan . ISBN 7-222-03276-2 . Stephen Mansfield (2007). China: Yunnan Province . (Bradt Travel Guide China: Yunnan Province) ISBN 1-84162-169-2 . Ann Helen Unger and Walter Unger. (2007) Yunnan: China's Most Beautiful Province . (Orchid Press) ISBN 3-7774-8390-7 . Damien Harper (2007). China's Southwest . (Lonely Planet Country & Regional Guides) ISBN 1-74104-185-6 . Patrick R. Booz (1998). Yunnan . (Odyssey Passport: McGraw-Hill Contemporary) ISBN 0-8442-9664-3 . Susan K. McCarthy (2009). Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China (University of Washington Press) ISBN 0-295-98909-2 . Tim Summers (2013), `` Yunnan - A Chinese Bridgehead to Asia: A case study of China's political and economic relations with its neighbours'' (Chandos) ISBN 978-0-85709-444-5 . Web Population Profile of Yunnan -- United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Economic Profile of Yunnan -- Hong Kong Trade Development Council Economic Integration of Yunnan with the Greater Mekong Subregion Asian Economic Journal Volume 20 Issue 3, Pages 303-- 317 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYunnanat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Yunnan Province e-Government website Yunnan Statistical Yearbook Yunnan overview and general trip guide Places adjacent to Yunnan Tibet Autonomous Region Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan Guangxi Kachin State and Shan States , Myanmar Luang Namtha , Oudomxay , and Phongsaly Provinces , Laos Hà Giang , Lào Cai , Lai Châu , and Điện Biên provinces, Vietnam Yunnan topics Kunming ( capital ) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Diqing Plateau Honghe River Dianchi Lake Fuxian Lake Erhai Lake Lugu Lake Yangzong Lake Yilong Lake Xi River Yuan River Pearl River Red River Pudacuo National Park Education Yunnan University Yunnan Agricultural University Culture Music Eighteen Oddities Cuisine Barbeque Pineapple rice Erkuai Ferns Crossing the bridge noodles Honey Hot pot Jidou liangfen Lufu Mi gan Mi xian Mushrooms Pu'er tea Steam pot chicken Rubing Rushan Sichuan pepper Shiping tofu Xuanwei ham Zhe'ergen Visitor attractions Old Town of Lijiang Dali Old Town Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas South China Karst Commons County-level divisions of Yunnan Province Kunming ( capital ) Prefecture-level cities Kunming Panlong District Wuhua District Guandu District Xishan District Chenggong District Dongchuan District Jinning District Anning city Fumin County Yiliang County Songming County Shilin County Luquan County Xundian County Qujing Qilin District Zhanyi District Malong District Xuanwei city Fuyuan County Luoping County Shizong County Luliang County Huize County Yuxi Hongta District Jiangchuan District Chengjiang County Tonghai County Huaning County Yimen County Eshan County Xinping County Yuanjiang County Baoshan Longyang District Tengchong city Shidian County Longling County Changning County Zhaotong Zhaoyang District Ludian County Qiaojia County Yanjin County Daguan County Yongshan County Suijiang County Zhenxiong County Yiliang County Weixin County Shuifu County Lijiang Gucheng District Yongsheng County Huaping County Yulong County Ninglang County Pu'er Simao District Ning'er County Mojiang County Jingdong County Jinggu County Zhenyuan County Jiangcheng County Menglian County Lancang County Ximeng County Lincang Linxiang District Fengqing County Yun County Yongde County Zhenkang County Shuangjiang County Gengma County Cangyuan County Autonomous prefectures Chuxiong Chuxiong city Shuangbai County Mouding County Nanhua County Yao'an County Dayao County Yongren County Yuanmou County Wuding County Lufeng County Honghe Mengzi city Gejiu city Kaiyuan city Mile city Lüchun County Jianshui County Shiping County Luxi County Yuanyang County Honghe County Jinping County Hekou County Pingbian County Wenshan Wenshan city Yanshan County Xichou County Malipo County Maguan County Qiubei County Guangnan County Funing County Xishuangbanna Jinghong City Menghai County Mengla County Dali Dali city Xiangyun County Binchuan County Midu County Yongping County Yunlong County Eryuan County Jianchuan County Heqing County Yangbi County Nanjian County Weishan County Dehong Mang city Ruili city Lianghe County Yingjiang County Longchuan County Nujiang Lushui city Fugong County Gongshan County Lanping County Diqing Shangri-La city Dêqên County Weixi County Provincial-level divisions of China Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Tibet Xinjiang Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Special administrative regions Hong Kong Macau Other Taiwan Note : Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see Political status of Taiwan ). BNF : cb120991284 (data) GND : 4067233-5 NDL : 00630360 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&oldid=843540822 '' Categories : Yunnan Populated places on the Mekong River Provinces of the People's Republic of China South China Western China Hidden categories: CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles containing Chinese-language text Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing Thai-language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg 贛 語 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kongo Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng -dĕ̤ng -ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 文言Winaray吴语粵語中文83moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon29May2018,at20:19.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 8008870754892404657 |
jane the virgin season 4 episode 14 release date | No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 65 `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.68 66 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.61 67 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.60 68 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.69 69 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.65 70 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.61 71 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.65 72 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.68 73 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.67 74 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80 75 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.59 76 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.58 77 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.59 78 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.65 79 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.53 80 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 0.57 81 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.58 | [
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"Jane the Virgin is an American comedy - drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . The series follows Jane Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Latina woman whose vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush .",
"The show was ordered to series on May 8 , 2014 , followed by a full season order on October 21 , 2014 . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season . On January 8 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth season , which debuted on October 13 , 2017 . On April 2 , 2018 , the show was renewed for a fifth season . The fifth season will be the show 's last and will bring the series to 100 total episodes .",
"As of April 20 , 2018 , 81 episodes of Jane the Virgin have aired , concluding the fourth season .",
"Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 20 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 17 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 5 19 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA",
"Season Episodes Originally aired",
"First aired Last aired",
"22 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 )",
"22 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 )",
"20 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 )",
"17 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 )",
"5 19 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One '' Brad Silberling Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 1.61 `` Chapter Two '' Uta Briesewitz Jennie Snyder Urman October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 1.36 `` Chapter Three '' Brad Silberling Meredith Averill October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 1.09 `` Chapter Four '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.01 5 5 `` Chapter Five '' Edward Ornelas Josh Reims November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 1.22 6 6 `` Chapter Six '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 1.09 7 7 `` Chapter Seven '' Janice Cooke David S. Rosenthal November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 0.96 8 8 `` Chapter Eight '' Norman Buckley Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.22 9 9 `` Chapter Nine '' Zetna Fuentes Corinne Brinkerhoff December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 1.28 10 10 `` Chapter Ten '' Elodie Keene Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.39 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven '' Joanna Kerns Gracie Glassmeyer January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.55 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve '' Gina Lamar David S. Rosenthal February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.24 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen '' Howard Deutch Josh Reims February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.34 14 14 `` Chapter Fourteen '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.31 15 15 `` Chapter Fifteen '' Melanie Mayron Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.26 16 16 `` Chapter Sixteen '' Joanna Kerns Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.10 17 17 `` Chapter Seventeen '' Uta Briesewitz Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 0.93 18 18 `` Chapter Eighteen '' Edward Ornelas Meredith Averill April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 1.03 19 19 `` Chapter Nineteen '' Robert Luketic Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 1.05 20 20 `` Chapter Twenty '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 1.06 21 21 `` Chapter Twenty - One '' Stuart Gillard Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 1.05 22 22 `` Chapter Twenty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.24",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"`` Chapter One '' Brad Silberling Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 1.61",
"`` Chapter Two '' Uta Briesewitz Jennie Snyder Urman October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 1.36",
"`` Chapter Three '' Brad Silberling Meredith Averill October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 1.09",
"`` Chapter Four '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.01",
"5 5 `` Chapter Five '' Edward Ornelas Josh Reims November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 1.22",
"6 6 `` Chapter Six '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 1.09",
"7 7 `` Chapter Seven '' Janice Cooke David S. Rosenthal November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 0.96",
"8 8 `` Chapter Eight '' Norman Buckley Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.22",
"9 9 `` Chapter Nine '' Zetna Fuentes Corinne Brinkerhoff December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 1.28",
"10 10 `` Chapter Ten '' Elodie Keene Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.39",
"11 11 `` Chapter Eleven '' Joanna Kerns Gracie Glassmeyer January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.55",
"12 12 `` Chapter Twelve '' Gina Lamar David S. Rosenthal February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.24",
"13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen '' Howard Deutch Josh Reims February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.34",
"14 14 `` Chapter Fourteen '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.31",
"15 15 `` Chapter Fifteen '' Melanie Mayron Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.26",
"16 16 `` Chapter Sixteen '' Joanna Kerns Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.10",
"17 17 `` Chapter Seventeen '' Uta Briesewitz Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 0.93",
"18 18 `` Chapter Eighteen '' Edward Ornelas Meredith Averill April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 1.03",
"19 19 `` Chapter Nineteen '' Robert Luketic Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 1.05",
"20 20 `` Chapter Twenty '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 1.06",
"21 21 `` Chapter Twenty - One '' Stuart Gillard Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 1.05",
"22 22 `` Chapter Twenty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.24",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Chapter Twenty - Three '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 1.06 24 `` Chapter Twenty - Four '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.84 25 `` Chapter Twenty - Five '' Robert Luketic Corinne Brinkerhoff October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.94 26 `` Chapter Twenty - Six '' Zetna Fuentes Paul Sciarrotta November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 1.09 27 5 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven '' Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 1.11 28 6 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 1.10 29 7 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 0.98 30 8 `` Chapter Thirty '' Uta Briesewitz Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 0.98 31 9 `` Chapter Thirty - One '' Joanna Kerns Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 0.99 32 10 `` Chapter Thirty - Two '' Jason Reilly Micah Schraft February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 1.04 33 11 `` Chapter Thirty - Three '' Uta Briesewitz Michael J. Cinquemani February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.94 34 12 `` Chapter Thirty - Four '' Howard Deutch Madeline Hendricks February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.94 35 13 `` Chapter Thirty - Five '' Melanie Mayron Chantelle M. Wells February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.91 36 14 `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' Uta Briesewitz Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.92 37 15 `` Chapter Thirty - Seven '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.77 38 16 `` Chapter Thirty - Eight '' Georgina Garcia Riedel Micah Schraft March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.94 39 17 `` Chapter Thirty - Nine '' Matthew Diamond Carolina Rivera April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 0.93 40 18 `` Chapter Forty '' Anna Mastro Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.96 41 19 `` Chapter Forty - One '' Gina Lamar Joe Lawson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 0.84 42 20 `` Chapter Forty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 0.86 43 21 `` Chapter Forty - Three '' Melanie Mayron Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 0.90 44 22 `` Chapter Forty - Four '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 0.97",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"23 `` Chapter Twenty - Three '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 1.06",
"24 `` Chapter Twenty - Four '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.84",
"25 `` Chapter Twenty - Five '' Robert Luketic Corinne Brinkerhoff October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.94",
"26 `` Chapter Twenty - Six '' Zetna Fuentes Paul Sciarrotta November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 1.09",
"27 5 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven '' Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 1.11",
"28 6 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 1.10",
"29 7 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 0.98",
"30 8 `` Chapter Thirty '' Uta Briesewitz Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 0.98",
"31 9 `` Chapter Thirty - One '' Joanna Kerns Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 0.99",
"32 10 `` Chapter Thirty - Two '' Jason Reilly Micah Schraft February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 1.04",
"33 11 `` Chapter Thirty - Three '' Uta Briesewitz Michael J. Cinquemani February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.94",
"34 12 `` Chapter Thirty - Four '' Howard Deutch Madeline Hendricks February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.94",
"35 13 `` Chapter Thirty - Five '' Melanie Mayron Chantelle M. Wells February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.91",
"36 14 `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' Uta Briesewitz Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.92",
"37 15 `` Chapter Thirty - Seven '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.77",
"38 16 `` Chapter Thirty - Eight '' Georgina Garcia Riedel Micah Schraft March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.94",
"39 17 `` Chapter Thirty - Nine '' Matthew Diamond Carolina Rivera April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 0.93",
"40 18 `` Chapter Forty '' Anna Mastro Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.96",
"41 19 `` Chapter Forty - One '' Gina Lamar Joe Lawson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 0.84",
"42 20 `` Chapter Forty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 0.86",
"43 21 `` Chapter Forty - Three '' Melanie Mayron Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 0.90",
"44 22 `` Chapter Forty - Four '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 0.97",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Chapter Forty - Five '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 1.09 46 `` Chapter Forty - Six '' Brad Silberling David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 1.10 47 `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' Eva Longoria Baston Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 0.97 48 `` Chapter Forty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 1.08 49 5 `` Chapter Forty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Paul Sciarrotta November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 0.93 50 6 `` Chapter Fifty '' Melanie Mayron Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 1.01 51 7 `` Chapter Fifty - One '' Gina Lamar Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) 1.15 52 8 `` Chapter Fifty - Two '' Anna Mastro Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 0.99 53 9 `` Chapter Fifty - Three '' Gina Lamar Chantelle M. Wells January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 0.91 54 10 `` Chapter Fifty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 0.93 55 11 `` Chapter Fifty - Five '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 1.07 56 12 `` Chapter Fifty - Six '' Matthew Diamond Valentina Garza February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 1.06 57 13 `` Chapter Fifty - Seven '' Zetna Fuentes Madeline Hendricks February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 0.88 58 14 `` Chapter Fifty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Merigan Mulhern March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 0.84 59 15 `` Chapter Fifty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Deidre Shaw March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 0.89 60 16 `` Chapter Sixty '' Micah Schraft Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 0.79 61 17 `` Chapter Sixty - One '' Melanie Mayron Paul Sciarrotta May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 0.77 62 18 `` Chapter Sixty - Two '' Fernando Sariñana Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 0.99 63 19 `` Chapter Sixty - Three '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 0.76 64 20 `` Chapter Sixty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 0.96",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"45 `` Chapter Forty - Five '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 1.09",
"46 `` Chapter Forty - Six '' Brad Silberling David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 1.10",
"47 `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' Eva Longoria Baston Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 0.97",
"48 `` Chapter Forty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 1.08",
"49 5 `` Chapter Forty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Paul Sciarrotta November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 0.93",
"50 6 `` Chapter Fifty '' Melanie Mayron Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 1.01",
"51 7 `` Chapter Fifty - One '' Gina Lamar Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) 1.15",
"52 8 `` Chapter Fifty - Two '' Anna Mastro Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 0.99",
"53 9 `` Chapter Fifty - Three '' Gina Lamar Chantelle M. Wells January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 0.91",
"54 10 `` Chapter Fifty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 0.93",
"55 11 `` Chapter Fifty - Five '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 1.07",
"56 12 `` Chapter Fifty - Six '' Matthew Diamond Valentina Garza February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 1.06",
"57 13 `` Chapter Fifty - Seven '' Zetna Fuentes Madeline Hendricks February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 0.88",
"58 14 `` Chapter Fifty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Merigan Mulhern March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 0.84",
"59 15 `` Chapter Fifty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Deidre Shaw March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 0.89",
"60 16 `` Chapter Sixty '' Micah Schraft Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 0.79",
"61 17 `` Chapter Sixty - One '' Melanie Mayron Paul Sciarrotta May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 0.77",
"62 18 `` Chapter Sixty - Two '' Fernando Sariñana Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 0.99",
"63 19 `` Chapter Sixty - Three '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 0.76",
"64 20 `` Chapter Sixty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 0.96",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 65 `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.68 66 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.61 67 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.60 68 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.69 69 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.65 70 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.61 71 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.65 72 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.68 73 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.67 74 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80 75 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.59 76 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.58 77 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.59 78 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.65 79 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.53 80 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 0.57 81 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.58",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"65 `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.68",
"66 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.61",
"67 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.60",
"68 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.69",
"69 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.65",
"70 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.61",
"71 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.65",
"72 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.68",
"73 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.67",
"74 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80",
"75 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.59",
"76 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.58",
"77 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.59",
"78 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.65",
"79 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.53",
"80 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 0.57",
"81 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.58"
] | List of Jane the Virgin episodes - wikipedia List of Jane the Virgin episodes Jane the Virgin is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014. The series follows Jane Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Latina woman whose vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush. The show was ordered to series on May 8, 2014 , followed by a full season order on October 21, 2014. On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season. On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season. On January 8, 2017, the show was renewed for a fourth season , which debuted on October 13, 2017. On April 2, 2018, the show was renewed for a fifth season. The fifth season will be the show's last and will bring the series to 100 total episodes . As of April 20, 2018, 81 episodes of Jane the Virgin have aired, concluding the fourth season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (2014-15) 2.2 Season 2 (2015-- 16) 2.3 Season 3 (2016-- 17) 2.4 Season 4 (2017-- 18) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 13, 2014 ( 2014-10-13 ) May 11, 2015 ( 2015-05-11 ) 22 October 12, 2015 ( 2015-10-12 ) May 16, 2016 ( 2016-05-16 ) 20 October 17, 2016 ( 2016-10-17 ) May 22, 2017 ( 2017-05-22 ) 17 October 13, 2017 ( 2017-10-13 ) April 20, 2018 ( 2018-04-20 ) 5 19 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 (2014-15) ( edit ) Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 1) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) `` Chapter One'' Brad Silberling Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman October 13, 2014 ( 2014-10-13 ) 1.61 `` Chapter Two'' Uta Briesewitz Jennie Snyder Urman October 20, 2014 ( 2014-10-20 ) 1.36 `` Chapter Three'' Brad Silberling Meredith Averill October 27, 2014 ( 2014-10-27 ) 1.09 `` Chapter Four'' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff November 3, 2014 ( 2014-11-03 ) 1.01 5 5 `` Chapter Five'' Edward Ornelas Josh Reims November 10, 2014 ( 2014-11-10 ) 1.22 6 6 `` Chapter Six'' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta November 17, 2014 ( 2014-11-17 ) 1.09 7 7 `` Chapter Seven'' Janice Cooke David S. Rosenthal November 24, 2014 ( 2014-11-24 ) 0.96 8 8 `` Chapter Eight'' Norman Buckley Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera December 8, 2014 ( 2014-12-08 ) 1.22 9 9 `` Chapter Nine'' Zetna Fuentes Corinne Brinkerhoff December 15, 2014 ( 2014-12-15 ) 1.28 10 10 `` Chapter Ten'' Elodie Keene Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña January 19, 2015 ( 2015-01-19 ) 1.39 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven'' Joanna Kerns Gracie Glassmeyer January 26, 2015 ( 2015-01-26 ) 1.55 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve'' Gina Lamar David S. Rosenthal February 2, 2015 ( 2015-02-02 ) 1.24 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen'' Howard Deutch Josh Reims February 9, 2015 ( 2015-02-09 ) 1.34 14 14 `` Chapter Fourteen'' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta February 16, 2015 ( 2015-02-16 ) 1.31 15 15 `` Chapter Fifteen'' Melanie Mayron Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal March 9, 2015 ( 2015-03-09 ) 1.26 16 16 `` Chapter Sixteen'' Joanna Kerns Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera March 16, 2015 ( 2015-03-16 ) 1.10 17 17 `` Chapter Seventeen'' Uta Briesewitz Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole April 6, 2015 ( 2015-04-06 ) 0.93 18 18 `` Chapter Eighteen'' Edward Ornelas Meredith Averill April 13, 2015 ( 2015-04-13 ) 1.03 19 19 `` Chapter Nineteen'' Robert Luketic Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal April 20, 2015 ( 2015-04-20 ) 1.05 20 20 `` Chapter Twenty'' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta April 27, 2015 ( 2015-04-27 ) 1.06 21 21 `` Chapter Twenty-One'' Stuart Gillard Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin May 4, 2015 ( 2015-05-04 ) 1.05 22 22 `` Chapter Twenty-Two'' Zetna Fuentes Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman May 11, 2015 ( 2015-05-11 ) 1.24 Season 2 (2015-- 16) ( edit ) Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 2) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 23 `` Chapter Twenty-Three'' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman October 12, 2015 ( 2015-10-12 ) 1.06 24 `` Chapter Twenty-Four'' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal October 19, 2015 ( 2015-10-19 ) 0.84 25 `` Chapter Twenty-Five'' Robert Luketic Corinne Brinkerhoff October 26, 2015 ( 2015-10-26 ) 0.94 26 `` Chapter Twenty-Six'' Zetna Fuentes Paul Sciarrotta November 2, 2015 ( 2015-11-02 ) 1.09 27 5 `` Chapter Twenty-Seven'' Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 9, 2015 ( 2015-11-09 ) 1.11 28 6 `` Chapter Twenty-Eight'' Melanie Mayron Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft November 16, 2015 ( 2015-11-16 ) 1.10 29 7 `` Chapter Twenty-Nine'' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey November 23, 2015 ( 2015-11-23 ) 0.98 30 8 `` Chapter Thirty'' Uta Briesewitz Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera December 14, 2015 ( 2015-12-14 ) 0.98 31 9 `` Chapter Thirty-One'' Joanna Kerns Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 25, 2016 ( 2016-01-25 ) 0.99 32 10 `` Chapter Thirty-Two'' Jason Reilly Micah Schraft February 1, 2016 ( 2016-02-01 ) 1.04 33 11 `` Chapter Thirty-Three'' Uta Briesewitz Michael J. Cinquemani February 8, 2016 ( 2016-02-08 ) 0.94 34 12 `` Chapter Thirty-Four'' Howard Deutch Madeline Hendricks February 22, 2016 ( 2016-02-22 ) 0.94 35 13 `` Chapter Thirty-Five'' Melanie Mayron Chantelle M. Wells February 29, 2016 ( 2016-02-29 ) 0.91 36 14 `` Chapter Thirty-Six'' Uta Briesewitz Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 7, 2016 ( 2016-03-07 ) 0.92 37 15 `` Chapter Thirty-Seven'' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger March 21, 2016 ( 2016-03-21 ) 0.77 38 16 `` Chapter Thirty-Eight'' Georgina Garcia Riedel Micah Schraft March 28, 2016 ( 2016-03-28 ) 0.94 39 17 `` Chapter Thirty-Nine'' Matthew Diamond Carolina Rivera April 11, 2016 ( 2016-04-11 ) 0.93 40 18 `` Chapter Forty'' Anna Mastro Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin April 18, 2016 ( 2016-04-18 ) 0.96 41 19 `` Chapter Forty-One'' Gina Lamar Joe Lawson April 25, 2016 ( 2016-04-25 ) 0.84 42 20 `` Chapter Forty-Two'' Zetna Fuentes Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta May 2, 2016 ( 2016-05-02 ) 0.86 43 21 `` Chapter Forty-Three'' Melanie Mayron Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta May 9, 2016 ( 2016-05-09 ) 0.90 44 22 `` Chapter Forty-Four'' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman May 16, 2016 ( 2016-05-16 ) 0.97 Season 3 (2016-- 17) ( edit ) Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 3) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 45 `` Chapter Forty-Five'' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman October 17, 2016 ( 2016-10-17 ) 1.09 46 `` Chapter Forty-Six'' Brad Silberling David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta October 24, 2016 ( 2016-10-24 ) 1.10 47 `` Chapter Forty-Seven'' Eva Longoria Baston Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 31, 2016 ( 2016-10-31 ) 0.97 48 `` Chapter Forty-Eight'' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 7, 2016 ( 2016-11-07 ) 1.08 49 5 `` Chapter Forty-Nine'' Anna Mastro Paul Sciarrotta November 14, 2016 ( 2016-11-14 ) 0.93 50 6 `` Chapter Fifty'' Melanie Mayron Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal November 21, 2016 ( 2016-11-21 ) 1.01 51 7 `` Chapter Fifty-One'' Gina Lamar Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 28, 2016 ( 2016-11-28 ) 1.15 52 8 `` Chapter Fifty-Two'' Anna Mastro Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft January 23, 2017 ( 2017-01-23 ) 0.99 53 9 `` Chapter Fifty-Three'' Gina Lamar Chantelle M. Wells January 30, 2017 ( 2017-01-30 ) 0.91 54 10 `` Chapter Fifty-Four'' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman February 6, 2017 ( 2017-02-06 ) 0.93 55 11 `` Chapter Fifty-Five'' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman February 13, 2017 ( 2017-02-13 ) 1.07 56 12 `` Chapter Fifty-Six'' Matthew Diamond Valentina Garza February 20, 2017 ( 2017-02-20 ) 1.06 57 13 `` Chapter Fifty-Seven'' Zetna Fuentes Madeline Hendricks February 27, 2017 ( 2017-02-27 ) 0.88 58 14 `` Chapter Fifty-Eight'' Melanie Mayron Merigan Mulhern March 20, 2017 ( 2017-03-20 ) 0.84 59 15 `` Chapter Fifty-Nine'' Anna Mastro Deidre Shaw March 27, 2017 ( 2017-03-27 ) 0.89 60 16 `` Chapter Sixty'' Micah Schraft Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft April 24, 2017 ( 2017-04-24 ) 0.79 61 17 `` Chapter Sixty-One'' Melanie Mayron Paul Sciarrotta May 1, 2017 ( 2017-05-01 ) 0.77 62 18 `` Chapter Sixty-Two'' Fernando Sariñana Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal May 8, 2017 ( 2017-05-08 ) 0.99 63 19 `` Chapter Sixty-Three'' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta May 15, 2017 ( 2017-05-15 ) 0.76 64 20 `` Chapter Sixty-Four'' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman May 22, 2017 ( 2017-05-22 ) 0.96 Season 4 (2017-- 18) ( edit ) Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 4) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 65 `` Chapter Sixty-Five'' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13, 2017 ( 2017-10-13 ) 0.68 66 `` Chapter Sixty-Six'' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20, 2017 ( 2017-10-20 ) 0.61 67 `` Chapter Sixty-Seven'' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27, 2017 ( 2017-10-27 ) 0.60 68 `` Chapter Sixty-Eight'' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3, 2017 ( 2017-11-03 ) 0.69 69 5 `` Chapter Sixty-Nine'' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10, 2017 ( 2017-11-10 ) 0.65 70 6 `` Chapter Seventy'' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17, 2017 ( 2017-11-17 ) 0.61 71 7 `` Chapter Seventy-One'' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8, 2017 ( 2017-12-08 ) 0.65 72 8 `` Chapter Seventy-Two'' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26, 2018 ( 2018-01-26 ) 0.68 73 9 `` Chapter Seventy-Three'' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2, 2018 ( 2018-02-02 ) 0.67 74 10 `` Chapter Seventy-Four'' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9, 2018 ( 2018-02-09 ) 0.80 75 11 `` Chapter Seventy-Five'' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2, 2018 ( 2018-03-02 ) 0.59 76 12 `` Chapter Seventy-Six'' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9, 2018 ( 2018-03-09 ) 0.58 77 13 `` Chapter Seventy-Seven'' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16, 2018 ( 2018-03-16 ) 0.59 78 14 `` Chapter Seventy-Eight'' Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23, 2018 ( 2018-03-23 ) 0.65 79 15 `` Chapter Seventy-Nine'' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6, 2018 ( 2018-04-06 ) 0.53 80 16 `` Chapter Eighty'' Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13, 2018 ( 2018-04-13 ) 0.57 81 17 `` Chapter Eighty-One'' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20, 2018 ( 2018-04-20 ) 0.58 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 8, 2014). `` Fall TV Scoop: The CW Orders Four Dramas, Including Flash, iZombie and Jane the Virgin, Passes on Supernatural Spin-Off'' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash,' ' Jane the Virgin' Get Full-Season Orders at CW'' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21, 2014 . Retrieved October 22, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 11, 2015). `` ' Arrow' , ' Jane The Virgin' , ' Reign' , ' The 100' , ' The Flash' , ' Supernatural, ' The Originals' & ' The Vampire Diaries' Renewed by the CW'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 11, 2016). `` ' The Flash' , ' The 100' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' renewed: All 11 CW series picked up for 2016-17'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ ge, Linda (January 8, 2017). `` The CW Renews ' The Flash,' ' Supergirl,' ' Jane the Virgin' and 4 Other Series'' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 8, 2017). `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty' & ' Valor' And Returning Series Returning Series'' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8, 2017 . Retrieved June 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 2, 2018). `` ' Riverdale,' ' Flash,' ' Supernatural' Among 10 CW Renewals'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (2018-05-17). `` ' Jane the Virgin' Creator on the Show's End: ' We're Going to Close Things Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . Jump up ^ Clemmons, Rachael Vaughan (April 20, 2018). `` The fifth season of ' Jane the Virgin' will be its last'' . Metro.us . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 14, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' & ' Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; ' The Big Bang Theory' & ' Castle' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15, 2014 . Retrieved October 14, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 21, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Big Bang Theory' , ' The Voice' & ' Gotham' Adjusted Up; ' Jane the Virgin' , ' The Originals' , ' The Millers' & ' Castle' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 28, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' & ' Scorpion' Adjusted Up; ' Dancing With the Stars' , ' Castle' , ' The Millers' & ' The Blacklist' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30, 2014 . Retrieved October 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 4, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' Adjusted Up; ' Jane the Virgin' , ' Dancing With the Stars' , ' The Originals' , ' Countdown to the CMAs' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 11, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Dancing With The Stars' & ' Castle' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 18, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' & ' Sleepy Hollow' Adjusted Up; ' Dancing With the Stars' & ' Castle' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 25, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Dancing With The Stars' Adjusted Up; ' The Voice,, ' Castle' , ' 2 Broke Girls' , ' Scorpion' & ' State of Affairs' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 9, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight' & ' Castle' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 16, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Jane the Virgin' , ' The Voice' , ' The Great Christmas Light Fight' & ' State of Affairs' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 21, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Scorpion' , ' Castle' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice' Adjusted Up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 27, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Bachelor' and ' Sleepy Hollow' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 3, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: No Adjustments to ' Gotham' , ' Sleepy Hollow' , ' The Originals' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 10, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' NCIS: LA' & ' Scorpion' Adjusted Up, No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 18, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Bachelor' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice' Adjusted Up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 10, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' , ' The Bachelor' , ' 2 Broke Girls' , ' Mike & Molly' & ' NCIS: LA' Adjusted Up; ' The Night Shift' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 17, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' , ' Dancing With The Stars' , ' Mike & Molly' & ' Jane The Virgin' Adjusted Up; ' The Night Shift' & ' The Originals' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 7, 2014). `` Monday Final Ratings: No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin' or ' The Night Shift' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 14, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' The Voice' & ' Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; ' The Originals' , ' Jane The Virgin' & ' The Night Shift' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 21, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Scorpion' , ' 2 Broke Girls' , ' Mike & Molly' , Gotham' , ' The Voice' & ' Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 28, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' 2 Broke Girls' , ' Mike & Molly' , ' Stalker' & ' The Night Shift' Adjusted Down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 5, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' 2 Broke Girls' & ' Mike and Molly' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 12, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Dancing With the Stars' & ' The Following' Adjusted Up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Voice' and ' Big Bang Theory' adjusted up, ' Castle,' ' Life in Pieces' and ' Scorpion' adjusted down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 20, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' and ' Jane the Virgin' adjusted down, ' Big Bang' adjusted up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 27, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' Supergirl' and ' Blindspot' adjust down, ' Big Bang Theory' adjusts up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 3, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Voice' and ' NCIS: LA' adjust up, ' Supergirl' holds'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 10, 2015). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' NCIS: LA' Adjusts Up; Everything Else Holds'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' Jane the Virgin' adjusts down but still hits season high, ' Scorpion' adjusts up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 24, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Voice' adjusts up, ' Castle' adjusts down to season average'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2015). `` Monday final ratings: ' Scorpion' and ' Jane the Virgin' adjust down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' Scorpion' and ' Superstore' adjust up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 2, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' X-Files,' ' Lucifer' and ' The Bachelor' adjust up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 9, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Bachelor' and ' Scorpion' adjust up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 23, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' Bachelor' adjusts up, ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' adjusts down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 1, 2016). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Blindspot,' ' Gotham' and all others hold'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 8, 2016). `` Monday Final Ratings: ' Jane the Virgin' adjusts up, ' Blindspot' adjusts down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Voice' adjusts up, ' Blindspot' adjusts down'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick. `` Monday final ratings: ' Supergirl,' ' Blindspot' and everything else hold'' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 12, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Voice' adjusts up, ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' and ' Jane the Virgin' adjust down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' Supergirl' finale adjusts up, ' NCIS: LA' adjusts down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' The Voice' adjusts down'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 3, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' NCIS: LA' finale and all others hold'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' Blindspot' and ' Reign' adjust down'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 17, 2016). `` Monday final ratings: ' Mike & Molly' finale and ' The Voice' adjust up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2016). `` ' Gotham,' ' The Voice,' ' Big Bang,' ' DWTS' adjust up, ' Conviction' and ' 2 Broke Girls' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2016). `` ' Kevin Can Wait' adjusts up, ' Timeless,' ' Supergirl,' and ' Jane the Virgin' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 1, 2016). `` ' Gotham' adjusts up, CBS shows all adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 8, 2016). `` ' Jane the Virgin,' ' Odd Couple' and ' Conviction' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 15, 2016). `` ' 2 Broke Girls' adjusts up, ' Supergirl' and ' Jane the Virgin' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 22, 2016). `` ' Supergirl,' ' Jane the Virgin,' ' Odd Couple,' ' Conviction' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 30, 2016). `` ' Voice' adjusts up, ' Gotham,' ' Lucifer,' ' Jane the Virgin' and ABC adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 24, 2017). `` ' Celebrity Apprentice' adjusts up, ' Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 31, 2017). `` ' Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 7, 2017). `` ' The Bachelor' and ' Superior Donuts' adjust up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 14, 2017). `` ' The Bachelor' adjusts up, ' Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 22, 2017). `` ' Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 28, 2017). `` ' Scorpion' adjusted up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 21, 2017). `` ' Dancing With the Stars' adjusts up, ' Taken' and ' Quantico' adjust down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 28, 2017). `` ' Voice,' ' Great Indoors' adjust up; ' Taken,' ' Quantico,' ' Jane the Virgin' down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 25, 2017). `` ' Gotham' adjusts up, ' Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 2, 2017). `` ' The Voice,' ' Scorpion,' ' Man with a Plan,' ' Superior Donuts' all adjust up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 9, 2017). `` ' Gotham,' ' Man with a Plan,' ' Jane the Virgin' adjust up, ' Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 16, 2017). `` ' Dancing with the Stars,' ' Man with a Plan' finale adjust up: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 23, 2017). `` ' The Voice' adjusts up, ' Jane the Virgin' adjusts down: Monday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 16, 2017). `` ' Hell's Kitchen,' ' MacGyver,' ' Once Upon a Time,' & more remain unchanged: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 23, 2017). `` ' Jane the Virgin,' ' Hawaii Five-0,' all others unchanged: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 30, 2017). `` ' MacGyver,' ' Jane the Virgin' and World Series adjust up: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 6, 2017). `` ' Hawaii Five-0,' ' Once Upon a Time' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 13, 2017). `` ' Hawaii Five-0,' ' Hell's Kitchen,' everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 20, 2017). `` ' Hell's Kitchen,' ' MacGyver' and all others unchanged: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 11, 2017). `` ' Blue Bloods' adjusts down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 29, 2018). `` ' Blindspot,' ' Agents of SHIELD,' all others hold: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 5, 2018). `` ' Hell's Kitchen' finale, ' Jane the Virgin,' all others hold: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 12, 2018). `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 5, 2018). `` ' Blue Bloods,' ' Blindspot,' all other unchanged: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 12, 2018). `` Blue Bloods,' ' Taken,' ' Confronting Putin' adjust down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 19, 2018). `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 26, 2018). `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty' adjust down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 9, 2018). `` ' Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 16, 2018). `` ' Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up, ' Taken' adjusts down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 23, 2018). `` ' Dynasty' adjusts down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23, 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jane the Virgin on IMDb Jane the Virgin at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes&oldid=844301426 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes Hidden categories: Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Polski Русский中文EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon4June2018,at01:28(UTC).AboutWikipedia | 1182670902536047547 |
where was the original brady bunch house located | The house used in exterior shots , which bears little relation to the interior layout of the Bradys ' home , is located in Studio City , within the city limits of Los Angeles . According to a 1994 article in the Los Angeles Times , the San Fernando Valley house was built in 1959 and selected as the Brady residence because series creator Schwartz felt it looked like a home where an architect would live . A false window was attached to the front 's A-frame section to give the illusion that it had two full stories . Contemporary establishing shots of the house were filmed with the owner 's permission for the 1990 TV series The Bradys . The owner refused to allow Paramount to restore the property to its 1969 look for The Brady Bunch Movie in 1995 , so a facade resembling the original home was built around an existing house . | [
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"The Brady Bunch Season five opening ( 1973 -- 74 ) Genre Sitcom Created by Sherwood Schwartz Starring Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Susan Olsen Theme music composer Frank De Vol Sherwood Schwartz Opening theme `` The Brady Bunch '' performed by : Peppermint Trolley Company ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Brady Bunch Kids ( 1970 -- 74 ) Composer ( s ) Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Producer ( s ) Howard Leeds Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd Schwartz Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Redwood Productions Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release September 26 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 08 ) Chronology Followed by The Brady Brides A Very Brady Christmas The Bradys Related shows The Brady Kids The Brady Bunch Hour",
"The Brady Bunch",
"Season five opening ( 1973 -- 74 )",
"Genre Sitcom",
"Created by Sherwood Schwartz",
"Starring Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Susan Olsen",
"Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Susan Olsen",
"Ann B. Davis",
"Theme music composer Frank De Vol Sherwood Schwartz",
"Frank De Vol Sherwood Schwartz",
"Frank De Vol",
"Opening theme `` The Brady Bunch '' performed by : Peppermint Trolley Company ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Brady Bunch Kids ( 1970 -- 74 )",
"`` The Brady Bunch '' performed by : Peppermint Trolley Company ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Brady Bunch Kids ( 1970 -- 74 )",
"`` The Brady Bunch '' performed by :",
"Peppermint Trolley Company ( 1969 -- 70 )",
"The Brady Bunch Kids",
"( 1970 -- 74 )",
"Composer ( s ) Frank De Vol",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons 5",
"No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz",
"Producer ( s ) Howard Leeds Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd Schwartz",
"Howard Leeds Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd Schwartz",
"Camera setup Single - camera",
"Running time 25 -- 26 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Redwood Productions Paramount Television",
"Redwood Productions Paramount Television",
"Distributor CBS Television Distribution",
"Release",
"Original network ABC",
"Audio format Monaural",
"Original release September 26 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 08 )",
"Chronology",
"Followed by The Brady Brides A Very Brady Christmas The Bradys",
"The Brady Brides A Very Brady Christmas The Bradys",
"The Brady Brides",
"A Very Brady Christmas",
"Related shows The Brady Kids The Brady Bunch Hour",
"The Brady Kids The Brady Bunch Hour",
"The Brady Kids",
"The Brady Bunch Hour",
"The Brady Bunch is an American sitcom created by Sherwood Schwartz that aired from September 26 , 1969 , to March 8 , 1974 , on ABC . The series revolves around a large blended family with six children . Considered one of the last of the old - style family sitcoms , the series aired for five seasons and , after its cancellation in 1974 , went into syndication in September 1975 . While the series was never a critical or ratings success during its original run , it has since become a popular staple in syndication , especially among children and teenaged viewers .",
"The Brady Bunch 's success in syndication led to several television reunion films and spin - off series : The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) , The Brady Girls Get Married ( 1981 ) , The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) , A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) , and The Bradys ( 1990 ) . In 1995 , the series was adapted into a satirical comedy theatrical film titled The Brady Bunch Movie , followed by A Very Brady Sequel in 1996 . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , aired on Fox in November 2002 as a made - for - television film . In 1997 , `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three , episode 12 ) was ranked number 37 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All - Time . The durability of the show has resulted in it becoming widely recognized as an American cultural icon .",
"In 1966 , following the success of his TV series Gilligan 's Island , Sherwood Schwartz conceived the idea for The Brady Bunch after reading in The Los Angeles Times that `` 30 % of marriages ( in the United States ) have a child or children from a previous marriage . '' He set to work on a pilot script for a series tentatively titled Mine and Yours . Schwartz then developed the script to include three children for each parent . While Mike Brady is depicted as being a widower , Schwartz originally wanted the character of Carol Brady to have been a divorcée , but the network objected to this . A compromise was reached whereby Carol 's marital status ( whether she was divorced or widowed ) was never directly revealed .",
"Schwartz shopped the series to the `` big three '' television networks of the era . ABC , CBS , and NBC all liked the script , but each network wanted changes before they would commit to filming , so Schwartz shelved the project . Although similarities exist between the series and two 1968 theatrical release films , United Artists ' Yours , Mine and Ours ( starring Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball ) and CBS 's With Six You Get Eggroll ( starring Brian Keith and Doris Day ) , the original script for The Brady Bunch predated the scripts for both of these films . Nonetheless , the outstanding success of the United Artists film ( the 11th - highest - grossing film of 1968 ) was a factor in ABC 's decision to order episodes for the series .",
"After receiving a commitment for 13 weeks of television shows from ABC in 1968 , Schwartz hired film and television director John Rich to direct the pilot , cast the six children from 264 interviews during that summer , and hired the actors to play the mother role , the father role , and the housekeeper role . As the sets were built on Paramount Television stage 5 , adjacent to the stage where H.R. Pufnstuf was filmed by Sid and Marty Krofft , who later produced The Brady Bunch Hour , the production crew prepared the back yard of a home in Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles , as the exterior location for the chaotic backyard wedding scene . Filming of the pilot began on Friday , October 4 , 1968 , and lasted eight days .",
"Mike Brady ( Robert Reed ) , a widowed architect with three sons , Greg ( Barry Williams ) , Peter ( Christopher Knight ) , and Bobby ( Mike Lookinland ) , marries Carol Martin ( Florence Henderson ) , who herself has three daughters : Marcia ( Maureen McCormick ) , Jan ( Eve Plumb ) , and Cindy ( Susan Olsen ) . The wife and daughters take the Brady surname . Included in the blended family are Mike 's live - in housekeeper , Alice Nelson ( Ann B. Davis ) , and the boys ' dog , Tiger . The setting is a large , suburban , two - story house designed by Mike , in a Los Angeles suburb .",
"In the first season , awkward adjustments , accommodations , gender rivalries , and resentments inherent in blended families dominate the stories . In an early episode , Carol tells Bobby that the only `` steps '' in their household lead to the second floor ( in other words , that the family contains no `` stepchildren '' , only `` children '' ) . Thereafter , the episodes focus on typical preteen and teenaged adjustments such as sibling rivalry , puppy love , self - image , character building , and responsibility .",
"The regular cast appeared in an opening title sequence in which video head shots were arranged in a three - by - three grid , with each cast member appearing to look at the other cast members . The sequence used the then - new `` multi-dynamic image technique '' created by Canadian filmmaker Christopher Chapman ; as a result of the popular attention it garnered in this sequence , it has been referred to in the press as `` the Brady Bunch effect '' . In a 2010 issue of TV Guide , the show 's opening title sequence ranked number eight on a list of TV 's top - 10 credits sequences , as selected by readers .",
"Robert Reed as Mike Brady Florence Henderson as Carol Brady Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson Barry Williams as Greg Brady Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady Christopher Knight as Peter Brady Eve Plumb as Jan Brady Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady",
"Robert Reed as Mike Brady",
"Florence Henderson as Carol Brady",
"Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson",
"Barry Williams as Greg Brady",
"Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady",
"Christopher Knight as Peter Brady",
"Eve Plumb as Jan Brady",
"Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady",
"Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady",
"Sam Franklin ( Allan Melvin ) is Alice 's boyfriend . He is the owner of a local butcher shop . Sam appears in only eight episodes , but they span all five seasons . He is also frequently mentioned in dialogue , and Alice occasionally goes on dates with him off - screen . By the time of the 1981 made - for - TV movie The Brady Girls Get Married , Alice and Sam are married . Tiger the dog -- the original dog that played Tiger died early in the first season . A replacement dog proved problematic , so the producers decided the dog would only appear when essential to the plot . Tiger appeared in about half the episodes in the first season and about half a dozen episodes in the second season . Tiger seemingly vanished without an explanation and was not shown again after `` The Impractical Joker '' ( last episode shown with Tiger ) and `` What Goes Up '' ( last episode made with Tiger ) .",
"Sam Franklin ( Allan Melvin ) is Alice 's boyfriend . He is the owner of a local butcher shop . Sam appears in only eight episodes , but they span all five seasons . He is also frequently mentioned in dialogue , and Alice occasionally goes on dates with him off - screen . By the time of the 1981 made - for - TV movie The Brady Girls Get Married , Alice and Sam are married .",
"Tiger the dog -- the original dog that played Tiger died early in the first season . A replacement dog proved problematic , so the producers decided the dog would only appear when essential to the plot . Tiger appeared in about half the episodes in the first season and about half a dozen episodes in the second season . Tiger seemingly vanished without an explanation and was not shown again after `` The Impractical Joker '' ( last episode shown with Tiger ) and `` What Goes Up '' ( last episode made with Tiger ) .",
"Mr. Phillips ( Jack Collins ) is Mike 's boss at the architectural firm . He appears in only three episodes , all during season two , but is often mentioned in other episodes when issues occur around Mike 's work . Cousin Oliver ( Robbie Rist ) -- in the middle of season five , producers added a new character named Oliver , Carol Brady 's young nephew , who was sent to live with the Bradys while his parents were living in South America . The character was added in an attempt to fill the age gap left by the maturing Brady children -- the youngest ( Susan Olsen ) was 12 years old during the show 's final season . Lloyd Schwartz , son of creator and executive producer Sherwood Schwartz , later admitted that the character threw off the balance of the show and said that fans regarded the character as an interloper . Oliver appeared in the final six episodes of season five , which proved to be the final season , as ABC cancelled the series in 1974 . The addition of the character has been cited as the moment the series `` jumped the shark '' . The term `` Cousin Oliver '' has been used to describe the addition of a young character to a series in an attempt to save a series from cancellation .",
"Mr. Phillips ( Jack Collins ) is Mike 's boss at the architectural firm . He appears in only three episodes , all during season two , but is often mentioned in other episodes when issues occur around Mike 's work .",
"Cousin Oliver ( Robbie Rist ) -- in the middle of season five , producers added a new character named Oliver , Carol Brady 's young nephew , who was sent to live with the Bradys while his parents were living in South America . The character was added in an attempt to fill the age gap left by the maturing Brady children -- the youngest ( Susan Olsen ) was 12 years old during the show 's final season . Lloyd Schwartz , son of creator and executive producer Sherwood Schwartz , later admitted that the character threw off the balance of the show and said that fans regarded the character as an interloper . Oliver appeared in the final six episodes of season five , which proved to be the final season , as ABC cancelled the series in 1974 . The addition of the character has been cited as the moment the series `` jumped the shark '' . The term `` Cousin Oliver '' has been used to describe the addition of a young character to a series in an attempt to save a series from cancellation .",
"Herbert Anderson ( known for playing Dennis 's father in the 1960s sitcom Dennis the Menace ) as a doctor who comes to treat the boys ' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' ( season one ) Melissa Sue Anderson , who later rose to fame playing Mary Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie , played Millicent , a girl who gives Bobby his first kiss ( `` Never Too Young '' , season five ) Desi Arnaz , Jr. ( teen heartthrob son of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball ) meets Marcia , who had written about him in her diary in `` The Possible Dream '' ( season one ) Jim Backus ( Thurston Howell III in Gilligan 's Island ) appears three times in the series , twice in two of the three Grand Canyon episodes , `` Ghost Town U.S.A. '' and `` Grand Canyon or Bust '' , playing Zaccariah T. Brown , who mistakenly thinks the Bradys are jumping his gold claim and locks them in a ghost - town jail , and in `` The Hustler '' ( season five ) playing Mike 's second boss , Mr. Harry Matthews Ken Berry ( known for F Troop , Mayberry RFD and Mama 's Family ) . In 1973 Sherwood Schwartz wrote a Brady Bunch spin - off called Kelly 's Kids , which featured Berry as the adoptive father of three diverse boys ( black , white , and Asian ) . The pilot failed to interest ABC . Imogene Coca ( known for Your Show of Shows and one of the cast members of Sherwood Schwartz 's It 's About Time TV series ) plays the Brady girls ' great - aunt Jenny , whom Jan fears she will grow up to resemble after seeing a childhood photo of her in `` Jan 's Aunt Jenny '' ( season three ) Don Drysdale ( Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher ) tries to inject reality into Greg 's dreams of being a professional baseball player in `` The Dropout '' ( season two ) Don Ho ( Hawaiian singer ) meets Cindy and Bobby and serenaded Cindy in Honolulu in `` Hawaii Bound '' ( part one of a three - part season - four episode , filmed on location in Hawaii ) Davy Jones ( of The Monkees ) performs at a music studio and then takes Marcia to her school dance in `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three ) ( he also satirized his cameo decades later in The Brady Bunch Movie ) . Deacon Jones ( Los Angeles Rams defensive end ) encourages Peter 's singing in `` The Drummer Boy '' ( season two ) . E.G. Marshall as Mr. J.P. Randolph , Marcia 's school principal in `` The Slumber Caper '' ( season two ) ( Marshall and Robert Reed co-starred in The Defenders in 1961 -- 65 -- making this a reunion of the two ) . Bart La Rue , immortalized in Star Trek history as the iconic voice of the Guardian of Forever , played a sports coach in the ( season two ) episodes `` Click '' and `` The Drummer Boy '' . Brigadier General James McDivitt ( NASA astronaut ) signs autographs for Peter and Bobby after appearing on a talk show in `` Out of This World '' ( season five ) . Joe Namath ( New York Jets quarterback ) visits Bobby because he thought that Bobby had a terminal illness in `` Mail Order Hero '' ( season five ) . Wes Parker ( Los Angeles Dodgers first baseman ) meets Mike and Greg in Greg 's math classroom , thus curing Greg of the crush he had on his teacher Miss Linda O'Hara ( played by Gigi Perreau ) , Parker 's fiancée in `` The Undergraduate '' ( season one ) . Vincent Price ( horror film actor ) appears twice in the series in two of the three Hawaii episodes , `` Pass the Tabu '' , and `` The Tiki Caves '' from season four , playing the villainous Professor Hubert Whitehead , who holds the Brady boys hostage . Marion Ross ( later known as Mrs. Cunningham in Happy Days ) appears as a doctor who comes to treat the girls ' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' ( season one ) . Natalie Schafer ( Lovey Howell in Gilligan 's Island ) is Mike 's fussy client , Penelope Fletcher , who is charmed by Cindy 's impromptu ' Shirley Temple ' routine in `` The Snooperstar '' ( season five ) . Marcia Wallace played a salesclerk in `` Would the Real Jan Brady Please Stand Up '' ( season two ) and `` Mrs. Robbins '' in `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three ) . Rita Wilson ( actress and wife of Tom Hanks ) Wilson 's career began with a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in the 1972 episode `` Greg 's Triangle , '' where she played one of the candidates running against Marcia for head cheerleader . Paul Winchell ( ventriloquist and actor ; Winchell - Mahoney Time , voice of `` Tigger '' in Winnie - the - Pooh ) appears as Skip Farnum , the TV commercial director in `` And Now a Word From Our Sponsor '' ( season three ) .",
"Herbert Anderson ( known for playing Dennis 's father in the 1960s sitcom Dennis the Menace ) as a doctor who comes to treat the boys ' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' ( season one )",
"Melissa Sue Anderson , who later rose to fame playing Mary Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie , played Millicent , a girl who gives Bobby his first kiss ( `` Never Too Young '' , season five )",
"Desi Arnaz , Jr. ( teen heartthrob son of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball ) meets Marcia , who had written about him in her diary in `` The Possible Dream '' ( season one )",
"Jim Backus ( Thurston Howell III in Gilligan 's Island ) appears three times in the series , twice in two of the three Grand Canyon episodes , `` Ghost Town U.S.A. '' and `` Grand Canyon or Bust '' , playing Zaccariah T. Brown , who mistakenly thinks the Bradys are jumping his gold claim and locks them in a ghost - town jail , and in `` The Hustler '' ( season five ) playing Mike 's second boss , Mr. Harry Matthews",
"Ken Berry ( known for F Troop , Mayberry RFD and Mama 's Family ) . In 1973 Sherwood Schwartz wrote a Brady Bunch spin - off called Kelly 's Kids , which featured Berry as the adoptive father of three diverse boys ( black , white , and Asian ) . The pilot failed to interest ABC .",
"Imogene Coca ( known for Your Show of Shows and one of the cast members of Sherwood Schwartz 's It 's About Time TV series ) plays the Brady girls ' great - aunt Jenny , whom Jan fears she will grow up to resemble after seeing a childhood photo of her in `` Jan 's Aunt Jenny '' ( season three )",
"Don Drysdale ( Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher ) tries to inject reality into Greg 's dreams of being a professional baseball player in `` The Dropout '' ( season two )",
"Don Ho ( Hawaiian singer ) meets Cindy and Bobby and serenaded Cindy in Honolulu in `` Hawaii Bound '' ( part one of a three - part season - four episode , filmed on location in Hawaii )",
"Davy Jones ( of The Monkees ) performs at a music studio and then takes Marcia to her school dance in `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three ) ( he also satirized his cameo decades later in The Brady Bunch Movie ) .",
"Deacon Jones ( Los Angeles Rams defensive end ) encourages Peter 's singing in `` The Drummer Boy '' ( season two ) .",
"E.G. Marshall as Mr. J.P. Randolph , Marcia 's school principal in `` The Slumber Caper '' ( season two ) ( Marshall and Robert Reed co-starred in The Defenders in 1961 -- 65 -- making this a reunion of the two ) .",
"Bart La Rue , immortalized in Star Trek history as the iconic voice of the Guardian of Forever , played a sports coach in the ( season two ) episodes `` Click '' and `` The Drummer Boy '' .",
"Brigadier General James McDivitt ( NASA astronaut ) signs autographs for Peter and Bobby after appearing on a talk show in `` Out of This World '' ( season five ) .",
"Joe Namath ( New York Jets quarterback ) visits Bobby because he thought that Bobby had a terminal illness in `` Mail Order Hero '' ( season five ) .",
"Wes Parker ( Los Angeles Dodgers first baseman ) meets Mike and Greg in Greg 's math classroom , thus curing Greg of the crush he had on his teacher Miss Linda O'Hara ( played by Gigi Perreau ) , Parker 's fiancée in `` The Undergraduate '' ( season one ) .",
"Vincent Price ( horror film actor ) appears twice in the series in two of the three Hawaii episodes , `` Pass the Tabu '' , and `` The Tiki Caves '' from season four , playing the villainous Professor Hubert Whitehead , who holds the Brady boys hostage .",
"Marion Ross ( later known as Mrs. Cunningham in Happy Days ) appears as a doctor who comes to treat the girls ' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' ( season one ) .",
"Natalie Schafer ( Lovey Howell in Gilligan 's Island ) is Mike 's fussy client , Penelope Fletcher , who is charmed by Cindy 's impromptu ' Shirley Temple ' routine in `` The Snooperstar '' ( season five ) .",
"Marcia Wallace played a salesclerk in `` Would the Real Jan Brady Please Stand Up '' ( season two ) and `` Mrs. Robbins '' in `` Getting Davy Jones '' ( season three ) .",
"Rita Wilson ( actress and wife of Tom Hanks ) Wilson 's career began with a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in the 1972 episode `` Greg 's Triangle , '' where she played one of the candidates running against Marcia for head cheerleader .",
"Paul Winchell ( ventriloquist and actor ; Winchell - Mahoney Time , voice of `` Tigger '' in Winnie - the - Pooh ) appears as Skip Farnum , the TV commercial director in `` And Now a Word From Our Sponsor '' ( season three ) .",
"The theme song , penned by Schwartz and Frank De Vol , and originally arranged , sung , and performed by Paul Parrish , Lois Fletcher , and John Beland under the name the Peppermint Trolley Company , quickly communicated to audiences that the Bradys were a blended family . The Brady family is shown in a tic - tac - toe board with Carol on the top center , Alice in the middle block , and Mike on bottom middle . To the right are three blocks with the boys from the oldest on top to the youngest . To the left are three blocks with the girls from the oldest to the youngest . In season two , the Brady kids took over singing the theme song . In season three , the boys sing the first verse , girls sing the second verse , and all sing together for the third and last verse . The sequence was created and filmed by Howard A. Anderson , Jr. , a visual effects pioneer who worked on the title sequences for many popular television series .",
"The end credits feature an instrumental version of the theme song 's third verse . In season one , it was recorded by the Peppermint Trolley Company . From season two on , the theme was recorded in - house by Paramount musicians .",
"The house used in exterior shots , which bears little relation to the interior layout of the Bradys ' home , is located in Studio City , within the city limits of Los Angeles . According to a 1994 article in the Los Angeles Times , the San Fernando Valley house was built in 1959 and selected as the Brady residence because series creator Schwartz felt it looked like a home where an architect would live . A false window was attached to the front 's A-frame section to give the illusion that it had two full stories . Contemporary establishing shots of the house were filmed with the owner 's permission for the 1990 TV series The Bradys . The owner refused to allow Paramount to restore the property to its 1969 look for The Brady Bunch Movie in 1995 , so a facade resembling the original home was built around an existing house .",
"In the series , the address of the house was given as 4222 Clinton Way ( as read aloud by Carol from an arriving package in the first - season episode entitled `` Lost Locket , Found Locket '' ) . Although no city was ever specified , it was presumed from references to the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Los Angeles Rams , and a Hollywood movie studio , among many others , that the Bradys lived in Southern California , most likely Los Angeles or one of its suburbs .",
"The interior of the Brady house was used at least three times for other Paramount shows , twice for Mannix and once for Mission : Impossible , while The Brady Bunch was in production . In the case of Mission : Impossible , the Brady furniture was also used . A re-creation of the Brady house was constructed for the X-Files episode `` Sunshine Days '' , which also revolved around The Brady Bunch .",
"Season Episodes Originally aired Time slot ( ET ) First aired Last aired 1969 -- 70 25 September 26 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) March 20 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 20 ) Friday at 8 : 00 PM 1970 -- 71 24 September 25 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 25 ) March 19 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 19 ) Friday at 7 : 30 PM 1971 -- 72 23 September 17 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 17 ) March 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 10 ) Friday at 8 : 00 PM 1972 -- 73 23 September 22 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 22 ) March 23 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 23 ) 5 1973 -- 74 22 September 14 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 08 )",
"Season Episodes Originally aired Time slot ( ET )",
"First aired Last aired",
"1969 -- 70 25 September 26 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) March 20 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 20 ) Friday at 8 : 00 PM",
"1970 -- 71 24 September 25 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 25 ) March 19 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 19 ) Friday at 7 : 30 PM",
"1971 -- 72 23 September 17 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 17 ) March 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 10 ) Friday at 8 : 00 PM",
"1972 -- 73 23 September 22 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 22 ) March 23 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 23 )",
"5 1973 -- 74 22 September 14 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 08 )",
"The Brady Bunch never achieved high ratings during its primetime run ( never placing in the top 30 during the five years it aired ) and was cancelled in 1974 after five seasons and 117 episodes ; it was cancelled shortly after the series crossed the minimum threshold for syndication . At that point in the story , Greg graduated from high school and was about to enroll in college .",
"When the episodes were repeated in syndication , they usually appeared every weekday in late - afternoon or early - evening slots on local stations . This enabled children to watch the episodes when they came home from school , making the program widely popular and giving it iconic status among those who were too young to have seen the series during its primetime run .",
"According to Schwartz , the reason the show has become a part of Americana , despite the fact other shows have run longer , were rated higher , and were critically acclaimed , is that the episodes were written from the standpoint of the children and addressed situations that children could understand ( such as boy trouble , sibling rivalry , and meeting famous people such as a rock star or baseball players ) . The Bradys are also portrayed as a harmonious family , though they do have times when one of the children does not cooperate with his or her parents or the other children .",
"Award Year Result Recipient Young Artist Award Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Honored Barry Williams TV Land Awards 2003 Hippest Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Favorite Dual - Role Character Nominated Christopher Knight as Peter Brady and Arthur Funniest Food Fight The Brady Pie Fight on the Paramount Lot . Nominated Favorite Guest Performance by a Musician on a TV Show Won Davy Jones Most Memorable Male Guest Star in a Comedy as Himself Won Joe Namath Favorite Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Barry Williams Most Memorable Mane Nominated Susan Olsen Favorite Made - for - TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis 2005 Theme Song You Just Cannot Get out of Your Head Nominated Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man , '' in which Marcia has a crush on her dentist . Nominated Favorite Two - Parter / Cliffhanger For the Greg Brady surfboard accident . Nominated Favorite Singing Siblings Nominated Williams , McCormick , Knight , Plumb , Lookinland , Olsen 2006 Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man '' Nominated Favorite Made - for - TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis Favorite TV Food Pork chops and applesauce Won 2007 Most Beautiful Braces Nominated Maureen McCormick Pop Culture Award Won Williams , McCormick , Knight , Plumb , Lookinland , Olsen , Davis , Henderson , Lloyd J. Schwartz ( producer )",
"Award Year Result Recipient",
"Young Artist Award Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Honored Barry Williams",
"TV Land Awards 2003 Hippest Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated",
"Favorite Dual - Role Character Nominated Christopher Knight as Peter Brady and Arthur",
"Funniest Food Fight The Brady Pie Fight on the Paramount Lot . Nominated",
"Favorite Guest Performance by a Musician on a TV Show Won Davy Jones",
"Most Memorable Male Guest Star in a Comedy as Himself Won Joe Namath",
"Favorite Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Barry Williams",
"Most Memorable Mane Nominated Susan Olsen",
"Favorite Made - for - TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis",
"2005 Theme Song You Just Cannot Get out of Your Head Nominated",
"Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man , '' in which Marcia has a crush on her dentist . Nominated",
"Favorite Two - Parter / Cliffhanger For the Greg Brady surfboard accident . Nominated",
"Favorite Singing Siblings Nominated Williams , McCormick , Knight , Plumb , Lookinland , Olsen",
"2006 Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man '' Nominated",
"Favorite Made - for - TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis",
"Favorite TV Food Pork chops and applesauce Won",
"2007 Most Beautiful Braces Nominated Maureen McCormick",
"Pop Culture Award Won Williams , McCormick , Knight , Plumb , Lookinland , Olsen , Davis , Henderson , Lloyd J. Schwartz ( producer )",
"Since its first airing in syndication in September 1975 , an episode of the show has been broadcast somewhere in the United States and abroad every day of the year . Episodes were also shown on ABC daytime from July 9 , 1973 to April 18 , 1975 and from June 30 - August 29 , 1975 , at 11 : 30 a.m. EST / 10 : 30 CST .",
"The show was aired on TBS starting in the 1980s until 1997 , Nick at Nite in 1995 ( for a special event ) , and again from 1998 to 2003 ( and briefly during the spring of 2012 ) , TeenNick ( under the channel 's former name The N ) from March to April 2004 , on TV Land on and off from 2002 to 2015 , Nick Jr. ( as part of the NickMom block from 2012 to 2013 ) , and Hallmark Channel from January to June 2013 and again starting September 5 , 2016 , until September 30 , 2016 .",
"Episodes in the syndicated version have been edited for time to allow for commercial breaks , down from the original version of 25 -- 26 minutes .",
"Since its launch as a national network in 2010 , the Weigel Broadcasting owned classic TV network MeTV airs a weekly two - hour block of the show every Sunday morning / early afternoon promoted as the `` Brady Bunch Brunch '' . In addition , Me - TV also airs the series weekdays on an intermittent basis . Decades - a sister network of MeTV - also periodically airs the show .",
"During the series ' original run , the Brady kids recorded several albums on Paramount 's record label .",
"Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 5026 -- 1970 Meet The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6032 -- 1972 -- Billboard # 108 The Kids From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6037 -- 1972 Phonographic Album -- Paramount 6058 -- 1973 Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick -- Paramount 6062 -- 1973 It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch -- MCA 10764 -- 1993",
"Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 5026 -- 1970",
"Meet The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6032 -- 1972 -- Billboard # 108",
"The Kids From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6037 -- 1972",
"Phonographic Album -- Paramount 6058 -- 1973",
"Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick -- Paramount 6062 -- 1973",
"It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch -- MCA 10764 -- 1993",
"Also includes solo recordings as indicated",
"Year Single ( A-side , B - side ) Label & number Album 1970 `` Frosty The Snowman '' b / w `` Silver Bells '' Paramount 0062 Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch 1971 `` Sweet Sweetheart '' b / w `` Sunny '' Barry Williams solo single Paramount 0122 Non-album tracks `` How Will It Be ? '' b / w `` The Fortune Cookie Song '' Eve Plumb solo single RCA 0409 1972 `` Time To Change '' b / w `` We Can Make The World A Whole Lot Brighter '' Paramount 0141 Meet The Brady Bunch `` We 'll Always Be Friends '' b / w `` Time To Change '' Paramount 0167 `` Over and Over '' b / w `` Good For Each Other '' Chris Knight solo single Paramount 0177 Non-album tracks `` Candy ( Sugar Shoppe ) '' b / w `` Drummer Man '' Paramount 0180 The Kids From The Brady Bunch 1973 `` Zuckerman 's Famous Pig '' b / w `` Charlotte 's Web '' Paramount 0205 Phonographic Album `` Truckin ' Back To You '' b / w `` Teeny Weeny Bit ( Too Long ) '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0217 Non-album tracks `` I 'd Love You To Want Me '' b / w `` Everything I Do '' Paramount 0229 Phonographic Album `` Little Bird '' b / w `` Just A Singin ' Alone '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0246 Non-album tracks `` Harmonize '' b / w `` Love 's In The Roses '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0292 `` Love Does n't Care Who 's In It '' b / w `` Gum Drop '' Mike Lookinland solo single Capitol 3914",
"Year Single ( A-side , B - side ) Label & number Album",
"1970 `` Frosty The Snowman '' b / w `` Silver Bells '' Paramount 0062 Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch",
"1971 `` Sweet Sweetheart '' b / w `` Sunny '' Barry Williams solo single Paramount 0122 Non-album tracks",
"`` How Will It Be ? '' b / w `` The Fortune Cookie Song '' Eve Plumb solo single RCA 0409",
"1972 `` Time To Change '' b / w `` We Can Make The World A Whole Lot Brighter '' Paramount 0141 Meet The Brady Bunch",
"`` We 'll Always Be Friends '' b / w `` Time To Change '' Paramount 0167",
"`` Over and Over '' b / w `` Good For Each Other '' Chris Knight solo single Paramount 0177 Non-album tracks",
"`` Candy ( Sugar Shoppe ) '' b / w `` Drummer Man '' Paramount 0180 The Kids From The Brady Bunch",
"1973 `` Zuckerman 's Famous Pig '' b / w `` Charlotte 's Web '' Paramount 0205 Phonographic Album",
"`` Truckin ' Back To You '' b / w `` Teeny Weeny Bit ( Too Long ) '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0217 Non-album tracks",
"`` I 'd Love You To Want Me '' b / w `` Everything I Do '' Paramount 0229 Phonographic Album",
"`` Little Bird '' b / w `` Just A Singin ' Alone '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0246 Non-album tracks",
"`` Harmonize '' b / w `` Love 's In The Roses '' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0292",
"`` Love Does n't Care Who 's In It '' b / w `` Gum Drop '' Mike Lookinland solo single Capitol 3914",
"Several spin - offs and sequels to the original series have been made , featuring all or most of the original cast . These include another sitcom , an animated series , a variety show , television movies , a dramatic series , a stage play , and theatrical movies :",
"A final - season Brady Bunch episode , `` Kelly 's Kids '' , was intended as a pilot for a prospective spin - off series of the same name . Ken Berry starred as Ken Kelly , a friend and neighbor of the Bradys , who with his wife Kathy ( Brooke Bundy ) adopted three orphaned boys of different racial backgrounds . One of the adopted sons was played by Todd Lookinland , the younger brother of Mike Lookinland . While Kelly 's Kids was not subsequently picked up as a full series , producer Sherwood Schwartz reworked the basic premise for the short - lived 1980s sitcom Together We Stand starring Elliott Gould and Dee Wallace .",
"A 22 - episode animated Saturday morning cartoon series , produced by Filmation and airing on ABC from September 1972 to August 1974 , is about the Brady kids having various adventures . The family 's adults were never seen or mentioned , and the `` home '' scenes were in a very large , well - appointed tree house . Several animals were regular characters , including two non-English - speaking pandas ( Ping and Pong ) , a talking bird ( Marlon ) which could do magic , and an ordinary pet dog ( Mop Top , not Tiger ) . The first 17 episodes featured the voices of all six of the original child actors from the show , but Barry Williams , Maureen McCormick , and Christopher Knight were replaced for the last five episodes due to a contract dispute .",
"On November 28 , 1976 , a two - hour television special entitled The Brady Bunch Variety Hour aired on ABC . Eve Plumb was the only regular cast member from the original show who declined to be in the series and the role of Jan was recast with Geri Reischl . Produced by Sid and Marty Krofft , the sibling team behind H.R. Pufnstuf , Donny and Marie , and other variety shows and children 's series of the era , the show was intended to air every fifth week in the same slot as The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries , but ended up being scheduled sporadically throughout the season , leading to inconsistent ratings and its inevitable cancellation .",
"In 2009 , Brady Bunch cast member Susan Olsen , with Lisa Sutton , published a book , Love to Love You Bradys , which dissects and celebrates the Variety Hour as a cult classic .",
"The Brady Brides Genre Sitcom Created by Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Directed by Peter Baldwin Starring Maureen McCormick Eve Plumb Jerry Houser Ron Kuhlman Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Keland Love Theme music composer Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 Production Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Producer ( s ) John Thomas Lenox Location ( s ) Paramount Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Cinematography Lester Shorr Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Redwood Productions Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release February 6 ( 1981 - 02 - 06 ) -- April 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by The Brady Bunch Hour Followed by A Very Brady Christmas Related shows The Brady Bunch",
"The Brady Brides",
"Genre Sitcom",
"Created by Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz",
"Directed by Peter Baldwin",
"Starring Maureen McCormick Eve Plumb Jerry Houser Ron Kuhlman Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Keland Love",
"Theme music composer Frank De Vol",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of seasons",
"No. of episodes 10",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz",
"Producer ( s ) John Thomas Lenox",
"Location ( s ) Paramount Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles , California",
"Cinematography Lester Shorr",
"Running time 25 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Redwood Productions Paramount Television",
"Distributor CBS Television Distribution",
"Release",
"Original network NBC",
"Original release February 6 ( 1981 - 02 - 06 ) -- April 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 17 )",
"Chronology",
"Preceded by The Brady Bunch Hour",
"Followed by A Very Brady Christmas",
"Related shows The Brady Bunch",
"A TV reunion movie called The Brady Girls Get Married was produced in 1981 . Although scheduled to be shown in its original full - length movie format , NBC at the last minute divided it into half - hour segments and showed one part a week for three weeks , and the fourth week debuted a spin - off sitcom titled The Brady Brides . The reunion movie featured the entire original cast ; this proved to be the only time the entire cast worked together on a single project following the cancellation of the original series . The movie 's opening credits featured the season - one `` Grid '' and theme song , with the addition of The Brady Girls Get Married title . The movie shows what the characters had been doing since the original series ended : Mike is still an architect , Carol is a real - estate agent , Marcia is a fashion designer , Jan is also an architect , Greg is a doctor , Peter is in the Air Force , Bobby and Cindy are in college , and Alice has married Sam . Eventually , they all reunite for Marcia and Jan 's double wedding .",
"The Brady Brides features Maureen McCormick ( Marcia ) and Eve Plumb ( Jan ) in regular roles . The series begins with Marcia and Jan and their new husbands buying a house and living together . The clashes between Jan 's uptight and conservative husband , Philip Covington III ( a college professor in science who is several years older than Jan , played by Ron Kuhlman ) and Marcia 's slovenly and more bohemian husband , Wally Logan ( a fun - loving salesman for a large toy company , played by Jerry Houser ) , were the pivot on which many of the stories were based , not unlike The Odd Couple . Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis also appeared regularly . Ten episodes were aired before the sitcom was cancelled . This was the only Brady show in sitcom form to be filmed in front of a live studio audience . Bob Eubanks guest - starred as himself in an episode where the two couples appear on The Newlywed Game .",
"Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s , The Brady Girls Get Married was rerun on various networks in its original full - length movie format .",
"No . Title Original air date `` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 1 ) '' February 6 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 06 ) Marcia and Jan announce that they are both getting married and plans soon begin for a double wedding . `` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 2 ) '' February 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 13 ) Jan and Philip want a traditional wedding , and Marcia and Wally want a modern wedding . `` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 3 ) '' February 20 , 1981 ( February 20 , 1981 ) The weather spells disaster for an outdoor wedding , so they end up having the ceremony inside the Brady house . `` Living Together '' March 6 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 06 ) After all the houses they see are too expensive , Marcia , Jan and their husbands decide to share a house . 5 `` Gorilla of My Dreams '' March 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 13 ) Marcia and Jan get some self - defense lessons from their mother , while a thief attempts to burglarize their home . 6 `` The Newlywed Game '' March 20 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 20 ) Game - show host Bob Eubanks asks Marcia and Jan to appear on The Newlywed Game with their new husbands . 7 `` The Mom Who Came to Dinner '' March 27 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 27 ) Mrs. Brady temporarily moves in with her newly wedded daughters and their husbands . 8 `` The Siege '' April 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 03 ) Wally 's guilt over parking tickets causes him to panic when a policeman visits the house , so he decides to impersonate Philip . 9 `` Cool Hand Phil '' April 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 10 ) Philip tries to change his image by dressing and acting `` hip . '' 10 `` A Pretty Boy is Like a Melody '' April 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 17 ) Marcia is forced to use Wally and Philip in her fashion show after her models go on strike .",
"No . Title Original air date",
"`` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 1 ) '' February 6 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 06 )",
"Marcia and Jan announce that they are both getting married and plans soon begin for a double wedding .",
"`` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 2 ) '' February 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 13 )",
"Jan and Philip want a traditional wedding , and Marcia and Wally want a modern wedding .",
"`` The Brady Girls Get Married ( Part 3 ) '' February 20 , 1981 ( February 20 , 1981 )",
"The weather spells disaster for an outdoor wedding , so they end up having the ceremony inside the Brady house .",
"`` Living Together '' March 6 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 06 )",
"After all the houses they see are too expensive , Marcia , Jan and their husbands decide to share a house .",
"5 `` Gorilla of My Dreams '' March 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 13 )",
"Marcia and Jan get some self - defense lessons from their mother , while a thief attempts to burglarize their home .",
"6 `` The Newlywed Game '' March 20 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 20 )",
"Game - show host Bob Eubanks asks Marcia and Jan to appear on The Newlywed Game with their new husbands .",
"7 `` The Mom Who Came to Dinner '' March 27 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 27 )",
"Mrs. Brady temporarily moves in with her newly wedded daughters and their husbands .",
"8 `` The Siege '' April 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 03 )",
"Wally 's guilt over parking tickets causes him to panic when a policeman visits the house , so he decides to impersonate Philip .",
"9 `` Cool Hand Phil '' April 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 10 )",
"Philip tries to change his image by dressing and acting `` hip . ''",
"10 `` A Pretty Boy is Like a Melody '' April 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 17 )",
"Marcia is forced to use Wally and Philip in her fashion show after her models go on strike .",
"A second TV reunion movie , A Very Brady Christmas , aired in December 1988 on CBS and featured all the regular cast ( except Susan Olsen , who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming ; the role of Cindy was played by Jennifer Runyon ) , as well as three grandchildren , Peter 's girlfriend , Valerie , and the spouses of Greg , Marcia , and Jan ( Nora , Wally , and Phillip , respectively ) . The Nielsen ratings for A Very Brady Christmas were the highest of any television movie that season for CBS .",
"Due to the success of A Very Brady Christmas , CBS asked Brady Bunch creator Sherwood Schwartz and his son Lloyd to create a new series for the network . According to Lloyd Schwartz , his father and he initially balked at the idea because they felt a new series would harm the Brady franchise . They finally relented because CBS was `` desperate for programming '' . A new series featuring the Brady clan was created entitled The Bradys . All the original Brady Bunch cast members returned for the series , except for Maureen McCormick ( Marcia ) , who was replaced with Leah Ayres .",
"As with A Very Brady Christmas , The Bradys also featured elements of comedy and drama and featured storylines that were of a more serious nature than that of the original series and its subsequent spin - offs . Lloyd Schwartz later said he compared The Bradys to another dramedy of the time , thirtysomething . The two - hour series premiere episode aired on February 9 , 1990 , at 9 pm on CBS and initially drew respectable ratings . Subsequent episodes were moved to 8 pm , where ratings quickly declined . Due to the decline , CBS cancelled the series after six episodes .",
"The Day by Day episode , titled `` A Very Brady Episode '' ( February 5 , 1989 ) , on NBC , reunited six of the original The Brady Bunch cast members : Robert Reed , Florence Henderson , Ann B. Davis , Christopher Knight , Mike Lookinland and Maureen McCormick",
"Twenty years following the conclusion of the original series , a film adaptation , The Brady Bunch Movie went into production and was released in 1995 from Paramount Pictures . The film is set in the present day ( 1990s ) and the Bradys , still living their lives as if it were the 1970s , are unfamiliar with their surroundings . It stars Gary Cole and Shelley Long as Mike and Carol Brady , with Christopher Daniel Barnes ( Greg ) , Christine Taylor ( Marcia ) , Paul Sutera ( Peter ) , Jennifer Elise Cox ( Jan ) , Jesse Lee ( Bobby ) , Olivia Hack ( Cindy ) , Henriette Mantel ( Alice ) , and cameo appearances from Ann B. Davis as a long - haul truck driver and Florence Henderson as Carol 's mother .",
"A sequel , A Very Brady Sequel , was released in 1996 . The cast of the first film returned for the sequel . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House was made - for - television and was aired on Fox in 2002 . Shelley Long and Gary Cole returned for the third film , while the Brady kids and Alice were recast .",
"Paramount Home Entertainment released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1 from 2005 to 2006 , before CBS DVD took over DVD rights to the Paramount Television library ( though CBS DVD releases are still distributed by Paramount ) . Paramount / CBS has released the series on DVD in other countries as well .",
"A Complete Series box set was released in 2007 by CBS and Paramount , which includes the TV movies A Very Brady Christmas and `` The Brady 500 '' ( an episode of The Bradys ) , as well as two episodes of The Brady Kids animated series . The box art for the set features green shag carpeting and 1970s - style wood paneling .",
"The first two seasons are also available on Region 2 DVD for the Nordic countries , with audio in English and subtitle choices in Norwegian , Swedish , Danish , or Finnish . The series has also been released on VHS , but the VHS tapes have gone out of print .",
"On April 7 , 2015 , CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set , at a lower price , but it does not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series release .",
"Seasons one and two have also been released in the UK .",
"DVD name Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season 25 March 1 , 2005 August 27 , 2007 September 19 , 2007 The Complete Second Season 24 July 26 , 2005 March 24 , 2008 March 6 , 2008 The Complete Third Season 23 September 13 , 2005 N / A September 4 , 2008 The Complete Fourth Season 23 November 1 , 2005 N / A April 2 , 2009 The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 7 , 2006 N / A June 18 , 2009 The Complete Series 117 ( with extras ) April 3 , 2007 N / A N / A",
"DVD name Episodes Release dates",
"Region 1 Region 2 Region 4",
"The Complete First Season 25 March 1 , 2005 August 27 , 2007 September 19 , 2007",
"The Complete Second Season 24 July 26 , 2005 March 24 , 2008 March 6 , 2008",
"The Complete Third Season 23 September 13 , 2005 N / A September 4 , 2008",
"The Complete Fourth Season 23 November 1 , 2005 N / A April 2 , 2009",
"The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 7 , 2006 N / A June 18 , 2009",
"The Complete Series 117 ( with extras ) April 3 , 2007 N / A N / A"
] | The Brady Bunch - wikipedia The Brady Bunch Jump to: navigation , search The Brady Bunch Season five opening (1973-- 74) Genre Sitcom Created by Sherwood Schwartz Starring Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Susan Olsen Theme music composer Frank De Vol Sherwood Schwartz Opening theme `` The Brady Bunch'' performed by: Peppermint Trolley Company (1969-- 70) The Brady Bunch Kids (1970-- 74) Composer(s) Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Sherwood Schwartz Producer(s) Howard Leeds Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd Schwartz Camera setup Single-camera Running time 25-- 26 minutes Production company(s) Redwood Productions Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release September 26, 1969 ( 1969-09-26 ) -- March 8, 1974 ( 1974-03-08 ) Chronology Followed by The Brady Brides A Very Brady Christmas The Bradys Related shows The Brady Kids The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Bunch is an American sitcom created by Sherwood Schwartz that aired from September 26, 1969, to March 8, 1974, on ABC . The series revolves around a large blended family with six children. Considered one of the last of the old-style family sitcoms, the series aired for five seasons and, after its cancellation in 1974, went into syndication in September 1975. While the series was never a critical or ratings success during its original run, it has since become a popular staple in syndication, especially among children and teenaged viewers. The Brady Bunch's success in syndication led to several television reunion films and spin-off series: The Brady Bunch Hour (1976-- 77), The Brady Girls Get Married (1981), The Brady Brides (1981), A Very Brady Christmas (1988), and The Bradys (1990). In 1995, the series was adapted into a satirical comedy theatrical film titled The Brady Bunch Movie , followed by A Very Brady Sequel in 1996. A second sequel, The Brady Bunch in the White House , aired on Fox in November 2002 as a made-for-television film . In 1997, `` Getting Davy Jones '' (season three, episode 12) was ranked number 37 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time . The durability of the show has resulted in it becoming widely recognized as an American cultural icon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Premise 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Notable guest stars 4 Production notes 4.1 Theme song and credits sequence 4.2 The Brady house 5 Episodes 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. television ratings 6.2 Popular reception 6.3 Awards and honors 7 Syndication and distribution 7.1 Current airings 8 Discography 8.1 Albums 8.2 Singles 9 Spin-offs, sequels, and reunions 9.1 Kelly's Kids 9.2 The Brady Kids 9.3 The Brady Bunch Variety Hour 9.4 The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides 9.4.1 Episodes 9.5 A Very Brady Christmas 9.6 The Bradys 9.7 Day by Day : `` A Very Brady Episode'' 10 Film adaptations 11 DVD releases 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Development ( edit ) In 1966, following the success of his TV series Gilligan's Island , Sherwood Schwartz conceived the idea for The Brady Bunch after reading in The Los Angeles Times that `` 30% of marriages (in the United States) have a child or children from a previous marriage.'' He set to work on a pilot script for a series tentatively titled Mine and Yours . Schwartz then developed the script to include three children for each parent. While Mike Brady is depicted as being a widower, Schwartz originally wanted the character of Carol Brady to have been a divorcée , but the network objected to this. A compromise was reached whereby Carol's marital status (whether she was divorced or widowed) was never directly revealed. Schwartz shopped the series to the `` big three'' television networks of the era. ABC , CBS , and NBC all liked the script, but each network wanted changes before they would commit to filming, so Schwartz shelved the project. Although similarities exist between the series and two 1968 theatrical release films, United Artists' Yours, Mine and Ours (starring Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball ) and CBS 's With Six You Get Eggroll (starring Brian Keith and Doris Day ), the original script for The Brady Bunch predated the scripts for both of these films. Nonetheless, the outstanding success of the United Artists film ( the 11th-highest-grossing film of 1968 ) was a factor in ABC's decision to order episodes for the series. After receiving a commitment for 13 weeks of television shows from ABC in 1968, Schwartz hired film and television director John Rich to direct the pilot, cast the six children from 264 interviews during that summer, and hired the actors to play the mother role, the father role, and the housekeeper role. As the sets were built on Paramount Television stage 5, adjacent to the stage where H.R. Pufnstuf was filmed by Sid and Marty Krofft , who later produced The Brady Bunch Hour , the production crew prepared the back yard of a home in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles , as the exterior location for the chaotic backyard wedding scene. Filming of the pilot began on Friday, October 4, 1968, and lasted eight days. Premise ( edit ) Mike Brady ( Robert Reed ), a widowed architect with three sons, Greg ( Barry Williams ), Peter ( Christopher Knight ), and Bobby ( Mike Lookinland ), marries Carol Martin ( Florence Henderson ), who herself has three daughters: Marcia ( Maureen McCormick ), Jan ( Eve Plumb ), and Cindy ( Susan Olsen ). The wife and daughters take the Brady surname. Included in the blended family are Mike's live-in housekeeper, Alice Nelson ( Ann B. Davis ), and the boys' dog, Tiger. The setting is a large, suburban, two-story house designed by Mike, in a Los Angeles suburb. In the first season, awkward adjustments, accommodations, gender rivalries, and resentments inherent in blended families dominate the stories. In an early episode, Carol tells Bobby that the only `` steps'' in their household lead to the second floor (in other words, that the family contains no `` stepchildren'' , only `` children'' ). Thereafter, the episodes focus on typical preteen and teenaged adjustments such as sibling rivalry, puppy love, self-image, character building, and responsibility. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article: List of The Brady Bunch characters Main ( edit ) The regular cast appeared in an opening title sequence in which video head shots were arranged in a three-by-three grid, with each cast member appearing to look at the other cast members. The sequence used the then-new `` multi-dynamic image technique '' created by Canadian filmmaker Christopher Chapman ; as a result of the popular attention it garnered in this sequence, it has been referred to in the press as `` the Brady Bunch effect'' . In a 2010 issue of TV Guide , the show's opening title sequence ranked number eight on a list of TV's top-10 credits sequences, as selected by readers. Cast of The Brady Bunch in the signature three-by-three grid featured in the show open. Click on character for actor biography. Robert Reed as Mike Brady Florence Henderson as Carol Brady Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson Barry Williams as Greg Brady Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady Christopher Knight as Peter Brady Eve Plumb as Jan Brady Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady Recurring characters ( edit ) Sam Franklin ( Allan Melvin ) is Alice's boyfriend. He is the owner of a local butcher shop. Sam appears in only eight episodes, but they span all five seasons. He is also frequently mentioned in dialogue, and Alice occasionally goes on dates with him off-screen. By the time of the 1981 made-for-TV movie The Brady Girls Get Married , Alice and Sam are married. Tiger the dog -- the original dog that played Tiger died early in the first season. A replacement dog proved problematic, so the producers decided the dog would only appear when essential to the plot. Tiger appeared in about half the episodes in the first season and about half a dozen episodes in the second season. Tiger seemingly vanished without an explanation and was not shown again after `` The Impractical Joker'' (last episode shown with Tiger) and `` What Goes Up'' (last episode made with Tiger). Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver Mr. Phillips ( Jack Collins ) is Mike's boss at the architectural firm. He appears in only three episodes, all during season two, but is often mentioned in other episodes when issues occur around Mike's work. Cousin Oliver ( Robbie Rist ) -- in the middle of season five, producers added a new character named Oliver, Carol Brady's young nephew, who was sent to live with the Bradys while his parents were living in South America. The character was added in an attempt to fill the age gap left by the maturing Brady children -- the youngest (Susan Olsen) was 12 years old during the show's final season. Lloyd Schwartz, son of creator and executive producer Sherwood Schwartz, later admitted that the character threw off the balance of the show and said that fans regarded the character as an interloper. Oliver appeared in the final six episodes of season five, which proved to be the final season, as ABC cancelled the series in 1974. The addition of the character has been cited as the moment the series `` jumped the shark '' . The term `` Cousin Oliver'' has been used to describe the addition of a young character to a series in an attempt to save a series from cancellation. Notable guest stars ( edit ) Davy Jones with Maureen McCormick in the 1971 The Brady Bunch episode `` Getting Davy Jones'' . Herbert Anderson (known for playing Dennis's father in the 1960s sitcom Dennis the Menace ) as a doctor who comes to treat the boys' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House?'' (season one) Melissa Sue Anderson , who later rose to fame playing Mary Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie , played Millicent, a girl who gives Bobby his first kiss (`` Never Too Young'' , season five) Desi Arnaz, Jr. (teen heartthrob son of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball ) meets Marcia, who had written about him in her diary in `` The Possible Dream'' (season one) Jim Backus (Thurston Howell III in Gilligan's Island ) appears three times in the series, twice in two of the three Grand Canyon episodes, `` Ghost Town U.S.A.'' and `` Grand Canyon or Bust'' , playing Zaccariah T. Brown, who mistakenly thinks the Bradys are jumping his gold claim and locks them in a ghost-town jail, and in `` The Hustler'' (season five) playing Mike's second boss, Mr. Harry Matthews Ken Berry (known for F Troop , Mayberry RFD and Mama's Family ). In 1973 Sherwood Schwartz wrote a Brady Bunch spin-off called Kelly's Kids , which featured Berry as the adoptive father of three diverse boys (black, white, and Asian). The pilot failed to interest ABC. Imogene Coca (known for Your Show of Shows and one of the cast members of Sherwood Schwartz's It's About Time TV series) plays the Brady girls' great-aunt Jenny, whom Jan fears she will grow up to resemble after seeing a childhood photo of her in `` Jan's Aunt Jenny'' (season three) Don Drysdale ( Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher) tries to inject reality into Greg's dreams of being a professional baseball player in `` The Dropout'' (season two) Don Ho (Hawaiian singer) meets Cindy and Bobby and serenaded Cindy in Honolulu in `` Hawaii Bound'' (part one of a three-part season-four episode, filmed on location in Hawaii) Davy Jones (of The Monkees ) performs at a music studio and then takes Marcia to her school dance in `` Getting Davy Jones'' (season three) (he also satirized his cameo decades later in The Brady Bunch Movie ). Deacon Jones ( Los Angeles Rams defensive end) encourages Peter's singing in `` The Drummer Boy'' (season two). E.G. Marshall as Mr. J.P. Randolph, Marcia's school principal in `` The Slumber Caper'' (season two) (Marshall and Robert Reed co-starred in The Defenders in 1961-- 65 -- making this a reunion of the two). Bart La Rue , immortalized in Star Trek history as the iconic voice of the Guardian of Forever , played a sports coach in the (season two) episodes `` Click'' and `` The Drummer Boy'' . Brigadier General James McDivitt ( NASA astronaut) signs autographs for Peter and Bobby after appearing on a talk show in `` Out of This World'' (season five). Joe Namath ( New York Jets quarterback) visits Bobby because he thought that Bobby had a terminal illness in `` Mail Order Hero'' (season five). Wes Parker (Los Angeles Dodgers first baseman) meets Mike and Greg in Greg's math classroom, thus curing Greg of the crush he had on his teacher Miss Linda O'Hara (played by Gigi Perreau ), Parker's fiancée in `` The Undergraduate'' (season one). Vincent Price (horror film actor) appears twice in the series in two of the three Hawaii episodes, `` Pass the Tabu'' , and `` The Tiki Caves'' from season four, playing the villainous Professor Hubert Whitehead, who holds the Brady boys hostage. Marion Ross (later known as Mrs. Cunningham in Happy Days ) appears as a doctor who comes to treat the girls' measles in `` Is There a Doctor in the House?'' (season one). Natalie Schafer (Lovey Howell in Gilligan's Island ) is Mike's fussy client, Penelope Fletcher, who is charmed by Cindy's impromptu ' Shirley Temple ' routine in `` The Snooperstar'' (season five). Marcia Wallace played a salesclerk in `` Would the Real Jan Brady Please Stand Up'' (season two) and `` Mrs. Robbins'' in `` Getting Davy Jones'' (season three). Rita Wilson (actress and wife of Tom Hanks ) Wilson's career began with a guest appearance on The Brady Bunch in the 1972 episode `` Greg's Triangle,'' where she played one of the candidates running against Marcia for head cheerleader. Paul Winchell (ventriloquist and actor; Winchell-Mahoney Time , voice of `` Tigger'' in Winnie-the-Pooh ) appears as Skip Farnum, the TV commercial director in `` And Now a Word From Our Sponsor'' (season three). Production notes ( edit ) Theme song and credits sequence ( edit ) The theme song, penned by Schwartz and Frank De Vol , and originally arranged, sung, and performed by Paul Parrish, Lois Fletcher, and John Beland under the name the Peppermint Trolley Company , quickly communicated to audiences that the Bradys were a blended family. The Brady family is shown in a tic-tac-toe board with Carol on the top center, Alice in the middle block, and Mike on bottom middle. To the right are three blocks with the boys from the oldest on top to the youngest. To the left are three blocks with the girls from the oldest to the youngest. In season two, the Brady kids took over singing the theme song. In season three, the boys sing the first verse, girls sing the second verse, and all sing together for the third and last verse. The sequence was created and filmed by Howard A. Anderson, Jr. , a visual effects pioneer who worked on the title sequences for many popular television series. The end credits feature an instrumental version of the theme song's third verse. In season one, it was recorded by the Peppermint Trolley Company. From season two on, the theme was recorded in-house by Paramount musicians. The Brady house ( edit ) The house used in exterior shots, which bears little relation to the interior layout of the Bradys' home, is located in Studio City , within the city limits of Los Angeles. According to a 1994 article in the Los Angeles Times , the San Fernando Valley house was built in 1959 and selected as the Brady residence because series creator Schwartz felt it looked like a home where an architect would live. A false window was attached to the front's A-frame section to give the illusion that it had two full stories. Contemporary establishing shots of the house were filmed with the owner's permission for the 1990 TV series The Bradys . The owner refused to allow Paramount to restore the property to its 1969 look for The Brady Bunch Movie in 1995, so a facade resembling the original home was built around an existing house. In the series, the address of the house was given as 4222 Clinton Way (as read aloud by Carol from an arriving package in the first-season episode entitled `` Lost Locket, Found Locket'' ). Although no city was ever specified, it was presumed from references to the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Los Angeles Rams , and a Hollywood movie studio, among many others, that the Bradys lived in Southern California , most likely Los Angeles or one of its suburbs. The interior of the Brady house was used at least three times for other Paramount shows, twice for Mannix and once for Mission: Impossible , while The Brady Bunch was in production. In the case of Mission: Impossible , the Brady furniture was also used. A re-creation of the Brady house was constructed for the X-Files episode `` Sunshine Days '' , which also revolved around The Brady Bunch . Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of The Brady Bunch episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Time slot (ET) First aired Last aired 1969-- 70 25 September 26, 1969 ( 1969-09-26 ) March 20, 1970 ( 1970-03-20 ) Friday at 8:00 PM 1970-- 71 24 September 25, 1970 ( 1970-09-25 ) March 19, 1971 ( 1971-03-19 ) Friday at 7:30 PM 1971-- 72 23 September 17, 1971 ( 1971-09-17 ) March 10, 1972 ( 1972-03-10 ) Friday at 8:00 PM 1972-- 73 23 September 22, 1972 ( 1972-09-22 ) March 23, 1973 ( 1973-03-23 ) 5 1973-- 74 22 September 14, 1973 ( 1973-09-14 ) March 8, 1974 ( 1974-03-08 ) Reception ( edit ) U.S. television ratings ( edit ) The Brady Bunch never achieved high ratings during its primetime run (never placing in the top 30 during the five years it aired) and was cancelled in 1974 after five seasons and 117 episodes; it was cancelled shortly after the series crossed the minimum threshold for syndication . At that point in the story, Greg graduated from high school and was about to enroll in college. Popular reception ( edit ) When the episodes were repeated in syndication, they usually appeared every weekday in late-afternoon or early-evening slots on local stations. This enabled children to watch the episodes when they came home from school, making the program widely popular and giving it iconic status among those who were too young to have seen the series during its primetime run. According to Schwartz, the reason the show has become a part of Americana , despite the fact other shows have run longer, were rated higher, and were critically acclaimed, is that the episodes were written from the standpoint of the children and addressed situations that children could understand (such as boy trouble, sibling rivalry, and meeting famous people such as a rock star or baseball players). The Bradys are also portrayed as a harmonious family, though they do have times when one of the children does not cooperate with his or her parents or the other children. Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Year Result Recipient Young Artist Award Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Honored Barry Williams TV Land Awards 2003 Hippest Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Favorite Dual-Role Character Nominated Christopher Knight as Peter Brady and Arthur Funniest Food Fight The Brady Pie Fight on the Paramount Lot. Nominated Favorite Guest Performance by a Musician on a TV Show Won Davy Jones Most Memorable Male Guest Star in a Comedy as Himself Won Joe Namath Favorite Fashion Plate -- Male Nominated Barry Williams Most Memorable Mane Nominated Susan Olsen Favorite Made-for-TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis 2005 Theme Song You Just Cannot Get out of Your Head Nominated Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man,'' in which Marcia has a crush on her dentist. Nominated Favorite Two-Parter/Cliffhanger For the Greg Brady surfboard accident. Nominated Favorite Singing Siblings Nominated Williams, McCormick, Knight, Plumb, Lookinland, Olsen 2006 Best Dream Sequence For episode `` Love and the Older Man'' Nominated Favorite Made-for-TV Maid Won Ann B. Davis Favorite TV Food Pork chops and applesauce Won 2007 Most Beautiful Braces Nominated Maureen McCormick Pop Culture Award Won Williams, McCormick, Knight, Plumb, Lookinland, Olsen, Davis, Henderson, Lloyd J. Schwartz (producer) Syndication and distribution ( edit ) Since its first airing in syndication in September 1975, an episode of the show has been broadcast somewhere in the United States and abroad every day of the year. Episodes were also shown on ABC daytime from July 9, 1973 to April 18, 1975 and from June 30-August 29, 1975, at 11:30 a.m. EST/10:30 CST. The show was aired on TBS starting in the 1980s until 1997, Nick at Nite in 1995 (for a special event), and again from 1998 to 2003 (and briefly during the spring of 2012), TeenNick (under the channel's former name The N) from March to April 2004, on TV Land on and off from 2002 to 2015, Nick Jr. (as part of the NickMom block from 2012 to 2013), and Hallmark Channel from January to June 2013 and again starting September 5, 2016, until September 30, 2016. Episodes in the syndicated version have been edited for time to allow for commercial breaks, down from the original version of 25-- 26 minutes. Current airings ( edit ) Since its launch as a national network in 2010, the Weigel Broadcasting owned classic TV network MeTV airs a weekly two-hour block of the show every Sunday morning/early afternoon promoted as the `` Brady Bunch Brunch'' . In addition, Me-TV also airs the series weekdays on an intermittent basis. Decades - a sister network of MeTV - also periodically airs the show. Discography ( edit ) During the series' original run, the Brady kids recorded several albums on Paramount's record label. Albums ( edit ) Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 5026-- 1970 Meet The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6032-- 1972-- Billboard #108 The Kids From The Brady Bunch -- Paramount 6037-- 1972 Phonographic Album -- Paramount 6058-- 1973 Chris Knight & Maureen McCormick -- Paramount 6062-- 1973 It's a Sunshine Day: The Best of The Brady Bunch -- MCA 10764-- 1993 Singles ( edit ) Also includes solo recordings as indicated Year Single (A-side, B-side) Label & number Album 1970 `` Frosty The Snowman'' b/w `` Silver Bells'' Paramount 0062 Merry Christmas From The Brady Bunch 1971 `` Sweet Sweetheart'' b/w `` Sunny'' Barry Williams solo single Paramount 0122 Non-album tracks `` How Will It Be?'' b/w `` The Fortune Cookie Song'' Eve Plumb solo single RCA 0409 1972 `` Time To Change'' b/w `` We Can Make The World A Whole Lot Brighter'' Paramount 0141 Meet The Brady Bunch `` We'll Always Be Friends'' b/w `` Time To Change'' Paramount 0167 `` Over and Over'' b/w `` Good For Each Other'' Chris Knight solo single Paramount 0177 Non-album tracks `` Candy (Sugar Shoppe) '' b/w `` Drummer Man'' Paramount 0180 The Kids From The Brady Bunch 1973 `` Zuckerman's Famous Pig'' b/w `` Charlotte's Web'' Paramount 0205 Phonographic Album `` Truckin' Back To You'' b/w `` Teeny Weeny Bit (Too Long)'' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0217 Non-album tracks `` I'd Love You To Want Me'' b/w `` Everything I Do'' Paramount 0229 Phonographic Album `` Little Bird'' b/w `` Just A Singin' Alone'' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0246 Non-album tracks `` Harmonize'' b/w `` Love's In The Roses'' Maureen McCormick solo single Paramount 0292 `` Love Doesn't Care Who's In It'' b/w `` Gum Drop'' Mike Lookinland solo single Capitol 3914 Spin-offs, sequels, and reunions ( edit ) Several spin-offs and sequels to the original series have been made, featuring all or most of the original cast. These include another sitcom, an animated series, a variety show, television movies, a dramatic series, a stage play, and theatrical movies: Kelly's Kids ( edit ) A final-season Brady Bunch episode, `` Kelly's Kids'' , was intended as a pilot for a prospective spin-off series of the same name. Ken Berry starred as Ken Kelly, a friend and neighbor of the Bradys, who with his wife Kathy ( Brooke Bundy ) adopted three orphaned boys of different racial backgrounds. One of the adopted sons was played by Todd Lookinland, the younger brother of Mike Lookinland. While Kelly's Kids was not subsequently picked up as a full series, producer Sherwood Schwartz reworked the basic premise for the short-lived 1980s sitcom Together We Stand starring Elliott Gould and Dee Wallace . The Brady kids ( edit ) Main article: The Brady Kids A 22-episode animated Saturday morning cartoon series, produced by Filmation and airing on ABC from September 1972 to August 1974, is about the Brady kids having various adventures. The family's adults were never seen or mentioned, and the `` home'' scenes were in a very large, well-appointed tree house. Several animals were regular characters, including two non-English-speaking pandas (Ping and Pong), a talking bird (Marlon) which could do magic, and an ordinary pet dog (Mop Top, not Tiger). The first 17 episodes featured the voices of all six of the original child actors from the show, but Barry Williams, Maureen McCormick, and Christopher Knight were replaced for the last five episodes due to a contract dispute. The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( edit ) Main article: The Brady Bunch Hour On November 28, 1976, a two-hour television special entitled The Brady Bunch Variety Hour aired on ABC. Eve Plumb was the only regular cast member from the original show who declined to be in the series and the role of Jan was recast with Geri Reischl . Produced by Sid and Marty Krofft , the sibling team behind H.R. Pufnstuf , Donny and Marie , and other variety shows and children's series of the era, the show was intended to air every fifth week in the same slot as The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries , but ended up being scheduled sporadically throughout the season, leading to inconsistent ratings and its inevitable cancellation. In 2009, Brady Bunch cast member Susan Olsen, with Lisa Sutton, published a book, Love to Love You Bradys , which dissects and celebrates the Variety Hour as a cult classic. The Brady Girls Get Married / the Brady Brides ( edit ) The Brady Brides Genre Sitcom Created by Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Directed by Peter Baldwin Starring Maureen McCormick Eve Plumb Jerry Houser Ron Kuhlman Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Keland Love Theme music composer Frank De Vol Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 Production Executive producer(s) Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Producer(s) John Thomas Lenox Location(s) Paramount Studios , Hollywood, Los Angeles, California Cinematography Lester Shorr Running time 25 minutes Production company(s) Redwood Productions Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release February 6 ( 1981-02-06 ) -- April 17, 1981 ( 1981-04-17 ) Chronology Preceded by The Brady Bunch Hour Followed by A Very Brady Christmas Related shows The Brady Bunch A TV reunion movie called The Brady Girls Get Married was produced in 1981. Although scheduled to be shown in its original full-length movie format, NBC at the last minute divided it into half-hour segments and showed one part a week for three weeks, and the fourth week debuted a spin-off sitcom titled The Brady Brides . The reunion movie featured the entire original cast; this proved to be the only time the entire cast worked together on a single project following the cancellation of the original series. The movie's opening credits featured the season-one `` Grid'' and theme song, with the addition of The Brady Girls Get Married title. The movie shows what the characters had been doing since the original series ended: Mike is still an architect, Carol is a real-estate agent, Marcia is a fashion designer, Jan is also an architect, Greg is a doctor, Peter is in the Air Force, Bobby and Cindy are in college, and Alice has married Sam. Eventually, they all reunite for Marcia and Jan's double wedding. The Brady Brides features Maureen McCormick (Marcia) and Eve Plumb (Jan) in regular roles. The series begins with Marcia and Jan and their new husbands buying a house and living together. The clashes between Jan's uptight and conservative husband, Philip Covington III (a college professor in science who is several years older than Jan, played by Ron Kuhlman) and Marcia's slovenly and more bohemian husband, Wally Logan (a fun-loving salesman for a large toy company, played by Jerry Houser ), were the pivot on which many of the stories were based, not unlike The Odd Couple . Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis also appeared regularly. Ten episodes were aired before the sitcom was cancelled. This was the only Brady show in sitcom form to be filmed in front of a live studio audience. Bob Eubanks guest-starred as himself in an episode where the two couples appear on The Newlywed Game . Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, The Brady Girls Get Married was rerun on various networks in its original full-length movie format. Episodes ( edit ) No. Title Original air date `` The Brady Girls Get Married (Part 1)'' February 6, 1981 ( 1981-02-06 ) Marcia and Jan announce that they are both getting married and plans soon begin for a double wedding. `` The Brady Girls Get Married (Part 2)'' February 13, 1981 ( 1981-02-13 ) Jan and Philip want a traditional wedding, and Marcia and Wally want a modern wedding. `` The Brady Girls Get Married (Part 3)'' February 20, 1981 ( February 20, 1981 ) The weather spells disaster for an outdoor wedding, so they end up having the ceremony inside the Brady house. `` Living Together'' March 6, 1981 ( 1981-03-06 ) After all the houses they see are too expensive, Marcia, Jan and their husbands decide to share a house. 5 `` Gorilla of My Dreams'' March 13, 1981 ( 1981-03-13 ) Marcia and Jan get some self-defense lessons from their mother, while a thief attempts to burglarize their home. 6 `` The Newlywed Game'' March 20, 1981 ( 1981-03-20 ) Game-show host Bob Eubanks asks Marcia and Jan to appear on The Newlywed Game with their new husbands. 7 `` The Mom Who Came to Dinner'' March 27, 1981 ( 1981-03-27 ) Mrs. Brady temporarily moves in with her newly wedded daughters and their husbands. 8 `` The Siege'' April 3, 1981 ( 1981-04-03 ) Wally's guilt over parking tickets causes him to panic when a policeman visits the house, so he decides to impersonate Philip. 9 `` Cool Hand Phil'' April 10, 1981 ( 1981-04-10 ) Philip tries to change his image by dressing and acting `` hip.'' 10 `` A Pretty Boy is Like a Melody'' April 17, 1981 ( 1981-04-17 ) Marcia is forced to use Wally and Philip in her fashion show after her models go on strike. A Very Brady Christmas ( edit ) Main article: A Very Brady Christmas A second TV reunion movie, A Very Brady Christmas , aired in December 1988 on CBS and featured all the regular cast (except Susan Olsen , who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming; the role of Cindy was played by Jennifer Runyon ), as well as three grandchildren, Peter's girlfriend, Valerie, and the spouses of Greg, Marcia, and Jan (Nora, Wally, and Phillip, respectively). The Nielsen ratings for A Very Brady Christmas were the highest of any television movie that season for CBS. The Bradys ( edit ) Main article: The Bradys Due to the success of A Very Brady Christmas , CBS asked Brady Bunch creator Sherwood Schwartz and his son Lloyd to create a new series for the network. According to Lloyd Schwartz, his father and he initially balked at the idea because they felt a new series would harm the Brady franchise. They finally relented because CBS was `` desperate for programming'' . A new series featuring the Brady clan was created entitled The Bradys . All the original Brady Bunch cast members returned for the series, except for Maureen McCormick (Marcia), who was replaced with Leah Ayres . As with A Very Brady Christmas , The Bradys also featured elements of comedy and drama and featured storylines that were of a more serious nature than that of the original series and its subsequent spin-offs. Lloyd Schwartz later said he compared The Bradys to another dramedy of the time, thirtysomething . The two-hour series premiere episode aired on February 9, 1990, at 9 pm on CBS and initially drew respectable ratings. Subsequent episodes were moved to 8 pm, where ratings quickly declined. Due to the decline, CBS cancelled the series after six episodes. Day by Day : `` A Very Brady Episode'' ( edit ) The Day by Day episode, titled `` A Very Brady Episode'' (February 5, 1989), on NBC, reunited six of the original The Brady Bunch cast members: Robert Reed , Florence Henderson , Ann B. Davis , Christopher Knight , Mike Lookinland and Maureen McCormick Film adaptations ( edit ) Twenty years following the conclusion of the original series, a film adaptation, The Brady Bunch Movie went into production and was released in 1995 from Paramount Pictures . The film is set in the present day (1990s) and the Bradys, still living their lives as if it were the 1970s, are unfamiliar with their surroundings. It stars Gary Cole and Shelley Long as Mike and Carol Brady, with Christopher Daniel Barnes (Greg), Christine Taylor (Marcia), Paul Sutera (Peter), Jennifer Elise Cox (Jan), Jesse Lee (Bobby), Olivia Hack (Cindy), Henriette Mantel (Alice), and cameo appearances from Ann B. Davis as a long-haul truck driver and Florence Henderson as Carol's mother. A sequel, A Very Brady Sequel , was released in 1996. The cast of the first film returned for the sequel. A second sequel, The Brady Bunch in the White House was made-for-television and was aired on Fox in 2002. Shelley Long and Gary Cole returned for the third film, while the Brady kids and Alice were recast. DVD releases ( edit ) Paramount Home Entertainment released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1 from 2005 to 2006, before CBS DVD took over DVD rights to the Paramount Television library (though CBS DVD releases are still distributed by Paramount). Paramount/CBS has released the series on DVD in other countries as well. A Complete Series box set was released in 2007 by CBS and Paramount, which includes the TV movies A Very Brady Christmas and `` The Brady 500'' (an episode of The Bradys ), as well as two episodes of The Brady Kids animated series. The box art for the set features green shag carpeting and 1970s-style wood paneling. The first two seasons are also available on Region 2 DVD for the Nordic countries , with audio in English and subtitle choices in Norwegian , Swedish , Danish , or Finnish . The series has also been released on VHS, but the VHS tapes have gone out of print. On April 7, 2015, CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set, at a lower price, but it does not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series release. Seasons one and two have also been released in the UK. DVD name Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season 25 March 1, 2005 August 27, 2007 September 19, 2007 The Complete Second Season 24 July 26, 2005 March 24, 2008 March 6, 2008 The Complete Third Season 23 September 13, 2005 N/A September 4, 2008 The Complete Fourth Season 23 November 1, 2005 N/A April 2, 2009 The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 7, 2006 N/A June 18, 2009 The Complete Series 117 (with extras) April 3, 2007 N/A N/A See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1960s portal 1970s portal It's a Sunshine Day: The Best of The Brady Bunch Tam Spiva , a Brady Bunch script writer Christmas with The Brady Bunch , an album released by Paramount Records in 1970 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch'' . CBS.com. http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_brady_bunch/ Jump up ^ Berman, Marc. `` 11 Things About ' The Brady Bunch' You May Not Know'' . TODAY. 26 September 2016. http://www.today.com/popculture/11-things-about-brady-bunch-you-may-not-know-t103016 Jump up ^ `` Ann B Davis obit'' . Straight.com . Retrieved 2014-06-03 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time'' . TV Guide (June 28 July 4). 1997. access-date= requires url= ( help ) ^ Jump up to: Edelstein, Andrew J.; Lovece, Frank (1990). The Brady Bunch Book . New York: Warner Books. pp. 5-- 9. ISBN 0-446-39137-9 . Jump up ^ The Biography Channel documentary titled `` The Brady Bunch '' , retrieved on June 16, 2008. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Sherwood; Schwartz, Lloyd J. (2010). Brady, Brady, Brady: The Complete Story of The Brady Bunch as Told by the Father/Son Team who Really Know . Running Press. pp. 46, 48. ISBN 0-7624-4164-X . Jump up ^ Sutton, written by Ted Nichelson ; commentary and special features by Susan Olsen ; art direction and design by Lisa (2009). Love to love you Bradys : the bizarre story of the Brady Bunch Variety Hour . Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-888-5 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Bunch synopsis'' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 2014-06-01 . Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail , Obituary: `` Christopher Chapman, Oscar Winner who invented ' Brady Bunch' effect'' Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter , `` Oscar-Winning Creator of ' The Brady Bunch' Effect Dies at 88'' Jump up ^ Tomashoff, Craig. `` Credits Check'' TV Guide, October 18, 2010, Pages 16-- 17 Jump up ^ `` Growing up Brady'' by Barry Williams with Chris Kreski, p. 210, 1992 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2010 p.201 Jump up ^ Ariano, Tara; Bunting, Sarah D. (2006). Television Without Pity: 752 Things We Love to Hate (And Hate to Love) About TV . Quirk Books. p. 63. ISBN 1-59474-117-4 . Jump up ^ `` The Biography of the Peppermint Trolley Company'' . Danny Faragher. Jump up ^ `` Howard Anderson, Jr. Interview'' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Archive of American Television . Retrieved 2015-10-30 . Jump up ^ `` Here's the story of the Brady Bunch house'' . Davidbrady.com . Retrieved August 11, 2010 . Jump up ^ Alleman, Richard (2003). Hollywood: The Movie Lover's Guide: The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie L.A . Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 427-- 428. ISBN 0-8041-3777-3 . Jump up ^ McHugh, Erin (2005). Where? . Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 54. ISBN 1-4027-2572-8 . Jump up ^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2 . Jump up ^ Terrace, Vincent (1985). Encyclopedia of Television: Series, Pilots and Specials 1974-- 1984 . 2 . VNR AG. p. 63. ISBN 0-918432-61-8 . Jump up ^ Mannix -- season three, episode 19 -- `` Who is Sylvia?'' Jump up ^ Mannix -- season four, episode two -- `` One for the Lady'' Jump up ^ Mission: Impossible -- season six, episode 20 -- `` Double Dead'' Jump up ^ `` Brady Bunch history'' . Bradyworld.com . Retrieved 2014-04-30 . Jump up ^ Rubin, Lawrence C., ed. (2008). Popular Culture in Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Play-based Interventions . Springer Publishing Company. p. 248. ISBN 0-8261-0119-4 . Jump up ^ The Brady Bunch on Me-TV - Me TV Network.com Jump up ^ Stoddard, Sylvia (1996). The Brady Bunch: An Outrageously Funny, Far-Out Guide To America's Favorite TV Family . Macmillan. pp. 151-- 152. ISBN 0-312-96053-0 . Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (1995). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 1993 . McFarland. p. 111. ISBN 0-7864-0029-3 . Jump up ^ Stoddard, Sylvia (1996). The Brady Bunch: An Outrageously Funny, Far-Out Guide To America's Favorite TV Family . Macmillan. p. 197. ISBN 0-312-96053-0 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love to You Bradys' exposes troubled set'' . today.com. August 31, 2009 . Retrieved April 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Brides (NBC) (1981)'' . CTVA. http://ctva.biz/US/Comedy/BradyBunch_07_(1981)_BradyBrides.htm Jump up ^ Winans, Wendy. `` History of The Brady Bunch'' . Brady World. 2005. http://www.bradyworld.com/cover/history.htm Jump up ^ `` Brady World -- Episode Guide'' . Bradyworld.com . Retrieved August 11, 2010 . Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (1999). Gen X TV: `` The Brady Bunch'' to `` Melrose Place'' . Syracuse University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-8156-0585-4 . Jump up ^ Newcomb, Horace (2001). Encyclopedia of television: A-C, Volume 1 (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 300. ISBN 1-57958-411-X . Jump up ^ Schwartz 2010 p. 228 Jump up ^ `` Day by Day Season 2 Episode 11 A Very Brady Episode'' . TV.com . Retrieved October 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Day by Day Episode Guide 1989 Season 2 - A Very Brady Episode, Episode 11'' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch -- Sesong 1 (Television 1969, Serie på 4 plater)'' . Lovefilm.no . Retrieved August 11, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch -- Sesong 2 (Television 1970, Serie på 4 plater)'' . Lovefilm.no . Retrieved August 11, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount to Re-Release a 20-DVD Set of ' The Complete Series ' '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Brady Bunch . The Brady Bunch on IMDb The Brady Bunch Shrine (fan site) Bradyworld.com (fan site) `` The Brady Bunch Cast: Where are they now?'' - ABC News, 2010 (includes some editorial errors) The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch (1969-- 74) The Brady Kids (1972-- 73) The Brady Bunch Hour (1976-- 77) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides (1981) A Very Brady Christmas (1988) The Bradys (1990) Growing Up Brady (2000) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special: Still Brady After All These Years (2004) Books Growing Up Brady: I Was A Teenage Greg (1992) Here's the Story: Surviving Marcia Brady (2008) Love to Love You Bradys: The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour (2009) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch (1970) `` Time to Change '' (1972) `` It's a Sunshine Day '' (1973) It's a Sunshine Day: The Best of The Brady Bunch (1993) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) A Very Brady Sequel (1996) The Brady Bunch in the White House (2002) Related shows Mission: Magic! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' Television series produced or created by Sherwood Schwartz Gilligan's Island It's About Time The Brady Bunch Dusty's Trail Big John, Little John The Brady Bunch Hour The Brady Brides Harper Valley PTA Together We Stand The Bradys The Real Gilligan's Island MusicBrainz : 157f5157-5ad1-4055-bbf5-91998e2e015c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brady_Bunch&oldid=800801432 '' Categories : 1969 American television series debuts 1974 American television series endings 1960s American comedy television series 1970s American comedy television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Single-camera television sitcoms English-language television programs Fictional families Television series about families Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Los Angeles Television programs adapted into films Television series created by Sherwood Schwartz Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017, at 19:15. 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when was the first season of dancing with the stars | Original release June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 | [
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"June 1 – July 6, 2005"
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"Dancing with the Stars ( season 1 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Additional information Celebrity winner Kelly Monaco Professional winner Alec Mazo Season chronology Next → Season 2",
"Dancing with the Stars ( season 1 )",
"Country of origin United States",
"No. of episodes 8",
"Release",
"Original network ABC",
"Original release June 1 -- July 6 , 2005",
"Additional information",
"Celebrity winner Kelly Monaco",
"Professional winner Alec Mazo",
"Season chronology",
"Next → Season 2",
"The first season of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) debuted on ABC on June 1 , 2005 . Six celebrities were paired with six professional ballroom dancers . Tom Bergeron and Lisa Canning were the hosts for this season . The judges were Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli .",
"The premiere drew over 13 million viewers , the second biggest summer debut ever for an American reality series after Survivor . The second week climbed to 15 million viewers , and the show climbed to No. 1 in the summer 2005 TV season ratings , where it remained for the remainder of the season . The season finale aired July 6 , 2005 .",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The six professionals and celebrities that competed were :",
"Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Trista Sutter Reality television star Louis Van Amstel Eliminated 1st on June 8 , 2005 Evander Holyfield Professional boxer Edyta Sliwinska Eliminated 2nd on June 15 , 2005 Rachel Hunter Supermodel & actress Jonathan Roberts Eliminated 3rd on June 22 , 2005 Joey McIntyre NKOTB singer Ashly DelGrosso Third place on June 29 , 2005 John O'Hurley Actor & game show host Charlotte Jorgensen Runner - up on July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco Actress Alec Mazo Winner on July 6 , 2005",
"Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status",
"Trista Sutter Reality television star Louis Van Amstel Eliminated 1st on June 8 , 2005",
"Evander Holyfield Professional boxer Edyta Sliwinska Eliminated 2nd on June 15 , 2005",
"Rachel Hunter Supermodel & actress Jonathan Roberts Eliminated 3rd on June 22 , 2005",
"Joey McIntyre NKOTB singer Ashly DelGrosso Third place on June 29 , 2005",
"John O'Hurley Actor & game show host Charlotte Jorgensen Runner - up on July 6 , 2005",
"Kelly Monaco Actress Alec Mazo Winner on July 6 , 2005",
"† Kelly Monaco returned for the All - Stars season , where this time she was paired with Valentin Chmerkovskiy . They finished third .",
"† Kelly Monaco returned for the All - Stars season , where this time she was paired with Valentin Chmerkovskiy . They finished third .",
"Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 Kelly & Alec 13 17 30 21 26 22 + 25 = 47 25 + 30 = 55 John & Charlotte 20 26 46 24 21 27 + 27 = 54 27 + 27 = 54 Joey & Ashly 20 21 41 22 20 20 + 25 = 45 Rachel & Jonathan 20 24 44 26 25 Evander & Edyta 5 18 14 32 13 Trista & Louis 6 18 19 37",
"Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6",
"Kelly & Alec 13 17 30 21 26 22 + 25 = 47 25 + 30 = 55",
"John & Charlotte 20 26 46 24 21 27 + 27 = 54 27 + 27 = 54",
"Joey & Ashly 20 21 41 22 20 20 + 25 = 45",
"Rachel & Jonathan 20 24 44 26 25",
"Evander & Edyta 5 18 14 32 13",
"Trista & Louis 6 18 19 37",
"indicates the eliminated couple that week indicates the returning couple that was last to be called safe indicates the winning couple indicates the runner - up couple indicates the third place couple Red numbers indicate the couples with the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the couples with the highest score for each week",
"indicates the eliminated couple that week",
"indicates the returning couple that was last to be called safe",
"indicates the winning couple",
"indicates the runner - up couple",
"indicates the third place couple",
"Red numbers indicate the couples with the lowest score for each week",
"Green numbers indicate the couples with the highest score for each week",
"This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30 - point scale .",
"Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average John & Charlotte 199 8 24.9 Rachel & Jonathan 95 23.8 Kelly & Alec 179 8 22.4 Joey & Ashly 128 6 21.3 5 6 Trista & Louis 37 18.5 6 5 Evander & Edyta 45 15.0",
"Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average",
"John & Charlotte 199 8 24.9",
"Rachel & Jonathan 95 23.8",
"Kelly & Alec 179 8 22.4",
"Joey & Ashly 128 6 21.3",
"5 6 Trista & Louis 37 18.5",
"6 5 Evander & Edyta 45 15.0",
"Rank by average Place Couple Average Charlotte Jorgensen 24.9 6 Louis van Amstel 21.8 Alec Mazo 20.6 Jonathan Roberts 19.4 5 5 Edyta Sliwinska 19.1 6 Ashly DelGrosso 16.7",
"Rank by average Place Couple Average",
"Charlotte Jorgensen 24.9",
"6 Louis van Amstel 21.8",
"Alec Mazo 20.6",
"Jonathan Roberts 19.4",
"5 5 Edyta Sliwinska 19.1",
"6 Ashly DelGrosso 16.7",
"Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score Cha - cha - cha John O'Hurley Joey McIntyre 20 Evander Holyfield 18 Waltz Rachel Hunter 20 Kelly Monaco 13 Rumba Rachel Hunter 24 Kelly Monaco 17 Quickstep John O'Hurley 27 Evander Holyfield 14 Jive Joey McIntyre 22 Evander Holyfield 13 Tango Rachel Hunter 26 John O'Hurley 24 Samba Kelly Monaco 26 Joey McIntyre 20 Paso doble John O'Hurley 27 Kelly Monaco Joey McIntyre 25 Foxtrot John O'Hurley 27 Joey McIntyre 20 Freestyle Kelly Monaco 30 John O'Hurley 27",
"Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score",
"Cha - cha - cha John O'Hurley Joey McIntyre 20 Evander Holyfield 18",
"Waltz Rachel Hunter 20 Kelly Monaco 13",
"Rumba Rachel Hunter 24 Kelly Monaco 17",
"Quickstep John O'Hurley 27 Evander Holyfield 14",
"Jive Joey McIntyre 22 Evander Holyfield 13",
"Tango Rachel Hunter 26 John O'Hurley 24",
"Samba Kelly Monaco 26 Joey McIntyre 20",
"Paso doble John O'Hurley 27 Kelly Monaco Joey McIntyre 25",
"Foxtrot John O'Hurley 27 Joey McIntyre 20",
"Freestyle Kelly Monaco 30 John O'Hurley 27",
"Trista Sutter is the only star to not land on this list",
"According to the traditional 30 - point scale .",
"Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances Kelly & Alec Freestyle ( 30 ) Waltz ( 13 ) John & Charlotte Foxtrot , Paso doble , Quickstep & Freestyle ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Joey & Ashly Paso doble ( 25 ) Cha - cha - cha , Samba and Foxtrot ( 20 ) Rachel & Jonathan Tango ( 26 ) Waltz ( 20 ) Evander & Edyta Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Jive ( 13 ) Trista & Louis Rumba ( 19 ) Waltz ( 18 )",
"Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances",
"Kelly & Alec Freestyle ( 30 ) Waltz ( 13 )",
"John & Charlotte Foxtrot , Paso doble , Quickstep & Freestyle ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 )",
"Joey & Ashly Paso doble ( 25 ) Cha - cha - cha , Samba and Foxtrot ( 20 )",
"Rachel & Jonathan Tango ( 26 ) Waltz ( 20 )",
"Evander & Edyta Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Jive ( 13 )",
"Trista & Louis Rumba ( 19 ) Waltz ( 18 )",
"Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores given in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli .",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Dance Music Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé Rachel & Jonathan 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Lionel Richie Evander & Edyta 18 ( 5 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Kelly & Alec 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston John & Charlotte 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` September '' -- Earth , Wind & Fire Trista & Louis 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones",
"Couple Score Dance Music",
"Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé",
"Rachel & Jonathan 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Lionel Richie",
"Evander & Edyta 18 ( 5 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin",
"Kelly & Alec 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston",
"John & Charlotte 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` September '' -- Earth , Wind & Fire",
"Trista & Louis 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result Rachel & Jonathan 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` I Do n't Wanna Miss a Thing '' -- Aerosmith from Armageddon Bottom two Joey & Ashly 21 ( 8 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` You 're The One That I Want '' -- John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John Safe Trista & Louis 19 ( 6 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Diana Ross and Lionel Richie Eliminated John & Charlotte 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Safe Kelly & Alec 17 ( 5 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe Evander & Edyta 14 ( 5 , 4 , 5 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' -- Duke Ellington Safe",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result",
"Rachel & Jonathan 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` I Do n't Wanna Miss a Thing '' -- Aerosmith from Armageddon Bottom two",
"Joey & Ashly 21 ( 8 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` You 're The One That I Want '' -- John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John Safe",
"Trista & Louis 19 ( 6 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Diana Ross and Lionel Richie Eliminated",
"John & Charlotte 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Safe",
"Kelly & Alec 17 ( 5 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe",
"Evander & Edyta 14 ( 5 , 4 , 5 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' -- Duke Ellington Safe",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result Evander & Edyta 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Jive `` Reet Petite '' -- Jackie Wilson Eliminated Rachel & Jonathan 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Kelly & Alec 21 ( 6 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe John & Charlotte 24 ( 9 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` Dance with Me '' -- Debelah Morgan Safe Joey & Ashly 22 ( 7 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` I 'm Still Standing '' -- Elton John Bottom two",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result",
"Evander & Edyta 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Jive `` Reet Petite '' -- Jackie Wilson Eliminated",
"Rachel & Jonathan 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe",
"Kelly & Alec 21 ( 6 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe",
"John & Charlotte 24 ( 9 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` Dance with Me '' -- Debelah Morgan Safe",
"Joey & Ashly 22 ( 7 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` I 'm Still Standing '' -- Elton John Bottom two",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Samba `` Tequila '' -- The Champs Safe Rachel & Jonathan 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Eliminated John & Charlotte 21 ( 7 , 8 , 6 ) Samba `` Just The Two of Us '' -- Grover Washington , Jr. and Bill Withers Bottom two Kelly & Alec 26 ( 9 , 9 , 8 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe John & Charlotte Rachel & Jonathan Kelly & Alec Joey & Ashly N / A Viennese Waltz `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result",
"Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Samba `` Tequila '' -- The Champs Safe",
"Rachel & Jonathan 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Eliminated",
"John & Charlotte 21 ( 7 , 8 , 6 ) Samba `` Just The Two of Us '' -- Grover Washington , Jr. and Bill Withers Bottom two",
"Kelly & Alec 26 ( 9 , 9 , 8 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe",
"John & Charlotte Rachel & Jonathan Kelly & Alec Joey & Ashly N / A Viennese Waltz `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Mexicana Aleque la - Band Kelly & Alec 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Norah Jones Bottom two 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Joey & Ashly 20 ( 8 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity Third place 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result",
"John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe",
"27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Mexicana Aleque la - Band",
"Kelly & Alec 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Norah Jones Bottom two",
"25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings",
"Joey & Ashly 20 ( 8 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity Third place",
"25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Runner - up 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I 'm So Excited '' -- The Pointer Sisters Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Let 's Get Loud '' -- Jennifer Lopez",
"Couple Score Dance Music Result",
"John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Runner - up",
"27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I 'm So Excited '' -- The Pointer Sisters",
"Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Winner",
"30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Let 's Get Loud '' -- Jennifer Lopez",
"Running order",
"Couple Score Style Music Result Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints Runner - up 24 ( 9 , 7 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Diamonds are a Girl 's Best Friend '' -- Marilyn Monroe 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` Get The Party Started '' -- Pink John & Charlotte 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` The Look of Love '' -- Anita Baker Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Whitney Houston 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I Am What I Am '' -- Gloria Gaynor",
"Couple Score Style Music Result",
"Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints Runner - up",
"24 ( 9 , 7 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Diamonds are a Girl 's Best Friend '' -- Marilyn Monroe",
"25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` Get The Party Started '' -- Pink",
"John & Charlotte 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` The Look of Love '' -- Anita Baker Winner",
"30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Whitney Houston",
"25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I Am What I Am '' -- Gloria Gaynor",
"Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance",
"Highest scoring dance",
"Lowest scoring dance",
"Couple 5 6 Kelly and Alec Waltz Rumba Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Samba Freestyle John and Charlotte Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Quickstep Freestyle Joey and Ashly Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Rachel and Jonathan Waltz Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Evander and Edyta Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Trista and Louis Waltz Rumba",
"Couple 5 6",
"Kelly and Alec Waltz Rumba Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Samba Freestyle",
"John and Charlotte Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Quickstep Freestyle",
"Joey and Ashly Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble",
"Rachel and Jonathan Waltz Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz",
"Evander and Edyta Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive",
"Trista and Louis Waltz Rumba"
] | Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 1) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 1) Jump to: navigation , search Dancing with the Stars (season 1) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release June 1 -- July 6, 2005 Additional information Celebrity winner Kelly Monaco Professional winner Alec Mazo Season chronology Next → Season 2 The first season of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) debuted on ABC on June 1, 2005. Six celebrities were paired with six professional ballroom dancers. Tom Bergeron and Lisa Canning were the hosts for this season. The judges were Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli . The premiere drew over 13 million viewers, the second biggest summer debut ever for an American reality series after Survivor . The second week climbed to 15 million viewers, and the show climbed to No. 1 in the summer 2005 TV season ratings, where it remained for the remainder of the season. The season finale aired July 6, 2005. Contents ( hide ) 1 Couples 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 2.2 Pro's average chart 3 Highest and lowest scoring performances 4 Couples' highest and lowest scoring performances 5 Weekly scores and songs 5.1 Week 1 5.2 Week 2 5.3 Week 3 5.4 Week 4 5.5 Week 5 5.6 Week 6: Finale 5.7 Dance off 6 Dance chart 7 References 8 External links Couples ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (August 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The six professionals and celebrities that competed were: Celebrity Notability (known for) Professional partner Status Trista Sutter Reality television star Louis Van Amstel Eliminated 1st on June 8, 2005 Evander Holyfield Professional boxer Edyta Sliwinska Eliminated 2nd on June 15, 2005 Rachel Hunter Supermodel & actress Jonathan Roberts Eliminated 3rd on June 22, 2005 Joey McIntyre NKOTB singer Ashly DelGrosso Third place on June 29, 2005 John O'Hurley Actor & game show host Charlotte Jorgensen Runner-up on July 6, 2005 Kelly Monaco Actress Alec Mazo Winner on July 6, 2005 † Kelly Monaco returned for the All-Stars season, where this time she was paired with Valentin Chmerkovskiy . They finished third. Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place 1+2 5 6 Kelly & Alec 13 17 30 21 26 22+ 25 =47 25 + 30 = 55 John & Charlotte 20 26 46 24 21 27 + 27 = 54 27 + 27 = 54 Joey & Ashly 20 21 41 22 20 20 + 25 = 45 Rachel & Jonathan 20 24 44 26 25 Evander & Edyta 5 18 14 32 13 Trista & Louis 6 18 19 37 indicates the eliminated couple that week indicates the returning couple that was last to be called safe indicates the winning couple indicates the runner-up couple indicates the third place couple Red numbers indicate the couples with the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the couples with the highest score for each week Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-point scale. Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average John & Charlotte 199 8 24.9 Rachel & Jonathan 95 23.8 Kelly & Alec 179 8 22.4 Joey & Ashly 128 6 21.3 5 6 Trista & Louis 37 18.5 6 5 Evander & Edyta 45 15.0 Pro's average chart ( edit ) Rank by average Place Couple Average Charlotte Jorgensen 24.9 6 Louis van Amstel 21.8 Alec Mazo 20.6 Jonathan Roberts 19.4 5 5 Edyta Sliwinska 19.1 6 Ashly DelGrosso 16.7 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score Cha-cha-cha John O'Hurley Joey McIntyre 20 Evander Holyfield 18 Waltz Rachel Hunter 20 Kelly Monaco 13 Rumba Rachel Hunter 24 Kelly Monaco 17 Quickstep John O'Hurley 27 Evander Holyfield 14 Jive Joey McIntyre 22 Evander Holyfield 13 Tango Rachel Hunter 26 John O'Hurley 24 Samba Kelly Monaco 26 Joey McIntyre 20 Paso doble John O'Hurley 27 Kelly Monaco Joey McIntyre 25 Foxtrot John O'Hurley 27 Joey McIntyre 20 Freestyle Kelly Monaco 30 John O'Hurley 27 Trista Sutter is the only star to not land on this list Couples' highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) According to the traditional 30-point scale. Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances Kelly & Alec Freestyle (30) Waltz (13) John & Charlotte Foxtrot, Paso doble, Quickstep & Freestyle (27) Cha-cha-cha (20) Joey & Ashly Paso doble (25) Cha-cha-cha, Samba and Foxtrot (20) Rachel & Jonathan Tango (26) Waltz (20) Evander & Edyta Cha-cha-cha (18) Jive (13) Trista & Louis Rumba (19) Waltz (18) Weekly scores and songs ( edit ) Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores given in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Joey & Ashly 20 (7, 7, 6) Cha-cha-cha `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé Rachel & Jonathan 20 (7, 6, 7) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Lionel Richie Evander & Edyta 18 (5, 7, 6) Cha-cha-cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Kelly & Alec 13 (5, 4, 4) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston John & Charlotte 20 (7, 7, 6) Cha-cha-cha `` September '' -- Earth, Wind & Fire Trista & Louis 18 (6, 6, 6) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones Week 2 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Rachel & Jonathan 24 (8, 8, 8) Rumba `` I Don't Wanna Miss a Thing '' -- Aerosmith from Armageddon Bottom two Joey & Ashly 21 (8, 7, 6) Quickstep `` You're The One That I Want '' -- John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John Safe Trista & Louis 19 (6, 7, 6) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Diana Ross and Lionel Richie Eliminated John & Charlotte 26 (8, 9, 9) Quickstep `` Let's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Safe Kelly & Alec 17 (5, 6, 6) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe Evander & Edyta 14 (5, 4, 5) Quickstep `` It Don't Mean a Thing '' -- Duke Ellington Safe Week 3 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Evander & Edyta 13 (5, 4, 4) Jive `` Reet Petite '' -- Jackie Wilson Eliminated Rachel & Jonathan 26 (8, 9, 9) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Kelly & Alec 21 (6, 7, 8) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe John & Charlotte 24 (9, 8, 7) Tango `` Dance with Me '' -- Debelah Morgan Safe Joey & Ashly 22 (7, 7, 8) Jive `` I'm Still Standing '' -- Elton John Bottom two Week 4 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Joey & Ashly 20 (7, 6, 7) Samba `` Tequila '' -- The Champs Safe Rachel & Jonathan 25 (7, 9, 9) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Eliminated John & Charlotte 21 (7, 8, 6) Samba `` Just The Two of Us '' -- Grover Washington, Jr. and Bill Withers Bottom two Kelly & Alec 26 (9, 9, 8) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe John & Charlotte Rachel & Jonathan Kelly & Alec Joey & Ashly N/A Viennese Waltz `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher Week 5 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 (9, 9, 9) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe 27 (9, 9, 9) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Mexicana Aleque la-Band Kelly & Alec 22 (8, 7, 7) Foxtrot `` Don't Know Why '' -- Norah Jones Bottom two 25 (9, 8, 8) Paso doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Joey & Ashly 20 (8, 6, 6) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity Third place 25 (9, 8, 8) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor Week 6: Finale ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 (9, 9, 9) Quickstep `` Let's Face The Music and Dance'' -- Irving Berlin Runner-up 27 (9, 9, 9) Freestyle `` I'm So Excited '' -- The Pointer Sisters Kelly & Alec 25 (7, 9, 9) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Winner 30 (10, 10, 10) Freestyle `` Let's Get Loud '' -- Jennifer Lopez Dance off ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Style Music Result Kelly & Alec 25 (7, 9, 9) Cha-cha-cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints Runner-up 24 (9, 7, 8) Quickstep `` Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend '' -- Marilyn Monroe 25 (8, 8, 9) Freestyle `` Get The Party Started '' -- Pink John & Charlotte 22 (7, 8, 7) Rumba `` The Look of Love '' -- Anita Baker Winner 30 (10, 10, 10) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life'' -- Whitney Houston 25 (8, 8, 9) Freestyle `` I Am What I Am '' -- Gloria Gaynor Dance chart ( edit ) Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Couple 5 6 Kelly and Alec Waltz Rumba Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Samba Freestyle John and Charlotte Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Quickstep Freestyle Joey and Ashly Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Rachel and Jonathan Waltz Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Evander and Edyta Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Jive Trista and Louis Waltz Rumba References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press (2005-06-08). `` ' Dancing With the Stars' Debuts in 2nd Place'' . FoxNews . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ Maynard, John (2005-07-13). `` ABC Cuts In: ' Dancing' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050521021850/http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/bios/cast.html Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars: Episode 101'' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars: Episode 102'' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars: Episode 103'' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars: Episode 104'' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars: Episode 105'' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars: Episode 106'' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009-05-06 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Spin-off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_1)&oldid=801360262 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) 2005 American television seasons Hidden categories: Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 06:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -1804564503804515164 |
who sang i couldn't sleep at all last night | In 1983 , Joan Jett released a version on her album Album . | [
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"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"`` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' Single by Bobby Lewis from the album Tossin ' & Turnin ' B - side `` Oh Yes , I Love You '' Released April 30 , 1961 Genre R&B Length 2 : 29 Label Beltone Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Adams , Malou Rene Bobby Lewis singles chronology `` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 ) `` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Tossin ' and Turnin ' ''",
"Single by Bobby Lewis",
"from the album Tossin ' & Turnin '",
"B - side `` Oh Yes , I Love You ''",
"Released April 30 , 1961",
"Genre R&B",
"Length 2 : 29",
"Label Beltone",
"Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Adams , Malou Rene",
"Bobby Lewis singles chronology",
"`` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Fire of Love '' ( 1959 ) `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' ( 1961 ) `` One Track Mind '' ( 1961 )",
"`` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene , and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis . The record reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 on July 10 , 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations . It was named the number - one single on the Billboard chart for 1961 , after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top . It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film Animal House .",
"On the original hit single version , the track begins with Lewis singing `` I could n't sleep at all last night , '' and it appears this way on most oldies compilations . However , on some releases the song has a prelude , where Lewis sings `` Baby ... Baby ... you did something to me , '' followed by a musical cue into the first verse . Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live . The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar , Bob Bushnell on bass , King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece , Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax , Paul Griffin on Piano , and Sticks Evans on drums .",
"In 2008 , Billboard magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart . It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 .",
"In 1963 , The Marvelettes -- The Marvelettes Recorded Live On Stage album Tamla -- 243 In 1965 , Chad Allan & the Expressions ( Guess Who ? ) covered the song and released it as the B - side of `` Shakin ' All Over '' and as a single in Canada where it reached # 3 . In 1966 , The Kingsmen released a version on their album The Kingsmen Up And Away . In 1972 , The Supremes released a version on their album The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb . In 1972 , Ronnie Sessions had a minor U.S. country hit with his rendition . In 1978 , Kiss drummer Peter Criss released a version on his solo album Peter Criss . Kiss played the song on the Dynasty Tour in 1979 In 1983 , Joan Jett released a version on her album Album . Steve Goodman Lulu Jimmy Sturr",
"In 1963 , The Marvelettes -- The Marvelettes Recorded Live On Stage album Tamla -- 243",
"In 1965 , Chad Allan & the Expressions ( Guess Who ? ) covered the song and released it as the B - side of `` Shakin ' All Over '' and as a single in Canada where it reached # 3 .",
"In 1966 , The Kingsmen released a version on their album The Kingsmen Up And Away .",
"In 1972 , The Supremes released a version on their album The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb .",
"In 1972 , Ronnie Sessions had a minor U.S. country hit with his rendition .",
"In 1978 , Kiss drummer Peter Criss released a version on his solo album Peter Criss . Kiss played the song on the Dynasty Tour in 1979",
"In 1983 , Joan Jett released a version on her album Album ."
] | Tossin' and Turnin' - Wikipedia Tossin' and Turnin' Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' Single by Bobby Lewis from the album Tossin' & Turnin' B-side `` Oh Yes, I Love You'' Released April 30, 1961 Genre R&B Length 2 : 29 Label Beltone Songwriter(s) Ritchie Adams , Malou Rene Bobby Lewis singles chronology `` Fire of Love'' (1959) `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' (1961) `` One Track Mind'' (1961) `` Fire of Love'' (1959) `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' (1961) `` One Track Mind'' (1961) `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis . The record reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations . It was named the number-one single on the Billboard chart for 1961 , after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film Animal House . On the original hit single version, the track begins with Lewis singing `` I couldn't sleep at all last night,'' and it appears this way on most oldies compilations. However, on some releases the song has a prelude, where Lewis sings `` Baby...Baby...you did something to me,'' followed by a musical cue into the first verse. Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live. The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece, Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax, Paul Griffin on Piano, and Sticks Evans on drums. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cover versions ( edit ) In 1963, The Marvelettes -- The Marvelettes Recorded Live On Stage album Tamla -- 243 In 1965, Chad Allan & the Expressions (Guess Who?) covered the song and released it as the B-side of `` Shakin' All Over '' and as a single in Canada where it reached #3. In 1966, The Kingsmen released a version on their album The Kingsmen Up And Away . In 1972, The Supremes released a version on their album The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb . In 1972, Ronnie Sessions had a minor U.S. country hit with his rendition. In 1978, Kiss drummer Peter Criss released a version on his solo album Peter Criss . Kiss played the song on the Dynasty Tour in 1979 In 1983, Joan Jett released a version on her album Album . Steve Goodman Lulu Jimmy Sturr See also ( edit ) List of number-one R&B singles of 1961 (U.S.) List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1961 (U.S.) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B /Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004 . Record Research. p. 347. Jump up ^ Bobby Lewis, `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' Chart Positions Retrieved March 5, 2015 Jump up ^ The Guess Who, `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' Chart Position Retrieved March 5, 2015 External links ( edit ) Members.home.nl Preceded by `` Quarter to Three '' by U.S. Bonds Billboard Hot 100 number one single July 7, 1961 (seven weeks) Succeeded by `` Wooden Heart '' by Joe Dowell Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960-- 1979) 1960: `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961: `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962: `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963: `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964: `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965: `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966: `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S/Sgt. Barry Sadler 1967: `` To Sir, with Love '' -- Lulu 1968: `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969: `` Sugar, Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970: `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971: `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972: `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973: `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974: `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975: `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976: `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977: `` Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978: `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979: `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946-- 1959 ) ( 1960-- 1979 ) ( 1980-- 1999 ) ( 2000-- 2019 ) The Guess Who Jim Kale Laurie MacKenzie Garry Peterson Derek Sharp Leonard Shaw Chad Allan Randy Bachman Burton Cummings Carl Dixon Terry Hatty Greg Leskiw Donnie McDougall Domenic Troiano Bill Wallace Kurt Winter Studio albums Shakin' All Over Hey Ho (What You Do to Me!) It's Time Wheatfield Soul Canned Wheat American Woman Share the Land So Long, Bannatyne Rockin' Artificial Paradise #10 Road Food Flavours Power in the Music Guess Who's Back All This for a Song Now and Not Then Liberty Live albums Live at the Paramount Together Again The Best of the Guess Who Live The Spirit Lives On Down the Road Running Back Thru Canada The Best of Running Back Thru Canada Extended Versions: The Encore Collection Compilations The Best of The Guess Who The Best of The Guess Who, Vol. 2 The Greatest of The Guess Who Track Record Wild One The Guess Who: Anthology Singles `` Shakin' All Over '' `` Tossin' and Turnin' '' `` Hey Ho, What You Do to Me '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` Believe Me '' `` Clock on the Wall '' `` His Girl '' `` These Eyes '' `` Laughing '' `` Undun '' `` No Time '' `` American Woman '' `` No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature '' `` Hand Me Down World '' `` Share the Land '' `` Hang On to Your Life '' `` Albert Flasher '' `` Rain Dance '' `` Sour Suite '' `` Heartbroken Bopper '' `` Guns, Guns, Guns '' `` Runnin' Back to Saskatoon '' `` Follow Your Daughter Home '' `` Glamour Boy '' `` Star Baby '' `` Clap for the Wolfman '' `` Dancin' Fool '' Related articles Discography Jack Richardson Book This 1960s pop song-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1960s R&B / soul music song-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tossin%27_and_Turnin%27&oldid=801129257 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1961 singles 1965 singles Bobby Lewis songs The Guess Who songs The Kingsmen songs The Supremes songs Joan Jett songs Lulu (singer) songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Billboard Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles 1960s pop song stubs 1960s R&B song stubs Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 20:58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -2633223967753580443 |
where does the best vanilla in the world come from | Green fruits | [
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"Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla , primarily from the Mexican species , flat - leaved vanilla ( V. planifolia ) . The word vanilla , derived from vainilla , the diminutive of the Spanish word vaina ( vaina itself meaning sheath or pod ) , is translated simply as `` little pod '' . Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people cultivated the vine of the vanilla orchid , called tlilxochitl by the Aztecs . Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s .",
"Pollination is required to set the vanilla fruit from which the flavoring is derived . In 1837 , Belgian botanist Charles François Antoine Morren discovered this fact and pioneered a method of artificially pollinating the plant . The method proved financially unworkable and was not deployed commercially . In 1841 , Edmond Albius , a slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean , discovered at the age of 12 that the plant could be hand - pollinated . Hand - pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant .",
"Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally , all of which derive from a species originally found in Mesoamerica , including parts of modern - day Mexico . They are V. planifolia ( syn . V. fragrans ) , grown on Madagascar , Réunion , and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean ; V. tahitensis , grown in the South Pacific ; and V. pompona , found in the West Indies , Central America , and South America . The majority of the world 's vanilla is the V. planifolia species , more commonly known as Bourbon vanilla ( after the former name of Réunion , Île Bourbon ) or Madagascar vanilla , which is produced in Madagascar and neighboring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean , and in Indonesia . Combined , Madagascar and Indonesia produce two - thirds of the world 's supply of vanilla .",
"Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor - intensive . Despite the expense , vanilla is highly valued for its flavor . As a result , vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking , perfume manufacture , and aromatherapy .",
"According to popular belief , the Totonac people , who inhabit the east coast of Mexico in the present - day state of Veracruz , were the first to cultivate vanilla . According to Totonac mythology , the tropical orchid was born when Princess Xanat , forbidden by her father from marrying a mortal , fled to the forest with her lover . The lovers were captured and beheaded . Where their blood touched the ground , the vine of the tropical orchid grew . In the 15th century , Aztecs invading from the central highlands of Mexico conquered the Totonacs , and soon developed a taste for the vanilla pods . They named the fruit tlilxochitl , or `` black flower '' , after the matured fruit , which shrivels and turns black shortly after it is picked . Subjugated by the Aztecs , the Totonacs paid tribute by sending vanilla fruit to the Aztec capital , Tenochtitlan .",
"Until the mid-19th century , Mexico was the chief producer of vanilla . In 1819 , French entrepreneurs shipped vanilla fruits to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hopes of producing vanilla there . After Edmond Albius discovered how to pollinate the flowers quickly by hand , the pods began to thrive . Soon , the tropical orchids were sent from Réunion to the Comoros Islands , Seychelles , and Madagascar , along with instructions for pollinating them . By 1898 , Madagascar , Réunion , and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla beans , about 80 % of world production . According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization , Indonesia is currently responsible for the vast majority of the world 's Bourbon vanilla production and 58 % of the world total vanilla fruit production .",
"The market price of vanilla rose dramatically in the late 1970s after a tropical cyclone ravaged key croplands . Prices remained high through the early 1980s despite the introduction of Indonesian vanilla . In the mid-1980s , the cartel that had controlled vanilla prices and distribution since its creation in 1930 disbanded . Prices dropped 70 % over the next few years , to nearly US $20 per kilogram ; prices rose sharply again after tropical cyclone Hudah struck Madagascar in April 2000 . The cyclone , political instability , and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices to an astonishing US $500 / kg in 2004 , bringing new countries into the vanilla industry . A good crop , coupled with decreased demand caused by the production of imitation vanilla , pushed the market price down to the $40 / kg range in the middle of 2005 . By 2010 , prices were down to $20 / kg . Cyclone Enawo caused in similar spike to $500 / kg in 2017 .",
"Madagascar ( especially the fertile Sava region ) accounts for much of the global production of vanilla . Mexico , once the leading producer of natural vanilla with an annual yield of 500 tons of cured beans , produced only 10 tons in 2006 . An estimated 95 % of `` vanilla '' products are artificially flavored with vanillin derived from lignin instead of vanilla fruits .",
"Vanilla was completely unknown in the Old World before Cortés . Spanish explorers arriving on the Gulf Coast of Mexico in the early 16th century gave vanilla its current name . Portuguese sailors and explorers brought vanilla into Africa and Asia later that century . They called it vainilla , or `` little pod '' . The word vanilla entered the English language in 1754 , when the botanist Philip Miller wrote about the genus in his Gardener 's Dictionary . Vainilla is from the diminutive of vaina , from the Latin vagina ( sheath ) to describe the shape of the pods .",
"The main species harvested for vanilla is V. planifolia . Although it is native to Mexico , it is now widely grown throughout the tropics . Indonesia and Madagascar are the world 's largest producers . Additional sources include V. pompona and V. tahitiensis ( grown in Niue and Tahiti ) , although the vanillin content of these species is much less than V. planifolia .",
"Vanilla grows as a vine , climbing up an existing tree ( also called a tutor ) , pole , or other support . It can be grown in a wood ( on trees ) , in a plantation ( on trees or poles ) , or in a `` shader '' , in increasing orders of productivity . Its growth environment is referred to as its terroir , and includes not only the adjacent plants , but also the climate , geography , and local geology . Left alone , it will grow as high as possible on the support , with few flowers . Every year , growers fold the higher parts of the plant downward so the plant stays at heights accessible by a standing human . This also greatly stimulates flowering .",
"The distinctively flavored compounds are found in the fruit , which results from the pollination of the flower . These seed pods are roughly a third of an inch by six inches , and brownish red to black when ripe . Inside of these pods is an oily liquid full of tiny seeds . One flower produces one fruit . V. planifolia flowers are hermaphroditic : they carry both male ( anther ) and female ( stigma ) organs . However , self - pollination is blocked by a membrane which separates those organs . The flowers can be naturally pollinated by bees of genus Melipona ( abeja de monte or mountain bee ) , by bee genus Eulaema , or by hummingbirds . The Melipona bee provided Mexico with a 300 - year - long advantage on vanilla production from the time it was first discovered by Europeans . The first vanilla orchid to flower in Europe was in the London collection of the Honourable Charles Greville in 1806 . Cuttings from that plant went to Netherlands and Paris , from which the French first transplanted the vines to their overseas colonies . The vines grew , but would not fruit outside Mexico . Growers tried to bring this bee into other growing locales , to no avail . The only way to produce fruits without the bees is artificial pollination . Today , even in Mexico , hand pollination is used extensively .",
"In 1836 , botanist Charles François Antoine Morren was drinking coffee on a patio in Papantla ( in Veracruz , Mexico ) and noticed black bees flying around the vanilla flowers next to his table . He watched their actions closely as they would land and work their way under a flap inside the flower , transferring pollen in the process . Within hours , the flowers closed and several days later , Morren noticed vanilla pods beginning to form . Morren immediately began experimenting with hand pollination . A few years later in 1841 , a simple and efficient artificial hand - pollination method was developed by a 12 - year - old slave named Edmond Albius on Réunion , a method still used today . Using a beveled sliver of bamboo , an agricultural worker lifts the membrane separating the anther and the stigma , then , using the thumb , transfers the pollinia from the anther to the stigma . The flower , self - pollinated , will then produce a fruit . The vanilla flower lasts about one day , sometimes less , so growers have to inspect their plantations every day for open flowers , a labor - intensive task .",
"The fruit , a seed capsule , if left on the plant , ripens and opens at the end ; as it dries , the phenolic compounds crystallize , giving the fruits a diamond - dusted appearance , which the French call givre ( hoarfrost ) . It then releases the distinctive vanilla smell . The fruit contains tiny , black seeds . In dishes prepared with whole natural vanilla , these seeds are recognizable as black specks . Both the pod and the seeds are used in cooking .",
"Like other orchids ' seeds , vanilla seeds will not germinate without the presence of certain mycorrhizal fungi . Instead , growers reproduce the plant by cutting : they remove sections of the vine with six or more leaf nodes , a root opposite each leaf . The two lower leaves are removed , and this area is buried in loose soil at the base of a support . The remaining upper roots cling to the support , and often grow down into the soil . Growth is rapid under good conditions .",
"Bourbon vanilla or Bourbon - Madagascar vanilla , produced from V. planifolia plants introduced from the Americas , is from Indian Ocean islands such as Madagascar , the Comoros , and Réunion , formerly named the Île Bourbon . It is also used to describe the distinctive vanilla flavor derived from V. planifolia grown successfully in tropical countries such as India . Mexican vanilla , made from the native V. planifolia , is produced in much less quantity and marketed as the vanilla from the land of its origin . Vanilla sold in tourist markets around Mexico is sometimes not actual vanilla extract , but is mixed with an extract of the tonka bean , which contains the toxin coumarin . Tonka bean extract smells and tastes like vanilla , but coumarin has been shown to cause liver damage in lab animals and has been banned in food in the US by the Food and Drug Administration since 1954 . Tahitian vanilla is from French Polynesia , made with V. tahitiensis . Genetic analysis shows this species is possibly a cultivar from a hybrid of V. planifolia and V. odorata . The species was introduced by French Admiral François Alphonse Hamelin to French Polynesia from the Philippines , where it was introduced from Guatemala by the Manila Galleon trade . West Indian vanilla is made from V. pompona grown in the Caribbean and Central and South America .",
"Bourbon vanilla or Bourbon - Madagascar vanilla , produced from V. planifolia plants introduced from the Americas , is from Indian Ocean islands such as Madagascar , the Comoros , and Réunion , formerly named the Île Bourbon . It is also used to describe the distinctive vanilla flavor derived from V. planifolia grown successfully in tropical countries such as India .",
"Mexican vanilla , made from the native V. planifolia , is produced in much less quantity and marketed as the vanilla from the land of its origin . Vanilla sold in tourist markets around Mexico is sometimes not actual vanilla extract , but is mixed with an extract of the tonka bean , which contains the toxin coumarin . Tonka bean extract smells and tastes like vanilla , but coumarin has been shown to cause liver damage in lab animals and has been banned in food in the US by the Food and Drug Administration since 1954 .",
"Tahitian vanilla is from French Polynesia , made with V. tahitiensis . Genetic analysis shows this species is possibly a cultivar from a hybrid of V. planifolia and V. odorata . The species was introduced by French Admiral François Alphonse Hamelin to French Polynesia from the Philippines , where it was introduced from Guatemala by the Manila Galleon trade .",
"West Indian vanilla is made from V. pompona grown in the Caribbean and Central and South America .",
"The term French vanilla is often used to designate particular preparations with a strong vanilla aroma , containing vanilla grains and sometimes also containing eggs ( especially egg yolks ) . The appellation originates from the French style of making vanilla ice cream with a custard base , using vanilla pods , cream , and egg yolks . Inclusion of vanilla varietals from any of the former French dependencies or overseas France may be a part of the flavoring . Alternatively , French vanilla is taken to refer to a vanilla - custard flavor .",
"Vanilla essence occurs in two forms . Real seedpod extract is a complex mixture of several hundred different compounds , including vanillin , acetaldehyde , acetic acid , furfural , hexanoic acid , 4 - hydroxybenzaldehyde , eugenol , methyl cinnamate , and isobutyric acid . Synthetic essence consists of a solution of synthetic vanillin in ethanol . The chemical compound vanillin ( 4 - hydroxy - 3 - methoxybenzaldehyde ) is a major contributor to the characteristic flavor and aroma of real vanilla and is the main flavor component of cured vanilla beans . Vanillin was first isolated from vanilla pods by Gobley in 1858 . By 1874 , it had been obtained from glycosides of pine tree sap , temporarily causing a depression in the natural vanilla industry . Vanillin can be easily synthesized from various raw materials , but the majority of food - grade ( > 99 % pure ) vanillin is made from guaiacol .",
"In general , quality vanilla only comes from good vines and through careful production methods . Commercial vanilla production can be performed under open field and `` greenhouse '' operations . The two production systems share these similarities :",
"Plant height and number of years before producing the first grains Shade necessities Amount of organic matter needed A tree or frame to grow around ( bamboo , coconut or Erythrina lanceolata ) Labor intensity ( pollination and harvest activities )",
"Plant height and number of years before producing the first grains",
"Amount of organic matter needed",
"A tree or frame to grow around ( bamboo , coconut or Erythrina lanceolata )",
"Labor intensity ( pollination and harvest activities )",
"Vanilla grows best in a hot , humid climate from sea level to an elevation of 1,500 m . The ideal climate has moderate rainfall , 1,500 -- 3,000 mm , evenly distributed through 10 months of the year . Optimum temperatures for cultivation are 15 -- 30 ° C ( 59 -- 86 ° F ) during the day and 15 -- 20 ° C ( 59 -- 68 ° F ) during the night . Ideal humidity is around 80 % , and under normal greenhouse conditions , it can be achieved by an evaporative cooler . However , since greenhouse vanilla is grown near the equator and under polymer ( HDPE ) netting ( shading of 50 % ) , this humidity can be achieved by the environment . Most successful vanilla growing and processing is done in the region within 10 to 20 ° of the equator .",
"Soils for vanilla cultivation should be loose , with high organic matter content and loamy texture . They must be well drained , and a slight slope helps in this condition . Soil pH has not been well documented , but some researchers have indicated an optimum soil pH around 5.3 . Mulch is very important for proper growth of the vine , and a considerable portion of mulch should be placed in the base of the vine . Fertilization varies with soil conditions , but general recommendations are : 40 to 60 g of N , 20 to 30 g of P O and 60 to 100 g of K O should be applied to each plant per year besides organic manures , such as vermicompost , oil cakes , poultry manure , and wood ash . Foliar applications are also good for vanilla , and a solution of 1 % NPK ( 17 : 17 : 17 ) can be sprayed on the plant once a month . Vanilla requires organic matter , so three or four applications of mulch a year are adequate for the plant .",
"Dissemination of vanilla can be achieved either by stem cutting or by tissue culture . For stem cutting , a progeny garden needs to be established . All plants need to grow under 50 % shade , as well as the rest of the crop . Mulching the trenches with coconut husk and micro irrigation provide an ideal microclimate for vegetative growth . Cuttings between 60 and 120 cm ( 24 and 47 in ) should be selected for planting in the field or greenhouse . Cuttings below 60 to 120 cm ( 24 to 47 in ) need to be rooted and raised in a separate nursery before planting . Planting material should always come from unflowered portions of the vine . Wilting of the cuttings before planting provides better conditions for root initiation and establishment .",
"Before planting the cuttings , trees to support the vine must be planted at least three months before sowing the cuttings . Pits of 30 × 30 × 30 cm are dug 30 cm ( 12 in ) away from the tree and filled with farm yard manure ( vermicompost ) , sand and top soil mixed well . An average of 2000 cuttings can be planted per hectare ( 2.5 acres ) . One important consideration is that when planting the cuttings from the base , four leaves should be pruned and the pruned basal point must be pressed into the soil in a way such that the nodes are in close contact with the soil , and are placed at a depth of 15 to 20 cm ( 5.9 to 7.9 in ) . The top portion of the cutting is tied to the tree using natural fibers such as banana or hemp .",
"Tissue culture was first used as a means of creating vanilla plants during the 1980s at Tamil Nadu University . This was the part of the first project to grow V. planifolia in India . At that time , a shortage of vanilla planting stock was occurring in India . The approach was inspired by the work going on to tissue culture other flowering plants . Several methods have been proposed for vanilla tissue culture , but all of them begin from axillary buds of the vanilla vine . In vitro multiplication has also been achieved through culture of callus masses , protocorns , root tips and stem nodes . Description of any of these processes can be obtained from the references listed before , but all of them are successful in generation of new vanilla plants that first need to be grown up to a height of at least 30 cm ( 12 in ) before they can be planted in the field or greenhouse .",
"In the tropics , the ideal time for planting vanilla is from September to November , when the weather is neither too rainy nor too dry , but this recommendation varies with growing conditions . Cuttings take one to eight weeks to establish roots , and show initial signs of growth from one of the leaf axils . A thick mulch of leaves should be provided immediately after planting as an additional source of organic matter . Three years are required for cuttings to grow enough to produce flowers and subsequent pods . As with most orchids , the blossoms grow along stems branching from the main vine . The buds , growing along the 6 to 10 in ( 15 to 25 cm ) stems , bloom and mature in sequence , each at a different interval .",
"External video Hand Pollination of Vanilla Planifolia Flowers , YouTube video",
"Hand Pollination of Vanilla Planifolia Flowers , YouTube video",
"Flowering normally occurs every spring , and without pollination , the blossom wilts and falls , and no vanilla bean can grow . Each flower must be hand - pollinated within 12 hours of opening . In the wild , very few natural pollinators exist , with most pollination thought to be carried out by the shiny green Euglossa viridissima , some Eulaema spp. and other species of the euglossine or orchid bees , Euglossini , though direct evidence is lacking . Closely related Vanilla species are known to be pollinated by the euglossine bees . The previously suggested pollination by stingless bees of the genus Melipona is thought to be improbable , as they are too small to be effective and have never been observed carrying Vanilla pollen or pollinating other orchids , though they do visit the flowers . These pollinators do not exist outside the orchid 's home range , and even within that range , vanilla orchids have only a 1 % chance of successful pollination . As a result , all vanilla grown today is pollinated by hand . A small splinter of wood or a grass stem is used to lift the rostellum or move the flap upward , so the overhanging anther can be pressed against the stigma and self - pollinate the vine . Generally , one flower per raceme opens per day , so the raceme may be in flower for over 20 days . A healthy vine should produce about 50 to 100 beans per year , but growers are careful to pollinate only five or six flowers from the 20 on each raceme . The first flowers that open per vine should be pollinated , so the beans are similar in age . These agronomic practices facilitate harvest and increases bean quality . The fruits require five to six weeks to develop , but around six months to mature . Over-pollination results in diseases and inferior bean quality . A vine remains productive between 12 and 14 years .",
"Most diseases come from the uncharacteristic growing conditions of vanilla . Therefore , conditions such as excess water , insufficient drainage , heavy mulch , overpollination , and too much shade favor disease development . Vanilla is susceptible to many fungal and viral diseases . Fusarium , Sclerotium , Phytophthora , and Colletrotrichum species cause rots of root , stem , leaf , bean , and shoot apex . These diseases can be controlled by spraying Bordeaux mixture ( 1 % ) , carbendazim ( 0.2 % ) and copper oxychloride ( 0.2 % ) .",
"Biological control of the spread of such diseases can be managed by applying to the soil Trichoderma ( 0.5 kg ( 1.1 lb ) per plant in the rhizosphere ) and foliar application of pseudomonads ( 0.2 % ) . Mosaic virus , leaf curl , and cymbidium mosaic potex virus are the common viral diseases . These diseases are transmitted through the sap , so affected plants must be destroyed . The insect pests of vanilla include beetles and weevils that attack the flower , caterpillars , snakes , and slugs that damage the tender parts of shoot , flower buds , and immature fruit , and grasshoppers that affect cutting shoot tips . If organic agriculture is practiced , insecticides are avoided , and mechanical measures are adopted for pest management . Most of these practices are implemented under greenhouse cultivation , since such field conditions are very difficult to achieve .",
"Most artificial vanilla products contain vanillin , which can be produced synthetically from lignin , a natural polymer found in wood . Most synthetic vanillin is a byproduct from the pulp used in papermaking , in which the lignin is broken down using sulfites or sulfates . However , vanillin is only one of 171 identified aromatic components of real vanilla fruits .",
"The orchid species Leptotes bicolor is used as a natural vanilla replacement in Paraguay and southern Brazil .",
"In the United States , castoreum , the exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers , has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive , often referenced simply as a `` natural flavoring '' in the product 's list of ingredients . It is used in both food and beverages , especially as vanilla and raspberry flavoring , with a total annual U.S. production of less than 300 pounds . It is also used to flavor some cigarettes and in perfume - making , and is used by fur trappers as a scent lure .",
"Harvesting vanilla fruits is as labor - intensive as pollinating the blossoms . Immature , dark green pods are not harvested . Pale yellow discoloration that commences at the distal end of the fruits is not a good indication of the maturity of pods . Each fruit ripens at its own time , requiring a daily harvest . `` Current methods for determining the maturity of vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia Andrews ) beans are unreliable . Yellowing at the blossom end , the current index , occurs before beans accumulate maximum glucovanillin concentrations . Beans left on the vine until they turn brown have higher glucovanillin concentrations but may split and have low quality . Judging bean maturity is difficult as they reach full size soon after pollination . Glucovanillin accumulates from 20 weeks , maximum about 40 weeks after pollination . Mature green beans have 20 % dry matter but less than 2 % glucovanillin . '' The accumulation of dry matter and glucovanillin are highly correlated.To ensure the finest flavor from every fruit , each individual pod must be picked by hand just as it begins to split on the end . Overmatured fruits are likely to split , causing a reduction in market value . Its commercial value is fixed based on the length and appearance of the pod .",
"If the fruit is more than 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) in length , it is categorized as first - quality . The largest fruits greater than 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) and up to as much as 21 cm ( 8.3 in ) are usually reserved for the gourmet vanilla market , for sale to top chefs and restaurants . If the fruits are between 10 and 15 cm long , pods are under the second - quality category , and fruits less than 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) in length are under the third - quality category . Each fruit contains thousands of tiny black vanilla seeds . Vanilla fruit yield depends on the care and management given to the hanging and fruiting vines . Any practice directed to stimulate aerial root production has a direct effect on vine productivity . A five - year - old vine can produce between 1.5 and 3 kg ( 3.3 and 6.6 lb ) pods , and this production can increase up to 6 kg ( 13 lb ) after a few years . The harvested green fruit can be commercialized as such or cured to get a better market price .",
"Several methods exist in the market for curing vanilla ; nevertheless , all of them consist of four basic steps : killing , sweating , slow - drying , and conditioning of the beans .",
"The vegetative tissue of the vanilla pod is killed to stop the vegetative growth of the pods and disrupt the cells and tissue of the fruits , which initiates enzymatic reactions responsible for the aroma . The method of killing varies , but may be accomplished by heating in hot water , freezing , or scratching , or killing by heating in an oven or exposing the beans to direct sunlight . The different methods give different profiles of enzymatic activity .",
"Testing has shown mechanical disruption of fruit tissues can cause curing processes , including the degeneration of glucovanillin to vanillin , so the reasoning goes that disrupting the tissues and cells of the fruit allow enzymes and enzyme substrates to interact .",
"Hot - water killing may consist of dipping the pods in hot water ( 63 -- 65 ° C ( 145 -- 149 ° F ) ) for three minutes , or at 80 ° C ( 176 ° F ) for 10 seconds . In scratch killing , fruits are scratched along their length . Frozen or quick - frozen fruits must be thawed again for the subsequent sweating stage . Tied in bundles and rolled in blankets , fruits may be placed in an oven at 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) for 36 to 48 hours . Exposing the fruits to sunlight until they turn brown , a method originating in Mexico , was practiced by the Aztecs .",
"Sweating is a hydrolytic and oxidative process . Traditionally , it consists of keeping fruits , for 7 to 10 days , densely stacked and insulated in wool or other cloth . This retains a temperature of 45 -- 65 ° C ( 113 -- 149 ° F ) and high humidity . Daily exposure to the sun may also be used , or dipping the fruits in hot water . The fruits are brown and have attained much of the characteristic vanilla flavor and aroma by the end of this process , but still retain a 60 - 70 % moisture content by weight .",
"Reduction of the beans to 25 -- 30 % moisture by weight , to prevent rotting and to lock the aroma in the pods , is always achieved by some exposure of the beans to air , and usually ( and traditionally ) intermittent shade and sunlight . Fruits may be laid out in the sun during the mornings and returned to their boxes in the afternoons , or spread on a wooden rack in a room for three to four weeks , sometimes with periods of sun exposure . Drying is the most problematic of the curing stages ; unevenness in the drying process can lead to the loss of vanillin content of some fruits by the time the others are cured .",
"Conditioning is performed by storing the pods for five to six months in closed boxes , where the fragrance develops . The processed fruits are sorted , graded , bundled , and wrapped in paraffin paper and preserved for the development of desired bean qualities , especially flavor and aroma . The cured vanilla fruits contain an average of 2.5 % vanillin .",
"Once fully cured , the vanilla fruits are sorted by quality and graded . Several vanilla fruit grading systems are in use . Each country which produces vanilla has its own grading system , and individual vendors , in turn , sometimes use their own criteria for describing the quality of the fruits they offer for sale . In general , vanilla fruit grade is based on the length , appearance ( color , sheen , presence of any splits , presence of blemishes ) , and moisture content of the fruit . Whole , dark , plump and oily pods that are visually attractive , with no blemishes , and that have a higher moisture content are graded most highly . Such pods are particularly prized by chefs for their appearance and can be featured in gourmet dishes . Beans that show localized signs of disease or other physical defects are cut to remove the blemishes ; the shorter fragments left are called `` cuts '' and are assigned lower grades , as are fruits with lower moisture contents . Lower - grade fruits tend to be favored for uses in which the appearance is not as important , such as in the production of vanilla flavoring extract and in the fragrance industry .",
"Higher - grade fruits command higher prices in the market . However , because grade is so dependent on visual appearance and moisture content , fruits with the highest grade do not necessarily contain the highest concentration of characteristic flavor molecules such as vanillin , and are not necessarily the most flavorful .",
"Example of a Vanilla fruit grading system , used in Madagascar Grade Color Appearance / feel Approximate moisture content † Black dark brown to black supple with oily luster > 30 % TK ( Brown , or Semi-Black ) dark brown to black sometimes with a few red streaks like Black but dryer / stiffer 25 -- 30 % Red Fox ( European quality ) brown with reddish variegation a few blemishes 25 % Red American quality brown with reddish variegation similar to European red but more blemishes and dryer / stiffer 22 -- 25 % Cuts short , cut , and often split fruits , typically with substandard aroma and color",
"Grade Color Appearance / feel Approximate moisture content †",
"Black dark brown to black supple with oily luster > 30 %",
"TK ( Brown , or Semi-Black ) dark brown to black sometimes with a few red streaks like Black but dryer / stiffer 25 -- 30 %",
"Red Fox ( European quality ) brown with reddish variegation a few blemishes 25 %",
"Red American quality brown with reddish variegation similar to European red but more blemishes and dryer / stiffer 22 -- 25 %",
"Cuts short , cut , and often split fruits , typically with substandard aroma and color",
"† moisture content varies among sources cited",
"A simplified , alternative grading system has been proposed for classifying vanilla fruits suitable for use in cooking :",
"Simplified vanilla fruit grading system for cooks Grade A / Grade I 15 cm and longer , 100 -- 120 fruits per pound Also called `` Gourmet '' or `` Prime '' . 30 -- 35 % moisture content . Grade B / Grade II 10 -- 15 cm , 140 -- 160 fruits per pound Also called `` Extract fruits '' . 15 -- 25 % moisture content . Grade C / Grade III 10 cm",
"Grade A / Grade I 15 cm and longer , 100 -- 120 fruits per pound Also called `` Gourmet '' or `` Prime '' . 30 -- 35 % moisture content .",
"Grade B / Grade II 10 -- 15 cm , 140 -- 160 fruits per pound Also called `` Extract fruits '' . 15 -- 25 % moisture content .",
"Grade C / Grade III 10 cm",
"Under this scheme , vanilla extract is normally made from Grade B fruits .",
"Vanilla production - 2016 Country Production ( tonnes ) Madagascar 2,936 Indonesia 2,304 Mexico 513 Papua New Guinea 502 World 7,940 Source : FAOSTAT",
"Country Production ( tonnes )",
"Madagascar 2,936",
"Indonesia 2,304",
"Mexico 513",
"Papua New Guinea 502",
"World 7,940",
"Source : FAOSTAT",
"In 2016 , world production of vanilla was 7,940 tonnes , led by Madagascar with 37 % of the total , and Indonesia with 29 % ( table ) . Due to drought , cyclones , and poor farming practices in Madagascar , there are concerns about the global supply and costs of vanilla in 2017 and 2018 . Such is the intensity of criminal enterprises that some Madagascar farmers patrol their fields armed with machetes .",
"The four main commercial preparations of natural vanilla are :",
"Whole pod Powder ( ground pods , kept pure or blended with sugar , starch , or other ingredients ) Extract ( in alcoholic or occasionally glycerol solution ; both pure and imitation forms of vanilla contain at least 35 % alcohol ) Vanilla sugar , a packaged mix of sugar and vanilla extract",
"Powder ( ground pods , kept pure or blended with sugar , starch , or other ingredients )",
"Extract ( in alcoholic or occasionally glycerol solution ; both pure and imitation forms of vanilla contain at least 35 % alcohol )",
"Vanilla sugar , a packaged mix of sugar and vanilla extract",
"Vanilla flavoring in food may be achieved by adding vanilla extract or by cooking vanilla pods in the liquid preparation . A stronger aroma may be attained if the pods are split in two , exposing more of a pod 's surface area to the liquid . In this case , the pods ' seeds are mixed into the preparation . Natural vanilla gives a brown or yellow color to preparations , depending on the concentration . Good - quality vanilla has a strong , aromatic flavor , but food with small amounts of low - quality vanilla or artificial vanilla - like flavorings are far more common , since true vanilla is much more expensive .",
"Regarded as the world 's most popular aroma and flavor , vanilla is a widely used aroma and flavor compound for foods , beverages and cosmetics , as indicated by its popularity as an ice cream flavor . Although vanilla is a prized flavoring agent on its own , it is also used to enhance the flavor of other substances , to which its own flavor is often complementary , such as chocolate , custard , caramel , coffee , and others . Vanilla is a common ingredient in Western sweet baked goods , such as cookies and cakes .",
"The food industry uses methyl and ethyl vanillin as less - expensive substitutes for real vanilla . Ethyl vanillin is more expensive , but has a stronger note . Cook 's Illustrated ran several taste tests pitting vanilla against vanillin in baked goods and other applications , and to the consternation of the magazine editors , tasters could not differentiate the flavor of vanillin from vanilla ; however , for the case of vanilla ice cream , natural vanilla won out . A more recent and thorough test by the same group produced a more interesting variety of results ; namely , high - quality artificial vanilla flavoring is best for cookies , while high - quality real vanilla is slightly better for cakes and significantly better for unheated or lightly heated foods . The liquid extracted from vanilla pods was once believed to have medical properties , helping with various stomach ailments .",
"When propagating vanilla orchids from cuttings or harvesting ripe vanilla beans , care must be taken to avoid contact with the sap from the plant 's stems . The sap of most species of Vanilla orchid which exudes from cut stems or where beans are harvested can cause moderate to severe dermatitis if it comes in contact with bare skin . Washing the affected area with warm soapy water will effectively remove the sap in cases of accidental contact with the skin . The sap of vanilla orchids contains calcium oxalate crystals , which appear to be the main causative agent of contact dermatitis in vanilla plantation workers .",
"A vanilla planting in an open field on Réunion A vanilla planting in a `` shader '' ( ombrière ) on Réunion Flower Green fruits",
"A vanilla planting in an open field on Réunion",
"A vanilla planting in an open field on Réunion",
"A vanilla planting in a `` shader '' ( ombrière ) on Réunion",
"A vanilla planting in a `` shader '' ( ombrière ) on Réunion",
"Flower",
"Green fruits"
] | Vanilla - wikipedia Vanilla A flavoring extracted from orchids of the genus Vanilla This article is about the flavoring. For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation) . Vanilla planifolia , flower Dried vanilla fruits Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla , primarily from the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla ( V. planifolia ). The word vanilla , derived from vainilla , the diminutive of the Spanish word vaina ( vaina itself meaning sheath or pod), is translated simply as `` little pod'' . Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people cultivated the vine of the vanilla orchid, called tlilxochitl by the Aztecs . Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s. Pollination is required to set the vanilla fruit from which the flavoring is derived. In 1837, Belgian botanist Charles François Antoine Morren discovered this fact and pioneered a method of artificially pollinating the plant. The method proved financially unworkable and was not deployed commercially. In 1841, Edmond Albius , a slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered at the age of 12 that the plant could be hand-pollinated . Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant. Vanilla tahitensis in cultivation Three major species of vanilla currently are grown globally, all of which derive from a species originally found in Mesoamerica , including parts of modern-day Mexico . They are V. planifolia (syn. V. fragrans ), grown on Madagascar , Réunion , and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean; V. tahitensis , grown in the South Pacific; and V. pompona , found in the West Indies, Central America, and South America. The majority of the world's vanilla is the V. planifolia species, more commonly known as Bourbon vanilla (after the former name of Réunion , Île Bourbon) or Madagascar vanilla , which is produced in Madagascar and neighboring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, and in Indonesia. Combined, Madagascar and Indonesia produce two-thirds of the world's supply of vanilla. Vanilla is the second-most expensive spice after saffron because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. Despite the expense, vanilla is highly valued for its flavor. As a result, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture, and aromatherapy . Contents 1 History 2 Etymology 3 Biology 3.1 Vanilla orchid 3.2 Cultivars 3.3 Chemistry 4 Cultivation 4.1 Propagation, preparation and type of stock 4.2 Tissue culture 4.3 Scheduling considerations 4.4 Pollination 4.5 Pest and disease management 4.6 Artificial vanilla 4.7 Nonplant vanilla flavoring 4.8 Harvest 4.9 Curing 4.10 Killing 4.11 Sweating 4.12 Drying 4.13 Conditioning 4.14 Grading 5 Production 6 Uses 6.1 Culinary uses 7 Contact dermatitis 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Drawing of the Vanilla plant from the Florentine Codex ( circa 1580) and description of its use and properties written in the Nahuatl language According to popular belief, the Totonac people, who inhabit the east coast of Mexico in the present-day state of Veracruz , were the first to cultivate vanilla. According to Totonac mythology, the tropical orchid was born when Princess Xanat, forbidden by her father from marrying a mortal, fled to the forest with her lover. The lovers were captured and beheaded. Where their blood touched the ground, the vine of the tropical orchid grew. In the 15th century, Aztecs invading from the central highlands of Mexico conquered the Totonacs, and soon developed a taste for the vanilla pods. They named the fruit tlilxochitl , or `` black flower'' , after the matured fruit, which shrivels and turns black shortly after it is picked. Subjugated by the Aztecs, the Totonacs paid tribute by sending vanilla fruit to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan . Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the chief producer of vanilla. In 1819, French entrepreneurs shipped vanilla fruits to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hopes of producing vanilla there. After Edmond Albius discovered how to pollinate the flowers quickly by hand, the pods began to thrive. Soon, the tropical orchids were sent from Réunion to the Comoros Islands , Seychelles , and Madagascar , along with instructions for pollinating them. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion , and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla beans, about 80% of world production. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization , Indonesia is currently responsible for the vast majority of the world's Bourbon vanilla production and 58% of the world total vanilla fruit production. Vanilla cultivation The market price of vanilla rose dramatically in the late 1970s after a tropical cyclone ravaged key croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s despite the introduction of Indonesian vanilla. In the mid-1980s, the cartel that had controlled vanilla prices and distribution since its creation in 1930 disbanded. Prices dropped 70% over the next few years, to nearly US$20 per kilogram; prices rose sharply again after tropical cyclone Hudah struck Madagascar in April 2000. The cyclone, political instability, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices to an astonishing US$500/kg in 2004, bringing new countries into the vanilla industry. A good crop, coupled with decreased demand caused by the production of imitation vanilla, pushed the market price down to the $40/kg range in the middle of 2005. By 2010, prices were down to $20/kg. Cyclone Enawo caused in similar spike to $500/kg in 2017. Madagascar (especially the fertile Sava region) accounts for much of the global production of vanilla. Mexico, once the leading producer of natural vanilla with an annual yield of 500 tons of cured beans, produced only 10 tons in 2006. An estimated 95% of `` vanilla'' products are artificially flavored with vanillin derived from lignin instead of vanilla fruits. Etymology ( edit ) Vanilla was completely unknown in the Old World before Cortés . Spanish explorers arriving on the Gulf Coast of Mexico in the early 16th century gave vanilla its current name. Portuguese sailors and explorers brought vanilla into Africa and Asia later that century. They called it vainilla , or `` little pod'' . The word vanilla entered the English language in 1754, when the botanist Philip Miller wrote about the genus in his Gardener's Dictionary . Vainilla is from the diminutive of vaina , from the Latin vagina (sheath) to describe the shape of the pods. Biology ( edit ) Vanilla orchid ( edit ) Main article: Vanilla planifolia Vanilla extract displays its distinctive color V. planifolia -- flower The main species harvested for vanilla is V. planifolia . Although it is native to Mexico, it is now widely grown throughout the tropics. Indonesia and Madagascar are the world's largest producers. Additional sources include V. pompona and V. tahitiensis (grown in Niue and Tahiti ), although the vanillin content of these species is much less than V. planifolia . Vanilla grows as a vine, climbing up an existing tree (also called a tutor), pole, or other support. It can be grown in a wood (on trees), in a plantation (on trees or poles), or in a `` shader'' , in increasing orders of productivity. Its growth environment is referred to as its terroir , and includes not only the adjacent plants, but also the climate, geography, and local geology. Left alone, it will grow as high as possible on the support, with few flowers. Every year, growers fold the higher parts of the plant downward so the plant stays at heights accessible by a standing human. This also greatly stimulates flowering. The distinctively flavored compounds are found in the fruit, which results from the pollination of the flower. These seed pods are roughly a third of an inch by six inches, and brownish red to black when ripe. Inside of these pods is an oily liquid full of tiny seeds. One flower produces one fruit. V. planifolia flowers are hermaphroditic : they carry both male ( anther ) and female ( stigma ) organs. However, self-pollination is blocked by a membrane which separates those organs. The flowers can be naturally pollinated by bees of genus Melipona ( abeja de monte or mountain bee), by bee genus Eulaema , or by hummingbirds . The Melipona bee provided Mexico with a 300-year-long advantage on vanilla production from the time it was first discovered by Europeans. The first vanilla orchid to flower in Europe was in the London collection of the Honourable Charles Greville in 1806. Cuttings from that plant went to Netherlands and Paris, from which the French first transplanted the vines to their overseas colonies. The vines grew, but would not fruit outside Mexico. Growers tried to bring this bee into other growing locales, to no avail. The only way to produce fruits without the bees is artificial pollination . Today, even in Mexico, hand pollination is used extensively. In 1836, botanist Charles François Antoine Morren was drinking coffee on a patio in Papantla (in Veracruz, Mexico) and noticed black bees flying around the vanilla flowers next to his table. He watched their actions closely as they would land and work their way under a flap inside the flower, transferring pollen in the process. Within hours, the flowers closed and several days later, Morren noticed vanilla pods beginning to form. Morren immediately began experimenting with hand pollination. A few years later in 1841, a simple and efficient artificial hand-pollination method was developed by a 12-year-old slave named Edmond Albius on Réunion , a method still used today. Using a beveled sliver of bamboo , an agricultural worker lifts the membrane separating the anther and the stigma , then, using the thumb, transfers the pollinia from the anther to the stigma. The flower, self-pollinated, will then produce a fruit. The vanilla flower lasts about one day, sometimes less, so growers have to inspect their plantations every day for open flowers, a labor-intensive task. The fruit , a seed capsule, if left on the plant, ripens and opens at the end; as it dries, the phenolic compounds crystallize , giving the fruits a diamond-dusted appearance, which the French call givre (hoarfrost). It then releases the distinctive vanilla smell. The fruit contains tiny, black seeds. In dishes prepared with whole natural vanilla, these seeds are recognizable as black specks. Both the pod and the seeds are used in cooking. Like other orchids' seeds, vanilla seeds will not germinate without the presence of certain mycorrhizal fungi . Instead, growers reproduce the plant by cutting : they remove sections of the vine with six or more leaf nodes, a root opposite each leaf. The two lower leaves are removed, and this area is buried in loose soil at the base of a support. The remaining upper roots cling to the support, and often grow down into the soil. Growth is rapid under good conditions. Cultivars ( edit ) A bottle of vanilla extract Bourbon vanilla or Bourbon-Madagascar vanilla , produced from V. planifolia plants introduced from the Americas, is from Indian Ocean islands such as Madagascar , the Comoros , and Réunion , formerly named the Île Bourbon . It is also used to describe the distinctive vanilla flavor derived from V. planifolia grown successfully in tropical countries such as India. Mexican vanilla , made from the native V. planifolia , is produced in much less quantity and marketed as the vanilla from the land of its origin. Vanilla sold in tourist markets around Mexico is sometimes not actual vanilla extract , but is mixed with an extract of the tonka bean , which contains the toxin coumarin . Tonka bean extract smells and tastes like vanilla, but coumarin has been shown to cause liver damage in lab animals and has been banned in food in the US by the Food and Drug Administration since 1954. Tahitian vanilla is from French Polynesia , made with V. tahitiensis . Genetic analysis shows this species is possibly a cultivar from a hybrid of V. planifolia and V. odorata . The species was introduced by French Admiral François Alphonse Hamelin to French Polynesia from the Philippines , where it was introduced from Guatemala by the Manila Galleon trade. West Indian vanilla is made from V. pompona grown in the Caribbean and Central and South America . The term French vanilla is often used to designate particular preparations with a strong vanilla aroma, containing vanilla grains and sometimes also containing eggs (especially egg yolks). The appellation originates from the French style of making vanilla ice cream with a custard base, using vanilla pods, cream, and egg yolks. Inclusion of vanilla varietals from any of the former French dependencies or overseas France may be a part of the flavoring. Alternatively, French vanilla is taken to refer to a vanilla-custard flavor. Chemistry ( edit ) Chemical structure of vanillin Main article: Vanillin Vanilla essence occurs in two forms. Real seedpod extract is a complex mixture of several hundred different compounds, including vanillin, acetaldehyde , acetic acid , furfural , hexanoic acid , 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde , eugenol , methyl cinnamate , and isobutyric acid . Synthetic essence consists of a solution of synthetic vanillin in ethanol . The chemical compound vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a major contributor to the characteristic flavor and aroma of real vanilla and is the main flavor component of cured vanilla beans. Vanillin was first isolated from vanilla pods by Gobley in 1858. By 1874, it had been obtained from glycosides of pine tree sap, temporarily causing a depression in the natural vanilla industry. Vanillin can be easily synthesized from various raw materials, but the majority of food-grade (> 99% pure) vanillin is made from guaiacol . Cultivation ( edit ) In general, quality vanilla only comes from good vines and through careful production methods. Commercial vanilla production can be performed under open field and `` greenhouse'' operations. The two production systems share these similarities: Plant height and number of years before producing the first grains Shade necessities Amount of organic matter needed A tree or frame to grow around (bamboo, coconut or Erythrina lanceolata ) Labor intensity (pollination and harvest activities) Vanilla grows best in a hot, humid climate from sea level to an elevation of 1,500 m. The ideal climate has moderate rainfall, 1,500-- 3,000 mm, evenly distributed through 10 months of the year. Optimum temperatures for cultivation are 15-- 30 ° C (59-- 86 ° F) during the day and 15-- 20 ° C (59-- 68 ° F) during the night. Ideal humidity is around 80%, and under normal greenhouse conditions, it can be achieved by an evaporative cooler. However, since greenhouse vanilla is grown near the equator and under polymer (HDPE) netting (shading of 50%), this humidity can be achieved by the environment. Most successful vanilla growing and processing is done in the region within 10 to 20° of the equator. Soils for vanilla cultivation should be loose, with high organic matter content and loamy texture. They must be well drained, and a slight slope helps in this condition. Soil pH has not been well documented, but some researchers have indicated an optimum soil pH around 5.3. Mulch is very important for proper growth of the vine, and a considerable portion of mulch should be placed in the base of the vine. Fertilization varies with soil conditions, but general recommendations are: 40 to 60 g of N, 20 to 30 g of P O and 60 to 100 g of K O should be applied to each plant per year besides organic manures, such as vermicompost , oil cakes, poultry manure, and wood ash. Foliar applications are also good for vanilla, and a solution of 1% NPK (17:17:17) can be sprayed on the plant once a month. Vanilla requires organic matter, so three or four applications of mulch a year are adequate for the plant. Propagation, preparation and type of stock ( edit ) Dissemination of vanilla can be achieved either by stem cutting or by tissue culture. For stem cutting, a progeny garden needs to be established. All plants need to grow under 50% shade, as well as the rest of the crop. Mulching the trenches with coconut husk and micro irrigation provide an ideal microclimate for vegetative growth. Cuttings between 60 and 120 cm (24 and 47 in) should be selected for planting in the field or greenhouse. Cuttings below 60 to 120 cm (24 to 47 in) need to be rooted and raised in a separate nursery before planting. Planting material should always come from unflowered portions of the vine. Wilting of the cuttings before planting provides better conditions for root initiation and establishment. Before planting the cuttings, trees to support the vine must be planted at least three months before sowing the cuttings. Pits of 30 × 30 × 30 cm are dug 30 cm (12 in) away from the tree and filled with farm yard manure (vermicompost), sand and top soil mixed well. An average of 2000 cuttings can be planted per hectare (2.5 acres). One important consideration is that when planting the cuttings from the base, four leaves should be pruned and the pruned basal point must be pressed into the soil in a way such that the nodes are in close contact with the soil, and are placed at a depth of 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 in). The top portion of the cutting is tied to the tree using natural fibers such as banana or hemp. Tissue culture ( edit ) Tissue culture was first used as a means of creating vanilla plants during the 1980s at Tamil Nadu University. This was the part of the first project to grow V. planifolia in India. At that time, a shortage of vanilla planting stock was occurring in India. The approach was inspired by the work going on to tissue culture other flowering plants. Several methods have been proposed for vanilla tissue culture, but all of them begin from axillary buds of the vanilla vine. In vitro multiplication has also been achieved through culture of callus masses, protocorns, root tips and stem nodes. Description of any of these processes can be obtained from the references listed before, but all of them are successful in generation of new vanilla plants that first need to be grown up to a height of at least 30 cm (12 in) before they can be planted in the field or greenhouse. Scheduling considerations ( edit ) In the tropics, the ideal time for planting vanilla is from September to November, when the weather is neither too rainy nor too dry, but this recommendation varies with growing conditions. Cuttings take one to eight weeks to establish roots, and show initial signs of growth from one of the leaf axils. A thick mulch of leaves should be provided immediately after planting as an additional source of organic matter. Three years are required for cuttings to grow enough to produce flowers and subsequent pods. As with most orchids, the blossoms grow along stems branching from the main vine. The buds, growing along the 6 to 10 in (15 to 25 cm) stems, bloom and mature in sequence, each at a different interval. Pollination ( edit ) External video Hand Pollination of Vanilla Planifolia Flowers , YouTube video Flowering normally occurs every spring, and without pollination, the blossom wilts and falls, and no vanilla bean can grow. Each flower must be hand-pollinated within 12 hours of opening. In the wild, very few natural pollinators exist, with most pollination thought to be carried out by the shiny green Euglossa viridissima , some Eulaema spp. and other species of the euglossine or orchid bees, Euglossini , though direct evidence is lacking. Closely related Vanilla species are known to be pollinated by the euglossine bees. The previously suggested pollination by stingless bees of the genus Melipona is thought to be improbable, as they are too small to be effective and have never been observed carrying Vanilla pollen or pollinating other orchids, though they do visit the flowers. These pollinators do not exist outside the orchid's home range, and even within that range, vanilla orchids have only a 1% chance of successful pollination. As a result, all vanilla grown today is pollinated by hand. A small splinter of wood or a grass stem is used to lift the rostellum or move the flap upward, so the overhanging anther can be pressed against the stigma and self-pollinate the vine. Generally, one flower per raceme opens per day, so the raceme may be in flower for over 20 days. A healthy vine should produce about 50 to 100 beans per year, but growers are careful to pollinate only five or six flowers from the 20 on each raceme. The first flowers that open per vine should be pollinated, so the beans are similar in age. These agronomic practices facilitate harvest and increases bean quality. The fruits require five to six weeks to develop, but around six months to mature. Over-pollination results in diseases and inferior bean quality. A vine remains productive between 12 and 14 years. Pest and disease management ( edit ) Most diseases come from the uncharacteristic growing conditions of vanilla. Therefore, conditions such as excess water, insufficient drainage, heavy mulch, overpollination, and too much shade favor disease development. Vanilla is susceptible to many fungal and viral diseases. Fusarium , Sclerotium , Phytophthora , and Colletrotrichum species cause rots of root, stem, leaf, bean, and shoot apex. These diseases can be controlled by spraying Bordeaux mixture (1%), carbendazim (0.2%) and copper oxychloride (0.2%). Biological control of the spread of such diseases can be managed by applying to the soil Trichoderma (0.5 kg (1.1 lb) per plant in the rhizosphere ) and foliar application of pseudomonads (0.2%). Mosaic virus , leaf curl , and cymbidium mosaic potex virus are the common viral diseases. These diseases are transmitted through the sap, so affected plants must be destroyed. The insect pests of vanilla include beetles and weevils that attack the flower, caterpillars, snakes, and slugs that damage the tender parts of shoot, flower buds, and immature fruit, and grasshoppers that affect cutting shoot tips. If organic agriculture is practiced, insecticides are avoided, and mechanical measures are adopted for pest management. Most of these practices are implemented under greenhouse cultivation, since such field conditions are very difficult to achieve. Artificial vanilla ( edit ) Most artificial vanilla products contain vanillin , which can be produced synthetically from lignin , a natural polymer found in wood. Most synthetic vanillin is a byproduct from the pulp used in papermaking , in which the lignin is broken down using sulfites or sulfates . However, vanillin is only one of 171 identified aromatic components of real vanilla fruits. The orchid species Leptotes bicolor is used as a natural vanilla replacement in Paraguay and southern Brazil. Nonplant vanilla flavoring ( edit ) In the United States, castoreum , the exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers , has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, often referenced simply as a `` natural flavoring '' in the product's list of ingredients. It is used in both food and beverages, especially as vanilla and raspberry flavoring, with a total annual U.S. production of less than 300 pounds. It is also used to flavor some cigarettes and in perfume-making, and is used by fur trappers as a scent lure. A vanilla plantation in a forest of Réunion Island Harvest ( edit ) Harvesting vanilla fruits is as labor-intensive as pollinating the blossoms. Immature, dark green pods are not harvested. Pale yellow discoloration that commences at the distal end of the fruits is not a good indication of the maturity of pods. Each fruit ripens at its own time, requiring a daily harvest. `` Current methods for determining the maturity of vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia Andrews) beans are unreliable. Yellowing at the blossom end, the current index, occurs before beans accumulate maximum glucovanillin concentrations. Beans left on the vine until they turn brown have higher glucovanillin concentrations but may split and have low quality. Judging bean maturity is difficult as they reach full size soon after pollination. Glucovanillin accumulates from 20 weeks, maximum about 40 weeks after pollination. Mature green beans have 20% dry matter but less than 2% glucovanillin.'' The accumulation of dry matter and glucovanillin are highly correlated.To ensure the finest flavor from every fruit, each individual pod must be picked by hand just as it begins to split on the end. Overmatured fruits are likely to split, causing a reduction in market value. Its commercial value is fixed based on the length and appearance of the pod. If the fruit is more than 15 cm (5.9 in) in length, it is categorized as first-quality. The largest fruits greater than 16 cm (6.3 in) and up to as much as 21 cm (8.3 in) are usually reserved for the gourmet vanilla market, for sale to top chefs and restaurants. If the fruits are between 10 and 15 cm long, pods are under the second-quality category, and fruits less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length are under the third-quality category. Each fruit contains thousands of tiny black vanilla seeds. Vanilla fruit yield depends on the care and management given to the hanging and fruiting vines. Any practice directed to stimulate aerial root production has a direct effect on vine productivity. A five-year-old vine can produce between 1.5 and 3 kg (3.3 and 6.6 lb) pods, and this production can increase up to 6 kg (13 lb) after a few years. The harvested green fruit can be commercialized as such or cured to get a better market price. Curing ( edit ) Several methods exist in the market for curing vanilla; nevertheless, all of them consist of four basic steps: killing, sweating, slow-drying, and conditioning of the beans. Killing ( edit ) The vegetative tissue of the vanilla pod is killed to stop the vegetative growth of the pods and disrupt the cells and tissue of the fruits, which initiates enzymatic reactions responsible for the aroma. The method of killing varies, but may be accomplished by heating in hot water, freezing, or scratching, or killing by heating in an oven or exposing the beans to direct sunlight. The different methods give different profiles of enzymatic activity. Testing has shown mechanical disruption of fruit tissues can cause curing processes, including the degeneration of glucovanillin to vanillin, so the reasoning goes that disrupting the tissues and cells of the fruit allow enzymes and enzyme substrates to interact. Hot-water killing may consist of dipping the pods in hot water (63-- 65 ° C (145-- 149 ° F)) for three minutes, or at 80 ° C (176 ° F) for 10 seconds. In scratch killing, fruits are scratched along their length. Frozen or quick-frozen fruits must be thawed again for the subsequent sweating stage . Tied in bundles and rolled in blankets, fruits may be placed in an oven at 60 ° C (140 ° F) for 36 to 48 hours. Exposing the fruits to sunlight until they turn brown, a method originating in Mexico, was practiced by the Aztecs. Sweating ( edit ) Sweating is a hydrolytic and oxidative process. Traditionally, it consists of keeping fruits, for 7 to 10 days, densely stacked and insulated in wool or other cloth. This retains a temperature of 45-- 65 ° C (113-- 149 ° F) and high humidity. Daily exposure to the sun may also be used, or dipping the fruits in hot water. The fruits are brown and have attained much of the characteristic vanilla flavor and aroma by the end of this process, but still retain a 60-70% moisture content by weight. Drying ( edit ) Reduction of the beans to 25-- 30% moisture by weight, to prevent rotting and to lock the aroma in the pods, is always achieved by some exposure of the beans to air, and usually (and traditionally) intermittent shade and sunlight. Fruits may be laid out in the sun during the mornings and returned to their boxes in the afternoons, or spread on a wooden rack in a room for three to four weeks, sometimes with periods of sun exposure. Drying is the most problematic of the curing stages; unevenness in the drying process can lead to the loss of vanillin content of some fruits by the time the others are cured. Grading vanilla beans at Sambava , Madagascar Conditioning ( edit ) Conditioning is performed by storing the pods for five to six months in closed boxes, where the fragrance develops. The processed fruits are sorted, graded, bundled, and wrapped in paraffin paper and preserved for the development of desired bean qualities, especially flavor and aroma. The cured vanilla fruits contain an average of 2.5% vanillin. Grading ( edit ) See also: Food grading Once fully cured, the vanilla fruits are sorted by quality and graded. Several vanilla fruit grading systems are in use. Each country which produces vanilla has its own grading system, and individual vendors, in turn, sometimes use their own criteria for describing the quality of the fruits they offer for sale. In general, vanilla fruit grade is based on the length, appearance (color, sheen, presence of any splits, presence of blemishes), and moisture content of the fruit. Whole, dark, plump and oily pods that are visually attractive, with no blemishes, and that have a higher moisture content are graded most highly. Such pods are particularly prized by chefs for their appearance and can be featured in gourmet dishes. Beans that show localized signs of disease or other physical defects are cut to remove the blemishes; the shorter fragments left are called `` cuts'' and are assigned lower grades, as are fruits with lower moisture contents. Lower-grade fruits tend to be favored for uses in which the appearance is not as important, such as in the production of vanilla flavoring extract and in the fragrance industry. Higher-grade fruits command higher prices in the market. However, because grade is so dependent on visual appearance and moisture content, fruits with the highest grade do not necessarily contain the highest concentration of characteristic flavor molecules such as vanillin, and are not necessarily the most flavorful. Example of a Vanilla fruit grading system, used in Madagascar Grade Color Appearance / feel Approximate moisture content† Black dark brown to black supple with oily luster > 30% TK (Brown, or Semi-Black) dark brown to black sometimes with a few red streaks like Black but dryer/stiffer 25-- 30% Red Fox (European quality) brown with reddish variegation a few blemishes 25% Red American quality brown with reddish variegation similar to European red but more blemishes and dryer/stiffer 22-- 25% Cuts short, cut, and often split fruits, typically with substandard aroma and color † moisture content varies among sources cited A simplified, alternative grading system has been proposed for classifying vanilla fruits suitable for use in cooking: Simplified vanilla fruit grading system for cooks Grade A / Grade I 15 cm and longer, 100-- 120 fruits per pound Also called `` Gourmet'' or `` Prime'' . 30-- 35% moisture content. Grade B / Grade II 10-- 15 cm, 140-- 160 fruits per pound Also called `` Extract fruits'' . 15-- 25% moisture content. Grade C / Grade III 10 cm Under this scheme, vanilla extract is normally made from Grade B fruits. Production ( edit ) Vanilla production - 2016 Country Production (tonnes) Madagascar 2,936 Indonesia 2,304 Mexico 513 Papua New Guinea 502 World 7,940 Source: FAOSTAT In 2016, world production of vanilla was 7,940 tonnes , led by Madagascar with 37% of the total, and Indonesia with 29% (table). Due to drought , cyclones , and poor farming practices in Madagascar, there are concerns about the global supply and costs of vanilla in 2017 and 2018. Such is the intensity of criminal enterprises that some Madagascar farmers patrol their fields armed with machetes. Uses ( edit ) Culinary uses ( edit ) Vanilla rum, Madagascar The four main commercial preparations of natural vanilla are: Whole pod Powder (ground pods, kept pure or blended with sugar, starch, or other ingredients) Extract (in alcoholic or occasionally glycerol solution; both pure and imitation forms of vanilla contain at least 35% alcohol) Vanilla sugar , a packaged mix of sugar and vanilla extract A vanilla powder preparation made from sucrose and vanilla bean extracts. Vanilla flavoring in food may be achieved by adding vanilla extract or by cooking vanilla pods in the liquid preparation. A stronger aroma may be attained if the pods are split in two, exposing more of a pod's surface area to the liquid. In this case, the pods' seeds are mixed into the preparation. Natural vanilla gives a brown or yellow color to preparations, depending on the concentration. Good-quality vanilla has a strong, aromatic flavor, but food with small amounts of low-quality vanilla or artificial vanilla-like flavorings are far more common, since true vanilla is much more expensive. Regarded as the world's most popular aroma and flavor, vanilla is a widely used aroma and flavor compound for foods, beverages and cosmetics, as indicated by its popularity as an ice cream flavor. Although vanilla is a prized flavoring agent on its own, it is also used to enhance the flavor of other substances, to which its own flavor is often complementary, such as chocolate , custard , caramel , coffee , and others. Vanilla is a common ingredient in Western sweet baked goods , such as cookies and cakes . The food industry uses methyl and ethyl vanillin as less-expensive substitutes for real vanilla. Ethyl vanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note . Cook's Illustrated ran several taste tests pitting vanilla against vanillin in baked goods and other applications, and to the consternation of the magazine editors, tasters could not differentiate the flavor of vanillin from vanilla; however, for the case of vanilla ice cream, natural vanilla won out. A more recent and thorough test by the same group produced a more interesting variety of results; namely, high-quality artificial vanilla flavoring is best for cookies, while high-quality real vanilla is slightly better for cakes and significantly better for unheated or lightly heated foods. The liquid extracted from vanilla pods was once believed to have medical properties, helping with various stomach ailments. Contact dermatitis ( edit ) Illustration of allergic contact dermatitis When propagating vanilla orchids from cuttings or harvesting ripe vanilla beans, care must be taken to avoid contact with the sap from the plant's stems. The sap of most species of Vanilla orchid which exudes from cut stems or where beans are harvested can cause moderate to severe dermatitis if it comes in contact with bare skin. Washing the affected area with warm soapy water will effectively remove the sap in cases of accidental contact with the skin. The sap of vanilla orchids contains calcium oxalate crystals, which appear to be the main causative agent of contact dermatitis in vanilla plantation workers. Gallery ( edit ) A vanilla planting in an open field on Réunion A vanilla planting in a `` shader'' ( ombrière ) on Réunion Flower Green fruits References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ackerman, James D. (2002). `` Vanilla '' . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) . 26 . New York and Oxford. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 -- via eFloras.org , Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge, MA. Spanish vainilla, little pod or capsule, referring to long, podlike fruits Jump up ^ The Herb Society of Nashville. `` The Life of Spice'' . The Herb Society of Nashville. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Following Montezuma's capture, one of Cortés ' officers saw him drinking `` chocolatl'' (made of powdered cocoa beans and ground corn flavored with ground vanilla pods and honey). The Spanish tried this drink themselves and were so impressed by this new taste sensation that they took samples back to Spain.' and ' Actually it was vanilla rather than the chocolate that made a bigger hit and by 1700 the use of vanilla was spread over all of Europe. Mexico became the leading producer of vanilla for three centuries. -- Excerpted from ' Spices of the World Cookbook' by McCormick and ' The Book of Spices' by Frederic Rosengarten, Jr Jump up ^ Morren, C. (1837) `` Note sur la première fructification du Vanillier en Europe'' (Note on the first fruiting of vanilla in Europe), Annales de la Société Royale d'Horticulture de Paris , 20 : 331-- 334. Morren describes the process of artificially pollinating vanilla on p. 333: `` En effet, aucun fruit n'a été produit que sur les cinquante-quatre fleurs auxquelles j'avais artificiellement communiqué le pollen. On enlève le tablier ou on le soulève , et on met en contact avec le stigmate une mass pollinique entière , ou seulement une partie de cette masse, car une seule de celles-ci, coupée en huit ou dix pièces , peut féconder autant de fleurs.'' (In effect, fruit has been produced only on fifty-four flowers to which I artificially communicated pollen. One removes the labellum or one raises it, and one places in contact with the stigma a complete mass of pollen (i.e., pollinium), or just a part of that mass, for just one of these, cut into eight or ten pieces, can fertilize as many flowers.) Available on-line at: Hortalia.org ^ Jump up to: Janet Hazen (1995). Vanilla . Chronicle Books. access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ Silver Cloud Estates. `` History of Vanilla'' . Silver Cloud Estates. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . In 1837 the Belgian botanist Morren succeeded in artificially pollinating the vanilla flower. On Reunion, Morren's process was attempted, but failed. It was not until 1841 that a 12-year-old slave by the name of Edmond Albius discovered the correct technique of hand-pollinating the flowers. Jump up ^ Lubinsky, Pesach; Bory, Séverine ; Hernández Hernández , Juan; Kim, Seung-Chul; Gómez -Pompa, Arturo (2008). `` Origins and Dispersal of Cultivated Vanilla ( Vanilla planifolia Jacks. (Orchidaceae))'' . Economic Botany. 62 (2): 127-- 38. doi : 10.1007/s12231-008-9014-y . Jump up ^ Besse, Pascale; Silva, Denis Da; Bory, Séverine ; Grisoni, Michel; Le Bellec, Fabrice; Duval, Marie-France (2004). `` RAPD genetic diversity in cultivated vanilla: Vanilla planifolia , and relationships with V. Tahitensis and V. Pompona '' . Plant Science . 167 (2): 379-- 85. doi : 10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.04.007 . Jump up ^ Le Cordon Bleu (2009). Le Cordon Bleu Cuisine Foundations . Cengage learning. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-4354-8137-4 . ^ Jump up to: Parthasarathy, V.A. ; Chempakam, Bhageerathy; Zachariah, T. John (2008). Chemistry of Spices . CABI . p. 2. ISBN 978-1-84593-405-7 . Jump up ^ Rosengarten, Frederic (1973). The Book of Spices . Pyramid Books. ISBN 978-0-515-03220-8 . Jump up ^ Rain, Patricia; Lubinsky, Pesach (2011). `` Vanilla Use in Colonial Mexico and Traditional Totonac Vanilla Farming'' . In Odoux, Eric; Grisoni, Michel. Vanilla . USA: CRC Press . p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4200-8337-8 . Jump up ^ Rain, Patricia; Lubinsky, Pesach (2011). `` Vanilla Production in Mexico'' . In Odoux, Eric; Grisoni, Michel. Vanilla . USA: CRC Press . p. 336. ISBN 978-1-4200-8337-8 . Jump up ^ `` FAO's Statistical Database - FAOSTAT'' . 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Jump up ^ Bleu, The Chefs of Le Cordon (21 April 2010). `` Le Cordon Bleu Cuisine Foundations'' . Cengage Learning. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016 -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Forani, Jonathan (20 September 2017). `` Eager bakers may face a cake crisis as vanilla supply evaporates'' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rainforest Vanilla Conservation Association'' . RVCA. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Correll D (1953) Vanilla: its botany, history, cultivation and economic importance. Econ Bo 7(4): 291-- 358. Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary'' . Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brockman, Terra Types of Vanilla June 11, 2008 Chicago Tribune'' . Chicagotribune.com. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Diderot, Denis. `` Vanilla'' . The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert : Collaborative Translations Project . Archived from the original on 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla orchid (#7) - Vanilla planifolia'' . Pollinator Partnership. 2014. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla planifolia: Life History & Reproduction'' . Bioweb: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flower with money power'' . The Hindu. 10 May 2004. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Mushet, Cindy; Table, Sur La (21 October 2008). The Art and Soul of Baking . Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 9780740773341 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` IMPORT ALERT IA2807: `` DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF COUMARIN IN VANILLA PRODUCTS (EXTRACTS -- FLAVORINGS -- IMITATIONS) '' `` . U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Regulatory Affairs. January 1998. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tahitian Vanilla Originated in Maya Forests, Says UC Riverside Botanist'' . University of California at Riverside, Newsroom. 21 August 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla pompona '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA . Archived from the original on 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bomgardner, M.M. (2016). `` The problem with vanilla'' . Chemical and Engineering News . 94 : 38-- 42. doi : 10.1021/cen-09436-cover . 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Jump up ^ George, P.S. ; Ravishankar, G.A. (1997). `` In vitro multiplication of Vanilla planifolia using axillary bud explants'' . Plant Cell Reports . 16 (7): 490-- 494. doi : 10.1007/BF01092772 . Jump up ^ Kononowicz, H.; Janick, J. (1984). `` In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia'' . HortScience. 19 (1): 58-- 9. Jump up ^ Giridhar P, Ravishankar GA (2004). `` Efficient micropropagation of Vanilla planifolia Andr. under influence of thidiazuron, zeatin and coconut milk'' . Indian Journal of Biotechnology . 3 (1): 113-- 118. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Jump up ^ Gigant, Rodolphe; Bory, Séverine ; Grisoni, Michel; Besse, Pascal (2011). Grillo, Oscar; Venora, Gianfranco, eds. The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity - Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution . Croatia: InTech. pp. 1-- 26. ISBN 978-953-307-772-7 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lubinsky, Pesach; Van Dam, Matthew; Van Dam, Alex (2006). `` Pollination of Vanilla and Evolution in the Orchidaceae'' (PDF) . Lindleyana. 75 (12): 926-- 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Vanilla -- Vanilla imitations'' . Cook Flavoring Company. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Burdock GA (2007). `` Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient'' . Int. J. Toxicol. 26 (1): 51-- 55. doi : 10.1080/10915810601120145 . PMID 17365147 . ^ Jump up to: Kennedy, C Rose (2015). `` What's in a flavor? Vanillin dreams'' . The Flavor Rundown: Natural vs. Artificial Flavors. Boston, MA: Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Jump up ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine ...CRC Press, 2005. p. 277. Jump up ^ S. Van Dyka, P. Holforda, P. Subedib, K. Walshb, M. Williamsa, W.B. McGlassona (2014). `` Determining the harvest maturity of vanilla beans'' . Scientia Horticulturae. 168 : 249-- 257. doi : 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.02.002 . CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Havkin-Frenkel D, French JC, Graft NM (2004). `` Interrelation of curing and botany in vanilla (vanilla planifolia) bean'' . Acta Horticulturae. 629 : 93-- 102. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Jump up ^ Havkin-Frenkel, D.; French, J.C. ; Pak, F.E. ; Frenkel, C. (2003). `` Botany and curing of vanilla'' . Journal of Aromatic medicinal plants . ^ Jump up to: Frenkel, Chaim; Ranadive, Arvind S.; Vázquez , Javier Tochihuitl; Havkin-Frenkel, Daphna (2010). `` Curing of Vanilla'' . In Havkin-Frenkel, Daphna; Belanger, Faith. Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 79-- 106 (87). ISBN 978-1-4443-2937-7 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. ^ Jump up to: Arana, Francisca E. (October 1944). `` Vanilla curing and its chemistry'' . Bulletin . Federal Experiment Station of the United States Department of Agriculture in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico (42): 1-- 17. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Jump up ^ Methods of dehydrating and curing vanilla fruit US Patent 2,621,127 ^ Jump up to: Havkin-Frenkel, Daphna; Belanger, Faith C. (2011). Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology . Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 142-- 145. ISBN 978-1-4051-9325-2 . ^ Jump up to: `` Vanilla'' . Vanilla Review . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Nielsen, Jr., Chat (1985). The Story of Vanilla . Chicago: Nielsen-Massey Vanillas. Jump up ^ `` Vanilla'' . Spices Board of India . Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Gassenheimer ; E. Binggeli (2008). Imre Blank; Matthias Wüst ; Chahan Yeretzian, eds. `` Vanilla Bean Quality - A Flavour Industry View'' in Expression of Multidisciplinary Flavour Science: Proceedings of the 12th Weurman Symposium (Interlaken, Switzerland 2008) . Wädensil , Switzerland: Zürich University of Applied Sciences. pp. 203-- 206. ISBN 978-3-905745-19-1 . Jump up ^ `` LFIE Vanilla Products'' . Lopat Frederic Import Export . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla Bourbon'' . SA. VA. Import - Export . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla Products'' . Gascar Trading Company. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla Bean Products'' . Vanexco. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla production in 2016; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists'' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transforming the vanilla supply chain in Madagascar'' . Medium. 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kacungira, Nancy (2018-08-19). `` Fighting the Vanilla Thieves of Madagascar'' . BBC . Retrieved 2018-08-19 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Finbarr (29 Aug 2018). `` Precious as Silver, Vanilla Brings Cash and Crime to Madagascar'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires at least 12.5% of pure vanilla (ground pods or oleoresin) in the mixture Archived 29 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires at least 35% vol. of alcohol and 13.35 ounces of pod per gallon Archived 1 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rain, Patricia (2004). Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Most Popular Flavor and Fragrance . Tarcher. ISBN 9781585423637 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla remains top ice cream flavor with Americans'' . International Dairy Foods Association, Washington, DC. 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pure versus Imitation Vanilla Extract'' . Cooks Illustrated. 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tasting lab: Vanilla Ice Cream'' . Cooks Illustrated. 1 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla Extract'' . 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaucourt, Louis (1765). `` Vanilla'' . Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla planifolia Andrews - Plants of the World Online - Kew Science'' . powo.science.kew.org . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Vanilla'' . Plants for a Future . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Further reading ( edit ) Ecott, Tim (2004). Vanilla: Travels in Search of the Luscious Substance. London: Penguin, New York: Grove Atlantic Rain, Patricia (2004). Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Favorite Flavor and Fragrance. New York: J.P. Tarcher/Penguin. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanilla . Wikispecies has information related to Vanilla Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Vanilla Look up vanilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. `` Vanilla '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. Kew Species Profile: Vanilla planifolia (vanilla) History, Classification and Lifecycle of Vanilla planifolia Spices at UCLA History & Special Collections Vanilla and Extracts at Curlie `` The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe'' by Thomas Kitchin , 1778, in which Kitchin discusses vanilla Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica (rice-paddy herb) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori (ground seaweed) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor (mango powder) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango-ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Capsicum annuum Cayenne Jalapeño New Mexico chile Paprika Capsicum chinense Habanero Capsicum frutescens Piri piri Tabasco Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn (black / green / white) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Húng lìu Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder-douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub TRP channel modulators TRPA Activators 4-Hydroxynonenal 4-Oxo-2-nonenal 4,5-EET 12S-HpETE 15-Deoxy-Δ -prostaglandin J2 α -Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Acrolein Allicin ( garlic ) Allyl isothiocyanate ( mustard , radish , horseradish , wasabi ) AM404 Bradykinin Cannabichromene ( cannabis ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cinnamaldehyde ( cinnamon ) CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) Curcumin ( turmeric ) Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine ( Lindera spp.) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols ( ginger ) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate Ligustilide ( celery , Angelica acutiloba ) Linalool ( Sichuan pepper , thyme ) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate ( wintergreen ) N-Methylmaleimide Nicotine ( tobacco ) Oleocanthal ( olive oil ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) PF-4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol ( cannabis ) Thiopropanal S-oxide ( onion ) Umbellulone ( Umbellularia californica ) WIN 55,212-2 Blockers Dehydroligustilide ( celery ) Nicotine ( tobacco ) Ruthenium red TRPC Activators Adhyperforin ( St John's wort ) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin ( St John's wort ) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPM Activators ADP-ribose BCTC Calcium (intracellular) Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 CPS-369 Eucalyptol ( eucalyptus ) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol ( mint ) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside ) ( Stevia rebaudiana ) Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose , fructose , sucrose ; indirectly) Thio-BCTC WS-3 WS-12 WS-23 Blockers Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Elismetrep Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Nicotine ( tobacco ) Niflumic acid Ruthenium red Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPML Activators MK6-83 PI(3,5)P SF-22 TRPP Activators Triptolide ( Tripterygium wilfordii ) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPV Activators 2-APB 5' ,6' -EET 9-HODE 9-oxoODE 12S-HETE 12S-HpETE 13-HODE 13-oxoODE 20-HETE α -Sanshool ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Allicin ( garlic ) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide ( Andrographis paniculata ) Camphor ( camphor laurel , rosemary , camphorweed , African blue basil , camphor basil ) Cannabidiol ( cannabis ) Cannabidivarin ( cannabis ) Capsaicin ( chili pepper ) Carvacrol ( oregano , thyme , pepperwort , wild bergamot , others) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Estradiol Eugenol ( basil , clove ) Evodiamine ( Euodia ruticarpa ) Gingerols ( ginger ) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Homodihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Incensole ( incense ) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH (acidic conditions) Menthol ( mint ) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine N-Oleoyldopamine N-Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide (PAVA) ( PAVA spray ) Nordihydrocapsaicin ( chili pepper ) Paclitaxel ( Pacific yew ) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α -PDD ) Piperine ( black pepper , long pepper ) Polygodial ( Dorrigo pepper ) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin ( Ruta graveolens ) Resiniferatoxin (RTX) ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Shogaols ( ginger , Sichuan and melegueta peppers ) Tetrahydrocannabivarin ( cannabis ) Thymol ( thyme , oregano ) Tinyatoxin ( Euphorbia resinifera / pooissonii ) Tramadol Vanillin ( vanilla ) Zucapsaicin Blockers α -Spinasterol ( Vernonia tweediana ) AMG-517 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol ( cannabis ) Cannabigerolic acid ( cannabis ) Cannabigerovarin ( cannabis ) Cannabinol ( cannabis ) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GRC-6211 HC-067047 Lanthanum Meclofenamic acid N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid NGD-8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN-1734 RN-9893 Ruthenium red SB-705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Ion channel modulators NDL : 00560508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanilla&oldid=866449107 '' Categories : Vanilla Crops originating from the Americas Mesoamerican cuisine Mexican cuisine Crops originating from Mexico Pollination management Spices Non-timber forest products Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles containing Spanish-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca བོད ་ ཡིག Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча پنجابی Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 12:02 (UTC) . 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which country gave the united states the statue of liberty as a gift | The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . | [
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"Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all",
"Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World",
"Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World",
"Statue of Liberty",
"Liberty Enlightening the World",
"Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S.",
"Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444",
"Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters )",
"Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters )",
"Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters )",
"From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters )",
"Dedicated October 28 , 1886",
"Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012",
"Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi",
"Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 )",
"Governing body U.S. National Park Service",
"Website Statue of Liberty National Monument",
"UNESCO World Heritage Site",
"Type Cultural",
"Criteria i , vi",
"Designated 1984 ( 8th session )",
"Reference no . 307",
"State Party United States",
"Region Europe and North America",
"U.S. National Monument",
"Designated October 15 , 1924",
"Designated by President Calvin Coolidge",
"U.S. National Register of Historic Places",
"Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island",
"Designated October 15 , 1966",
"Reference no . 66000058",
"New Jersey Register of Historic Places",
"Designated May 27 , 1971",
"Reference no . 1535",
"New York City Landmark",
"Type Individual",
"Designated September 14 , 1976",
"Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all",
"The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 .",
"The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad .",
"Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions .",
"The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland .",
"The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 .",
"According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye , president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . ''",
"According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships .",
"Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye .",
"Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign .",
"Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty .",
"Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building .",
"Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold .",
"Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world .",
"Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique :",
"The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity .",
"Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does stride over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty .",
"Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method .",
"By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name .",
"Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 200,000 pounds ( 91,000 kg ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 128,000 pounds ( 58,000 kg ) of copper .",
"Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue .",
"During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed .",
"On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised .",
"The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac .",
"Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret .",
"The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island .",
"In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage .",
"The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years .",
"The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) .",
"Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time .",
"Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel .",
"Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base .",
"Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it .",
"Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal .",
"On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar .",
"Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication .",
"A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade .",
"A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address .",
"No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather .",
"Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' :",
"`` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme .",
"When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction .",
"The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled :",
"I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind .",
"Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal .",
"On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since .",
"That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue .",
"After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue .",
"In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base .",
"In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 .",
"During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away .",
"In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island .",
"In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! ''",
"Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally .",
"A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue .",
"The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years .",
"In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project .",
"In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - karat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night .",
"The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder .",
"July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . ''",
"Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day .",
"The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue .",
"On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit. The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking .",
"The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 - acre ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory .",
"No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening .",
"There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty .",
"A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life .",
"A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) .",
"A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . ''",
"A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal .",
"The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons .",
"In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base .",
"`` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life .",
"A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner .",
"In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . ''",
"Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm",
"Feature U.S. Metric",
"Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m",
"Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m",
"Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m",
"Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m",
"Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m",
"Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m",
"Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m",
"Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m",
"Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m",
"Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m",
"Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m",
"Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m",
"Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m",
"Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m",
"Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m",
"Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m",
"Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m",
"Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m",
"Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m",
"Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes",
"Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes",
"Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes",
"Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm",
"Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2.5 m ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas .",
"As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino .",
"Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem .",
"The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 :",
"Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future ."
] | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses, see Statue of Liberty (disambiguation) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City, New York, U.S. Coordinates 40° 41′ 21'' N 74° 2′ 40'' W / 40.68917° N 74.04444° W / 40.68917; -74.04444 Coordinates : 40° 41′ 21'' N 74° 2′ 40'' W / 40.68917° N 74.04444° W / 40.68917; -74.04444 Height Height of copper statue (to torch): 151 feet 1 inch (46 meters) From ground level to torch: 305 feet 1 inch (93 meters) Dedicated October 28, 1886 Restored 1938, 1984-- 1986, 2011-- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million (in 2009) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i, vi Designated 1984 (8th session ) Reference no. 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15, 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name: Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15, 1966 Reference no. 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27, 1971 Reference no. 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14, 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty (New York) Statue of Liberty (the US) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886. The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI'' (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples. Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions. The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916. Contents 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design, style, and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4.1 Design 1.4.2 Fundraising 1.4.3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886-- 1933) 2.2 Early National Park Service years (1933-- 1982) 2.3 Renovation and rededication (1982-- 2000) 2.4 Closures and reopenings (2001-- present) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus (`` Unconquered Sun'' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty (3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ). According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye , president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said: `` If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort-- a common work of both our nations.'' The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870. In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy.'' Bartholdi's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story, Laboulaye's comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi. Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye. Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects; in the late 1860s, he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant, robed and holding a torch aloft, at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work, though it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet (30 m) high, and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships. The Statue of Liberty from behind, showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace-Lorraine ), and a more liberal republic was installed in France. As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans. In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye. Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island (now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government-- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: `` land common to all the states.'' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue. Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project. But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign. Bartholdi's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870. The son of a friend of Bartholdi's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge's Rhode Island studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France. He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months. The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty. Design, style, and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., showing two early symbols of America: Columbia (left) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty. In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation. One of these symbols, the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans. The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time, and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol. A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However, Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People (1830). In this painting, which commemorates France's Revolution of 1830 , a half-clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen. Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution, and so Bartholdi's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes. Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work, Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch, representing progress, for the figure to hold. Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet. Delacroix's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead, he used a diadem , or crown, to top its head. In so doing, he avoided a reference to Marianne, who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun, the seven seas, and the seven continents, and represent another means, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world. Bartholdi's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty, wearing a stola and pella (gown and cloak, common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother, but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact. He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling, reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose. Bartholdi wrote of his technique: The surfaces should be broad and simple, defined by a bold and clear design, accentuated in the important places. The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared. By exaggerating the forms, in order to render them more clearly visible, or by enriching them with details, we would destroy the proportion of the work. Finally, the model, like the design, should have a summarized character, such as one would give to a rapid sketch. Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study, and that the artist, concentrating his knowledge, should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity. Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground. Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law. Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI'' on the tablet, thus associating the date of the country's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty. Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor, architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , in the project. As chief engineer, Viollet-le-Duc designed a brick pier within the statue, to which the skin would be anchored. After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers. An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only 0.094 inches (2.4 mm) thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet (46 m) for the statue, double that of Italy's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method. Announcement and early work By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support. In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal. The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue's announced name. Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty, 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway, though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples. According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg) was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 128,000 pounds (58,000 kg) of copper. Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop. In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition, and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities. The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the `` Colossal Arm'' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light'' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi. Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds. After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue. During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union. Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee'' . One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States. On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed. Construction in France The statue's head on exhibit at the Paris World's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair . Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered. The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised. The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier. The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as `` saddles'' , that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually. To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction, in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown. Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, 40 feet (12 m) long. As the pylon tower arose, Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure. The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island. In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors. Some work was performed by contractors-- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue. Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York. The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage. Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete. There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue. There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works-- the selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen. Harper's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once.'' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances.'' Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years. Design Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885, showing (clockwise from left) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris, Bartholdi, and the statue's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station. The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean. In 1881, the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months. He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35 m) in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27 m). Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including Doric portals, as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue. In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 feet (19 m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0 m) at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 38 U.S. states), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises. According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty'' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work. Construction on the 15-foot-deep (4.6 m) foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884. In Hunt's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick, faced with granite blocks. This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford, Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time. Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty. His work involved design computations, detailed fabrication and construction drawings, and oversight of construction. In completing his engineering for the statue's frame, Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel. Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty, which was delivered on June 17, 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events. As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue. The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free'' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base. Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it. Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper, announced a drive to raise $100,000-- the equivalent of $2.3 million today. Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor, no matter how small the amount given. The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers, especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. `` A young girl alone in the world'' donated `` 60 cents, the result of self denial.'' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy's mite toward the Pedestal Fund.'' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with.'' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman.'' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn-- the cities would not merge until 1898-- donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons. A kindergarten class in Davenport, Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35. As the donations flooded in, the committee resumed work on the pedestal. Construction On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère , arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship. After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar. Even with the success of the fund drive, the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel I-beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled. Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached. Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections. Nevertheless, no one died during the construction. Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch-- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them. A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs. After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication. Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World (1886) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas. The J. Clarence Davies Collection, Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New York governor, presided over the event. On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw ticker tape from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the ticker-tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12:45 p.m., and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe's Island for the dedication. De Lesseps made the first speech, on behalf of the French committee, followed by the chairman of the New York committee, Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts's speech, but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely. The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts's address. President Cleveland spoke next, stating that the statue's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world'' . Bartholdi, observed near the dais, was called upon to speak, but he declined. Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address. No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies, which were reserved entirely for dignitaries. The only females granted access were Bartholdi's wife and de Lesseps's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote. A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather. Shortly after the dedication, The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper, suggested that the statue's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality'' : `` Liberty enlightening the world,'' indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the `` liberty'' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed , perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed. The idea of the `` liberty'' of this country `` enlightening the world,'' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme. After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886-- 1933) Statue of Liberty ca. 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon.'' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design. In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse. A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction. The statue rapidly became a landmark. Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight. Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled: I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, `` Lady, you're such a beautiful! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America.'' And always that statue was on my mind. Originally, the statue was a dull copper color, but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin, began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue. Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion, Congress authorized US$62,800 (equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017) for various repairs, and to paint the statue both inside and out. There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting. The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful.'' The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal. On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US$100,000 (equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017). The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public-safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since. That same year, Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US$30,000 (equivalent to $674,679 in 2017) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor-- a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue. After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose-- to secure liberty-- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue's history occurred five years later, when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death, glancing off the statue's breast and landing on the base. Early National Park Service years (1933-- 1982) Bedloe's Island in 1927, showing the statue and army buildings. The eleven-pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue's base, are visible. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island. With the Army's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue, temporarily removing the rays from the statue's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well. Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal. The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938. During World War II, the statue remained open to visitors, although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31, 1943, and on D-Day , June 6, 1944, when its lights flashed `` dot-dot-dot-dash'' , the Morse code for V, for victory . New, powerful lighting was installed in 1944-- 1945, and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening, and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night, all night. In 1946, the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away. In 1956, an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it. Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island. September 26, 1972: President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue's raised right foot is visible, showing that it is depicted moving forward. In 1970, Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE!'' Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left December 28 following a Federal Court order. The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally. A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island. The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue. Renovation and rededication (1982-- 2000) July 4, 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan (in red) reopens the statue to the public. Main article: Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also: Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986. In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition, the head had been installed 2 feet (0.61 m) off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced. Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years. In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty-- Ellis Island Centennial Commission, led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work. Through its fundraising arm, the Statue of Liberty-- Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., the group raised more than $350 million in donations. The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper. The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used-- ineffectively, as inspections showed-- to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits'' , with self-contained breathing circuits. Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary. The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's ; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing. The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch. Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead. The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24- karat gold. The torch reflects the sun's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night. Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced. Low-carbon corrosion-resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves. To prevent the ray and arm making contact, the ray was realigned by several degrees. The lighting was again replaced-- night-time illumination subsequently came from metal-halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue, showing off various details. Access to the pedestal, which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s, was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation. A modern elevator was installed, allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal. An emergency elevator was installed within the statue, reaching up to the level of the shoulder. July 3-- 6, 1986, was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail, and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5. In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see.'' Closures and reopenings (2001-- present) The Statue of Liberty on September 11, 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004, but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration. New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade. On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift'' to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day. The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011, for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was reopened on October 28, 2012, only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done. Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months'' before the island was reopened to the public. The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013. Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013. For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings. The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4, 2018, due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue. The new staircase to the crown On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20% of the island's visitors can visit. The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it. Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum, and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking. Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800. As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3-acre (0.93 ha) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory. No charge is made for entrance to the national monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use, as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953. The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible. All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding. Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum/pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket. Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance. A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour. Climbers may bring only medication and cameras-- lockers are provided for other items-- and must undergo a second security screening. Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island. There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty. A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co. ). A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship.'' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal. The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet, `` The New Colossus '' (1883), was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum, in the base. `` The New Colossus'' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life. A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans-- Pulitzer and Lazarus-- and three Frenchmen-- Bartholdi, Eiffel, and Laboulaye-- are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner. UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance'' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit'' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol-- inspiring contemplation, debate and protest-- of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity.'' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal (ground level) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet, length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet, width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet, thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3/32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York-New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide. A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister. A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949-- 1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2.5 m) in height, to states and municipalities across the United States. Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions-- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty. Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Head of Liberty, U.S. airmail stamp, 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series. An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse , or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins. Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill . The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino. Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986 and 2000, New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue. The Women's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue's name and its image in their logo, in which the torch's flame doubles as a basketball. The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997. The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo. The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem. The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture. In music, it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies, as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American) '' , and in opposition, appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration. In film, the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half-buried in sand. It is knocked over in the science-fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off. In Jack Finney 's time-travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role. Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979: Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted (E)arth-- giants have uprooted it, aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty, of optimism, has become a symbol of science fiction's pessimistic view of the future. See also Approximate heights of various notable statues: 1. Spring Temple Buddha 153 m (incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne) 2. Statue of Liberty 93 m (incl. 47 m pedestal) 3. The Motherland Calls 91 m (excl. pedestal) 4. Christ the Redeemer 38 m (incl. 8 m pedestal) 5. Statue of David 5.17 m (excl. 2.5 m pedestal) List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États -Unis , in Paris, France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References ^ Jump up to: `` Statue of Liberty National Monument'' . National Park Service . December 31, 2007 . Retrieved October 12, 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman, R.M. (June 28, 2010). `` For tourists, Statue of Liberty is nice, but no Forever 21'' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act'' . National Park Service. January 16, 2003. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011 . Retrieved October 12, 2011 . 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Retrieved March 24, 2014 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR'' . Archived from the original on April 14, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2014 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach, Brad (June 26, 1970). `` The spy who came in from 1882'' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20, 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls, Peter (1979). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans, Herts, UK: Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-586-05380-5 . Bibliography Bell, James B.; Abrams, Richard L. (1984). In Search of Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-385-19624-6 . Harris, Jonathan (1985). A Statue for America: The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City: Four Winds Press (a division of Macmillan Publishing Company). ISBN 978-0-02-742730-1 . Hayden, Richard Seth; Despont, Thierry W. (1986). Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 978-0-07-027326-9 . Khan, Yasmin Sabina (2010). Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4851-5 . Moreno, Barry (2000). The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7385-3689-7 . Sutherland, Cara A. (2003). The Statue of Liberty . New York City: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-3890-0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty-- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty'' , Popular Mechanics (February 1932) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877-- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NY-138, `` Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, Manhattan, New York, New York County, NY '' , 404 photos, 59 color transparencies, 41 measured drawings, 10 data pages, 33 photo caption pages HAER No. NY-138-A, `` Statue of Liberty, Administration Building '' , 6 photos, 6 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NY-138-B, `` Statue of Liberty, Concessions Building '' , 12 photos, 6 measured drawings, 1 photo caption page Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye, originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor Gustave Eiffel, builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition, 1876 Madison Square Park, 1876-1882 Head Paris World's Fair, 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville, Arkansas Pine Bluff, Arkansas Overview Park, Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus'' (1883 sonnet) Working on the Statue of Liberty (1946 painting) Miss Liberty (1949 musical) The Statue of Liberty (1985 documentary) Statue of Liberty play (American football) Liberty Weekend, 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant (tree) American's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail, Columbia '' `` My Country, ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main: List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte-- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson-Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point (Henderson) Stony Point (Hudson) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites, Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe-Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson-Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial (Woodchuck Lodge) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen-Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other (lists) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy's Brother's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn-- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt. Prospect Owl's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman's Neck Playground 52 Poe Printer's Park Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn-- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det. Keith L. Williams Det. William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows-Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter'' Rizzuto Ofc. Edward Byrne Powell's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead-Beil House Prall's Island Reed's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I-related parks Vietnam War-related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane-Wrangell-- St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square (50 M) Central Park (40 M) Grand Central Terminal (21.6 M) Broadway (13.2 M) South Street Seaport (12 M) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line (7.6 M) Metropolitan Museum of Art (6.3 M) American Museum of Natural History (5.0 M) National September 11 Memorial & Museum (5.0 M) Empire State Building (3.5 M) Museum of Modern Art (2.8 M) Statue of Liberty (2.4 M) One World Trade Center (2.3 M) Bronx Zoo (1.8 M) Ellis Island (1.7 M) Note: Visitor numbers are estimates only. See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th-- 59th St. 59th-- 110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category:National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Portal:National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park (Below Chambers St) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan (Chambers-14th Sts) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea, Flatiron, Gramercy (14th-34th Sts) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown (34th-59th Sts) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side (59th-125th Sts west of 5th Av) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New-York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem (59th-125th Sts along or east of 5th Av) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan (Above 125th St) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris-- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also: Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New 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Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal GND : 4122611-2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=856871424 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France-- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the 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where are they taking piper in season 2 | Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts . | [
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"Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Michael Harney Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes",
"Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 )",
"Promotional poster",
"Starring Taylor Schilling Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Michael Harney Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs",
"Taylor Schilling Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Michael Harney Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs",
"Country of origin United States",
"No. of episodes 13",
"Release",
"Original network Netflix",
"Original release June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Season chronology",
"← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3",
"List of Orange Is the New Black episodes",
"The second season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 6 , 2014 , at 12 : 00 am PST in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 51 -- 60 minutes , with a 90 - minute finale . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan .",
"The series follows Piper Chapman , forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information . Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Meanwhile , in Litchfield Penitentiary , a new inmate is raising to power into the prison , by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband . Threatened by this new inmate , Red goes to war , to protect her family and her power .",
"Orange is the New Black received critical acclaim . The series received numerous accolades including : Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Uzo Aduba performance was awarded with the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . The second season was nominated to several Emmys : Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Pablo Schreiber ) and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series . The series was nominated for the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , meanwhile Taylor Schilling was nominated for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy and Uzo Aduba for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film . Lorraine Toussaint won a Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series .",
"Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts .",
"Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns , to disapproval from Taystee . It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration . Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her , and begins her bid to take back power in the prison . Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines . Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison .",
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"This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra , fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth . However , Piper wishes to tell the truth . Piper meets with her lawyer , Larry 's father Howard Bloom , who strongly advises her to tell the truth . In the van on the way to the trial , Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra , saying she ( Alex ) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story . Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial . Afterwards , Howard washes his hands off her . Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie , she told the truth , which complicates matters for Piper , who now faces perjury charges and additional time . Piper shouts angrily at Alex , who is being led out of prison to be released . Flashback : Several flashbacks from Piper 's childhood reveal her complicated past . 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper . She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight , and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed . Daya has been constipated for the past five days , and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem . Red 's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and can not aid her outside criminal associates . During a visit from her son , it is revealed that she has a grandchild . Red is taken in by the older inmates . A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview . She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company . At the end of the episode , Taystee 's mother figure , Vee , shows up as a new inmate . Flashback : Young Taystee -- then referred to as Tasha -- goes to a Black Adoption Festival , trying to find a permanent home . She later meets a drug dealer , Vee , who becomes a mother figure to her . Eventually , Taystee starts working for her in the drug trade . 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying . Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns , to disapproval from Taystee . It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration . Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield . Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman . Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he does n't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins . He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well . It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow . This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible . Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her , and begins her bid to take back power in the prison . Flashback : It is shown that Suzanne was always marked as different , and was pushed by her adoptive mother to show that she is just as worthy and talented as others . At her high - school graduation , she is urged to sing during the ceremony , but stage fright leads to an embarrassing outburst , similar to her non-performance at the Christmas pageant . 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Lorna June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail . Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines . Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison . Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly 's husband is away . Morello discovers that her love , Christopher , is marrying another woman . While driving Rosa to cancer treatments , Morello takes the van , breaks into Christopher 's home , dons a wedding veil found there , and takes a relaxing bath , nearly getting caught when he comes home . Flashback : Lorna made money as a scam artist . Christopher was never her fiancé , but a man she stalked after a single date , leaving threatening messages and trying to put a bomb in the car of his actual girlfriend . 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains . Vee is appointed head of the African American posse , and goes head to head against Gloria 's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom . Fig , the assistant warden , refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems , and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution . As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas , Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down . Meanwhile , Cal and Piper 's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father does n't want to see her `` like that '' ( in prison ) . During the visit , Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying . Piper is devastated , and asks Healy for furlough . Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests . While Boo goes after the `` small pointers '' , Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer , one of the prison guards , to no avail . Flashback : Gloria was a victim of domestic violence until she was arrested for committing fraud with food stamps traded at the store she ran . 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) The inmates prepare for a Valentine 's Day party . Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son , Vasily . Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison 's finances . Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison 's budget money is really going . At the Valentine 's Party at Litchfield , Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne . Poussey and Taystee argue . Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen . Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison . Larry goes over to Polly 's with all of Piper 's things . He and Polly share a kiss , right before Pete returns home from his trip . Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar , however she invites Luschek , Bell and O'Neill to come , too . Later , as Caputo performs with the band , he notices that Jimmy , an elderly inmate suffering from dementia , has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music . Flashback : Poussey has a relationship with a German girl ( played by Nina Rausch ) while living on an army base in Germany . The girl 's father discovers the two making love , and uses his power to send Poussey 's family back to the United States . When confronting her girlfriend 's father , Poussey is ready to pull out a gun and attack him , but her own father intervenes before the gun is revealed . 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Due to Jimmy 's escape , Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely , and imposes a minimum quota for shots written . Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee . Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color . The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett . Sick of being taken advantage of , he threatens them with shots , much to Daya 's dismay . Vee 's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates . Daya , Flaca , and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started . Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee 's business , but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee 's good side . Polly comes over to Larry 's house in an emotional outrage , and the two have sex . Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison . It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there . Flashback : Black Cindy works as an airport security guard . She is shown searching through people 's bags , and steals an iPad for her sister 's birthday ( later revealed to be her biological daughter ) . 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges . Caputo feels pressure to toughen up , which results in Fischer 's termination . Also , Caputo starts to distrust Red 's greenhouse but fortunately for her , Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it . Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it . Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough , only to find out her grandmother died a day before . Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission . Flashback : In the 1970s , Rosa drove the getaway car for multiple bank robberies perpetrated by her boyfriend and his friends . 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper 's relationship with Larry faces a real - world test when Piper returns home on furlough . Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else . Piper attends her grandmother 's funeral , which turns into her brother 's wedding . Upon Red 's request , Piper visits Red 's former deli , only to find it permanently closed . Red 's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded . She intends to usurp Red 's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club . Mendez returns to Litchfield . Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him . Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant , and suggests that Mendez must be the father . Flashback : The history of Red and Vee 's relationship at Litchfield is explored through a series of flashbacks . The last flashback reveals that Vee had taken control of the black inmates and Red 's kitchen , ending with Vee 's posse brutally beating Red . 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper returns to prison after Furlough , while Bennett returns after suspension . She lies to Red about the condition of Red 's Queens deli . The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband . Daya 's pregnancy is revealed . Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father . Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together . Vee attempts to join Red 's business in the garden . Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee , so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage . Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her . Healy starts a therapy group , Safe Place . Flashback : More history of Alex and Piper 's relationship is explored . 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra was n't convicted . Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia . Soso 's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor . Polly leaves Pete for Larry . The prison newspaper is shut down . Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike . The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red does n't know about it . The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Sister Ingalls joining her first rally and continuing in social activism , until she is excommunicated by the church . 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Taystee & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Vee and Red 's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail . The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system . Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night . On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red . As the night continues , Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa . Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their ' gay agenda ' . Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband . Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside , attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap , but fails . The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce . At the end of the night , Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa 's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on . The next morning , while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm , she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Vee 's relationship with Taystee , the police and a guy who is considered to be like her son before she went to prison . 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Vee 's family breaks apart and turns on her . After Nicky 's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee 's assault on Red . Piper reveals Figueroa 's embezzlement to Caputo , who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa . Figueroa 's attempt to buy Caputo 's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns . Caputo 's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya . Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration . Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy . Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee . Vee , alone and friendless , escapes from prison via Red 's greenhouse storm drain pipe . Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three - six weeks left to live . Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa , who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life . She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van . Note : There are no flashbacks in this episode .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date",
"14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra , fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth . However , Piper wishes to tell the truth . Piper meets with her lawyer , Larry 's father Howard Bloom , who strongly advises her to tell the truth . In the van on the way to the trial , Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra , saying she ( Alex ) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story . Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial . Afterwards , Howard washes his hands off her . Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie , she told the truth , which complicates matters for Piper , who now faces perjury charges and additional time . Piper shouts angrily at Alex , who is being led out of prison to be released . Flashback : Several flashbacks from Piper 's childhood reveal her complicated past .",
"Piper is awakened in solitary and , without being given any information , forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown . After she lands , finally realizing she is in Chicago , Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings . After speaking with Alex , Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex 's drug boss , Kubra Balik , and that the stay is temporary . Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra , fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth . However , Piper wishes to tell the truth . Piper meets with her lawyer , Larry 's father Howard Bloom , who strongly advises her to tell the truth . In the van on the way to the trial , Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra , saying she ( Alex ) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story . Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial . Afterwards , Howard washes his hands off her . Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie , she told the truth , which complicates matters for Piper , who now faces perjury charges and additional time . Piper shouts angrily at Alex , who is being led out of prison to be released .",
"15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper . She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight , and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed . Daya has been constipated for the past five days , and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem . Red 's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and can not aid her outside criminal associates . During a visit from her son , it is revealed that she has a grandchild . Red is taken in by the older inmates . A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview . She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company . At the end of the episode , Taystee 's mother figure , Vee , shows up as a new inmate . Flashback : Young Taystee -- then referred to as Tasha -- goes to a Black Adoption Festival , trying to find a permanent home . She later meets a drug dealer , Vee , who becomes a mother figure to her . Eventually , Taystee starts working for her in the drug trade .",
"Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper . She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight , and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed . Daya has been constipated for the past five days , and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem . Red 's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and can not aid her outside criminal associates . During a visit from her son , it is revealed that she has a grandchild . Red is taken in by the older inmates . A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview . She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company . At the end of the episode , Taystee 's mother figure , Vee , shows up as a new inmate .",
"16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying . Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns , to disapproval from Taystee . It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration . Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield . Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman . Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he does n't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins . He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well . It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow . This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible . Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her , and begins her bid to take back power in the prison . Flashback : It is shown that Suzanne was always marked as different , and was pushed by her adoptive mother to show that she is just as worthy and talented as others . At her high - school graduation , she is urged to sing during the ceremony , but stage fright leads to an embarrassing outburst , similar to her non-performance at the Christmas pageant .",
"Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese - American inmate named Brook Soso , whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying . Taystee 's mother figure Vee returns , to disapproval from Taystee . It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee 's previous incarceration . Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield . Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman . Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he does n't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins . He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well . It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow . This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible . Vee uses Suzanne 's outcast desperation to manipulate her , and begins her bid to take back power in the prison .",
"17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Lorna June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail . Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines . Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison . Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly 's husband is away . Morello discovers that her love , Christopher , is marrying another woman . While driving Rosa to cancer treatments , Morello takes the van , breaks into Christopher 's home , dons a wedding veil found there , and takes a relaxing bath , nearly getting caught when he comes home . Flashback : Lorna made money as a scam artist . Christopher was never her fiancé , but a man she stalked after a single date , leaving threatening messages and trying to put a bomb in the car of his actual girlfriend .",
"Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail . Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines . Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison . Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly 's husband is away . Morello discovers that her love , Christopher , is marrying another woman . While driving Rosa to cancer treatments , Morello takes the van , breaks into Christopher 's home , dons a wedding veil found there , and takes a relaxing bath , nearly getting caught when he comes home .",
"18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains . Vee is appointed head of the African American posse , and goes head to head against Gloria 's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom . Fig , the assistant warden , refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems , and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution . As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas , Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down . Meanwhile , Cal and Piper 's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father does n't want to see her `` like that '' ( in prison ) . During the visit , Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying . Piper is devastated , and asks Healy for furlough . Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests . While Boo goes after the `` small pointers '' , Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer , one of the prison guards , to no avail . Flashback : Gloria was a victim of domestic violence until she was arrested for committing fraud with food stamps traded at the store she ran .",
"The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains . Vee is appointed head of the African American posse , and goes head to head against Gloria 's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom . Fig , the assistant warden , refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems , and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution . As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas , Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down . Meanwhile , Cal and Piper 's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father does n't want to see her `` like that '' ( in prison ) . During the visit , Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying . Piper is devastated , and asks Healy for furlough . Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests . While Boo goes after the `` small pointers '' , Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer , one of the prison guards , to no avail .",
"19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"The inmates prepare for a Valentine 's Day party . Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son , Vasily . Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison 's finances . Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison 's budget money is really going . At the Valentine 's Party at Litchfield , Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne . Poussey and Taystee argue . Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen . Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison . Larry goes over to Polly 's with all of Piper 's things . He and Polly share a kiss , right before Pete returns home from his trip . Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar , however she invites Luschek , Bell and O'Neill to come , too . Later , as Caputo performs with the band , he notices that Jimmy , an elderly inmate suffering from dementia , has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music . Flashback : Poussey has a relationship with a German girl ( played by Nina Rausch ) while living on an army base in Germany . The girl 's father discovers the two making love , and uses his power to send Poussey 's family back to the United States . When confronting her girlfriend 's father , Poussey is ready to pull out a gun and attack him , but her own father intervenes before the gun is revealed .",
"The inmates prepare for a Valentine 's Day party . Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son , Vasily . Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison 's finances . Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison 's budget money is really going . At the Valentine 's Party at Litchfield , Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne . Poussey and Taystee argue . Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen . Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison . Larry goes over to Polly 's with all of Piper 's things . He and Polly share a kiss , right before Pete returns home from his trip . Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar , however she invites Luschek , Bell and O'Neill to come , too . Later , as Caputo performs with the band , he notices that Jimmy , an elderly inmate suffering from dementia , has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music .",
"20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Due to Jimmy 's escape , Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely , and imposes a minimum quota for shots written . Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee . Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color . The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett . Sick of being taken advantage of , he threatens them with shots , much to Daya 's dismay . Vee 's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates . Daya , Flaca , and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started . Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee 's business , but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee 's good side . Polly comes over to Larry 's house in an emotional outrage , and the two have sex . Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison . It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there . Flashback : Black Cindy works as an airport security guard . She is shown searching through people 's bags , and steals an iPad for her sister 's birthday ( later revealed to be her biological daughter ) .",
"Due to Jimmy 's escape , Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely , and imposes a minimum quota for shots written . Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee . Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color . The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett . Sick of being taken advantage of , he threatens them with shots , much to Daya 's dismay . Vee 's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates . Daya , Flaca , and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started . Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee 's business , but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee 's good side . Polly comes over to Larry 's house in an emotional outrage , and the two have sex . Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison . It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there .",
"21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges . Caputo feels pressure to toughen up , which results in Fischer 's termination . Also , Caputo starts to distrust Red 's greenhouse but fortunately for her , Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it . Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it . Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough , only to find out her grandmother died a day before . Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission . Flashback : In the 1970s , Rosa drove the getaway car for multiple bank robberies perpetrated by her boyfriend and his friends .",
"Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges . Caputo feels pressure to toughen up , which results in Fischer 's termination . Also , Caputo starts to distrust Red 's greenhouse but fortunately for her , Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it . Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it . Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough , only to find out her grandmother died a day before . Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission .",
"22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Piper 's relationship with Larry faces a real - world test when Piper returns home on furlough . Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else . Piper attends her grandmother 's funeral , which turns into her brother 's wedding . Upon Red 's request , Piper visits Red 's former deli , only to find it permanently closed . Red 's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded . She intends to usurp Red 's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club . Mendez returns to Litchfield . Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him . Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant , and suggests that Mendez must be the father . Flashback : The history of Red and Vee 's relationship at Litchfield is explored through a series of flashbacks . The last flashback reveals that Vee had taken control of the black inmates and Red 's kitchen , ending with Vee 's posse brutally beating Red .",
"Piper 's relationship with Larry faces a real - world test when Piper returns home on furlough . Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else . Piper attends her grandmother 's funeral , which turns into her brother 's wedding . Upon Red 's request , Piper visits Red 's former deli , only to find it permanently closed . Red 's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded . She intends to usurp Red 's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club . Mendez returns to Litchfield . Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him . Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant , and suggests that Mendez must be the father .",
"23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Piper returns to prison after Furlough , while Bennett returns after suspension . She lies to Red about the condition of Red 's Queens deli . The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband . Daya 's pregnancy is revealed . Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father . Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together . Vee attempts to join Red 's business in the garden . Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee , so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage . Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her . Healy starts a therapy group , Safe Place . Flashback : More history of Alex and Piper 's relationship is explored .",
"Piper returns to prison after Furlough , while Bennett returns after suspension . She lies to Red about the condition of Red 's Queens deli . The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband . Daya 's pregnancy is revealed . Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father . Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together . Vee attempts to join Red 's business in the garden . Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee , so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage . Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her . Healy starts a therapy group , Safe Place .",
"24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra was n't convicted . Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia . Soso 's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor . Polly leaves Pete for Larry . The prison newspaper is shut down . Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike . The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red does n't know about it . The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Sister Ingalls joining her first rally and continuing in social activism , until she is excommunicated by the church .",
"Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra was n't convicted . Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia . Soso 's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor . Polly leaves Pete for Larry . The prison newspaper is shut down . Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike . The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red does n't know about it . The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate .",
"25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Taystee & Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Vee and Red 's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail . The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system . Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night . On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red . As the night continues , Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa . Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their ' gay agenda ' . Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband . Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside , attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap , but fails . The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce . At the end of the night , Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa 's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on . The next morning , while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm , she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Vee 's relationship with Taystee , the police and a guy who is considered to be like her son before she went to prison .",
"Vee and Red 's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail . The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system . Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night . On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red . As the night continues , Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa . Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their ' gay agenda ' . Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband . Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside , attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap , but fails . The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce . At the end of the night , Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa 's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on . The next morning , while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm , she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured .",
"26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"Vee 's family breaks apart and turns on her . After Nicky 's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee 's assault on Red . Piper reveals Figueroa 's embezzlement to Caputo , who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa . Figueroa 's attempt to buy Caputo 's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns . Caputo 's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya . Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration . Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy . Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee . Vee , alone and friendless , escapes from prison via Red 's greenhouse storm drain pipe . Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three - six weeks left to live . Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa , who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life . She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van . Note : There are no flashbacks in this episode .",
"Vee 's family breaks apart and turns on her . After Nicky 's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee 's assault on Red . Piper reveals Figueroa 's embezzlement to Caputo , who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa . Figueroa 's attempt to buy Caputo 's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns . Caputo 's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya . Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration . Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy . Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee . Vee , alone and friendless , escapes from prison via Red 's greenhouse storm drain pipe . Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three - six weeks left to live . Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa , who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life . She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van .",
"Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé",
"Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate",
"Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate",
"Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate",
"Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer",
"Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate",
"Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate",
"Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate",
"Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé",
"Laura Prepon as Alex Vause Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz Yael Stone as Lorna Morello Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker",
"Laura Prepon as Alex Vause",
"Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza",
"Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes",
"Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz",
"Yael Stone as Lorna Morello",
"Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington",
"Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales",
"Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black",
"Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz",
"Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz",
"Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset",
"Annie Golden as Norma Romano",
"Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores",
"Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos",
"Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson",
"Julie Lake as Angie Rice",
"Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor",
"Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy",
"Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones",
"Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang",
"Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman ''",
"Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco",
"Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls",
"Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros",
"Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso",
"Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin",
"Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill",
"Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker",
"Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford Matt McGorry as John Bennett Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer",
"Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo",
"Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell",
"Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill",
"Matt Peters as Joel Luschek",
"Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa",
"Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson",
"Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell",
"Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford",
"Matt McGorry as John Bennett",
"Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez",
"Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer",
"Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper Ian Paola as Yadriel",
"Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman",
"Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset",
"Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman",
"Berto Colon as Cesar",
"Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman",
"Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper",
"Ian Paola as Yadriel",
"On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts . In July , it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role . Toussaint said of the role : `` Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I 've ever played , and probably one of the more difficult characters I 've played . I think it 'll be interesting seeing how this character is received , because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game , and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her , into the big game and has , I have a great deal of fun . '' It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role . In February 2014 , Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6 , 2014 .",
"The second season received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . ''",
"Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists .",
"2nd -- The Star - Ledger 3rd -- Akron Beacon Journal 3rd -- HitFix ( Dan Fienberg ) 3rd -- Indiewire ' 3rd -- Las Vegas Weekly 3rd -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3rd -- Tampa Bay Times 3rd -- Village Voice 4th -- Paste 4th -- PopMatters 4th -- Time 4th -- Us Weekly 5th -- Denver Post 5th -- Uncle Barky 6th -- The Daily Beast 6th -- HitFix ( Alan Sepinwall ) 6th -- NPR 6th -- Sioux City Journal 7th -- The Hollywood Reporter 7th -- San Jose Mercury News 7th -- Vox 8th -- Slate 8th -- Thompson on Hollywood ! 9th -- Digital Spy 10th -- Washington Post -- Huffington Post -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush",
"2nd -- The Star - Ledger 3rd -- Akron Beacon Journal 3rd -- HitFix ( Dan Fienberg ) 3rd -- Indiewire ' 3rd -- Las Vegas Weekly 3rd -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3rd -- Tampa Bay Times 3rd -- Village Voice 4th -- Paste 4th -- PopMatters 4th -- Time 4th -- Us Weekly 5th -- Denver Post 5th -- Uncle Barky 6th -- The Daily Beast 6th -- HitFix ( Alan Sepinwall ) 6th -- NPR 6th -- Sioux City Journal 7th -- The Hollywood Reporter 7th -- San Jose Mercury News 7th -- Vox 8th -- Slate 8th -- Thompson on Hollywood ! 9th -- Digital Spy 10th -- Washington Post -- Huffington Post -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush",
"2nd -- The Star - Ledger 3rd -- Akron Beacon Journal 3rd -- HitFix ( Dan Fienberg ) 3rd -- Indiewire ' 3rd -- Las Vegas Weekly 3rd -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3rd -- Tampa Bay Times 3rd -- Village Voice 4th -- Paste 4th -- PopMatters 4th -- Time 4th -- Us Weekly 5th -- Denver Post 5th -- Uncle Barky",
"2nd -- The Star - Ledger",
"3rd -- Akron Beacon Journal",
"3rd -- HitFix ( Dan Fienberg )",
"3rd -- Indiewire '",
"3rd -- Las Vegas Weekly",
"3rd -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette",
"3rd -- Tampa Bay Times",
"3rd -- Village Voice",
"4th -- Paste",
"4th -- PopMatters",
"4th -- Time",
"4th -- Us Weekly",
"5th -- Denver Post",
"5th -- Uncle Barky",
"6th -- The Daily Beast 6th -- HitFix ( Alan Sepinwall ) 6th -- NPR 6th -- Sioux City Journal 7th -- The Hollywood Reporter 7th -- San Jose Mercury News 7th -- Vox 8th -- Slate 8th -- Thompson on Hollywood ! 9th -- Digital Spy 10th -- Washington Post -- Huffington Post -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush",
"6th -- The Daily Beast",
"6th -- HitFix ( Alan Sepinwall )",
"6th -- NPR",
"6th -- Sioux City Journal",
"7th -- The Hollywood Reporter",
"7th -- San Jose Mercury News",
"7th -- Vox",
"8th -- Slate",
"8th -- Thompson on Hollywood !",
"9th -- Digital Spy",
"10th -- Washington Post",
"-- Huffington Post",
"-- Philadelphia Daily News",
"In Australia , the second season began airing on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 ."
] | Orange is the New Black (season 2) - Wikipedia Orange is the New Black (season 2) Orange Is the New Black (season 2) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Michael Harney Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The second season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 6, 2014, at 12:00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51-- 60 minutes, with a 90-minute finale. The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum-security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . The series follows Piper Chapman , forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information. Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Meanwhile, in Litchfield Penitentiary, a new inmate is raising to power into the prison, by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband. Threatened by this new inmate, Red goes to war, to protect her family and her power. Orange is the New Black received critical acclaim. The series received numerous accolades including: Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Uzo Aduba performance was awarded with the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . The second season was nominated to several Emmys: Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series ( Pablo Schreiber ) and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series . The series was nominated for the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , meanwhile Taylor Schilling was nominated for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy and Uzo Aduba for Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film . Lorraine Toussaint won a Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.2.1 Inmates 3.2.2 Staff 3.2.3 Others 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Critics' top ten lists 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese-American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts. Taystee's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee's previous incarceration. Vee uses Suzanne's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison. Episodes ( edit ) See also: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes This article's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (August 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character(s) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird'' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra, fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth. However, Piper wishes to tell the truth. Piper meets with her lawyer, Larry's father Howard Bloom, who strongly advises her to tell the truth. In the van on the way to the trial, Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra, saying she (Alex) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story. Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial. Afterwards, Howard washes his hands off her. Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie, she told the truth, which complicates matters for Piper, who now faces perjury charges and additional time. Piper shouts angrily at Alex, who is being led out of prison to be released. Flashback : Several flashbacks from Piper's childhood reveal her complicated past. 15 `` Looks Blue, Tastes Red'' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper. She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight, and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed. Daya has been constipated for the past five days, and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem. Red's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and cannot aid her outside criminal associates. During a visit from her son, it is revealed that she has a grandchild. Red is taken in by the older inmates. A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview. She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company. At the end of the episode, Taystee's mother figure, Vee, shows up as a new inmate. Flashback : Young Taystee-- then referred to as Tasha-- goes to a Black Adoption Festival, trying to find a permanent home. She later meets a drug dealer, Vee, who becomes a mother figure to her. Eventually, Taystee starts working for her in the drug trade. 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving'' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese-American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying. Taystee's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee's previous incarceration. Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield. Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman. Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he doesn't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins. He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well. It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow. This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible. Vee uses Suzanne's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison. Flashback : It is shown that Suzanne was always marked as different, and was pushed by her adoptive mother to show that she is just as worthy and talented as others. At her high-school graduation, she is urged to sing during the ceremony, but stage fright leads to an embarrassing outburst, similar to her non-performance at the Christmas pageant. 17 `` A Whole Other Hole'' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Lorna June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison. Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly's husband is away. Morello discovers that her love, Christopher, is marrying another woman. While driving Rosa to cancer treatments, Morello takes the van, breaks into Christopher's home, dons a wedding veil found there, and takes a relaxing bath, nearly getting caught when he comes home. Flashback : Lorna made money as a scam artist. Christopher was never her fiancé , but a man she stalked after a single date, leaving threatening messages and trying to put a bomb in the car of his actual girlfriend. 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City'' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains. Vee is appointed head of the African American posse, and goes head to head against Gloria's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom. Fig, the assistant warden, refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems, and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution. As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas, Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down. Meanwhile, Cal and Piper's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father doesn't want to see her `` like that'' (in prison). During the visit, Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying. Piper is devastated, and asks Healy for furlough . Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests. While Boo goes after the `` small pointers'' , Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer, one of the prison guards, to no avail. Flashback : Gloria was a victim of domestic violence until she was arrested for committing fraud with food stamps traded at the store she ran. 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza'' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) The inmates prepare for a Valentine's Day party. Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son, Vasily. Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison's finances. Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison's budget money is really going. At the Valentine's Party at Litchfield, Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne. Poussey and Taystee argue. Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen. Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison. Larry goes over to Polly's with all of Piper's things. He and Polly share a kiss, right before Pete returns home from his trip. Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar, however she invites Luschek, Bell and O'Neill to come, too. Later, as Caputo performs with the band, he notices that Jimmy, an elderly inmate suffering from dementia, has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music. Flashback : Poussey has a relationship with a German girl (played by Nina Rausch) while living on an army base in Germany. The girl's father discovers the two making love, and uses his power to send Poussey's family back to the United States. When confronting her girlfriend's father, Poussey is ready to pull out a gun and attack him, but her own father intervenes before the gun is revealed. 20 7 `` Comic Sans'' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Cindy June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Due to Jimmy's escape, Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely, and imposes a minimum quota for shots written. Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee. Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color. The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett. Sick of being taken advantage of, he threatens them with shots, much to Daya's dismay. Vee's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates. Daya, Flaca, and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started. Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee's business, but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee's good side. Polly comes over to Larry's house in an emotional outrage, and the two have sex. Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison. It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there. Flashback : Black Cindy works as an airport security guard. She is shown searching through people's bags, and steals an iPad for her sister's birthday (later revealed to be her biological daughter). 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots'' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges. Caputo feels pressure to toughen up, which results in Fischer's termination. Also, Caputo starts to distrust Red's greenhouse but fortunately for her, Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it. Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it. Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough, only to find out her grandmother died a day before. Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission. Flashback : In the 1970s, Rosa drove the getaway car for multiple bank robberies perpetrated by her boyfriend and his friends. 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough'' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red & Vee June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Piper's relationship with Larry faces a real-world test when Piper returns home on furlough. Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else. Piper attends her grandmother's funeral, which turns into her brother's wedding. Upon Red's request, Piper visits Red's former deli, only to find it permanently closed. Red's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded. She intends to usurp Red's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club. Mendez returns to Litchfield. Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him. Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant, and suggests that Mendez must be the father. Flashback : The history of Red and Vee's relationship at Litchfield is explored through a series of flashbacks. The last flashback reveals that Vee had taken control of the black inmates and Red's kitchen, ending with Vee's posse brutally beating Red. 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit'' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Piper returns to prison after Furlough, while Bennett returns after suspension. She lies to Red about the condition of Red's Queens deli. The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband. Daya's pregnancy is revealed. Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father. Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together. Vee attempts to join Red's business in the garden. Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee, so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage. Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her. Healy starts a therapy group, Safe Place . Flashback : More history of Alex and Piper's relationship is explored. 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values'' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra wasn't convicted. Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia. Soso's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor. Polly leaves Pete for Larry. The prison newspaper is shut down. Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike. The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red doesn't know about it. The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate. Flashback : Flashbacks depict Sister Ingalls joining her first rally and continuing in social activism, until she is excommunicated by the church. 25 12 `` It Was the Change'' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Taystee & Vee June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Vee and Red's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail. The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system. Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night. On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red. As the night continues, Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa. Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their ' gay agenda' . Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband. Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside, attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap, but fails. The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce. At the end of the night, Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on. The next morning, while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm, she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured. Flashback : Flashbacks depict Vee's relationship with Taystee, the police and a guy who is considered to be like her son before she went to prison. 26 13 `` We Have Manners. We're Polite.'' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) Vee's family breaks apart and turns on her. After Nicky's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee's assault on Red. Piper reveals Figueroa's embezzlement to Caputo, who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa. Figueroa's attempt to buy Caputo's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns. Caputo's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya. Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration. Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy. Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee. Vee, alone and friendless, escapes from prison via Red's greenhouse storm drain pipe. Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three-six weeks left to live. Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa, who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life. She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van. Note: There are no flashbacks in this episode. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes'' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee'' Jefferson, inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky'' Doggett , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red'' Reznikov, inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laura Prepon as Alex Vause Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy'' Hayes Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya'' Diaz Yael Stone as Lorna Morello Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca'' Gonzales Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo'' Black Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga'' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman'' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa'' Cisneros Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee'' Parker Staff Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig'' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford Matt McGorry as John Bennett Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache'' Mendez Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper Ian Paola as Yadriel Production ( edit ) On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes. Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars. Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts. In July, it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role. Toussaint said of the role: `` Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I've ever played, and probably one of the more difficult characters I've played. I think it'll be interesting seeing how this character is received, because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game, and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her, into the big game and has, I have a great deal of fun.'' It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role. In February 2014, Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6, 2014. Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The second season received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence. Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating `` universal acclaim.'' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season, but arguably better.'' Critics' Top Ten Lists ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists. 2nd -- The Star-Ledger 3rd -- Akron Beacon Journal 3rd -- HitFix (Dan Fienberg) 3rd -- Indiewire ' 3rd -- Las Vegas Weekly 3rd -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3rd -- Tampa Bay Times 3rd -- Village Voice 4th -- Paste 4th -- PopMatters 4th -- Time 4th -- Us Weekly 5th -- Denver Post 5th -- Uncle Barky 6th -- The Daily Beast 6th -- HitFix (Alan Sepinwall) 6th -- NPR 6th -- Sioux City Journal 7th -- The Hollywood Reporter 7th -- San Jose Mercury News 7th -- Vox 8th -- Slate 8th -- Thompson on Hollywood! 9th -- Digital Spy 10th -- Washington Post -- Huffington Post -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia, the second season began airing on Showcase on July 16, 2014. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black'' for Second Season'' (Press release). Netflix. June 27, 2013 . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 8, 2013). `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (June 12, 2014). `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3: Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular!'' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Obenson, Tambay A. (July 29, 2013). `` Lorraine Toussaint Joins Cast Of ' Orange Is The New Black' Season 2'' . IndieWire . Retrieved August 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman, Jason (March 17, 2014). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' Cast Preview Season 2'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 2'' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2'' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland, David (June 3, 2014). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' review: Me vs. we'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014: Television Critic Top Ten Lists'' . Metacritic . December 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014'' . Foxtel. January 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison `` You've Got Time '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010-- 2019) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 (2010): Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 (2014): Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin, DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner, Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland, McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel, Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 (2015): Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake, Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin, DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland, Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters, Petty , Pimentel, Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 (2016): Aduba , Aisenberg, Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover, Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin, Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters, Petty , Pimentel, Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 (2017): Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis-Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list (1994-- 1999) (2000-- 2009) (2010-- 2019) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_2)&oldid=858185553 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2018, at 16:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -6718202480160316668 |
what is difference between automatic and semi automatic cars | Despite superficial similarity to other automated transmissions , semi-automatic transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver 's `` feel '' from manumatics and CVTs . A manumatic , like a standard automatic transmission , uses a torque converter instead of clutch to manage the link between the transmission and the engine , while a CVT uses a belt instead of a fixed number of gears . A semi-automatic transmission offers a more direct connection between the engine and wheels than a manumatic and this responsiveness is preferred in high performance driving applications , while a manumatic is better for street use because its fluid coupling makes it easier for the transmission to consistently perform smooth shifts , and CVTs are generally found in gasoline - electric hybrid engine applications . | [
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"It has been suggested that this article be merged with Manumatic . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2018 .",
"It has been suggested that this article be merged with Manumatic . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2018 .",
"hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Automobiles . The specific problem is : An edit was made redirecting Manumatic and automatic manual to this page , and blanking both of the previous pages . Someone needs to verify if the edit was relevant ... WikiProject Automobiles may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2018 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : duplicate sections Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Automobiles . The specific problem is : An edit was made redirecting Manumatic and automatic manual to this page , and blanking both of the previous pages . Someone needs to verify if the edit was relevant ... WikiProject Automobiles may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2018 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : duplicate sections Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs attention from an expert in Automobiles . The specific problem is : An edit was made redirecting Manumatic and automatic manual to this page , and blanking both of the previous pages . Someone needs to verify if the edit was relevant ... WikiProject Automobiles may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2018 )",
"This article needs attention from an expert in Automobiles . The specific problem is : An edit was made redirecting Manumatic and automatic manual to this page , and blanking both of the previous pages . Someone needs to verify if the edit was relevant ... WikiProject Automobiles may be able to help recruit an expert . ( March 2018 )",
"This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : duplicate sections Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : duplicate sections Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
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"Transmission types Manual Sequential manual Non-synchronous Preselector Automatic Manumatic Semi-automatic Electrohydraulic Dual - clutch Continuously variable Bicycle gearing Derailleur gears Hub gears",
"Transmission types",
"Manual",
"Sequential manual Non-synchronous Preselector",
"Sequential manual Non-synchronous Preselector",
"Automatic",
"Manumatic Semi-automatic Electrohydraulic Dual - clutch",
"Manumatic Semi-automatic Electrohydraulic Dual - clutch",
"Dual - clutch",
"Continuously variable",
"Continuously variable",
"Bicycle gearing",
"Derailleur gears Hub gears",
"Derailleur gears Hub gears",
"",
"",
"A semi-automatic transmission ( also known as a clutch-less manual transmission , auto - manual , automated manual transmission , trigger shift , flappy - paddle gear shift , Manumatic , Tiptronic , Touchshift , Geartronic , Sportronic or paddle - shift gearbox ) is an automobile transmission that combines manual transmission and automatic transmission .",
"It allows convenient driver control of gear selection . For most of automotive history , automatic transmissions already allowed some control of gear selection using the console or shifter , usually to limit the transmission shifting beyond a certain gear ( allowing engine braking on downhills ) and / or locking out the use of overdrive gears when towing . It enhanced such features by providing either steering wheel mounted paddle shifters or a modified shift lever , allowing the driver to enter a `` manual mode '' and select any available gear , usually in a sequential `` up shift / downshift '' manner .",
"Some transmissions allow the driver to have full control of gear selection , though most will intervene to prevent engine stalling and redlining by shifting automatically at the low end and / or high end of the engine 's normal operating range . Hydraulically - coupled and most clutch transmissions also provide the option of operating in the same manner as a conventional automatic transmission , by allowing the transmission 's computer to select gear changes . A few also allow an alternate automatic mode , often called `` sport '' mode , where gear selection is still fully automatic but the transmission will favor higher engine speeds ( at which the engine will produce the highest horsepower and / or torque ) by up shifting later when accelerating and downshifting earlier when slowing .",
"A clutch-less manual facilitates gear changes by dispensing with the need to press a clutch pedal at the same time as changing gears . It uses electronic sensors , pneumatics , processors and actuators to execute gear shifts on input from the driver or by a computer . This removes the need for a clutch pedal which the driver otherwise needs to depress before making a gear change , since the clutch itself is actuated by electronic equipment which can synchronize the timing and torque required to make quick , smooth gear shifts . The system was designed by automobile manufacturers to provide a better driving experience through fast overtaking maneuvers on highways . Some motorcycles also use a system with a conventional gear change but without the need for manual clutch operation .",
"In the 1930s , automakers began to market cars with some sort of device that would reduce the amount of clutching and de-clutching and shifting required in stop and go driving . Most typically , a fluid coupling or a centrifugal clutch replaced the standard manual clutch to allow for stop and go driving without using the clutch pedal every time the car was brought to a stop . More sophisticated systems allowed for shifting while driving without using the clutch , and some systems did away with the clutch pedal altogether . Semi-automatic transmissions were phased out as technology advanced and automatic controls were developed to take care of changing gear ratios . Smaller , lower powered cars used Semi-automatic transmissions with a dry clutch because the mechanical connection offered a more efficient powertrain compared to a fluid coupling .",
"Another early semi-automatic transmission was the Sinclair S.S.S. ( synchro - self - shifting ) Powerflow gearbox. which was applied to Huwood - Hudswell diesel mines locomotives . It was also applied to some road vehicles .",
"Modern `` Semi-automatic transmissions '' usually have a fully automatic mode , where the driver does not need to change gears at all , operating in the same manner as a conventional type of automatic transmission by allowing the transmission 's computer to automatically change gear if , for example , the driver were redlining the engine . The semi-automatic transmission can be engaged in manual mode wherein one can up - shift or down - shift using the console - mounted shifter selecter or the paddle shifters just behind the steering wheel , without the need of a clutch pedal . The ability to shift gears manually , often via paddle shifters , can also be found on certain automatic transmissions ( manumatics such as Tiptronic ) and continuous variable transmissions ( CVTs ) ( such as Lineartronic ) .",
"Despite superficial similarity to other automated transmissions , semi-automatic transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver 's `` feel '' from manumatics and CVTs . A manumatic , like a standard automatic transmission , uses a torque converter instead of clutch to manage the link between the transmission and the engine , while a CVT uses a belt instead of a fixed number of gears . A semi-automatic transmission offers a more direct connection between the engine and wheels than a manumatic and this responsiveness is preferred in high performance driving applications , while a manumatic is better for street use because its fluid coupling makes it easier for the transmission to consistently perform smooth shifts , and CVTs are generally found in gasoline - electric hybrid engine applications .",
"Typically semi-automatic transmissions are more expensive than manumatics and CVTs , for instance BMW 's 7 - speed Double Clutch Transmission is a CAD 3900 upgrade from the standard 6 - speed manual , while the 6 - speed Steptronic Automatic was only a CAD 1600 option in 2007 . In a given market , very few models have two choices of automated transmissions ; for instance the BMW 545i ( E60 ) and BMW 645Ci / 650i ( E63 / 64 ) ( standard 6 - speed manual ) had as an option a 6 - speed automatic `` Steptronic '' transmission or a 7 - speed Getrag SMG III single - clutch semi-automatic transmission until after the 2008 model year , when the SMG III was dropped . Many sport luxury manufacturers such as BMW offer the manumatic transmissions for their mainstream lineup ( such as the BMW 328i and BMW 535i ) and the semi-automatic gearbox for their high - performance models ( the BMW M3 and BMW M5 ) .",
"The semi-automatic transmission may be derived from a conventional automatic ; for instance Mercedes - Benz 's AMG Speedshift MCT semi-automatic transmission is based on the 7G - Tronic manumatic , however the latter 's torque converter has been replaced with a wet , multi-plate launch clutch . Chevrolet 's Torque - Drive was based on GM 's conventional Powerglide , but lacked the vacuum modulator that controls automatic gear changes . Other semi-automatic transmissions have their roots in a conventional manual ; the SMG II drivelogic ( found in the BMW M3 ( E46 ) is a Getrag 6 - speed manual transmission , but with an electrohydraulically actuated clutch pedal , similar to a Formula One style transmission . The most common type of semi-automatic transmission in recent years has been the dual clutch type , since single - clutch types such as the SMG III have been criticized for their general lack of smoothness in everyday driving ( although being responsive at the track ) .",
"The operation of semi-automatic transmissions has evolved as vehicle manufacturers experimented with different systems . In one early mass - production example , Ferrari offered their Mondial model with a clutchless manual , which Ferrari called the Valeo transmission . In this system , the gear stick of a traditional manual transmission was retained ; moving the shifter automatically engaged the electro - hydraulic clutch . Saab 's Sensonic transmission worked in a similar fashion .",
"In standard mass - production automobiles today , the gear lever appears similar to manual shifts , except that the gear stick only moves forward and backward to shift into higher and lower gears , instead of the traditional H - pattern . The Bugatti Veyron uses this approach for its seven - speed transmission . In Formula One , the system is adapted to fit onto the steering wheel in the form of two paddles ; depressing the right paddle shifts into a higher gear , while depressing the left paddle shifts into a lower one . Numerous road cars have inherited the same mechanism .",
"Hall effect sensors sense the direction of requested shift , and this input , together with a sensor in the gear box which senses the current speed and gear selected , feeds into a central processing unit . This unit then determines the optimal timing and torque required for a smooth clutch engagement , based on input from these two sensors as well as other factors , such as engine rotation , the Electronic Stability Control , air conditioner and dashboard instruments .",
"The central processing unit powers a hydro - mechanical unit to either engage or disengage the clutch , which is kept in close synchronization with the gear - shifting action the driver has started . In some cases , the hydro - mechanical unit contains a servomotor coupled to a gear arrangement for a linear actuator , which uses brake fluid from the braking system to impel a hydraulic cylinder to move the main clutch actuator . In other cases , the clutch actuator may be completely electric .",
"The power of the system lies in the fact that electronic equipment can react much faster and more precisely than a human , and takes advantage of the precision of electronic signals to allow a complete clutch operation without the intervention of the driver .",
"For the needs of parking , reversing and neutralizing the transmission , the driver must engage both paddles at once ; after this has been accomplished , the car will prompt for one of the three options .",
"The clutch is really only needed to get the car in motion . For a quicker upshift , the engine power can be cut , and the collar disengaged until the engine drops to the correct speed for the next gear . For the teeth of the collar to slide into the teeth of the rings , both the speed and position must match . This needs sensors to measure not only the speed , but the positions of the teeth , and the throttle may need to be opened softer or harder . The even - faster shifting techniques like powershifting require a heavier gearbox or clutch or even a dual clutch transmission .",
"A typical transmission has the following gears : P , R , N , D , M+ , M -",
"P is the parking gear . It locks the transmission .",
"P is the parking gear . It locks the transmission .",
"R is the reverse gear . It is similar to R in both traditional manual and in full automatic cars ; N is the neutral gear . It is similar to N in both traditional manual and full automatic ; D is the drive gear . It is equivalent of D in a full automatic . The gearbox in an AMT car is a manual gearbox , instead of one with a torque converter as in a traditional automatic ; M - downshifts a gear in sequential fashion , from M5 ( M6 in 6 - speed AMT cars ) to M1 ; M+ up - shifts a gear in sequential fashion , from M1 to M5 ( M6 in 6 - speed AMT cars ) .",
"R is the reverse gear . It is similar to R in both traditional manual and in full automatic cars ;",
"N is the neutral gear . It is similar to N in both traditional manual and full automatic ;",
"D is the drive gear . It is equivalent of D in a full automatic . The gearbox in an AMT car is a manual gearbox , instead of one with a torque converter as in a traditional automatic ;",
"M - downshifts a gear in sequential fashion , from M5 ( M6 in 6 - speed AMT cars ) to M1 ;",
"M+ up - shifts a gear in sequential fashion , from M1 to M5 ( M6 in 6 - speed AMT cars ) .",
"Selespeed was introduced in 1999 in the Alfa Romeo 156 .",
"Sportmatic , Sportronic Shiftronic , HIVEC H - Matic .",
"Speedgear , Dualogic .",
"For the 1968 model year , Chevrolet introduced a simplified version of Powerglide marketed under the name `` Torque Drive . '' This unit was basically two - speed Powerglide without the vacuum modulator , requiring the driver to manually shift gears between Low and High . The quadrant indicator on Torque Drive cars was , Park RN Hi 1st . The driver would start the car in `` 1st , '' then move the lever to `` Hi '' when desired .",
"Torque Drive was only offered on low - horsepower engines for Camaro , Nova , and the 1971 Vega . It was available on the Nova four cylinder engine , and on the Turbo - Thrift Sixes for Camaro as well as Nova . Despite its low introductory price of $68.65 , most buyers apparently considered the Torque Drive a nuisance to shift , and for a hundred dollars more they could get fully automatic Powerglide , making Torque Drive installations very rare . Apparently the transmission was n't very durable , since it depended on the driver 's ability to shift between gears in a way that would n't damage the unit . After 1971 , Chevrolet cancelled semi-automatic Torque Drive .",
"Historically , the first semi-automatic transmission which was marketed by a major manufacturer was the 1941 M4 / Vacamatic Transmission by Chrysler . It was an attempt to compete against rivals ' automatic transmissions , though it still had a clutch , it was primarily used to change range . The main difference was the addition of a fluid coupling between engine and clutch , and the shifting mechanism .",
"In normal driving , the clutch was used to select low , high or reverse . Attached to the transmission was an `` underdrive '' with a reduction gear of 1.75 / 1 . The shift lever was column - mounted and had three positions : Low ( in the `` 2nd '' position of a conventional 3 - speed manual unit ) , High ( in the `` 3rd '' position ) , and Reverse ( same as the 3 - speed ) . The clutch had to be depressed every time the gear shift lever was moved . When the lever was put in Low , the car started in `` underdrive '' low ; when the vehicle reached a minimum speed of 6 mph ( 9.7 km / h ) , the driver lifted his foot off the accelerator , the underdrive unit would kick out and the car would be in Low . Similarly , with the lever in High position , the car would start in underdrive high , and at any speed above 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) , the driver would lift his foot and the car would `` shift '' into direct drive . This configuration had the effect of providing 4 gear ratios : Underdrive Low , 3.57 / 1 , Low 2.04 / 1 , Underdrive High , 1.75 / 1 , High , 1 / 1 . In order for the unit to work without gear clashing , it contained a freewheeling device ( in Underdrive , Low and High ) , and the Owner 's manual cautioned drivers not to use `` 1st or 3rd '' gear when descending hills , because there was no engine compression braking in those free - wheeling ranges . Generally , most drivers started an M6 car in High and accomplished the shift to direct drive somewhere between 13 and 25 MPH by releasing the accelerator pedal and waiting for the `` clunk '' that signaled the disengagement of the underdrive . An M6 car would automatically shift from High down to underdrive high when car speed dropped below approximately 11 MPH .",
"Citroën produced a number of variants on semi-automatic transmission . The Citroën DS , introduced in 1955 , used a hydraulic system to select gears and operate the conventional clutch using hydraulic servos . There was also a speed controller and idle speed step - up device , all hydraulically operated . This allowed clutchless shifting with a single selector mounted behind the steering wheel . This system was nicknamed ' Citro - Matic ' in the U.S.",
"The Citroën 2CV gained an optional centrifugal clutch , marketed in English - speaking countries as `` Trafficlutch '' . It did not help with gear changing , but it disengaged automatically when the engine slowed to an idle . A device was fitted to the carburettor to prevent the throttle closing abruptly , and the resultant clutch disengagement and lack of engine braking .",
"Later , the manufacturer introduced optional semi-automatic transmissions on their medium and large saloon and estate models in the 1970s ; the Citroën GS and CX models had the option of three - speed , semi-automatic transmission marketed as ' C matic ' . This was simpler than the DS implementation : instead of hydraulics it used a floor mounted quadrant lever operating conventional gear selector rods and an electrically controlled wet plate clutch in conjunction with a torque converter . The torque converter gave more of the feel of a conventional automatic transmission , which was completely lacking in the DS . Citroën semi-automatic transmission of this era made no use of electronics : the entire gear selecting operation was carried out by simply moving the gear lever from one ratio to the next .",
"The smaller range of cars : C1 , C2 and C3 have all been offered with a semi-automatic transmission named Sensodrive . This is based on a standard 5 - speed gearbox with servo - controlled clutch . The operation is automatic , but it also has a manual mode where the driver changes gear manually ; although gears are always changed by an electric servo .",
"An improved version of Sensodrive is EGS ( Electronic Gearbox System ) , which has six gears .",
"An even further improved version is called ETG6 ( 6 speed Efficient Tronic Gearbox ) . It has slightly better characteristics compared to EGS and an added `` creep '' function . The ETG6 gearbox is used by the 2013 Citroën C4 Picasso . The gearbox is also utilized by PSA Group 's other offerings , like the Peugeot 208 .",
"2 - tronic , EGC ( Electric Gearbox Control ) or Piloted Manual in Peugeot .",
"The 993 cc Daihatsu Charade from 1985 until 1991 had the option of a two - speed semi-automatic transmission called `` Daimatic '' . This unit is similar to a conventional auto , featuring both a torque converter and a planetary gearset but lacking a full valve body for making decisions regarding shifting . This was left entirely to the driver and as a result could be accelerated from rest in top gear if desired , depending entirely on the torque converter action . The standing 1⁄4mile time with two 60 kg ( 130 lb ) occupants and using low gear appropriately was 21.0 sec while using top gear only was 21.5 sec . This unit was also installed in the Innocenti Matic of the same time period .",
"Ferrari 's first automated gearbox in a road car ( used them previously in their Formula One cars since 1989 ) went on sale in 1993 in the Ferrari Mondial ; the Mondial Valeo retained the traditional gated shifter , but removed the clutch pedal . Four years later , a paddle - shifted transmission arrived in the 1997 Ferrari F355 . The most recent version of its semi-automatic was introduced in the Ferrari 599 GTO which was capable of changing gear in 60ms . In the Ferrari California & Ferrari 458 Italia , Ferrari opted to use a double - clutch transmission . Since then , Ferrari has expanded use of their double - clutch transmission to all new models .",
"Ford Motor Co. offered the Semi-Automatic Transmission on the 1970 Maverick 6 - cylinder model as a lower - cost option to the popular 3 - speed C4 Cruise - o - Matic transmission . The shift quadrant featured `` PRN Hi 2 1 '' and the Maverick owner 's manual provides the speeds at which the driver should move the selector between the three forward gears . Like Chevrolet 's Torque - Drive , the Ford Semi-Automatic was essentially the regular automatic without the self - shifting capability . At $121.00 retail , it was pricey , rarely ordered , and was discontinued the following year .",
"Today they offer SelectShift .",
"In 1937 , Oldsmobile introduced the four - speed Automatic Safety Transmission as an option . This was an automatic transmission with automated control and shifting between a pair of ranges , with manual control over high and low ratio pairs of the four . It was not a semi-automatic transmission . This transmission was replaced by fully automatic Hydra - Matic for the 1940 model year .",
"In 1938 , Buick introduced a five - speed semi-automatic transmission for the Buick Special . This unit was failure prone , however , and eventually was replaced by the fully automatic Dynaflow transmission for 1948 .",
"Honda marketed both cars and motorcycles with the Hondamatic transmission in the 1970s and early 1980s . This transmission is frequently referred to as the ' Bang - O - Matic ' by mechanics . The design is noteworthy because it preserves engine braking by eliminating a sprag between first and second gears .",
"Othere Honda tradenames iShift , S - matic , MultiMatic , SportShift .",
"Drive - Master , 1941 - 1950 .",
"Isuzu introduced the `` NAVi5 '' ( New Advanced Vehicle with Intelligence 5 - speed ) in 1984 . Based on a traditional 5 - speed manual with a dry clutch , it was controlled by two hydraulic actuators and an electronic computer . The earlier version only had an automatic mode , but a manual mode was later added . It was first available in the Aska and subsequently the other Isuzu vehicles ( for Japanese domestic market only ) .",
"For 1942 , Ford Motor Company announced a new semi-automatic transmission for Lincolns and Mercurys , called Liquimatic . Liquimatic consisted of a fluid coupling , as well as an electro - mechanical vacuum control that automated the shift between second and third speeds . Like Chrysler 's Fluid Drive , a clutch was used to start the car from a standstill . Lincolns got an overdrive gear as a bonus .",
"The transmission proved to be so trouble - prone that Ford recalled virtually every unit , and replaced them with standard manual transmissions . The only known unit to exist is in the possession of the Early Ford V8 Foundation Museum in Auburn , Indiana . While Ford gave up on semi-automatic transmissions after Liquimatic , Lincoln started using General Motors ' Hydra - Matic in 1949 , while Mercury got its own automatic , Merc - O - Matic , in 1951 .",
"Mercedes used a system from 1957 -- 61 similar to the VW Autostick , called Hydrak . Hydrak had one major flaw : the oil supply for the torque converter was sealed within the converter itself and did not circulate via a pump , and also had no oil cooler . Idling in gear for even short periods would overheat the oil and burn up the seals in the converter , which would then need to be replaced .",
"The German automobile manufacturer NSU produced an automated system for the rotary - engined NSU Ro 80 saloon car in the 1960s , similar in concept to VW 's Automatic Stickshift : a three - speed manual gearbox with a vacuum operated dry clutch controlled by a contact in the gear lever , and a torque converter . There was no clutch pedal , but slightly moving the gearshift closed an electric switch that operated a vacuum system which disengaged the clutch . The gear lever itself then could be moved through a standard ' H pattern ' gate .",
"Opel ( Vauxhall Motors in the United Kingdom ) produced a semi-automatic transmission gearbox , the Easytronic gearbox . As with all standard automateds , the Easytronic car has only two pedals ( accelerator pedal and brake pedal ) but it does have a clutch , though this is inbuilt into the car and is electrohydraulic . The Easytronic can be driven in `` manual mode '' simply by using the paddle shifter selector to change gears if the driver wishes to do so , or alternatively it can be driven in exactly the same way as a fully conventional automatic -- however , many Easytronic owners have complained that gear shifts in `` automatic mode '' are jerky ; a common complaint with semi-autos based on a conventional manual gearbox . As with conventional , full automatic transmission cars , the Easytronic will `` creep '' forwards when the driver 's foot is released from the brake pedal when the car is stationary .",
"Also in 1941 , Packard introduced the Electro - Matic clutch , which was a vacuum operated clutch pedal , signaled by the position of the accelerator . Significantly , it came with an ' off ' switch , probably due to the fact that the system was somewhat unstable during engine warm - up . Packard 's system was used in conjunction with their regular transmission so the H - pattern shifting remained .",
"Earlier , and by many manufacturers , an arrangement to disengage the clutch ( via a ratchet - like device ) during coasting was tried to ease shifting . Called `` freewheeling '' , it was bedeviled by the absence of adequate brakes .",
"In 1953 , Plymouth fitted a torque converter , called ' Hy - Drive ' , to their standard 3 - speed manual gearbox . The torque converter allowed the car to remain in High gear for most driving , providing fluid torque multiplication as needed . A clutch was provided for manual gear engagements and the driver could use all three speeds as desired . Hy - Drive was also offered for the 1954 model year , but was soon replaced with Chrysler 's fully automatic two - speed PowerFlite transmission .",
"For the Dauphine , a Ferlec semi-automatic was offered from 1957 until 1963 , when the `` fully automatic '' Jaeger electromechanical transmission control became available . The Ferlec transmission was a manual - selection transmission coupled to dry clutch that engaged and disengaged by touching the gearshift , similar to driver operation of Volkswagen 's Automatic Stickshift , but without the torque converter of the VW .",
"Renault Group 's Dacia under the Easy - R name it is founded on electro - mechanical rather than hydraulic technology . Easy - R automated transmission uses a traditional manual gearbox with an electronically controlled clutch and eliminates the need for a clutch pedal .",
"Easy - R is available in the Logan , Logan MCV , and Sandero models . It is also available on Indian market for Duster and Renault Kwid .",
"Infiniti Manual Shift Mode .",
"Self - Shifter , 1933 -- 35 . The Self - Shifter first appeared in May 1933 and was offered as standard on the REO Royale and as an option on the Reo Flying Cloud S - 4 .",
"For the Saab 900 NG a semi-automatic transmission was available for Turbo models only in 1995 and 1996 , mostly for European market . The ' Sensonic ' clutch variant provided a manual gear lever as in a standard manual transmission car , but omitted the clutch pedal in favor of electronics which could control the clutch faster than an average driver .",
"Starting the 1966 model year , the Simca 1000 was available with a semi-automatic Ferodo gearbox . In 1966 only as the 1000 GLA model , but afterwards the semi-automatic gearbox was available on other models as an option . The gearbox used a torque converter and had four positions : `` AR '' for reverse gear , `` Exceptionnel '' for low gear , `` Ville Montagne '' for city and mountain use and `` Route '' for open road . The clutch disengaged when the selector was touched .",
"The Smart Fortwo employs an automated manual transmission designed and manufactured by Getrag to eliminate the clutch pedal . The first generation used a six - speed version , and the second generation used a five - speed version , model 5AMT130 . Input from floor - mounted shifter or optional steering - wheel - mounted paddles controls a servo - operated clutch and sequential automated gearbox . The vehicle may be driven in automatic mode or via paddle shifters , where the operator controls the shift points but can not feather or adjust the speed of the clutch .",
"Mercedes - Benz TouchShift , G Tronic .",
"For the 1968 model year , the Volkswagen Beetle offered an optional transmission marketed as Automatic Stickshift which was essentially a three - speed manual without a clutch pedal . Application of the driver 's hand to gearshift knob caused the clutch to disengage via a 12 volt solenoid operating the vacuum clutch , thereby allowing shifting between gears . Once the driver 's hand was removed , the clutch would re-engage automatically . The transmission was also equipped with a torque converter , allowing the car to idle in gear , like an automatic . The torque converter was operated by transmission fluid . This would allow the car to stop in any gear and start from a standing stop in any gear . This transmission was first available on the 1967 Volkswagen Beetle , and was made available on the Karmann Ghia in 1967 . VW dropped the transmission option altogether in 1976 . Some older ( early 1960s ) VW 's sold in Europe had a `` Saxomat '' system which used a centrifigal clutch coupled to a standard 4 - speed transmission .",
"VW uses Dual - clutch transmission called Direct - Shift Gearbox in Volkswagen Group , Bugatti , Koenigsegg , SEAT , Skoda Auto , Volkswagen , S tronic in Audi E-Gear in Lamborghini and Porsche Doppelkupplung .",
"Volvo Geartronic and Volvo Trucks and buses : I - Shift .",
"Multimode manual transmission and Lexus : E-Shift .",
"Steptronic , SMG / SSG .",
"Twin Clutch SST",
"According to the Car Crazy episode `` Le Mans Museum of the Automobile '' , the paddle shifter interface could be found as early as 1912 . The system used an inner steering wheel to select a gear level and can be seen on the `` Bollée Type F Torpédo '' of 1912 , on show at the `` Musée Automobile de la Sarthe '' at the Le Mans race circuit .",
"In Formula One , the first attempt at clutch-less gear changing was in the early 1970s , with the system being tested by the Lotus team . However , it would be much later that attention was turned back to the concept . In 1989 , John Barnard and Harvey Postlethwaite , then - Ferrari engineers and designers , created an automated gearbox for use in the Ferrari 640 single - seater . Despite serious problems in testing , the car won its first race at the hands of Nigel Mansell . By 1994 , the semi-automatic transmission was dominant in terms of gearbox technology , and the last F1 car fitted with a manual gearbox raced in 1995 .",
"After concerns that the technology allowed software engineers to pre-program the cars to automatically change to the optimum gear according to the position on the track , without any driver intervention , a standardized software system was mandated , ensuring the gears would only change up or down when instructed to by the driver . Buttons on the steering wheel , which go directly to a certain gear -- rather than sequentially -- are still permitted .",
"Semi-automatic transmissions have also made their way into the truck and bus market in the early 2000s . Volvo offers its I - Shift on its heavier trucks and buses , while ZF markets its ASTronic system for trucks , buses and coaches . In North America , Eaton offers the `` AutoShift '' system which is an add - on to traditional non-synchromesh manual transmissions for heavy trucks . These gearboxes have a place in public transport as they have been shown to reduce fuel consumption in some specific cases .",
"The British employed pneumatic valve bodies to regulate gear shifting by charging pistons with compressed air within the gearbox . These pneumatic pistons or gear - levers are activated by a series of valve bodies and controlled by electronic actuators linked to the gear shifter . As each gear cycle is energized , air valves open and close to engage the corresponding gear - lever . Compressed air is drawn from the braking system and in the event of loss of pressure , the transmission will remain in the last gear selected or if in neutral , will not shift into gear .",
"In the UK though , semi-automatic transmissions have been very popular on buses for some time , from the 1950s right through to the 1980s , an example being the well known London AEC Routemaster , although the latter could also be driven as a full automatic in the three highest gears . Most heavy - duty bus manufacturers offered this option , using a gearbox from Self - Changing Gears Ltd of Coventry , and on urban single - and double - deck buses it was the norm by the 1970s . This coincided with the development of city buses with engines and transmissions at the rear rather than the front , which was beyond the capability of a manual gearchange / clutch linkage from the driver 's position . Leyland manufactured many buses with semi-automatic transmissions , including its Leopard and Tiger coaches . Fully automatic transmission became popular with increasing numbers of continental buses being bought in the UK , and more and more British manufacturers began offering automatic options , mostly using imported gearboxes ( such as those made by Voith and ZF ) , and semi-automatic transmissions lost favour . These days , very few buses with semi-automatic transmissions remain in service , although many are still on the roads with private owners . Modern types of manumatic transmissions though are becoming more common , mostly replacing manual gearboxes in coaches .",
"The Self - Changing Gears automated gearbox was also fitted to the several thousand diesel railcars built for the British railway system in the late 1950s - early 1960s , which lasted in service until the 1990s - 2000s . Their whole engine - transmission system was based on that from the main bus manufacturers of the period such as Leyland and AEC . Gear selection was by the train driver with a hand - held lever as the train accelerated . Such trains were formed of a number of such railcars coupled together and each power car had two engine / automated gearbox units mounted under the floor . Synchronising controls by control cables connected through the train ensured all the gearboxes under all coaches of the train changed gear together .",
"The first large capacity motorcycle with a semi-automatic gearbox was the 1975 948cc Moto Guzzi Convert ( the name was chosen to denote the torque converter which was at the heart of this 110 mph motorcycle ) a fairly heavy motorcycle which despite its weight still handled , and cornered remarkably well , which was thanks to the race - bred frame from the Moto Guzzi Le - mans !",
"Honda had a range of bikes fitted with a gearbox that mated a torque converter and a two speed gearbox . This style of gearbox still required the rider to manually selected neutral and either of the two gears using the foot gear lever . These models were the CB750A , CB400A , CM400A and CM450A . These bikes were badged and marketed as Hondamatics .",
"In addition to the Hondamatic system noted above , Yamaha Motor Company introduced a semi-automatic transmission on its 2007 model year FJR1300 sport - touring motorcycle in 2006 . Notably , this system can be shifted either with the lever in the traditional position near the left foot , or with a switch accessible to the left hand where the clutch lever would go on traditional motorcycles .",
"Honda has begun production of the VFR1200F , which includes an optional dual clutch transmission , the first to be fitted to a motorcycle .",
"The BRP Can - Am Spyder Roadster is available with a clutchless automatic transmission ( the SE5 or SE6 , with five or six speeds , depending on the model ) .",
"Small capacity underbone or `` step - thru '' types of motorcycles , such as the Honda Super Cub , Suzuki FR50 and FR80 and Yamaha Townmate , use a semi-automatic gearbox with a `` heel and toe '' foot change in the standard motorcycle position but without the need for conventional clutch operation .",
"Many modern motorcycles feature a device called quickshifter for up - shifts without pressing the clutch lever or closing the throttle . The special sensor recognizes pressure on the gear shift rod and quickshifter sends a signal to the ECU to either stop fuelling for a short time ( milliseconds ) or suppress the spark at the plug , which unloads the gearbox and allows a gear change . The idea came from racing where it helps to minimize the time when the motorcycle is not at full power . An alternative device for down - shifts is called auto - blipper and is less widespread . It artificially `` blips '' the throttle to match engine speed to speed of the rear wheel to avoid sudden spikes in torque transfer .",
"Honda released automated electric shift ATVs starting in model year 1998 with the TRX450FE aka Foreman 450ES ESP ( Electric Shift Program ) . Shifting is accomplished by pressing either one of the gear selector arrows on the left handlebar control . The current selected gear is indicated by a digital display . The primary components of the shifting mechanisms were the same on both the manual and electric shift models , but the major difference was the deletion of the shift pedal and the addition of an internal electric shift servo which actuated the components ( clutch assy , shift drum , etc . ) in one motion instead of the traditional foot lever . In the event of a malfunction , a supplied override lever can be placed on a shaft protruding from the crankcase in the traditional spot where the pedal would have been . This electric shift technology was later applied to their complete line of ATVs .",
"Tiptronic is a registered trademark , owned by German car maker Porsche , who license it for use by other manufacturers , such as Land Rover and the full Volkswagen Group ( Audi , SEAT , Škoda , Bugatti , Lamborghini , Porsche and Volkswagen ) . Many people use the term ' tiptronic ' to refer generically to any type of torque converter automatic transmission that incorporates a manual upshift / downshift feature .",
"A tiptronic transmission can operate in the same manner as a conventional type of automatic transmission , but also offers the driver an additional method of manually overriding the automatic shift changes . By moving the shift lever into a second operating plane of the shift gate , equipped with two spring - loaded positions : `` upshift '' and `` downshift '' , the driver takes over most of the gear shifting decisions , which would ordinarily be performed by the transmission 's computer .",
"For example , this allows delayed upshifts for increased acceleration , increased engine braking , gear holding in curves , downshifting before passing , or early upshifting for cruising . On some models , the upshift and downshift operations can also be controlled by push - buttons or `` paddle shifters '' installed on the steering wheel , with an optional display in the instrument panel indicating the current gear selection . Since adding Tiptronic to a semi-automatic transmission involves an additional shift gate into the computer and update to the transmission software , it is inexpensive and lightweight to implement . Although tiptronic transmissions allow the driver a certain measure of discrete control , the tiptronic design is implemented using a torque converter like other automatic transmissions . A true tiptronic transmission is not a computer controlled manual transmission ( with a conventional clutch ) .",
"Modern tiptronic - type transmissions use transmission control unit , the transmissions are able to adapt to the user 's driving style through `` fuzzy logic '' . Shift points are tailored to the habits of the driver , through an evolutionary process .",
"Dual - clutch transmission Electrohydraulic manual transmission ( e.g. BMW sequential manual gearbox , SMG ) Multimode manual transmission Saxomat",
"Dual - clutch transmission",
"Electrohydraulic manual transmission ( e.g. BMW sequential manual gearbox , SMG )",
"Multimode manual transmission",
"The Automotive Products Manumatic and Newtondrive systems are also known as `` two - pedal transmissions '' . They relieve the driver of the need for skill in operating clutch and engine speed in conjunction with the gear change .",
"Manumatic",
"A clutch servo powered by the vacuum at the induction manifold operated the automatic clutch - a conventional clutch incorporating centrifugal operation . A switch in the gear lever operated a solenoid valve so that when the gear lever was moved the clutch was disengaged . A control unit made throttle adjustments to keep the engine speed matched to the driven clutch plate and also varied the speed of clutch operation appropriate to road speed .",
"Newtondrive",
"The Newtondrive system differed in making a provision for choke control and a cable linkage from clutch operating mechanism to the throttle .",
"The systems could be fitted to smaller cars such as the Ford Anglia ."
] | Semi-automatic transmission - wikipedia Semi-automatic transmission It has been suggested that this article be merged with Manumatic . ( Discuss ) Proposed since March 2018. hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in Automobiles . The specific problem is: An edit was made redirecting Manumatic and automatic manual to this page, and blanking both of the previous pages. Someone needs to verify if the edit was relevant... WikiProject Automobiles may be able to help recruit an expert. (March 2018) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . The specific problem is: duplicate sections Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details. (March 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transmission types Manual Sequential manual Non-synchronous Preselector Automatic Manumatic Semi-automatic Electrohydraulic Dual-clutch Continuously variable Bicycle gearing Derailleur gears Hub gears A semi-automatic transmission (also known as a clutch-less manual transmission , auto-manual , automated manual transmission, trigger shift, flappy-paddle gear shift , Manumatic , Tiptronic, Touchshift , Geartronic , Sportronic or paddle-shift gearbox ) is an automobile transmission that combines manual transmission and automatic transmission . It allows convenient driver control of gear selection. For most of automotive history, automatic transmissions already allowed some control of gear selection using the console or shifter , usually to limit the transmission shifting beyond a certain gear (allowing engine braking on downhills) and/or locking out the use of overdrive gears when towing. It enhanced such features by providing either steering wheel mounted paddle shifters or a modified shift lever, allowing the driver to enter a `` manual mode'' and select any available gear, usually in a sequential `` up shift/downshift'' manner. Some transmissions allow the driver to have full control of gear selection, though most will intervene to prevent engine stalling and redlining by shifting automatically at the low end and/or high end of the engine's normal operating range. Hydraulically-coupled and most clutch transmissions also provide the option of operating in the same manner as a conventional automatic transmission, by allowing the transmission's computer to select gear changes. A few also allow an alternate automatic mode, often called `` sport'' mode, where gear selection is still fully automatic but the transmission will favor higher engine speeds (at which the engine will produce the highest horsepower and/or torque) by up shifting later when accelerating and downshifting earlier when slowing. A clutch-less manual facilitates gear changes by dispensing with the need to press a clutch pedal at the same time as changing gears. It uses electronic sensors, pneumatics, processors and actuators to execute gear shifts on input from the driver or by a computer. This removes the need for a clutch pedal which the driver otherwise needs to depress before making a gear change, since the clutch itself is actuated by electronic equipment which can synchronize the timing and torque required to make quick, smooth gear shifts. The system was designed by automobile manufacturers to provide a better driving experience through fast overtaking maneuvers on highways. Some motorcycles also use a system with a conventional gear change but without the need for manual clutch operation. Contents 1 History 2 Comparison to other automated transmissions 3 Operation 4 Applications 4.1 Alfa Romeo 4.2 Hyundai and Kia 4.3 Fiat 4.4 Chevrolet 4.5 Chrysler / Dodge / Jeep / Ram 4.6 Citroën & Peugeot 4.7 Daihatsu 4.8 Ferrari 4.9 Ford 4.10 General Motors 4.11 Honda / Acura 4.12 Hudson 4.13 Isuzu 4.14 Lincoln-Mercury 4.15 Mercedes-Benz 4.16 NSU 4.17 Opel 4.18 Packard 4.19 Plymouth 4.20 Renault / Nissan / Infiniti 4.21 Reo 4.22 Saab 4.23 Simca 4.24 Mercedes-Benz / Smart 4.25 Volkswagen 4.26 Volvo 4.27 Toyota / Lexus 4.28 BMW 4.29 Aston Martin 4.30 Maserati 4.31 Mitsubishi 5 Other applications 5.1 Racing 5.2 Trucks, buses, and trains 5.3 Bristol/Daimler/Leyland buses 5.4 Motorcycles 5.5 ATVs 6 Tiptronic 7 Types 8 Two-pedal operation 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) See also: Preselector gearbox In the 1930s, automakers began to market cars with some sort of device that would reduce the amount of clutching and de-clutching and shifting required in stop and go driving. Most typically, a fluid coupling or a centrifugal clutch replaced the standard manual clutch to allow for stop and go driving without using the clutch pedal every time the car was brought to a stop. More sophisticated systems allowed for shifting while driving without using the clutch, and some systems did away with the clutch pedal altogether. Semi-automatic transmissions were phased out as technology advanced and automatic controls were developed to take care of changing gear ratios. Smaller, lower powered cars used Semi-automatic transmissions with a dry clutch because the mechanical connection offered a more efficient powertrain compared to a fluid coupling. Another early semi-automatic transmission was the Sinclair S.S.S. (synchro-self-shifting) Powerflow gearbox. which was applied to Huwood-Hudswell diesel mines locomotives. It was also applied to some road vehicles. Comparison to other automated transmissions ( edit ) Modern `` Semi-automatic transmissions'' usually have a fully automatic mode, where the driver does not need to change gears at all, operating in the same manner as a conventional type of automatic transmission by allowing the transmission's computer to automatically change gear if, for example, the driver were redlining the engine. The semi-automatic transmission can be engaged in manual mode wherein one can up-shift or down-shift using the console-mounted shifter selecter or the paddle shifters just behind the steering wheel, without the need of a clutch pedal. The ability to shift gears manually, often via paddle shifters, can also be found on certain automatic transmissions ( manumatics such as Tiptronic ) and continuous variable transmissions (CVTs) (such as Lineartronic ). Despite superficial similarity to other automated transmissions, semi-automatic transmissions differ significantly in internal operation and driver's `` feel'' from manumatics and CVTs. A manumatic, like a standard automatic transmission , uses a torque converter instead of clutch to manage the link between the transmission and the engine, while a CVT uses a belt instead of a fixed number of gears. A semi-automatic transmission offers a more direct connection between the engine and wheels than a manumatic and this responsiveness is preferred in high performance driving applications, while a manumatic is better for street use because its fluid coupling makes it easier for the transmission to consistently perform smooth shifts, and CVTs are generally found in gasoline-electric hybrid engine applications. Typically semi-automatic transmissions are more expensive than manumatics and CVTs, for instance BMW's 7-speed Double Clutch Transmission is a CAD 3900 upgrade from the standard 6-speed manual, while the 6-speed Steptronic Automatic was only a CAD 1600 option in 2007. In a given market, very few models have two choices of automated transmissions; for instance the BMW 545i (E60) and BMW 645Ci/650i (E63/64) (standard 6-speed manual ) had as an option a 6-speed automatic `` Steptronic'' transmission or a 7-speed Getrag SMG III single-clutch semi-automatic transmission until after the 2008 model year, when the SMG III was dropped. Many sport luxury manufacturers such as BMW offer the manumatic transmissions for their mainstream lineup (such as the BMW 328i and BMW 535i) and the semi-automatic gearbox for their high-performance models (the BMW M3 and BMW M5). The semi-automatic transmission may be derived from a conventional automatic; for instance Mercedes-Benz 's AMG Speedshift MCT semi-automatic transmission is based on the 7G-Tronic manumatic , however the latter's torque converter has been replaced with a wet, multi-plate launch clutch. Chevrolet's Torque-Drive was based on GM's conventional Powerglide, but lacked the vacuum modulator that controls automatic gear changes. Other semi-automatic transmissions have their roots in a conventional manual; the SMG II drivelogic (found in the BMW M3 (E46) is a Getrag 6-speed manual transmission, but with an electrohydraulically actuated clutch pedal, similar to a Formula One style transmission. The most common type of semi-automatic transmission in recent years has been the dual clutch type , since single-clutch types such as the SMG III have been criticized for their general lack of smoothness in everyday driving (although being responsive at the track). Operation ( edit ) Steering wheel of Ferrari F430 with paddle shifters The operation of semi-automatic transmissions has evolved as vehicle manufacturers experimented with different systems. In one early mass-production example, Ferrari offered their Mondial model with a clutchless manual, which Ferrari called the Valeo transmission. In this system, the gear stick of a traditional manual transmission was retained; moving the shifter automatically engaged the electro-hydraulic clutch. Saab's Sensonic transmission worked in a similar fashion. In standard mass-production automobiles today, the gear lever appears similar to manual shifts, except that the gear stick only moves forward and backward to shift into higher and lower gears, instead of the traditional H-pattern. The Bugatti Veyron uses this approach for its seven-speed transmission. In Formula One , the system is adapted to fit onto the steering wheel in the form of two paddles; depressing the right paddle shifts into a higher gear, while depressing the left paddle shifts into a lower one. Numerous road cars have inherited the same mechanism. Hall effect sensors sense the direction of requested shift, and this input, together with a sensor in the gear box which senses the current speed and gear selected, feeds into a central processing unit . This unit then determines the optimal timing and torque required for a smooth clutch engagement, based on input from these two sensors as well as other factors, such as engine rotation, the Electronic Stability Control , air conditioner and dashboard instruments. The central processing unit powers a hydro-mechanical unit to either engage or disengage the clutch, which is kept in close synchronization with the gear-shifting action the driver has started. In some cases, the hydro-mechanical unit contains a servomotor coupled to a gear arrangement for a linear actuator , which uses brake fluid from the braking system to impel a hydraulic cylinder to move the main clutch actuator. In other cases, the clutch actuator may be completely electric. The power of the system lies in the fact that electronic equipment can react much faster and more precisely than a human, and takes advantage of the precision of electronic signals to allow a complete clutch operation without the intervention of the driver. For the needs of parking, reversing and neutralizing the transmission, the driver must engage both paddles at once; after this has been accomplished, the car will prompt for one of the three options. The clutch is really only needed to get the car in motion. For a quicker upshift, the engine power can be cut, and the collar disengaged until the engine drops to the correct speed for the next gear. For the teeth of the collar to slide into the teeth of the rings, both the speed and position must match. This needs sensors to measure not only the speed, but the positions of the teeth, and the throttle may need to be opened softer or harder. The even-faster shifting techniques like powershifting require a heavier gearbox or clutch or even a dual clutch transmission . A typical transmission has the following gears: P, R, N, D, M+, M- P is the parking gear. It locks the transmission. R is the reverse gear. It is similar to R in both traditional manual and in full automatic cars; N is the neutral gear. It is similar to N in both traditional manual and full automatic; D is the drive gear. It is equivalent of D in a full automatic. The gearbox in an AMT car is a manual gearbox, instead of one with a torque converter as in a traditional automatic; M- downshifts a gear in sequential fashion, from M5 (M6 in 6-speed AMT cars) to M1; M+ up-shifts a gear in sequential fashion, from M1 to M5 (M6 in 6-speed AMT cars). Applications ( edit ) Alfa Romeo ( edit ) Selespeed was introduced in 1999 in the Alfa Romeo 156 . Hyundai and Kia ( edit ) Sportmatic, Sportronic Shiftronic , HIVEC H-Matic. Fiat ( edit ) Speedgear, Dualogic. Chevrolet ( edit ) For the 1968 model year, Chevrolet introduced a simplified version of Powerglide marketed under the name `` Torque Drive.'' This unit was basically two-speed Powerglide without the vacuum modulator, requiring the driver to manually shift gears between Low and High. The quadrant indicator on Torque Drive cars was, Park RN Hi 1st. The driver would start the car in `` 1st,'' then move the lever to `` Hi'' when desired. Torque Drive was only offered on low-horsepower engines for Camaro , Nova , and the 1971 Vega . It was available on the Nova four cylinder engine, and on the Turbo-Thrift Sixes for Camaro as well as Nova. Despite its low introductory price of $68.65, most buyers apparently considered the Torque Drive a nuisance to shift, and for a hundred dollars more they could get fully automatic Powerglide, making Torque Drive installations very rare. Apparently the transmission wasn't very durable, since it depended on the driver's ability to shift between gears in a way that wouldn't damage the unit. After 1971, Chevrolet cancelled semi-automatic Torque Drive. Chrysler / dodge / jeep / ram ( edit ) Main articles: Vacamatic and Presto-Matic Historically, the first semi-automatic transmission which was marketed by a major manufacturer was the 1941 M4/Vacamatic Transmission by Chrysler . It was an attempt to compete against rivals' automatic transmissions , though it still had a clutch , it was primarily used to change range. The main difference was the addition of a fluid coupling between engine and clutch, and the shifting mechanism. In normal driving, the clutch was used to select low, high or reverse. Attached to the transmission was an `` underdrive'' with a reduction gear of 1.75/1. The shift lever was column-mounted and had three positions: Low (in the `` 2nd'' position of a conventional 3-speed manual unit), High (in the `` 3rd'' position), and Reverse (same as the 3-speed). The clutch had to be depressed every time the gear shift lever was moved. When the lever was put in Low, the car started in `` underdrive'' low; when the vehicle reached a minimum speed of 6 mph (9.7 km/h), the driver lifted his foot off the accelerator, the underdrive unit would kick out and the car would be in Low. Similarly, with the lever in High position, the car would start in underdrive high, and at any speed above 13 mph (21 km/h), the driver would lift his foot and the car would `` shift'' into direct drive. This configuration had the effect of providing 4 gear ratios: Underdrive Low, 3.57/1, Low 2.04/1, Underdrive High, 1.75/1, High, 1/1. In order for the unit to work without gear clashing, it contained a freewheeling device (in Underdrive, Low and High), and the Owner's manual cautioned drivers not to use `` 1st or 3rd'' gear when descending hills, because there was no engine compression braking in those free-wheeling ranges. Generally, most drivers started an M6 car in High and accomplished the shift to direct drive somewhere between 13 and 25 MPH by releasing the accelerator pedal and waiting for the `` clunk'' that signaled the disengagement of the underdrive. An M6 car would automatically shift from High down to underdrive high when car speed dropped below approximately 11 MPH. Citroën & Peugeot ( edit ) Citroën produced a number of variants on semi-automatic transmission. The Citroën DS , introduced in 1955, used a hydraulic system to select gears and operate the conventional clutch using hydraulic servos. There was also a speed controller and idle speed step-up device, all hydraulically operated. This allowed clutchless shifting with a single selector mounted behind the steering wheel. This system was nicknamed ' Citro-Matic' in the U.S. The Citroën 2CV gained an optional centrifugal clutch, marketed in English-speaking countries as `` Trafficlutch'' . It did not help with gear changing, but it disengaged automatically when the engine slowed to an idle. A device was fitted to the carburettor to prevent the throttle closing abruptly, and the resultant clutch disengagement and lack of engine braking. Later, the manufacturer introduced optional semi-automatic transmissions on their medium and large saloon and estate models in the 1970s; the Citroën GS and CX models had the option of three-speed, semi-automatic transmission marketed as ' C matic' . This was simpler than the DS implementation: instead of hydraulics it used a floor mounted quadrant lever operating conventional gear selector rods and an electrically controlled wet plate clutch in conjunction with a torque converter . The torque converter gave more of the feel of a conventional automatic transmission, which was completely lacking in the DS. Citroën semi-automatic transmission of this era made no use of electronics: the entire gear selecting operation was carried out by simply moving the gear lever from one ratio to the next. The smaller range of cars: C1 , C2 and C3 have all been offered with a semi-automatic transmission named Sensodrive . This is based on a standard 5-speed gearbox with servo-controlled clutch. The operation is automatic, but it also has a manual mode where the driver changes gear manually; although gears are always changed by an electric servo. An improved version of Sensodrive is EGS (Electronic Gearbox System), which has six gears. An even further improved version is called ETG6 (6 speed Efficient Tronic Gearbox). It has slightly better characteristics compared to EGS and an added `` creep'' function. The ETG6 gearbox is used by the 2013 Citroën C4 Picasso . The gearbox is also utilized by PSA Group 's other offerings, like the Peugeot 208 . 2-tronic, EGC (Electric Gearbox Control) or Piloted Manual in Peugeot . Daihatsu ( edit ) The 993 cc Daihatsu Charade from 1985 until 1991 had the option of a two-speed semi-automatic transmission called `` Daimatic'' . This unit is similar to a conventional auto, featuring both a torque converter and a planetary gearset but lacking a full valve body for making decisions regarding shifting. This was left entirely to the driver and as a result could be accelerated from rest in top gear if desired, depending entirely on the torque converter action. The standing 1⁄4miletime with two 60 kg (130 lb) occupants and using low gear appropriately was 21.0 sec while using top gear only was 21.5 sec. This unit was also installed in the Innocenti Matic of the same time period. Ferrari ( edit ) Ferrari's first automated gearbox in a road car (used them previously in their Formula One cars since 1989) went on sale in 1993 in the Ferrari Mondial ; the Mondial Valeo retained the traditional gated shifter, but removed the clutch pedal. Four years later, a paddle-shifted transmission arrived in the 1997 Ferrari F355 . The most recent version of its semi-automatic was introduced in the Ferrari 599 GTO which was capable of changing gear in 60ms. In the Ferrari California & Ferrari 458 Italia , Ferrari opted to use a double-clutch transmission . Since then, Ferrari has expanded use of their double-clutch transmission to all new models. Ford ( edit ) Ford Motor Co. offered the Semi-Automatic Transmission on the 1970 Maverick 6-cylinder model as a lower-cost option to the popular 3-speed C4 Cruise-o-Matic transmission. The shift quadrant featured `` PRN Hi 2 1'' and the Maverick owner's manual provides the speeds at which the driver should move the selector between the three forward gears. Like Chevrolet's Torque-Drive, the Ford Semi-Automatic was essentially the regular automatic without the self-shifting capability. At $121.00 retail, it was pricey, rarely ordered, and was discontinued the following year. Today they offer SelectShift. General Motors ( edit ) In 1937, Oldsmobile introduced the four-speed Automatic Safety Transmission as an option. This was an automatic transmission with automated control and shifting between a pair of ranges, with manual control over high and low ratio pairs of the four. It was not a semi-automatic transmission. This transmission was replaced by fully automatic Hydra-Matic for the 1940 model year. In 1938, Buick introduced a five-speed semi-automatic transmission for the Buick Special . This unit was failure prone, however, and eventually was replaced by the fully automatic Dynaflow transmission for 1948. Honda / acura ( edit ) Honda marketed both cars and motorcycles with the Hondamatic transmission in the 1970s and early 1980s. This transmission is frequently referred to as the ' Bang-O-Matic' by mechanics. The design is noteworthy because it preserves engine braking by eliminating a sprag between first and second gears. Othere Honda tradenames iShift, S-matic, MultiMatic, SportShift. Hudson ( edit ) Drive-Master, 1941-1950. Isuzu ( edit ) Main article: NAVi5 Isuzu introduced the `` NAVi5'' (New Advanced Vehicle with Intelligence 5-speed) in 1984. Based on a traditional 5-speed manual with a dry clutch, it was controlled by two hydraulic actuators and an electronic computer. The earlier version only had an automatic mode, but a manual mode was later added. It was first available in the Aska and subsequently the other Isuzu vehicles (for Japanese domestic market only). Lincoln-Mercury ( edit ) For 1942, Ford Motor Company announced a new semi-automatic transmission for Lincolns and Mercurys, called Liquimatic. Liquimatic consisted of a fluid coupling, as well as an electro-mechanical vacuum control that automated the shift between second and third speeds. Like Chrysler's Fluid Drive, a clutch was used to start the car from a standstill. Lincolns got an overdrive gear as a bonus. The transmission proved to be so trouble-prone that Ford recalled virtually every unit, and replaced them with standard manual transmissions. The only known unit to exist is in the possession of the Early Ford V8 Foundation Museum in Auburn, Indiana. While Ford gave up on semi-automatic transmissions after Liquimatic, Lincoln started using General Motors' Hydra-Matic in 1949, while Mercury got its own automatic, Merc-O-Matic , in 1951. Mercedes-Benz ( edit ) Mercedes used a system from 1957-- 61 similar to the VW Autostick, called Hydrak. Hydrak had one major flaw: the oil supply for the torque converter was sealed within the converter itself and did not circulate via a pump, and also had no oil cooler . Idling in gear for even short periods would overheat the oil and burn up the seals in the converter, which would then need to be replaced. NSU ( edit ) The German automobile manufacturer NSU produced an automated system for the rotary-engined NSU Ro 80 saloon car in the 1960s, similar in concept to VW's Automatic Stickshift: a three-speed manual gearbox with a vacuum operated dry clutch controlled by a contact in the gear lever, and a torque converter. There was no clutch pedal, but slightly moving the gearshift closed an electric switch that operated a vacuum system which disengaged the clutch. The gear lever itself then could be moved through a standard ' H pattern' gate. Opel ( edit ) Main article: Easytronic Opel (Vauxhall Motors in the United Kingdom) produced a semi-automatic transmission gearbox, the Easytronic gearbox. As with all standard automateds, the Easytronic car has only two pedals (accelerator pedal and brake pedal) but it does have a clutch, though this is inbuilt into the car and is electrohydraulic. The Easytronic can be driven in `` manual mode'' simply by using the paddle shifter selector to change gears if the driver wishes to do so, or alternatively it can be driven in exactly the same way as a fully conventional automatic-- however, many Easytronic owners have complained that gear shifts in `` automatic mode'' are jerky; a common complaint with semi-autos based on a conventional manual gearbox. As with conventional, full automatic transmission cars, the Easytronic will `` creep'' forwards when the driver's foot is released from the brake pedal when the car is stationary. Packard ( edit ) Also in 1941, Packard introduced the Electro-Matic clutch , which was a vacuum operated clutch pedal, signaled by the position of the accelerator. Significantly, it came with an ' off' switch, probably due to the fact that the system was somewhat unstable during engine warm-up. Packard 's system was used in conjunction with their regular transmission so the H-pattern shifting remained. Earlier, and by many manufacturers, an arrangement to disengage the clutch (via a ratchet-like device) during coasting was tried to ease shifting. Called `` freewheeling '' , it was bedeviled by the absence of adequate brakes. Plymouth ( edit ) In 1953, Plymouth fitted a torque converter, called ' Hy-Drive' , to their standard 3-speed manual gearbox. The torque converter allowed the car to remain in High gear for most driving, providing fluid torque multiplication as needed. A clutch was provided for manual gear engagements and the driver could use all three speeds as desired. Hy-Drive was also offered for the 1954 model year, but was soon replaced with Chrysler's fully automatic two-speed PowerFlite transmission. Renault / nissan / infiniti ( edit ) For the Dauphine, a Ferlec semi-automatic was offered from 1957 until 1963, when the `` fully automatic'' Jaeger electromechanical transmission control became available. The Ferlec transmission was a manual-selection transmission coupled to dry clutch that engaged and disengaged by touching the gearshift, similar to driver operation of Volkswagen's Automatic Stickshift , but without the torque converter of the VW. Renault Group's Dacia under the Easy-R name it is founded on electro-mechanical rather than hydraulic technology. Easy-R automated transmission uses a traditional manual gearbox with an electronically controlled clutch and eliminates the need for a clutch pedal. Easy-R is available in the Logan , Logan MCV , and Sandero models. It is also available on Indian market for Duster and Renault Kwid . Infiniti Manual Shift Mode. Reo ( edit ) Self-Shifter, 1933-- 35. The Self-Shifter first appeared in May 1933 and was offered as standard on the REO Royale and as an option on the Reo Flying Cloud S-4. Saab ( edit ) For the Saab 900 NG a semi-automatic transmission was available for Turbo models only in 1995 and 1996, mostly for European market. The ' Sensonic' clutch variant provided a manual gear lever as in a standard manual transmission car, but omitted the clutch pedal in favor of electronics which could control the clutch faster than an average driver. Simca ( edit ) Starting the 1966 model year, the Simca 1000 was available with a semi-automatic Ferodo gearbox. In 1966 only as the 1000 GLA model, but afterwards the semi-automatic gearbox was available on other models as an option. The gearbox used a torque converter and had four positions: `` AR'' for reverse gear, `` Exceptionnel'' for low gear, `` Ville Montagne'' for city and mountain use and `` Route'' for open road. The clutch disengaged when the selector was touched. Mercedes-Benz / Smart ( edit ) The Smart Fortwo employs an automated manual transmission designed and manufactured by Getrag to eliminate the clutch pedal. The first generation used a six-speed version, and the second generation used a five-speed version, model 5AMT130. Input from floor-mounted shifter or optional steering-wheel-mounted paddles controls a servo-operated clutch and sequential automated gearbox. The vehicle may be driven in automatic mode or via paddle shifters, where the operator controls the shift points but cannot feather or adjust the speed of the clutch. Mercedes-Benz TouchShift, G Tronic. Volkswagen ( edit ) For the 1968 model year, the Volkswagen Beetle offered an optional transmission marketed as Automatic Stickshift which was essentially a three-speed manual without a clutch pedal. Application of the driver's hand to gearshift knob caused the clutch to disengage via a 12 volt solenoid operating the vacuum clutch, thereby allowing shifting between gears. Once the driver's hand was removed, the clutch would re-engage automatically. The transmission was also equipped with a torque converter, allowing the car to idle in gear, like an automatic. The torque converter was operated by transmission fluid. This would allow the car to stop in any gear and start from a standing stop in any gear. This transmission was first available on the 1967 Volkswagen Beetle, and was made available on the Karmann Ghia in 1967. VW dropped the transmission option altogether in 1976. Some older (early 1960s) VW's sold in Europe had a `` Saxomat '' system which used a centrifigal clutch coupled to a standard 4-speed transmission. VW uses Dual-clutch transmission called Direct-Shift Gearbox in Volkswagen Group , Bugatti , Koenigsegg , SEAT , Skoda Auto , Volkswagen , S tronic in Audi E-Gear in Lamborghini and Porsche Doppelkupplung . Volvo ( edit ) Volvo Geartronic and Volvo Trucks and buses : I-Shift . Toyota / Lexus ( edit ) Multimode manual transmission and Lexus : E-Shift. BMW ( edit ) Steptronic, SMG/SSG. Aston Martin ( edit ) Touchtronic Maserati ( edit ) Duo Select Mitsubishi ( edit ) Twin Clutch SST Other applications ( edit ) Racing ( edit ) According to the Car Crazy episode `` Le Mans Museum of the Automobile'' , the paddle shifter interface could be found as early as 1912. The system used an inner steering wheel to select a gear level and can be seen on the `` Bollée Type F Torpédo '' of 1912, on show at the `` Musée Automobile de la Sarthe'' at the Le Mans race circuit. In Formula One, the first attempt at clutch-less gear changing was in the early 1970s, with the system being tested by the Lotus team. However, it would be much later that attention was turned back to the concept. In 1989, John Barnard and Harvey Postlethwaite, then-Ferrari engineers and designers, created an automated gearbox for use in the Ferrari 640 single-seater. Despite serious problems in testing, the car won its first race at the hands of Nigel Mansell . By 1994, the semi-automatic transmission was dominant in terms of gearbox technology, and the last F1 car fitted with a manual gearbox raced in 1995. After concerns that the technology allowed software engineers to pre-program the cars to automatically change to the optimum gear according to the position on the track, without any driver intervention, a standardized software system was mandated, ensuring the gears would only change up or down when instructed to by the driver. Buttons on the steering wheel, which go directly to a certain gear-- rather than sequentially-- are still permitted. Trucks, buses, and trains ( edit ) Semi-automatic transmissions have also made their way into the truck and bus market in the early 2000s. Volvo offers its I-Shift on its heavier trucks and buses , while ZF markets its ASTronic system for trucks, buses and coaches. In North America, Eaton offers the `` AutoShift'' system which is an add-on to traditional non-synchromesh manual transmissions for heavy trucks. These gearboxes have a place in public transport as they have been shown to reduce fuel consumption in some specific cases. Bristol/daimler/Leyland buses ( edit ) The British employed pneumatic valve bodies to regulate gear shifting by charging pistons with compressed air within the gearbox. These pneumatic pistons or gear-levers are activated by a series of valve bodies and controlled by electronic actuators linked to the gear shifter. As each gear cycle is energized, air valves open and close to engage the corresponding gear-lever. Compressed air is drawn from the braking system and in the event of loss of pressure, the transmission will remain in the last gear selected or if in neutral, will not shift into gear. In the UK though, semi-automatic transmissions have been very popular on buses for some time, from the 1950s right through to the 1980s, an example being the well known London AEC Routemaster , although the latter could also be driven as a full automatic in the three highest gears. Most heavy-duty bus manufacturers offered this option, using a gearbox from Self-Changing Gears Ltd of Coventry, and on urban single- and double-deck buses it was the norm by the 1970s. This coincided with the development of city buses with engines and transmissions at the rear rather than the front, which was beyond the capability of a manual gearchange/clutch linkage from the driver's position. Leyland manufactured many buses with semi-automatic transmissions, including its Leopard and Tiger coaches. Fully automatic transmission became popular with increasing numbers of continental buses being bought in the UK, and more and more British manufacturers began offering automatic options, mostly using imported gearboxes (such as those made by Voith and ZF), and semi-automatic transmissions lost favour. These days, very few buses with semi-automatic transmissions remain in service, although many are still on the roads with private owners. Modern types of manumatic transmissions though are becoming more common, mostly replacing manual gearboxes in coaches. The Self-Changing Gears automated gearbox was also fitted to the several thousand diesel railcars built for the British railway system in the late 1950s-early 1960s, which lasted in service until the 1990s-2000s. Their whole engine-transmission system was based on that from the main bus manufacturers of the period such as Leyland and AEC . Gear selection was by the train driver with a hand-held lever as the train accelerated. Such trains were formed of a number of such railcars coupled together and each power car had two engine/automated gearbox units mounted under the floor. Synchronising controls by control cables connected through the train ensured all the gearboxes under all coaches of the train changed gear together. Motorcycles ( edit ) The first large capacity motorcycle with a semi-automatic gearbox was the 1975 948cc Moto Guzzi Convert (the name was chosen to denote the torque converter which was at the heart of this 110 mph motorcycle) a fairly heavy motorcycle which despite its weight still handled, and cornered remarkably well, which was thanks to the race-bred frame from the Moto Guzzi Le-mans! Honda had a range of bikes fitted with a gearbox that mated a torque converter and a two speed gearbox. This style of gearbox still required the rider to manually selected neutral and either of the two gears using the foot gear lever. These models were the CB750A , CB400A , CM400A and CM450A . These bikes were badged and marketed as Hondamatics. In addition to the Hondamatic system noted above, Yamaha Motor Company introduced a semi-automatic transmission on its 2007 model year FJR1300 sport-touring motorcycle in 2006. Notably, this system can be shifted either with the lever in the traditional position near the left foot, or with a switch accessible to the left hand where the clutch lever would go on traditional motorcycles. Honda has begun production of the VFR1200F , which includes an optional dual clutch transmission , the first to be fitted to a motorcycle. The BRP Can-Am Spyder Roadster is available with a clutchless automatic transmission (the SE5 or SE6, with five or six speeds, depending on the model). Small capacity underbone or `` step-thru'' types of motorcycles, such as the Honda Super Cub , Suzuki FR50 and FR80 and Yamaha Townmate, use a semi-automatic gearbox with a `` heel and toe'' foot change in the standard motorcycle position but without the need for conventional clutch operation. Many modern motorcycles feature a device called quickshifter for up-shifts without pressing the clutch lever or closing the throttle. The special sensor recognizes pressure on the gear shift rod and quickshifter sends a signal to the ECU to either stop fuelling for a short time (milliseconds) or suppress the spark at the plug, which unloads the gearbox and allows a gear change. The idea came from racing where it helps to minimize the time when the motorcycle is not at full power. An alternative device for down-shifts is called auto-blipper and is less widespread. It artificially `` blips'' the throttle to match engine speed to speed of the rear wheel to avoid sudden spikes in torque transfer. ATVs ( edit ) Honda released automated electric shift ATVs starting in model year 1998 with the TRX450FE aka Foreman 450ES ESP (Electric Shift Program). Shifting is accomplished by pressing either one of the gear selector arrows on the left handlebar control. The current selected gear is indicated by a digital display. The primary components of the shifting mechanisms were the same on both the manual and electric shift models, but the major difference was the deletion of the shift pedal and the addition of an internal electric shift servo which actuated the components (clutch assy, shift drum, etc.)in one motion instead of the traditional foot lever. In the event of a malfunction, a supplied override lever can be placed on a shaft protruding from the crankcase in the traditional spot where the pedal would have been. This electric shift technology was later applied to their complete line of ATVs. Tiptronic ( edit ) Tiptronic is a registered trademark, owned by German car maker Porsche , who license it for use by other manufacturers, such as Land Rover and the full Volkswagen Group ( Audi , SEAT , Škoda , Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche and Volkswagen ). Many people use the term ' tiptronic' to refer generically to any type of torque converter automatic transmission that incorporates a manual upshift/downshift feature. A tiptronic transmission can operate in the same manner as a conventional type of automatic transmission, but also offers the driver an additional method of manually overriding the automatic shift changes. By moving the shift lever into a second operating plane of the shift gate, equipped with two spring-loaded positions: `` upshift'' and `` downshift'' , the driver takes over most of the gear shifting decisions, which would ordinarily be performed by the transmission's computer. For example, this allows delayed upshifts for increased acceleration, increased engine braking , gear holding in curves, downshifting before passing, or early upshifting for cruising. On some models, the upshift and downshift operations can also be controlled by push-buttons or `` paddle shifters'' installed on the steering wheel , with an optional display in the instrument panel indicating the current gear selection. Since adding Tiptronic to a semi-automatic transmission involves an additional shift gate into the computer and update to the transmission software, it is inexpensive and lightweight to implement. Although tiptronic transmissions allow the driver a certain measure of discrete control, the tiptronic design is implemented using a torque converter like other automatic transmissions. A true tiptronic transmission is not a computer controlled manual transmission (with a conventional clutch). Modern tiptronic-type transmissions use transmission control unit , the transmissions are able to adapt to the user's driving style through `` fuzzy logic '' . Shift points are tailored to the habits of the driver, through an evolutionary process. Types ( edit ) Dual-clutch transmission Electrohydraulic manual transmission (e.g. BMW sequential manual gearbox, SMG) Multimode manual transmission Saxomat Two-pedal operation ( edit ) The Automotive Products Manumatic and Newtondrive systems are also known as `` two-pedal transmissions'' . They relieve the driver of the need for skill in operating clutch and engine speed in conjunction with the gear change. Manumatic A clutch servo powered by the vacuum at the induction manifold operated the automatic clutch - a conventional clutch incorporating centrifugal operation. A switch in the gear lever operated a solenoid valve so that when the gear lever was moved the clutch was disengaged. A control unit made throttle adjustments to keep the engine speed matched to the driven clutch plate and also varied the speed of clutch operation appropriate to road speed. Newtondrive The Newtondrive system differed in making a provision for choke control and a cable linkage from clutch operating mechanism to the throttle. The systems could be fitted to smaller cars such as the Ford Anglia . See also ( edit ) Overdrive Shift kit Shift time Automatic transmission Dual clutch transmission (DCT) Automatic manual transmission Multimode manual transmission Honda I-SHIFT Direct-Shift Gearbox Automatic transmission Tiptronic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durham Mining Museum (2012-12-17). `` Durham Mining Museum - Colliery Engineering'' . Dmm.org.uk . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` Vulcan-Sinclair Fluidrive Makes Headway 16th August 1946 The Commercial Motor Archive'' . Archive.commercialmotor.com. 1946-08-16 . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ Quiroga, Tony (August 2010). `` Mercedes-Benz C-class Review: C63 AMG with Development Pack Test Car and Driver'' . caranddriver.com . Hoey, Patrick M. (photography) . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ Wiesenfelder, Joe (6 November 2009). `` Our view: 2010 Audi S4'' . cars.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Interone Worldwide GmbH (2008-06-17). `` BMW M3 Sedan - Configure & Build Your Own BMW Canada'' . Bmw.ca . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` BMW 6 Series Review'' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2010-07-26 . Jump up ^ Tan, Paul. `` New 7-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT debuts'' . Paultan.org . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` BMW M3 Parts CSL'' . US auto parts. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The New M3 CSL'' , Car pages Jump up ^ `` BMW M3 CSL Performance'' . Automobile Magazine . Retrieved 2009-07-10 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 BMW M5 Review and Specs'' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2010-10-03 . Jump up ^ `` Press release 20 January 1999'' . fiatautopress.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ETG6 Gearbox'' . Jump up ^ `` Automobile History: Drivetrain'' . motera.com . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller, Jeff. `` Mercedes-Benz Ponton Hydrak Automatic Clutch © www.mbzponton.org'' . www.mbzponton.org . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dacia introduces new automatic manual Easy-R transmission'' . media.renault.com. 24 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dacia at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show'' . press.renault.co.uk. 1 March 2016. Jump up ^ Renault Duster 2016 Facelift Easy R AMT Review Jump up ^ Renault at Auto-Expo 2016 Jump up ^ `` How Reo Cars Work'' . 15 June 2007 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scan from the original manual'' . Flickr.com. 2008-12-04 . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ Simca 1000 cars rootes-chrysler.co.uk, retrieved on 8-8-2012 Jump up ^ Autostick Jump up ^ `` MotorBar Road Test: Porsche Cayenne S'' . Motorbar.co.uk . Retrieved 2011-07-31 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 PORSCHE BOXSTER'' . Auto123.com. 2000-01-15 . Retrieved 2011-07-31 . Jump up ^ `` Tiptronic S details'' . Porsche.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06 . Retrieved 2011-07-31 . Jump up ^ `` Porsche Technical Highlights'' . Carpages.co.uk . Retrieved 2011-07-31 . Jump up ^ `` Leading Transmission Maker Predicts Major Shift to Automatics in Heavy Vehicles - AutoWeb News'' . Autoweb.com.au. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cycle magazine '' . Ziff Davis . May 1976: 67-- 73. Jump up ^ Staton Abbey (ed) Practical Automobile Engineering Clutch Systems p 193-194 hide Powertrain Part of the Automobile series Automotive engine Diesel engine Electric Fuel cell Hybrid ( Plug-in hybrid ) Internal combustion engine Petrol engine Steam engine Transmission Automatic transmission Chain drive Clutch Constant-velocity joint Continuously variable transmission Coupling Differential Direct-shift gearbox Drive shaft Dual-clutch transmission Drive wheel Electrohydraulic manual transmission Electrorheological clutch Epicyclic gearing Fluid coupling Friction drive Gear stick Giubo Hotchkiss drive Limited-slip differential Locking differential Manual transmission Manumatic Parking pawl Park by wire Preselector gearbox Semi-automatic transmission Shift by wire Torque converter Transaxle Transmission control unit Universal joint Wheels and Tires Wheel hub assembly Wheel Rim Alloy wheel Hubcap Tire Tubeless Radial Rain Snow Racing slick Off-road Run-flat Spare Hybrid Electric motor Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Electric generator Alternator Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-automatic_transmission&oldid=854394465 '' Categories : Automotive transmission technologies Automobile transmissions Motorcycle transmissions Mechanical power control Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from February 2016 Articles to be merged from March 2018 All articles to be merged Articles needing expert attention from March 2018 All articles needing expert attention Automobiles articles needing expert attention Articles needing cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2018 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from March 2018 All articles that are too technical Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 01:15 (UTC) . 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how many un secretary generals have there been | No Portrait Secretary - General ( Born -- Died ) Dates in office Country of origin UN Regional Group Reason of withdrawal Ref . -- Gladwyn Jebb ( 1900 -- 1996 ) 24 October 1945 -- 1 February 1946 United Kingdom Western European & Others Served as Acting Secretary - General until Lie 's election . After World War II , he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945 , being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary - General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary - General , Trygve Lie . Trygve Lie ( 1896 -- 1968 ) 2 February 1946 -- 10 November 1952 Norway Western European & Others Resigned . Lie , a foreign minister and former labour leader , was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post . After the UN involvement in the Korean War , the Soviet Union vetoed Lie 's reappointment in 1951 . The United States circumvented the Soviet Union 's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly . Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5 , with eight abstentions . The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie , and he resigned in 1952 . Dag Hammarskjöld ( 1905 -- 1961 ) 10 April 1953 -- 18 September 1961 Sweden Western European & Others Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) , while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo . After a series of candidates were vetoed , Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council . He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957 . The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld 's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis , and suggested that the position of Secretary - General be replaced by a troika , or three - man executive . Facing great opposition from the Western nations , the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion . Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) in 1961 . U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld `` the greatest statesman of our century '' . U Thant ( 1909 -- 1974 ) 30 November 1961 -- 31 December 1971 Burma Asia - Pacific Declined to stand for a third election . In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld , the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary - General . U Thant was nominated . However , due to opposition from the French ( Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence ) and the Arabs ( Burma supported Israel ) , Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld 's term . He was the first Asian Secretary - General . The following year , on 30 November , Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966 . He was re-elected on 2 December 1966 , finally for a full 5 - year term , ending on 31 December 1971 . Thant did not seek a third election . Kurt Waldheim ( 1918 -- 2007 ) 1 January 1972 -- 31 December 1981 Austria Western European & Others China vetoed his third term . Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary - General . Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom , in the third round , Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary - General . In 1976 , China initially blocked Waldheim 's re-election , but it relented on the second ballot . In 1981 , Waldheim 's re-election for a third term was blocked by China , which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds . From 1986 to 1992 , Waldheim served as President of Austria , making him the first former Secretary - General to rise to the position of head of state . In 1985 , it was revealed that a post -- World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal -- based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany . The files had been stored in the UN archive . 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( born 1920 ) 1 January 1982 -- 31 December 1991 Peru Latin American & Caribbean Did not stand for a third term . Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five - week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China 's candidate , Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania . Pérez de Cuéllar , a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN , was a compromise candidate , and became the first and thus far only Secretary - General from the Americas . He was re-elected unanimously in 1986 . 6 Boutros Boutros - Ghali ( 1922 -- 2016 ) 1 January 1992 -- 31 December 1996 Egypt African The United States vetoed his second term . The 102 - member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary - General come from Africa . With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China , the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate . The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls -- a first for the council -- and Boutros - Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round . In 1996 , the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros - Ghali , claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN . 7 Kofi Annan ( born 1938 ) 1 January 1997 -- 31 December 2006 Ghana African Retired after two full terms . On 13 December 1996 , the Security Council recommended Annan . He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly . He started his second term as Secretary - General on 1 January 2002 . 8 Ban Ki - moon ( born 1944 ) 1 January 2007 -- 31 December 2016 South Korea Asia - Pacific Retired after two full terms . Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary - General and the second Asian overall after U Thant . He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011 . His second term began on 1 January 2012 . Prior to his selection , he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006 . 9 António Guterres ( born 1949 ) 1 January 2017 -- present Portugal Western European & Others Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary - General , and the first Secretary - General born after the establishment of the United Nations . He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 . He has also been President of Socialist International ( 1999 -- 2005 ) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 2005 -- 2015 ) . | [
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"Secretary - General of the United Nations Emblem of the United Nations Incumbent António Guterres since 1 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) United Nations United Nations Secretariat Style His Excellency Residence Sutton Place Seat United Nations Headquarters New York City , New York , U.S. Nominator Security Council Appointer General Assembly Term length five years ( renewable , traditionally limited to two terms ) Constituting instrument United Nations Charter Inaugural holder Trygve Lie Formation October 24 , 1945 ; 72 years ago ( 1945 - 10 - 24 ) Deputy Deputy Secretary - General Website www.un.org/sg",
"Secretary - General of the United Nations",
"Emblem of the United Nations",
"Incumbent António Guterres since 1 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 )",
"United Nations United Nations Secretariat",
"Style His Excellency",
"Residence Sutton Place",
"Seat United Nations Headquarters New York City , New York , U.S.",
"Nominator Security Council",
"Appointer General Assembly",
"Term length five years ( renewable , traditionally limited to two terms )",
"Constituting instrument United Nations Charter",
"Inaugural holder Trygve Lie",
"Formation October 24 , 1945 ; 72 years ago ( 1945 - 10 - 24 )",
"Deputy Deputy Secretary - General",
"Website www.un.org/sg",
"The Secretary - General of the United Nations ( UNSG or just SG ) is the head of the United Nations Secretariat , one of the six principal organs of the United Nations . The Secretary - General serves as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations . The role of the United Nations Secretariat , and of the Secretary - General in particular , is laid out by Chapter XV ( Articles 97 to 101 ) of the United Nations Charter .",
"As of 2018 , the Secretary - General is António Guterres , appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016 .",
"The Secretary - General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a `` world moderator '' , but the vague definition provided by the United Nations Charter left much room for interpretation . The Secretary - General is the `` chief administrative officer '' of the UN ( Article 97 ) `` in all meetings of the General Assembly , of the Security Council , of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council , and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs '' ( Article 98 ) . They are also responsible for making an annual report to the General Assembly . They may notify the Security Council on matters which `` in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security '' .",
"Other than these few guidelines , little else is dictated by the Charter . Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries - General , with some being much more active than others . The Secretary - General , along with the Secretariat , is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization ; decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin .",
"The Secretary - General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN . Although the Secretary - General may place any item on the provisional agenda of the Security Council , much of their mediation work takes place behind the scenes .",
"In the early 1960s , Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary - General position . The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state , one vote system meant that the Secretary - General would come from one of them , and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West . Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary - General with a three - person directorate ( a `` troika '' ) : one member from the West , one from the Eastern Bloc , and one from the Non-Aligned powers . This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal .",
"The Secretary - General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . As the recommendation must come from the Security Council , any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination . Most Secretaries - General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame .",
"Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections . The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council 's five permanent members . The General Assembly resolution 51 / 241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of `` the best candidate '' , due regard should be given to regional ( continental ) rotation of the appointee 's national origin and to gender equality , although no woman has yet served as Secretary General .",
"The length of the term is discretionary , but all Secretaries - General since 1971 have been appointed to five - year terms . Every Secretary - General since 1961 has been re-selected for a second term , with the exception of Boutros Boutros - Ghali , who was vetoed by the United States in the 1996 selection . There is a term limit of two full terms , established when China cast a record 16 vetoes against Kurt Waldheim 's third term in the 1981 selection . No Secretary - General since 1981 has attempted to secure a third term .",
"The selection process is opaque and is often compared to a papal conclave . Since 1981 , the Security Council has voted in secret in a series of straw polls . The Security Council then submits the winning candidate to the General Assembly for ratification . No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly . In 2016 , the General Assembly and the Security Council sought nominations and conducted public debates for the first time . However , the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections , leading the President of the General Assembly to complain that it `` does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency '' .",
"The official residence of the Secretary - General is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place , Manhattan , in New York City , United States . The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921 , and donated to the United Nations in 1972 .",
"No Portrait Secretary - General ( Born -- Died ) Dates in office Country of origin UN Regional Group Reason of withdrawal Ref . -- Gladwyn Jebb ( 1900 -- 1996 ) 24 October 1945 -- 1 February 1946 United Kingdom Western European & Others Served as Acting Secretary - General until Lie 's election . After World War II , he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945 , being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary - General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary - General , Trygve Lie . Trygve Lie ( 1896 -- 1968 ) 2 February 1946 -- 10 November 1952 Norway Western European & Others Resigned . Lie , a foreign minister and former labour leader , was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post . After the UN involvement in the Korean War , the Soviet Union vetoed Lie 's reappointment in 1951 . The United States circumvented the Soviet Union 's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly . Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5 , with eight abstentions . The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie , and he resigned in 1952 . Dag Hammarskjöld ( 1905 -- 1961 ) 10 April 1953 -- 18 September 1961 Sweden Western European & Others Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) , while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo . After a series of candidates were vetoed , Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council . He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957 . The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld 's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis , and suggested that the position of Secretary - General be replaced by a troika , or three - man executive . Facing great opposition from the Western nations , the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion . Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) in 1961 . U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld `` the greatest statesman of our century '' . U Thant ( 1909 -- 1974 ) 30 November 1961 -- 31 December 1971 Burma Asia - Pacific Declined to stand for a third election . In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld , the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary - General . U Thant was nominated . However , due to opposition from the French ( Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence ) and the Arabs ( Burma supported Israel ) , Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld 's term . He was the first Asian Secretary - General . The following year , on 30 November , Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966 . He was re-elected on 2 December 1966 , finally for a full 5 - year term , ending on 31 December 1971 . Thant did not seek a third election . Kurt Waldheim ( 1918 -- 2007 ) 1 January 1972 -- 31 December 1981 Austria Western European & Others China vetoed his third term . Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary - General . Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom , in the third round , Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary - General . In 1976 , China initially blocked Waldheim 's re-election , but it relented on the second ballot . In 1981 , Waldheim 's re-election for a third term was blocked by China , which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds . From 1986 to 1992 , Waldheim served as President of Austria , making him the first former Secretary - General to rise to the position of head of state . In 1985 , it was revealed that a post -- World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal -- based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany . The files had been stored in the UN archive . 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( born 1920 ) 1 January 1982 -- 31 December 1991 Peru Latin American & Caribbean Did not stand for a third term . Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five - week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China 's candidate , Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania . Pérez de Cuéllar , a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN , was a compromise candidate , and became the first and thus far only Secretary - General from the Americas . He was re-elected unanimously in 1986 . 6 Boutros Boutros - Ghali ( 1922 -- 2016 ) 1 January 1992 -- 31 December 1996 Egypt African The United States vetoed his second term . The 102 - member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary - General come from Africa . With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China , the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate . The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls -- a first for the council -- and Boutros - Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round . In 1996 , the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros - Ghali , claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN . 7 Kofi Annan ( born 1938 ) 1 January 1997 -- 31 December 2006 Ghana African Retired after two full terms . On 13 December 1996 , the Security Council recommended Annan . He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly . He started his second term as Secretary - General on 1 January 2002 . 8 Ban Ki - moon ( born 1944 ) 1 January 2007 -- 31 December 2016 South Korea Asia - Pacific Retired after two full terms . Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary - General and the second Asian overall after U Thant . He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011 . His second term began on 1 January 2012 . Prior to his selection , he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006 . 9 António Guterres ( born 1949 ) 1 January 2017 -- present Portugal Western European & Others Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary - General , and the first Secretary - General born after the establishment of the United Nations . He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 . He has also been President of Socialist International ( 1999 -- 2005 ) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 2005 -- 2015 ) .",
"No Portrait Secretary - General ( Born -- Died ) Dates in office Country of origin UN Regional Group Reason of withdrawal Ref .",
"-- Gladwyn Jebb ( 1900 -- 1996 ) 24 October 1945 -- 1 February 1946 United Kingdom Western European & Others Served as Acting Secretary - General until Lie 's election .",
"After World War II , he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945 , being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary - General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary - General , Trygve Lie .",
"Trygve Lie ( 1896 -- 1968 ) 2 February 1946 -- 10 November 1952 Norway Western European & Others Resigned .",
"Lie , a foreign minister and former labour leader , was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post . After the UN involvement in the Korean War , the Soviet Union vetoed Lie 's reappointment in 1951 . The United States circumvented the Soviet Union 's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly . Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5 , with eight abstentions . The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie , and he resigned in 1952 .",
"Dag Hammarskjöld ( 1905 -- 1961 ) 10 April 1953 -- 18 September 1961 Sweden Western European & Others Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) , while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo .",
"After a series of candidates were vetoed , Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council . He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957 . The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld 's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis , and suggested that the position of Secretary - General be replaced by a troika , or three - man executive . Facing great opposition from the Western nations , the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion . Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) in 1961 . U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld `` the greatest statesman of our century '' .",
"U Thant ( 1909 -- 1974 ) 30 November 1961 -- 31 December 1971 Burma Asia - Pacific Declined to stand for a third election .",
"In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld , the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary - General . U Thant was nominated . However , due to opposition from the French ( Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence ) and the Arabs ( Burma supported Israel ) , Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld 's term . He was the first Asian Secretary - General . The following year , on 30 November , Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966 . He was re-elected on 2 December 1966 , finally for a full 5 - year term , ending on 31 December 1971 . Thant did not seek a third election .",
"Kurt Waldheim ( 1918 -- 2007 ) 1 January 1972 -- 31 December 1981 Austria Western European & Others China vetoed his third term .",
"Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary - General . Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom , in the third round , Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary - General . In 1976 , China initially blocked Waldheim 's re-election , but it relented on the second ballot . In 1981 , Waldheim 's re-election for a third term was blocked by China , which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds . From 1986 to 1992 , Waldheim served as President of Austria , making him the first former Secretary - General to rise to the position of head of state . In 1985 , it was revealed that a post -- World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal -- based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany . The files had been stored in the UN archive .",
"5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( born 1920 ) 1 January 1982 -- 31 December 1991 Peru Latin American & Caribbean Did not stand for a third term .",
"Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five - week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China 's candidate , Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania . Pérez de Cuéllar , a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN , was a compromise candidate , and became the first and thus far only Secretary - General from the Americas . He was re-elected unanimously in 1986 .",
"6 Boutros Boutros - Ghali ( 1922 -- 2016 ) 1 January 1992 -- 31 December 1996 Egypt African The United States vetoed his second term .",
"The 102 - member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary - General come from Africa . With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China , the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate . The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls -- a first for the council -- and Boutros - Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round . In 1996 , the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros - Ghali , claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN .",
"7 Kofi Annan ( born 1938 ) 1 January 1997 -- 31 December 2006 Ghana African Retired after two full terms .",
"On 13 December 1996 , the Security Council recommended Annan . He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly . He started his second term as Secretary - General on 1 January 2002 .",
"8 Ban Ki - moon ( born 1944 ) 1 January 2007 -- 31 December 2016 South Korea Asia - Pacific Retired after two full terms .",
"Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary - General and the second Asian overall after U Thant . He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011 . His second term began on 1 January 2012 . Prior to his selection , he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006 .",
"9 António Guterres ( born 1949 ) 1 January 2017 -- present Portugal Western European & Others",
"Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary - General , and the first Secretary - General born after the establishment of the United Nations . He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 . He has also been President of Socialist International ( 1999 -- 2005 ) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( 2005 -- 2015 ) .",
"# Secretary - General Date of birth Age at ascension ( first term ) Time in office ( total ) Age at retirement ( last term ) Date of death Longevity acting Jebb , Gladwyn Gladwyn Jebb 19000425 April 25 , 1900 ( April 5 , 1900 ) 45 182 45 years , 182 days 00 101 101 days 45 283 45 years , 283 days 19961024 October 24 , 1996 7004352460000000000 ♠ 35,246 96 years , 182 days Lie , Trygve Trygve Lie 18960716 July 16 , 1896 ( July 16 , 1896 ) 49 201 49 years , 201 days 06 282 6 years , 282 days 56 117 56 years , 117 days 19681230 December 30 , 1968 7004264640000000000 ♠ 26,464 72 years , 167 days Hammarskjöld , Dag Dag Hammarskjöld 19050729 July 29 , 1905 ( July 29 , 1905 ) 47 255 47 years , 255 days 08 161 8 years , 161 days 56 051 56 years , 51 days 19610918 September 18 , 1961 7004205050000000000 ♠ 20,505 56 years , 51 days Thant , U U Thant 19090122 January 22 , 1909 ( January 22 , 1909 ) 52 312 52 years , 312 days 10 031 10 years , 31 days 62 343 62 years , 343 days 19741125 November 25 , 1974 7004240480000000000 ♠ 24,048 65 years , 307 days Waldheim , Kurt Kurt Waldheim 19181221 December 21 , 1918 ( December 21 , 1918 ) 53 011 53 years , 11 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 63 010 63 years , 10 days 20070614 June 14 , 2007 7004323170000000000 ♠ 32,317 88 years , 175 days 5 Pérez de Cuéllar , Javier Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 19200119 January 19 , 1920 ( January 19 , 1920 ) 61 347 61 years , 347 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 71 346 71 years , 346 days Living 7004358830000000000 ♠ 35,883 7004358830000000000 ♠ 98 years , 88 days ( Living ) 6 Boutros - Ghali , Boutros Boutros Boutros - Ghali 19221114 November 14 , 1922 ( November 14 , 1922 ) 69 048 69 years , 48 days 04 364 4 years , 364 days 74 047 74 years , 47 days 20160216 February 16 , 2016 7004340620000000000 ♠ 34,062 93 years , 94 days 7 Annan , Kofi Kofi Annan 19380408 April 8 , 1938 ( April 8 , 1938 ) 58 268 58 years , 268 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 68 267 68 years , 267 days Living 7004292290000000000 ♠ 29,229 7004292290000000000 ♠ 80 years , 9 days ( Living ) 8 Ki - moon , Ban Ban Ki - moon 19440613 June 13 , 1944 ( June 13 , 1944 ) 62 202 62 years , 202 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 72 201 72 years , 201 days Living 7004269710000000000 ♠ 26,971 7004269710000000000 ♠ 73 years , 308 days ( Living ) 9 Guterres , António António Guterres 19490430 April 30 , 1949 ( April 30 , 1949 ) 7004250830000000000 ♠ 67 years , 246 days 7002471000000000000 ♠ 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 106 days ( Ongoing ) Incumbent Living 7004251890000000000 ♠ 25,189 7004251890000000000 ♠ 68 years , 352 days ( Living )",
"# Secretary - General Date of birth Age at ascension ( first term ) Time in office ( total ) Age at retirement ( last term ) Date of death Longevity",
"acting Jebb , Gladwyn Gladwyn Jebb 19000425 April 25 , 1900 ( April 5 , 1900 ) 45 182 45 years , 182 days 00 101 101 days 45 283 45 years , 283 days 19961024 October 24 , 1996 7004352460000000000 ♠ 35,246 96 years , 182 days",
"Lie , Trygve Trygve Lie 18960716 July 16 , 1896 ( July 16 , 1896 ) 49 201 49 years , 201 days 06 282 6 years , 282 days 56 117 56 years , 117 days 19681230 December 30 , 1968 7004264640000000000 ♠ 26,464 72 years , 167 days",
"Hammarskjöld , Dag Dag Hammarskjöld 19050729 July 29 , 1905 ( July 29 , 1905 ) 47 255 47 years , 255 days 08 161 8 years , 161 days 56 051 56 years , 51 days 19610918 September 18 , 1961 7004205050000000000 ♠ 20,505 56 years , 51 days",
"Thant , U U Thant 19090122 January 22 , 1909 ( January 22 , 1909 ) 52 312 52 years , 312 days 10 031 10 years , 31 days 62 343 62 years , 343 days 19741125 November 25 , 1974 7004240480000000000 ♠ 24,048 65 years , 307 days",
"Waldheim , Kurt Kurt Waldheim 19181221 December 21 , 1918 ( December 21 , 1918 ) 53 011 53 years , 11 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 63 010 63 years , 10 days 20070614 June 14 , 2007 7004323170000000000 ♠ 32,317 88 years , 175 days",
"5 Pérez de Cuéllar , Javier Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 19200119 January 19 , 1920 ( January 19 , 1920 ) 61 347 61 years , 347 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 71 346 71 years , 346 days Living 7004358830000000000 ♠ 35,883 7004358830000000000 ♠ 98 years , 88 days ( Living )",
"6 Boutros - Ghali , Boutros Boutros Boutros - Ghali 19221114 November 14 , 1922 ( November 14 , 1922 ) 69 048 69 years , 48 days 04 364 4 years , 364 days 74 047 74 years , 47 days 20160216 February 16 , 2016 7004340620000000000 ♠ 34,062 93 years , 94 days",
"7 Annan , Kofi Kofi Annan 19380408 April 8 , 1938 ( April 8 , 1938 ) 58 268 58 years , 268 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 68 267 68 years , 267 days Living 7004292290000000000 ♠ 29,229 7004292290000000000 ♠ 80 years , 9 days ( Living )",
"8 Ki - moon , Ban Ban Ki - moon 19440613 June 13 , 1944 ( June 13 , 1944 ) 62 202 62 years , 202 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 72 201 72 years , 201 days Living 7004269710000000000 ♠ 26,971 7004269710000000000 ♠ 73 years , 308 days ( Living )",
"9 Guterres , António António Guterres 19490430 April 30 , 1949 ( April 30 , 1949 ) 7004250830000000000 ♠ 67 years , 246 days 7002471000000000000 ♠ 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 106 days ( Ongoing ) Incumbent Living 7004251890000000000 ♠ 25,189 7004251890000000000 ♠ 68 years , 352 days ( Living )",
"UN Regional Group Secretaries - General Terms WEOG 7 Eastern European Group 0 0 GRULAC Asia - Pacific Group African Group",
"UN Regional Group Secretaries - General Terms",
"WEOG 7",
"Eastern European Group 0 0",
"GRULAC",
"Asia - Pacific Group",
"African Group",
"This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the Secretaries - General of the United Nations . They are listed in order of office .",
"Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( 1920 - 01 - 19 ) 19 January 1920 ( age 98 ) Kofi Annan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) ( 1938 - 04 - 08 ) 8 April 1938 ( age 80 ) Ban Ki - moon ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( 1944 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1944 ( age 73 )",
"Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( 1920 - 01 - 19 ) 19 January 1920 ( age 98 )",
"Kofi Annan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) ( 1938 - 04 - 08 ) 8 April 1938 ( age 80 )",
"Ban Ki - moon ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( 1944 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1944 ( age 73 )",
"As of April 2018 , the only former Secretaries - General that are alive are Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Kofi Annan , and Ban Ki - moon . The most recent death of a former Secretary - General was that of Boutros Boutros - Ghali ( 1992 -- 96 ) on 16 February 2016 ."
] | Secretary-General of the United Nations - wikipedia Secretary-General of the United Nations Jump to: navigation , search Secretary-General of the United Nations Emblem of the United Nations Incumbent António Guterres since 1 January 2017 ( 2017-01-01 ) United Nations United Nations Secretariat Style His Excellency Residence Sutton Place Seat United Nations Headquarters New York City , New York , U.S. Nominator Security Council Appointer General Assembly Term length five years (renewable, traditionally limited to two terms) Constituting instrument United Nations Charter Inaugural holder Trygve Lie Formation October 24, 1945 ; 72 years ago ( 1945-10-24 ) Deputy Deputy Secretary-General Website www.un.org/sg The Secretary-General of the United Nations ( UNSG or just SG ) is the head of the United Nations Secretariat , one of the six principal organs of the United Nations . The Secretary-General serves as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations. The role of the United Nations Secretariat, and of the Secretary-General in particular, is laid out by Chapter XV (Articles 97 to 101) of the United Nations Charter . As of 2018, the Secretary-General is António Guterres , appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 2 Selection and term of office 3 Residence 4 List of Secretaries-General 5 Statistics 5.1 By regional group 6 Lifespan timeline 7 Living former Secretaries-General 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Role ( edit ) The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a `` world moderator'' , but the vague definition provided by the United Nations Charter left much room for interpretation. The Secretary-General is the `` chief administrative officer'' of the UN (Article 97) `` in all meetings of the General Assembly , of the Security Council , of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council , and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs'' (Article 98). They are also responsible for making an annual report to the General Assembly. They may notify the Security Council on matters which `` in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security'' . Other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries-General, with some being much more active than others. The Secretary-General, along with the Secretariat, is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization; decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin. The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN. Although the Secretary-General may place any item on the provisional agenda of the Security Council, much of their mediation work takes place behind the scenes. In the early 1960s, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person directorate (a `` troika '' ): one member from the West , one from the Eastern Bloc , and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal. Selection and term of office ( edit ) See also: United Nations Secretary-General selection The Secretariat Building is a 154 m (505 ft) tall skyscraper and the centerpiece of the Headquarters of the United Nations The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . As the recommendation must come from the Security Council , any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame. Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members. The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of `` the best candidate'' , due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of the appointee's national origin and to gender equality, although no woman has yet served as Secretary General. The length of the term is discretionary, but all Secretaries-General since 1971 have been appointed to five-year terms. Every Secretary-General since 1961 has been re-selected for a second term, with the exception of Boutros Boutros-Ghali , who was vetoed by the United States in the 1996 selection . There is a term limit of two full terms, established when China cast a record 16 vetoes against Kurt Waldheim's third term in the 1981 selection . No Secretary-General since 1981 has attempted to secure a third term. The selection process is opaque and is often compared to a papal conclave . Since 1981, the Security Council has voted in secret in a series of straw polls. The Security Council then submits the winning candidate to the General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly. In 2016, the General Assembly and the Security Council sought nominations and conducted public debates for the first time. However, the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections, leading the President of the General Assembly to complain that it `` does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency'' . Residence ( edit ) The official residence of the Secretary-General is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place, Manhattan , in New York City , United States . The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972. List of Secretaries-General ( edit ) No Portrait Secretary-General (Born-- Died) Dates in office Country of origin UN Regional Group Reason of withdrawal Ref. -- Gladwyn Jebb (1900-- 1996) 24 October 1945 -- 1 February 1946 United Kingdom Western European & Others Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election. After World War II , he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie. Trygve Lie (1896-- 1968) 2 February 1946 -- 10 November 1952 Norway Western European & Others Resigned. Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War , the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The United States circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952. Dag Hammarskjöld (1905-- 1961) 10 April 1953 -- 18 September 1961 Sweden Western European & Others Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia ), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo. After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld 's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis , and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika , or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia ) in 1961. U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld `` the greatest statesman of our century'' . U Thant (1909-- 1974) 30 November 1961 -- 31 December 1971 Burma Asia-Pacific Declined to stand for a third election. In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld , the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary-General. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence ) and the Arabs ( Burma supported Israel ), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld 's term. He was the first Asian Secretary-General. The following year, on 30 November, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966. He was re-elected on 2 December 1966, finally for a full 5-year term, ending on 31 December 1971. Thant did not seek a third election. Kurt Waldheim (1918-- 2007) 1 January 1972 -- 31 December 1981 Austria Western European & Others China vetoed his third term. Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round, Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. From 1986 to 1992, Waldheim served as President of Austria , making him the first former Secretary-General to rise to the position of head of state. In 1985, it was revealed that a post-- World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal -- based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany . The files had been stored in the UN archive. 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (born 1920) 1 January 1982 -- 31 December 1991 Peru Latin American & Caribbean Did not stand for a third term. Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania . Pérez de Cuéllar , a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN, was a compromise candidate, and became the first and thus far only Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986. 6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1922-- 2016) 1 January 1992 -- 31 December 1996 Egypt African The United States vetoed his second term. The 102-member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls -- a first for the council-- and Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996, the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN. 7 Kofi Annan (born 1938) 1 January 1997 -- 31 December 2006 Ghana African Retired after two full terms. On 13 December 1996, the Security Council recommended Annan. He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly. He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002. 8 Ban Ki-moon (born 1944) 1 January 2007 -- 31 December 2016 South Korea Asia-Pacific Retired after two full terms. Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General and the second Asian overall after U Thant. He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012. Prior to his selection, he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. 9 António Guterres (born 1949) 1 January 2017 -- present Portugal Western European & Others Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary-General, and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. He has also been President of Socialist International (1999-- 2005) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2005-- 2015). A map showing which nations have had a national serving as Secretary-General of the United Nations Jebb Lie Hammarskjöld Thant Waldheim Pérez de Cuéllar Boutros-Ghali Annan Ban Guterres Birthplaces of Secretaries-General of the United Nations Statistics ( edit ) # Secretary-General Date of birth Age at ascension (first term) Time in office (total) Age at retirement (last term) Date of death Longevity acting Jebb, Gladwyn Gladwyn Jebb 19000425 April 25, 1900 ( April 5, 1900 ) 45 182 45 years, 182 days 00 101 101 days 45 283 45 years, 283 days 19961024 October 24, 1996 7004352460000000000♠ 35,246 96 years, 182 days Lie, Trygve Trygve Lie 18960716 July 16, 1896 ( July 16, 1896 ) 49 201 49 years, 201 days 06 282 6 years, 282 days 56 117 56 years, 117 days 19681230 December 30, 1968 7004264640000000000♠ 26,464 72 years, 167 days Hammarskjöld , Dag Dag Hammarskjöld 19050729 July 29, 1905 ( July 29, 1905 ) 47 255 47 years, 255 days 08 161 8 years, 161 days 56 051 56 years, 51 days 19610918 September 18, 1961 7004205050000000000♠ 20,505 56 years, 51 days Thant, U U Thant 19090122 January 22, 1909 ( January 22, 1909 ) 52 312 52 years, 312 days 10 031 10 years, 31 days 62 343 62 years, 343 days 19741125 November 25, 1974 7004240480000000000♠ 24,048 65 years, 307 days Waldheim, Kurt Kurt Waldheim 19181221 December 21, 1918 ( December 21, 1918 ) 53 011 53 years, 11 days 09 364 9 years, 364 days 63 010 63 years, 10 days 20070614 June 14, 2007 7004323170000000000♠ 32,317 88 years, 175 days 5 Pérez de Cuéllar , Javier Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 19200119 January 19, 1920 ( January 19, 1920 ) 61 347 61 years, 347 days 09 364 9 years, 364 days 71 346 71 years, 346 days Living 7004358830000000000♠ 35,883 7004358830000000000♠ 98 years, 88 days (Living) 6 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Boutros Boutros-Ghali 19221114 November 14, 1922 ( November 14, 1922 ) 69 048 69 years, 48 days 04 364 4 years, 364 days 74 047 74 years, 47 days 20160216 February 16, 2016 7004340620000000000♠ 34,062 93 years, 94 days 7 Annan, Kofi Kofi Annan 19380408 April 8, 1938 ( April 8, 1938 ) 58 268 58 years, 268 days 09 364 9 years, 364 days 68 267 68 years, 267 days Living 7004292290000000000♠ 29,229 7004292290000000000♠ 80 years, 9 days (Living) 8 Ki-moon, Ban Ban Ki-moon 19440613 June 13, 1944 ( June 13, 1944 ) 62 202 62 years, 202 days 09 364 9 years, 364 days 72 201 72 years, 201 days Living 7004269710000000000♠ 26,971 7004269710000000000♠ 73 years, 308 days (Living) 9 Guterres, António António Guterres 19490430 April 30, 1949 ( April 30, 1949 ) 7004250830000000000♠ 67 years, 246 days 7002471000000000000♠ 7002471000000000000♠ 1 year, 106 days (Ongoing) Incumbent Living 7004251890000000000♠ 25,189 7004251890000000000♠ 68 years, 352 days (Living) By regional group ( edit ) UN Regional Group Secretaries-General Terms WEOG 7 Eastern European Group 0 0 GRULAC Asia-Pacific Group African Group Lifespan timeline ( edit ) This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations . They are listed in order of office. Living former Secretaries-General ( edit ) Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982-- 1991) ( 1920-01-19 ) 19 January 1920 (age 98) Kofi Annan (1997-- 2006) ( 1938-04-08 ) 8 April 1938 (age 80) Ban Ki-moon (2007-- 2016) ( 1944-06-13 ) 13 June 1944 (age 73) As of April 2018, the only former Secretaries-General that are alive are Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Kofi Annan , and Ban Ki-moon . The most recent death of a former Secretary-General was that of Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-- 96) on 16 February 2016. See also ( edit ) Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations Mundialization World government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skjelsbæk , Kjell (1 February 1991). `` The UN Secretary-General and the Mediation of International Dispute'' . Journal of Peace Research . 28 (1): 99-- 115. Jump up ^ `` Nikita Khrushchev: Address to the UN General Assembly, Sept. 23 1960'' . Fordham University . Jump up ^ `` 1960: Khrushchev anger erupts at UN'' . BBC On This Day . BBC. 29 September 1960. Jump up ^ `` Kofi Annan: Job at a Glance'' . PBS . Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2002. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Jump up ^ Appointing the UN Secretary-General (PDF) . Research Report. 2015, no. 2. New York: Security Council Report, Inc. 16 October 2015. pp. 4-- 5. Jump up ^ Sengupta, Somini (21 July 2016). `` Secrecy Reigns as U.N. Seeks a New Secretary General'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` A Well-Read Secretary General'' . The New York Times . 13 December 1981. With a figurative puff of white smoke, the United Nations Security Council finally selected a new Secretary General - a seasoned and soft-spoken diplomat from Peru, Javier Perez de Cuellar. Jump up ^ `` Letter from Mogens Lykketoft to All Permanent Representatives and Permanent Observers to the United Nations, 21 July 2016'' (PDF) . 21 July 2016. Jump up ^ Teltsch, Kathleen. `` Town House Offered to UN'' , New York Times , 15 July 1972. Accessed 27 December 2007. Jump up ^ Stout, David (26 October 1996). `` Lord Gladwyn Is Dead at 96; Briton Helped Found the UN'' . New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ The United Nations: Trygve Haldvan Lie (Norway) . Accessed 13 December 2006. ^ Jump up to: `` An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries-General'' (PDF) . UNA-USA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The United Nations: Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) . Accessed 13 December 2006. Jump up ^ Linnér , S. (2007). Dag Hammarskjöld and the Congo crisis, 1960-- 61 Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Page 28. Uppsala University. (22 July 2008). Jump up ^ United Nations: U Thant (Myanmar) . Accessed 13 December 2006. Jump up ^ The United Nations: Kurt Waldheim (Austria) . Accessed 13 December 2006. Jump up ^ `` Kurt Waldheim'' . Wikipedia . 2017-06-01. Jump up ^ The United Nations: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru) . Accessed 13 December 2006. Jump up ^ The United Nations: Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) . Accessed 13 December 2006. Jump up ^ The United Nations: The Biography of Kofi A. Annan . Accessed 13 December 2006. Jump up ^ `` Kofi Annan of Ghana recommended by Security Council for appointment as Secretary-General of United Nations'' (Press release). United Nations . 13 December 1996 . Retrieved 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Traub, James (2006). The Best Intentions . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux . pp. 66-- 67. ISBN 978-0-374-18220-5 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly appoints Kofi Annan of Ghana as seventh Secretary-General'' (Press release). United Nations . 17 December 1996 . Retrieved 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki-moon is sworn in as next Secretary-General of the United Nations'' . United Nations. Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki-moon gets second term as UN chief'' . Globe and Mail. 22 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former UN head, dies at 93'' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016-02-16 . External links ( edit ) UN Secretary-General webpage How is the Secretary-General appointed? Global Policy Forum -- UN Secretary-General Report on the process of appointing a new Secretary-General Who Will be the Next Secretary-General? (website on the 2006 campaigns) UNSGselection.org -- a campaign for a more democratic selection process Secretaries-General of the League of Nations and the United Nations League of Nations (1919-- 1945) James Eric Drummond (United Kingdom) Joseph Louis Anne Avenol (France) Seán Lester (Irish Free State) United Nations (since 1945) Gladwyn Jebb (United Kingdom) Trygve Lie (Norway) Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) U Thant (Burma) Kurt Waldheim (Austria) Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru) Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) Kofi Annan (Ghana) Ban Ki-moon (South Korea) António Guterres (Portugal) Related United Nations Secretariat Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations U.N. Secretary General Memoirs Provisional Secretary-General prior to the election of Trygve Lie. ( hide ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary-General Amina J. 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when did the ncaa adopt the shot clock | In the 1969 -- 70 season , women 's collegiate basketball ( at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ) used a 30 - second shot clock on an experimental basis , officially adopting it for the 1970 -- 71 season . Unlike the women 's side , there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men 's NCAA basketball , due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game . However , after extreme results like an 11 -- 6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973 , support for a men 's shot clock began to build . The NCAA introduced a 45 - second shot clock for the men 's game in the 1985 -- 86 season , reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993 -- 94 season and 30 seconds in the 2015 -- 16 season . The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men 's basketball starting in 2015 -- 16 . | [
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"A shot clock is used in some sports to quicken the pace of the game . It is normally associated with basketball , but is also used in snooker , pro lacrosse , water polo , korfball , and ten - pin bowling . It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football .",
"In basketball , the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game 's pace and scoring . The offensive team must attempt to get the ball into the basket by the ball leaving the player 's hand before the shot clock expires , and the shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket . If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit , they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents ; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires , it is not a violation so long as it left the player 's hand before expiration . The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league : The National Basketball Association has had a 24 - second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s ; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30 - second limit . The WNBA had a 30 - second clock originally ; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds , just like in the NBA .",
"The NBA ( National Basketball Association ) had problems attracting fans ( and positive media coverage ) before the shot clock 's inception . This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game ; without the shot clock , teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty . If one team chose to stall , the other team ( especially if behind ) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw . Very low - scoring games with many fouls were common , which bored fans . The most extreme case occurred on November 22 , 1950 , when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record - low score of 19 -- 18 , including 3 -- 1 in the fourth quarter . The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting ( they attempted 13 shots for the game ) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers ' dominant George Mikan . The Pistons ' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write `` ( The Pistons ) gave pro basketball a great black eye . '' NBA President Maurice Podoloff said , `` In our game , with the number of stars we have , we of necessity run up big scores . '' A few weeks after the Pistons / Lakers game , the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six - overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period , the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last - second shot . The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock .",
"The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse , New York , where Syracuse Nationals ( now the Philadelphia 76ers ) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24 - second version during a scrimmage game . According to Biasone , `` I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed , games where they did n't screw around and stall . I noticed each team took about 60 shots . That meant 120 shots per game . So I took 2,880 seconds ( 48 minutes ) and divided that by 120 shots . The result was 24 seconds per shot . '' Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954 -- 55 season , a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship .",
"Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock . Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni , a scout for the Nats , Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24 - second clock . Jack Andrews , longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard , often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone 's Eastwood bowling alley , scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin . Ferris , who loved mathematics , ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48 - minute game ( 2,880 ) by the average number of shots taken in a game ( 120 ) to get to the 24 - second time limit per possession . While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock , it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule .",
"When it was first introduced by the NBA , the 24 - second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play , as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot . According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes , `` We thought we had to take quick shots -- a pass and a shot was it -- maybe 8 -- 10 seconds ... But as the game went on , we saw the inherent genius in Danny 's 24 seconds -- you could work the ball around ( the offensive zone ) for a good shot . ''",
"The shot clock , together with some rule changes concerning fouls , revolutionized NBA basketball . In the last pre-clock season ( 1953 -- 54 ) , teams averaged 79 points per game ; in the first year with the clock ( 1954 -- 55 ) , the average was 93 points , which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use ( 1957 -- 58 ) . The advent of the shot clock ( and the resulting increase in scoring ) coincided with an increase in attendance , which increased 40 % within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game .",
"The shot clock received near - universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA . Coach and referee Charley Eckman said , `` Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24 - second rule . '' Boston Celtic all - star Bob Cousy said , `` Before the new rule , the last quarter could be deadly . The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely , and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody . In the meantime , nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up . With the clock , we have constant action . I think it saved the NBA at that time . It allowed the game to breathe and progress . '' League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock `` the most important event in the NBA . '' The league itself states , `` Biasone 's invention rescue ( d ) the league . ''",
"Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock . The American Basketball League used a 30 - second shot clock for its two years in existence ( 1961 -- 1963 ) . The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30 - second clock when it launched in 1967 -- 68 , switching to the NBA 's 24 - second length for its final season ( 1975 -- 76 ) .",
"In the 1969 -- 70 season , women 's collegiate basketball ( at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ) used a 30 - second shot clock on an experimental basis , officially adopting it for the 1970 -- 71 season . Unlike the women 's side , there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men 's NCAA basketball , due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game . However , after extreme results like an 11 -- 6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973 , support for a men 's shot clock began to build . The NCAA introduced a 45 - second shot clock for the men 's game in the 1985 -- 86 season , reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993 -- 94 season and 30 seconds in the 2015 -- 16 season . The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men 's basketball starting in 2015 -- 16 .",
"From its inception in 1975 , the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25 - second shot clock . This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league 's main venues , the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum ( the latter no longer used by the league ) , could only be set at 5 - second intervals . The league later adopted a 24 - second clock starting from the 1995 season . The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23 - second clock from its maiden season in 1998 . In Filipino college basketball , the NCAA Basketball Championship ( Philippines ) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30 - second clock ; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001 -- 02 season , the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001 .",
"In the NBA ( since 1954 ) , Women 's National Basketball Association ( since 2006 ) , and FIBA play ( since 2000 ; 30 - second from 1956 to 2000 ) , the shot clock counts down 24 seconds , thus often being called the `` 24 - second clock . '' If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim , or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound , steal , or out - of - bounds play , the shot clock resets . Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a `` shot clock violation '' and a loss of possession to the other team . Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires -- a shot clock signal , illuminated lights on the shot clock ( NBA , FIBA , Euroleague , and many venues using an NBA - style transparent shot clock ) , and in the NBA and FIBA play ( starting in July 2018 ) , a yellow LED light strip on the backboard . In the 2011 -- 12 NBA season and 2014 -- 15 Euroleague , the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second , allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last - second shots easily . The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018 . In the 2016 - 17 NBA season , a new ' official timekeeper ' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock / shot clock system , putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time . Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season .",
"Furthermore , the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt . Rule changes in the NBA since 1998 , and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock , after which it is reset to 14 seconds .",
"The NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls ; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds ( if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock ) , in the NBA , if the defense causes the jump ball , the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain , where it is reset to 5.0 seconds .",
"Also in FIBA / WNBA play , if the offence retains control of a ball following a rebound , the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds .",
"Since the 2015 -- 16 season , all American college basketball uses a 30 - second shot clock , while Canadian university basketball uses a 24 - second clock . The American women 's game has used a 30 - second clock since the 1970s , but the men 's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985 . The men 's limit was originally 45 seconds , and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015 . The National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) , which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S. , does not mandate the use of a shot clock , instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association . Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011 . Currently , eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30 / 35 seconds in high school competition : California , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , South Dakota , and Washington .",
"Shot clock length in basketball",
"Shot clock length in basketball",
"Organization Duration NBA 24 seconds 14 seconds ( offensive retains control after fouls ) WNBA U Sports ( Canadian universities ) NCAA , NAIA 30 seconds United States high school basketball 30 / 35 seconds ( some states only ) FIBA 24 seconds ( full - court game ) 14 seconds ( reset when offense retains ball ) 12 seconds ( 3x3 half - court )",
"Organization Duration",
"NBA 24 seconds 14 seconds ( offensive retains control after fouls )",
"WNBA",
"U Sports ( Canadian universities )",
"NCAA , NAIA 30 seconds",
"United States high school basketball 30 / 35 seconds ( some states only )",
"FIBA 24 seconds ( full - court game ) 14 seconds ( reset when offense retains ball ) 12 seconds ( 3x3 half - court )",
"Shot clock length in other sports",
"Shot clock length in other sports",
"Sport Organization Duration Lacrosse MLL 60 seconds NLL 30 seconds Ringette N / A 30 seconds Water polo FINA 30 seconds Canoe polo ICF 60 seconds Ten - pin bowling PBA 25 seconds Korfball IKF 25 seconds Snooker Snooker Shoot - Out 15 seconds ( first five minutes ) 10 seconds ( last five minutes ) Carom billiards ( Three - cushion billiards ) World Championship European Championship World Cup 40 seconds ( 3 time - outs ( 40 sec . ) possible )",
"Sport Organization Duration",
"Lacrosse MLL 60 seconds",
"NLL 30 seconds",
"Ringette N / A 30 seconds",
"Water polo FINA 30 seconds",
"Canoe polo ICF 60 seconds",
"Ten - pin bowling PBA 25 seconds",
"Korfball IKF 25 seconds",
"Snooker Snooker Shoot - Out 15 seconds ( first five minutes ) 10 seconds ( last five minutes )",
"Carom billiards ( Three - cushion billiards ) World Championship European Championship World Cup 40 seconds ( 3 time - outs ( 40 sec . ) possible )",
"The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half - court and into the offensive zone ( or front court ) within a referee 's count ( this rule was first introduced in 1933 , predating the shot clock by over 2 decades ) . In men 's college basketball , the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds , the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8 - second limit in 2000 and 2001 , respectively . Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team .",
"Generally , the 10 - second ( or 8 - second ) count is independent from the shot clock 's operation ; in fact , a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm . Women 's college basketball introduced the 10 - second limit in 2013 -- 2014 , and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but `` will use the shot clock to determine if a 10 - second violation has occurred . '' As a general reference , it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 ( FIBA / ( W ) NBA ; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds , the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console , which is posted as 15 on the clock ) or 20 ( college ) before a violation can be called ."
] | Shot clock - wikipedia Shot clock Jump to: navigation , search After Mitch McGary attempts a finger roll layup late in the first half of the 2012-- 13 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season opener on January 3 (left), the Michigan Wolverines and Northwestern Wildcats anticipate (center) and pursue (right) the rebound . The possession demonstrates the end-of-half intricacies of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's former 35-second shot clock (red LED ) when possession changes and the game clock (white LED; note the decimal point) is below 35 seconds. A shot clock is used in some sports to quicken the pace of the game. It is normally associated with basketball , but is also used in snooker , pro lacrosse , water polo , korfball , and ten-pin bowling . It is analogous with the play clock used in American and Canadian football . In basketball, the shot clock is a timer designed to increase the game's pace and scoring. The offensive team must attempt to get the ball into the basket by the ball leaving the player's hand before the shot clock expires, and the shot must either touch the rim or enter the basket. If the offensive team fails to register a field goal attempt within the time limit, they are assessed a violation resulting in a turnover to their opponents; if the ball hits or enters the rim after the clock expires, it is not a violation so long as it left the player's hand before expiration. The maximum time limit of the shot clock varies by level of play and league: The National Basketball Association has had a 24-second limit since first introducing the clock in the 1950s; and college basketball for both men and women has a 30-second limit. The WNBA had a 30-second clock originally; since 2006 the limit is 24 seconds, just like in the NBA. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Creation 1.3 Use and reaction 1.4 Adoption by other leagues 2 Operation 3 Similar rules in basketball 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Stall tactics to limit big man George Mikan (#99) led to the shot clock's creation by the NBA. The NBA (National Basketball Association) had problems attracting fans (and positive media coverage) before the shot clock's inception. This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game; without the shot clock, teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty. If one team chose to stall, the other team (especially if behind) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw. Very low-scoring games with many fouls were common, which bored fans. The most extreme case occurred on November 22, 1950, when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record-low score of 19-- 18, including 3-- 1 in the fourth quarter. The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting (they attempted 13 shots for the game) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers' dominant George Mikan . The Pistons' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write `` (The Pistons) gave pro basketball a great black eye.'' NBA President Maurice Podoloff said, `` In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores.'' A few weeks after the Pistons/Lakers game, the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six-overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period, the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last-second shot. The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock. Creation ( edit ) The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse, New York , where Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24-second version during a scrimmage game. According to Biasone, `` I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot.'' Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954-- 55 season , a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship . Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock. Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni, a scout for the Nats, Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24-second clock. Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard, often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin. Ferris, who loved mathematics, ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48-minute game (2,880) by the average number of shots taken in a game (120) to get to the 24-second time limit per possession. While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock, it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule. Use and reaction ( edit ) The Shot Clock Monument in Syracuse, New York . Close-up of Syracuse's Shot Clock Monument. When it was first introduced by the NBA, the 24-second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play, as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot. According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes , `` We thought we had to take quick shots -- a pass and a shot was it -- maybe 8-- 10 seconds... But as the game went on, we saw the inherent genius in Danny's 24 seconds -- you could work the ball around (the offensive zone) for a good shot.'' The shot clock, together with some rule changes concerning fouls, revolutionized NBA basketball. In the last pre-clock season (1953-- 54) , teams averaged 79 points per game; in the first year with the clock (1954-- 55) , the average was 93 points, which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use (1957-- 58) . The advent of the shot clock (and the resulting increase in scoring) coincided with an increase in attendance, which increased 40% within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game. The shot clock received near-universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA. Coach and referee Charley Eckman said, `` Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24-second rule.'' Boston Celtic all-star Bob Cousy said, `` Before the new rule, the last quarter could be deadly. The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely, and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody. In the meantime, nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up. With the clock, we have constant action. I think it saved the NBA at that time. It allowed the game to breathe and progress.'' League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock `` the most important event in the NBA.'' The league itself states, `` Biasone's invention rescue(d) the league.'' Adoption by other leagues ( edit ) Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock. The American Basketball League used a 30-second shot clock for its two years in existence (1961-- 1963). The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30-second clock when it launched in 1967-- 68, switching to the NBA's 24-second length for its final season (1975-- 76) . In the 1969-- 70 season, women's collegiate basketball (at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ) used a 30-second shot clock on an experimental basis, officially adopting it for the 1970-- 71 season. Unlike the women's side, there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men's NCAA basketball, due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game. However, after extreme results like an 11-- 6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973, support for a men's shot clock began to build. The NCAA introduced a 45-second shot clock for the men's game in the 1985-- 86 season, reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993-- 94 season and 30 seconds in the 2015-- 16 season. The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men's basketball starting in 2015-- 16. From its inception in 1975 , the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25-second shot clock. This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league's main venues, the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum (the latter no longer used by the league), could only be set at 5-second intervals. The league later adopted a 24-second clock starting from the 1995 season . The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23-second clock from its maiden season in 1998. In Filipino college basketball, the NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30-second clock; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001-- 02 season, the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001. Operation ( edit ) In the NBA (since 1954), Women's National Basketball Association (since 2006), and FIBA play (since 2000; 30-second from 1956 to 2000), the shot clock counts down 24 seconds, thus often being called the `` 24-second clock.'' If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim, or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound , steal , or out-of-bounds play, the shot clock resets. Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a `` shot clock violation'' and a loss of possession to the other team. Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires-- a shot clock signal, illuminated lights on the shot clock (NBA, FIBA, Euroleague, and many venues using an NBA-style transparent shot clock), and in the NBA and FIBA play (starting in July 2018), a yellow LED light strip on the backboard. In the 2011-- 12 NBA season and 2014-- 15 Euroleague , the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second, allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last-second shots easily. The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018. In the 2016-17 NBA season , a new ' official timekeeper' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock/shot clock system, putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time. Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season. Furthermore, the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt. Rule changes in the NBA since 1998, and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock, after which it is reset to 14 seconds. The NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls ; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds (if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock), in the NBA, if the defense causes the jump ball, the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain, where it is reset to 5.0 seconds. Also in FIBA/WNBA play, if the offence retains control of a ball following a rebound, the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds. Since the 2015-- 16 season, all American college basketball uses a 30-second shot clock, while Canadian university basketball uses a 24-second clock. The American women's game has used a 30-second clock since the 1970s, but the men's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985. The men's limit was originally 45 seconds, and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015. The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S., does not mandate the use of a shot clock, instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association. Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011. Currently, eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30/35 seconds in high school competition: California, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington. Shot clock length in basketball Organization Duration NBA 24 seconds 14 seconds (offensive retains control after fouls) WNBA U Sports (Canadian universities) NCAA , NAIA 30 seconds United States high school basketball 30/35 seconds (some states only) FIBA 24 seconds (full-court game) 14 seconds (reset when offense retains ball) 12 seconds ( 3x3 half-court ) Shot clock length in other sports Sport Organization Duration Lacrosse MLL 60 seconds NLL 30 seconds Ringette N/A 30 seconds Water polo FINA 30 seconds Canoe polo ICF 60 seconds Ten-pin bowling PBA 25 seconds Korfball IKF 25 seconds Snooker Snooker Shoot-Out 15 seconds (first five minutes) 10 seconds (last five minutes) Carom billiards ( Three-cushion billiards ) World Championship European Championship World Cup 40 seconds (3 time-outs (40 sec.) possible) Similar rules in basketball ( edit ) The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half-court and into the offensive zone (or front court) within a referee's count (this rule was first introduced in 1933, predating the shot clock by over 2 decades). In men's college basketball, the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds, the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8-second limit in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team. Generally, the 10-second (or 8-second) count is independent from the shot clock's operation; in fact, a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm. Women's college basketball introduced the 10-second limit in 2013-- 2014, and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but `` will use the shot clock to determine if a 10-second violation has occurred.'' As a general reference, it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 (FIBA/(W)NBA; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds, the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console, which is posted as 15 on the clock) or 20 (college) before a violation can be called. See also ( edit ) Pitch clock , used in baseball Play clock , used in American and Canadian football. Four corners offense , offensive stall strategy in basketball Stall Count, used in the sport of Ultimate . Time limit , the same concept applied to video games. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example, the Boston Celtics scored an average of 79.7 points per game from 1946-- 47 to 1953-- 54; from 1954-- 55 to 1961-- 62, after the introduction of the shot clock, they scored an average of 113.1 points per game. See databaseBasketball.com entry Archived 2006-04-30 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tall Tales: The Glory Years of the NBA, in the Words of the Men Who Played, Coached, and Built Pro Basketball , by Terry Pluto (1992), pgs. 23-- 31 ^ Jump up to: `` History of the Shot Clock Archived 2012-01-28 at WebCite '' NBA. Jump up ^ Pomerantz, Gary M. (2005). Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era . New York: Crown. pp. 31-- 2. ISBN 1-4000-5160-6 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p.33 Jump up ^ `` NBA.com: 24-Second Shot Clock Rescues League'' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . ^ Jump up to: Pluto, pg. 29 Jump up ^ `` National efforts to honor Syracuse hoops pioneers: Good day to remember Earl Lloyd, Leo Ferris'' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . Jump up ^ `` A question for a Hall of Fame dinner in Syracuse: When will Leo Ferris make it in?'' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . Jump up ^ `` Long-forgotten Leo Ferris helped devise NBA's 24-second clock, first used 61 years ago today'' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015-11-03 . Jump up ^ Pluto, pg. 28 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p.33-- 4 ^ Jump up to: `` 1954-- 55 SEASON OVERVIEW '' NBA. Jump up ^ `` History of the Shot Clock'' . NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Women's Basketball Records Book , p. 245 Jump up ^ Strange, Mike (2007-11-07). `` Temple set stage for shot clock'' . The Knoxville News-Sentinel. Scripps Interactive Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on November 9, 2007 . Retrieved 2012-01-13 . Jump up ^ Official 2008 NCAA Men's Basketball Records Book , p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Shorter shot clock, fewer timeouts among changes coming in 2015-16'' . ESPN.com . June 8, 2015 . Retrieved June 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule changes for NAIA, too'' . The Salina Journal . Associated Press. June 10, 2015 -- via News OK. Jump up ^ Zillgitt, Jeff (December 24, 2011). `` New points of emphasis in NBA officiating'' . USA Today . Retrieved February 4, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA, watchmaker Tissot announce multiyear partnership'' . ESPN . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Halley, Jim (5 May 2011). `` Focus on high school shot clock heats up as states make move -- USATODAY.com'' . USA Today . ISSN 0734-7456 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Article 8 Stalling'' (PDF) . 3x3 Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 13, 2012. p. 2 . Retrieved April 11, 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Tournament Rules, p. 4 Union Mondiale de Billard (UMB). Retrieved 30 April 2017 Jump up ^ Johnson, Greg (2013-11-05). `` Women's basketball puts 10-second backcourt rule in effect for first time'' . NCAA . Retrieved 2014-01-18 . External links ( edit ) 24 Seconds to Shoot snopes.com ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley-oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four-point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three-pointer Three-point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1-2-1-1 1-- 3-- 1 2-- 3 zone Amoeba Box-and-one Double team Full-court press Hack-a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man-to-man Match-up zone Triangle-and-two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All-Stars Miscellaneous 100-point scorers 50-- 40-- 90 club AAU All-Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_clock&oldid=842513131 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball equipment Rules of basketball Timers Basketball in Syracuse, New York Snooker terminology Time measurement systems Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018, at 23:09. 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"The Great British Bake Off Genre Baking Reality Directed by Andy Devonshire ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- ) Scott Tankard ( 2012 -- 13 ) Presented by Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Prue Leith Theme music composer Tom Howe Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 74 ( excluding 28 specials ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Anna Beattie ( 2010 -- ) Richard McKerrow ( 2010 ) Sarah Thomson - Woolley ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kieran Smith ( 2012 ) Producer ( s ) Samantha Beddoes ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Amanda Westwood ( 2012 ) Location ( s ) Cotswolds , Scone Palace , Sandwich , Bakewell , Mousehole , Fulham Palace ( all 2010 ) Valentines Mansion ( 2011 ) Harptree Court ( 2012 -- 13 ) Welford Park ( 2014 -- ) Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Distributor Channel 4 Release Original network BBC Two ( 2010 -- 13 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 16 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 16 : 9 Audio format Stereo Original release 17 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Great British Sewing Bee Bake Off : The Professionals The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice The Great Pottery Throw Down Junior Bake Off The Big Family Cooking Showdown External links Website Production website",
"The Great British Bake Off",
"Genre Baking Reality",
"Directed by Andy Devonshire ( 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- ) Scott Tankard ( 2012 -- 13 )",
"Presented by Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding",
"Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Prue Leith",
"Theme music composer Tom Howe",
"Country of origin United Kingdom",
"Original language ( s ) English",
"No. of series 8",
"No. of episodes 74 ( excluding 28 specials )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Anna Beattie ( 2010 -- ) Richard McKerrow ( 2010 ) Sarah Thomson - Woolley ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kieran Smith ( 2012 )",
"Producer ( s ) Samantha Beddoes ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Amanda Westwood ( 2012 )",
"Location ( s ) Cotswolds , Scone Palace , Sandwich , Bakewell , Mousehole , Fulham Palace ( all 2010 ) Valentines Mansion ( 2011 ) Harptree Court ( 2012 -- 13 ) Welford Park ( 2014 -- )",
"Running time 60 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Love Productions",
"Distributor Channel 4",
"Release",
"Original network BBC Two ( 2010 -- 13 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 16 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- )",
"Picture format 16 : 9",
"Audio format Stereo",
"Original release 17 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) -- present",
"Chronology",
"Related shows The Great British Sewing Bee Bake Off : The Professionals The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice The Great Pottery Throw Down Junior Bake Off The Big Family Cooking Showdown",
"External links",
"Website",
"Production website",
"The Great British Bake Off ( often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO ) is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions , in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds , attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills , with a contestant being eliminated in each round , with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals . The show 's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010 , with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series . After its seventh series , Love Productions signed a three - year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster .",
"The programme was originally presented by Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , with Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood the judges . The current presenters are Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig with Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel . In chronological order , the winners are Edd Kimber , Joanne Wheatley , John Whaite , Frances Quinn , Nancy Birtwhistle , Nadiya Hussain , Candice Brown and Sophie Faldo .",
"The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom , with many of its participants , including winners , having gone on to start a career based on bakery , while the BAFTA award - winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin - off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief or Stand Up To Cancer ; Junior Bake Off for young children ( broadcast on the CBBC channel ) ; after - show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off : The Professionals for teams of pastry chefs . The show 's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series , The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and , in addition to the show being shown in other countries ( in the United States and Canada , the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ) , the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced .",
"The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen ' bake - offs ' in America . Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions ; she said : `` I loved that idea of village fetes and an old - fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake . '' However , Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years . In early 2009 , they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow , the then controller of BBC Two . The pitch was successful , and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme , which was then developed over the next six months . The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge , and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed . Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show . Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête , the series is filmed in bunting - draped marquees in scenic gardens .",
"On 17 August 2010 , the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two . It stayed on BBC Two for four years , grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel . In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years . It was the most - watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016 . Following extended negotiations , Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC . On 12 September 2016 , Love agreed to a three - year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4 . Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network . On 22 September , Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4 , while Hollywood later announced he would stay . In March 2017 , it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge , while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters .",
"The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all - around baker from the contestants , who are all amateurs . The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher , followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes . They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer . A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras . Ten contestants were chosen for the first series , twelve for the following two series , thirteen for the fourth , and back to twelve from series five onwards .",
"In each episode , the amateur bakers are given three challenges : a signature bake , a technical challenge , and a show - stopper . The three challenges take place over two days , and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day . The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week ( introduced in series 2 ) , and a contestant is also eliminated . In the final round , three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three .",
"Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family . Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best . Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste .",
"This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family .",
"This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best .",
"This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste .",
"In the first series , the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week , but starting from the second series , the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee . Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking . What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics . These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show 's inception in 2010 .",
"Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary - Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Sophie Faldo Kate Lyon 9.29 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4 Steven Carter - Bailey",
"Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel",
"6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two",
"Ruth Clemens",
"8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00",
"Mary - Anne Boermans",
"10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00",
"James Morton",
"10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35",
"Ruby Tandoh",
"5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One",
"Richard Burr",
"6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50",
"Tamal Ray",
"7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85",
"Jane Beedle",
"8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Sophie Faldo Kate Lyon 9.29 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4",
"Steven Carter - Bailey",
"Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake - off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline . The rounds took place in various locations across the UK , with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London .",
"The three finalists were Ruth Clemens , Miranda Gore Browne , and Edd Kimber . On 21 September 2010 , Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker .",
"The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series . Unlike Series 1 , this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge , London .",
"All the Series 2 finalists were female : Holly Bell , Mary - Anne Boermans , and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley .",
"A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset .",
"In contrast to Season 2 , there was an all - male final . The finalists were Brendan Lynch , James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result .",
"The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two . The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . The all - female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up .",
"In the U.S. , the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS .",
"The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part . Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges , whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series . Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far , but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final .",
"A spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year . Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night . The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants .",
"In the U.S. , the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS .",
"The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One , again from Welford Park in Berkshire . Spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice returned for a second series , with Jo Brand as host . This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up .",
"In the U.S. , the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS .",
"The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One , once again from Welford Park in Berkshire , a later than usual start following the BBC 's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up .",
"In the U.S. , the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS .",
"The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017 . This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC . The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . This series was won by Sophie Faldo , with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter - Bailey finishing as runners - up .",
"As of the sixth series , there have been a number of incomplete bakes .",
"Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes . In Series 4 , Sue leaned on Howard Middleton 's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6 , she broke Nadiya Hussain 's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge . Similarly , Frances Quinn 's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4 . On several occasions ( mostly in technical challenges ) , contestants have n't met the required quantity of the bake if the judges specified . Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty - six crackers instead of the required forty - eight in Series 3 , two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven . In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake . In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week . In Series 4 , contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton 's custard instead of her own . As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges , who judged the trifles and custards individually . In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters 's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers .",
"Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes . In Series 4 , Sue leaned on Howard Middleton 's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6 , she broke Nadiya Hussain 's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge . Similarly , Frances Quinn 's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4 .",
"On several occasions ( mostly in technical challenges ) , contestants have n't met the required quantity of the bake if the judges specified . Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty - six crackers instead of the required forty - eight in Series 3 , two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven .",
"In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake .",
"In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week .",
"In Series 4 , contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton 's custard instead of her own . As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges , who judged the trifles and custards individually .",
"In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters 's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers .",
"The early reviews for the first series were mixed . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking ( is ) a contradiction in terms '' and found the proceedings humourless . Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing , describing the presenters as `` annoying '' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting '' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara - kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour . ''",
"However , reviews from the later series were more positive . Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television '' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012 . Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth - watering morsels , good humour , and fascinating history '' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked '' .",
"Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017 , and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive , although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version . Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough '' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that ( it ) has soured , spoiled or binned its recipe '' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that `` Mary , Mel and Sue might be gone but the show 's recipe remains as winning as ever . The four Cs -- chemistry , camaraderie , comedy , cakes -- were all present and correct . '' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable '' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse '' .",
"The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking , with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories . It was also credited with reviving the Women 's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s . The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs , and independent bakeries also showed an increase . According to one analyst , more than three - fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011 .",
"The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode . This was enough to place it in BBC Two 's top ten for that week , and over the series the audience grew to over three million , with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two 's weekly ratings . During the second series , the ratings gradually increased , and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode . Week two was the last time that the show was out - rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week ( it came second to the drama Page Eight ) ; from then until the show 's move to BBC One , every competition episode would be the channel 's number one rated programme of the week . By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers , peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes .",
"The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series , and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot . The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet , with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million , which made it the second highest - rated BBC Two - originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006 . The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series , while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . The final episode is the most - watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings , the show was moved to BBC One .",
"After its move to BBC One , the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures , beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year . the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers , with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million , then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV . In the following year , the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year 's ten most - watched television programmes being episodes of the show , topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers . In the last series on the BBC in 2016 , nine of the top ten most - watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show , with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale .",
"The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million , rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4 + 1 , and 9.46 million for the 7 - day rating . Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4 's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4 .",
"In September 2012 , production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges . The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion '' . After an investigation , the BBC said Love Production 's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series , and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made . The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show , which it has since done .",
"During the fourth series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show ; however , similar claims were not made the previous year over the all - male final , or even the year before , when there was also an all - female quarter - final . The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation .",
"In the fourth episode of the fifth series , there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters . During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain 's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin . The editing of the show suggested that another contestant , Diana Beard , had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer , and the perceived `` sabotage '' resulted in a uproar on social media networks . However , unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain 's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska , while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer . Later in the episode , when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish , it is still quite soft , indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen . Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain 's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain 's departure . ''",
"More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom .",
"A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks '' from the presenters Mel and Sue . This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones ; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice '' and `` the increasingly filthy - minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins '' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty '' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment . The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success , whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture , a view shared by others .",
"The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC , Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright . Although the matter was kept quiet , with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions , the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions . In September 2016 , it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC . In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018 , and wished the programme `` well for the future '' .",
"On 31 October 2017 , judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air . This caused uproar among many fans of the show . She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet .",
"The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won . The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 . It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show .",
"Year Award Recipient Results Ref . 2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated",
"Year Award Recipient Results Ref .",
"2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won",
"BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won",
"YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated",
"2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won",
"Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated",
"National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated",
"2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated",
"National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated",
"2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated",
"Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated",
"National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won",
"2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won",
"BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won",
"Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated",
"2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated",
"TV judge Mary Berry Won",
"BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated",
"The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015 . The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015 , making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful . The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand .",
"Beginning in 2014 , the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake - Off '' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States . The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014 -- 2015 ; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015 , the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016 , and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017 .",
"The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016 , starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title . The seventh series aired the year after .",
"Current and upcoming versions include :",
"Legend : Airing or in production No longer airing",
"Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere Argentina Bake Off Argentina , El Gran Pastelero ( Bake Off Argentina , The Great Baker ) Paula Chaves Christophe Krywonis Damián Petular Pamela Villar Telefe 8 April 2018 Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT Discovery Home & Health 26 July 2015 Bake Off SBT Carolina Florentino Danilo Gentili Ratinho Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano 23 December 2017 Júnior Bake Off Brasil Carolina Florentino 6 January 2018 Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den store bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Faustine Bollaert ( 2012 -- 17 ) Julia Vignali ( 2017 -- ) Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 -- 17 ) Sat. 1 1 December 2013 Greece Bake Off Greece TBA TBA TBA TBA Alpha TV 2018 Hungary Ide süss ! ( Az ország nagy cukrászversenye ) Hajós András Sass Dániel Baracskay Angéla Szabadfi Szabolcs Viasat 3 26 March 2018 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Damiano Carrara Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 New Zealand The Great Kiwi Bake Off TBA TBA TVNZ 1 2018 Norway Hele Norge baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! ) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Johnny Iuzzini Paul Hollywood ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show )",
"Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere",
"Argentina Bake Off Argentina , El Gran Pastelero ( Bake Off Argentina , The Great Baker ) Paula Chaves Christophe Krywonis Damián Petular Pamela Villar Telefe 8 April 2018",
"Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013",
"Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015",
"Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012",
"Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT Discovery Home & Health 26 July 2015",
"Bake Off SBT Carolina Florentino Danilo Gentili Ratinho Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano 23 December 2017",
"Júnior Bake Off Brasil Carolina Florentino 6 January 2018",
"Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016",
"Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017",
"Denmark Den store bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012",
"Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015",
"Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013",
"France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Faustine Bollaert ( 2012 -- 17 ) Julia Vignali ( 2017 -- ) Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012",
"Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 -- 17 ) Sat. 1 1 December 2013",
"Greece Bake Off Greece TBA TBA TBA TBA Alpha TV 2018",
"Hungary Ide süss ! ( Az ország nagy cukrászversenye ) Hajós András Sass Dániel Baracskay Angéla Szabadfi Szabolcs Viasat 3 26 March 2018",
"Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013",
"Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Damiano Carrara Real Time November 2013",
"Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016",
"Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013",
"New Zealand The Great Kiwi Bake Off TBA TBA TVNZ 1 2018",
"Norway Hele Norge baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013",
"Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! ) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016",
"Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016",
"Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016",
"South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015",
"Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012",
"Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014",
"Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014",
"Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013",
"United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013",
"United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Johnny Iuzzini Paul Hollywood ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show )",
"The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 2013 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 )",
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"Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 )",
"Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 )",
"Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 )",
"Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 )",
"Sarah Millican ( 2016 )",
"Sue Perkins ( 2014 )",
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"Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 )",
"Episode viewing figures from BARB .",
"Finalist Winner",
"Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely - Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover",
"Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions )",
"Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52",
"James Wong",
"Joe Swift",
"Sarah Hadland",
"Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79",
"Fi Glover",
"Gus Casely - Hayford",
"Saira Khan",
"Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56",
"Alex Langlands",
"Anita Rani",
"Pearl Lowe",
"Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43",
"Anita Rani",
"Fi Glover",
"Star Baker",
"Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes",
"Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions )",
"Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37",
"Johnny Vaughan",
"Michael Vaughan",
"Samantha Bond",
"Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07",
"Jane Horrocks",
"Jason Gardiner",
"Kirsty Young",
"Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02",
"Jamelia",
"Michael Ball",
"Victoria Pendleton",
"Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94",
"Doon Mackichan",
"Helen Skelton",
"Rochelle Humes",
"Star Baker",
"Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young",
"Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions )",
"Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03",
"Jason Manford",
"Maddy Hill",
"Samantha Cameron",
"Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44",
"Ed Balls",
"Kimberley Walsh",
"Victoria Coren Mitchell",
"Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12",
"Jermaine Jenas",
"John Simpson",
"Louise Redknapp",
"Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74",
"Alison Steadman",
"Morgana Robinson",
"Will Young",
"The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2013 ) BBC One ( 2015 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 )",
"The Great Comic Relief Bake Off",
"Genre Cooking Baking",
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"Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 )",
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"Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover",
"Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions )",
"Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17",
"Stephen K. Amos",
"Lorna Watson",
"Ingrid Oliver",
"Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44",
"Duncan Bannatyne",
"Simon Reeve",
"Andy Akinwolere",
"Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34",
"Kirsty Wark",
"Julia Bradbury",
"Bob Mortimer",
"Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39",
"Ed Byrne",
"Martha Kearney",
"Helen Glover",
"Star Baker",
"Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak",
"Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions )",
"Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75",
"Joanna Lumley",
"Jennifer Saunders",
"Lulu",
"Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39",
"Zoe Sugg",
"Gok Wan",
"Abbey Clancy",
"Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92",
"David Mitchell",
"Michael Sheen",
"Jameela Jamil",
"Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21",
"Victoria Wood",
"Chris Moyles",
"Kayvan Novak",
"The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Prue Leith Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 5 Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 6 March 2018 -- present",
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"Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) 12 cupcakes 6 crepes suzette 3D biscuit scene Roisin Conaty 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 5.91 Martin Kemp Harry Hill Bill Turnbull 24 scones Devil 's food cake Self - portrait croquembouches Nick Hewer 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 5.65 Perri Kiely Stacey Solomon Ricky Wilson Loaf cake 8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits Meringue towers Ella Eyre 20 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 5.95 Ruth Davidson Jamie Laing Tim Minchin 12 blondies 6 fruit turnovers Secret passion cake Griff Rhys Jones 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 5.48 Joe Lycett Lee Mack Melanie Sykes 5 12 muffins Custard pie Rainbow dream cake Aisling Bea 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) Alan Carr Kadeena Cox Teri Hatcher",
"Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions )",
"12 cupcakes 6 crepes suzette 3D biscuit scene Roisin Conaty 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 5.91",
"Martin Kemp",
"Harry Hill",
"Bill Turnbull",
"24 scones Devil 's food cake Self - portrait croquembouches Nick Hewer 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 5.65",
"Perri Kiely",
"Stacey Solomon",
"Ricky Wilson",
"Loaf cake 8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits Meringue towers Ella Eyre 20 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 5.95",
"Ruth Davidson",
"Jamie Laing",
"Tim Minchin",
"12 blondies 6 fruit turnovers Secret passion cake Griff Rhys Jones 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 5.48",
"Joe Lycett",
"Lee Mack",
"Melanie Sykes",
"5 12 muffins Custard pie Rainbow dream cake Aisling Bea 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 )",
"Alan Carr",
"Kadeena Cox",
"Teri Hatcher"
] | The Great British Bake Off - Wikipedia The Great British Bake Off Jump to: navigation , search `` GBBO'' redirects here. For the ornithological organisation, see Great Basin Bird Observatory . For the most recent series, see The Great British Bake Off (series 8) . The Great British Bake Off Genre Baking Reality Directed by Andy Devonshire (2010-- 12, 2014-- ) Scott Tankard (2012-- 13) Presented by Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Prue Leith Theme music composer Tom Howe Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 74 (excluding 28 specials) Production Executive producer(s) Anna Beattie (2010-- ) Richard McKerrow (2010) Sarah Thomson-Woolley (2016-- 2017) Kieran Smith (2012) Producer(s) Samantha Beddoes (2013-- 2014) Amanda Westwood (2012) Location(s) Cotswolds , Scone Palace , Sandwich , Bakewell , Mousehole , Fulham Palace (all 2010) Valentines Mansion (2011) Harptree Court (2012-- 13) Welford Park (2014-- ) Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Love Productions Distributor Channel 4 Release Original network BBC Two (2010-- 13) BBC One (2014-- 16) Channel 4 (2017-- ) Picture format 16:9 Audio format Stereo Original release 17 August 2010 ( 2010-08-17 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Great British Sewing Bee Bake Off: The Professionals The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice The Great Pottery Throw Down Junior Bake Off The Big Family Cooking Showdown External links Website Production website The Great British Bake Off (often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO ) is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions, in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills, with a contestant being eliminated in each round, with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals. The show's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010, with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series. After its seventh series, Love Productions signed a three-year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster. The programme was originally presented by Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , with Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood the judges. The current presenters are Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig with Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel. In chronological order, the winners are Edd Kimber , Joanne Wheatley , John Whaite , Frances Quinn , Nancy Birtwhistle , Nadiya Hussain , Candice Brown and Sophie Faldo . The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom, with many of its participants, including winners, having gone on to start a career based on bakery, while the BAFTA award-winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin-off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief or Stand Up To Cancer ; Junior Bake Off for young children (broadcast on the CBBC channel); after-show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off: The Professionals for teams of pastry chefs . The show's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series, The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and, in addition to the show being shown in other countries (in the United States and Canada, the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ), the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcast and personnel changes 2 Format 3 Series overview 3.1 Series 1 (2010) 3.2 Series 2 (2011) 3.3 Series 3 (2012) 3.4 Series 4 (2013) 3.5 Series 5 (2014) 3.6 Series 6 (2015) 3.7 Series 7 (2016) 3.8 Series 8 (2017) 4 Incomplete bakes and other incidents 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 TV ratings 6 Controversies 6.1 Product placement sanction 6.2 Favouritism 6.3 Baked Alaska controversy (`` Bingate'' ) 6.4 Use of innuendo 6.5 Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4 6.6 Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast and versions 8.1 International versions 9 The Great Sport Relief Bake Off 9.1 Series 1 (2012) 9.2 Series 2 (2014) 9.3 Series 3 (2016) 10 The Great Comic Relief Bake Off 10.1 Series 1 (2013) 10.2 Series 2 (2015) 11 The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off 11.1 Series 1 (2018) 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Competitive baking, such as making Victoria sponge ( pictured ), is part of the classic English village fête which inspired the series. The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen ' bake-offs' in America. Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions; she said: `` I loved that idea of village fetes and an old-fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake.'' However, Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years. In early 2009, they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow , the then controller of BBC Two. The pitch was successful, and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme, which was then developed over the next six months. The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge, and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show. Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête , the series is filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens. Broadcast and personnel changes ( edit ) On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two . It stayed on BBC Two for four years, grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel. In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years. It was the most-watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016. Following extended negotiations, Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC. On 12 September 2016, Love agreed to a three-year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4 . Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network. On 22 September, Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4, while Hollywood later announced he would stay. In March 2017, it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge, while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters. Format ( edit ) The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-around baker from the contestants, who are all amateurs. The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras. Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards. In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper. The three challenges take place over two days, and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day. The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week (introduced in series 2), and a contestant is also eliminated. In the final round, three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three. Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried-and-tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family. Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions. The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be. The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best. Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent. The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste. In the first series, the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week, but starting from the second series, the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking. What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics. These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show's inception in 2010. Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners-up Average UK viewers (millions) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8:00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary-Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8:00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 31 October 2017 Sophie Faldo Kate Lyon 9.29 Tuesday 8:00 pm Channel 4 Steven Carter-Bailey Series 1 (2010) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 1) Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline. The rounds took place in various locations across the UK, with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London. The three finalists were Ruth Clemens, Miranda Gore Browne, and Edd Kimber. On 21 September 2010, Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker. Series 2 (2011) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 2) The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series. Unlike Series 1, this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge , London. All the Series 2 finalists were female: Holly Bell, Mary-Anne Boermans, and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley . Series 3 (2012) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 3) A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012. The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset. In contrast to Season 2, there was an all-male final. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result. Series 4 (2013) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 4) The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. The all-female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up. In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS . Series 5 (2014) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 5) The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final. A spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year. Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night. The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants. In the U.S., the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS. Series 6 (2015) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 6) The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One, again from Welford Park in Berkshire. Spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned for a second series, with Jo Brand as host. This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up. In the U.S., the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS. Series 7 (2016) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 7) The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One, once again from Welford Park in Berkshire, a later than usual start following the BBC's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up. In the U.S., the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS. Series 8 (2017) ( edit ) Main article: The Great British Bake Off (series 8) The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017. This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC. The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . This series was won by Sophie Faldo , with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up. Incomplete bakes and other incidents ( edit ) As of the sixth series, there have been a number of incomplete bakes. Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes. In Series 4, Sue leaned on Howard Middleton's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6, she broke Nadiya Hussain 's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge. Similarly, Frances Quinn 's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4. On several occasions (mostly in technical challenges), contestants haven't met the required quantity of the bake if the judges specified. Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty-six crackers instead of the required forty-eight in Series 3, two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven. In Series 2, Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake. Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake. He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single-tiered cake. In Series 3, John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor. He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove, but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake. As a result, no one was eliminated that week. In Series 4, contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton's custard instead of her own. As a result, Howard was forced to use Deborah's custard, and this was taken into account by the judges, who judged the trifles and custards individually. In Series 5, during the Baked Alaska challenge, Iain Watters's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear, although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant's actions. He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent. He returned shortly after, and as he had no cake for judging (he produced his bin instead, and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ), he was eliminated from the competition. The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers. Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking (is) a contradiction in terms'' and found the proceedings humourless. Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing, describing the presenters as `` annoying'' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting'' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara-kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour.'' However, reviews from the later series were more positive. Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television'' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012. Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth-watering morsels, good humour, and fascinating history'' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked'' . Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017, and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive, although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version. Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough'' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that (it) has soured, spoiled or binned its recipe'' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that `` Mary, Mel and Sue might be gone but the show's recipe remains as winning as ever. The four Cs -- chemistry, camaraderie, comedy, cakes -- were all present and correct.'' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable'' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse'' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories. It was also credited with reviving the Women's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s. The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs, and independent bakeries also showed an increase. According to one analyst, more than three-fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011. TV ratings ( edit ) The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode. This was enough to place it in BBC Two's top ten for that week, and over the series the audience grew to over three million, with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two's weekly ratings. During the second series, the ratings gradually increased, and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode. Week two was the last time that the show was out-rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week (it came second to the drama Page Eight ); from then until the show's move to BBC One, every competition episode would be the channel's number one rated programme of the week. By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers, peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes. The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series, and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot. The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet, with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million, which made it the second highest-rated BBC Two -originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006. The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series, while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV. The final episode is the most-watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings, the show was moved to BBC One . After its move to BBC One, the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures, beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year. the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers, with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million, then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV. In the following year, the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year's ten most-watched television programmes being episodes of the show, topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers. In the last series on the BBC in 2016, nine of the top ten most-watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show, with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale. The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million, rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4+1 , and 9.46 million for the 7-day rating. Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4. Controversies ( edit ) Product placement sanction ( edit ) In September 2012, production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges. The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion'' . After an investigation, the BBC said Love Production's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series, and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made. The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show, which it has since done. Favouritism ( edit ) During the fourth series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show; however, similar claims were not made the previous year over the all-male final, or even the year before, when there was also an all-female quarter-final. The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation. Baked Alaska controversy (`` bingate'' ) ( edit ) In the fourth episode of the fifth series, there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters. During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin. The editing of the show suggested that another contestant, Diana Beard, had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer, and the perceived `` sabotage'' resulted in a uproar on social media networks. However, unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska, while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer. Later in the episode, when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish, it is still quite soft, indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen. Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain's departure.'' More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom . Use of innuendo ( edit ) A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks'' from the presenters Mel and Sue. This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice'' and `` the increasingly filthy-minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins'' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty'' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment. The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success, whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture, a view shared by others. Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4 ( edit ) The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC, Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright. Although the matter was kept quiet, with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions, the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions. In September 2016, it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC. In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme `` well for the future'' . Accidental revealing of series 8 winner ( edit ) On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet. Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won. The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012, 2013, and 2016. It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show. Year Award Recipient Results Ref. 2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans, Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie, Kieran Smith, Amanda Westwood, Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie, Amanda Westwood, Samantha Beddoes, Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie, Samantha Beddoes, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015. The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015, making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful. The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand. Beginning in 2014, the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake-Off'' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States. The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014-- 2015; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015, the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016, and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017. The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title. The seventh series aired the year after. International versions ( edit ) Current and upcoming versions include: Legend: Airing or in production No longer airing Country Local title Host(s) Judges Channel Premiere Argentina Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero ( Bake Off Argentina, The Great Baker ) Paula Chaves Christophe Krywonis Damián Petular Pamela Villar Telefe 8 April 2018 Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino (2017-- ) Ticiana Villas Boas (2015-- 16) Fabrizio Fasano Jr. Beca Milano (2017-- ) Carolina Fiorentino (2015-- 16) SBT Discovery Home & Health 26 July 2015 Bake Off SBT Carolina Florentino Danilo Gentili Ratinho Fabrizio Fasano Jr. Beca Milano 23 December 2017 Júnior Bake Off Brasil Carolina Florentino 6 January 2018 Bulgaria Bake Off: Най -сладкото състезание ( Bake Off: The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Dan Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den store bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis-Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi (2015) Indrek Vaheoja (2015) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Faustine Bollaert (2012-- 17) Julia Vignali (2017-- ) Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL-TVI (Belgium) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn (2013) Meltem Kaptan (2013) Enie van de Meiklokjes (2014-- 16) Annika Lau (2017) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes (2013) Andrea Schirmaier-Huber (2013-- 14) Betty Schliephake-Burchardt (2015-- 17) Sat.1 1 December 2013 Greece Bake Off Greece TBA TBA TBA TBA Alpha TV 2018 Hungary Ide süss ! ( Az ország nagy cukrászversenye ) Hajós András Sass Dániel Baracskay Angéla Szabadfi Szabolcs Viasat 3 26 March 2018 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia -- Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Damiano Carrara Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl (2013-- 15) André van Duin (2016-- present) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 New Zealand The Great Kiwi Bake Off TBA TBA TVNZ 1 2018 Norway Hele Norge baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho! (Bake Off -- What A Cake!) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal (Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis -Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1+1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show Ayesha Curry Anthony Adams Johnny Iuzzini Paul Hollywood ABC 30 November 2015 (as The Great Holiday Baking Show ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders (2016) Ed Byrne (2014, 2016) Sarah Millican (2016) Sue Perkins (2014) Jo Brand (2014) Omid Djalili (2014) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two (2012-- 2013) BBC One (2014-- 2016) Picture format 16:9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012-01-10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016-02-23 ) Episode viewing figures from BARB . Series 1 (2012) ( edit ) Finalist Winner Episode No. Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers (millions) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012-01-10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012-01-11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely-Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012-01-12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012-01-13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover Series 2 (2014) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No. Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers (millions) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014-01-13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014-01-14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014-01-15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014-01-16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes Series 3 (2016) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No. Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers (millions) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris-- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016-01-27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016-02-03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016-02-17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open-top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016-02-24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young The Great Comic Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc (2013, 2015) Sue Perkins (2015) Jo Brand (2015) Ed Byrne (2015) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two (2013) BBC One (2015) Picture format 16:9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013-01-21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015-03-04 ) Series 1 (2013) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No. Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers (millions) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013-01-21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013-01-22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013-01-23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013-01-24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover Series 2 (2015) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No. Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers (millions) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015-02-11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building'' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015-02-18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple-tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015-02-25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015-03-04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Sandi Toksvig Noel Fielding Judges Prue Leith Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series No. of episodes 5 Production company(s) Love Productions Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format 16:9 Original release 6 March 2018 -- present Series 1 (2018) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No. Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers (millions) 12 cupcakes 6 crepes suzette 3D biscuit scene Roisin Conaty 6 March 2018 ( 2018-03-06 ) 5.91 Martin Kemp Harry Hill Bill Turnbull 24 scones Devil's food cake Self-portrait croquembouches Nick Hewer 13 March 2018 ( 2018-03-13 ) 5.65 Perri Kiely Stacey Solomon Ricky Wilson Loaf cake 8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits Meringue towers Ella Eyre 20 March 2018 ( 2018-03-20 ) 5.95 Ruth Davidson Jamie Laing Tim Minchin 12 blondies 6 fruit turnovers Secret passion cake Griff Rhys Jones 27 March 2018 ( 2018-03-27 ) 5.48 Joe Lycett Lee Mack Melanie Sykes 5 12 muffins Custard pie Rainbow dream cake Aisling Bea 3 April 2018 ( 2018-04-03 ) Alan Carr Kadeena Cox Teri Hatcher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halls, Andy (12 September 2016). `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive' talks break down'' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Foster, Patrick (12 September 2016). `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off, as Channel 4 swoops for corporation's biggest show'' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (17 March 2017). `` Great British Bake Off 2017: Noel Fielding to co-host the new Channel 4 series'' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saffron Alexander (29 March 2016). `` Everything you need to know about Bake Off: Creme de la Creme'' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to: Carpenter, Louise (20 July 2013). `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Sarah Stephens (14 August 2012). `` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake-Off'' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to: `` The Great British Bake Off: ' Now we're on BBC1, Mary Berry demands a golden throne ' '' . The Guardian . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Young, Victoria (5 August 2015). `` ' It Took Four Years of Pitching To Get Bake Off Commissioned ' '' . Woman and Home . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigella cooks up an Italian feast for BBC Two as raft of new food programming is announced'' . BBC . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael (20 August 2013). `` The Great British Bake Off: it's like a village fete in your sitting room'' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry: Judging The Great British Bake Off'' . BBC . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster (17 December 2015). `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most-watched shows of 2015'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster, Patrick (21 December 2016). `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most-viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year?'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Halls, Andy (12 September 2016). `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive' talks break down'' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off: Mel and Sue to quit as hosts'' . BBC News . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off ahead of Channel 4 move'' . BBC News . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Martinson, Jane (22 September 2016). `` Mary Berry to leave Bake Off -- but Paul Hollywood agrees to stay'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross, Alice (16 March 2017). `` Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig to host new Great British Bake Off'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Liv Siddall (1 November 2013). `` Illustration: We interview the artist behind the Great British Bake Off, Tom Hovey'' . It's Nice That . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hovey'' . Jump up ^ Rachel Moss (15 October 2013). `` The Great British Bake Off moves to BBC1'' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Stephen Price (22 January 2015). `` BBC1 rises to the challenge'' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey (9 December 2011). `` Edd Kimber: the great British baker'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas (5 October 2011). `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake-Off winner'' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Food on BBC Two'' . 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ Emily Hill (13 October 2012). `` The fabulous Bake Off boys... as definitely NOT seen on TV!'' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost (16 October 2012). `` Great British Bake Off: John Whaite is surprise winner'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bake off is back in August'' . Paul Hollywood (Twitter). 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It's easy as pie for Frances! Viewers' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare'' . dailymail.co.uk. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014: 10 things you need to know'' . The Telegraph. 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Munn (23 July 2014). `` BBC Two Orders ' Great British Bake Off' Companion Series Fronted By Jo Brand'' . TV Wise . Jump up ^ `` When is The Great British Bake Off on?'' . Telegraph. 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The genius of The Great British Bake Off'' . Guardian . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date: BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics'' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off: BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat'' . BBC News. 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sillito, David (13 September 2016). `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4?'' . BBC . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie (20 September 2012). `` Bloodbath at the Bake Off! Star of BBC2 show slices his finger during strudel round'' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Stephanie Weaver (4 September 2013). `` Deborah's desserts fail to impress on Great British Bake Off'' . Northamptonshire Telegraph . Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis-Petersen (28 August 2014). `` Great British Bake Off: Iain Watters speaks out as Diana Beard quits'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lucy Mangan (18 August 2010). `` TV review: The Great British Bake-Off, The Making of King Arthur and Ideal'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Iain Hollingshead (18 August 2010). `` The Great British Bake Off, BBC Two, review'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins (24 August 2012). `` The Week in TV: The Great British Bake-Off, Red or Black? and The Last Weekend -- video'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins (17 December 2012). `` Why The Great British Bake Off is the best TV programme of 2012 -- video'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Rachel Ward (17 August 2011). `` The Great British Bake Off, BBC Two, review'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Tom Sutcliffe (17 October 2012). `` Last Night: The Great British Bake Off, BBC2'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jack (22 August 2017). `` The Great British Bake Off review round-up: Critics praise Channel 4 show and Noel Fielding'' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to: Leszkiewicz, Anna (29 August 2017). `` Despite glowing reviews, The Great British Bake Off is definitely worse'' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ Harrison, Phil (26 August 2017). `` The Great British Bake Off: could do with a bit more time in the oven'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lawson, Mark (22 August 2017). `` Bake Off first-look review -- exceedingly good, despite switch to Channel 4'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael (30 August 2017). `` The Great British Bake Off, review: in its new home, episode 1 rose to the challenge'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah (9 September 2012). `` Great British Bake Off sees sales of baking goods soar'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas (6 October 2011). `` Warning, may contain nuts! Great British Bake Off viewers shocked by ' explicit' image of male squirrel'' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Laura Cox (9 February 2013). `` The Mary Berry effect: How the Great British Bake Off revived the Women's Institute'' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey (12 October 2013). `` How the Great British Bake Off changed Britain'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ John Plunkett (18 August 2010). `` TV ratings: 2 m like the taste of The Great British Bake Off'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost (3 October 2011), `` The Great British Bake Off gives BBC ratings a big rise'' , The Guardian Jump up ^ John Plunkett (5 October 2011). `` The Great British Bake Off final leaves sweet taste for 5 m viewers'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jason Deans (10 October 2012). `` Great British Bake Off beats Holby City with best-ever ratings'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Seven million watch The Great British Bake Off'' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 October 2012. Jump up ^ Jake Kanter (17 October 2012). `` Great British Bake Off finale peaks with 7.2m'' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off is a ratings hit on its return'' . BBC. 21 August 2013. Jump up ^ John Plunkett (23 October 2013). `` Great British Bake Off final: 9 m watch Frances Quinn win'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai. `` BBC's ' Great British Bake Off' Ends Series 4 With Record Ratings'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Great British Bake Off' moving to BBC One for series five'' . Digital Spy. 15 October 2013. Jump up ^ John Plunkett (7 August 2014). `` The Great British Bake Off opener beats last year's ratings'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nicola Methven (5 September 2014). `` Great British Bake Off draws highest ever ratings as 10.3 million viewers tune in'' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Ben Lee (9 October 2014). `` Great British Bake Off final is most-watched non-sporting TV event of year'' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster (17 December 2015). `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most-watched shows of 2015'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Foster, Patrick (21 December 2016). `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most-viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year?'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes'' . BARB . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off is ratings success for Channel 4'' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off boosts Channel 4's Christmas Day ratings'' . BBC . 4 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off breaks BBC branding rules'' . BBC News. 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Exceedingly Good Great British Bake Off Facts'' . Heart Britain . 6 August 2015. Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox (2 October 2013). `` The Great British Bloke Off! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated'' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe (28 September 2013). `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby? Viewers suggest that TV host, 47, is flirting on screen with 21-year-old contestant'' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train'' . What's on TV . 9 October 2013. Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien (21 October 2013). `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh (22 October 2013). `` The Great British Bake Off: why did our show attract so much vitriol?'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum (21 October 2013). `` The Great British Bake-Off: Ruby Tandoh doesn't deserve this hostility'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt (15 October 2013). `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off's Ruby Tandoh: ' I think Kimberley's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood (14 October 2013). `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood'' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off rocked by Baked Alaska ' sabotage' scandal'' . independent.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off: Paul Hollywood and Sue Perkins speak out on ' bingate ' '' . guardian.com. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014: BBC receives over 500 ' bingate' complaints while #justiceforiain dominates Twitter'' . metro.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Deans (29 August 2014). `` Great British Bake Off: Ofcom rules out investigation despite complaints'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jess Denham (24 September 2014). `` Great British Bake Off 2014: Viewers complain about ' smutty' innuendos'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby (8 October 2014). `` Great British Bake Off innuendos: we pick our favourites'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Andy McFarlane (7 August 2014). `` Boris Johnson's ' Commons comeback' , Bake Off ' smut' and who is James Corden?'' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Billen (7 August 2014). `` TV Review: The Great British Bake Off'' . Jump up ^ Peter Dyke (27 May 2014). `` Great British Bake Off: Turning up the heat -- new series promises to be smuttiest yet'' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ Jeanette Kupfermann (24 September 2014). `` Smut: The ingredient that's made Bake Off a turn-off. JEANETTE KUPFERMANN says the hit show is no longer family entertainment'' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ John Whaite (23 September 2014), `` Soggy bottoms and hot buns: why the Bake Off thrives on innuendo'' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Anita Singh (6 October 2014). `` Great British Bake Off smut? It's just a bit of banter, says Paul Hollywood'' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Martin Rowson (8 October 2014). `` Why the Great British Bake Off needs a sprinkling of smut'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harry Mount (6 October 2014). `` Great British Bake Off smut: Ooh, Matron! Why innuendo comes so easily for the British'' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to: Kanter, Jeff (14 September 2016). `` How a secret legal dispute damaged the BBC's effort to keep ' Great British Bake Off ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Addley, Esther (14 September 2017). `` ' Three years of bad blood' : how the Bake Off producers and the BBC fell out of love'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Conlan, Tara; Martinson, Jane (13 September 2016). `` Great British Bake Off moves to Channel 4 as BBC negotiations collapse over fee'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (25 January 2017). `` The Great British Bake Off to return to TV screens in 2017'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormack, Kirsty (31 October 2017). `` Great British Bake Off 2017 winner REVEALED by judge Prue Leith: ' I'm mortified ' '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose d'Or -- Wettbewerbskategorien'' . Rose d'Or . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival'' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012. ^ Jump up to: `` BAFTA Awards Search'' . BAFTA . Jump up ^ `` Arqiva British Academy Television Awards in 2013 Winners Announced'' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2015: full list of winners'' . The Daily Telegraph. 22 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival'' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2012 Television Awards Winners Announced'' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . ^ Jump up to: `` Bafta Television Awards 2013: full list of winners and nominees'' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013: The winners' list in full'' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2014: Winners in full'' . BBC . 18 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2014 winners in full -- Ant & Dec, more'' . Digital Spy. 22 January 2014. Jump up ^ Hannah Furness (10 May 2015). `` BBC's star shows are eclipsed at the Bafta Television awards 2015'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2015: Winners in full'' . BBC . 10 May 2015. ^ Jump up to: `` Winners'' . National Television Awards . ^ Jump up to: `` Bafta TV awards 2016: full list of winners'' . Guardian . 8 May 2016. Jump up ^ Duncan, Amy (3 January 2017). `` From The Great British Bake Off to EastEnders: Full list of nominations for National Television Awards 2017'' . Metro . Jump up ^ Press Association (26 January 2017). `` National Television Awards 2017: Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones, plus full list of winners'' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2017: All the winners and nominees'' . BBC . 14 May 2017. Jump up ^ John Plunkett (28 July 2015). `` Great British Bake Off: new contestants poised to serve up sixth series'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tara Conlan (4 August 2015). `` Great British Bake Off recipe has proved a sweet success for BBC Worldwide'' . Guardian . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor (3 February 2013). `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global'' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Mark Cook (12 October 2012). `` The Great British Bake Off goes global: from Sweden to Australia the show is flourishing'' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide sells very first Junior Bake Off format to Thailand'' . BBC . 21 July 2014. Jump up ^ Diamond, Kerry. `` Finally! ' The Great British Bake Off' Has Arrived in America'' . Yahoo! Food . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Baking Show: Season 1 Episodes -- PBS Food'' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 Episodes -- Great British Baking Show -- PBS Food'' . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Watch The Great British Baking Show in Canada'' . CBC . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe whips up Bake Off adaptations'' . c21media.net. 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Television.com.ar (20 January 2018). `` Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero se llamará la adaptación de telefe del formato británico (Spanish)'' . television.com.ar . Jump up ^ Telefe (20 January 2018). `` ¡ Llega Bake off! La competencia para pasteleros amateurs (Spanish)'' . telefe.com. Jump up ^ David Knox (18 October 2012). `` Shane Jacobson, Anna Gare to host The Great Australian Bake Off '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham (30 July 2012). `` Bake Off rises in Poland, Oz'' . c21media.net. Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke (1 April 2015). `` Bake Off hits Australia'' . TBI Vision . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Den Store Bagedyst '' . DR . Jump up ^ `` Eesti parim pagar '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Koko Suomi leipoo '' . MTV3 . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham (21 January 2013). `` Netherlands, Finland set for Bake Off '' . c21media.net. Jump up ^ `` Le Meilleur Pâtissier (M6) : Une émission gourmande avec Cyril Lignac -- news télé '' . Programme-tv.net . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses sell The Great British Bake-Off 's smash-hit format to thirteen countries'' . Daily Mail . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Waller (7 October 2012). `` French Bake Off in the works'' . c21media.net. Jump up ^ `` The Great Irish Bake Off '' . TV3 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Kelly to be judge on Great Irish Bake Off '' . Songway Films. 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Italia su Real Time: Benedetta Parodi giudice assieme a Ernst Knam e Clelia d'Onofrio '' . Realityshow.blogosfere.it. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy says ' Si!' to The Great Bake Off '' . BBC Media Centre. 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Bake Off brings sweet secrets to Israel'' . The Times of Israel . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heel Holland Bakt'' . Omroep MAX . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Laughlin (January 2013). `` Great British Bake Off serves up global hit for BBC'' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ's The Great Kiwi Bake Off hits New Zealand, have you got what it takes?'' . TVNZ. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hele Norge Baker '' . TV3. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norway cooks up Bake Off'' . 26 October 2012. Jump up ^ `` Hele Norge Baker '' . Villa Perlesukker. 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prowadzące '' . Telewizja Polska . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurorzy'' . Telewizja Polska . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho! '' . Telewizja Polska . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Romania incepe, in curand, la PROTV'' . Pro TV . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off , emisiunea culinara care a cucerit intreaga lume, vine la ProTV! Gazda emisiunii va fi Nicolle Stanese'' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imagini din culisele Bake Off Romania! Premiera, astazi, de la 20:30, numai la ProTV'' . Pro TV . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Applications for Great South African Bake Off open'' . Northglen News. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hela Sverige bakar '' . TV4 . Jump up ^ `` Hela kändis -Sverige bakar '' . TV4 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey set for Bake Off '' . C21Media. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ver Fırına '' . TV8. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baking tournament will surprise the audience wonders of confectionary art 1 +1'' . ru.tsn.ua. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Кастинги -- Великий пекарський турнір -- Кастинги '' . 1plus1.ua . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British BBC format The Great Bake Off will be broadcast at Ukrainian TV channel 1+1'' . Kiev Media Week . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor (3 February 2013). `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Baking Show'' . Jump up ^ Kate Goodacre (18 October 2012). `` The Great British Bake Off to be remade for US audiences by CBS'' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Tim Surette (14 January 2013). `` Premiere date info'' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Baking Showpremieres Thursday, December 7'' . ABC . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart, Andy (8 August 2016). `` Exclusive: ABC's Baking Show will return with Mary Berry, and a new name'' . Reality Blurred . Jump up ^ Harry Fletcher. `` Mary Berry is remaking The Great British Bake Off in the US for ABC'' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski (20 October 2015). `` UK Reality Hit Great British Bake Off Getting Holiday-Themed Remake on ABC'' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Barney, Chuck (21 September 2017). `` Ayesha Curry lands another big TV gig -- this time with ABC'' . The Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes'' . Broadcasters' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief Bake Off -- tonight's photos'' . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Great British Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Wedding Cake at BBC Programmes The Great Sport Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great Comic Relief Bake Off at BBC Programmes The Great British Bake Off at UKGameshows.com The Great British Bake Off on IMDb The Great Sport Relief Bake Off on IMDb ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne-Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice Bake Off: The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015-present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off&oldid=842312869 '' Categories : 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes Channel 4 television programmes English-language television programs The Great British Bake Off Hidden categories: Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Dutch-language text Articles containing Bulgarian-language text Articles containing Danish-language text Articles containing Estonian-language text Articles containing Finnish-language text Articles containing French-language text Articles containing German-language text Articles containing Hungarian-language text Articles containing Italian-language text Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Norwegian-language text Articles containing Polish-language text Articles containing Portuguese-language text Articles containing Swedish-language text Articles containing Turkish-language text Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Scots Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 17:02. 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according to geographers there are two kinds of location | Regions are areas with distinctive characteristics : human characteristics , such as demographics or politics , and physical characteristics , such as climate and vegetation . For example , the US is a political region because it shares one governmental system . | [
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"Five Themes of Geography is an educational tool for teaching geography . Adopted in 1984 by the Association of American Geographers , those five themes were published in the NCGE / AAG publication Guidelines for Geographic Education , Elementary , and Secondary Schools . Most American geography and social studies classrooms have adopted the five themes in teaching practices .",
"The five - theme organizational approach was superseded by the Geography for Life standards published by the National Geographic Society United States Of America , a set of eighteen standards promulgated in 1994 . However , the five themes continue to be used as an educational approach in many educational outlets .",
"Five Themes :",
"Location Place Human - Environment Interaction Movement Region",
"Human - Environment Interaction",
"Every point on Earth has a location . Location can be described in two different ways :",
"Absolute location , a location as described by its latitude and longitude on the Earth . For example , the coordinates of Albany , New York are 42.6525 ° N , 73.7572 ° W . Relative location , a location as described by where it is compared to something else . For example , Albany , New York is roughly 140 miles north of New York City .",
"Absolute location , a location as described by its latitude and longitude on the Earth . For example , the coordinates of Albany , New York are 42.6525 ° N , 73.7572 ° W .",
"Relative location , a location as described by where it is compared to something else . For example , Albany , New York is roughly 140 miles north of New York City .",
"A place is an area that is defined by everything in it . All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places",
"Toponym : a place name , especially one derived from a topographical feature . Site : an area of ground on which a town , building , or monument is constructed . Situation : the location and surroundings of a place . Population : the number of people that live in the area .",
"Toponym : a place name , especially one derived from a topographical feature .",
"Site : an area of ground on which a town , building , or monument is constructed .",
"Situation : the location and surroundings of a place .",
"Population : the number of people that live in the area .",
"This theme describes how people interact with the environment , and how the environment responds , with three key concepts :",
"Dependency : Humans depend on the environment . Adaptation : Humans adapt to the environment . Modification : Humans modify the environment .",
"Dependency : Humans depend on the environment .",
"Adaptation : Humans adapt to the environment .",
"Modification : Humans modify the environment .",
"Movement is the travel of people , goods , and ideas from one location to another , or political events . Examples of movement include the United States ' westward expansion , the Information Revolution , and immigration . New devices such as the airplane and the Internet allow physical and ideological goods to be transferred long distances in short time intervals . A person 's travel from place to place , and the actions they perform there are also considered movement .",
"Example : Buses , Airplanes , Cars , and Boats .",
"Regions are areas with distinctive characteristics : human characteristics , such as demographics or politics , and physical characteristics , such as climate and vegetation . For example , the US is a political region because it shares one governmental system ."
] | Five Themes of Geography - wikipedia Five Themes of Geography Jump to: navigation , search Location Place Human-Environment Interaction Movement Region Five Themes of Geography is an educational tool for teaching geography . Adopted in 1984 by the Association of American Geographers , those five themes were published in the NCGE/AAG publication Guidelines for Geographic Education, Elementary, and Secondary Schools . Most American geography and social studies classrooms have adopted the five themes in teaching practices. Contents ( hide ) 1 Themes 1.1 Location 1.2 Place 1.3 Human-environment interaction 1.4 Movement 1.5 Region 2 References Themes ( edit ) The five-theme organizational approach was superseded by the Geography for Life standards published by the National Geographic Society United States Of America, a set of eighteen standards promulgated in 1994. However, the five themes continue to be used as an educational approach in many educational outlets. Five Themes : Location Place Human-Environment Interaction Movement Region Location ( edit ) Every point on Earth has a location. Location can be described in two different ways: Absolute location , a location as described by its latitude and longitude on the Earth . For example, the coordinates of Albany, New York are 42.6525° N, 73.7572° W. Relative location , a location as described by where it is compared to something else. For example, Albany, New York is roughly 140 miles north of New York City. Place ( edit ) A place is an area that is defined by everything in it. All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places Toponym: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature. Site: an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed. Situation: the location and surroundings of a place. Population: the number of people that live in the area. Human-environment Interaction ( edit ) Further information: human-environment interaction This theme describes how people interact with the environment, and how the environment responds, with three key concepts: Dependency: Humans depend on the environment. Adaptation : Humans adapt to the environment. Modification: Humans modify the environment. Movement ( edit ) Movement is the travel of people , goods , and ideas from one location to another, or political events. Examples of movement include the United States ' westward expansion , the Information Revolution , and immigration . New devices such as the airplane and the Internet allow physical and ideological goods to be transferred long distances in short time intervals. A person's travel from place to place, and the actions they perform there are also considered movement. Example: Buses, Airplanes, Cars, and Boats. Region ( edit ) Regions are areas with distinctive characteristics: human characteristics, such as demographics or politics, and physical characteristics, such as climate and vegetation. For example, the US is a political region because it shares one governmental system. References ( edit ) Geography portal Education portal ^ Jump up to: Ganzel, Karen. `` Geography Lesson Plans Using Google Earth'' . Lesson Planet . Retrieved April 28, 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matt. `` The Five Themes of Geography'' . About.com . Retrieved November 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Themes of Geography'' (PDF) . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_themes_of_geography&oldid=842599219 '' Categories : Geography education Association of American Geographers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018, at 13:17. About Wikipedia | -8385068365063573008 |
bebe rexha new song i'm a mess | United States 16 July 2018 Hot adult contemporary | [
[]
] | [
-1
] | [
"`` I 'm a Mess '' Single by Bebe Rexha from the album Expectations Released June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Format Digital download streaming Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 15 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Bleta Rexha Justin Tranter Meredith Brooks Shelly Peiken Jussifer Producer ( s ) Jussifer Devon Corey Bebe Rexha singles chronology `` Girls '' ( 2018 ) `` I 'm a Mess '' ( 2018 ) `` Say My Name '' ( 2018 )",
"`` I 'm a Mess ''",
"Single by Bebe Rexha",
"from the album Expectations",
"Released June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 )",
"Format Digital download streaming",
"Digital download streaming",
"Genre Pop R&B",
"Pop R&B",
"Length 3 : 15",
"Label Warner Bros .",
"Songwriter ( s ) Bleta Rexha Justin Tranter Meredith Brooks Shelly Peiken Jussifer",
"Bleta Rexha Justin Tranter Meredith Brooks Shelly Peiken Jussifer",
"Producer ( s ) Jussifer Devon Corey",
"Jussifer Devon Corey",
"Bebe Rexha singles chronology",
"`` Girls '' ( 2018 ) `` I 'm a Mess '' ( 2018 ) `` Say My Name '' ( 2018 )",
"`` Girls '' ( 2018 ) `` I 'm a Mess '' ( 2018 ) `` Say My Name '' ( 2018 )",
"`` Girls '' ( 2018 ) `` I 'm a Mess '' ( 2018 ) `` Say My Name '' ( 2018 )",
"`` I 'm a Mess '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha for her debut studio album , Expectations ( 2018 ) . It was released as the first single of the album on June 15 , 2018 , following an early radio release in the United States . The song is produced by Jussifer and Devon Corey . According to the singer , the song is about accepting your own imperfections , and not dwelling on them but rather celebrating them. The song became Rexha 's first solo top 40 hit .",
"`` I 'm a Mess '' contains an interpolation of the 1997 song `` Bitch '' , performed by Meredith Brooks . It was written by Rexha alongside Justin Tranter and Jussifer , while the latter handled production with Devon Corey .",
"The music video was directed by Sophie Muller and premiered on July 19 , 2018 .",
"On September 18 , 2017 , a snippet of the track was shared by Rexha via an Instagram story . The second snippet was released on April 20 , 2018 .",
"Rexha performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and on the Teen Choice Awards , she is also set to perform at the iHeart Radio Music Festival along with the song `` Meant to Be '' . Bebe also performed `` I 'm a Mess '' on the TV show Big Brother and America 's Got Talent .",
"Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 78 Australia ( ARIA ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 30 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 86 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 40 Malaysia ( RIM ) 15 New Zealand Hot Singles ( RMNZ ) 18 Norway ( VG - lista ) 29 Portugal ( AFP ) 90 Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 87 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 59 Singapore ( RIAS ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 79 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 34 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 77 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9",
"Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position",
"Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 78",
"Australia ( ARIA ) 41",
"Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17",
"Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 30",
"Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25",
"Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29",
"Germany ( Official German Charts ) 86",
"Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 31",
"Ireland ( IRMA ) 40",
"Malaysia ( RIM ) 15",
"New Zealand Hot Singles ( RMNZ ) 18",
"Norway ( VG - lista ) 29",
"Portugal ( AFP ) 90",
"Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 87",
"Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 59",
"Singapore ( RIAS ) 10",
"Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 79",
"Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 34",
"Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan )",
"Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 93",
"UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 77",
"US Billboard Hot 100 36",
"US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22",
"US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9",
"Region Date Format Label Ref . United States June 2018 Digital download streaming Warner Bros . Italy 22 June 2018 Contemporary hit radio United States 16 July 2018 Hot adult contemporary",
"Region Date Format Label Ref .",
"United States June 2018 Digital download streaming Warner Bros .",
"Digital download streaming",
"Italy 22 June 2018 Contemporary hit radio",
"United States 16 July 2018 Hot adult contemporary"
] | I'm a Mess (Bebe Rexha song) - Wikipedia I'm a Mess (Bebe Rexha song) `` I'm a Mess'' Single by Bebe Rexha from the album Expectations Released June 15, 2018 ( 2018-06-15 ) Format Digital download streaming Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 15 Label Warner Bros. Songwriter(s) Bleta Rexha Justin Tranter Meredith Brooks Shelly Peiken Jussifer Producer(s) Jussifer Devon Corey Bebe Rexha singles chronology `` Girls '' (2018) `` I'm a Mess '' (2018) `` Say My Name'' (2018) `` I'm a Mess '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha for her debut studio album, Expectations (2018). It was released as the first single of the album on June 15, 2018, following an early radio release in the United States. The song is produced by Jussifer and Devon Corey. According to the singer, the song is about accepting your own imperfections, and not dwelling on them but rather celebrating them.The song became Rexha's first solo top 40 hit. Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Release 4 Live performances 5 Charts 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) `` I'm a Mess'' contains an interpolation of the 1997 song `` Bitch '' , performed by Meredith Brooks . It was written by Rexha alongside Justin Tranter and Jussifer, while the latter handled production with Devon Corey. Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Sophie Muller and premiered on July 19, 2018. Release ( edit ) On September 18, 2017, a snippet of the track was shared by Rexha via an Instagram story. The second snippet was released on April 20, 2018. Live performances ( edit ) Rexha performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and on the Teen Choice Awards , she is also set to perform at the iHeart Radio Music Festival along with the song `` Meant to Be '' . Bebe also performed `` I'm a Mess'' on the TV show Big Brother and America's Got Talent . Charts ( edit ) Chart (2018) Peak position Argentina ( Argentina Hot 100 ) 78 Australia ( ARIA ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia) 30 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 86 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 40 Malaysia ( RIM ) 15 New Zealand Hot Singles ( RMNZ ) 18 Norway ( VG-lista ) 29 Portugal ( AFP ) 90 Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 87 Scotland (Official Charts Company) 59 Singapore ( RIAS ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 79 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 34 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 93 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 77 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref. United States June 2018 Digital download streaming Warner Bros. Italy 22 June 2018 Contemporary hit radio United States 16 July 2018 Hot adult contemporary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha on Twitter'' . June 6, 2018 . Retrieved June 14, 2018 -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha on Twitter: `` We sent all the radio stations a version so they can live with it & hopefully like it enough to play it. Some stations loved it & played it '' `` . June 8, 2018 . Retrieved June 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha on Twitter'' . Twitter . Retrieved July 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha's New Song ' I'm a Mess' Adding ' 90s Hit ' Bitch' Songwriters to Credits'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018-07-25 . Jump up ^ Angermiller, Michele Amabile (2018-06-15). `` Bebe Rexha's ' I'm a Mess' Gives Belated Credit to Writers of 1997 Hit ' Bitch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018-07-25 . Jump up ^ `` Tune. Bebe Rexha's `` I'm A Mess'' Is An Emo Anthem`` . idolator. 2018-06-15 . Retrieved 2018-07-25 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha I'm a Mess Music Video Celebrates Her Faults'' . 23 July 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess (Snippet)'' . YouTube . Retrieved July 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi, Althea (2018-06-26). `` Bebe Rexha Navigates a Hospital for ' I'm a Mess' on ' Fallon ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018-07-25 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Hot 100 -- Semana del 20 de Octubre del 2018'' . Billboard Argentina (in Spanish) . Retrieved October 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess'' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess'' (in Dutch). Ultratip . Retrieved September 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess'' (in French). Ultratip . Retrieved September 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI'' (in Czech). Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201834 into search . Retrieved August 28, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 31, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ'' (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 6, 2018. Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts'' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved September 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia'' (PDF) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved October 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Hot Singles Chart'' . Recorded Music NZ . July 23, 2018 . Retrieved July 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG-lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 37, 2018'' . VG-lista . Retrieved September 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess'' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved September 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Arvunescu, Victor (September 2, 2018). `` Top Airplay 100 -- Toamna începe ... tot cu Mahmut Orhan!'' (Top Airplay 100 -- Fall starts off... with Mahmut Orhan!) (in Romanian). Un site de muzică . Archived from the original on September 2, 2018 . Retrieved September 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27, 2018. Jump up ^ `` RIAS TOP 30 DIGITAL STREAMING CHART 2018 WEEK 31'' (PDF) . RIAS . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2018 . Retrieved August 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI'' (in Slovak). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201839 into search . Retrieved October 2, 2018. Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI'' (in Slovak). Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201835 into search . Retrieved September 3, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Heatseeker -- Vecka 35, 31 augusti 2018'' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved August 31, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha -- I'm a Mess'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 1, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 19, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History (Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2, 2018. Jump up ^ Cardoza, Riley (13 August 2018). `` Bebe Rexha Dances On A Giant Bed For Amazing ' I'm A Mess' Performance At TCAs'' . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-i-m-a-mess-178052-22-06-2018-radiodate/ Jump up ^ `` Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases'' . All Access. All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Cardoza, Riley (13 August 2018). `` Bebe Rexha Dances On A Giant Bed For Amazing ' I'm A Mess' Performance At TCAs'' . External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Bebe Rexha Studio albums Expectations Extended plays I Don't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault: Pt. 1 All Your Fault: Pt. 2 Singles `` I Can't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me, Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are (Dance with Somebody) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' `` Push Back '' `` I'm a Mess '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` That's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' `` Girls '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards This 2010s pop song -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Mess_(Bebe_Rexha_song)&oldid=866331152 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Songs written by Bebe Rexha Songs written by Shelly Peiken Songs written by Justin Tranter Songs written by Meredith Brooks 2010s pop song stubs Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018, at 18:27 (UTC) . 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how much did it cost rio to host the olympics | Host City Year Final Operating Budget Total Costs Taxpayer Contribution Profit / Loss Year Debt Paid Off Notes Athens Summer Olympics 1896 3,740,000 ₯ Donations by George Averoff of 1,000,000 ₯ covered potential losses London Summer Olympics 1908 US $394,000 est . £ 6,377 Paris Summer Olympics 1924 5,496,610 ₣ Amsterdam Summer Olympics 1928 $1,183,000 $18,000 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1932 $1,000,000 Berlin Summer Olympics 1936 $30,000,000 London Summer Olympics 1948 £ 761,688 £ 29,000 Helsinki Summer Olympics 1952 1,580,000,000 mk 49,000,000 mk Melbourne Summer Olympics 1956 A £ 5,400,000 A £ 300,000 Tokyo Summer Olympics 1964 US $ 72,000,000 Mexico City Summer Olympics 1968 US $ 176,000,000 Munich Summer Olympics 1972 1,972,000,000 DM Montreal Summer Olympics 1976 CDN $ 207,000,000 CDN $ 1,410,000,000 CDN $ 990,000,000 2006 A special tobacco tax was introduced in May 1976 to fund the loss Lake Placid Winter Olympics 1980 US $ 49,000,000 US $ 169,000,000 Moscow Summer Olympics 1980 US $ 231,000,000 US $ 1,350,000,000 USD $1,190,000,000 deficit This was the year that The United States and 64 other Nations boycotted due to the invasion of Afghanistan . Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984 US $ 55,400,000 US $ 110,900,000 US $10,000,000 The first Olympics since 1948 to make a profit Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1984 US $ 320,000,000 US $ 413,000,000 $75,000,000 US $250,000,000 1984 The first Summer Olympics since 1932 to make a profit Calgary Winter Olympics 1988 CDN $ 438,000,000 CDN $ 899,000,000 CDN $ 425,000,000 CDN $ 32,000,000 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics 1988 USD $4,000,000,000 US $300,000,000 1988 A record profit for a government - run Olympiad Barcelona Summer Olympics 1992 US $ 850,000,000 US $ 9,300,000,000 US $10,000,000 1992 Operating costs were put at 9.1 % of the total cost . The vast majority of spending was to improve infrastructure . Albertville Winter Olympics 1992 USD $1,200,000,000 on infrastructure USD $67,000,000 Lillehammer Winter Olympics US $ 1,100,000,000 US $ 250,000,000 Atlanta Summer Olympics US $ 1,800,000,000 US $ 609,000,000 US $ 19,000,000 Despite the profit , Atlanta 's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship drew criticism of commercialization Nagano Winter Olympics 1998 ~ US $ 10,000,000,000 in new infrastructure Net loss Estimated 2015 The full cost of the Nagano Olympics is unknown , due to Nagano Olympic Bid Committee vice-secretary general Sumikazu Yamaguchi ordering accounting documents burned Sydney Summer Olympics 2000 A $ 6,600,000,000 A $ 3,000,000,000 ( A $ 363 , 5000 , 000 borne by the public ) A $ 2,050,000,000 USD $2,100,000,000 loss 2000 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 2002 US $ 2,000,000,000 US $ 1,200,000,000 US $ 600,000,000 US $ 101,000,000 2002 Additional security costs were incurred in the wake of the September 11 attacks Athens Summer Olympics US $ 15,000,000,000 US $ 9,000,000,000 US $ 6,200,000,000 US $ 14,500,000,000 The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government - debt crisis . Many of the venues lie vacant and rotting ; the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused . Turin Winter Olympics 2006 US $ 700,000,000 USD $3,200,000 The Italian government created a lottery game to cover its financial losses . Beijing Summer Olympics 2008 US $ 44,000,000,000 CNY 1,000,000,000 ( US $ 146,000,000 ) 2008 Vancouver Winter Olympics CDN $ 1,700,000,000 ( US $ 1,260,000,000 ) US $ 6,400,000,000 US $ 2,300,000,000 CDN $ 1,900,000 Included in the total US $ 6,400,000,000 cost are the $1,000,000,000 for security , $2,500,000,000 for transportation extensions and upgrades , and $900,000,000 for the new Vancouver Convention Centre ( An additional $554,000,000 was spent by the city including a portion on the Olympic Village ) . London Summer Olympics 2012 US $ 10,400,000,000 US $ 14,600,000,000 US $ 4,400,000,000 GBP £ nil 2012 Additional costs include $90 million for converting the Olympic Stadium ( London ) to a football venue Sochi Winter Olympics 2014 US $ 51,000,000,000 US $ 53,150,000 The most expensive Olympic Games in history , surpassing the previous record set by the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games . Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics 2016 US $ 4,600,000,000 US $ 11.6 billion Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018 Tokyo Summer Olympics 2020 Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 Paris Summer Olympics 2024 TBA 2026 Winter Olympics 2026 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 2028 | [
[
"$4,600,000,000"
]
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] | [
"Sports - related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion dollars .",
"Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history ; with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials , and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms . While originally budgeted at US $12 billion , the budget expanded to US $51 billion , surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , making Sochi the most expensive Olympics in history .",
"The table below is listing the not so hard costs of the Games . Due to the multitude of reporting methods , the table contains both the operating costs and total final costs ( which include various infrastructure upgrades and security costs ) , known and not estimated . Net loss or gain are measured against the operating budgets . Intangible costs ( such as to the environment and society ) and not so total benefits ( through tourism ) are not included here .",
"Host City Year Final Operating Budget Total Costs Taxpayer Contribution Profit / Loss Year Debt Paid Off Notes Athens Summer Olympics 1896 3,740,000 ₯ Donations by George Averoff of 1,000,000 ₯ covered potential losses London Summer Olympics 1908 US $394,000 est . £ 6,377 Paris Summer Olympics 1924 5,496,610 ₣ Amsterdam Summer Olympics 1928 $1,183,000 $18,000 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1932 $1,000,000 Berlin Summer Olympics 1936 $30,000,000 London Summer Olympics 1948 £ 761,688 £ 29,000 Helsinki Summer Olympics 1952 1,580,000,000 mk 49,000,000 mk Melbourne Summer Olympics 1956 A £ 5,400,000 A £ 300,000 Tokyo Summer Olympics 1964 US $ 72,000,000 Mexico City Summer Olympics 1968 US $ 176,000,000 Munich Summer Olympics 1972 1,972,000,000 DM Montreal Summer Olympics 1976 CDN $ 207,000,000 CDN $ 1,410,000,000 CDN $ 990,000,000 2006 A special tobacco tax was introduced in May 1976 to fund the loss Lake Placid Winter Olympics 1980 US $ 49,000,000 US $ 169,000,000 Moscow Summer Olympics 1980 US $ 231,000,000 US $ 1,350,000,000 USD $1,190,000,000 deficit This was the year that The United States and 64 other Nations boycotted due to the invasion of Afghanistan . Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984 US $ 55,400,000 US $ 110,900,000 US $10,000,000 The first Olympics since 1948 to make a profit Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1984 US $ 320,000,000 US $ 413,000,000 $75,000,000 US $250,000,000 1984 The first Summer Olympics since 1932 to make a profit Calgary Winter Olympics 1988 CDN $ 438,000,000 CDN $ 899,000,000 CDN $ 425,000,000 CDN $ 32,000,000 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics 1988 USD $4,000,000,000 US $300,000,000 1988 A record profit for a government - run Olympiad Barcelona Summer Olympics 1992 US $ 850,000,000 US $ 9,300,000,000 US $10,000,000 1992 Operating costs were put at 9.1 % of the total cost . The vast majority of spending was to improve infrastructure . Albertville Winter Olympics 1992 USD $1,200,000,000 on infrastructure USD $67,000,000 Lillehammer Winter Olympics US $ 1,100,000,000 US $ 250,000,000 Atlanta Summer Olympics US $ 1,800,000,000 US $ 609,000,000 US $ 19,000,000 Despite the profit , Atlanta 's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship drew criticism of commercialization Nagano Winter Olympics 1998 ~ US $ 10,000,000,000 in new infrastructure Net loss Estimated 2015 The full cost of the Nagano Olympics is unknown , due to Nagano Olympic Bid Committee vice-secretary general Sumikazu Yamaguchi ordering accounting documents burned Sydney Summer Olympics 2000 A $ 6,600,000,000 A $ 3,000,000,000 ( A $ 363 , 5000 , 000 borne by the public ) A $ 2,050,000,000 USD $2,100,000,000 loss 2000 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 2002 US $ 2,000,000,000 US $ 1,200,000,000 US $ 600,000,000 US $ 101,000,000 2002 Additional security costs were incurred in the wake of the September 11 attacks Athens Summer Olympics US $ 15,000,000,000 US $ 9,000,000,000 US $ 6,200,000,000 US $ 14,500,000,000 The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government - debt crisis . Many of the venues lie vacant and rotting ; the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused . Turin Winter Olympics 2006 US $ 700,000,000 USD $3,200,000 The Italian government created a lottery game to cover its financial losses . Beijing Summer Olympics 2008 US $ 44,000,000,000 CNY 1,000,000,000 ( US $ 146,000,000 ) 2008 Vancouver Winter Olympics CDN $ 1,700,000,000 ( US $ 1,260,000,000 ) US $ 6,400,000,000 US $ 2,300,000,000 CDN $ 1,900,000 Included in the total US $ 6,400,000,000 cost are the $1,000,000,000 for security , $2,500,000,000 for transportation extensions and upgrades , and $900,000,000 for the new Vancouver Convention Centre ( An additional $554,000,000 was spent by the city including a portion on the Olympic Village ) . London Summer Olympics 2012 US $ 10,400,000,000 US $ 14,600,000,000 US $ 4,400,000,000 GBP £ nil 2012 Additional costs include $90 million for converting the Olympic Stadium ( London ) to a football venue Sochi Winter Olympics 2014 US $ 51,000,000,000 US $ 53,150,000 The most expensive Olympic Games in history , surpassing the previous record set by the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games . Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics 2016 US $ 4,600,000,000 US $ 11.6 billion Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018 Tokyo Summer Olympics 2020 Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 Paris Summer Olympics 2024 TBA 2026 Winter Olympics 2026 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 2028",
"Host City Year Final Operating Budget Total Costs Taxpayer Contribution Profit / Loss Year Debt Paid Off Notes",
"Athens Summer Olympics 1896 3,740,000 ₯ Donations by George Averoff of 1,000,000 ₯ covered potential losses",
"London Summer Olympics 1908 US $394,000 est . £ 6,377",
"Paris Summer Olympics 1924 5,496,610 ₣",
"Amsterdam Summer Olympics 1928 $1,183,000 $18,000",
"Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1932 $1,000,000",
"Berlin Summer Olympics 1936 $30,000,000",
"",
"London Summer Olympics 1948 £ 761,688 £ 29,000",
"Helsinki Summer Olympics 1952 1,580,000,000 mk 49,000,000 mk",
"Melbourne Summer Olympics 1956 A £ 5,400,000 A £ 300,000",
"Tokyo Summer Olympics 1964 US $ 72,000,000",
"Mexico City Summer Olympics 1968 US $ 176,000,000",
"Munich Summer Olympics 1972 1,972,000,000 DM",
"Montreal Summer Olympics 1976 CDN $ 207,000,000 CDN $ 1,410,000,000 CDN $ 990,000,000 2006 A special tobacco tax was introduced in May 1976 to fund the loss",
"Lake Placid Winter Olympics 1980 US $ 49,000,000 US $ 169,000,000",
"Moscow Summer Olympics 1980 US $ 231,000,000 US $ 1,350,000,000 USD $1,190,000,000 deficit This was the year that The United States and 64 other Nations boycotted due to the invasion of Afghanistan .",
"Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984 US $ 55,400,000 US $ 110,900,000 US $10,000,000 The first Olympics since 1948 to make a profit",
"Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1984 US $ 320,000,000 US $ 413,000,000 $75,000,000 US $250,000,000 1984 The first Summer Olympics since 1932 to make a profit",
"Calgary Winter Olympics 1988 CDN $ 438,000,000 CDN $ 899,000,000 CDN $ 425,000,000 CDN $ 32,000,000 1988",
"Seoul Summer Olympics 1988 USD $4,000,000,000 US $300,000,000 1988 A record profit for a government - run Olympiad",
"Barcelona Summer Olympics 1992 US $ 850,000,000 US $ 9,300,000,000 US $10,000,000 1992 Operating costs were put at 9.1 % of the total cost . The vast majority of spending was to improve infrastructure .",
"Albertville Winter Olympics 1992 USD $1,200,000,000 on infrastructure USD $67,000,000",
"Lillehammer Winter Olympics US $ 1,100,000,000 US $ 250,000,000",
"Atlanta Summer Olympics US $ 1,800,000,000 US $ 609,000,000 US $ 19,000,000 Despite the profit , Atlanta 's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship drew criticism of commercialization",
"Nagano Winter Olympics 1998 ~ US $ 10,000,000,000 in new infrastructure Net loss Estimated 2015 The full cost of the Nagano Olympics is unknown , due to Nagano Olympic Bid Committee vice-secretary general Sumikazu Yamaguchi ordering accounting documents burned",
"Sydney Summer Olympics 2000 A $ 6,600,000,000 A $ 3,000,000,000 ( A $ 363 , 5000 , 000 borne by the public ) A $ 2,050,000,000 USD $2,100,000,000 loss 2000",
"Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 2002 US $ 2,000,000,000 US $ 1,200,000,000 US $ 600,000,000 US $ 101,000,000 2002 Additional security costs were incurred in the wake of the September 11 attacks",
"Athens Summer Olympics US $ 15,000,000,000 US $ 9,000,000,000 US $ 6,200,000,000 US $ 14,500,000,000 The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government - debt crisis . Many of the venues lie vacant and rotting ; the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused .",
"Turin Winter Olympics 2006 US $ 700,000,000 USD $3,200,000 The Italian government created a lottery game to cover its financial losses .",
"Beijing Summer Olympics 2008 US $ 44,000,000,000 CNY 1,000,000,000 ( US $ 146,000,000 ) 2008",
"Vancouver Winter Olympics CDN $ 1,700,000,000 ( US $ 1,260,000,000 ) US $ 6,400,000,000 US $ 2,300,000,000 CDN $ 1,900,000 Included in the total US $ 6,400,000,000 cost are the $1,000,000,000 for security , $2,500,000,000 for transportation extensions and upgrades , and $900,000,000 for the new Vancouver Convention Centre ( An additional $554,000,000 was spent by the city including a portion on the Olympic Village ) .",
"London Summer Olympics 2012 US $ 10,400,000,000 US $ 14,600,000,000 US $ 4,400,000,000 GBP £ nil 2012 Additional costs include $90 million for converting the Olympic Stadium ( London ) to a football venue",
"Sochi Winter Olympics 2014 US $ 51,000,000,000 US $ 53,150,000 The most expensive Olympic Games in history , surpassing the previous record set by the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games .",
"Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics 2016 US $ 4,600,000,000 US $ 11.6 billion",
"Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018",
"Tokyo Summer Olympics 2020",
"Beijing Winter Olympics 2022",
"Paris Summer Olympics 2024",
"TBA 2026 Winter Olympics 2026",
"Los Angeles Summer Olympics 2028"
] | Cost of the Olympic Games - wikipedia Cost of the Olympic Games Jump to: navigation , search Sports-related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion dollars. Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history; with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials, and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms. While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, the budget expanded to US$51 billion, surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, making Sochi the most expensive Olympics in history . The table below is listing the not so hard costs of the Games. Due to the multitude of reporting methods, the table contains both the operating costs and total final costs (which include various infrastructure upgrades and security costs), known and not estimated. Net loss or gain are measured against the operating budgets. Intangible costs (such as to the environment and society ) and not so total benefits (through tourism) are not included here. Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 External links 4 References Table ( edit ) Host City Year Final Operating Budget Total Costs Taxpayer Contribution Profit/Loss Year Debt Paid Off Notes Athens Summer Olympics 1896 3,740,000 ₯ Donations by George Averoff of 1,000,000 ₯ covered potential losses London Summer Olympics 1908 US$394,000 est. £ 6,377 Paris Summer Olympics 1924 5,496,610₣ Amsterdam Summer Olympics 1928 $1,183,000 $18,000 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1932 $1,000,000 Berlin Summer Olympics 1936 $30,000,000 London Summer Olympics 1948 £ 761,688 £ 29,000 Helsinki Summer Olympics 1952 1,580,000,000 mk 49,000,000 mk Melbourne Summer Olympics 1956 A £ 5,400,000 A£ 300,000 Tokyo Summer Olympics 1964 US$ 72,000,000 Mexico City Summer Olympics 1968 US$ 176,000,000 Munich Summer Olympics 1972 1,972,000,000 DM Montreal Summer Olympics 1976 CDN$ 207,000,000 CDN$ 1,410,000,000 CDN$ 990,000,000 2006 A special tobacco tax was introduced in May 1976 to fund the loss Lake Placid Winter Olympics 1980 US$ 49,000,000 US$ 169,000,000 Moscow Summer Olympics 1980 US$ 231,000,000 US$ 1,350,000,000 USD $1,190,000,000 deficit This was the year that The United States and 64 other Nations boycotted due to the invasion of Afghanistan. Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984 US$ 55,400,000 US$ 110,900,000 US$10,000,000 The first Olympics since 1948 to make a profit Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1984 US$ 320,000,000 US$ 413,000,000 $75,000,000 US$250,000,000 1984 The first Summer Olympics since 1932 to make a profit Calgary Winter Olympics 1988 CDN$ 438,000,000 CDN$ 899,000,000 CDN$ 425,000,000 CDN$ 32,000,000 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics 1988 USD $4,000,000,000 US$300,000,000 1988 A record profit for a government-run Olympiad Barcelona Summer Olympics 1992 US$ 850,000,000 US$ 9,300,000,000 US$10,000,000 1992 Operating costs were put at 9.1% of the total cost. The vast majority of spending was to improve infrastructure. Albertville Winter Olympics 1992 USD $1,200,000,000 on infrastructure USD $67,000,000 Lillehammer Winter Olympics US$ 1,100,000,000 US$ 250,000,000 Atlanta Summer Olympics US$ 1,800,000,000 US$ 609,000,000 US$ 19,000,000 Despite the profit, Atlanta's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship drew criticism of commercialization Nagano Winter Olympics 1998 ~ US$ 10,000,000,000 in new infrastructure Net loss Estimated 2015 The full cost of the Nagano Olympics is unknown, due to Nagano Olympic Bid Committee vice-secretary general Sumikazu Yamaguchi ordering accounting documents burned Sydney Summer Olympics 2000 A$ 6,600,000,000 A$ 3,000,000,000 ( A$ 363,5000,000 borne by the public) A$ 2,050,000,000 USD $2,100,000,000 loss 2000 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 2002 US$ 2,000,000,000 US$ 1,200,000,000 US$ 600,000,000 US$ 101,000,000 2002 Additional security costs were incurred in the wake of the September 11 attacks Athens Summer Olympics US$ 15,000,000,000 US$ 9,000,000,000 US$ 6,200,000,000 US$ 14,500,000,000 The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government-debt crisis . Many of the venues lie vacant and rotting; the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused. Turin Winter Olympics 2006 US$ 700,000,000 USD $3,200,000 The Italian government created a lottery game to cover its financial losses. Beijing Summer Olympics 2008 US$ 44,000,000,000 CNY 1,000,000,000 ( US$ 146,000,000) 2008 Vancouver Winter Olympics CDN$ 1,700,000,000 ( US$ 1,260,000,000) US$ 6,400,000,000 US$ 2,300,000,000 CDN$ 1,900,000 Included in the total US$ 6,400,000,000 cost are the $1,000,000,000 for security, $2,500,000,000 for transportation extensions and upgrades, and $900,000,000 for the new Vancouver Convention Centre (An additional $554,000,000 was spent by the city including a portion on the Olympic Village). London Summer Olympics 2012 US$ 10,400,000,000 US$ 14,600,000,000 US$ 4,400,000,000 GBP £ nil 2012 Additional costs include $90 million for converting the Olympic Stadium (London) to a football venue Sochi Winter Olympics 2014 US$ 51,000,000,000 US$ 53,150,000 The most expensive Olympic Games in history, surpassing the previous record set by the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games. Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics 2016 US$ 4,600,000,000 US$ 11.6 billion Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018 Tokyo Summer Olympics 2020 Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 Paris Summer Olympics 2024 TBA 2026 Winter Olympics 2026 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 2028 See also ( edit ) List of megaprojects External links ( edit ) What did Olympics bring Sydney References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bennetts, Marc (19 January 2014). `` Winter Olympics 2014: Sochi Games `` nothing but a monstrous scam,'' says Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov`` . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sochi Olympics: Castles in the sand'' . The Economist. 13 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to: http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf ^ Jump up to: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2307426/London-2012-must-learn-from-the-1bn-Sydney-hangover.html ^ Jump up to: `` Official Report of the XXIst Olympiad Montréal 1976'' (PDF) . International Olympic Committee. 1978 . Retrieved 2014-02-13 . ^ Jump up to: `` XIII Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid - Final Report'' (PDF) . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014-02-13 . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Report of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980'' (PDF) . International Olympic Committee. 1981 . Retrieved 2014-02-13 . ^ Jump up to: `` FINAL REPORT published by the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo'' (PDF) . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984'' (PDF) . International Olympic Committee. 1985 . Retrieved 2014-02-13 . ^ Jump up to: Julia Campbell. `` Cost to Host Olympic Games Skyrockets'' . ABC News . Retrieved August 6, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Olympic Cities: Booms and Busts'' . Cnbc.com. 2012-01-19 . Retrieved 2014-02-07 . ^ Jump up to: `` Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss?'' . China Internet Information Center . Retrieved 2008-08-17 . ^ Jump up to: `` XV Olympic Winter Games: Official Report'' (PDF) . International Olympic Committee. 1988 . Retrieved 2014-02-13 . Jump up ^ Flyvbjerg, Bent; Allison Stewart (2012). `` Olympic Proportions: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Olympics 1960-2012'' . Working Paper. Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. Jump up ^ Brunet, Ferran (1995). An economic analysis of the Barcelona'92 Olympic Games: resources, financing and impacts`` . Working Paper. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ^ Jump up to: `` Olympic Cities: Booms and Busts'' . Cnbc.com. 2012-01-19 . Retrieved 2014-02-07 . ^ Jump up to: Nina Berglund. `` Lillehammer marks OL anniversary'' . News In English . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . compared to the NOK 8,500,000,000 spent on Lillehammer ^ Jump up to: `` Exchange rate, US dollar (USD)'' . Norges Bank . Retrieved February 7, 2014 . January 1994 7.5109 ^ Jump up to: Schlotterbeck, Bianca (19 January 2012). `` Nagano, Japan (Winter 1998)'' . Olympic Cities: Booms and Busts . CNBC . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Craig, David (2009). Squandered . Constable & Robinson Limited. p. 300. ISBN 9781849011617 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic glory at any price? - John Madden & James Giesecke - 26 Jul 2012, Business Spectator'' . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney 2000 - Auditor Slams Costs'' . Archived from the original on 2005-02-07. Jump up ^ `` Hosting the Olympics: cash cow or money pit?'' . Retrieved 2012-12-17 . Jump up ^ Roberts, Selena (2002-02-04). `` IOC's Rogge Steps into the Cold - Feb 4, 2002 - The New York Times'' . Retrieved 2010-02-13 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics budget nearly $2,000,000,000 - Dec 11, 2001 - Sports Illustrated'' . CNN . 2001-12-11 . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Mitt Romney's Olympic history in the spotlight'' . The Daily Telegraph (Sydney) . 28 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Salt Lake Tops Forecast - 2002-09-18 - The New York Times'' . 2002-09-18 . Retrieved 2010-02-13 . Jump up ^ `` As Olympic glow fades, Athens Questions $15,000,000,000 Cost - 2008-07-21 - The Christian Science Monitor'' . Retrieved 2010-02-13 . Jump up ^ `` How the 2004 Olympics Triggered Greece's Decline - 2012-08-02 - Bloomberg Business'' . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics ' may cost Greece dear' - 2004-06-02 - BBC NEWS'' . BBC News . 2004-06-02 . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ Schlotterbeck, Bianca (19 January 2012). `` Athens, Greece (Summer, 2004)'' . Olympic Cities: Booms and Busts . CNBC . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Cities: Booms and Busts'' . Cnbc.com. 2012-01-19 . Retrieved 2014-02-07 . Jump up ^ `` Turin Winter Olympics 2006 - 2014-02-06 - CIPRA: Living in the Alps'' . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Cities: Booms and Busts'' . Cnbc.com. 2012-01-19 . Retrieved 2014-02-07 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics to cost China 44,000,000,000 dollars - 2008-06-08 - Pravda News'' . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics' profit exceeds 1b yuan'' . Jump up ^ `` Olympics cost B.C. $925M'' . CBC Sports . July 9, 2010 . Retrieved February 4, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Vancouver's Olympic Games overstated legacy and ignored true costs - 2014-02-07 - Rabble Canada'' . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` IOC HEAD ROGGE HAPPY THAT 2010 VANCOUVER GAMES ARE ON TRACK - 2014-02-12 - TSN.ca'' . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` VANCOUVER 2010 TAKES ITS FINAL BOW WITH POSITIVE FINANCIAL FIGURES'' . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winner's curse? The economics of hosting the Olympic Games'' . CBC News . July 30, 2012 . Retrieved February 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics cost B.C. $925M'' . CBC News . July 9, 2010 . Retrieved February 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 - Final cost of London 2012 Games revealed'' . Yahoo . October 23, 2012 . Retrieved April 2012, 3 . Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen (October 24, 2012). `` Olympic Games 2012 olympics olys,Paralympics 2012,Olympic legacy,Olympic Stadium,London (News),UK news,Politics,Sport'' . The Guardian . London. Jump up ^ `` London Olympics exceed initial budget by £ 6.52bn'' . Newstatesman.com . Retrieved 2014-02-07 . Jump up ^ `` Locog London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games,Olympic Games 2012 olympics olys,British Olympic Association,Sport politics,Sport'' (PDF) . LOCOG FINAL ANNUAL REPORT Page 33 . London. March 31, 2012. The results for the period show a net profit (...) which matches brought forward losses therefore bringing the cumulative financial position of the Company to £ nil. Jump up ^ Bond, David (2012-03-22). `` BBC Sport - West Ham get Olympic Stadium after government ups funding'' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014-02-07 . Jump up ^ `` Sochi 2014: the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone?'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014-02-12 . Jump up ^ Downie, Andrew. `` Sochi Winter Games made $53 million profit'' , Reuters , Rio De Janeiro, 27 February 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2017. Jump up ^ Why Sochi Is By Far The Most Expensive Olympics Ever ADAM TAYLOR, JAN. 17, 2014, Jump up ^ http://qz.com/753250/rio-2016-is-hosting-the-olympics-ever-worth-it/ Jump up ^ `` Finance'' . 2016 Working Group Report (PDF) . International Olympic Committee. March 14, 2008. p. 88 . Retrieved March 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finance'' (PDF) . Rio de Janeiro 2016 Candidate File (PDF) . 1 . Brazilian Olympic Committee. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009 . Retrieved March 2, 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_the_Olympic_Games&oldid=815632334 '' Categories : History of the Olympics History of finance Hidden categories: CS1 errors: dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Монгол Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017, at 01:32. About Wikipedia | 2495679611559763997 |
what was the anaconda plan in the civil war | The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General - in - Chief Winfield Scott , the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports , and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two . Because the blockade would be rather passive , it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war , and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim . The snake image caught on , giving the proposal its popular name . | [
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"Union blockade of the Southern ports",
"cut the South in two",
"advance down the Mississippi River"
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"The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General - in - Chief Winfield Scott , the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports , and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two . Because the blockade would be rather passive , it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war , and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim . The snake image caught on , giving the proposal its popular name .",
"In the early days of the Civil War , General - in - Chief Winfield Scott 's proposed strategy for the war against the South had two prominent features : first , all ports in the seceding states were to be rigorously blockaded ; second , a strong column of perhaps 80,000 men should use the Mississippi River as a highway to thrust completely through the Confederacy . A spearhead , a relatively small amphibious force of army troops transported by boats and supported by gunboats , should advance rapidly , capturing the Confederate positions down the river in sequence . They would be followed by a more traditional army , marching behind them to secure the victories . The culminating battle would be for the forts below New Orleans ; when they fell , the river would be in Federal hands from its source to its mouth , and the rebellion would be cut in two .",
"Scott 's plan had elements similar to a plan created before the Civil War . That antebellum plan was intended to crush a limited domestic insurrection by closing ports and using the Army to pressure civilians to demand surrender . It was not intended to deal with a new political organization with a regular army .",
"The complete strategy could not be implemented immediately , as no warships of the type imagined for the Mississippi campaign existed . The U.S. Navy was also too small to enforce the blockade in the first months of the war . It would take time to gather and train the forces needed to carry out the Mississippi thrust , time that the critics of the plan were unwilling to concede . Hence , Scott 's plan was subjected to a great deal of ridicule . His opponents called for an immediate overland campaign , directed primarily at the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia . Their stated belief was that if a few strongholds were taken , the Confederacy would collapse .",
"The conflict was not the brief affair that Scott 's critics imagined . In the four years of war , the Federal Navy enforced a blockade that certainly weakened the South , although its effect on the war effort is still debated . Furthermore , the Confederacy was split in two by a campaign based on the Mississippi River , and a consensus has now been established that this Southern defeat was at least as important in the final collapse of the Rebellion as the land battles in the East that had so long attracted both public and historians ' attention . The form of the Northern victory thus turned out to look very much like what Scott had proposed in the early days . Consequently , the Anaconda has been somewhat rehabilitated , and general histories of the Civil War often credit it with guiding President Abraham Lincoln 's strategy throughout .",
"The Anaconda had a historical development , both in its origin and the way it played out in the experience of battle . The blockade had already been proclaimed by President Lincoln . On April 19 , 1861 , a week after the bombardment of Fort Sumter that marked the outbreak of the war , he announced that the ports of all the seceded states , from South Carolina through Texas , would be blockaded ; later , when Virginia and North Carolina also seceded , their coastlines were added . This executive order was not rescinded until the end of the war , so the blockade existed independently of Scott 's plan .",
"In the early days of the secession movement , the status of the border states Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware , all of which allowed slavery , was unclear . All except Delaware had strong pro-Southern interests . Missouri was torn by internal conflict that mimicked in miniature the larger war that was convulsing the nation ; Maryland was kept in the Union by jailing many of the opposition faction ; and Kentucky tried to keep the peace by proclaiming its neutrality , whereby it would aid neither the North nor the South if they would agree to leave the state alone .",
"Because Congress was not in session to authorize Presidential initiatives to suppress the rebellion , the burden of raising troops for the war fell on the loyal state governments . Ohio was particularly active in doing so , and early acquired the services of George B. McClellan , who was to serve as the commander of its militia , with rank Major General of Volunteers . In a few weeks , as the state militias were incorporated into the national service , the militias of Indiana and Illinois were added to his command . From this power base , he felt enabled on April 27 , 1861 to write a letter to General Winfield Scott outlining his strategy . He proposed an immediate march on Richmond , by this time the capital of the Confederacy , directed up the Kanawha River ; alternatively , if Kentucky were to leave the Union , a march directly across that state should take Nashville , after which he would `` act on circumstances . ''",
"Scott 's endorsement of McClellan 's letter , which he submitted to the President , shows that he considered it , but not favorably . First , the Kanawha was not suited for water transport , so the march on Richmond would have to be overland , and thus subject to breakdowns of men , horses , and equipment . More serious was that western Virginia ( West Virginia had not yet parted from Virginia ) was still very much pro-Union ; according to Scott 's estimate , its populace stood five out of seven opposed to secession . An invasion as proposed would alienate many of these people , and would subject both enemies and friends to the ravages of war . The same argument could be applied to Kentucky . Perhaps most damaging , the war as proposed would subjugate the Confederacy piecemeal , with by necessity the border states bearing most of the burden , `` instead of enveloping them all ( nearly ) at once by a cordon of ports on the Mississippi to its mouth from its junction with the Ohio , and by blockading ships on the sea board . ''",
"The germ of Scott 's Anaconda Plan for suppressing the insurrection is seen in the endorsement . In a few days , he had given it more thought , and he submitted his own proposal in a letter to McClellan on May 3 , 1861 . A second letter , dated May 21 , was his final outline of the plan .",
"General Scott was not able to impose his strategic vision on the government . Aged and infirm , he had to retire before the year was out . He was replaced as General - in - Chief by none other than George B. McClellan .",
"Under McClellan and his eventual successor in the West , Maj. Gen. Henry Wager Halleck , the Mississippi became a somewhat neglected theater for operations in the West . Halleck , with McClellan 's approval , believed in turning the enemy 's Mississippi River strongholds rather than attacking them directly , so he moved away from the river . As he saw it , the Tennessee rather than the Mississippi was the `` great strategic line of the Western campaign . ''",
"The Navy Department , however , remained committed to the idea of opening the Mississippi . The department , in the person of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Vasa Fox , early decided on the capture of New Orleans by a naval expedition from the Gulf of Mexico , after which all other towns bordering the river would fall rather than face bombardment . The task of taking New Orleans was entrusted to Captain ( later Admiral ) David Glasgow Farragut , who followed his own plans for the battle ; running his fleet past the forts that defended the city from the south on the night of April 24 , 1862 , he forced the city to surrender . After repairing his ships from the damage they had suffered while passing the forts , he sent them up the river , where they successively sought and obtained the surrender of Baton Rouge and Natchez . The string of easy conquests came to an end at Vicksburg , Mississippi , however , as the Confederate position there occupied bluffs high enough to render them impregnable to the naval gunnery of the day .",
"Following the loss of Island No. 10 shortly before Farragut took New Orleans , the Confederates had abandoned Memphis , Tennessee , leaving only a small rear guard to conduct a delaying operation . In early June , this was swept aside by the gunboats of the Western Gunboat Flotilla ( soon thereafter to be transformed into the Mississippi River Squadron ) and a collection of War Department rams , and the Mississippi was open down to Vicksburg . Thus that city became the only point on the river not in Federal hands .",
"Again , the Army under Halleck did not grasp the opportunity that was provided . He failed to send even a small body of troops to aid the ships , and soon Farragut was forced by falling water levels to withdraw his deep - draft vessels to the vicinity of New Orleans . The Army did not attempt to take Vicksburg until November , and then it was under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , after Halleck had been called to Washington to replace McClellan as General - in - Chief .",
"By the time that Grant became commander in the West , the Confederate Army had been able to fortify Vicksburg and Port Hudson to the south . This 130 miles stretch ( 210 km measured along roads , somewhat longer on the river ) , including the confluence of the Red River with the Mississippi , became the last contact between the eastern Confederacy and the Trans - Mississippi . Having no doubt of its importance , the government of Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond strengthened both positions . Command at Vicksburg in particular passed from Brig. Gen. Martin L. Smith to Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn to Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton ; the size of the defending army increased in step with the advancing rank of its commander .",
"The campaign for Vicksburg eventually settled into a siege , terminated on July 4 , 1863 , with Pemberton 's surrender of all the forces under his command . At that time , his army numbered approximately 29,500 men .",
"When word of the loss of Vicksburg reached the garrison at Port Hudson , Maj. Gen. Franklin Gardner , the commander there , knew that further resistance was pointless . On July 9 , 1863 , he surrendered the post and its garrison to the Federal Army of the Gulf and its commander , Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks . Henceforth , in the phrase of Abraham Lincoln , `` The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea . ''",
"The Anaconda Plan as proposed by Scott relied on the blockade , as he stated it , `` so as to envelop the insurgent States and bring them to terms with less bloodshed than by any other plan . '' Insofar as he foresaw direct combat , it was to be more or less confined to the central thrust down the Mississippi River . Almost surely he did not anticipate the level of violence that it provoked . For that matter , the blockade itself had to be modified by events , provoking much of the bloodshed that he hoped to avoid .",
"Scott 's proposal for the blockade was not properly a strategy , although it is often referred to as such by historians . It did not estimate the forces that would be needed to guard the 3000 or more miles ( 4800 km ) of coastline in the seceded states . It did not consider an allocation of resources . It did not set out a time line , or even name points of particular concern . Much of this was later done by the Blockade Strategy Board , a group meeting at the request of the Navy Department but also with representatives from both the Army and the Treasury Department ( Coast Survey ) . During the summer of 1861 , the board issued a series of reports recommending how best to maintain the blockade , taking into account the topography of the coast , the relative merits of the various southern ports , the opposition likely to be encountered , and the nature of the ships that would be used by both sides . The board recommendations concerning the Gulf coast were rather rudimentary and largely ignored , but the blockade on the Atlantic coast followed their plan reasonably closely . -- See also : Blockade runners of the American Civil War .",
"All parties recognized from the start that the blockading ships would have to be powered by steam . The limited endurance of steamships then implied that one of the first requirements would be possession of a harbor that would serve as a coaling station near the southern end of the blockading line , as otherwise blockaders would spend too much of their time going to and from home port seeking replenishment . All suitable harbors south of the Chesapeake Bay , however , were held by seceded states . In order to establish the blockade , therefore , at least one of them would have to be taken by the Federal forces . Thus , the blockade was immediately transformed from a purely open - water operation to one of at least limited occupation of enemy territory .",
"Although the board recommended that Fernandina , Florida be taken as the southern anchor of the blockade , two other positions were captured before Fernandina . A pair of minor forts on the Outer Banks of North Carolina near Cape Hatteras were taken by Union forces on August 28 -- 29 , 1861 , and on November 7 a major fleet operation at Port Royal , South Carolina resulted in the capture of a deep - water harbor midway between Savannah and Charleston . The Hatteras expedition had been planned as a raid ; the plan called for it to be held only long enough to block up Hatteras Inlet . However , it was transformed into an incursion , and led early in the next year to a full invasion ( the so - called Burnside Expedition , which included the capture of Roanoke Island ) that established the Army permanently in eastern North Carolina . Port Royal in Union hands was soon used a base to make the blockade of Savannah almost complete , but Charleston was not so easily sealed off . Use of its harbor by blockade runners was curtailed , but to close it completely required some of the bitterest and most persistent ground action of the war .",
"When Fernandina was seized in early March 1862 , the war was almost a year old , and some important changes had taken place . Following the Confederate defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee and Roanoke Island in North Carolina , the War Department in Richmond decided to concentrate its armies in vital interior areas , removing them from much of the coast . Only a few major ports would be defended . Only three of these were on the Atlantic seaboard : Wilmington , Charleston , and Savannah . In fact , only the first two were consequential ; a mere eight steam - powered blockade runners entered Georgia or northern Florida ports throughout the entire war .",
"The blockade of Charleston merged into the campaign against the city waged by both the Army and the Navy , not completed until the last days of the war . Rather early in the war , the Federal Navy tried to block the harbor entrance by sinking ballast - laden hulks in the channels , but this proved ineffective or worse . Later , ships used in the blockade were used for the abortive assault on Fort Sumter on April 7 , 1863 . They also provided artillery support for the infantry attacks on Battery Wagner on July 11 and July 18 , 1863 . After both of these attempts to take the battery failed , the ships remained active in the ensuing siege that eventually resulted in its capture . Following this , the Union was able to mount its own guns at the mouth of the harbor , and although the city continued to resist , it was no longer the preferred terminus for blockade runners .",
"While all this was going on , the local defenders were not passive . Extensive efforts to break the blockade included the use of torpedoes ( mines ) and armored ships to sink or otherwise render inoperative the Federal vessels . Imaginative methods to achieve the same end resulted in the development and deployment of submarines and torpedo boats .",
"By contrast , the blockade of Wilmington was fairly conventional , and is the focus of most debate concerning the efficacy of the blockade . After the middle of July 1863 , when Charleston was largely sealed off , most of the trade between the Confederacy and northern Europe was conducted through Wilmington . The port retained its primacy until near the end of the Rebellion , when Fort Fisher , at the mouth of the Cape Fear River , was captured by Union forces in January 1865 .",
"The blockade of Confederate ports on the Gulf of Mexico was less important than that on the Atlantic . Not only were they farther from the centers of blockade - running activity in Bermuda and Nassau , but ships trying to reach them from the Atlantic Ocean would have to run past the Florida Keys , which remained in Federal control throughout the war and served as the base for the Gulf ( later , East Gulf ) Blockading Squadron . The same decision by the Confederate War Department that led to the abandonment of most of the Atlantic coast except for the major ports applied to the Gulf as well , with the result that only Mobile , New Orleans , and Galveston were defended . ( Brownsville , Texas / Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Mexico , at the mouth of the Rio Grande , is a special case that will not be treated here because of its international implications . ) Galveston was captured by Federal forces on October 4 , 1862 , but was retaken by the Rebels on New Year 's Day of the next year . It remained accessible to blockade runners for the rest of the war but , like all of the Trans - Mississippi , was rendered worthless to the Rebellion when the loss of Vicksburg completed Federal control of the Mississippi River .",
"The Blockade Strategy Board had recommended that Ship Island , which lies in the Gulf between Mobile and New Orleans , be taken and used as a base for the ( West ) Gulf Blockading Squadron . This was easily done , as on September 16 , 1861 it was abandoned by its Rebel defenders , who feared that they might be cut off from the mainland . Their fears were justified ; the next day , USS Massachusetts arrived and offloaded Federal troops to take possession . Almost immediately , however , the island was transformed from base and coaling station to a more important function ; it became the staging area for the approaching attack on the Mississippi River forts that shielded New Orleans .",
"After New Orleans fell to the Union fleet under Farragut on April 29 , 1862 , Mobile was the only serious problem for the blockade . It remained so , much like Wilmington , until late in the war . In August 1864 , Farragut got permission from the Navy Department and troops from the War Department to seize the forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay . Following his famous `` Damn the torpedoes '' run past the forts , they fell and were occupied by Federal soldiers . Mobile itself remained in Confederate control , but it was no longer useful as a port .",
"Although a century and a half has elapsed since the end of the Civil War , the importance of the Anaconda Plan remains to some extent a matter of debate . Clearly , the war was not the relatively bloodless affair that General Scott promised in his original proposal . Most historians regard this as merely a modification of the basic strategy in the course of events . At least one serious historian , however , denies that there ever was anything like a coherent strategy for subduing the South . Rowena Reed contends that the central government in Washington was unable to impose its will on the field commanders , so that the war was a series of independent campaigns , each of which was conducted according to the whims of whatever general happened to be in charge . According to her view , the Anaconda is a later , conceptual imposition of order on events for which order did not exist at the time that they took place .",
"For the historians who contend that a rational plan did exist , the debate , like the plan itself , has two parts . The importance of the campaign to capture the Mississippi River , and thereby lop off the Trans - Mississippi , is acknowledged . Virtually all present - day historians agree that the Union 's Western campaign was at least as significant as that in the East . To the extent that fighting in the West before mid-1863 can be regarded as preparing for or culminating in the capture of Vicksburg , the Anaconda has been validated .",
"The worth of the Union blockade , however , remains controversial . No one seriously contends that it alone would have won the war for the North . But while it is conceded not to have been sufficient , the question remains : Was it necessary ? That is , would the South have endured had not the blockade sapped the strength of the Rebel armies beyond the tipping point ?",
"Those who deny the importance of the blockade advance two principal arguments . First , it was never very effective . Over the course of the war , more than three - quarters of all attempts to evade the blockade were successful . The one - quarter that did not get through can be written off as operational losses . This was because the blockade runners were small , and built for speed rather than capacity .",
"Second and perhaps more important , the Southern armies were not hamstrung for lack of material , at least owing to the blockade . The supply problems they did face were most often caused by the poor condition of Confederate railroads in the American Civil War .",
"Those who believe that the blockade was decisive argue that the Southern forces were strangled at the end . They point out that the collapse of the Army of Northern Virginia , which in 1865 was virtually all that remained of the Confederacy , followed soon after the loss of Wilmington to the Union . The timing , they contend , was not merely coincidental . Furthermore , the defeat of its armies was not the only way the South lost . The purpose of the blockade was not only to capture the ships that attempted to evade it , but also to discourage others . The blockade runners may have been numerous , but they were built for speed rather than the ability to carry cargo . The more conventional cargo vessels , and their spacious holds , went elsewhere . Unable to sell goods ( particularly cotton ) on the world market , the Confederate government was already strained financially as early as 1862 . As its economy steadily degenerated , it suffered from a general loss of confidence on the part of its citizens ."
] | Anaconda plan - wikipedia Anaconda plan Jump to: navigation , search 1861 characterized map of Scott's plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War . Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott , the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. In the early days of the Civil War, General-in-Chief Winfield Scott 's proposed strategy for the war against the South had two prominent features: first, all ports in the seceding states were to be rigorously blockaded; second, a strong column of perhaps 80,000 men should use the Mississippi River as a highway to thrust completely through the Confederacy . A spearhead, a relatively small amphibious force of army troops transported by boats and supported by gunboats, should advance rapidly, capturing the Confederate positions down the river in sequence. They would be followed by a more traditional army, marching behind them to secure the victories. The culminating battle would be for the forts below New Orleans ; when they fell, the river would be in Federal hands from its source to its mouth, and the rebellion would be cut in two. Contents ( hide ) 1 Objections 2 Origin of the plan 3 Development: Mississippi River 4 Development: the blockade 4.1 Atlantic blockade 4.2 Gulf blockade 5 Evaluation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Objections ( edit ) Scott's plan had elements similar to a plan created before the Civil War. That antebellum plan was intended to crush a limited domestic insurrection by closing ports and using the Army to pressure civilians to demand surrender. It was not intended to deal with a new political organization with a regular army. The complete strategy could not be implemented immediately, as no warships of the type imagined for the Mississippi campaign existed. The U.S. Navy was also too small to enforce the blockade in the first months of the war. It would take time to gather and train the forces needed to carry out the Mississippi thrust, time that the critics of the plan were unwilling to concede. Hence, Scott's plan was subjected to a great deal of ridicule. His opponents called for an immediate overland campaign, directed primarily at the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia . Their stated belief was that if a few strongholds were taken, the Confederacy would collapse. The conflict was not the brief affair that Scott's critics imagined. In the four years of war, the Federal Navy enforced a blockade that certainly weakened the South, although its effect on the war effort is still debated. Furthermore, the Confederacy was split in two by a campaign based on the Mississippi River, and a consensus has now been established that this Southern defeat was at least as important in the final collapse of the Rebellion as the land battles in the East that had so long attracted both public and historians' attention. The form of the Northern victory thus turned out to look very much like what Scott had proposed in the early days. Consequently, the Anaconda has been somewhat rehabilitated, and general histories of the Civil War often credit it with guiding President Abraham Lincoln 's strategy throughout. Origin of the plan ( edit ) The Anaconda had a historical development, both in its origin and the way it played out in the experience of battle. The blockade had already been proclaimed by President Lincoln. On April 19, 1861, a week after the bombardment of Fort Sumter that marked the outbreak of the war, he announced that the ports of all the seceded states, from South Carolina through Texas, would be blockaded; later, when Virginia and North Carolina also seceded, their coastlines were added. This executive order was not rescinded until the end of the war, so the blockade existed independently of Scott's plan. In the early days of the secession movement, the status of the border states Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware, all of which allowed slavery, was unclear. All except Delaware had strong pro-Southern interests. Missouri was torn by internal conflict that mimicked in miniature the larger war that was convulsing the nation; Maryland was kept in the Union by jailing many of the opposition faction; and Kentucky tried to keep the peace by proclaiming its neutrality, whereby it would aid neither the North nor the South if they would agree to leave the state alone. Because Congress was not in session to authorize Presidential initiatives to suppress the rebellion, the burden of raising troops for the war fell on the loyal state governments. Ohio was particularly active in doing so, and early acquired the services of George B. McClellan , who was to serve as the commander of its militia, with rank Major General of Volunteers. In a few weeks, as the state militias were incorporated into the national service, the militias of Indiana and Illinois were added to his command. From this power base, he felt enabled on April 27, 1861 to write a letter to General Winfield Scott outlining his strategy. He proposed an immediate march on Richmond, by this time the capital of the Confederacy, directed up the Kanawha River ; alternatively, if Kentucky were to leave the Union, a march directly across that state should take Nashville , after which he would `` act on circumstances.'' Scott's endorsement of McClellan's letter, which he submitted to the President, shows that he considered it, but not favorably. First, the Kanawha was not suited for water transport, so the march on Richmond would have to be overland, and thus subject to breakdowns of men, horses, and equipment. More serious was that western Virginia (West Virginia had not yet parted from Virginia) was still very much pro-Union; according to Scott's estimate, its populace stood five out of seven opposed to secession. An invasion as proposed would alienate many of these people, and would subject both enemies and friends to the ravages of war. The same argument could be applied to Kentucky. Perhaps most damaging, the war as proposed would subjugate the Confederacy piecemeal, with by necessity the border states bearing most of the burden, `` instead of enveloping them all (nearly) at once by a cordon of ports on the Mississippi to its mouth from its junction with the Ohio , and by blockading ships on the sea board.'' The germ of Scott's Anaconda Plan for suppressing the insurrection is seen in the endorsement. In a few days, he had given it more thought, and he submitted his own proposal in a letter to McClellan on May 3, 1861. A second letter, dated May 21, was his final outline of the plan. General Scott was not able to impose his strategic vision on the government. Aged and infirm, he had to retire before the year was out. He was replaced as General-in-Chief by none other than George B. McClellan . Development: Mississippi River ( edit ) Battle of Vicksburg , by Kurz and Allison Under McClellan and his eventual successor in the West, Maj. Gen. Henry Wager Halleck , the Mississippi became a somewhat neglected theater for operations in the West. Halleck, with McClellan's approval, believed in turning the enemy's Mississippi River strongholds rather than attacking them directly, so he moved away from the river. As he saw it, the Tennessee rather than the Mississippi was the `` great strategic line of the Western campaign.'' The Navy Department, however, remained committed to the idea of opening the Mississippi. The department, in the person of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Vasa Fox , early decided on the capture of New Orleans by a naval expedition from the Gulf of Mexico , after which all other towns bordering the river would fall rather than face bombardment. The task of taking New Orleans was entrusted to Captain (later Admiral) David Glasgow Farragut , who followed his own plans for the battle; running his fleet past the forts that defended the city from the south on the night of April 24, 1862, he forced the city to surrender. After repairing his ships from the damage they had suffered while passing the forts, he sent them up the river, where they successively sought and obtained the surrender of Baton Rouge and Natchez . The string of easy conquests came to an end at Vicksburg, Mississippi , however, as the Confederate position there occupied bluffs high enough to render them impregnable to the naval gunnery of the day. Following the loss of Island No. 10 shortly before Farragut took New Orleans, the Confederates had abandoned Memphis, Tennessee , leaving only a small rear guard to conduct a delaying operation . In early June, this was swept aside by the gunboats of the Western Gunboat Flotilla (soon thereafter to be transformed into the Mississippi River Squadron ) and a collection of War Department rams , and the Mississippi was open down to Vicksburg. Thus that city became the only point on the river not in Federal hands. Again, the Army under Halleck did not grasp the opportunity that was provided. He failed to send even a small body of troops to aid the ships, and soon Farragut was forced by falling water levels to withdraw his deep-draft vessels to the vicinity of New Orleans. The Army did not attempt to take Vicksburg until November, and then it was under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , after Halleck had been called to Washington to replace McClellan as General-in-Chief. By the time that Grant became commander in the West, the Confederate Army had been able to fortify Vicksburg and Port Hudson to the south. This 130 miles stretch (210 km measured along roads, somewhat longer on the river), including the confluence of the Red River with the Mississippi, became the last contact between the eastern Confederacy and the Trans-Mississippi . Having no doubt of its importance, the government of Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond strengthened both positions. Command at Vicksburg in particular passed from Brig. Gen. Martin L. Smith to Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn to Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton ; the size of the defending army increased in step with the advancing rank of its commander. The campaign for Vicksburg eventually settled into a siege, terminated on July 4, 1863, with Pemberton's surrender of all the forces under his command. At that time, his army numbered approximately 29,500 men. When word of the loss of Vicksburg reached the garrison at Port Hudson, Maj. Gen. Franklin Gardner , the commander there, knew that further resistance was pointless. On July 9, 1863, he surrendered the post and its garrison to the Federal Army of the Gulf and its commander, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks . Henceforth, in the phrase of Abraham Lincoln , `` The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea.'' Development: the blockade ( edit ) USS Kanawha cutting out a blockade runner at the entrance to Mobile Bay The Anaconda Plan as proposed by Scott relied on the blockade, as he stated it, `` so as to envelop the insurgent States and bring them to terms with less bloodshed than by any other plan.'' Insofar as he foresaw direct combat, it was to be more or less confined to the central thrust down the Mississippi River. Almost surely he did not anticipate the level of violence that it provoked. For that matter, the blockade itself had to be modified by events, provoking much of the bloodshed that he hoped to avoid. Scott's proposal for the blockade was not properly a strategy, although it is often referred to as such by historians. It did not estimate the forces that would be needed to guard the 3000 or more miles (4800 km) of coastline in the seceded states. It did not consider an allocation of resources. It did not set out a time line, or even name points of particular concern. Much of this was later done by the Blockade Strategy Board , a group meeting at the request of the Navy Department but also with representatives from both the Army and the Treasury Department (Coast Survey). During the summer of 1861, the board issued a series of reports recommending how best to maintain the blockade, taking into account the topography of the coast, the relative merits of the various southern ports, the opposition likely to be encountered, and the nature of the ships that would be used by both sides. The board recommendations concerning the Gulf coast were rather rudimentary and largely ignored, but the blockade on the Atlantic coast followed their plan reasonably closely. -- See also: Blockade runners of the American Civil War . Atlantic blockade ( edit ) All parties recognized from the start that the blockading ships would have to be powered by steam. The limited endurance of steamships then implied that one of the first requirements would be possession of a harbor that would serve as a coaling station near the southern end of the blockading line, as otherwise blockaders would spend too much of their time going to and from home port seeking replenishment. All suitable harbors south of the Chesapeake Bay, however, were held by seceded states. In order to establish the blockade, therefore, at least one of them would have to be taken by the Federal forces. Thus, the blockade was immediately transformed from a purely open-water operation to one of at least limited occupation of enemy territory. Although the board recommended that Fernandina, Florida be taken as the southern anchor of the blockade, two other positions were captured before Fernandina. A pair of minor forts on the Outer Banks of North Carolina near Cape Hatteras were taken by Union forces on August 28-- 29, 1861, and on November 7 a major fleet operation at Port Royal , South Carolina resulted in the capture of a deep-water harbor midway between Savannah and Charleston. The Hatteras expedition had been planned as a raid; the plan called for it to be held only long enough to block up Hatteras Inlet. However, it was transformed into an incursion, and led early in the next year to a full invasion (the so-called Burnside Expedition , which included the capture of Roanoke Island) that established the Army permanently in eastern North Carolina. Port Royal in Union hands was soon used a base to make the blockade of Savannah almost complete, but Charleston was not so easily sealed off. Use of its harbor by blockade runners was curtailed, but to close it completely required some of the bitterest and most persistent ground action of the war. When Fernandina was seized in early March 1862, the war was almost a year old, and some important changes had taken place. Following the Confederate defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee and Roanoke Island in North Carolina, the War Department in Richmond decided to concentrate its armies in vital interior areas, removing them from much of the coast. Only a few major ports would be defended. Only three of these were on the Atlantic seaboard: Wilmington , Charleston , and Savannah. In fact, only the first two were consequential; a mere eight steam-powered blockade runners entered Georgia or northern Florida ports throughout the entire war. The blockade of Charleston merged into the campaign against the city waged by both the Army and the Navy, not completed until the last days of the war. Rather early in the war, the Federal Navy tried to block the harbor entrance by sinking ballast-laden hulks in the channels, but this proved ineffective or worse. Later, ships used in the blockade were used for the abortive assault on Fort Sumter on April 7, 1863. They also provided artillery support for the infantry attacks on Battery Wagner on July 11 and July 18, 1863. After both of these attempts to take the battery failed, the ships remained active in the ensuing siege that eventually resulted in its capture. Following this, the Union was able to mount its own guns at the mouth of the harbor, and although the city continued to resist, it was no longer the preferred terminus for blockade runners. While all this was going on, the local defenders were not passive. Extensive efforts to break the blockade included the use of torpedoes (mines) and armored ships to sink or otherwise render inoperative the Federal vessels. Imaginative methods to achieve the same end resulted in the development and deployment of submarines and torpedo boats . By contrast, the blockade of Wilmington was fairly conventional, and is the focus of most debate concerning the efficacy of the blockade. After the middle of July 1863, when Charleston was largely sealed off, most of the trade between the Confederacy and northern Europe was conducted through Wilmington. The port retained its primacy until near the end of the Rebellion, when Fort Fisher , at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, was captured by Union forces in January 1865. Gulf blockade ( edit ) The blockade of Confederate ports on the Gulf of Mexico was less important than that on the Atlantic. Not only were they farther from the centers of blockade-running activity in Bermuda and Nassau, but ships trying to reach them from the Atlantic Ocean would have to run past the Florida Keys, which remained in Federal control throughout the war and served as the base for the Gulf (later, East Gulf) Blockading Squadron . The same decision by the Confederate War Department that led to the abandonment of most of the Atlantic coast except for the major ports applied to the Gulf as well, with the result that only Mobile, New Orleans, and Galveston were defended. ( Brownsville, Texas / Matamoros, Tamaulipas , Mexico, at the mouth of the Rio Grande, is a special case that will not be treated here because of its international implications. ) Galveston was captured by Federal forces on October 4, 1862, but was retaken by the Rebels on New Year's Day of the next year. It remained accessible to blockade runners for the rest of the war but, like all of the Trans-Mississippi , was rendered worthless to the Rebellion when the loss of Vicksburg completed Federal control of the Mississippi River. The Blockade Strategy Board had recommended that Ship Island, which lies in the Gulf between Mobile and New Orleans, be taken and used as a base for the (West) Gulf Blockading Squadron. This was easily done, as on September 16, 1861 it was abandoned by its Rebel defenders, who feared that they might be cut off from the mainland. Their fears were justified; the next day, USS Massachusetts arrived and offloaded Federal troops to take possession. Almost immediately, however, the island was transformed from base and coaling station to a more important function; it became the staging area for the approaching attack on the Mississippi River forts that shielded New Orleans. After New Orleans fell to the Union fleet under Farragut on April 29, 1862, Mobile was the only serious problem for the blockade. It remained so, much like Wilmington, until late in the war. In August 1864, Farragut got permission from the Navy Department and troops from the War Department to seize the forts at the entrance to Mobile Bay. Following his famous `` Damn the torpedoes'' run past the forts, they fell and were occupied by Federal soldiers. Mobile itself remained in Confederate control, but it was no longer useful as a port. Evaluation ( edit ) Although a century and a half has elapsed since the end of the Civil War, the importance of the Anaconda Plan remains to some extent a matter of debate. Clearly, the war was not the relatively bloodless affair that General Scott promised in his original proposal. Most historians regard this as merely a modification of the basic strategy in the course of events. At least one serious historian, however, denies that there ever was anything like a coherent strategy for subduing the South. Rowena Reed contends that the central government in Washington was unable to impose its will on the field commanders, so that the war was a series of independent campaigns, each of which was conducted according to the whims of whatever general happened to be in charge. According to her view, the Anaconda is a later, conceptual imposition of order on events for which order did not exist at the time that they took place. For the historians who contend that a rational plan did exist, the debate, like the plan itself, has two parts. The importance of the campaign to capture the Mississippi River, and thereby lop off the Trans-Mississippi, is acknowledged. Virtually all present-day historians agree that the Union's Western campaign was at least as significant as that in the East. To the extent that fighting in the West before mid-1863 can be regarded as preparing for or culminating in the capture of Vicksburg , the Anaconda has been validated. The worth of the Union blockade , however, remains controversial. No one seriously contends that it alone would have won the war for the North. But while it is conceded not to have been sufficient, the question remains: Was it necessary? That is, would the South have endured had not the blockade sapped the strength of the Rebel armies beyond the tipping point? Those who deny the importance of the blockade advance two principal arguments. First, it was never very effective. Over the course of the war, more than three-quarters of all attempts to evade the blockade were successful. The one-quarter that did not get through can be written off as operational losses. This was because the blockade runners were small, and built for speed rather than capacity. Second and perhaps more important, the Southern armies were not hamstrung for lack of material, at least owing to the blockade. The supply problems they did face were most often caused by the poor condition of Confederate railroads in the American Civil War . Those who believe that the blockade was decisive argue that the Southern forces were strangled at the end. They point out that the collapse of the Army of Northern Virginia , which in 1865 was virtually all that remained of the Confederacy, followed soon after the loss of Wilmington to the Union. The timing, they contend, was not merely coincidental. Furthermore, the defeat of its armies was not the only way the South lost. The purpose of the blockade was not only to capture the ships that attempted to evade it, but also to discourage others. The blockade runners may have been numerous, but they were built for speed rather than the ability to carry cargo. The more conventional cargo vessels, and their spacious holds, went elsewhere. Unable to sell goods (particularly cotton) on the world market, the Confederate government was already strained financially as early as 1862. As its economy steadily degenerated, it suffered from a general loss of confidence on the part of its citizens. See also ( edit ) Union blockade Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade mail of the Confederacy Ships captured in the American Civil War Bibliography of American Civil War naval history Notes ( edit ) Abbreviations used in these notes: ORA (Official records, armies): War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies. ORN (Official records, navies): Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Jump up ^ Wolfe, B. Anaconda Plan. (2011, May 9). Retrieved from Encyclopedia Virginia Web. 17 Oct. 2015 Jump up ^ ORA I, v. 51/1, pp. 369-- 370 , 387 Jump up ^ Carol Reardon, `` The Military Experience,'' in The Civil War Remembered , National Park Service Handbook, Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57864-662-3 , 2011. Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 4, pp. 156-- 157, 340. Jump up ^ Virginia, also a border state, had already seceded by the time the Anaconda was proposed. Jump up ^ ORA I, V. 51/1, pp. 338-- 339. Jump up ^ ORA I, v. 51/1, p. 339. Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 22, pp. 700-- 701. Jump up ^ ORA I, v. 10, p. 24. Jump up ^ Gideon Welles, `` Admiral Farragut and New Orleans: with an account of the origin and command of the first three naval expeditions of the war,'' The Galaxy , v. 12, pp. 669-- 683, 817-- 832 (November and December 1871). (1) (2) Jump up ^ Dufour, Charles L., The night the war was lost , pp. 265-- 286. Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 23, pp. 118-- 140. Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg is the key , pp. 17-- 18. Jump up ^ Halleck was called to the East to become the new General-in-Chief in mid-July, about the time that Farragut had to leave Vicksburg. Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg is the key , pp. 20, 36. Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg is the key , p. 178. Jump up ^ Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg is the key , p. 200. Jump up ^ ORA I, 51/1, 369, 387. Jump up ^ According to historian Rowena Reed, much of the impetus for the Blockade Board came from Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase; the US Revenue Service, which would be strongly affected by the blockade, was a part of the Treasury Department. See Reed, Rowena, Combined operations in the Civil War , p. 7. Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 12, pp, 195-- 198, 198-- 201, 201-- 206; v. 16, pp. 618-- 630, 651-- 655, 680-- 681. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert M. Jr, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear pp. 12-- 15.; ORN I, V. 6, pp. 119-- 145; ORA I, v. 4, pp. 579-- 594. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert M. Jr., Success is all that was expected , pp. 23-- 42. Interested readers may wish to compare Browning's (correct) account of the bombardment of the forts at Port Royal with the Official Records (ORN I, v. 12, pp. 261-- 265). Flag Officer S.F. Du Pont misrepresented the motions of his ships. Unfortunately, many historians continue to follow Du Pont's report. Jump up ^ Wise, Stephen R., Lifeline of the Confederacy , pp. 122-- 124. Jump up ^ ORA I, v. 6, p. 398. Jump up ^ Wise, Stephen R., Lifeline of the Confederacy , p. 260 (Appendix 9). Jump up ^ Simson, Jay W., Naval strategies of the Civil War. , p. 70. ORN I, v. 12, pp. 416-- 424, 510-- 515. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert M. Jr., Success is all that was expected , pp. 172-- 180. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert M. Jr., Success is all that was expected , pp. 220-- 234. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C., Blue and gray navies. pp. 259-- 267. Jump up ^ Browning, Robert M. Jr., From Cape Charles to Cape Fear , pp. 218-- 248. Jump up ^ Most of the trade of ports on the Gulf was with Havana; see Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy , pp. 262-- 275. Jump up ^ Anderson, Bern, By sea and by river , pp. 228-- 230. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C., Blue and gray navies. pp. 323-- 327. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C., Blue and gray navies , p. 186. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C., Blue and gray navies, pp. 329-- 426; ORN I, v. 21, pp. 397-- 601. Jump up ^ Reed, Rowena, Combined operations in the Civil War. Jump up ^ The blockade was successfully evaded more than 1000 times, compared with about 1300 attempts: Wise, Stephen R., Lifeline of the Confederacy , p. 221. The lack of railroad iron may have been one result of the blockade. Jump up ^ Anderson, Bern, By sea and by river , pp. 230-- 231. References ( edit ) Anderson, Bern, By sea and by river: the naval history of the Civil War. New York: Knopf, 1962; reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, n.d. Browning, Robert M. Jr., From Cape Charles to Cape Fear: the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press, 1993. Browning, Robert M. Jr., Success is all that was expected: the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War. Dulles, VA: Brassey's , 2002. Dufour, Charles L., The night the war was lost. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1960, ISBN 978-0-8032-6599-8 . Elliott, Charles Winslow, Winston Scott: the soldier and the man . Macmillan, 1937. McPherson, James M. , Battle cry of freedom: The Civil War era (Oxford History of the United States). Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-503863-0 . Reed, Rowena, Combined Operations in the Civil War . Naval Institute Press, 1978. Shea, William L., and Winschel, Terrence J., Vicksburg is the key: the struggle for the Mississippi River . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1 . Simson, Jay W., Naval strategies of the Civil War: Confederate innovations and Federal opportunism. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2001. Tucker, Spencer C., Blue and gray navies: the Civil War afloat. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006. Wise, Stephen R., Lifeline of the Confederacy: blockade running during the Civil War. Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1988. US Navy Department, Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Series I: 27 volumes. Series II: 3 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894-- 1922. US War Department, A compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I: 53 volumes. Series II: 8 volumes. Series III: 5 volumes. Series IV: 4 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886-- 1901. 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when was the first new england colony founded | In the New England Colonies , the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves . Depending upon social and financial status , education was taught by the parents home - schooling their children , public grammar schools , and private governesses , which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more . | [
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"The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Massachusetts Bay Colony , and Province of New Hampshire , as well as a few smaller short - lived colonies . The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England . Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England which first applied the term `` New England '' to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland .",
"France , England , and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century , and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World . French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island , Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France . The small St. Croix River Island is located on the northern boundary of present - day Maine . Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy , and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port - Royal of Nova Scotia ( see symbol `` R '' on map to the right ) in the spring of 1605 .",
"King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England , and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company . The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River ( then called the Sagadahoc River ) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony , better known as Popham Colony ( see symbol `` Po '' on map to right ) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham . The colonists faced a harsh winter , the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire , and mixed relations with the indigenous tribes .",
"Colony leader Captain George Popham died , and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother -- at which point , all of the colonists decided to return to England . It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc . The 30 - ton Virginia was the first sea - going ship ever built in North America .",
"Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century , with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near present - day Castine , Maine in 1613 . The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was considered the first longer - term settlement in New England . It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English , French , and Dutch colonists .",
"In 1614 , Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to present - day Hartford , Connecticut . By 1623 , the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and , ten years later , they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site `` House of Hope '' ( also identified as `` Fort Hoop , '' `` Good Hope , '' and `` Hope '' ) .",
"A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern - day Massachusetts , the second successful English colony in North America , following Jamestown , Virginia . About half of the one hundred - plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter , mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter . In 1621 , an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish . His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization . The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto 's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases .",
"The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits , but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration . Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their adventures in 1622 called Mourt 's Relation . This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and adventures encountered by the Pilgrims , but it may have served to encourage other Puritans to emigrate during the Great Migration .",
"The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies , buildings , and food supplies , learning from the Pilgrims ' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony . In 1623 , the Plymouth Council for New England ( successor to the Plymouth Company ) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company . The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support , and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White . Other settlements were started in nearby areas ; however , the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s .",
"A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630 , leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England . Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower , except that the Pilgrims were known as `` separatists '' because they felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England , whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England . The separate colonies were governed independent of each other until 1691 , when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay .",
"Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with around 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom . Puritan minister Roger Williams left Massachusetts Bay to found the Rhode Island Colony , while John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in present - day New Hampshire and shortly thereafter on to present day Maine . The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves , which was a central tenet of Puritan worship .",
"It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when Salem minister Roger Williams had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences . In Salem , he preached that government and religion should be separate ; he also believed that the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes had been treated unfairly . That winter , the tribes helped Williams to survive and sold him land for a new colony in present - day Providence , Rhode Island which he named Providence Plantation in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony . It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state .",
"Roger Williams returned to England two times to prevent the attempt of other colonies to take over Providence and to charter or incorporate Providence and other nearby communities into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations .",
"Later in 1636 , Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with one hundred followers and founded a new English settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop that became Connecticut Colony . The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford shortly afterwards to honor the English town of Hertford . One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay , which he believed should include any adult male owning property . The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut ( the Dutch were first ) or even the first English settlement ( Windsor was first in 1633 ) . Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders , considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America . Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony , including New Haven and Saybrook .",
"The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers . The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies , but the land provided rich resources , including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships . Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England , where there was a shortage of wood . In addition , the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table .",
"In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based on small industries with people working as porters , tanners , shopkeepers and metalworkers . They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs , timber , and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding . Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands .",
"The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales , fish , and other marketable sea life . Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing . By the end of the 17th century , New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast , the Caribbean 's plantation islands , and the Iberian Peninsula . Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass , linens , hardware , machinery , and other items for the colonial household .",
"The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco , rice , and indigo in exchange for imports , whereas New England 's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish , furs , and lumber . Inflation was a major issue in the economy . During the 18th century , shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy , often under the direction of the British Crown .",
"Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time . This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland , particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland , where large numbers of Irish , Welsh , and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies , especially to Barbados and Jamaica .",
"The practice of selling enemy combatants into slavery was begun in the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip 's War . Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out at that time against enslavement of Indians . ( Church 's militia company was responsible for killing King Philip in August 1676 . ) In the summer of 1675 , he described the enslavement of Indian combatants as `` an action so hateful ... that ( I ) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were ( my ) good friends . '' This said , Church was an owner of African slaves himself , like many Englishmen in the colony .",
"Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip 's War ( 1675 - 78 ) for places far away late in 1675 and , by the next summer , the shipping out of slaves had turned into a regular process which continued for the three years of the war . The policy concerning war enemies was that `` no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony . ''",
"It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip 's War , with over half of those coming from Plymouth . By the end of the war , villages that were once crowded Indian population centers were empty of inhabitants , due to the fact that the male Indian population had risen in armed war against their English neighbors .",
"In the New England Colonies , the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves . Depending upon social and financial status , education was taught by the parents home - schooling their children , public grammar schools , and private governesses , which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more ."
] | New England colonies - wikipedia New England colonies Jump to: navigation , search The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Massachusetts Bay Colony , and Province of New Hampshire , as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England . Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England which first applied the term `` New England'' to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the Mayflower 2 Pilgrims and Puritans 3 Founding (1636) 4 Commerce 5 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England 6 Education 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources Before the Mayflower ( edit ) The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth, land to the south to the London Company. France, England, and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. The small St. Croix River Island is located on the northern boundary of present-day Maine. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy , and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol `` R'' on map to the right) in the spring of 1605. King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company . The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as Popham Colony (see symbol `` Po'' on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham . The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the indigenous tribes. Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother-- at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc . The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America. Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near present-day Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was considered the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists. In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to present-day Hartford, Connecticut . By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and, ten years later, they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site `` House of Hope'' (also identified as `` Fort Hoop ,'' `` Good Hope,'' and `` Hope'' ). Pilgrims and Puritans ( edit ) A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern-day Massachusetts , the second successful English colony in North America, following Jamestown, Virginia . About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter. In 1621, an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases. The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their adventures in 1622 called Mourt's Relation . This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and adventures encountered by the Pilgrims, but it may have served to encourage other Puritans to emigrate during the Great Migration . Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century. Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context. The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company . The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s. A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England . Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Pilgrims were known as `` separatists'' because they felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England. The separate colonies were governed independent of each other until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with around 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom. Puritan minister Roger Williams left Massachusetts Bay to found the Rhode Island Colony , while John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in present-day New Hampshire and shortly thereafter on to present day Maine . The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship. Founding (1636) ( edit ) It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when Salem minister Roger Williams had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. In Salem, he preached that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes had been treated unfairly. That winter, the tribes helped Williams to survive and sold him land for a new colony in present-day Providence, Rhode Island which he named Providence Plantation in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state. Roger Williams returned to England two times to prevent the attempt of other colonies to take over Providence and to charter or incorporate Providence and other nearby communities into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies Later in 1636, Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with one hundred followers and founded a new English settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop that became Connecticut Colony . The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford shortly afterwards to honor the English town of Hertford . One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut (the Dutch were first) or even the first English settlement (Windsor was first in 1633). Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders , considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony , including New Haven and Saybrook . Commerce ( edit ) Whaling in small wooden boats with hand harpoons was a hazardous enterprise, even when hunting the `` right'' whale. The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England , where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table. In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based on small industries with people working as porters, tanners, shopkeepers and metalworkers. They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs, timber, and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding. Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands. The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales , fish, and other marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast, the Caribbean's plantation islands, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the colonial household. The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown. Wartime enslavement of enemy combatants in New England ( edit ) Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time. This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland, particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland, where large numbers of Irish, Welsh, and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies, especially to Barbados and Jamaica. The practice of selling enemy combatants into slavery was begun in the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip's War . Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out at that time against enslavement of Indians. (Church's militia company was responsible for killing King Philip in August 1676.) In the summer of 1675, he described the enslavement of Indian combatants as `` an action so hateful...that (I) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were (my) good friends.'' This said, Church was an owner of African slaves himself, like many Englishmen in the colony. Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip's War (1675-78) for places far away late in 1675 and, by the next summer, the shipping out of slaves had turned into a regular process which continued for the three years of the war. The policy concerning war enemies was that `` no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony.'' It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip's War , with over half of those coming from Plymouth. By the end of the war, villages that were once crowded Indian population centers were empty of inhabitants, due to the fact that the male Indian population had risen in armed war against their English neighbors. Education ( edit ) In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more. See also ( edit ) Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Thirteen Colonies History of Massachusetts Historical outline of Massachusetts British Colonial America New England Manor of East Greenwich History of New England Dominion of New England New England Confederation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gipson Jump up ^ Bisceglia Jump up ^ Smith Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration. `` St. Croix Island History'' . Archived from the original on 2001-08-03 . Retrieved 2008-12-21 . Jump up ^ `` Maine's First Ship: Historic Overview'' . Maine's First Ship . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New France Forts'' . New France New Horizons . Retrieved 2009-01-10 . Jump up ^ New York Historical Society, p. 260 Jump up ^ Deetz, Patricia Scot; James F. Deetz. `` Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections'' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008-11-10 . Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com. `` Squanto (The History of Tisquantum)'' . Archived from the original on June 5, 2007 . Retrieved September 20, 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradford, William (1865). Mourt's Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . Boston: J.K. Wiggin . Retrieved 2008-12-23 . Jump up ^ Young, Alexander (1846). Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623-1636 . Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown. p. 26 . Retrieved 2008-12-23 . Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site. `` America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century'' . Retrieved 2008-11-11 . Jump up ^ Roger Williams, Family Association. `` Biography of Roger Williams'' . Retrieved 2009-02-07 . Jump up ^ . N.p.. Web. 20 Aug 2013. < https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/ > . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 253 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp 253, 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 332 Sources ( edit ) Bisceglia, Michael (12 February 2008). `` John Smith: The man who named New England'' . Sea Coast Online . Retrieved April 28, 2013 . Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes) (1936-1970) . Knopf. Collections of the New York Historical Society . New York: H. Ludwig. 1841. Smith, John, Captain & Admiral (1616). Royster, Paul, ed. A Description of New England (1616): An Online Electronic Text Edition . Electronic Texts in American Studies. ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Colonies&oldid=807801466 '' Categories : Colonial United States (British) Colonization history of the United States Thirteen Colonies History of New England Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 05:18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 541082718059563408 |
what has been discovered in caves in romania | Forty - eight species , among them leeches , spiders and water scorpions were found inside the cave , of which 33 are endemic . The food chain is based on chemosynthesis in the form of methane - and sulfur - oxidising bacteria , which in turn release nutrients for fungi and other bacteria . This forms microbial mats on the cave walls and the surface of lakes and ponds which are grazed on by some of the animals . The grazers are then preyed on by predatory species . | [
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"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"Coordinates : 43 ° 49 ′ 32 '' N 28 ° 33 ′ 38 '' E / 43.825694 ° N 28.560556 ° E / 43.825694 ; 28.560556 Movile Cave ( Romanian : Peștera Movile ) is a cave near Mangalia , Constanța County , Romania discovered by Cristian Lascu in 1986 a few kilometers from the Black Sea coast . It is notable for its unique groundwater ecosystem rich in hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide but very poor in oxygen . Life in the cave has been separated from the outside for the past 5.5 million years and it is based completely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis .",
"The air in the cave is very different from the outer atmosphere . The level of oxygen is only a third to half of the concentration found in open air ( 7 -- 10 % O in the cave atmosphere , compared to 21 % O in air ) , and about one hundred times more carbon dioxide ( 2 -- 3.5 % CO in the cave atmosphere , versus 0.03 % CO in air ) . It also contains 1 -- 2 % methane ( CH ) and both the air and waters of the cave contain high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) and ammonia ( NH ) .",
"Forty - eight species , among them leeches , spiders and water scorpions were found inside the cave , of which 33 are endemic . The food chain is based on chemosynthesis in the form of methane - and sulfur - oxidising bacteria , which in turn release nutrients for fungi and other bacteria . This forms microbial mats on the cave walls and the surface of lakes and ponds which are grazed on by some of the animals . The grazers are then preyed on by predatory species ."
] | Movile cave - Wikipedia Movile cave Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 43° 49′ 32'' N 28° 33′ 38'' E / 43.825694° N 28.560556° E / 43.825694; 28.560556 Movile Cave ( Romanian : Peștera Movile ) is a cave near Mangalia , Constanța County , Romania discovered by Cristian Lascu in 1986 a few kilometers from the Black Sea coast. It is notable for its unique groundwater ecosystem rich in hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide but very poor in oxygen . Life in the cave has been separated from the outside for the past 5.5 million years and it is based completely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Environment 2 Ecosystem 3 References 3.1 General references 3.2 Inline citations 4 External links Environment ( edit ) The air in the cave is very different from the outer atmosphere. The level of oxygen is only a third to half of the concentration found in open air (7-- 10% O in the cave atmosphere, compared to 21% O in air), and about one hundred times more carbon dioxide (2-- 3.5% CO in the cave atmosphere, versus 0.03% CO in air). It also contains 1-- 2% methane (CH ) and both the air and waters of the cave contain high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H S) and ammonia (NH ). Ecosystem ( edit ) Forty-eight species, among them leeches , spiders and water scorpions were found inside the cave, of which 33 are endemic . The food chain is based on chemosynthesis in the form of methane- and sulfur-oxidising bacteria, which in turn release nutrients for fungi and other bacteria . This forms microbial mats on the cave walls and the surface of lakes and ponds which are grazed on by some of the animals. The grazers are then preyed on by predatory species. References ( edit ) General references ( edit ) Jean Balthazar: Grenzen unseres Wissens. Orbis Verlag, München 2003, Seite 268, ISBN 3-572-01370-4 . Serban M. Sârbu ; Thomas C. Kane; Brian K. Kinkle, `` A Chemoautotrophically Based Cave Ecosystem'' , in Science , Vol. 272, No. 5270. (Jun. 28, 1996), pp. 1953-- 1955. Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox-Skelly, Jasmin. `` The bizarre beasts living in Romania's poison cave'' . Retrieved 2017-10-09 . Jump up ^ Kumaresan, Deepak; Wischer, Daniela; Stephenson, Jason; Hillebrand-Voiculescu, Alexandra; Murrell, J. Colin (2014). `` Microbiology of Movile Cave-- A Chemolithoautotrophic Ecosystem'' . Geomicrobiology Journal . 31 (3): 186-- 193. doi : 10.1080/01490451.2013.839764 . ISSN 0149-0451 . Jump up ^ `` Abstract:Microbial food webs in Movile Cave'' . Research Councils UK Gateway to Research . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Movile Cave Project at web.archive.org La Grotte de Movile (fr.) Papers published about Movile Cave Life in Hell -- Survivors of Darkness. Mona Lisa Production, France This caving -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Constanța County location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movile_Cave&oldid=822415755 '' Categories : Caves of Romania Geography of Constanța County Ecosystems Endemism Caving stubs Constanța County geography stubs Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Romanian-language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018, at 06:56. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8754862374533735858 |
when does the new dragon ball super episode 128 come out | Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 | [
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"Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased .",
"Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel .",
"The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 .",
"Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 .",
"Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA",
"Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates",
"God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017",
"Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017",
"Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018",
"`` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA",
"5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate",
"`` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017",
"After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is .",
"`` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017",
"Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God .",
"`` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017",
"Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe .",
"`` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017",
"With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive .",
"5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017",
"Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival .",
"6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017",
"Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him .",
"7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017",
"Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely .",
"8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017",
"Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it .",
"9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017",
"Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God .",
"10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017",
"Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods .",
"11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017",
"Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus .",
"12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017",
"Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay .",
"13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017",
"The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight .",
"The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods .",
"14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017",
"Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate",
"15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017",
"With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again .",
"16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017",
"Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta .",
"17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017",
"Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway .",
"18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017",
"Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus .",
"19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017",
"Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards .",
"20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017",
"Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth .",
"21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017",
"Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet .",
"22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017",
"Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him .",
"23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017",
"Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle .",
"24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017",
"The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue .",
"25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017",
"After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground .",
"26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017",
"Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight .",
"27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017",
"Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate",
"28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017",
"As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal .",
"29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017",
"Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world .",
"30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017",
"Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise .",
"31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017",
"Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven .",
"32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017",
"On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring .",
"33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017",
"The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven .",
"34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017",
"Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost .",
"35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017",
"Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat .",
"36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017",
"Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring .",
"37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017",
"Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score .",
"38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017",
"Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight .",
"39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017",
"Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease .",
"40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017",
"Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage .",
"41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017",
"Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home .",
"42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017",
"With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities .",
"43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017",
"Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits .",
"44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017",
"While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta .",
"45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018",
"Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta .",
"46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018",
"Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate",
"47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018",
"In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) .",
"48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018",
"Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around .",
"49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018",
"Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself .",
"50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018",
"Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness .",
"51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018",
"Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger .",
"52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018",
"Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy .",
"53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018",
"Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron .",
"54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018",
"Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis .",
"55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018",
"Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black .",
"56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018",
"Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed .",
"57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018",
"Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind .",
"58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018",
"Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives .",
"59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018",
"Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power .",
"60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018",
"With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself .",
"61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018",
"Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan .",
"62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018",
"While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber .",
"63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA",
"Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans .",
"64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA",
"Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu .",
"65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA",
"Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack .",
"66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA",
"Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half .",
"67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA",
"Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future .",
"68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA",
"Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate .",
"69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA",
"Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future .",
"70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA",
"Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch .",
"71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA",
"Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body .",
"72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA",
"Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well .",
"73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA",
"Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon .",
"74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA",
"Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape .",
"75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge .",
"76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA",
"Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight .",
"Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate",
"77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA",
"The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) .",
"78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA",
"The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 .",
"79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA",
"Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender .",
"80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA",
"As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine .",
"81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA",
"Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo .",
"82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA",
"After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy .",
"83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house .",
"84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 .",
"85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA",
"Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo .",
"86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA",
"On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus .",
"87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family .",
"88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA",
"Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves .",
"89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well .",
"90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA",
"As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament .",
"91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA",
"Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone .",
"92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone .",
"93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus .",
"94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA",
"Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle .",
"95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA",
"Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power .",
"96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA",
"In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle .",
"97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA",
"The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament .",
"98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA",
"Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else .",
"99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA",
"As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament .",
"100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA",
"As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren .",
"101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA",
"As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them .",
"102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA",
"Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 .",
"103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA",
"Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure .",
"104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA",
"Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament .",
"105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA",
"Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety .",
"106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament .",
"107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA",
"Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect .",
"108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA",
"As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne .",
"109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA",
"Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack .",
"110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him .",
"111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA",
"Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back .",
"112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA",
"Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself .",
"113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA",
"Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again .",
"114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA",
"Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) .",
"115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA",
"As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks .",
"116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA",
"To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 .",
"To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 .",
"117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 .",
"118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA",
"Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood .",
"119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA",
"Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased .",
"120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA",
"Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 .",
"121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA",
"Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them .",
"122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA",
"With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him .",
"123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA",
"With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks .",
"124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA",
"As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament .",
"125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA",
"Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 .",
"126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA",
"Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power .",
"127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA",
"Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him .",
"128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA",
"Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle .",
"129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA",
"Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct .",
"130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA",
"Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain .",
"131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA",
"With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight .",
"Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52",
"Name Date Discs Episodes",
"Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13",
"Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26",
"Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39",
"Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52",
"Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131",
"Name Date Discs Episodes",
"Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12",
"Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24",
"Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36",
"Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48",
"Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60",
"Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72",
"Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84",
"Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96",
"Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108",
"Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120",
"Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131"
] | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to: navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5, 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years. Storywise, the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films, Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward, the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes, the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on, Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes. If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased. Thirteen pieces of theme music are used: two opening themes and eleven ending themes. The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic!'' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series. The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit-Break x Survivor'' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa. Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor'' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music. The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello'' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star'' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni'' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink'' ) by Lacco Tower. The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming'' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance'' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It's Fine Dance'' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music'' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma'' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS. The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back'' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka'' by Lacco Tower. The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window'' by RottenGraffty. The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima'' by OnePixcel. The first series set was released on Japanese Blu-ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 10, 2016. Dragon Ball Super received an English-language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017. The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France, Italy, Spain, and English-speaking Africa in Fall 2016. An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22, 2016. Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub. As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow . Funimation's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1: God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2: Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3: Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4: `` Future'' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5: Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu-ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 (North America) 3.2 Region 2 (Japan) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 (1-- 14) July 5, 2015 -- October 11, 2015 January 7, 2017 -- April 15, 2017 Golden Frieza 13 (15-- 27) October 18, 2015 -- January 17, 2016 April 22, 2017 -- July 29, 2017 Universe 6 19 (28-- 46) January 24, 2016 -- June 5, 2016 August 5, 2017 -- January 13, 2018 `` Future'' Trunks 30 (47-- 76) June 12, 2016 -- January 29, 2017 January 20, 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 (77-- 131) February 5, 2017 -- March 25, 2018 TBA Episode list Season 1: God of Destruction Beerus Saga Overall No. Saga No. English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni?'' / `` A Peacetime Reward: Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni?!'' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni!?'' (平和 の 報酬 1億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に !?) July 5, 2015 January 7, 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth. Chi-Chi wants Goku to get a job, so he works as a farmer. Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister-in-law Videl , who is married to his older brother, Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup, but they are unable to afford anything. Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead. While there, they are attacked by a giant snake, which they manage to scare away. For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu, Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want. He decides to give the money to one of the fighters. Goku gives the money to Chi-Chi, so she would let him train. Meanwhile, somewhere in the depths of space, Beerus , the God of Destruction, has awakened from his slumber. Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions, Beerus and his attendant, Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is. `` To the Promised Resort! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip?!'' / `` To the Promised Resort! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip!'' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō !?'' (約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 !?) July 12, 2015 January 14, 2017 Goku goes to King Kai's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile, Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort. Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together, while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train. Fed up with what he considers a waste of time, Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train. Somewhere in space, Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat. They are confronted by the planet's strongest dweller, but he proves to be no match for them. Shortly afterwards, Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God. `` Where's the Rest of the Dream?! In Search of the Super Saiyan God!'' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up? Find the Super Saiyan God!'' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da!? Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo o sagase!'' (夢 の 続き は どこ だ !? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ !) July 19, 2015 January 21, 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake, the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus. However, Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious. Back in his temple, Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God. They soon learn of Goku and his feats. Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit. Meanwhile, back on Earth, Goku's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe. `` Aim for the Dragon Balls! Pilaf Gang in Action!'' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls! Pilaf and Crew's Impossible Mission!'' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai-sakusen!'' (目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 !) August 2, 2015 January 28, 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta, Bulma's birthday party gets underway. Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls. Not far off from the ship, the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry. They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true. When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma's ship, Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten's help. Meanwhile, on his planet, King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance. Just as he finishes, Beerus and Whis arrive. 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai's Planet! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus'' / `` Showdown on King Kai's World! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer!'' `` Kaiō -sei no kessen! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu'' (界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9, 2015 February 4, 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai's planet and detect Goku's presence. While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God'' is, he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match. Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations, but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes. Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards, while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival. 6 6 `` Don't Anger the God of Destruction! Excitement at the Birthday Party'' / `` Don't Anger the Destroyer! A Heart-Pounding Birthday Party!'' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na! Doki-doki tanjō pātī '' (破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16, 2015 February 11, 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth, where Bulma's birthday party is underway. Initially, Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus' presence. He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father, King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards, Bulma pops up. She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party. The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth's cuisine. They start mingling with the other guests, while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm. Whis soon learns of pudding, which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious. Whis urges Beerus to have some too. It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share. Angered by Majin Buu's insolence, Beerus attacks him. 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma! Vegeta's Sudden, Angry Shift?!'' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma! Vegeta's Metamorphosis of Fury?'' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i !?'' (よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 !?) August 23, 2015 February 18, 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu, while Vegeta stands by in awe. Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself, but he refuses to listen. Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail. Powerless to do anything else, Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished. Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success. Majin Buu attacks again, but he is unable to land a single hit. While observing the battle, Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo. Before Piccolo is able to warn him, Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus. Using Majin Buu as a weapon, Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out. Being the last one standing, Vegeta confronts Beerus, but he is swiftly brought to the ground. Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was. Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta, Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party. Beerus retaliates in similar fashion. Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta. He explodes and powers up immensely. 8 8 `` Goku Arrives! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama?!'' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus?'' `` Gokū kenzan! Birusu-sama kara no rasuto chansu!?'' (悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス !?) August 30, 2015 February 25, 2017 Having powered up, Vegeta charges towards Beerus. He manages to land a few punches before Beerus, who was using only a fraction of his power, knocks him out. Just as he is about to destroy Earth, Beerus has a sudden idea. He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth. Meanwhile, fearing for their lives, the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma's ship on a rowboat and sail away. Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue, Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock-- paper-- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth. Oolong manages to draw twice, but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack. Just as Beerus is about to fire, Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God. He will summon and ask Shenron about it. 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait, Beerus Sama. The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born!'' / `` Thanks for Waiting, Lord Beerus! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last!'' `` O matase, Birusu-sama. Tsuini Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo tanjō !'' (お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 !) September 6, 2015 March 4, 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron, who is startled by Beerus' presence. Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person, but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together. The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku, but they fail as they are one Saiyan short. Growing tired of waiting, Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet. Suddenly, Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans. She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them, who happens to be her and Gohan's unborn child. The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God. 10 10 `` Unleash It, Goku! The Power of the Super Saiyan God!!'' / `` Show Us, Goku! The Power of a Super Saiyan God!'' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo no pawā !!'' (見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) !!) September 13, 2015 March 11, 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God. He confronts Beerus. Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation. He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential. Fighting with Beerus, Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form. Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all, Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods. 11 11 `` Let's Keep Going, Beerus Sama! Our Battle of Gods!'' / `` Let's Keep Going, Lord Beerus! The Battle of Gods!'' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu-sama! Kami to kami no tatakai o!'' (続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を !) September 20, 2015 March 18, 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form, Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus. He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum. It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him. To that end, Beerus drags Goku to space, where he swiftly knocks him out. Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean. Amazed by such power, Goku gets excited and powers up. He heals himself in the process. Willing to have another go, Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus. 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles?! Clash! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God'' / `` The Universe Will Shatter? Clash! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God'' `` Uchū ga kudakeru!? Gekitotsu! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo!'' (宇宙 が 砕ける !? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド !) September 27, 2015 March 25, 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space. As both of them power up and clash, the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods. Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves. Meanwhile, Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku. When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus, he unknowingly stops the universe's collapse by balancing Beerus' attack with his own. Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku. Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus' attack at bay. 13 13 `` Goku, Go Beyond Super Saiyan God'' / `` Goku, Surpass Super Saiyan God!'' `` Gokū yo, Sūpā Saiya-jin Goddo o koete ike!'' (悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け !) October 4, 2015 April 8, 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle, but they fear the worst is still to come. On Earth, Vegeta, Whis, and the others are still standing by while watching the battle. Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee. In space, Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus' attack, which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth. Shortly after, the light clears out, which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion. Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion, which saved the universe. Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast, Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again. Despite being at his limit, Goku remains calm, which annoys the God of Destruction. Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding, which Goku promptly denies. Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought. The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting, but this time both are at their limit. As soon as they start, Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form. Upon noticing that, Beerus decides to quit. He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan. However, Goku does not notice and keeps going at it. Whis is able to sense Goku's mortal energy. Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost. However, Piccolo begs to differ. Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form, Beerus surmises that Goku's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power. This made him stronger in his ordinary form. With or without the Super Saiyan God form, Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against. Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods. Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1, 2017, but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight. 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have! The Battle of Gods' Conclusion!'' / `` This Is All the Power I've Got! A Settlement Between Gods'' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada! Ketchaku! Kami to kami'' (これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11, 2015 April 15, 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal, Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail, as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly. With Goku knocked out, Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth. In a final effort to stop Beerus, Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack. Goku manages to prevent Beerus' attack, but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process. He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma's ship, where Vegeta manages to catch him. Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started, but he suddenly falls asleep. Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out, and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth. Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth's food convinced him to spare the planet. Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus' planet. With Earth safe again, Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party. Season 2: Golden Frieza Saga Overall No. Saga No. English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle, Satan the Hero! A Challenge from Outer Space!'' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan, Work a Miracle! A Challenge from Outer Space!'' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose! Uchū kara no chōsenjō !!'' (勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 !!) October 18, 2015 April 22, 2017 With Earth no longer in danger, Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives. Chi-Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan. She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family. Meanwhile, Mr. Satan's self-promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city. The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction. Before he is given the reward, Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien's mightiest champion in a sparring match. Knowing that he does not stand a chance, Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help, but no one answers him. Suddenly, Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan's help. Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead. Just before the fight, Goku spots Chi-Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her. Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own. Suddenly, the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan's dog and run away in fear. With the aliens gone, the crowd praises Mr. Satan, whom they think saved them and Earth yet again. 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice?! Winning Whis Over!'' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student?! Win Over Whis!'' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri !? Uisu o kōryakuse yo!'' (ベジータ が 弟子入り !? ウイス を 攻略 せよ !) October 25, 2015 April 29, 2017 Chi-Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm. Instead of working, Goku decides to rest and falls asleep. Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku. Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai. He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children. Curious to see how large the gap is, Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power. A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin's mind. Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway, which sends Krillin flying into a boulder. Shortly afterwards, Goku heads home. Android 18 treats Krillin's wounds. Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again. Meanwhile, Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined. He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others. Elsewhere, Whis and Bulma are having lunch together. Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make. While they dine, Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again. Vegeta arrives and sees Whis. He asks Whis to see Beerus, but Whis refuses to do so. Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus' martial arts teacher. Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku. Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student. An unimpressed Whis walks past him. Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth. After several failed attempts, Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus' planet, Bulma hands him new battle armor. Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus' planet. Whis prepares to train Vegeta. 17 `` Pan Is Born! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip?!'' / `` Pan is Born! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey?!'' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he!?'' (パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ !?) November 1, 2015 May 6, 2017 Pan has been born. While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts, Chi-Chi is revolted by the very idea. She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku. Everyone tries to persuade Chi-Chi to change her mind but to no avail. Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months, which shocks Goku. After some time, Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer. Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil. Whis accepts Goku's plea. Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training. Just as the two are about to depart, Chi-Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving. Despite her wishes, Goku ends up leaving with Whis. Chi-Chi has a sudden change of heart. She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway. 18 `` I'm Here, Too! Training Begins on Beerus' Planet!'' / `` I'm Here, Too! Training Commences on Beerus' World!'' `` Ora mo kita zo! Birusu-sei de shugyō kaishi da!'' (オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ !) November 8, 2015 May 13, 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus' planet, where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping. Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis. Goku wants to start his training right away. Before he is allowed to train, Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus' bed sheets without waking him up. Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis. Whis' training routine quickly wears Goku out. He falls asleep. Vegeta, who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost, keeps on training. The next day, Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed. The two prove to be no match for Whis. Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis. Somewhere in space, surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader. Not far off, mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus. 19 5 `` Despair Rises! The Emperor of Evil, Frieza, Resurrected!'' / `` Despair Redux! The Return of the Evil Emperor, Frieza!'' `` Zetsubō futatabi! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu!'' (絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 !) November 15, 2015 May 20, 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus' planet. Meanwhile, Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls, which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza. They run into the Pilaf Gang, who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival. Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron. At first, Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state, where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him. Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again. Sorbet has Frieza resurrected. Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza's pieces and return to their ship. Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards. 20 6 `` Jaco's Warning! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach'' / `` A Warning from Jaco! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In'' `` Jako kara no keikoku! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000-ri no heishi-tachi!'' (ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22, 2015 June 3, 2017 Once restored, Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks. Tagoma objects to Frieza's plans, but Frieza promptly subdues him. When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met, he decides to train in order to become more powerful. Since Frieza's power was inborn, he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now. Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth. All the while, Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis. Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived. Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers. With Frieza's army fast approaching, Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth. 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan!'' / `` The Start of Vengeance! The Frieza Force's Malice Strikes Gohan!'' `` Fukushū no hajimari! Furīza -gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu!'' (復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ !) November 29, 2015 June 10, 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth, where Gohan, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, Tien, and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return. Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku. Seeing as how Goku is not present to help, Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings. His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin, who had given up fighting. Disappointed with his lackluster army, Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier, Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan. Suddenly, Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan, which kills the former and badly injures the latter. Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma's newfound power, which he had achieved through training with Frieza. Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings. He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings. Meanwhile, Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth. They continue their training under Whis on Beerus' planet. 22 8 `` Change! An Unexpected Return! His Name is Ginyu!!'' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu! Sono na wa Ginyū !!'' (チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー !!) December 6, 2015 June 17, 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents. Piccolo is instantly outmatched. Gohan blasts Tagoma, which causes him to fly several yards away. As the dust settles, Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed. Suddenly, Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma. Everybody is shocked to see this. While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks' attack, Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form, pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel. Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu's signature move, and the two swap bodies. Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously. Bulma, Trunks, and Goten attempt to contact Whis, which bewilders Jaco. While fighting Gohan, Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him. When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu, Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan. Before Frieza can kill Gohan, Piccolo steps in to save him. 23 9 `` The Earth! Gohan! Absolute Peril! Hurry and Get Here, Son Goku!!'' / `` Earth! Gohan! Both on the Ropes! Hurry and Get Here, Goku!!'' `` Chikyū ga! Gohan ga! Zettaizetsumei! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū !!'' (地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 !!) December 13, 2015 June 24, 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process. On Beerus' planet, Beerus desires more pizza. Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert. As Whis telepathically contacts her, she reveals Frieza's revival and Piccolo's death to him. Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived, Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza. As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth, Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus' advice. Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus' planet. Nevertheless, Goku tries to search for someone's energy on Earth. On Earth, Gohan powers up to his maximum limit. This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission. Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan. Vegeta executes Ginyu. As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time, Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power. This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet, who is at a considerable distance. Perplexed by Frieza's new power, Goku prepares to engage in a battle. 24 10 `` Clash! Frieza vs. Son Goku; This Is The Result of My Training!'' / `` Clash! Frieza vs. Goku! This is the Result of My Training!'' `` Gekitotsu! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada!'' (激突 ! フリーザ VS孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ !) December 20, 2015 July 8, 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins. They fight on even ground, and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other. Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma. When Goku tries to save them, he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him. Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters. He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has. Goku takes Vegeta's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum. When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power, Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue. 25 11 `` An All-Out Battle! The Revenge of Golden Frieza!'' / `` A Full-Throttle Battle! The Vengeful Golden Frieza'' `` Zenkai Batoru! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' (全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27, 2015 July 15, 2017 After briefly testing Goku's new transformation, Frieza transforms into a new gold-colored form, tersely named as Golden Frieza. After expressing how impressed they are by each-other's progress, Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle. Meanwhile, Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but, on their way to Earth, Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six, Champa, and his assistant, Vados. After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados, Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield. While eating Bulma's delicious dessert, Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza. Still not use to his newest form, Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza's speed and prowess, eventually getting pummeled into the ground. 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis! Time to Fight Back, Son Goku!'' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot! Launch a Counteroffensive, Goku!'' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū !'' (大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 !) January 10, 2016 July 22, 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned. Unable to match Frieza's raw power, Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza's attacks. Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping, though Frieza himself fails to notice this. Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover, or he will step up and do so himself. After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter, they power up again and continue their fight. Frieza still has the upper hand, but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear. After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks, he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath, with his attacks no longer hurting Goku. Frieza finally realizes his weakness; a lack of endurance, as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce. Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it. Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat, but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance. Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone's surprise, a laser beam pierces Goku's chest from behind, fired from Sorbet's ray gun. Stomping on Goku's chest wound to make him scream, Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down, mocking him by claiming Goku's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter. Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku, Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight. 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes?! The Deciding Kamehameha'' / `` The Earth Explodes? A Decisive Kamehameha!'' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu!? Ketchaku no kamehameha'' (地球 爆発 !? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17, 2016 July 29, 2017 Goku is critically injured, but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow. When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean, Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet, killing him. Afterwards, Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue. Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and, already exhausted from his fight with Goku, Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta. Enraged and humiliated, Frieza refuses to accept defeat and, while Vegeta powers up a killing shot, Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them. Whis protects Goku and the others, but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space. As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth, Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance. The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza's battle, allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza, saving the world. Later, the group gathers at Capsule Corporation, where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls. Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza, Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones, which Piccolo is delighted to hear. Season 3: Universe 6 Saga Overall No. Saga No. English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa!'' / `` The 6th Universe's Destroyer! His Name is Champa!'' `` Dai-6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa'' (第 6宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24, 2016 August 5, 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training, Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus' planet. After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa, everyone settles down to eat some food. Formal introductions are exchanged, where Champa is introduced as Beerus' twin brother and Vados as Whis' older sister. An argument erupts concerning which universe's food is superior. This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered. Whis explains that there are twelve universes. When two universes add up to thirteen, each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe. After Vados discovers that Universe Six's Earth has been destroyed through warfare, Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven. Beerus protests the idea. He believes it is impossible to do so. Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls, which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from. At the current moment, Champa has six of them. Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish. With tensions mounted, Beerus accepts Champa's proposal. 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku'' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku'' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu'' (格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31, 2016 August 12, 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven. Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth. Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating. The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa. On Earth, Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball. Contrary to this, Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead. Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power. Meanwhile, Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament's arena. After judging Whis' students, Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team. Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced. He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought, of the tournament. The next morning, Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar. She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world. 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match' -- Who Are the Last Two Members?!'' / `` A Run-Through For the Competition! Who Are the Last Two Members?'' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda!?'' (「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ !?) February 7, 2016 August 19, 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin, who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team. Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus, he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls, which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan. Goten and Trunks try to join, but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal. The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan. They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member. Gohan considers joining the team, but he cannot participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament. Beerus and the others think back over recent events. Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa's plans. A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza's demise. 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are!'' / `` Off to See Master Zuno! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are!'' `` Zunō -sama no moto e! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase!'' (ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ !) February 14, 2016 August 26, 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien, Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō -sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls. After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet, the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill. As a reward for subduing the criminal, Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away. Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions, but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls. This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven. 32 5 `` The Match Begins! Let's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet'' !'' / `` The Matches Begin! We're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name!'' '' `` Shiaikaishi da! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi'' e!'' (試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ !) February 21, 2016 September 9, 2017 On Earth, everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament. Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years. After stopping at Beerus' planet to get both him and Monaka, everyone proceeds to go to the tournament. The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual. This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza. After the written test, the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep. Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified. Beerus decides that Monaka will go last. After a round of rock-paper-scissors, it is decided that Goku will fight first, followed by Piccolo, and then Vegeta. Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear-like creature, enter the tournament ring. 33 6 `` Behold, Universe 6! This Is the Super Saiyan? Son Goku!'' / `` Surprise, 6th Universe! This is Super Saiyan Goku!'' `` Odoroke Dai-6 uchū yo! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya-jin ・ Son Gokū da!'' (驚け 第 6宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ !) February 28, 2016 September 16, 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences. Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip. Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo, none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect. Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment. Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts, Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out. This results in a win for Universe Seven. The next match begins almost immediately. The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku's next opponent. In direct contrast to Frieza, Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge. Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations. Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza's third form. Goku mentions his ability to transform as well. He transforms into a Super Saiyan. Frost responds by transforming into his final form. Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation. Suddenly, a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike. Frost knocks Goku out of the ring, which stuns everyone from Universe Seven. 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon!'' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon!'' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero!'' (ピッコロ VSフロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ !) March 6, 2016 September 23, 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring. Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next. Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost's attacks. To buy himself time to charge his attack, Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost. Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo. After a bout of close combat, Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast. Before the referee could rule in Frost's favor, Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along. The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool. Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated. Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules. Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved. The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost. 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength! Vegeta's Full-On Battle!'' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength! Vegeta's Full-Bore Battle'' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero! Bejīta no zenkai batoru'' (怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20, 2016 September 30, 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon. Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power. Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier. Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter's level. Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost's weapon, and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition. Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat. Beerus explains that Monaka, as his trump card, must fight last. This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka's `` true colors'' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule, where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them. Meanwhile, Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa's transportation cube. Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid, Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process. Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena. The next match begins. Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava. Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva. Magetta's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat. 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle! Vegeta's Furious Explosion!'' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle! Vegeta's Great Blast of Fury!'' `` Masaka no dai kusen! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu!'' (まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 !) March 27, 2016 October 7, 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta. He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena. Vegeta tries to win quickly, but Magetta endures and counters his attacks. Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground. After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds, Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena. He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage. However, Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage. After Vegeta insults Magetta, he loses his will to fight. Magetta is knocked out of the ring. 37 10 `` Don't Forget Your Saiyan Pride! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6!'' / `` Don't Forget Your Saiyan Pride! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe's Saiyan!'' `` Saiya-jin no hokori o wasureruna! Bejīta VS Dai-6 uchū no Saiya-jin'' (サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS第 6宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3, 2016 October 14, 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six, Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round. Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts, Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind. They are known as benevolent galactic protectors. Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched. After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up, Cabba admits he cannot do it. Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform. This seemingly enrages Vegeta. Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba. Vegeta threatens Cabba. He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits. An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive. Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one's inner anger. Vegeta's actions were intended to bring about that transformation. Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch. After the fight, Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential. Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride. Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans. Cabba acknowledges Vegeta's advice and walks off the stage. With Universe Six now down to their last fighter, Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man, Hit, will be able to settle the score. 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6! Assassin Hit Appears!!'' / `` The 6th Universe's Mightiest Warrior! Engage the Assassin Hit!'' `` Dai-6 uchū saikyō no senshi! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan!!'' (第 6宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 !!) April 10, 2016 October 21, 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle. To Vegeta's surprise, he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed. Eventually, Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses. Hit is declared the winner of the match. Suddenly, it is revealed that Hit used a `` time-skipping'' technique, where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second. Goku walks up to battle Hit. Initially, Hit overpowers Goku, which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender. Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit's technique works. Goku predicts Hit's moves and evades his attacks. Hit claims that Goku's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again. However, Goku is able to foresee Hit's attacks and defend himself. Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power. Hit concurs and withdraws. Shortly afterwards, both start preparing for their next fight. 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time-Skip'' Fights Back?! Will It Come Forth? Goku's New Technique!'' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip'' Counterstrike? Here Comes Goku's New Move!'' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi'' no hangeki!? Deru ka!? Gokū no aratana waza!'' (成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 !? 出る か !?悟空 の 新た な 技 !) April 17, 2016 November 4, 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match. Goku is finally able to counter Hit's time-manipulating attacks, which displeases Hit. Hit tries to power up even more, but Goku prevents him. Soon after, Hit manages to counter Goku's blows, while he simultaneously grows even stronger. Badly hurt, Goku hits the ground. Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku, but Hit refuses to obey his order. Goku manages to get back on his feet, and the two resume their fight. Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō -ken technique, which greatly increases his strength and speed. Having powered up, Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit, who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease. 40 13 `` At Last, It Comes to an End! Is the Winner Beerus? Or is it Champa?'' / `` A Decision at Last! Is the Winner Beerus? Or is it Champa?'' `` Tsuini ketchaku! Shōsha wa Birusu? Soretomo Shanpa?'' (ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ?) April 24, 2016 November 11, 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate. Neither side is able to gain ground against the other. Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely. Champa and Beerus argue over this decision. During their argument, Goku jumps out of the fighting stage. He forfeits the match. Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō -ken technique. Shortly afterwards, Monaka faces Hit. Monaka is scared to fight. Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight. Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits. With Hit defeated, the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament. Just as the festivities are about to conclude, Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes'' , appears in the center of the fighting stage. 41 14 `` Come, God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish!'' / `` Come Forth, Divine Dragon! And Grant My Wish, Peas and Carrots!'' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage!'' (出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ !) May 1, 2016 November 18, 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes. Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused, and everyone else is discomforted. Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament. Shortly afterwards, Champa and his team leave. Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls. Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar, and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball. Beerus, Goku, and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls. Once they are there, Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron. Unknown to anyone else, Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six's Earth restored back to normal. Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for. Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus' planet and departs for Earth. Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman, who is an aspiring fighter. Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta. Goku, Vegeta, and the others from Earth return home. 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration! Showdown at Last?! Monaka vs. Son Goku!'' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party! Showdown at Last? Monaka vs. Goku!'' `` Haran no shukushō kai! Tsuini taiketsu!? Monaka VS Son Gokū !'' (波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 !? モナカ VS孫悟空 ) May 8, 2016 December 2, 2017 With the tournament completed, Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation. She also decides to invite Monaka. Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament. Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend. Ultimately, Monaka does attend. Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka's secret. Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be. Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka's place. Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself. Pu'ar also shape-shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy. Shortly afterwards, Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight. Following a brief clash, Whis interrupts the battle. Everyone carries on with the festivities. 43 16 `` Goku's `` Ki'' is Out of Control?! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble!'' / `` Goku's Energy is Out of Control? The Struggle to Look After Pan'' `` Gokū no `` Ki'' ga seigyo funō !? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku!'' (悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 !? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15, 2016 December 9, 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament, Goku has problems controlling his energy. He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back. While Gohan and Videl are out, Goku and his family babysit Pan. That morning, Pilaf, Shu, and Mai plan to attack Goku, while he is asleep. They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them. Inside their ship, Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere. The pressure from the launch destroys their ship, but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow. On their way home, Goku's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits. 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed!'' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot-au-feu; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water!'' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui'' no himitsu!'' (ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 !) May 22, 2016 December 16, 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma, Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po-tau-feu. A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid. At Bulma's request, Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children. Shortly after they arrive, the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta. 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears?! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta!'' / `` Vegeta Disappears?! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta!'' `` Bejīta ga kieru!? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi !'' (ベジータ が 消える !? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 !) May 29, 2016 January 6, 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers. The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe. Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits. They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned. Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens. Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai's planet. He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten's side. Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta. 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta! Who's Gonna Win?!'' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta! Which One is Going to Win?'' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida!?'' (悟空 VS複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ !?) June 5, 2016 January 13, 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle. Each side holds its own. Vegeta tells Goku that he cannot beat him with attacks like that. The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner. Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him, which briefly turns the battle in his favor. Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away. Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone, Vegeta would die. Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself, but he fails to do any damage. Frustrated, Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku. Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on. He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up, and the two continue their fight. Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before. Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time. Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails. Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created. Trunks, Goten, Potage, and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon. Meanwhile, Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta. Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him. The fight causes a destructive shock wave. Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks. Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him. Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson's core behind him, which damages it along with its clones. Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed, time has run out. Vegeta is disappearing. Realizing this is his last chance, Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta. As a result, Vegeta's body regenerates. Potage reseals Commeson. Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him. With the Planet Po-tau-feu saved and the threat destroyed, Goku and the others return to Earth. Meanwhile, in an annihilated alternate timeline, Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world. Season 4: `` Future'' Trunks Saga Overall No. Saga No. English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future! A Dark New Enemy Emerges!!'' / `` SOS from the Future: A Dark New Enemy Appears!'' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru!'' (未来 から の SOS! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る !!) June 12, 2016 January 20, 2018 In an alternate timeline, Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth. He meets with his mother in their hideout, Future Bulma, who is relieved that he survived. She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help. Just as they are about to leave, an explosion destroys Future Bulma's equipment. Seeing as they are in danger, Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her. Shortly after, a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout. Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion, but Future Trunks manages to escape. Back in the present timeline, Goku is showing his new farm to Chi-Chi and Goten. Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku's request. Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train. While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition, on Beerus' planet, Vegeta is training with Whis. Goku notices this and teleports to them. Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift, and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo. Beerus enjoys the lettuce, but he considers it inadequate. Meanwhile, in the alternate timeline, Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world. Back on Beerus' planet, Goku, Vegeta, Beerus, and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes'' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is. Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes. In the alternate timeline, Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting. They discuss about going back 17 years in the past, where Future Trunks' friends would be. They make their way to Capsule Corporation. They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from. Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword. He tries to face the enemy but to no avail. In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape, Future Mai acts as a decoy. Future Mai is hit by the enemy's blast and seemingly killed on the spot. Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy, who is revealed to be a Goku look-alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope!! Once More Awaken in the Present, Trunks'' / `` Hope! Redux Awaken in the Present, Trunks'' `` Kibō !! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu'' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) !! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19, 2016 January 27, 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends. Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black, but he is outmatched. He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past. Goku Black is frustrated that he cannot find Trunks in the future timeline. Meanwhile in the present timeline, Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf's Gang. During a recess break, Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside. He immediately calls for his mother. Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus' planet. Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location. Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks. Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans. Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans. Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean. Upon spotting Goku, Future Trunks recalls Goku Black's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku, which shocks everyone around. 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes!'' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black!'' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai !'' (未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 !) June 26, 2016 February 3, 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks. Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks. Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up. He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis. Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him. Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell, and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him. Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy. They decide to help him. Meanwhile in an alternate timeline, Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks. Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time-traveling machine, Goku Black decides to go after him. Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other's power. Goku easily defeats Future Trunks, but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful. While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black, a portal opens above them. Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself. 50 `` Goku vs. Black! The Closed Path to the Future'' / `` Goku vs. Black! A Closed-Off Road to the Future'' `` Gokū VS Burakku! Tozasareta mirai e no michi'' (悟空 VSブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3, 2016 February 10, 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past. Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black, but Vegeta stops him. Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is, Goku decides to fight him. Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight. Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan. Goku Black proves to be no match for powered-up Goku. Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent. Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to, Goku thwarts him. While Goku and Goku Black fight, the time portal starts to disappear. It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself. Goku Black realizes this. He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it, which prevents others to return to the future. With Goku Black suddenly gone, Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared. Whis explains that Goku Black used a time-traveling method only Supreme Kai know about. Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time. Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline, Future Mai regains consciousness. 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai'' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time: Trunks and Mai'' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai'' (時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10, 2016 February 17, 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it. While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs, Goku heads off to King Kai's planet to train. Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines. Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet. He also mentions Goku Black's ultimate goal, which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings. Determined to find Goku Black, Beerus and Whis search for the villain's energy signature. Meanwhile, Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku. He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger. 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and `` Future'' Trunks'' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future'' Trunks!'' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai'' Torankusu'' (師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17, 2016 February 24, 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine. Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku's fight with Goku Black. Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago. He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar. Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo's point of view. Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline's Gohan. Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan's house, and the two discuss their shared future. Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family. Shortly afterwards, Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation. Meanwhile, Goku, Beerus, and Whis travel to another universe, where they had detected Goku Black's energy. 53 7 `` Uncover Black's Identity! To the Sacred World of the Kais!'' / `` Uncover Black's Identity! Off to the 10th Universe's World of the Kai's !'' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e!'' (ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ !) July 31, 2016 March 3, 2018 Goku, Beerus, and Whis arrive on Universe Ten's Sacred World of the Kais. They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai, and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu's master. Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation, while Zamasu despises mortals. Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai. He asks Zamasu to spar with him. Zamasu objects to fighting Goku, but he is asked to fight by Gowasu. Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku. Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head back to Universe Seven's Earth. On Earth, Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife, Android 18 , and his daughter, Marron. 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk's Resolve'' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks's Resolve'' `` Saiya-jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui'' (サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7, 2016 March 10, 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine. Meanwhile, Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks' power to see how strong his son had become. Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power. Future Trunks is outmatched in every way. However, Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring. Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become, he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat. Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks. Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves. On Beerus' planet, Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner. Suddenly, Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku, which shocks Beerus and Whis. 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen-Oh Sama's Summoning!'' / `` I'd Like to See Goku, You See A Summons from Grand Zeno!'' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō -sama kara no yobidashi!'' (孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし !) August 21, 2016 March 17, 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe. They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive. Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request. They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time-traveling. Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven. It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well. In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them. Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil. Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals. As Zamasu stands in the wind, rose petals start to whirl around him, which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black. Goku, Whis, and Universe Seven's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace. Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun. Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with. Before Goku leaves, Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him. Shortly afterwards, Goku, Beerus, and Whis leave for Earth, where the Time Machine has been repaired. Goku, Vegeta, and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks' alternate timeline. As soon as they arrive, Goku is attacked by the Earth's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black. 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears'' / `` Rematch with Goku Black! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku! Sūpā Saiya-jin Roze tōjō !!'' (再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 !!) August 28, 2016 March 24, 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters. He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black. The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears. Future Trunks, Goku, and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout. Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape, she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in. However, their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black. Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance's ranks. Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean, which Korin had given him. Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time. Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock-paper-scissors to decide who gets to fight first. Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins. Meanwhile, Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth. Future Trunks, Goku, and Vegeta suddenly appear near him. Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested. Goku Black transforms into a pink-haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta. He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya-jin Roze ) following Goku's naming pattern. Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger. Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows. Vegeta knocks him away. Vegeta charges in to attack again. Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest, which critically wounds him. Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black. As the two fight, Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched, but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well. Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack, Zamasu appears and stops the fight. He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed. 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends'' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu'' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' (不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4, 2016 March 31, 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky. He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits'' who want a world without mortals. Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts. During the fight, Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner. Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black. Goku Black uses Goku's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks. They fail to dodge it. As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks, Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks. Vegeta is badly wounded. Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location. Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta, Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta. Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine. Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind. 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens'' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo's Mystery Deepens'' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo'' (ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11, 2016 April 7, 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls, Zamasu visits Master Zuno's planet. Under duress, Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are. At Capsule Corporation, Bulma nurses Goku, Vegeta, and Future Trunks back to health. Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven's Supreme Kai. After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline, Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning. After losing to Goku, Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power. Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals. Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls. Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai's method. He believes that their timeline's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time-traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven's Supreme Kai takes Goku, Beerus, and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu, while Vegeta stays behind. They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu. Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission. Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future, but Beerus promptly silences him. They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice. Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals, but it should not be a cause for concern. Just as Gowasu finishes, Zamasu arrives. 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu!'' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu!'' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo!'' (界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ !) September 25, 2016 April 14, 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him. Shortly afterwards, they leave Universe Ten's Supreme Kai Realm. While they are in space, Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu. They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu. Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu. Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu, but Whis tells him otherwise. Angered that his plan has failed, Zamasu tries to destroy Goku. Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu. With the present day Zamasu destroyed, Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black. In the alternate timeline, Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black's power. 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black's Identity Is Revealed!!'' / `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai !!'' (再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 !!) October 2, 2016 April 21, 2018 With Zamasu defeated, Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks' timeline has become peaceful once again. Although hesitant, Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case. Goku, Vegeta, and Bulma accompany him. As soon as they arrive, they realize that nothing has changed. Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others' return. Shortly afterwards, the two groups meet. Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis' time powers. Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring. Afterwards, he stole the body of Goku's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls. Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself. 61 15 `` Zamasu's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan'' Is Revealed'' / `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku'' '' (ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0計画 』 ) October 9, 2016 April 28, 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks' alternate timeline, who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality. Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu, but he is outmatched by the two villains. Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body, he killed Chi-Chi and Goten just to spite him. Enraged, Goku takes on both of the villains. He is initially able to hold his own, but he is soon overpowered and knocked out. With Goku defeated, Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner. Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time-traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals. This infuriates Future Trunks, who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan. 62 16 `` I'll Protect the World! Trunks' Furious Super Power Explodes!!'' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu!!'' (世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 !!) October 16, 2016 May 5, 2018 While Future Trunks' new form is enough to match Goku Black, Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow. Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past, while he faces their opponents. Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping, but he fails to do so. Goku, Vegeta, and Bulma arrive in the present. Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks' timeline and Goku Black's origin to Beerus and Whis. Believing they had done their part, Beerus and Whis leave. Meanwhile, Chi-Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went. Krillin hesitates and dodges the question. They leave for Bulma's house to ask her the same question. Once there, they meet Goku in bandages. With everyone present, Piccolo thinks of a new plan. He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars. Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is, Goku quickly teleports to Kame House. Goku spends the night at Master Roshi's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave, while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber. 63 17 `` Don't Disrespect Saiyan Cells! Vegeta's Heroic Battle Begins!!'' / `` Saiya-jin no saibō o kegasu na! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien!!'' (サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 !!) October 23, 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him, Future Trunks is saved by the resistance. Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black's hideout. Future Trunks leaves for the hideout. Mai tries to shoot Goku Black, but she misses her shot. Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate, Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time. Future Trunks fights the two again without success. Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him. Goku Black destroys the Time Machine, but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire. Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree. Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline; during the conversation, it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels. Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu, but Goku and Vegeta stop him. Goku fights Future Zamasu, while Vegeta battles Goku Black. Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal, which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu. Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training, which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans. 64 18 `` Revere Him! Praise Him! Fusion Zamasu's Explosive Birth!!'' / `` Agameyo! Tataeyo! Gattai Zamasu bakutan!!'' (崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 !!) October 30, 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black. Future Zamasu attempts to intervene, but Goku cuts him off. Goku Black realizes that Vegeta's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power. Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them, while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks, Mai, and Bulma. Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu. However, he sees through her trick and knocks her out. This angers Future Trunks, who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu. The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu, who is sealed within the jar. However, in the present, Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent. As a result, the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar, which weakened him. Goku Black goes to help him, and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit. Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies, Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu. 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement?! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God'' / `` Saigo no shipan ka!? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' (最後 の 審判 か !? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6, 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight. He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process. Meanwhile, Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight, while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine. Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu, but they are easily defeated. Future Trunks joins the fight, but he is also overpowered. Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet. Future Trunks uses a last-ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off. Vegeta joins the clash with his own all-out Galick Gun. Surprisingly, their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu's attack and saves the Earth. However, Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed. Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu. Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast. Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack, but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack. 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior!'' / `` Kessen! Akiramenai senshi-tachi no kiseki no pawā !'' (決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) !) November 13, 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha, which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu's attack and stop him from destroying Earth. In the wake of the explosion, Goku is exhausted, and Fusion Zamasu is injured. When Fusion Zamasu grabs him, Goku overpowers him using his Kaio-ken technique, and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily. However, Goku's use of the Kaio-ken drains all of his energy, and he collapses. Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up, but he still does not heal properly. Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing. Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well. Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai's Potarra Earrings. Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour. Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito. Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue'' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu. Vegito quickly gains the advantage, but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger. Gowasu explains that Zamasu's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form. Meanwhile, Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine. Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword, which inspires him to keep fighting. Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword. Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting. Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends, due to strain from his immense power. Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help. Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth, creating a Spirit Bomb, which he then channels into his sword. With this new power, Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half. 67 21 `` With New Hope!! In Our Hearts -- Farewell, Trunks'' / `` Aratana kibō !! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu'' (新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) !! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20, 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates. However, as everyone exchanges congratulations, Fusion Zamasu's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet. Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe. Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others. Zamasu's power is even felt in the present timeline, where Beerus and Whis sense it. Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket, but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline. Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears. After Goku explains the situation, Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused. Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away, while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine. Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu. After the others return to the present, Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline. They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them. Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with. Whis also meets another angel, the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father, and invites him to visit Universe Seven. In the aftermath, Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai. Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat, which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline. Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future. 68 22 `` Come Forth, Shenron! Whose Wish Will Be Granted?!'' / `` Ideyo Shenlong! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono!?'' (いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの !?) November 27, 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine, but she has so far been unsuccessful. Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai. However, Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine, which can only be found at the Earth's core. Wanting to taste more Earth food, Beerus and Whis return to Earth. Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine. Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron. Before Goku can make his wish, several others show up who want to make their respective wishes. As the others are all fighting over the wishes, Gohan arrives with Pan, who is sick and suffering from a severe fever. Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan. After Gohan and Pan leave, the others resume fighting over the remaining wish. Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself. Goku still insists on getting his wish granted. Bulma agrees, but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish. Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant. They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene, and they find Goku at the Earth's core. Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine, Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine. Just as Goku is about to make his wish, the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth. Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate. 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth?!'' / `` Gokū VS Arare! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru!?'' (悟空 VSアラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる !?) December 4, 2016 TBA Vegeta, Bulma, and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in, which is hosted by Mr. Satan, while Goku is hired to work security for the event. Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village, who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air, wins the award. Dr. Norimaki's nemesis, Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost, and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine-X to gain control over Norimaki's powerful robot daughter, Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale, but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him. She sends him flying into the distance. Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale. They initially seem to be evenly matched, but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth. Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily. Meanwhile, Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food, which immediately attracts Beerus, who had been taking a nap. Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus, who promptly obliterates him. Beerus also easily overpowers Arale. Just as Beerus is about to destroy her, the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain, which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately. Shortly after, Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home. Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future. 70 24 `` Champa's Challenge! This Time We Fight with Baseball!!'' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen -jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda !!'' (シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ !!) December 11, 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven. The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven's Earth. Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth. The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus' team due to his lack of experience. Yamcha, who has extensive experience playing baseball, steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage. However, he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta, who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa. Champa and Beerus end up fighting, which almost destroys the planet. Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off. Vados reveals that Yamcha, despite his injuries, made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off, thereby winning the game for Universe Seven. Champa and his team return to Universe Six. Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven's Earth's food, as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch. 71 25 `` The Death of Goku! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission'' / `` Gokū shisu! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai!'' (悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18, 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely. He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him. Meanwhile, in Universe Six, Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss. His next target is revealed to be Goku. Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger. Hit arrives to kill Goku. Goku charges at Hit, but he cannot hit him. Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo, Gohan, and Goten arrive and find Goku's body. 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack?! The Invisible Killing Strike!!'' / `` Hangeki naruka!? Mienai koroshi no waza!!'' (反撃 なる か !? 見え ない 殺し の 技 !!) December 25, 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail, but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed, reviving him. Goku learns that Hit's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast. Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique, but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage. Meanwhile, Champa and Vados come to see the fight. They are later joined by Vegeta, Beerus, and Whis. Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique, which makes him seemingly untouchable. In the midst of the battle, Goku fires his Kamehameha attack, which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself. In the aftermath, Goku reveals to Vegeta, Champa, and Beerus that he had hired Hit, because he wanted to fight him at full strength, and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well. 73 27 `` Gohan's Misfortune! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie?!'' / `` Gohan no sainan! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka!?'' (悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 !?) January 8, 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film: `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl, Gohan, and Pan check out the film set, the lead in the film -- - a famous but self-absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her. Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew, which angers him. Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation, Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him. As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman, he uses his powers to easily take on the role. Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers. When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery, Bulma bails him out. However, Gohan's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa, who is a starlet in the film. Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city. Meanwhile, Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts. Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman'' might be the host of Watagashi, Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon. 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman!!'' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman!!'' (愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン !!) January 15, 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi's ability to possess its hosts. Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse, but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids. She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room. When the pair go to the roof the next morning, Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman. Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater. As he tries to woo Videl again, she sees through Barry's act and refuses his advances. Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process. The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan. He seeks a final showdown with Gohan. Barry proves formidable. Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle. Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan's desire to protect them and call out for his aid. Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman'' and knocks out Barry, which separates him from Watagashi in the process. The film becomes a hit. Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city. Now seeing him as less of a threat, Jaco lets Watagashi escape. 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds'' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e'' (悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22, 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with, but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent. On Goten's suggestion, Goku goes to ask Krillin, who is still working as a police officer. Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars, but they are easily disarmed by Goku. Krillin declines Goku's offer to spar. He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good. Krillin is chastised by Android 18, who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet. Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku's offer and ultimately accepts it. The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children. Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap. Sensing Krillin's self-doubt and believing that a different approach is needed, Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb. As a reward, Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user's strength. On the island, Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi's challenge. Interested to see what will happen, Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb. As they enter, a heavy fog rolls in, where familiar foes emerge. 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies! Krillin's Fighting Spirit Returns!'' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi!'' (恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび !) January 29, 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi's house and searches for Krillin. Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror,'' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before. Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence. In the forest, Krillin is terrified by what he sees. Among the group of illusions are Tambourine, Frieza, Dabura, and Majin Buu, where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin. Overcome with fear, Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest. The trees move to block the entrance, which leave Goku and Krillin stranded. The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin. Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions, but his attacks only make them stronger. After slicing one in half, he discovers that they are powered by his own energy. He heeds Master Roshi's training and calms himself down, which weakens the illusions. As a final challenge, Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron, which immediately ensnares Goku. Krillin quickly arrives and frees him. The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion. The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted. Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi's house with bags full of the herb. Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique. Krillin, who has regained his confidence, disagrees. Goku and Krillin soon leave. Krillin returns home, where Android 18 shaves his head. This signals Krillin's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again. Season 5: Universe Survival Saga Overall No. Saga No. English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!'' `` Yarou ze Zenō -sama! Uchū ichi Budō -kai!!'' (や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 !!) February 5, 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Grand Minister arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power'' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power'' `` Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai'' '' (全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き !? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12, 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power'' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void'' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness'' , where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. 79 `` Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!'' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū !!'' (第 9宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS第 7宇宙 魔 人 ブウ !!) February 19, 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!'' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!'' (眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い !!) February 26, 2017 TBA As their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!'' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?'' (潰し の ベルガモ VS孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ !?) March 5, 2017 TBA Before their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!'' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū !!!'' (孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 !!) March 19, 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!'' `` Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?'' (第 7宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10人 は 誰 だ !?) March 26, 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18'' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau'' (スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18号 を 誘う ) April 2, 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives'' `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku'' (動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9, 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's , who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!'' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana -gō VS Son Gokū !!'' (初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17号 VS孫悟空 !!) April 16, 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!'' `` Mitsuryō -dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana -gō no kyōtō !!'' (密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 !!) April 23, 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!'' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō !'' (悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30, 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!'' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?'' (現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 !?) May 7, 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan'' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan'' (超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS悟 飯 ) May 14, 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!'' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!'' (勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ !? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち !!) May 21, 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. 92 16 `` Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!'' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā !!'' (緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10人 の メンバー !!) May 28, 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. 93 17 `` You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!'' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!'' (10人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ !!) June 4, 2017 TBA Goku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!'' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?'' (悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち !?) June 11, 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. 95 19 `` The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!'' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare !!'' (最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ !!) June 18, 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. 96 20 `` The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!'' `` Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!'' (時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ !!) June 25, 2017 TBA In the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Grand Minister introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle. 97 21 `` Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!'' `` Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!'' (生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 !!) July 2, 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. 98 22 `` Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!'' `` Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū !!'' (あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 !!) July 9, 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else. 99 23 `` Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!'' `` Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!'' (見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 !!) July 16, 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. 100 24 `` Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!'' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi !!'' (大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 !!) July 23, 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!'' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu !!'' (迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30, 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!'' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!'' (愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6, 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. 103 27 `` Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!'' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!'' (悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10宇宙 と の 決戦 !!) August 13, 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10's erasure. 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!'' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!'' (超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 !!) August 20, 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!'' `` Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!'' (奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27, 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. 106 30 `` Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!'' `` Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō !!'' (見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 !!) September 3, 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota ( Dr.ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. 107 31 `` Revenge `` F'' The Cunning Trap?!'' `` Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?'' (復讐 の 「 F」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17, 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!'' `` Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?'' (フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24, 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Grand Zenō erases him, explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!'' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!'' (悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8, 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!'' `` Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!'' (孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8, 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Grand Minister rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails, and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him. 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!'' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!'' (異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VSジレン !!) October 15, 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. 112 36 `` A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!'' `` Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!'' (サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22, 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. 113 37 `` With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!'' `` Kiki to Shite! Sentō -kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!'' (嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び !!) October 29, 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!'' `` Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!'' (鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 !!) November 5, 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!'' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya -jin Burū Yabureru!?'' (悟空 VSケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる !?) November 12, 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings. The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks. 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!'' `` Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!'' (逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19, 2017 TBA To counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged-up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6. NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16, 2017. 117 41 `` Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!'' `` Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū !!'' (愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26, 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla. He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2. Gohan and Piccolo try to help him, but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina. Elsewhere, Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him. However, he is unsuccessful, and resorts to his normal fighting style. Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla. Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku, but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it. The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne. No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie, while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered-up transformation. This causes her to revert into Brianne. Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap, while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her. This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form. No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne's trap. With No. 17's help, No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her. Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18's strong love for Krillin, while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto, and Rabanra of Universe 2. 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...'' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ...'' (加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ...) December 3, 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra from Universe 2, while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina. Saonel and Pirina's power suddenly increases, and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament, which greatly increased their own powers. No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors. It is revealed that Universe 2's angel, Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe. Universe 2's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne, Rozie, and Kakunsa's transformed states. Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 battle Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina. The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique, the Pretty Black Hole, which traps and threatens to sink Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 through the fighting stage. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well. With all of their fighters eliminated, both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased. Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure, while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck. Champa taunts Beerus before being erased. Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother's erasure. Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood. 119 43 `` Unavoidable?! The Fierce Stealth Attack!!'' `` Kaihi funō !? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi !!'' (回避 不能 !? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 !!) December 10, 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring. Katopesla is able to catch himself, but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force. Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force, but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge, while Piccolo catches Gohan. No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter, who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters, Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras, which allows Piccolo to see him. Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras. Undaunted, Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game. Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes. However, Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring, which eliminates him and destroys the illusions. Universe 4's last fighter, Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him. Piccolo is able to sense Damon's attacks, but he proves unable to hit Damon, who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him. No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug-like creature rather than an invisible person, which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him. To solve this problem, Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air, which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts. No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him. With all of their fighters eliminated, Universe 4 is promptly erased. 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic! Universe 3's Menacing Assassin!!'' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku!!'' (完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 !!) December 17, 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4, the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7. While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18's combined efforts, Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia, Koitsukai, and Bollarator to attack Goku, Gohan, and Vegeta. To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11, Gohan decides to face the three robots alone. He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in. The two distract the enemy, while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it. With his robots defeated, Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7. 121 45 `` All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!'' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki !!'' (総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4体 合体 VS第 7宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24, 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3. Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans, which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them. The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off-guard, but he deflects them all. It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents' movements. Anilaza begins teleporting his punches, and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage. Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat, Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18, who is rescued by Goku. Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him. He knocks him off the fighting stage, but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage. She is eliminated from the tournament. With no other options, the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza. They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza's attack and damage his energy reactor. This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza. With all of their warriors eliminated, Universe 3 is erased. As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate, the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them. 122 46 `` For One's Own Pride! Vegeta's Challenge to Be The Strongest!!'' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen !!'' (己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7, 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining, the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together. The final warriors begin their battle: Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo, Frieza fights Dyspo, and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren. Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches, but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren's attack patterns and dodges his attacks. He lands a solid blow to Jiren's midsection, but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out. Meanwhile, Frieza blocks one of Dyspo's attacks with his tail, but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him. Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self-righteousness, but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength. He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head-on. However, the attack fails to damage Jiren, who acknowledges the power of Vegeta's attack before incapacitating him. 123 47 `` Body and Soul, Full Power Release! Goku and Vegeta!!'' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta !!'' (全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14, 2018 TBA With Vegeta down, Goku faces off against Jiren. Meanwhile, the other battles continue. Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously, while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo. Outmatched in power, Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren, but it has no effect. Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc. This causes Jiren to fall, but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage. Angered by his near-elimination, Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches. Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue. Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations, while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body, and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form, the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form. Fully powered up, Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team, and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks. 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault! Gohan's Last Stand!!'' `` Shippū -Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin!!'' (疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 !!) January 21, 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies. The two seem evenly matched, until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls. Dyspo refuses the offer, so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight. Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique, the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode, which increases his power and speed even further, and overwhelms Frieza. Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage, so No. 17 distracts Toppo, while Gohan goes to Frieza's aid. Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team, but they have little success. Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo, which prevents him from using his high-speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand. Unfortunately, Frieza runs out of energy, and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow. However, Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place, while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament. 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence! God of Destruction Toppo Descends!!'' `` Ifu-Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin !'' (威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28, 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, while No. 17 and Toppo fight. No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash, which Toppo is winning. Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind, which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo's blast. In the wake of the explosion, Toppo appears to have been defeated. However, he gets back up and powers up, using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction. Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11's next God of Destruction, which is why he can wield the same kind of power. Toppo unleashes his new power, which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it. No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly, but his power is now far superior to theirs. Toppo easily defeats them both. Fortunately, they are able to stay on the fighting stage, but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17. 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God! Vegeta's Desperate Blow!!'' `` Kami wo mo Koero! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki!!'' (神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4, 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17's blast. No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage, but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17's attacks. Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast. Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo's attack. Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo, which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks, but none of them have any effect. Toppo is about to eliminate them both, when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta, who are still fighting Jiren. Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren's attacks, which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead. Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament. However, Vegeta is inspired by his family, his promise to Cabba, and his Saiyan pride. He refuses to cast anything aside. Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo. Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks: Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction, while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu. Vegeta's attack overwhelms Toppo's attack, blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage, and eliminates him from the tournament. This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage. Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique, he survives the blast, but his energy is almost completely drained. No. 17 also reappears, but he has been injured by Jiren's attack. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all face off against Jiren, who begins to unleash his full power. 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall! The Final Barrier of Hope!!'' `` Semari-kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria!!'' (迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11, 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously, but he easily overpowers them. However, No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren. Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta, while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form. However, Frieza is easily defeated as well. No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be, and Belmod explains that Jiren's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents, most of his comrades, and mentor were killed by a powerful villain. However, his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship, and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength. No. 17 admires Jiren's human qualities, but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe's team for his own ends. Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17, Goku, and Vegeta. No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them, before self-destructing to destroy Jiren's blast. Despite his exhausted state, Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him. 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End! Vegeta Falls!!'' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made! Bejīta Chiru!!'' (気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18, 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren. Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan, he still decides to take on Jiren. Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta. Jiren injures Vegeta's left eye in the process. Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination, and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most. He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren, who is impressed by Vegeta's pride. Vegeta nearly rings out again. His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble, which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage. Vegeta hears Bulma's voice urging him to fight on, and he returns to fight Jiren once again. Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him. Vegeta fires off a Final Flash, but Jiren is unfazed. Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament. Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end, he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power. Even with Vegeta's energy, Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren. He is knocked back into his base form. When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat, Vegeta shouts at Goku. Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him. As Jiren delivers the final blow, Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack. With his new power, Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him. Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle. 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed! Ultra Instinct Mastered!!'' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru!!'' (限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4, 2018 TBA Whis points out that, since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct, this will be his last chance to end the battle. Goku and Jiren resume their battle, but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla, and is unable to attack at his full potential. Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren, but Jiren is able to punch through the blast. Belmod is confident that Goku's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win, but Vegeta points out that, throughout the tournament, all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power. Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out, but Goku begins blocking Jiren's attacks with his own punches. Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku, but Goku suddenly powers up immensely. He easily blocks Jiren's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage. Jiren attacks again, but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches. Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension. Goku's hair and eyes have turned silver, and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct. 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time! The Ultimate Survival Battle!!'' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru!!'' (空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18, 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct, Goku overpowers and corners Jiren, which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further. The two exchange attacks continuously. Despite almost being defeated twice, Goku stands up and recovers. When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender, his friends claim that the source of Goku's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions. Refusing to accept it, an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku, who finally defeats him. However, just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out, his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long. Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage, but Goku is saved by Frieza. No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren's blast. As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren, Goku writhes in pain. 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion! Farewell, Goku! Until We Meet Again!'' `` Kiseki no ketchaku! Saraba Goku! Mataauhimade!!'' (奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで !!) March 25, 2018 TBA With Goku down, Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren. No. 17 manages to injure Jiren, who collapses from exhaustion. Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren, who accepts his impending defeat, but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries. Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17. They form a barrier to shield themselves, but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form. Before Jiren can overpower them, Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others. Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren's blast. Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together, while No. 17 provides cover fire. Working together, Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring. All three of them are eliminated from the tournament. With all of their fighters gone, Universe 11 is erased. As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage, No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power, and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls. After some consideration, No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased, which brings all their inhabitants back to life. As the erased universes are restored, the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls. He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons, as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing. As a reward for doing well in the tournament, Whis restores Frieza to life. In Universe 11, Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday. The group from Universe 7 return home. Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire. Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again. Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought. Goku reveals that he cannot use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament. Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength. They race towards each other to fight. Blu-ray and DVD release Region 1 (North America) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25, 2017 1-- 13 Part Two October 3, 2017 14-- 26 Part Three February 20, 2018 27-- 39 Part Four June 19, 2018 40-- 52 Region 2 (Japan) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2, 2015 1-- 12 Box 2 March 2, 2016 13-- 24 Box 3 July 2, 2016 25-- 36 Box 4 October 4, 2016 37-- 48 Box 5 January 6, 2017 49-- 60 Box 6 April 4, 2017 61-- 72 Box 7 August 2, 2017 73-- 84 Box 8 October 3, 2017 85-- 96 Box 9 January 6, 2018 97-- 108 Box 10 April 3, 2018 109-- 120 Box 11 July 3, 2018 121-- 131 Notes ^ Jump up to: Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1-hour television special . ^ Jump up to: English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to: English dub titles per Funimation . References Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5'' . Anime News Network . June 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016 . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Kazuya Yoshii, Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super'' . Anime News Network . May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016 . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc'' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots`` . Crunchyroll . February 4, 2017. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017 . Retrieved February 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots'' . Anime News Network . February 4, 2017. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017 . Retrieved February 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO: KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1, 2015. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016 . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April'' . attackofthefanboy . March 17, 2016. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016 . Retrieved March 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme'' . Anime News Network . June 19, 2016. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016 . Retrieved June 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme'' . Anime News Network . September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016 . Retrieved October 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super'' Ending Theme`` . Crunchyroll . December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved January 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring's `` Dragon Ball Super'' End Theme Revealed`` . Crunchyroll. March 5, 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017 . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song'' . Anime News Network. March 5, 2017. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017 . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super'' Ending`` . Crunchyroll. June 5, 2017. Archived from the original on July 14, 2017 . Retrieved July 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super' To Get New Ending'' . Comicbook. September 13, 2017. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017 . Retrieved September 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super'' Ending`` . Crunchyroll. September 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017 . Retrieved October 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme'' . Comicbook. December 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017 . Retrieved December 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu-ray・ DVD情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション (in Japanese). Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20, 2015 . Retrieved January 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10, 2015. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015 . Retrieved November 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER, READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER'' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe. October 10, 2016. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016 . Retrieved October 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder, Ollie (October 11, 2016). `` ' Dragon Ball Super' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall, Still No Word On A US Release'' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12, 2016 . Retrieved October 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (October 19, 2016). `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced'' . IGN . Ziff Davis, LLC. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll, Daisuki, AnimeLab (Updated)'' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network. October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016 . Retrieved October 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER'' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5, 2016. Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series`` . Funimation . Funimation. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016 . Retrieved November 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super, Plans English Dub'' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016 . Retrieved November 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami: Hope you're sitting down for this...'' Facebook . December 7, 2016. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 (SUB)'' . Funimation. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video'' . kanzenshuu . December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to: あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 (in Japanese). Toei Animation. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016 . Retrieved July 16, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` TV Listings Grid, TV Guide and TV Schedule, Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener'' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander (April 3, 2017), Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty, and no one's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3, 2017 , retrieved April 3, 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account (April 1, 2017), New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT (ET/PT) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7, 2017 , retrieved May 7, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide'' . Zap2it. January 15, 2018. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu-ray Part 1'' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19, 2017 . Retrieved April 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu-ray Part 2'' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24, 2017 . Retrieved July 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu-ray Part 3'' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu-ray Part 4'' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17, 2018 . Retrieved March 16, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 1'' (in Japanese). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 2'' (in Urdu). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 3'' (in e). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 4'' (in Japanese). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 5'' (in Japanese). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 6'' (in Japanese). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 7'' (in Japanese). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 8'' (in Japanese). Neowing. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 9'' (in Japanese). Neowing. September 30, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 10'' (in Japanese). Neowing. September 30, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu-ray BOX 11'' (in Japanese). Neowing. September 30, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrievedfrom``https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=836964562''Categories:DragonBallepisodelistsHiddencategories:CS1usesJapanese-languagescript(ja)CS1Japanese-languagesources(ja)CS1Urdu-languagesources(ur)CS1maint:UnrecognizedlanguageWikipediapagessemi-protectedagainstvandalismArticlescontainingJapanese-languagetextTalkViewsourceContentsAboutWikipediaDeutschEspañolFrançaisGalegoItalianoMagyarNorskPortuguêsไทยTiếngViệt4moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon17April2018,at22:15.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 4353931194758789962 |
what's the difference between the windows 10 versions | This branch is exclusively available for Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB edition and distributes snapshots of this edition that are updated every 2 - 3 years . LTSB builds adhere to Microsoft 's traditional support policy which was in effect before Windows 10 : They are not updated with new features , and are supported with critical updates for 10 years after their release . Microsoft officially discourages the use of LTSB outside of `` special - purpose devices '' that perform a fixed function and thus do not require new user experience features . As a result , it excludes Windows Store , most Cortana functionality , and most bundled apps ( including Microsoft Edge ) . According to a Microsoft announcement , this branch will be renamed Long - Term Servicing Channel ( LTSC ) in 2019 , to match the name changes mentioned above . | [
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"Part of a series on Windows 10 New features Removed features Version history Editions Windows 10 Mobile Criticism Related Xbox One system software Windows Mixed Reality Windows Insider Microsoft Store Universal Windows Platform Fluent Design System",
"Part of a series on",
"Windows 10",
"New features Removed features Version history Editions Windows 10 Mobile Criticism",
"New features Removed features Version history Editions Windows 10 Mobile Criticism",
"Windows 10 Mobile",
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"Xbox One system software Windows Mixed Reality Windows Insider Microsoft Store Universal Windows Platform Fluent Design System",
"Xbox One system software Windows Mixed Reality Windows Insider Microsoft Store Universal Windows Platform Fluent Design System",
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"",
"",
"Windows 10 has twelve editions ( excluding the four `` N '' editions ) , all with varying feature sets , use cases , or intended devices . Certain editions are distributed only on devices directly from a device manufacturer , while editions such as Enterprise and Education are only available through volume licensing channels . Microsoft also makes editions of Windows 10 available to device manufacturers for use on specific classes of devices , including smartphones ( Windows 10 Mobile ) and IoT devices .",
"Baseline editions are the only editions available as standalone purchases in the retail outlets .",
"Home Windows 10 Home is designed for use in PCs , tablets and 2 - in - 1 PCs . It includes all consumer - directed features . Pro Windows 10 Pro adds additional features that are oriented towards business environments and power users . It is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Pro .",
"Windows 10 Home is designed for use in PCs , tablets and 2 - in - 1 PCs . It includes all consumer - directed features .",
"Windows 10 Pro adds additional features that are oriented towards business environments and power users . It is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Pro .",
"Windows 10 Pro 's features are a superset of Windows 10 Home 's features , introducing a number of features designed for power users . Features exclusive to Windows 10 Pro include Domain Join , Group Policy Management , Bitlocker , Enterprise Mode Internet Explorer ( EMIE ) , Assigned Access , Remote Desktop , Client Hyper - V , etc .",
"These editions add features to facilitate centralized control of many installations of the OS within an organization . The main avenue of acquiring them is a volume licensing contract with Microsoft .",
"Enterprise Windows 10 Enterprise provides all the features of Windows 10 Pro , with additional features to assist with IT - based organizations , and is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Enterprise . Windows 10 Enterprise is configurable on three branches , Semi-Annual Channel , Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) , and Windows Insider . Education Windows 10 Education is distributed through Academic Volume Licensing . Initially , it was reported to have the same feature set as Windows 10 Enterprise . As of version 1709 , however , this edition has less features . See § Comparison chart for details Pro Education This edition was introduced in July 2016 for hardware partners on new devices purchased with the discounted K -- 12 academic license . It features a `` Set Up School PCs '' app that allows provisioning of settings using a USB flash drive , and does not include Cortana , Windows Store suggestions or Windows Spotlight . Enterprise LTSB Enterprise LTSB is a long - term support version of Windows 10 Enterprise released every 2 to 3 years . They are supported with security updates for 10 years after their release , and intentionally receive no feature updates . Some features , including the Windows Store and bundled apps , are not included in this edition . The 2019 release of this edition is expected to be called Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC . Mobile Enterprise Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 10 Mobile , with additional features to assist with IT - based organizations , in a manner similar to Windows 10 Enterprise , but optimized for mobile devices .",
"Windows 10 Enterprise provides all the features of Windows 10 Pro , with additional features to assist with IT - based organizations , and is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Enterprise . Windows 10 Enterprise is configurable on three branches , Semi-Annual Channel , Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) , and Windows Insider .",
"Windows 10 Education is distributed through Academic Volume Licensing . Initially , it was reported to have the same feature set as Windows 10 Enterprise . As of version 1709 , however , this edition has less features . See § Comparison chart for details",
"This edition was introduced in July 2016 for hardware partners on new devices purchased with the discounted K -- 12 academic license . It features a `` Set Up School PCs '' app that allows provisioning of settings using a USB flash drive , and does not include Cortana , Windows Store suggestions or Windows Spotlight .",
"Enterprise LTSB is a long - term support version of Windows 10 Enterprise released every 2 to 3 years . They are supported with security updates for 10 years after their release , and intentionally receive no feature updates . Some features , including the Windows Store and bundled apps , are not included in this edition . The 2019 release of this edition is expected to be called Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC .",
"Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 10 Mobile , with additional features to assist with IT - based organizations , in a manner similar to Windows 10 Enterprise , but optimized for mobile devices .",
"These editions are licensed to device manufacturers only . The main avenue of purchasing these editions is through buying a specific device ( e.g. smartphones ) that have them pre-installed .",
"Mobile Windows 10 Mobile is designed for smartphones and small tablets . It includes all basic consumer features , including Continuum capability . It is the de facto successor of Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows RT .",
"Windows 10 Mobile is designed for smartphones and small tablets . It includes all basic consumer features , including Continuum capability . It is the de facto successor of Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows RT .",
"IoT Designed specifically for use in small footprint , low - cost devices and IoT scenarios . It is a rebranded version of Microsoft 's earlier embedded operating systems , Windows Embedded . Three editions are already announced : IoT Core , IoT Enterprise , and IoT Mobile Enterprise .",
"Designed specifically for use in small footprint , low - cost devices and IoT scenarios . It is a rebranded version of Microsoft 's earlier embedded operating systems , Windows Embedded . Three editions are already announced : IoT Core , IoT Enterprise , and IoT Mobile Enterprise .",
"Windows 10 S is a feature - limited edition of Windows 10 designed primarily for low - end devices in the education market . It has a faster initial setup and login process , and allows devices to be provisioned using a USB drive with the `` Set Up School PCs '' app . Windows 10 S only allows the installation of software ( both Universal Windows Platform and Windows API apps ) from Windows Store , although command line programs or shells ( even from Windows Store ) are not allowed . System settings are locked to only allow Microsoft Edge as the default web browser with Bing as its search engine . The operating system may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee , to enable unrestricted software installation . Microsoft also provides means of downgrading back to the S edition . All Windows 10 S devices will include a free one - year subscription to Minecraft : Education Edition . Critics have compared the edition to Windows RT , and have considered it to be a competitor to Chrome OS .",
"Windows 10 S is a feature - limited edition of Windows 10 designed primarily for low - end devices in the education market . It has a faster initial setup and login process , and allows devices to be provisioned using a USB drive with the `` Set Up School PCs '' app . Windows 10 S only allows the installation of software ( both Universal Windows Platform and Windows API apps ) from Windows Store , although command line programs or shells ( even from Windows Store ) are not allowed . System settings are locked to only allow Microsoft Edge as the default web browser with Bing as its search engine . The operating system may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee , to enable unrestricted software installation . Microsoft also provides means of downgrading back to the S edition . All Windows 10 S devices will include a free one - year subscription to Minecraft : Education Edition . Critics have compared the edition to Windows RT , and have considered it to be a competitor to Chrome OS .",
"Team Windows 10 Team is a device - specific version of Windows 10 loaded onto the Surface Hub .",
"Windows 10 Team is a device - specific version of Windows 10 loaded onto the Surface Hub .",
"On 10 August 2017 , Microsoft announced a Pro for Workstations edition to be made available in September , along with the Fall Creators Update for Windows 10 . This edition is designed for high - end hardware for intensive computing tasks and supports Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron processors , up to 4 CPUs , up to 6TB RAM , the ReFS file system , Non-Volatile Dual In - line Memory Module ( NVDIMM ) and remote direct memory access ( RDMA ) . The announcement included no licensing details .",
"As with previous versions of Windows since XP , all Windows 10 editions for PC hardware have `` N '' and `` KN '' variations in Europe and South Korea that exclude certain bundled multimedia functionality , including media players and related components , in order to comply with antitrust rulings . The `` Media Feature Pack '' can be installed to restore these features .",
"As with Windows 8.1 , a reduced - price `` Windows 10 with Bing '' SKU is available to OEMs ; it is subsidized by having Microsoft 's Bing search engine set as default , which can not be changed to a different search engine by OEMs . It is intended primarily for low - cost devices , and is otherwise identical to Windows 10 Home .",
"In May 2017 , it was reported that Microsoft had , as part of its partnership with China Electronics Technology Group , created a specially - modified version of Windows 10 Enterprise designed for use within branches of the Chinese government . This version is pre-configured to `` remove features that are not needed by Chinese government employees '' , and allow the use of its internal encryption algorithms .",
"Guide Item Meaning Yes Feature is present in the given edition Yes , with ( update ) Feature is present in the given edition after installing a certain update No Feature is absent from the given edition ( Explanation ) Feature is partly present in the given edition ( Explanation ) with ( update ) Feature is partly present in the given edition , after installing a certain update ( It might have been fully present prior to that update , or not present at all )",
"Item Meaning",
"Yes Feature is present in the given edition",
"Yes , with ( update ) Feature is present in the given edition after installing a certain update",
"No Feature is absent from the given edition",
"( Explanation ) Feature is partly present in the given edition",
"( Explanation ) with ( update ) Feature is partly present in the given edition , after installing a certain update ( It might have been fully present prior to that update , or not present at all )",
"Comparison of Windows 10 editions Features Home Pro Education Enterprise Architecture IA - 32 , x86 - 64 Availability OEM , Retail OEM , Retail , Volume licensing Volume licensing Volume licensing N Edition Available Yes Yes Yes Yes Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) 4 GB on IA - 32 128 GB on x86 - 64 4 GB on IA - 32 2 TB ( 2048 GB ) on x86 - 64 Minimum telemetry level Basic Basic Security Security Continuum Yes Yes Yes Yes Cortana Yes Yes Yes , with 1703 Yes Hardware device encryption Yes Yes Yes Yes Microsoft Edge Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple language pack support Yes Yes Yes Yes Mobile device management Yes Yes Yes Yes Side - loading of line of business apps Yes Yes Yes Yes Virtual desktops Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Hello Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Spotlight Yes Yes Yes Yes Remote Desktop Client only Client and host Client and host Client and host Remote App Client only Client only Client and host Client and host ReFS support Cannot create , with 1709 Cannot create , with 1709 Cannot create , with 1709 Yes Windows Subsystem for Linux 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only Hyper - V No 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only Assigned Access 8.1 No Yes Yes Yes BitLocker No Yes Yes Yes Business Store No Yes Yes Yes Conditional Access No Yes Yes Yes Can switch to CBB ( defer updates ) ? No Yes Yes Yes Joining a domain and Group Policy management No Yes Yes Yes Enterprise data protection No Yes Yes Yes Enterprise Mode Internet Explorer ( EMIE ) No Yes Yes Yes Joining a Microsoft Azure Active Directory No Yes Yes Yes Private catalog No Yes Yes Yes Windows Analytics No Yes Yes Yes Windows Information Protection No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update for Business No Yes Yes Yes AppLocker No No Yes Yes BranchCache No No Yes Yes Credential Guard ( Pass the hash mitigations ) No No Yes Yes Device Guard No No Yes Yes DirectAccess No No Yes Yes Microsoft App - V No No Yes Yes Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack ( MDOP ) No No Yes Yes Microsoft UE - V No No Yes Yes Start screen control with Group Policy No No Yes Yes User experience control and lockdown No No Yes Yes Windows To Go No No Yes Yes Features Home Pro Education Enterprise",
"Features Home Pro Education Enterprise",
"Architecture IA - 32 , x86 - 64",
"Availability OEM , Retail OEM , Retail , Volume licensing Volume licensing Volume licensing",
"N Edition Available Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) 4 GB on IA - 32 128 GB on x86 - 64 4 GB on IA - 32 2 TB ( 2048 GB ) on x86 - 64",
"Minimum telemetry level Basic Basic Security Security",
"Continuum Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Cortana Yes Yes Yes , with 1703 Yes",
"Hardware device encryption Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Microsoft Edge Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Multiple language pack support Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Mobile device management Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Side - loading of line of business apps Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Virtual desktops Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Windows Hello Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Windows Spotlight Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Remote Desktop Client only Client and host Client and host Client and host",
"Remote App Client only Client only Client and host Client and host",
"ReFS support Cannot create , with 1709 Cannot create , with 1709 Cannot create , with 1709 Yes",
"Windows Subsystem for Linux 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only",
"Hyper - V No 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only 64 - bit SKUs only",
"Assigned Access 8.1 No Yes Yes Yes",
"BitLocker No Yes Yes Yes",
"Business Store No Yes Yes Yes",
"Conditional Access No Yes Yes Yes",
"Can switch to CBB ( defer updates ) ? No Yes Yes Yes",
"Joining a domain and Group Policy management No Yes Yes Yes",
"Enterprise data protection No Yes Yes Yes",
"Enterprise Mode Internet Explorer ( EMIE ) No Yes Yes Yes",
"Joining a Microsoft Azure Active Directory No Yes Yes Yes",
"Private catalog No Yes Yes Yes",
"Windows Analytics No Yes Yes Yes",
"Windows Information Protection No Yes Yes Yes",
"Windows Update for Business No Yes Yes Yes",
"AppLocker No No Yes Yes",
"BranchCache No No Yes Yes",
"Credential Guard ( Pass the hash mitigations ) No No Yes Yes",
"Device Guard No No Yes Yes",
"DirectAccess No No Yes Yes",
"Microsoft App - V No No Yes Yes",
"Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack ( MDOP ) No No Yes Yes",
"Microsoft UE - V No No Yes Yes",
"Start screen control with Group Policy No No Yes Yes",
"User experience control and lockdown No No Yes Yes",
"Windows To Go No No Yes Yes",
"Features Home Pro Education Enterprise",
"Microsoft OEM licensing formula takes display size , RAM capacity and storage capacity into account . In mid-2015 , devices with 4 GB RAM were expected to be $20 more expensive than devices with 2 GB RAM .",
"At the time of launch , Microsoft deemed Windows 7 ( with Service Pack 1 ) , Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 users eligible to upgrade to Windows 10 free of charge , so long as the upgrade takes place within one year of Windows 10 's initial release date . Windows RT and the respective Enterprise editions of Windows 7 , 8 , and 8.1 were excluded from this offer .",
"Windows 10 free upgrade matrix ( for the first year of availability ) Windows version and edition Windows 10 edition Windows 7 Starter Home Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Pro Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 8.1 with Bing Home Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Pro Windows Phone 8.1 Mobile",
"Windows version and edition Windows 10 edition",
"Windows 7 Starter Home",
"Windows 7 Home Basic",
"Windows 7 Home Premium",
"Windows 7 Professional Pro",
"Windows 7 Ultimate",
"Windows 8.1 with Bing Home",
"Windows 8.1",
"Windows 8.1 Pro Pro",
"Windows Phone 8.1 Mobile",
"The following table summarizes possible upgrade paths that can be taken , provided that proper licenses are purchased .",
"Guide Item Meaning Yes Full upgrade is possible , preserving apps , settings and data No Full upgrade is not possible Downgrade Full upgrade is possible but feature loss will occur",
"Item Meaning",
"Yes Full upgrade is possible , preserving apps , settings and data",
"No Full upgrade is not possible",
"Downgrade Full upgrade is possible but feature loss will occur",
"Supported upgrade targets Windows version Windows edition Upgrade target Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Pro Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Education Windows 7 Starter Yes Yes Yes No Yes Home Basic Yes Yes Yes No Yes Home Premium Yes Yes Yes No Yes Professional Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes Ultimate Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes Enterprise No No No Yes Yes Windows 8. x ( Core ) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Professional Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes Enterprise No No No Yes Yes Windows 8. x Embedded Industry No No No Yes No Windows 10 Home N / A Yes Yes No Yes Pro Downgrade N / A Yes Yes Yes Enterprise No No No N / A Yes Education No No No Downgrade N / A",
"Windows version Windows edition Upgrade target",
"Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Pro Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Education",
"Windows 7 Starter Yes Yes Yes No Yes",
"Home Basic Yes Yes Yes No Yes",
"Home Premium Yes Yes Yes No Yes",
"Professional Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Ultimate Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Enterprise No No No Yes Yes",
"Windows 8. x ( Core ) Yes Yes Yes No Yes",
"Professional Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes",
"Enterprise No No No Yes Yes",
"Windows 8. x Embedded Industry No No No Yes No",
"Windows 10 Home N / A Yes Yes No Yes",
"Pro Downgrade N / A Yes Yes Yes",
"Enterprise No No No N / A Yes",
"Education No No No Downgrade N / A",
"New builds of Windows 10 , known as feature updates , are , since 2017 , released biannually in March and September of each year . Each feature update contains new features and other changes to the operating system . The pace at which a system receives feature updates is dependent on the release branch from which the system downloads its updates . Windows 10 Pro , Enterprise and Education can optionally use a branch that receives updates at a slower pace . These modes can be managed through system settings , Windows Server Update Services ( WSUS ) , Windows Update for Business , Group Policy or through mobile device management systems such as Microsoft Intune .",
"Windows Insider Windows Insider is a beta testing program that allows access to pre-release builds of Windows 10 ; it is designed to allow power users , developers , and vendors to test and provide feedback on future feature updates to Windows 10 as they are developed . Windows Insider itself consists of three `` rings '' , `` fast '' ( which receives new builds as they are released ) , `` Slow '' ( which receives new builds on a delay after it is deployed to Fast ring users ) , and `` Release Preview '' . Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) The Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) , previously known as Current Branch ( CB ) , distributes all feature updates as they graduate from the Windows Insider branch . Only the latest build is officially supported by Microsoft ; a 60 - day grace period is provided for a newly - released build to be installed before the previous build ceases receiving patches . As of version 1703 , additional settings are provided to pause or defer feature updates for a specified length of time , but they are not available on Windows 10 Home . Semi-Annual Channel The Semi-Annual Channel , previously known as Current Branch for Business ( CBB ) , distributes feature updates on a four - month delay from their original release to the Semi-Annual Channel . This allows customers and vendors to evaluate and perform additional testing on new builds before broader deployments . Devices can be switched back to the Semi-Annual Channel at any time . The Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) is not available on Windows 10 Home . An 8 - month grace period is provided for a newly - released build to be installed before the previous build ceases receiving patches . Long - Term Servicing Branch ( LTSB ) This branch is exclusively available for Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB edition and distributes snapshots of this edition that are updated every 2 - 3 years . LTSB builds adhere to Microsoft 's traditional support policy which was in effect before Windows 10 : They are not updated with new features , and are supported with critical updates for 10 years after their release . Microsoft officially discourages the use of LTSB outside of `` special - purpose devices '' that perform a fixed function and thus do not require new user experience features . As a result , it excludes Windows Store , most Cortana functionality , and most bundled apps ( including Microsoft Edge ) . According to a Microsoft announcement , this branch will be renamed Long - Term Servicing Channel ( LTSC ) in 2019 , to match the name changes mentioned above .",
"Windows Insider is a beta testing program that allows access to pre-release builds of Windows 10 ; it is designed to allow power users , developers , and vendors to test and provide feedback on future feature updates to Windows 10 as they are developed . Windows Insider itself consists of three `` rings '' , `` fast '' ( which receives new builds as they are released ) , `` Slow '' ( which receives new builds on a delay after it is deployed to Fast ring users ) , and `` Release Preview '' .",
"Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted )",
"The Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) , previously known as Current Branch ( CB ) , distributes all feature updates as they graduate from the Windows Insider branch . Only the latest build is officially supported by Microsoft ; a 60 - day grace period is provided for a newly - released build to be installed before the previous build ceases receiving patches . As of version 1703 , additional settings are provided to pause or defer feature updates for a specified length of time , but they are not available on Windows 10 Home .",
"The Semi-Annual Channel , previously known as Current Branch for Business ( CBB ) , distributes feature updates on a four - month delay from their original release to the Semi-Annual Channel . This allows customers and vendors to evaluate and perform additional testing on new builds before broader deployments . Devices can be switched back to the Semi-Annual Channel at any time . The Semi-Annual Channel ( Targeted ) is not available on Windows 10 Home . An 8 - month grace period is provided for a newly - released build to be installed before the previous build ceases receiving patches .",
"Long - Term Servicing Branch ( LTSB )",
"This branch is exclusively available for Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB edition and distributes snapshots of this edition that are updated every 2 - 3 years . LTSB builds adhere to Microsoft 's traditional support policy which was in effect before Windows 10 : They are not updated with new features , and are supported with critical updates for 10 years after their release . Microsoft officially discourages the use of LTSB outside of `` special - purpose devices '' that perform a fixed function and thus do not require new user experience features . As a result , it excludes Windows Store , most Cortana functionality , and most bundled apps ( including Microsoft Edge ) . According to a Microsoft announcement , this branch will be renamed Long - Term Servicing Channel ( LTSC ) in 2019 , to match the name changes mentioned above ."
] | Windows 10 editions - wikipedia Windows 10 editions Jump to: navigation , search Part of a series on Windows 10 New features Removed features Version history Editions Windows 10 Mobile Criticism Related Xbox One system software Windows Mixed Reality Windows Insider Microsoft Store Universal Windows Platform Fluent Design System Windows 10 has twelve editions (excluding the four `` N'' editions), all with varying feature sets, use cases, or intended devices. Certain editions are distributed only on devices directly from a device manufacturer , while editions such as Enterprise and Education are only available through volume licensing channels. Microsoft also makes editions of Windows 10 available to device manufacturers for use on specific classes of devices, including smartphones ( Windows 10 Mobile ) and IoT devices . Contents ( hide ) 1 Baseline editions 2 Organizational editions 3 Device-specific editions 4 Future editions 5 Variations 6 Comparison chart 7 Upgrade path 7.1 Free upgrade 7.2 Commercial upgrade 8 Release branches 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Baseline editions ( edit ) Baseline editions are the only editions available as standalone purchases in the retail outlets. Home Windows 10 Home is designed for use in PCs, tablets and 2-in-1 PCs . It includes all consumer-directed features. Pro Windows 10 Pro adds additional features that are oriented towards business environments and power users . It is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Pro. Windows 10 Pro's features are a superset of Windows 10 Home's features, introducing a number of features designed for power users. Features exclusive to Windows 10 Pro include Domain Join, Group Policy Management, Bitlocker, Enterprise Mode Internet Explorer (EMIE), Assigned Access, Remote Desktop, Client Hyper-V, etc. Organizational editions ( edit ) These editions add features to facilitate centralized control of many installations of the OS within an organization. The main avenue of acquiring them is a volume licensing contract with Microsoft. Enterprise Windows 10 Enterprise provides all the features of Windows 10 Pro, with additional features to assist with IT-based organizations, and is functionally equivalent to Windows 8.1 Enterprise. Windows 10 Enterprise is configurable on three branches, Semi-Annual Channel , Semi-Annual Channel (Targeted) , and Windows Insider . Education Windows 10 Education is distributed through Academic Volume Licensing. Initially, it was reported to have the same feature set as Windows 10 Enterprise. As of version 1709, however, this edition has less features. See § Comparison chart for details Pro Education This edition was introduced in July 2016 for hardware partners on new devices purchased with the discounted K-- 12 academic license. It features a `` Set Up School PCs'' app that allows provisioning of settings using a USB flash drive , and does not include Cortana, Windows Store suggestions or Windows Spotlight. Enterprise LTSB Enterprise LTSB is a long-term support version of Windows 10 Enterprise released every 2 to 3 years. They are supported with security updates for 10 years after their release, and intentionally receive no feature updates. Some features, including the Windows Store and bundled apps, are not included in this edition. The 2019 release of this edition is expected to be called Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC. Mobile Enterprise Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise provides all the features in Windows 10 Mobile , with additional features to assist with IT-based organizations, in a manner similar to Windows 10 Enterprise, but optimized for mobile devices. Device-specific editions ( edit ) These editions are licensed to device manufacturers only. The main avenue of purchasing these editions is through buying a specific device (e.g. smartphones ) that have them pre-installed. Mobile Windows 10 Mobile is designed for smartphones and small tablets. It includes all basic consumer features, including Continuum capability. It is the de facto successor of Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows RT . IoT Designed specifically for use in small footprint, low-cost devices and IoT scenarios. It is a rebranded version of Microsoft's earlier embedded operating systems, Windows Embedded . Three editions are already announced: IoT Core, IoT Enterprise, and IoT Mobile Enterprise. Windows 10 S is a feature-limited edition of Windows 10 designed primarily for low-end devices in the education market. It has a faster initial setup and login process, and allows devices to be provisioned using a USB drive with the `` Set Up School PCs'' app. Windows 10 S only allows the installation of software (both Universal Windows Platform and Windows API apps) from Windows Store , although command line programs or shells (even from Windows Store) are not allowed. System settings are locked to only allow Microsoft Edge as the default web browser with Bing as its search engine. The operating system may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee, to enable unrestricted software installation. Microsoft also provides means of downgrading back to the S edition. All Windows 10 S devices will include a free one-year subscription to Minecraft: Education Edition . Critics have compared the edition to Windows RT , and have considered it to be a competitor to Chrome OS . Team Windows 10 Team is a device-specific version of Windows 10 loaded onto the Surface Hub . Future editions ( edit ) On 10 August 2017, Microsoft announced a Pro for Workstations edition to be made available in September, along with the Fall Creators Update for Windows 10. This edition is designed for high-end hardware for intensive computing tasks and supports Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron processors, up to 4 CPUs, up to 6TB RAM, the ReFS file system, Non-Volatile Dual In-line Memory Module ( NVDIMM ) and remote direct memory access (RDMA). The announcement included no licensing details. Variations ( edit ) As with previous versions of Windows since XP, all Windows 10 editions for PC hardware have `` N'' and `` KN'' variations in Europe and South Korea that exclude certain bundled multimedia functionality, including media players and related components, in order to comply with antitrust rulings. The `` Media Feature Pack'' can be installed to restore these features. As with Windows 8.1, a reduced-price `` Windows 10 with Bing'' SKU is available to OEMs ; it is subsidized by having Microsoft's Bing search engine set as default, which cannot be changed to a different search engine by OEMs. It is intended primarily for low-cost devices, and is otherwise identical to Windows 10 Home . In May 2017, it was reported that Microsoft had, as part of its partnership with China Electronics Technology Group , created a specially-modified version of Windows 10 Enterprise designed for use within branches of the Chinese government. This version is pre-configured to `` remove features that are not needed by Chinese government employees'' , and allow the use of its internal encryption algorithms. Comparison chart ( edit ) Guide Item Meaning Yes Feature is present in the given edition Yes, with (update) Feature is present in the given edition after installing a certain update No Feature is absent from the given edition (Explanation) Feature is partly present in the given edition (Explanation) with (update) Feature is partly present in the given edition, after installing a certain update (It might have been fully present prior to that update, or not present at all) Comparison of Windows 10 editions Features Home Pro Education Enterprise Architecture IA-32 , x86-64 Availability OEM , Retail OEM , Retail, Volume licensing Volume licensing Volume licensing N Edition Available Yes Yes Yes Yes Maximum physical memory (RAM) 4 GB on IA-32 128 GB on x86-64 4 GB on IA-32 2 TB (2048 GB) on x86-64 Minimum telemetry level Basic Basic Security Security Continuum Yes Yes Yes Yes Cortana Yes Yes Yes, with 1703 Yes Hardware device encryption Yes Yes Yes Yes Microsoft Edge Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple language pack support Yes Yes Yes Yes Mobile device management Yes Yes Yes Yes Side-loading of line of business apps Yes Yes Yes Yes Virtual desktops Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Hello Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Spotlight Yes Yes Yes Yes Remote Desktop Client only Client and host Client and host Client and host Remote App Client only Client only Client and host Client and host ReFS support Cannot create, with 1709 Cannot create, with 1709 Cannot create, with 1709 Yes Windows Subsystem for Linux 64-bit SKUs only 64-bit SKUs only 64-bit SKUs only 64-bit SKUs only Hyper-V No 64-bit SKUs only 64-bit SKUs only 64-bit SKUs only Assigned Access 8.1 No Yes Yes Yes BitLocker No Yes Yes Yes Business Store No Yes Yes Yes Conditional Access No Yes Yes Yes Can switch to CBB (defer updates)? No Yes Yes Yes Joining a domain and Group Policy management No Yes Yes Yes Enterprise data protection No Yes Yes Yes Enterprise Mode Internet Explorer (EMIE) No Yes Yes Yes Joining a Microsoft Azure Active Directory No Yes Yes Yes Private catalog No Yes Yes Yes Windows Analytics No Yes Yes Yes Windows Information Protection No Yes Yes Yes Windows Update for Business No Yes Yes Yes AppLocker No No Yes Yes BranchCache No No Yes Yes Credential Guard ( Pass the hash mitigations) No No Yes Yes Device Guard No No Yes Yes DirectAccess No No Yes Yes Microsoft App-V No No Yes Yes Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack (MDOP) No No Yes Yes Microsoft UE-V No No Yes Yes Start screen control with Group Policy No No Yes Yes User experience control and lockdown No No Yes Yes Windows To Go No No Yes Yes Features Home Pro Education Enterprise Microsoft OEM licensing formula takes display size, RAM capacity and storage capacity into account. In mid-2015, devices with 4 GB RAM were expected to be $20 more expensive than devices with 2 GB RAM. Upgrade path ( edit ) Free upgrade ( edit ) At the time of launch, Microsoft deemed Windows 7 (with Service Pack 1), Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 users eligible to upgrade to Windows 10 free of charge, so long as the upgrade takes place within one year of Windows 10's initial release date. Windows RT and the respective Enterprise editions of Windows 7, 8, and 8.1 were excluded from this offer. Windows 10 free upgrade matrix (for the first year of availability) Windows version and edition Windows 10 edition Windows 7 Starter Home Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium Windows 7 Professional Pro Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 8.1 with Bing Home Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Pro Pro Windows Phone 8.1 Mobile Commercial upgrade ( edit ) The following table summarizes possible upgrade paths that can be taken, provided that proper licenses are purchased. Guide Item Meaning Yes Full upgrade is possible, preserving apps, settings and data No Full upgrade is not possible Downgrade Full upgrade is possible but feature loss will occur Supported upgrade targets Windows version Windows edition Upgrade target Windows 10 Home Windows 10 Pro Windows 10 Pro Education Windows 10 Enterprise Windows 10 Education Windows 7 Starter Yes Yes Yes No Yes Home Basic Yes Yes Yes No Yes Home Premium Yes Yes Yes No Yes Professional Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes Ultimate Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes Enterprise No No No Yes Yes Windows 8.x (Core) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Professional Downgrade Yes Yes Yes Yes Enterprise No No No Yes Yes Windows 8.x Embedded Industry No No No Yes No Windows 10 Home N/A Yes Yes No Yes Pro Downgrade N/A Yes Yes Yes Enterprise No No No N/A Yes Education No No No Downgrade N/A Release branches ( edit ) New builds of Windows 10, known as feature updates , are, since 2017, released biannually in March and September of each year. Each feature update contains new features and other changes to the operating system. The pace at which a system receives feature updates is dependent on the release branch from which the system downloads its updates. Windows 10 Pro, Enterprise and Education can optionally use a branch that receives updates at a slower pace. These modes can be managed through system settings, Windows Server Update Services (WSUS), Windows Update for Business, Group Policy or through mobile device management systems such as Microsoft Intune . Windows Insider Windows Insider is a beta testing program that allows access to pre-release builds of Windows 10; it is designed to allow power users, developers, and vendors to test and provide feedback on future feature updates to Windows 10 as they are developed. Windows Insider itself consists of three `` rings'' , `` fast'' (which receives new builds as they are released), `` Slow'' (which receives new builds on a delay after it is deployed to Fast ring users), and `` Release Preview'' . Semi-Annual Channel (Targeted) The Semi-Annual Channel (Targeted) , previously known as Current Branch (CB), distributes all feature updates as they graduate from the Windows Insider branch. Only the latest build is officially supported by Microsoft; a 60-day grace period is provided for a newly-released build to be installed before the previous build ceases receiving patches. As of version 1703, additional settings are provided to pause or defer feature updates for a specified length of time, but they are not available on Windows 10 Home. Semi-Annual Channel The Semi-Annual Channel , previously known as Current Branch for Business (CBB), distributes feature updates on a four-month delay from their original release to the Semi-Annual Channel. This allows customers and vendors to evaluate and perform additional testing on new builds before broader deployments. Devices can be switched back to the Semi-Annual Channel at any time. The Semi-Annual Channel (Targeted) is not available on Windows 10 Home. An 8-month grace period is provided for a newly-released build to be installed before the previous build ceases receiving patches. Long-Term Servicing Branch (LTSB) This branch is exclusively available for Windows 10 Enterprise LTSB edition and distributes snapshots of this edition that are updated every 2-3 years. LTSB builds adhere to Microsoft's traditional support policy which was in effect before Windows 10: They are not updated with new features, and are supported with critical updates for 10 years after their release. Microsoft officially discourages the use of LTSB outside of `` special-purpose devices'' that perform a fixed function and thus do not require new user experience features. As a result, it excludes Windows Store, most Cortana functionality, and most bundled apps (including Microsoft Edge ). According to a Microsoft announcement, this branch will be renamed Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC) in 2019, to match the name changes mentioned above. See also ( edit ) Windows Server 2016 , the sibling of Windows 10 designed for servers Xbox One system software , an operating system based on the Windows 10 core, designed to run on consoles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There are four telemetry levels, in the order of magnitude: Security, basic, advanced, and full. The higher the level, the more information are sent to Microsoft. Jump up ^ Cortana is available only in certain markets. Experience may vary by region and device. Jump up ^ Windows Hello requires specialized hardware, such as a fingerprint reader, illuminated IR sensor or other biometric sensor. Jump up ^ On Windows 10 Pro, a Control Panel applet corresponding to this feature appears, but a Windows 10 Enterprise or Education image is still needed. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Prophet, Tony (13 May 2015). `` Introducing Windows 10 Editions'' . Windows Experience Blog . Microsoft . ^ Jump up to: Bott, Ed (14 May 2015). `` Windows 10 editions: Everything you need to know'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . ^ Jump up to: Foley, Mary Jo (2 July 2015). `` Which Windows 10 editions get which features?'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Rodin (29 August 2017). `` Windows 10 Home or Windows 10 Pro -- Which One Is for You?'' . minitool. Jump up ^ DaniHalfin. `` Assign devices to servicing branches for Windows 10 updates (Windows 10)'' . docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2017-05-03 . Jump up ^ Foley, Mary Jo (27 July 2016). `` Microsoft to add new Windows 10 Pro Education edition to its line-up'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . ^ Jump up to: `` Overview of Windows as a service'' . Microsoft . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Brinkmann, Martin (28 July 2017). `` Windows 10 LTSB becomes Windows 10 LTSC'' . gHacks Technology News . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 IoT for your business'' . Windows for Business . Microsoft . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 IoT Enterprise'' . MS Embedded . Silica. August 14, 2015 . Retrieved February 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Foley, Mary Jo (December 3, 2015). `` Microsoft updates Windows 10 IoT, adds new Core Pro version'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Turner, Rich. `` Will Linux distros run on Windows 10 S?'' . Microsoft . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (19 May 2017). `` Linux distros won't run on Windows 10 S after all'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ Warren, Tom. `` Windows 10 S won't let you change the default browser or switch to Google search'' . The Verge . Vox Media . ^ Jump up to: Chacos, Brad. `` Meet Windows 10 S, a streamlined, simplified, Windows Store-only OS for schools'' . PC World . IDG . Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (19 June 2017). `` Microsoft now lets Surface Laptop owners revert back to Windows 10 S'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 S is Microsoft's answer to Chrome OS'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bright, Peter (14 September 2016). `` Desktop apps make their way into the Windows Store'' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Cloud looks just like Windows 10 in leaked screenshots'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leaked Microsoft document confirms Windows 10 Cloud and a Chromebook competitor'' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 10 Team Anniversary Update now available for Microsoft Surface Hub'' . Neowin . Retrieved 2017-05-03 . Jump up ^ Diaconu, Klaus (10 August 2017). `` Microsoft announces Windows 10 Pro for Workstations'' . Windows For Your Business . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Foley, Mary Jo (10 August 2017). `` Microsoft confirms new Windows 10 Pro for Workstations edition'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (10 August 2017). `` Microsoft reveals new Windows 10 Workstations edition for power users'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ Ron (August 2, 2015). `` Grab the Media Feature Pack for Windows 10 N and Windows 10 KN editions'' . WinBeta . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Slater-Robins, Max. `` Microsoft is helping manufacturers make cheap tablets that can run Windows as well as Android'' . Business Insider UK . Business Insider UK . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft made a version of Windows 10 for the Chinese government'' . Engadget . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Myerson, Terry (23 May 2017). `` Announcing Windows 10 China Government Edition and the new Surface Pro'' . Windows 10 blog . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Dudau, Vlad (10 June 2015). `` Microsoft shows OEMs how to market Windows 10; talks features and SKUs'' . Neowin . Neowin LLC . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compare Windows 10 Pro & Enterprise (E3 & E5) Commercial Editions'' . microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compare Windows 10 Editions & Versions Home & Pro'' . microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Howse, Brett (2 July 2015). `` Windows 10 Editions Compared'' . AnandTech . Purch . Jump up ^ `` Configure Windows telemetry in your organization'' . docs.microsoft.com . Microsoft . 22 May 2017. Jump up ^ Foley, Mary Jo (9 June 2015). `` Some Windows 10 Enterprise users won't get Microsoft's Edge browser'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Features that are removed or deprecated in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update'' . Support (28 ed.). Microsoft . October 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to: Thurrott, Paul (10 February 2017). `` Ask Paul: Is Windows To Go Coming to Windows 10 Pro?'' . thurrott.com . BWW Media Group. ^ Jump up to: Niehaus, Michael; Lich, Brian. `` Windows To Go frequently asked questions (Windows 10)'' . docs.microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 2017-07-30 . How can Windows To Go be deployed in an organization? (~snip~) A Windows 10 Enterprise or Windows 10 Education image Jump up ^ `` TrendForce Adjusts Notebooks' Unit Memory Capacity for 2015 Down by 3~5% due to Microsoft's New License Fee Arrangement for Windows 10'' . DRAMeXchange . TrendForce Corp. July 27, 2015 . Retrieved March 11, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Trent, Rod (9 June 2015). `` Windows 10 Upgrade Paths'' . SuperSite for Windows . Penton . Jump up ^ Lindsay, Greg; Lich, Brian (5 April 2017). `` Windows 10 upgrade paths'' . Microsoft Docs . Microsoft . Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (April 20, 2017). `` Microsoft will now release major Windows 10 updates every March and September'' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Put Windows 10 updates on hold-- now available in Creators Update build 15046'' . Infoworld . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to defer future updates in the Windows 10 Creators Update'' . PC World . IDG . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to defer upgrades and updates in Windows 10 Pro'' . Computerworld . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft swings security patch stick to keep customers up-to-date on Windows 10'' . Computerworld . IDG . Retrieved July 18, 2015 . 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who plays larry's son in night at the museum | Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . | [
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"Skyler Gisondo"
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"Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million",
"Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb",
"Theatrical release poster",
"Directed by Shawn Levy",
"Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe",
"Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe",
"Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman",
"David Guion Michael Handelman",
"Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman",
"Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman",
"Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant",
"Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley",
"Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley",
"Music by Alan Silvestri",
"Cinematography Guillermo Navarro",
"Edited by Dean Zimmerman",
"Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment",
"21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment",
"21 Laps Entertainment",
"Distributed by 20th Century Fox",
"Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States )",
"December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States )",
"December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre )",
"December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States )",
"Running time 97 minutes",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Budget $127 million",
"Box office $363.2 million",
"Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears .",
"Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished .",
"In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life .",
"Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life .",
"They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other .",
"Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise .",
"Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside .",
"Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited )",
"Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry .",
"Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry .",
"Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry .",
"Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States .",
"Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature .",
"Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature .",
"Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History .",
"Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History .",
"Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table .",
"Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum .",
"Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films .",
"Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh .",
"Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns .",
"Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend .",
"Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father .",
"Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks",
"Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks",
"Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks",
"Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film .",
"Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film .",
"Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History .",
"Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue .",
"Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue .",
"Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah .",
"Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey .",
"Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited )",
"Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited )",
"Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter .",
"Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact .",
"Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head .",
"Regina Taufen as New York Reporter .",
"On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 .",
"On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended .",
"Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy .",
"Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande",
"Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack )",
"Film score by Alan Silvestri",
"Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 )",
"Recorded 2014",
"Genre Film score",
"Length 56 : 52",
"Label Varese Sarabande",
"Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 .",
"All tracks written by Alan Silvestri .",
"Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend Of The Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52",
"Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack )",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34",
"2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02",
"3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22",
"4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13",
"5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19",
"6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25",
"7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33",
"8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50",
"9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24",
"10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46",
"11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15",
"12 . `` The Legend Of The Tablet '' 3 : 11",
"13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45",
"14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49",
"15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35",
"16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14",
"17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53",
"18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40",
"19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02",
"Total length : 56 : 52",
"The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States .",
"Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million .",
"In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale .",
"The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) .",
"For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea .",
"On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale .",
"Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . ''",
"Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . ''",
"Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . ''",
"Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won",
"Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s )",
"Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated",
"Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated",
"Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won",
"Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ."
] | Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Jump to: navigation , search Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11, 2014 ( 2014-12-11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19, 2014 ( 2014-12-19 ) (United States) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman. It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah, an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life, before the magic disappears. Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London, England and British Columbia, Canada. The film premiered on December 11, 2014, at New York City's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19, 2014. Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office. This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams, who died four months before the film's release, and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah, including a young Cecil Fredericks, finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah. The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic. In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He, Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah, Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium. A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced, identifying Larry as his father. Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding, which later causes the exhibits to act erratically, causing mayhem at the planetarium's reopening. Afterwards, Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party, who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life. Larry reunites with Cecil, now in retirement, who realises the end of the tablet's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless. Cecil explains Ahkmenrah's parents, Merenkahre and Shepseheret, may be able to restore the tablet's power, but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum's curator , Dr. McPhee, to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet, convinced that McPhee knows its secrets. Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum, bypassing the night guard Tilly. To Larry's surprise, Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila, Jed, Octavius, Dexter, and Laaa have come as well. Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum, the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life. They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft, but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter. The group find Ahkmenrah's parents, learning the tablet's power can be regenerated by moonlight, since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it, leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape, Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly, but they become attracted to each other. Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet's power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise. Three years later, Larry now works as a teacher, and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York. Tilly becomes the new night guard, and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee, showing him its power, and allowing the exhibits to awaken again. Outside, Larry watches them party inside. Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa, a Neanderthal who resembles Larry. Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States. Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy diorama miniature. Steve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier miniature. Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the director of the Museum of Natural History. Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps, the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History. Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly, the night security guard at the British Museum. Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley. He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh. Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns. Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend. Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah's father. Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J.'' Fredericks, a retired security guard from the first film. Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J.'' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus, a retired security guard from the first film. Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a retired security guard from the first film. Andrea Martin as Rose, an archivist at the Museum of Natural History. Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks, C.J.'s father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley, an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue. Anjali Jay as Shepseheret, the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah. Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself (uncredited) Alice Eve as Herself (uncredited) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact. Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter. Production ( edit ) On January 21, 2010, co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact. I wonder if someone's not even already working on a script for that. I cannot confirm that for a fact, but I cannot deny it for a fact either... It might be in the works.'' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel, however, he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage'' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film, directed by Shawn Levy, would be released on December 25, 2014. On September 10, 2013, it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014. On November 8, 2013, actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley. On December 18, 2013, it was announced that Stiller, Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel. On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum. On January 14, 2014, the film's release date was moved up from December 25, 2014, to December 19, 2014. On January 23, 2014, it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum. Principal photography and production began on January 27, 2014. On May 6, 2014, it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014, principal photography ended. Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6, 2015 ( 2015-01-06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6, 2015. All tracks written by Alan Silvestri. Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) No. Title Length 1. `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition'' 3:34 2. `` Performance Prep'' 2:02 3. `` LOL'' 2:22 4. `` The Grand Re-Opening'' 3:13 5. `` The End Will Come'' 2:19 6. `` Sneak And Greet'' 3:25 7. `` Sir Lancelot'' 3:33 8. `` Where Are Jed And Octavius?'' 2:50 9. `` Main Hall'' 3:24 10. `` Xiangliu'' 3:46 11. `` Male Bonding'' 2:15 12. `` The Legend Of The Tablet'' 3:11 13. `` The Escher Fight'' 3:45 14. `` Camelot'' 3:49 15. `` The Quest'' 2:35 16. `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man'' 3:14 17. `` Laaa Love'' 1:53 18. `` A Farewell Kiss'' 2:40 19. `` Teddy's Goodbye'' 3:02 Total length: 56:52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2014. It was then released on December 19, 2014 in the United States. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America, and $249.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million. In North America, early analysts were predicting a potential $25-- $28 million opening. In North America, the film was released on December 19, 2014 across 3,785 theaters. It opened Friday, December 19, 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day, placing at number three at the box office. The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend, earning $17.1 million, which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ($30.4 million) and its sequel ($54.1 million). The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox, the movie's audience was 51% male, with 54% of the audience under the age of 25. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B+'' , on an A+ to F scale. The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend, debuting at #3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million. It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million, primarily because of China, where it opened at #1 with $26 million. The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ($5.85 million), Brazil ($3.1 million), Malaysia ($3.07 million), the UK ($3 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Germany ($2.1 million) and Singapore ($2 million). For the weekend of January 16, 2015, the film grossed $17.8 million, which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea. Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48% approval rating, based on 104 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, `` While not without its moments, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a less-than-inspired sendoff for the trilogy.'' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews'' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B+'' on an A+ to F scale. Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review, praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch'' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro's work. He added, `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family-entertainment juggernaut... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises, but should add much holiday cheer to Fox's box-office coffers.'' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy' turns out to be a good-natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy.'' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed-set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said, `` As talent-packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be-- in this third installment... -- one doesn't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody's best work. Or at least one certainly shouldn't , because it won't materialize.'' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying `` The third installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb may be the best, and even the generally wound-too-tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate.'' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced, this outing feels breezier, more enjoyable and less contrived.'' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying `` There's a serenity to museum visits, especially if it's a place you know and love. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb , amazingly, recaptures that feeling in big-studio franchise form.'' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars, saying `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair, a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion.'' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying `` It's kind of fun, unembarrassingly, and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so.'' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B, saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor.'' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two out of four stars, saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly. But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert.'' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller, the late Robin Williams, and their magically roused gang together again, this time in London, is initially all about indulgent, nostalgic smiles rather than new wows. But then comes the movie's exceptionally clever and fresh final act, which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs.'' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars, saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly, with its heart in the past... It's an exciting opening, and perhaps too exciting for the film's own good. It's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time-honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick.'' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum, the creaky Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue.'' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes, pop-culture references, and father-son bonding moments. In other words, it's exactly the kind of film that shouldn't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did.'' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying `` For piquing kids' interest in history and nature, you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise. But its third installment is more meh than manic, too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors. You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up.'' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny. The special effects are often so 1980s-bad, one wonders if it was a deliberate choice, to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers. Time and again, terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand, helpless against the sucking sound of this movie.'' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art, but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise, is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation.'' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient(s) Result Ref(s) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor: Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 10, 2015. The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM: SECRET OF THE TOMB (PG)'' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2, 2014 . Retrieved December 2, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014)'' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek: ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved July 28, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Fleming, Mike. `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night At The Museum 3' Cast'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Fleming, Mike. `` ' Downton Abbey's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night At The Museum 3' As Lancelot'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Yamato, Jen. `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Raring to go! A grinning Mickey Rooney, 93, is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night At The Museum 3'' . Dailymail.co.uk. January 19, 2014 . Retrieved March 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3' In The Works'' . Access Hollywood. January 21, 2010 . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander' Sequel Secrets; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host'' . The Hollywood Reporter. October 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 7, 2013). `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25, 2014 Release; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14, 2014'' . Collider . Retrieved February 8, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3' In The Works Access Hollywood - Celebrity News, Photos & Videos'' . Access Hollywood. January 21, 2010 . Retrieved October 29, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night At The Museum 3′ '' . Deadline.com. December 18, 2011 . Retrieved December 23, 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch, Anita. `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes' Project, Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey' ; ' Night At the Museum' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy's Night at the Museum 3'' . Comingsoon.net. January 23, 2014 . Retrieved January 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1/27/14: Universal's ' Ouija' Wraps, ' Night At The Museum 3′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News'' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night At The Museum 3 in London'' . DailyMail.com. January 28, 2014 . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.'' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6, 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque, Jeff (August 11, 2014). `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films'' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb'' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb' Soundtrack Details'' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum: Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie (2014'' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack'' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller, ' Night at the Museum' Cast Remember Robin Williams - Variety'' . Variety . Retrieved December 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw. `` ' Night at the Museum 3′ Trailer #2: Don't Let the Magic Die'' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13, 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary (December 18, 2014). `` Box Office: ' The Hobbit' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million'' . Variety . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers (December 17, 2014). `` Forecast (cont.): ' Night at the Museum,' ' Annie' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (December 20, 2014). `` Hobbit' Wakes Up Auds; ' Annie' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O.'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20, 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang (December 21, 2014). `` Box Office: ' The Hobbit' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million'' . Variety . Retrieved December 22, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Ray Subers (December 21, 2014). `` Weekend Report (cont.): Final ' Night at the Museum' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers (December 21, 2014). `` Around-the-World Roundup: ' Hobbit' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures: $10.93 million from 29 international markets. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (December 22, 2014). `` ' Hobbit' Rules While Chinese, Indian And French Films Make Noise: Intl BO Update'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (December 21, 2014). `` Box Office: ' Hobbit' Finale Soars To $355M Worldwide'' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Nancy Tartaglione (December 29, 2014). `` ' Hobbit' , ' Exodus' Lead XMas Frame; Euro, Korea Pics Boom Locally: Intl BO Update'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (January 11, 2015). `` Strong Weekend For Fox, Clint Eastwood At International Box Office'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers (December 21, 2014). `` Around-the-World Roundup: ' Hobbit' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (January 4, 2015). `` ' Hobbit' Passes $500M; ' American Sniper' , ' Taken 3′ Skillful: Intl Box Office Update'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around-the-World Roundup: ' Taken' Repeats, ' Hobbit' Hits $800 Million'' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Reviews'' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas (December 12, 2014). `` Film Review: ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw (December 18, 2014). `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy'' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny (December 18, 2014). `` Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Review'' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek (December 16, 2014). `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say'' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig (December 17, 2014). `` Third ' Night at the Museum' is breezy, bittersweet fun'' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb,' movie review'' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review: ' Night at the Museum: Tomb' doomed by ennui'' . The Arizona Republic . December 17, 2014 . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Review'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long, The Detroit News (December 19, 2014). `` ' Night at the Museum' is family-friendly fun'' . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb' review: Bury it'' . Newark Star-Ledger . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo (December 17, 2014). `` ' Night at the Museum' sequel shakes off the dust'' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin (December 18, 2014). `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, review: ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen. `` ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb' : Film Review'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review: The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb'' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum' is a bit musty'' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb' : Please do not touch'' . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt (December 15, 2014). `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb - Film Review'' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED'' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16, 2015 . Retrieved August 17, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20, 2015 . Retrieved February 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids' Choice Awards nomination: See the full list'' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20, 2015 . Retrieved February 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Blu-ray'' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum' on Home Video Sales Charts'' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 6, 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum (2006) Battle of the Smithsonian (2009) Secret of the Tomb (2014) Video games Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time (1997) Jett Jackson: The Movie (2001) Big Fat Liar (2002) Just Married (2003) Cheaper by the Dozen (2003) The Pink Panther (2006) Night at the Museum (2006) Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009) Date Night (2010) Real Steel (2011) The Internship (2013) This Is Where I Leave You (2014) Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=805477193 '' Categories : 2014 films English-language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017, at 17:28. 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ppp theory predicts that foreign exchange rates are determined by | Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies ' respective purchasing power . Theories that invoke the purchasing power parity assume that in some circumstances ( for example , as a long - run tendency ) it would cost exactly the same number of , for example , US dollars to buy euros and then buy a market basket of goods as it would cost to directly purchase the market basket of goods with dollars . A fall in either currency 's purchasing power would lead to a proportional decrease in that currency 's valuation on the foreign exchange market . | [
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"Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies ' respective purchasing power . Theories that invoke the purchasing power parity assume that in some circumstances ( for example , as a long - run tendency ) it would cost exactly the same number of , for example , US dollars to buy euros and then buy a market basket of goods as it would cost to directly purchase the market basket of goods with dollars . A fall in either currency 's purchasing power would lead to a proportional decrease in that currency 's valuation on the foreign exchange market .",
"The concept of purchasing power parity allows one to estimate what the exchange rate between two currencies would have to be in order for the exchange to be at par with the purchasing power of the two countries ' currencies . Using that PPP rate for hypothetical currency conversions , a given amount of one currency thus has the same purchasing power whether used directly to purchase a market basket of goods or used to convert at the PPP rate to the other currency and then purchase the market basket using that currency . Observed deviations of the exchange rate from purchasing power parity are measured by deviations of the real exchange rate from its PPP value of 1 .",
"PPP exchange rates help costing but exclude profits and above all do not consider the different quality of goods among countries . For example , suppose that two countries produce the same physical amounts of goods as each other in each of two different years . Since market exchange rates fluctuate substantially , when the GDP of one country measured in its own currency is converted to the other country 's currency using market exchange rates , one country might be inferred to have higher real GDP than the other country in one year but lower in the other ; both of these inferences would fail to reflect the reality of their relative levels of production . But if one country 's GDP is converted into the other country 's currency using PPP exchange rates instead of observed market exchange rates , the false inference will not occur . Essentially GDP PPP controls for the different costs of living and price levels , usually relative to the United States dollar , thus enabling a more accurate depiction of a given nation 's level of production .",
"The idea originated with the School of Salamanca in the 16th century , and was developed in its modern form by Gustav Cassel in 1916 , in The Present Situation of the Foreign Trade . The concept is based on the law of one price , where in the absence of transaction costs and official trade barriers , identical goods will have the same price in different markets when the prices are expressed in the same currency .",
"Another interpretation is that the difference in the rate of change in prices at home and abroad -- the difference in the inflation rates -- is equal to the percentage depreciation or appreciation of the exchange rate .",
"Deviations from parity imply differences in purchasing power of a `` basket of goods '' across countries , which means that for the purposes of many international comparisons , countries ' GDPs or other national income statistics need to be `` PPP - adjusted '' and converted into common units . The best - known purchasing power adjustment is the Geary -- Khamis dollar ( the `` international dollar '' ) . The real exchange rate is then equal to the nominal exchange rate , adjusted for differences in price levels . If purchasing power parity held exactly , then the real exchange rate would always equal one . However , in practice the real exchange rates exhibit both short run and long run deviations from this value , for example due to reasons illuminated in the Balassa -- Samuelson theorem .",
"There can be marked differences between purchasing power adjusted incomes and those converted via market exchange rates . For example , the World Bank 's World Development Indicators 2005 estimated that in 2003 , one Geary - Khamis dollar was equivalent to about 1.8 Chinese yuan by purchasing power parity -- considerably different from the nominal exchange rate . This discrepancy has large implications ; for instance , when converted via the nominal exchange rates GDP per capita in India is about US $ 1,965 while on a PPP basis it is about US $7,197 . At the other extreme , for instance Denmark 's nominal GDP per capita is around US $53,242 , but its PPP figure is US $46,602 , in line with other developed nations .",
"The purchasing power parity exchange rate serves two main functions . PPP exchange rates can be useful for making comparisons between countries because they stay fairly constant from day to day or week to week and only change modestly , if at all , from year to year . Second , over a period of years , exchange rates do tend to move in the general direction of the PPP exchange rate and there is some value to knowing in which direction the exchange rate is more likely to shift over the long run .",
"The PPP exchange - rate calculation is controversial because of the difficulties of finding comparable baskets of goods to compare purchasing power across countries .",
"Estimation of purchasing power parity is complicated by the fact that countries do not simply differ in a uniform price level ; rather , the difference in food prices may be greater than the difference in housing prices , while also less than the difference in entertainment prices . People in different countries typically consume different baskets of goods . It is necessary to compare the cost of baskets of goods and services using a price index . This is a difficult task because purchasing patterns and even the goods available to purchase differ across countries .",
"Thus , it is necessary to make adjustments for differences in the quality of goods and services . Furthermore , the basket of goods representative of one economy will vary from that of another : Americans eat more bread ; Chinese more rice . Hence a PPP calculated using the US consumption as a base will differ from that calculated using China as a base . Additional statistical difficulties arise with multilateral comparisons when ( as is usually the case ) more than two countries are to be compared .",
"Various ways of averaging bilateral PPPs can provide a more stable multilateral comparison , but at the cost of distorting bilateral ones . These are all general issues of indexing ; as with other price indices there is no way to reduce complexity to a single number that is equally satisfying for all purposes . Nevertheless , PPPs are typically robust in the face of the many problems that arise in using market exchange rates to make comparisons .",
"For example , in 2005 the price of a gallon of gasoline in Saudi Arabia was USD 0.91 , and in Norway the price was USD 6.27 . The significant differences in price would n't contribute to accuracy in a PPP analysis , despite all of the variables that contribute to the significant differences in price . More comparisons have to be made and used as variables in the overall formulation of the PPP .",
"When PPP comparisons are to be made over some interval of time , proper account needs to be made of inflationary effects .",
"Although it may seem as if PPPs and the law of one price are the same , there is a difference : the law of one price applies to individual commodities whereas PPP applies to the general price level . If the law of one price is true for all commodities then PPP is also therefore true ; however , when discussing the validity of PPP , some argue that the law of one price does not need to be true exactly for PPP to be valid . If the law of one price is not true for a certain commodity , the price levels will not differ enough from the level predicted by PPP .",
"The purchasing power parity theory states that the exchange rate between one currency and another currency is in equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that rate of exchange are equivalent .",
"Another example of one measure of the law of one price , which underlies purchasing power parity , is the Big Mac Index , popularized by The Economist , which compares the prices of a Big Mac burger in McDonald 's restaurants in different countries . The Big Mac Index is presumably useful because although it is based on a single consumer product that may not be typical , it is a relatively standardized product that includes input costs from a wide range of sectors in the local economy , such as agricultural commodities ( beef , bread , lettuce , cheese ) , labor ( blue and white collar ) , advertising , rent and real estate costs , transportation , etc .",
"In theory , the law of one price would hold that if , to take an example , the Canadian dollar were to be significantly overvalued relative to the U.S. dollar according to the Big Mac Index , that gap should be unsustainable because Canadians would import their Big Macs from or travel to the U.S. to consume them , thus putting upward demand pressure on the U.S. dollar by virtue of Canadians buying the U.S. dollars needed to purchase the U.S. - made Big Macs and simultaneously placing downward supply pressure on the Canadian dollar by virtue of Canadians selling their currency in order to buy those same U.S. dollars .",
"The alternative to this exchange rate adjustment would be an adjustment in prices , with Canadian McDonald 's stores compelled to lower prices to remain competitive . Either way , the valuation difference should be reduced assuming perfect competition and a perfectly tradable good . In practice , of course , the Big Mac is not a perfectly tradable good and there may also be capital flows that sustain relative demand for the Canadian dollar . The difference in price may have its origins in a variety of factors besides direct input costs such as government regulations and product differentiation .",
"In some emerging economies , Western fast food represents an expensive niche product priced well above the price of traditional staples -- i.e. the Big Mac is not a mainstream ' cheap ' meal as it is in the West , but a luxury import . This relates back to the idea of product differentiation : the fact that few substitutes for the Big Mac are available confers market power on McDonald 's . For example , in India , the costs of local fast food like vada pav are comparative to what the Big Mac signifies in the U.S. Additionally , with countries such as Argentina that have abundant beef resources , consumer prices in general may not be as cheap as implied by the price of a Big Mac .",
"The following table , based on data from The Economist 's January 2013 calculations , shows the under ( − ) and over ( + ) valuation of the local currency against the U.S. dollar in % , according to the Big Mac index . To take an example calculation , the local price of a Big Mac in Hong Kong when converted to U.S. dollars at the market exchange rate was $2.19 , or 50 % of the local price for a Big Mac in the U.S. of $4.37 . Hence the Hong Kong dollar was deemed to be 50 % undervalued relative to the U.S. dollar on a PPP basis .",
"Country or region Price level ( % relative to the US ) India - 58 South Africa - 54 Hong Kong - 50 Ukraine - 47 Egypt - 45 Russia - 45 Taiwan - 42 China - 41 Malaysia - 41 Sri Lanka - 37 Indonesia - 35 Mexico - 34 Philippines - 33 Poland - 33 Bangladesh - 32 Saudi Arabia - 33 Thailand - 33 Pakistan - 32 Lithuania - 30 Latvia - 25 UAE - 25 South Korea - 22 Japan - 20 Singapore - 17 Estonia - 16 Czech Republic - 15 Argentina - 13 Hungary - 13 Peru - 11 Israel - 8 Portugal - 8 United Kingdom - 3 New Zealand - 1 Chile 0 United States 0 ( by definition ) Costa Rica Greece Austria 5 Netherlands 7 Ireland 8 Spain 9 Turkey 10 Colombia 11 Australia 12 Euro area 12 France 12 Germany 13 Finland 17 Belgium 18 Denmark 19 Italy 20 Canada 24 Uruguay 25 Brazil 29 Switzerland 63 Sweden 75 Norway 80 Venezuela 108",
"Country or region Price level ( % relative to the US )",
"India - 58",
"South Africa - 54",
"Hong Kong - 50",
"Ukraine - 47",
"Egypt - 45",
"Russia - 45",
"Taiwan - 42",
"China - 41",
"Malaysia - 41",
"Sri Lanka - 37",
"Indonesia - 35",
"Mexico - 34",
"Philippines - 33",
"Poland - 33",
"Bangladesh - 32",
"Saudi Arabia - 33",
"Thailand - 33",
"Pakistan - 32",
"Lithuania - 30",
"Latvia - 25",
"UAE - 25",
"South Korea - 22",
"Japan - 20",
"Singapore - 17",
"Estonia - 16",
"Czech Republic - 15",
"Argentina - 13",
"Hungary - 13",
"Peru - 11",
"Israel - 8",
"Portugal - 8",
"United Kingdom - 3",
"New Zealand - 1",
"Chile 0",
"United States 0 ( by definition )",
"Costa Rica",
"Greece",
"Austria 5",
"Netherlands 7",
"Ireland 8",
"Spain 9",
"Turkey 10",
"Colombia 11",
"Australia 12",
"Euro area 12",
"France 12",
"Germany 13",
"Finland 17",
"Belgium 18",
"Denmark 19",
"Italy 20",
"Canada 24",
"Uruguay 25",
"Brazil 29",
"Switzerland 63",
"Sweden 75",
"Norway 80",
"Venezuela 108",
"Like the Big Mac Index , the iPad index ( elaborated by CommSec ) compares an item 's price in various locations . Unlike the Big Mac , however , each iPad is produced in the same place ( except for the model sold in Brazil ) and all iPads ( within the same model ) have identical performance characteristics . Price differences are therefore a function of transportation costs , taxes , and the prices that may be realized in individual markets . An iPad will cost about twice as much in Argentina as in the United States .",
"Country or region Price ( US Dollars ) Argentina $1,094.11 Australia $506.66 Austria $674.96 Belgium $618.34 Brazil $791.40 Brunei $525.52 Canada ( Montréal ) $557.18 Canada ( no tax ) $467.36 Chile $602.13 China $602.52 Czech Republic $676.69 Denmark $725.32 Finland $695.25 France $688.49 Germany $618.34 Greece $715.54 Hong Kong $501.52 Hungary $679.64 India $512.61 Ireland $630.73 Italy $674.96 Japan $501.56 Luxembourg $641.50 Malaysia $473.77 Mexico $591.62 Netherlands $683.08 New Zealand $610.45 Norway $655.92 Philippines $556.42 Pakistan $550.00 Poland $704.51 Portugal $688.49 Russia $596.08 Singapore $525.98 Slovakia $674.96 Slovenia $674.96 South Africa $559.38 South Korea $576.20 Spain $674.96 Sweden $706.87 Switzerland $617.58 Taiwan $538.34 Thailand $530.72 Turkey $656.96 UAE $544.32 United Kingdom $638.81 US ( California ) $546.91 United States ( no tax ) $499.00 Vietnam $554.08",
"Country or region Price ( US Dollars )",
"Argentina $1,094.11",
"Australia $506.66",
"Austria $674.96",
"Belgium $618.34",
"Brazil $791.40",
"Brunei $525.52",
"Canada ( Montréal ) $557.18",
"Canada ( no tax ) $467.36",
"Chile $602.13",
"China $602.52",
"Czech Republic $676.69",
"Denmark $725.32",
"Finland $695.25",
"France $688.49",
"Germany $618.34",
"Greece $715.54",
"Hong Kong $501.52",
"Hungary $679.64",
"India $512.61",
"Ireland $630.73",
"Italy $674.96",
"Japan $501.56",
"Luxembourg $641.50",
"Malaysia $473.77",
"Mexico $591.62",
"Netherlands $683.08",
"New Zealand $610.45",
"Norway $655.92",
"Philippines $556.42",
"Pakistan $550.00",
"Poland $704.51",
"Portugal $688.49",
"Russia $596.08",
"Singapore $525.98",
"Slovakia $674.96",
"Slovenia $674.96",
"South Africa $559.38",
"South Korea $576.20",
"Spain $674.96",
"Sweden $706.87",
"Switzerland $617.58",
"Taiwan $538.34",
"Thailand $530.72",
"Turkey $656.96",
"UAE $544.32",
"United Kingdom $638.81",
"US ( California ) $546.91",
"United States ( no tax ) $499.00",
"Vietnam $554.08",
"Similar to the Big Mac Index , the KFC Index measures PPP amongst African countries , created by Sagaci Research ( a market research firm focusing solely on Africa ) . Instead of comparing a Big Mac , this index compares a KFC Original 12 / 15 pc . bucket .",
"For example , the average price of KFC 's Original 12 pc . Bucket in the United States in January 2016 was $20.50 ; while in Namibia it was only $13.40 at market exchange rates . Therefore , the index states the Namibian dollar was undervalued by 33 % at that time .",
"GlobalPetrolPrices has published two world rankings comparing gasoline prices with average income and minimum wages .",
"Each month , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development measures the difference in price levels between its member countries by calculating the ratios of PPPs for private final consumption expenditure to exchange rates . The OECD table below indicates the number of US dollars needed in each of the countries listed to buy the same representative basket of consumer goods and services that would cost 100 USD in the United States",
"According to the table , an American living or travelling in Switzerland on an income denominated in US dollars would find that country to be the most expensive of the group , having to spend 62 % more US dollars to maintain a standard of living comparable to the US in terms of consumption .",
"Country Price level ( US = 100 ) Australia 123 Austria 99 Belgium 101 Canada 105 Chile 67 Czech Republic 59 Denmark 128 Estonia 71 Finland 113 France 100 Germany 94 Greece 78 Hungary 52 Iceland 111 Ireland 109 Israel 109 Italy 94 Japan 96 South Korea 84 Luxembourg 112 Mexico 66 Netherlands 102 New Zealand 118 Norway 134 Poland 51 Portugal 73 Slovak Republic 63 Slovenia 75 Spain 84 Sweden 109 Switzerland 162 Turkey 61 United Kingdom 121 United States 100",
"Country Price level ( US = 100 )",
"Australia 123",
"Austria 99",
"Belgium 101",
"Canada 105",
"Chile 67",
"Czech Republic 59",
"Denmark 128",
"Estonia 71",
"Finland 113",
"France 100",
"Germany 94",
"Greece 78",
"Hungary 52",
"Iceland 111",
"Ireland 109",
"Israel 109",
"Italy 94",
"Japan 96",
"South Korea 84",
"Luxembourg 112",
"Mexico 66",
"Netherlands 102",
"New Zealand 118",
"Norway 134",
"Poland 51",
"Portugal 73",
"Slovak Republic 63",
"Slovenia 75",
"Spain 84",
"Sweden 109",
"Switzerland 162",
"Turkey 61",
"United Kingdom 121",
"United States 100",
"In addition to methodological issues presented by the selection of a basket of goods , PPP estimates can also vary based on the statistical capacity of participating countries . The International Comparison Program , which PPP estimates are based on , require the disaggregation of national accounts into production , expenditure or ( in some cases ) income , and not all participating countries routinely disaggregate their data into such categories .",
"Some aspects of PPP comparison are theoretically impossible or unclear . For example , there is no basis for comparison between the Ethiopian laborer who lives on teff with the Thai laborer who lives on rice , because teff is not commercially available in Thailand and rice is not in Ethiopia , so the price of rice in Ethiopia or teff in Thailand can not be determined . As a general rule , the more similar the price structure between countries , the more valid the PPP comparison .",
"PPP levels will also vary based on the formula used to calculate price matrices . Different possible formulas include GEKS - Fisher , Geary - Khamis , IDB , and the superlative method . Each has advantages and disadvantages .",
"Linking regions presents another methodological difficulty . In the 2005 ICP round , regions were compared by using a list of some 1,000 identical items for which a price could be found for 18 countries , selected so that at least two countries would be in each region . While this was superior to earlier `` bridging '' methods , which do not fully take into account differing quality between goods , it may serve to overstate the PPP basis of poorer countries , because the price indexing on which PPP is based will assign to poorer countries the greater weight of goods consumed in greater shares in richer countries .",
"The exchange rate reflects transaction values for traded goods between countries in contrast to non-traded goods , that is , goods produced for home - country use . Also , currencies are traded for purposes other than trade in goods and services , e.g. , to buy capital assets whose prices vary more than those of physical goods . Also , different interest rates , speculation , hedging or interventions by central banks can influence the foreign - exchange market .",
"The PPP method is used as an alternative to correct for possible statistical bias . The Penn World Table is a widely cited source of PPP adjustments , and the associated Penn effect reflects such a systematic bias in using exchange rates to outputs among countries .",
"For example , if the value of the Mexican peso falls by half compared to the US dollar , the Mexican Gross Domestic Product measured in dollars will also halve . However , this exchange rate results from international trade and financial markets . It does not necessarily mean that Mexicans are poorer by a half ; if incomes and prices measured in pesos stay the same , they will be no worse off assuming that imported goods are not essential to the quality of life of individuals . Measuring income in different countries using PPP exchange rates helps to avoid this problem .",
"PPP exchange rates are especially useful when official exchange rates are artificially manipulated by governments . Countries with strong government control of the economy sometimes enforce official exchange rates that make their own currency artificially strong . By contrast , the currency 's black market exchange rate is artificially weak . In such cases , a PPP exchange rate is likely the most realistic basis for economic comparison . Similarly , when exchange rates deviate significantly from their long term equilibrium due to speculative attacks or carry trade , a PPP exchange rate offers a better alternative for comparison .",
"Since global PPP estimates -- such as those provided by the ICP -- are not calculated annually , but for a single year , PPP exchange rates for years other than the benchmark year need to be extrapolated . One way of doing this is by using the country 's GDP deflator . To calculate a country 's PPP exchange rate in Geary -- Khamis dollars for a particular year , the calculation proceeds in the following manner :",
"PPPrate X , i = PPPrate X , b ⋅ GDPdef X , i GDPdef X , b PPPrate U , b ⋅ GDPdef U , i GDPdef U , b ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ textrm ( PPPrate ) ) _ ( X , i ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ textrm ( PPPrate ) ) _ ( X , b ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( ( \\ textrm ( GDPdef ) ) _ ( X , i ) ) ( ( \\ textrm ( GDPdef ) ) _ ( X , b ) ) ) ) ( ( \\ textrm ( PPPrate ) ) _ ( U , b ) \\ cdot ( \\ frac ( ( \\ textrm ( GDPdef ) ) _ ( U , i ) ) ( ( \\ textrm ( GDPdef ) ) _ ( U , b ) ) ) ) ) )",
"Where PPPrate is the PPP exchange rate of country X for year i , PPPrate is the PPP exchange rate of country X for the benchmark year , PPPrate is the PPP exchange rate of the United States ( US ) for the benchmark year ( equal to 1 ) , GDPdef is the GDP deflator of country X for year i , GDPdef is the GDP deflator of country X for the benchmark year , GDPdef is the GDP deflator of the US for year i , and GDPdef is the GDP deflator of the US for the benchmark year .",
"There are a number of reasons that different measures do not perfectly reflect standards of living .",
"The goods that the currency has the `` power '' to purchase are a basket of goods of different types :",
"Local , non-tradable goods and services ( like electric power ) that are produced and sold domestically . Tradable goods such as non-perishable commodities that can be sold on the international market ( like diamonds ) .",
"Local , non-tradable goods and services ( like electric power ) that are produced and sold domestically .",
"Tradable goods such as non-perishable commodities that can be sold on the international market ( like diamonds ) .",
"The more that a product falls into category 1 , the further its price will be from the currency exchange rate , moving towards the PPP exchange rate . Conversely , category 2 products tend to trade close to the currency exchange rate . ( See also Penn effect ) .",
"More processed and expensive products are likely to be tradable , falling into the second category , and drifting from the PPP exchange rate to the currency exchange rate . Even if the PPP `` value '' of the Ethiopian currency is three times stronger than the currency exchange rate , it wo n't buy three times as much of internationally traded goods like steel , cars and microchips , but non-traded goods like housing , services ( `` haircuts '' ) , and domestically produced crops . The relative price differential between tradables and non-tradables from high - income to low - income countries is a consequence of the Balassa -- Samuelson effect and gives a big cost advantage to labour - intensive production of tradable goods in low income countries ( like Ethiopia ) , as against high income countries ( like Switzerland ) .",
"The corporate cost advantage is nothing more sophisticated than access to cheaper workers , but because the pay of those workers goes farther in low - income countries than high , the relative pay differentials ( inter-country ) can be sustained for longer than would be the case otherwise . ( This is another way of saying that the wage rate is based on average local productivity and that this is below the per capita productivity that factories selling tradable goods to international markets can achieve . ) An equivalent cost benefit comes from non-traded goods that can be sourced locally ( nearer the PPP - exchange rate than the nominal exchange rate in which receipts are paid ) . These act as a cheaper factor of production than is available to factories in richer countries . It 's difficult by the GDP PPP to consider the different quality of goods among the different countries .",
"The Bhagwati -- Kravis -- Lipsey view provides a somewhat different explanation from the Balassa -- Samuelson theory . This view states that price levels for nontradables are lower in poorer countries because of differences in endowment of labor and capital , not because of lower levels of productivity . Poor countries have more labor relative to capital , so marginal productivity of labor is greater in rich countries than in poor countries . Nontradables tend to be labor - intensive ; therefore , because labor is less expensive in poor countries and is used mostly for nontradables , nontradables are cheaper in poor countries . Wages are high in rich countries , so nontradables are relatively more expensive .",
"PPP calculations tend to overemphasise the primary sectoral contribution , and underemphasise the industrial and service sectoral contributions to the economy of a nation .",
"The law of one price , the underlying mechanism behind PPP , is weakened by transport costs and governmental trade restrictions , which make it expensive to move goods between markets located in different countries . Transport costs sever the link between exchange rates and the prices of goods implied by the law of one price . As transport costs increase , the larger the range of exchange rate fluctuations . The same is true for official trade restrictions because the customs fees affect importers ' profits in the same way as shipping fees . According to Krugman and Obstfeld , `` Either type of trade impediment weakens the basis of PPP by allowing the purchasing power of a given currency to differ more widely from country to country . '' They cite the example that a dollar in London should purchase the same goods as a dollar in Chicago , which is certainly not the case .",
"Nontradables are primarily services and the output of the construction industry . Nontradables also lead to deviations in PPP because the prices of nontradables are not linked internationally . The prices are determined by domestic supply and demand , and shifts in those curves lead to changes in the market basket of some goods relative to the foreign price of the same basket . If the prices of nontradables rise , the purchasing power of any given currency will fall in that country .",
"Linkages between national price levels are also weakened when trade barriers and imperfectly competitive market structures occur together . Pricing to market occurs when a firm sells the same product for different prices in different markets . This is a reflection of inter-country differences in conditions on both the demand side ( e.g. , virtually no demand for pork in Islamic states ) and the supply side ( e.g. , whether the existing market for a prospective entrant 's product features few suppliers or instead is already near - saturated ) . According to Krugman and Obstfeld , this occurrence of product differentiation and segmented markets results in violations of the law of one price and absolute PPP . Over time , shifts in market structure and demand will occur , which may invalidate relative PPP .",
"Measurement of price levels differ from country to country . Inflation data from different countries are based on different commodity baskets ; therefore , exchange rate changes do not offset official measures of inflation differences . Because it makes predictions about price changes rather than price levels , relative PPP is still a useful concept . However , change in the relative prices of basket components can cause relative PPP to fail tests that are based on official price indexes .",
"The global poverty line is a worldwide count of people who live below an international poverty line , referred to as the dollar - a-day line . This line represents an average of the national poverty lines of the world 's poorest countries , expressed in international dollars . These national poverty lines are converted to international currency and the global line is converted back to local currency using the PPP exchange rates from the ICP . PPP exchange rates include data from the sales of high end none poverty related items which skews the value of food items and necessary goods which is 70 percent of poor peoples ' consumption . Angus Deaton argues that PPP indexes need to be reweighted for use in poverty measurement ; they need to be redefined to reflect local poverty measures , not global measures , weighing local food items and excluding luxury items that are not prevalent or are not of equal value in all localities ."
] | Purchasing power parity - wikipedia Purchasing power parity Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power . Theories that invoke the purchasing power parity assume that in some circumstances (for example, as a long-run tendency) it would cost exactly the same number of, for example, US dollars to buy euros and then buy a market basket of goods as it would cost to directly purchase the market basket of goods with dollars. A fall in either currency's purchasing power would lead to a proportional decrease in that currency's valuation on the foreign exchange market . The concept of purchasing power parity allows one to estimate what the exchange rate between two currencies would have to be in order for the exchange to be at par with the purchasing power of the two countries' currencies. Using that PPP rate for hypothetical currency conversions, a given amount of one currency thus has the same purchasing power whether used directly to purchase a market basket of goods or used to convert at the PPP rate to the other currency and then purchase the market basket using that currency. Observed deviations of the exchange rate from purchasing power parity are measured by deviations of the real exchange rate from its PPP value of 1. PPP exchange rates help costing but exclude profits and above all do not consider the different quality of goods among countries. For example, suppose that two countries produce the same physical amounts of goods as each other in each of two different years. Since market exchange rates fluctuate substantially, when the GDP of one country measured in its own currency is converted to the other country's currency using market exchange rates, one country might be inferred to have higher real GDP than the other country in one year but lower in the other; both of these inferences would fail to reflect the reality of their relative levels of production. But if one country's GDP is converted into the other country's currency using PPP exchange rates instead of observed market exchange rates, the false inference will not occur. Essentially GDP PPP controls for the different costs of living and price levels, usually relative to the United States dollar, thus enabling a more accurate depiction of a given nation's level of production. Contents 1 Concept 2 Uses 3 Measurement 3.1 Law of one price 3.2 Big Mac Index 3.3 iPad Index 3.4 KFC Index 3.5 Gasoline 3.6 OECD comparative price levels 3.7 Measurement issues 4 Need for adjustments to GDP 4.1 Extrapolating PPP rates 5 Difficulties 5.1 Range and quality of goods 5.2 Trade barriers and nontradables 5.3 Departures from free competition 5.4 Differences in price level measurement 6 Global poverty line 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Concept ( edit ) The idea originated with the School of Salamanca in the 16th century, and was developed in its modern form by Gustav Cassel in 1916, in The Present Situation of the Foreign Trade . The concept is based on the law of one price , where in the absence of transaction costs and official trade barriers , identical goods will have the same price in different markets when the prices are expressed in the same currency. Another interpretation is that the difference in the rate of change in prices at home and abroad-- the difference in the inflation rates-- is equal to the percentage depreciation or appreciation of the exchange rate. Deviations from parity imply differences in purchasing power of a `` basket of goods'' across countries, which means that for the purposes of many international comparisons, countries' GDPs or other national income statistics need to be `` PPP-adjusted'' and converted into common units. The best-known purchasing power adjustment is the Geary-- Khamis dollar (the `` international dollar'' ). The real exchange rate is then equal to the nominal exchange rate, adjusted for differences in price levels. If purchasing power parity held exactly, then the real exchange rate would always equal one. However, in practice the real exchange rates exhibit both short run and long run deviations from this value, for example due to reasons illuminated in the Balassa-- Samuelson theorem . There can be marked differences between purchasing power adjusted incomes and those converted via market exchange rates. For example, the World Bank's World Development Indicators 2005 estimated that in 2003, one Geary-Khamis dollar was equivalent to about 1.8 Chinese yuan by purchasing power parity -- considerably different from the nominal exchange rate. This discrepancy has large implications; for instance, when converted via the nominal exchange rates GDP per capita in India is about US$ 1,965 while on a PPP basis it is about US$7,197. At the other extreme, for instance Denmark's nominal GDP per capita is around US$53,242, but its PPP figure is US$46,602, in line with other developed nations . Uses ( edit ) The purchasing power parity exchange rate serves two main functions. PPP exchange rates can be useful for making comparisons between countries because they stay fairly constant from day to day or week to week and only change modestly, if at all, from year to year. Second, over a period of years, exchange rates do tend to move in the general direction of the PPP exchange rate and there is some value to knowing in which direction the exchange rate is more likely to shift over the long run. Measurement ( edit ) The PPP exchange-rate calculation is controversial because of the difficulties of finding comparable baskets of goods to compare purchasing power across countries. Estimation of purchasing power parity is complicated by the fact that countries do not simply differ in a uniform price level ; rather, the difference in food prices may be greater than the difference in housing prices, while also less than the difference in entertainment prices. People in different countries typically consume different baskets of goods. It is necessary to compare the cost of baskets of goods and services using a price index . This is a difficult task because purchasing patterns and even the goods available to purchase differ across countries. Thus, it is necessary to make adjustments for differences in the quality of goods and services. Furthermore, the basket of goods representative of one economy will vary from that of another: Americans eat more bread; Chinese more rice. Hence a PPP calculated using the US consumption as a base will differ from that calculated using China as a base. Additional statistical difficulties arise with multilateral comparisons when (as is usually the case) more than two countries are to be compared. Various ways of averaging bilateral PPPs can provide a more stable multilateral comparison, but at the cost of distorting bilateral ones. These are all general issues of indexing; as with other price indices there is no way to reduce complexity to a single number that is equally satisfying for all purposes. Nevertheless, PPPs are typically robust in the face of the many problems that arise in using market exchange rates to make comparisons. For example, in 2005 the price of a gallon of gasoline in Saudi Arabia was USD 0.91, and in Norway the price was USD 6.27. The significant differences in price wouldn't contribute to accuracy in a PPP analysis, despite all of the variables that contribute to the significant differences in price. More comparisons have to be made and used as variables in the overall formulation of the PPP. When PPP comparisons are to be made over some interval of time, proper account needs to be made of inflationary effects. Law of one price ( edit ) Although it may seem as if PPPs and the law of one price are the same, there is a difference: the law of one price applies to individual commodities whereas PPP applies to the general price level. If the law of one price is true for all commodities then PPP is also therefore true; however, when discussing the validity of PPP, some argue that the law of one price does not need to be true exactly for PPP to be valid. If the law of one price is not true for a certain commodity, the price levels will not differ enough from the level predicted by PPP. The purchasing power parity theory states that the exchange rate between one currency and another currency is in equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that rate of exchange are equivalent. Big Mac index ( edit ) Main article: Big Mac Index Big Mac hamburgers , like this one from Japan , are similar worldwide. Another example of one measure of the law of one price , which underlies purchasing power parity, is the Big Mac Index, popularized by The Economist , which compares the prices of a Big Mac burger in McDonald's restaurants in different countries. The Big Mac Index is presumably useful because although it is based on a single consumer product that may not be typical, it is a relatively standardized product that includes input costs from a wide range of sectors in the local economy, such as agricultural commodities (beef, bread, lettuce, cheese), labor (blue and white collar), advertising, rent and real estate costs, transportation, etc. In theory, the law of one price would hold that if, to take an example, the Canadian dollar were to be significantly overvalued relative to the U.S. dollar according to the Big Mac Index, that gap should be unsustainable because Canadians would import their Big Macs from or travel to the U.S. to consume them, thus putting upward demand pressure on the U.S. dollar by virtue of Canadians buying the U.S. dollars needed to purchase the U.S.-made Big Macs and simultaneously placing downward supply pressure on the Canadian dollar by virtue of Canadians selling their currency in order to buy those same U.S. dollars. The alternative to this exchange rate adjustment would be an adjustment in prices, with Canadian McDonald's stores compelled to lower prices to remain competitive. Either way, the valuation difference should be reduced assuming perfect competition and a perfectly tradable good . In practice, of course, the Big Mac is not a perfectly tradable good and there may also be capital flows that sustain relative demand for the Canadian dollar. The difference in price may have its origins in a variety of factors besides direct input costs such as government regulations and product differentiation . In some emerging economies, Western fast food represents an expensive niche product priced well above the price of traditional staples-- i.e. the Big Mac is not a mainstream ' cheap' meal as it is in the West, but a luxury import. This relates back to the idea of product differentiation: the fact that few substitutes for the Big Mac are available confers market power on McDonald's . For example, in India, the costs of local fast food like vada pav are comparative to what the Big Mac signifies in the U.S. Additionally, with countries such as Argentina that have abundant beef resources, consumer prices in general may not be as cheap as implied by the price of a Big Mac. The following table, based on data from The Economist's January 2013 calculations, shows the under (− ) and over (+) valuation of the local currency against the U.S. dollar in %, according to the Big Mac index. To take an example calculation, the local price of a Big Mac in Hong Kong when converted to U.S. dollars at the market exchange rate was $2.19, or 50% of the local price for a Big Mac in the U.S. of $4.37. Hence the Hong Kong dollar was deemed to be 50% undervalued relative to the U.S. dollar on a PPP basis. Country or region Price level (% relative to the US) India -58 South Africa -54 Hong Kong -50 Ukraine -47 Egypt -45 Russia -45 Taiwan -42 China -41 Malaysia -41 Sri Lanka -37 Indonesia -35 Mexico -34 Philippines -33 Poland -33 Bangladesh -32 Saudi Arabia -33 Thailand -33 Pakistan -32 Lithuania -30 Latvia -25 UAE -25 South Korea -22 Japan -20 Singapore -17 Estonia -16 Czech Republic -15 Argentina -13 Hungary -13 Peru -11 Israel -8 Portugal -8 United Kingdom -3 New Zealand -1 Chile 0 United States 0 (by definition) Costa Rica Greece Austria 5 Netherlands 7 Ireland 8 Spain 9 Turkey 10 Colombia 11 Australia 12 Euro area 12 France 12 Germany 13 Finland 17 Belgium 18 Denmark 19 Italy 20 Canada 24 Uruguay 25 Brazil 29 Switzerland 63 Sweden 75 Norway 80 Venezuela 108 IPad index ( edit ) Like the Big Mac Index , the iPad index (elaborated by CommSec ) compares an item's price in various locations. Unlike the Big Mac, however, each iPad is produced in the same place (except for the model sold in Brazil) and all iPads (within the same model) have identical performance characteristics. Price differences are therefore a function of transportation costs, taxes, and the prices that may be realized in individual markets. An iPad will cost about twice as much in Argentina as in the United States. Country or region Price (US Dollars) Argentina $1,094.11 Australia $506.66 Austria $674.96 Belgium $618.34 Brazil $791.40 Brunei $525.52 Canada (Montréal ) $557.18 Canada (no tax) $467.36 Chile $602.13 China $602.52 Czech Republic $676.69 Denmark $725.32 Finland $695.25 France $688.49 Germany $618.34 Greece $715.54 Hong Kong $501.52 Hungary $679.64 India $512.61 Ireland $630.73 Italy $674.96 Japan $501.56 Luxembourg $641.50 Malaysia $473.77 Mexico $591.62 Netherlands $683.08 New Zealand $610.45 Norway $655.92 Philippines $556.42 Pakistan $550.00 Poland $704.51 Portugal $688.49 Russia $596.08 Singapore $525.98 Slovakia $674.96 Slovenia $674.96 South Africa $559.38 South Korea $576.20 Spain $674.96 Sweden $706.87 Switzerland $617.58 Taiwan $538.34 Thailand $530.72 Turkey $656.96 UAE $544.32 United Kingdom $638.81 US (California) $546.91 United States (no tax) $499.00 Vietnam $554.08 KFC index ( edit ) Main article: KFC Index Similar to the Big Mac Index , the KFC Index measures PPP amongst African countries, created by Sagaci Research (a market research firm focusing solely on Africa). Instead of comparing a Big Mac , this index compares a KFC Original 12/15 pc. bucket. For example, the average price of KFC's Original 12 pc. Bucket in the United States in January 2016 was $20.50; while in Namibia it was only $13.40 at market exchange rates. Therefore, the index states the Namibian dollar was undervalued by 33% at that time. Gasoline ( edit ) GlobalPetrolPrices has published two world rankings comparing gasoline prices with average income and minimum wages. Oecd comparative price levels ( edit ) Each month, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development measures the difference in price levels between its member countries by calculating the ratios of PPPs for private final consumption expenditure to exchange rates. The OECD table below indicates the number of US dollars needed in each of the countries listed to buy the same representative basket of consumer goods and services that would cost 100 USD in the United States According to the table, an American living or travelling in Switzerland on an income denominated in US dollars would find that country to be the most expensive of the group, having to spend 62% more US dollars to maintain a standard of living comparable to the US in terms of consumption . Country Price level (US = 100) Australia 123 Austria 99 Belgium 101 Canada 105 Chile 67 Czech Republic 59 Denmark 128 Estonia 71 Finland 113 France 100 Germany 94 Greece 78 Hungary 52 Iceland 111 Ireland 109 Israel 109 Italy 94 Japan 96 South Korea 84 Luxembourg 112 Mexico 66 Netherlands 102 New Zealand 118 Norway 134 Poland 51 Portugal 73 Slovak Republic 63 Slovenia 75 Spain 84 Sweden 109 Switzerland 162 Turkey 61 United Kingdom 121 United States 100 Measurement issues ( edit ) In addition to methodological issues presented by the selection of a basket of goods, PPP estimates can also vary based on the statistical capacity of participating countries. The International Comparison Program , which PPP estimates are based on, require the disaggregation of national accounts into production, expenditure or (in some cases) income, and not all participating countries routinely disaggregate their data into such categories. Some aspects of PPP comparison are theoretically impossible or unclear. For example, there is no basis for comparison between the Ethiopian laborer who lives on teff with the Thai laborer who lives on rice, because teff is not commercially available in Thailand and rice is not in Ethiopia, so the price of rice in Ethiopia or teff in Thailand cannot be determined. As a general rule, the more similar the price structure between countries, the more valid the PPP comparison. PPP levels will also vary based on the formula used to calculate price matrices. Different possible formulas include GEKS-Fisher, Geary-Khamis, IDB, and the superlative method. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Linking regions presents another methodological difficulty. In the 2005 ICP round, regions were compared by using a list of some 1,000 identical items for which a price could be found for 18 countries, selected so that at least two countries would be in each region. While this was superior to earlier `` bridging'' methods, which do not fully take into account differing quality between goods, it may serve to overstate the PPP basis of poorer countries, because the price indexing on which PPP is based will assign to poorer countries the greater weight of goods consumed in greater shares in richer countries. Need for adjustments to GDP ( edit ) The exchange rate reflects transaction values for traded goods between countries in contrast to non-traded goods, that is, goods produced for home-country use. Also, currencies are traded for purposes other than trade in goods and services, e.g. , to buy capital assets whose prices vary more than those of physical goods. Also, different interest rates , speculation , hedging or interventions by central banks can influence the foreign-exchange market . The PPP method is used as an alternative to correct for possible statistical bias. The Penn World Table is a widely cited source of PPP adjustments, and the associated Penn effect reflects such a systematic bias in using exchange rates to outputs among countries. For example, if the value of the Mexican peso falls by half compared to the US dollar , the Mexican Gross Domestic Product measured in dollars will also halve. However, this exchange rate results from international trade and financial markets. It does not necessarily mean that Mexicans are poorer by a half; if incomes and prices measured in pesos stay the same, they will be no worse off assuming that imported goods are not essential to the quality of life of individuals. Measuring income in different countries using PPP exchange rates helps to avoid this problem. PPP exchange rates are especially useful when official exchange rates are artificially manipulated by governments. Countries with strong government control of the economy sometimes enforce official exchange rates that make their own currency artificially strong. By contrast, the currency's black market exchange rate is artificially weak. In such cases, a PPP exchange rate is likely the most realistic basis for economic comparison. Similarly, when exchange rates deviate significantly from their long term equilibrium due to speculative attacks or carry trade, a PPP exchange rate offers a better alternative for comparison. Extrapolating PPP rates ( edit ) Since global PPP estimates-- such as those provided by the ICP-- are not calculated annually, but for a single year, PPP exchange rates for years other than the benchmark year need to be extrapolated. One way of doing this is by using the country's GDP deflator . To calculate a country's PPP exchange rate in Geary-- Khamis dollars for a particular year, the calculation proceeds in the following manner: PPPrate X , i = PPPrate X , b ⋅ GDPdef X , i GDPdef X , b PPPrate U , b ⋅ GDPdef U , i GDPdef U , b (\displaystyle (\textrm (PPPrate))_(X,i)=(\frac ((\textrm (PPPrate))_(X,b)\cdot (\frac ((\textrm (GDPdef))_(X,i))((\textrm (GDPdef))_(X,b))))((\textrm (PPPrate))_(U,b)\cdot (\frac ((\textrm (GDPdef))_(U,i))((\textrm (GDPdef))_(U,b)))))) Where PPPrate is the PPP exchange rate of country X for year i, PPPrate is the PPP exchange rate of country X for the benchmark year, PPPrate is the PPP exchange rate of the United States (US) for the benchmark year (equal to 1), GDPdef is the GDP deflator of country X for year i, GDPdef is the GDP deflator of country X for the benchmark year, GDPdef is the GDP deflator of the US for year i, and GDPdef is the GDP deflator of the US for the benchmark year. Difficulties ( edit ) There are a number of reasons that different measures do not perfectly reflect standards of living. Range and quality of goods ( edit ) The goods that the currency has the `` power'' to purchase are a basket of goods of different types: Local, non-tradable goods and services (like electric power) that are produced and sold domestically. Tradable goods such as non-perishable commodities that can be sold on the international market (like diamonds ). The more that a product falls into category 1, the further its price will be from the currency exchange rate , moving towards the PPP exchange rate. Conversely, category 2 products tend to trade close to the currency exchange rate. (See also Penn effect ). More processed and expensive products are likely to be tradable , falling into the second category, and drifting from the PPP exchange rate to the currency exchange rate. Even if the PPP `` value'' of the Ethiopian currency is three times stronger than the currency exchange rate, it won't buy three times as much of internationally traded goods like steel, cars and microchips, but non-traded goods like housing, services (`` haircuts'' ), and domestically produced crops. The relative price differential between tradables and non-tradables from high-income to low-income countries is a consequence of the Balassa-- Samuelson effect and gives a big cost advantage to labour-intensive production of tradable goods in low income countries (like Ethiopia ), as against high income countries (like Switzerland ). The corporate cost advantage is nothing more sophisticated than access to cheaper workers, but because the pay of those workers goes farther in low-income countries than high, the relative pay differentials (inter-country) can be sustained for longer than would be the case otherwise. (This is another way of saying that the wage rate is based on average local productivity and that this is below the per capita productivity that factories selling tradable goods to international markets can achieve.) An equivalent cost benefit comes from non-traded goods that can be sourced locally (nearer the PPP-exchange rate than the nominal exchange rate in which receipts are paid). These act as a cheaper factor of production than is available to factories in richer countries. It's difficult by the GDP PPP to consider the different quality of goods among the different countries. The Bhagwati-- Kravis-- Lipsey view provides a somewhat different explanation from the Balassa-- Samuelson theory. This view states that price levels for nontradables are lower in poorer countries because of differences in endowment of labor and capital, not because of lower levels of productivity. Poor countries have more labor relative to capital, so marginal productivity of labor is greater in rich countries than in poor countries. Nontradables tend to be labor-intensive; therefore, because labor is less expensive in poor countries and is used mostly for nontradables, nontradables are cheaper in poor countries. Wages are high in rich countries, so nontradables are relatively more expensive. PPP calculations tend to overemphasise the primary sectoral contribution, and underemphasise the industrial and service sectoral contributions to the economy of a nation. Trade barriers and nontradables ( edit ) The law of one price, the underlying mechanism behind PPP, is weakened by transport costs and governmental trade restrictions, which make it expensive to move goods between markets located in different countries. Transport costs sever the link between exchange rates and the prices of goods implied by the law of one price. As transport costs increase, the larger the range of exchange rate fluctuations. The same is true for official trade restrictions because the customs fees affect importers' profits in the same way as shipping fees. According to Krugman and Obstfeld, `` Either type of trade impediment weakens the basis of PPP by allowing the purchasing power of a given currency to differ more widely from country to country.'' They cite the example that a dollar in London should purchase the same goods as a dollar in Chicago, which is certainly not the case. Nontradables are primarily services and the output of the construction industry. Nontradables also lead to deviations in PPP because the prices of nontradables are not linked internationally. The prices are determined by domestic supply and demand, and shifts in those curves lead to changes in the market basket of some goods relative to the foreign price of the same basket. If the prices of nontradables rise, the purchasing power of any given currency will fall in that country. Departures from free competition ( edit ) Linkages between national price levels are also weakened when trade barriers and imperfectly competitive market structures occur together. Pricing to market occurs when a firm sells the same product for different prices in different markets. This is a reflection of inter-country differences in conditions on both the demand side ( e.g. , virtually no demand for pork in Islamic states) and the supply side ( e.g. , whether the existing market for a prospective entrant's product features few suppliers or instead is already near-saturated). According to Krugman and Obstfeld, this occurrence of product differentiation and segmented markets results in violations of the law of one price and absolute PPP. Over time, shifts in market structure and demand will occur, which may invalidate relative PPP. Differences in price level measurement ( edit ) Measurement of price levels differ from country to country. Inflation data from different countries are based on different commodity baskets; therefore, exchange rate changes do not offset official measures of inflation differences. Because it makes predictions about price changes rather than price levels, relative PPP is still a useful concept. However, change in the relative prices of basket components can cause relative PPP to fail tests that are based on official price indexes. Global poverty line ( edit ) The global poverty line is a worldwide count of people who live below an international poverty line , referred to as the dollar-a-day line. This line represents an average of the national poverty lines of the world's poorest countries , expressed in international dollars. These national poverty lines are converted to international currency and the global line is converted back to local currency using the PPP exchange rates from the ICP. PPP exchange rates include data from the sales of high end none poverty related items which skews the value of food items and necessary goods which is 70 percent of poor peoples' consumption. Angus Deaton argues that PPP indexes need to be reweighted for use in poverty measurement; they need to be redefined to reflect local poverty measures, not global measures, weighing local food items and excluding luxury items that are not prevalent or are not of equal value in all localities. See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal List of countries by GDP (PPP) List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita List of IMF ranked countries by GDP , Includes IMF ranked PPP of 186 countries Measures of national income and output Relative purchasing power parity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassel, Gustav (December 1918). `` Abnormal Deviations in International Exchanges'' . 28, No. 112 (112). The Economic Journal: 413-- 415. JSTOR 2223329 . Jump up ^ Cheung, Yin-Wong (2009). `` purchasing power parity'' . In Reinert, Kenneth A.; Rajan, Ramkishen S.; Glass, Amy Jocelyn; et al. The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy . I. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 942. ISBN 978-0-691-12812-2 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Krugman and Obstfeld (2009). International Economics . Pearson Education, Inc. Jump up ^ Daneshkhu, Scheherazade (18 December 2007). `` China, India economies ' 40% smaller ' '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ 2005 World Development Indicators: Table 5.7 Relative prices and exchange rates Archived 2007-02-23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal) Jump up ^ List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates Jump up ^ Taylor and Taylor, Alan and Mark (Fall 2004). `` The Purchasing Power Parity Debate'' (PDF) . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 18 (4): 135-- 158. doi : 10.1257/0895330042632744 . Jump up ^ `` CNN/Money: Global gas prices'' . ^ Jump up to: Krugman and Obstfeld (2009). International Economics . Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 394-- 395. Jump up ^ `` The Big Mac index'' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017-06-13 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Mac Index'' . The Big Mac Index . Retrieved 2017-06-13 . Jump up ^ Narasimhan, Anand; Dogra, Aparna (3 September 2012). `` The case study: Goli Vada Pav'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive currency-comparison tool'' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Glenda Kwek. `` Is the Aussie too expensive? iPad index says no'' . The Age . Jump up ^ 23rd Sep 2013, CommSec Economic Insight: CommSec iPad Index Jump up ^ (1) Commonwealth Securities 23 September 2013 Jump up ^ Liz Tay (September 23, 2013). `` Here's How Much An iPad Costs In 46 Countries'' . Business Insider Australia. Jump up ^ Global Gasoline Affordability Ranking - GlobalPetrolPrices, 14 September 2015 Jump up ^ Buying gasoline on minimum wage - GlobalPetrolPrices, 23 August 2016 Jump up ^ as of 14 Apr 2015 `` Monthly comparative price levels'' . OECD. 14 April 2015. Jump up ^ Paul Schreyer and Francette Koechlin (March 2002). `` Purchasing power parities -- measurement and uses'' (PDF) . Statistics Brief . OECD (3). CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul McCarthy. `` Chapter 18: Extrapolating PPPs and Comparing ICP Benchmark Results'' (PDF) . International Comparison Program . World Bank . p. 29. Jump up ^ Thomas Pogge on Global Poverty Jump up ^ Price indexes, inequality, and the measurement of world poverty Angus Deaton, Princeton University External links ( edit ) Penn World Table Purchasing power parities updated by Organisation of Cooperation and Development (OECD) from OECD data Explanations from the U. of British Columbia (also provides daily updated PPP charts) Purchasing power parities as example of international statistical cooperation from Eurostat - Statistics Explained World Bank International Comparison Project provides PPP estimates for a large number of countries UBS's `` Prices and Earnings'' Report 2006 Good report on purchasing power containing a Big Mac index as well as for staples such as bread and rice for 71 world cities. `` Understanding PPPs and PPP based national accounts'' provides an overview of methodological issues in calculating PPP and in designing the ICP under which the main PPP tables (Maddison, Penn World Tables, and World Bank WDI) are based. 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where is the olmec civilization located on a map | The Olmecs ( / ˈɒlmɛks / ) were the earliest known major civilization in Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco . They lived in the tropical lowlands of south - central Mexico , in the present - day states of Veracruz and Tabasco . It has been speculated that the Olmecs derive in part from neighboring Mokaya or Mixe -- Zoque . | [
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"south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco"
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"The Olmecs ( / ˈɒlmɛks / ) were the earliest known major civilization in Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco . They lived in the tropical lowlands of south - central Mexico , in the present - day states of Veracruz and Tabasco . It has been speculated that the Olmecs derive in part from neighboring Mokaya or Mixe -- Zoque .",
"The Olmecs flourished during Mesoamerica 's formative period , dating roughly from as early as 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE . Pre-Olmec cultures had flourished in the area since about 2500 BCE , but by 1600 -- 1500 BCE , early Olmec culture had emerged , centered on the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán site near the coast in southeast Veracruz . They were the first Mesoamerican civilization , and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed . Among other `` firsts '' , the Olmec appeared to practice ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame , hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies . The aspect of the Olmecs most familiar now is their artwork , particularly the aptly named `` colossal heads '' . The Olmec civilization was first defined through artifacts which collectors purchased on the pre-Columbian art market in the late 19th century and early 20th century . Olmec artworks are considered among ancient America 's most striking .",
"The name ' Olmec ' comes from the Nahuatl word for the Olmecs : Ōlmēcatl ( oːlˈmeːkat͡ɬ ) ( singular ) or Ōlmēcah ( oːlˈmeːkaʔ ) ( plural ) . This word is composed of the two words ōlli ( ˈoːlːi ) , meaning `` rubber '' , and mēcatl ( ˈmeːkat͡ɬ ) , meaning `` people '' , so the word means `` rubber people '' .",
"The Olmec heartland is the area in the Gulf lowlands where it expanded after early development in Soconusco , Veracruz . This area is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hills , ridges , and volcanoes . The Tuxtlas Mountains rise sharply in the north , along the Gulf of Mexico 's Bay of Campeche . Here , the Olmec constructed permanent city - temple complexes at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , La Venta , Tres Zapotes , and Laguna de los Cerros . In this region , the first Mesoamerican civilization emerged and reigned from c. 1400 -- 400 BCE .",
"The beginnings of Olmec civilization have traditionally been placed between 1400 and 1200 BCE . Past finds of Olmec remains ritually deposited at El Manati shrine ( near San Lorenzo ) moved this back to `` at least '' 1600 -- 1500 BCE . It seems that the Olmec had their roots in early farming cultures of Tabasco , which began between 5100 BCE and 4600 BCE . These shared the same basic food crops and technologies of the later Olmec civilization .",
"What is today called Olmec first appeared fully within the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , where distinctive Olmec features occurred around 1400 BCE . The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well - watered alluvial soil , as well as by the transportation network provided by the Coatzacoalcos River basin . This environment may be compared to that of other ancient centers of civilization : the Nile , Indus , and Yellow River valleys , and Mesopotamia . This highly productive environment encouraged a densely concentrated population , which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class . The elite class created the demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture . Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such as jade , obsidian , and magnetite , which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica . The source of the most valued jade was the Motagua River valley in eastern Guatemala , and Olmec obsidian has been traced to sources in the Guatemala highlands , such as El Chayal and San Martín Jilotepeque , or in Puebla , distances ranging from 200 to 400 km ( 120 -- 250 miles ) away , respectively .",
"The state of Guerrero , and in particular its early Mezcala culture , seem to have played an important role in the early history of Olmec culture . Olmec - style artifacts tend to appear earlier in some parts of Guerrero than in the Veracruz - Tabasco area . In particular , the relevant objects from the Amuco - Abelino site in Guerrero reveal dates as early as 1530 BCE . The city of Teopantecuanitlan in Guerrero is also relevant in this regard .",
"The first Olmec center , San Lorenzo , was all but abandoned around 900 BCE at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence . A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred circa 950 BCE , which may indicate an internal uprising or , less likely , an invasion . The latest thinking , however , is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers , with certain important rivers changing course .",
"In any case , following the decline of San Lorenzo , La Venta became the most prominent Olmec center , lasting from 900 BCE until its abandonment around 400 BCE . La Venta sustained the Olmec cultural traditions with spectacular displays of power and wealth . The Great Pyramid was the largest Mesoamerican structure of its time . Even today , after 2500 years of erosion , it rises 34 m ( 112 ft ) above the naturally flat landscape . Buried deep within La Venta lay opulent , labor - intensive `` offerings '' -- 1000 tons of smooth serpentine blocks , large mosaic pavements , and at least 48 separate deposits of polished jade celts , pottery , figurines , and hematite mirrors .",
"Scholars have yet to determine the cause of the eventual extinction of the Olmec culture . Between 400 and 350 BCE , the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously , and the area was sparsely inhabited until the 19th century . According to archaeologists , this depopulation was probably the result of `` very serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers '' , in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture , hunting and gathering , and transportation . These changes may have been triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence , or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices .",
"One theory for the considerable population drop during the Terminal Formative period is suggested by Santley and colleagues ( Santley et al. 1997 ) , who propose the relocation of settlements due to volcanism , instead of extinction . Volcanic eruptions during the Early , Late and Terminal Formative periods would have blanketed the lands and forced the Olmec to move their settlements .",
"Whatever the cause , within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities , successor cultures became firmly established . The Tres Zapotes site , on the western edge of the Olmec heartland , continued to be occupied well past 400 BCE , but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture . This post-Olmec culture , often labeled Epi - Olmec , has features similar to those found at Izapa , some 550 km ( 330 miles ) to the southeast .",
"The Olmec culture was first defined as an art style , and this continues to be the hallmark of the culture . Wrought in a large number of media -- jade , clay , basalt , and greenstone among others -- much Olmec art , such as The Wrestler , is naturalistic . Other art expresses fantastic anthropomorphic creatures , often highly stylized , using an iconography reflective of a religious meaning . Common motifs include downturned mouths and a cleft head , both of which are seen in representations of were - jaguars .",
"In addition to making human and human - like subjects , Olmec artisans were adept at animal portrayals ; for example , the fish vessel to the right or the bird vessel in the gallery below .",
"While Olmec figurines are found abundantly in sites throughout the Formative Period , the stone monuments such as the colossal heads are the most recognizable feature of Olmec culture . These monuments can be divided into four classes :",
"Colossal heads ( which can be up to 3 m ( 10 ft ) tall ) ; Rectangular `` altars '' ( more likely thrones ) such as Altar 5 shown below ; Free - standing in - the - round sculpture , such as the twins from El Azuzul or San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 ; and Stelae , such as La Venta Monument 19 above . The stelae form was generally introduced later than the colossal heads , altars , or free - standing sculptures . Over time , the stelae changed from simple representation of figures , such as Monument 19 or La Venta Stela 1 , toward representations of historical events , particularly acts legitimizing rulers . This trend would culminate in post-Olmec monuments such as La Mojarra Stela 1 , which combines images of rulers with script and calendar dates .",
"Colossal heads ( which can be up to 3 m ( 10 ft ) tall ) ;",
"Rectangular `` altars '' ( more likely thrones ) such as Altar 5 shown below ;",
"Free - standing in - the - round sculpture , such as the twins from El Azuzul or San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 ; and",
"Stelae , such as La Venta Monument 19 above . The stelae form was generally introduced later than the colossal heads , altars , or free - standing sculptures . Over time , the stelae changed from simple representation of figures , such as Monument 19 or La Venta Stela 1 , toward representations of historical events , particularly acts legitimizing rulers . This trend would culminate in post-Olmec monuments such as La Mojarra Stela 1 , which combines images of rulers with script and calendar dates .",
"The most recognized aspect of the Olmec civilization are the enormous helmeted heads . As no known pre-Columbian text explains them , these impressive monuments have been the subject of much speculation . Once theorized to be ballplayers , it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers , perhaps dressed as ballplayers . Infused with individuality , no two heads are alike and the helmet - like headdresses are adorned with distinctive elements , suggesting personal or group symbols . Some have also speculated that Mesoamerican people believed that the soul , along with all of one 's experiences and emotions , was contained inside the head .",
"Seventeen colossal heads have been unearthed to date .",
"Site Count Designations San Lorenzo 10 Colossal Heads 1 through 10 La Venta Monuments 1 through 4 Tres Zapotes Monuments A & Q Rancho la Cobata Monument 1",
"Site Count Designations San Lorenzo 10 Colossal Heads 1 through 10 La Venta Monuments 1 through 4 Tres Zapotes Monuments A & Q Rancho la Cobata Monument 1",
"Site Count Designations San Lorenzo 10 Colossal Heads 1 through 10 La Venta Monuments 1 through 4 Tres Zapotes Monuments A & Q Rancho la Cobata Monument 1",
"Site Count Designations",
"San Lorenzo 10 Colossal Heads 1 through 10",
"La Venta Monuments 1 through 4",
"Tres Zapotes Monuments A & Q",
"Rancho la Cobata Monument 1",
"The heads range in size from the Rancho La Cobata head , at 3.4 m ( 11 ft ) high , to the pair at Tres Zapotes , at 1.47 m ( 4 ft 10 in ) . Scholars calculate that the largest heads weigh between 25 and 55 tonnes ( 28 and 61 short tons ) .",
"The heads were carved from single blocks or boulders of volcanic basalt , found in the Tuxtlas Mountains . The Tres Zapotes heads , for example , were sculpted from basalt found at the summit of Cerro el Vigía , at the western end of the Tuxtlas . The San Lorenzo and La Venta heads , on the other hand , were probably carved from the basalt of Cerro Cintepec , on the southeastern side , perhaps at the nearby Llano del Jicaro workshop , and dragged or floated to their final destination dozens of miles away . It has been estimated that moving a colossal head required the efforts of 1,500 people for three to four months .",
"Some of the heads , and many other monuments , have been variously mutilated , buried and disinterred , reset in new locations and / or reburied . Some monuments , and at least two heads , were recycled or recarved , but it is not known whether this was simply due to the scarcity of stone or whether these actions had ritual or other connotations . Scholars believe that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction , but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or , less likely , invasion as a factor .",
"The flat - faced , thick - lipped heads have caused some debate due to their resemblance to some African facial characteristics . Based on this comparison , some writers have said that the Olmecs were Africans who had emigrated to the New World . But , the vast majority of archaeologists and other Mesoamerican scholars reject claims of pre-Columbian contacts with Africa . Explanations for the facial features of the colossal heads include the possibility that the heads were carved in this manner due to the shallow space allowed on the basalt boulders . Others note that in addition to the broad noses and thick lips , the eyes of the heads often show the epicanthic fold , and that all these characteristics can still be found in modern Mesoamerican Indians . For instance , in the 1940s , the artist / art historian Miguel Covarrubias published a series of photos of Olmec artworks and of the faces of modern Mexican Indians with very similar facial characteristics . The African origin hypothesis assumes that Olmec carving was intended to be a representation of the inhabitants , an assumption that is hard to justify given the full corpus of representation in Olmec carving . Ivan van Sertima claimed that the seven braids on the Tres Zapotes head was an Ethiopian hair style but he offered no evidence that this was an Ethiopian hair style at the appropriate time . The Egyptologist Frank Yurco has said that the Olmec braids do not resemble contemporary Egyptian or Nubian braids .",
"Richard Diehl wrote `` There can be no doubt that the heads depict the American Indian physical type still seen on the streets of Soteapan , Acayucan , and other towns in the region . ''",
"Another type of artifact is much smaller ; hardstone carvings in jade of a face in a mask form . Jade is a particularly precious material , and it was used as a mark of rank by the ruling classes . By 1500 BC early Olmec sculptors mastered the human form . This can be determined by wooden Olmec sculptures discovered in the swampy bogs of El Manati . Before radiocarbon dating could tell the exact age of Olmec pieces , archaeologists and art historians noticed the unique `` Olmec - style '' in a variety of artifacts .",
"Curators and scholars refer to `` Olmec - style '' face masks but , to date , no example has been recovered in an archaeologically controlled Olmec context . They have been recovered from sites of other cultures , including one deliberately deposited in the ceremonial precinct of Tenochtitlan ( Mexico City ) . The mask would presumably have been about 2,000 years old when the Aztec buried it , suggesting such masks were valued and collected as were Roman antiquities in Europe . The `` Olmec - style '' refers to the combination of deep - set eyes , nostrils , and strong , slightly asymmetrical mouth . The `` Olmec - style '' also very distinctly combines facial features of both humans and jaguars . Olmec arts are strongly tied to the Olmec religion , which prominently featured Jaguars . The Olmecs believed that in the distant past a race of `` Were - Jaguars '' was made between the union of a jaguar and a woman . One ' were - jaguar ' quality that can be found is the sharp cleft in the forehead of many supernatural beings in Olmec art . This sharp cleft is associated with the natural indented head of Jaguars .",
"The Kunz Axes ( also known as `` Votive Axes '' ) are figures that represent werejaguars . In most of the cases their head represents half of their volume . While they 've always been referred to as `` votive axes '' , the places where they were found and when we see them , it 's very clear that they 're used for rituals . All of the Kunz Axes have flat noses and open mouth .",
"1200 - 400 BC ; polished green quartz ( aventurine ) ; height : 29 cm , width : 13.5 cm ; British Museum ( London ) 900 - 500 BC ; stone ; Dallas Museum of Art ( Texas , USA ) 800 - 400 BC ; serpentine , cinnabar ; Dallas Museum of Art",
"1200 - 400 BC ; polished green quartz ( aventurine ) ; height : 29 cm , width : 13.5 cm ; British Museum ( London )",
"1200 - 400 BC ; polished green quartz ( aventurine ) ; height : 29 cm , width : 13.5 cm ; British Museum ( London )",
"900 - 500 BC ; stone ; Dallas Museum of Art ( Texas , USA )",
"900 - 500 BC ; stone ; Dallas Museum of Art ( Texas , USA )",
"800 - 400 BC ; serpentine , cinnabar ; Dallas Museum of Art",
"800 - 400 BC ; serpentine , cinnabar ; Dallas Museum of Art",
"Olmec - style artifacts , designs , figurines , monuments and iconography have been found in the archaeological records of sites hundreds of kilometres outside the Olmec heartland . These sites include :",
"Tlatilco and Tlapacoya , major centers of the Tlatilco culture in the Valley of Mexico , where artifacts include hollow baby - face motif figurines and Olmec designs on ceramics .",
"Chalcatzingo , in Valley of Morelos , central Mexico , which features Olmec - style monumental art and rock art with Olmec - style figures .",
"Also , in 2007 , archaeologists unearthed Zazacatla , an Olmec - influenced city in Morelos . Located about 25 miles ( 40 kilometers ) south of Mexico City , Zazacatla covered about one square mile ( 2.6 km ) between 800 and 500 BCE .",
"Teopantecuanitlan , in Guerrero , which features Olmec - style monumental art as well as city plans with distinctive Olmec features .",
"Also , the Juxtlahuaca and Oxtotitlan cave paintings feature Olmec designs and motifs .",
"Olmec influence is also seen at several sites in the Southern Maya area .",
"In Guatemala , sites showing probable Olmec influence include San Bartolo , Takalik Abaj and La Democracia .",
"Many theories have been advanced to account for the occurrence of Olmec influence far outside the heartland , including long - range trade by Olmec merchants , Olmec colonization of other regions , Olmec artisans travelling to other cities , conscious imitation of Olmec artistic styles by developing towns -- some even suggest the prospect of Olmec military domination or that the Olmec iconography was actually developed outside the heartland .",
"The generally accepted , but by no means unanimous , interpretation is that the Olmec - style artifacts , in all sizes , became associated with elite status and were adopted by non-Olmec Formative Period chieftains in an effort to bolster their status .",
"In addition to their influence with contemporaneous Mesoamerican cultures , as the first civilization in Mesoamerica , the Olmecs are credited , or speculatively credited , with many `` firsts '' , including the bloodletting and perhaps human sacrifice , writing and epigraphy , and the invention of popcorn , zero and the Mesoamerican calendar , and the Mesoamerican ballgame , as well as perhaps the compass . Some researchers , including artist and art historian Miguel Covarrubias , even postulate that the Olmecs formulated the forerunners of many of the later Mesoamerican deities .",
"Although the archaeological record does not include explicit representation of Olmec bloodletting , researchers have found other evidence that the Olmec ritually practiced it . For example , numerous natural and ceramic stingray spikes and maguey thorns have been found at Olmec sites , and certain artifacts have been identified as bloodletters .",
"The argument that the Olmec instituted human sacrifice is significantly more speculative . No Olmec or Olmec - influenced sacrificial artifacts have yet been discovered ; no Olmec or Olmec - influenced artwork unambiguously shows sacrificial victims ( as do the danzante figures of Monte Albán ) or scenes of human sacrifice ( such as can be seen in the famous ballcourt mural from El Tajin ) .",
"At the El Manatí site , disarticulated skulls and femurs , as well as the complete skeletons of newborn or unborn children , have been discovered amidst the other offerings , leading to speculation concerning infant sacrifice . Scholars have not determined how the infants met their deaths . Some authors have associated infant sacrifice with Olmec ritual art showing limp were - jaguar babies , most famously in La Venta 's Altar 5 ( on the right ) or Las Limas figure . Any definitive answer requires further findings .",
"The Olmec may have been the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to develop a writing system . Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date from 650 BCE and 900 BCE respectively , preceding the oldest Zapotec writing found so far , which dates from about 500 BCE .",
"The 2002 find at the San Andrés site shows a bird , speech scrolls , and glyphs that are similar to the later Mayan hieroglyphs . Known as the Cascajal Block , and dated between 1100 BCE and 900 BCE , the 2006 find from a site near San Lorenzo shows a set of 62 symbols , 28 of which are unique , carved on a serpentine block . A large number of prominent archaeologists have hailed this find as the `` earliest pre-Columbian writing '' . Others are skeptical because of the stone 's singularity , the fact that it had been removed from any archaeological context , and because it bears no apparent resemblance to any other Mesoamerican writing system .",
"There are also well - documented later hieroglyphs known as `` Epi - Olmec '' , and while there are some who believe that Epi - Olmec may represent a transitional script between an earlier Olmec writing system and Mayan writing , the matter remains unsettled .",
"The Long Count calendar used by many subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations , as well as the concept of zero , may have been devised by the Olmecs . Because the six artifacts with the earliest Long Count calendar dates were all discovered outside the immediate Maya homeland , it is likely that this calendar predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs . Indeed , three of these six artifacts were found within the Olmec heartland . But an argument against an Olmec origin is the fact that the Olmec civilization had ended by the 4th century BCE , several centuries before the earliest known Long Count date artifact .",
"The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place - holder within its vigesimal ( base - 20 ) positional numeral system . A shell glyph -- -- was used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates , the second oldest of which , on Stela C at Tres Zapotes , has a date of 32 BCE . This is one of the earliest uses of the zero concept in history .",
"The Olmec are strong candidates for originating the Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes . A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600 BCE or earlier have been found in El Manatí , a bog 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan . These balls predate the earliest ballcourt yet discovered at Paso de la Amada , circa 1400 BCE , although there is no certainty that they were used in the ballgame .",
"While the actual ethno - linguistic affiliation of the Olmec remains unknown , various hypotheses have been put forward . For example , in 1968 Michael D. Coe speculated that the Olmec were Mayan predecessors .",
"In 1976 , linguists Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman published a paper in which they argued a core number of loanwords had apparently spread from a Mixe -- Zoquean language into many other Mesoamerican languages . Campbell and Kaufman proposed that the presence of these core loanwords indicated that the Olmec -- generally regarded as the first `` highly civilized '' Mesoamerican society -- spoke a language ancestral to Mixe -- Zoquean . The spread of this vocabulary particular to their culture accompanied the diffusion of other Olmec cultural and artistic traits that appears in the archaeological record of other Mesoamerican societies .",
"Mixe -- Zoque specialist Søren Wichmann first critiqued this theory on the basis that most of the Mixe -- Zoquean loans seemed to originate only from the Zoquean branch of the family . This implied the loanword transmission occurred in the period after the two branches of the language family split , placing the time of the borrowings outside of the Olmec period . However , new evidence has pushed back the proposed date for the split of Mixean and Zoquean languages to a period within the Olmec era . Based on this dating , the architectural and archaeological patterns and the particulars of the vocabulary loaned to other Mesoamerican languages from Mixe -- Zoquean , Wichmann now suggests that the Olmecs of San Lorenzo spoke proto - Mixe and the Olmecs of La Venta spoke proto - Zoque .",
"At least the fact that the Mixe -- Zoquean languages are still spoken in an area corresponding roughly to the Olmec heartland , and are historically known to have been spoken there , leads most scholars to assume that the Olmec spoke one or more Mixe -- Zoquean languages .",
"Olmec religious activities were performed by a combination of rulers , full - time priests , and shamans . The rulers seem to have been the most important religious figures , with their links to the Olmec deities or supernaturals providing legitimacy for their rule . There is also considerable evidence for shamans in the Olmec archaeological record , particularly in the so - called `` transformation figures '' .",
"As Olmec mythology has left no documents comparable to the Popul Vuh from Maya mythology , any exposition of Olmec mythology must be based on interpretations of surviving monumental and portable art ( such as the Las Limas figure at right ) , and comparisons with other Mesoamerican mythologies . Olmec art shows that such deities as the Feathered Serpent and a rain supernatural were already in the Mesoamerican pantheon in Olmec times .",
"Little is directly known about the societal or political structure of Olmec society . Although it is assumed by most researchers that the colossal heads and several other sculptures represent rulers , nothing has been found like the Maya stelae ( see drawing ) which name specific rulers and provide the dates of their rule .",
"Instead , archaeologists relied on the data that they had , such as large - and small - scale site surveys . These provided evidence of considerable centralization within the Olmec region , first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta -- no other Olmec sites come close to these in terms of area or in the quantity and quality of architecture and sculpture .",
"This evidence of geographic and demographic centralization leads archaeologists to propose that Olmec society itself was hierarchical , concentrated first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta , with an elite that was able to use their control over materials such as water and monumental stone to exert command and legitimize their regime .",
"Nonetheless , Olmec society is thought to lack many of the institutions of later civilizations , such as a standing army or priestly caste . And there is no evidence that San Lorenzo or La Venta controlled , even during their heyday , all of the Olmec heartland . There is some doubt , for example , that La Venta controlled even Arroyo Sonso , only some 35 km ( 22 mi ) away . Studies of the Tuxtla Mountain settlements , some 60 km ( 37 mi ) away , indicate that this area was composed of more or less egalitarian communities outside the control of lowland centers .",
"The wide diffusion of Olmec artifacts and `` Olmecoid '' iconography throughout much of Mesoamerica indicates the existence of extensive long - distance trade networks . Exotic , prestigious and high - value materials such as greenstone and marine shell were moved in significant quantities across large distances . Some of the reasons for trade revolve around the lack of obsidian in the heartland . The Olmec used obsidian in many tools because worked edges were very sharp and durable . Most of the obsidian found has been traced back to Guatemala showing the extensive trade . While the Olmec were not the first in Mesoamerica to organize long - distance exchanges of goods , the Olmec period saw a significant expansion in interregional trade routes , more variety in material goods exchanged and a greater diversity in the sources from which the base materials were obtained .",
"Despite their size and deliberate urban design , which was copied by other centers , San Lorenzo and La Venta were largely ceremonial centers , and the majority of the Olmec lived in villages similar to present - day villages and hamlets in Tabasco and Veracruz .",
"These villages were located on higher ground and consisted of several scattered houses . A modest temple may have been associated with the larger villages . The individual dwellings would consist of a house , an associated lean - to , and one or more storage pits ( similar in function to a root cellar ) . A nearby garden was used for medicinal and cooking herbs and for smaller crops , such as the domesticated sunflower . Fruit trees , such as avocado or cacao , were probably available nearby .",
"Although the river banks were used to plant crops between flooding periods , the Olmecs probably also practiced swidden ( or slash - and - burn ) agriculture to clear the forests and shrubs , and to provide new fields once the old fields were exhausted . Fields were located outside the village , and were used for maize , beans , squash , manioc , and sweet potato . Based on archaeological studies of two villages in the Tuxtlas Mountains , it is known that maize cultivation became increasingly important to the Olmec over time , although the diet remained fairly diverse .",
"The fruits and vegetables were supplemented with fish , turtle , snake , and mollusks from the nearby rivers , and crabs and shellfish in the coastal areas . Birds were available as food sources , as were game including peccary , opossum , raccoon , rabbit , and in particular , deer . Despite the wide range of hunting and fishing available , midden surveys in San Lorenzo have found that the domesticated dog was the single most plentiful source of animal protein .",
"Olmec culture was unknown to historians until the mid-19th century . In 1869 , the Mexican antiquarian traveller José Melgar y Serrano published a description of the first Olmec monument to have been found in situ . This monument -- the colossal head now labelled Tres Zapotes Monument A -- had been discovered in the late 1850s by a farm worker clearing forested land on a hacienda in Veracruz . Hearing about the curious find while travelling through the region , Melgar y Serrano first visited the site in 1862 to see for himself and complete the partially exposed sculpture 's excavation . His description of the object , published several years later after further visits to the site , represents the earliest documented report of an artifact of what is now known as the Olmec culture .",
"In the latter half of the 19th century , Olmec artifacts such as the Kunz Axe ( right ) came to light and were subsequently recognized as belonging to a unique artistic tradition .",
"Frans Blom and Oliver La Farge made the first detailed descriptions of La Venta and San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 during their 1925 expedition . However , at this time , most archaeologists assumed the Olmec were contemporaneous with the Maya -- even Blom and La Farge were , in their own words , `` inclined to ascribe them to the Maya culture '' .",
"Matthew Stirling of the Smithsonian Institution conducted the first detailed scientific excavations of Olmec sites in the 1930s and 1940s . Stirling , along with art historian Miguel Covarrubias , became convinced that the Olmec predated most other known Mesoamerican civilizations .",
"In counterpoint to Stirling , Covarrubias , and Alfonso Caso , however , Mayanists J. Eric Thompson and Sylvanus Morley argued for Classic - era dates for the Olmec artifacts . The question of Olmec chronology came to a head at a 1942 Tuxtla Gutierrez conference , where Alfonso Caso declared that the Olmecs were the `` mother culture '' ( `` cultura madre '' ) of Mesoamerica .",
"Shortly after the conference , radiocarbon dating proved the antiquity of the Olmec civilization , although the `` mother culture '' question generated considerable debate even 60 years later .",
"The name `` Olmec '' means `` rubber people '' in Nahuatl , the language of the Aztec , and was the Aztec name for the people who lived in the Gulf Lowlands in the 15th and 16th centuries , some 2000 years after the Olmec culture died out . The term `` rubber people '' refers to the ancient practice , spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs , of extracting latex from Castilla elastica , a rubber tree in the area . The juice of a local vine , Ipomoea alba , was then mixed with this latex to create rubber as early as 1600 BCE .",
"Early modern explorers and archaeologists , however , mistakenly applied the name `` Olmec '' to the rediscovered ruins and artifacts in the heartland decades before it was understood that these were not created by the people the Aztecs knew as the `` Olmec '' , but rather a culture that was 2000 years older . Despite the mistaken identity , the name has stuck .",
"It is not known what name the ancient Olmec used for themselves ; some later Mesoamerican accounts seem to refer to the ancient Olmec as `` Tamoanchan '' . A contemporary term sometimes used for the Olmec culture is tenocelome , meaning `` mouth of the jaguar '' .",
"Partly because the Olmecs developed the first Mesoamerican civilization , and partly because little is known of them ( compared with , for example , to the Maya or Aztec ) , a number of Olmec alternative origin speculations have been put forth . Although several of these speculations , particularly the theory that the Olmecs were of African origin popularized by Ivan van Sertima 's book They Came Before Columbus , have become well - known within popular culture . They are not considered credible by the vast majority of Mesoamerican researchers and scientists , who discard it as pop - culture pseudo-science .",
"Colossal Head Olmec Head No. 1 , 1200 -- 900 BCE Olmec human figure , 1200 -- 1000 BCE The `` twins '' from El Azuzul , 1200 -- 900 BCE Bird Vessel , 12th -- 9th century BCE Three celts , Olmec ritual objects Olmec were - jaguar Olmec style bottle , reputedly from Las Bocas , 1100 -- 800 BCE Olmec jade mask . Olmec - style painting from the Juxtlahuaca cave Olmec Baby Figure 1200 -- 900 BCE Olmec - style bas relief `` El Rey '' from Chalcatzingo",
"Colossal Head",
"Olmec Head No. 1 , 1200 -- 900 BCE",
"Olmec Head No. 1 , 1200 -- 900 BCE",
"Olmec human figure , 1200 -- 1000 BCE",
"Olmec human figure , 1200 -- 1000 BCE",
"The `` twins '' from El Azuzul , 1200 -- 900 BCE",
"The `` twins '' from El Azuzul , 1200 -- 900 BCE",
"Bird Vessel , 12th -- 9th century BCE",
"Bird Vessel , 12th -- 9th century BCE",
"Three celts , Olmec ritual objects",
"Three celts , Olmec ritual objects",
"Olmec were - jaguar",
"Olmec were - jaguar",
"Olmec style bottle , reputedly from Las Bocas , 1100 -- 800 BCE",
"Olmec style bottle , reputedly from Las Bocas , 1100 -- 800 BCE",
"Olmec jade mask .",
"Olmec jade mask .",
"Olmec - style painting from the Juxtlahuaca cave",
"Olmec - style painting from the Juxtlahuaca cave",
"Olmec Baby Figure 1200 -- 900 BCE",
"Olmec Baby Figure 1200 -- 900 BCE",
"Olmec - style bas relief `` El Rey '' from Chalcatzingo",
"Olmec - style bas relief `` El Rey '' from Chalcatzingo"
] | Olmecs - wikipedia Olmecs Olmec Head No. 3 from San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200-- 900 BCE `` The Wrestler '' , an Olmec era statuette, 1400-- 400 BCE Olmec jadeite mask 1000-- 600 BCE The Olmecs ( / ˈɒlmɛks / ) were the earliest known major civilization in Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco . They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco . It has been speculated that the Olmecs derive in part from neighboring Mokaya or Mixe-- Zoque . The Olmecs flourished during Mesoamerica 's formative period , dating roughly from as early as 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE. Pre-Olmec cultures had flourished in the area since about 2500 BCE, but by 1600-- 1500 BCE, early Olmec culture had emerged, centered on the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán site near the coast in southeast Veracruz. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization, and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed. Among other `` firsts'' , the Olmec appeared to practice ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame , hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies. The aspect of the Olmecs most familiar now is their artwork, particularly the aptly named `` colossal heads '' . The Olmec civilization was first defined through artifacts which collectors purchased on the pre-Columbian art market in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Olmec artworks are considered among ancient America's most striking. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Overview 2.1 Origins 2.2 La Venta 2.3 Decline 3 Art 3.1 Colossal heads 3.2 Jade face masks 3.3 Kunz Axes 4 Beyond the heartland 4.1 Central Mexico 4.2 Western Mexico 4.3 Southern Mexico and Guatemala 4.4 Nature of interaction 5 Notable innovations 5.1 Bloodletting and sacrifice speculation 5.2 Writing 5.3 Mesoamerican Long Count calendar and invention of the zero concept 5.4 Mesoamerican ballgame 6 Ethnicity and language 7 Religion and mythology 8 Social and political organization 9 Trade 10 Village life and diet 11 History of archaeological research 11.1 Etymology 12 Alternative origin speculations 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 Footnotes 16 References 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name ' Olmec' comes from the Nahuatl word for the Olmecs: Ōlmēcatl (oːlˈmeːkat͡ɬ ) (singular) or Ōlmēcah (oːlˈmeːkaʔ ) (plural). This word is composed of the two words ōlli (ˈoːlːi ) , meaning `` rubber'' , and mēcatl (ˈmeːkat͡ɬ ) , meaning `` people'' , so the word means `` rubber people'' . Overview ( edit ) The Olmec heartland , where the Olmec reigned from 1400 to 400 BCE The Olmec heartland is the area in the Gulf lowlands where it expanded after early development in Soconusco , Veracruz. This area is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hills, ridges, and volcanoes. The Tuxtlas Mountains rise sharply in the north, along the Gulf of Mexico's Bay of Campeche . Here, the Olmec constructed permanent city-temple complexes at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , La Venta , Tres Zapotes , and Laguna de los Cerros . In this region, the first Mesoamerican civilization emerged and reigned from c. 1400-- 400 BCE. Origins ( edit ) Main article: San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán The beginnings of Olmec civilization have traditionally been placed between 1400 and 1200 BCE. Past finds of Olmec remains ritually deposited at El Manati shrine (near San Lorenzo) moved this back to `` at least'' 1600-- 1500 BCE. It seems that the Olmec had their roots in early farming cultures of Tabasco , which began between 5100 BCE and 4600 BCE. These shared the same basic food crops and technologies of the later Olmec civilization. What is today called Olmec first appeared fully within the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , where distinctive Olmec features occurred around 1400 BCE. The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well-watered alluvial soil, as well as by the transportation network provided by the Coatzacoalcos River basin. This environment may be compared to that of other ancient centers of civilization: the Nile , Indus , and Yellow River valleys, and Mesopotamia . This highly productive environment encouraged a densely concentrated population, which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class. The elite class created the demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture. Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such as jade , obsidian , and magnetite , which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica. The source of the most valued jade was the Motagua River valley in eastern Guatemala , and Olmec obsidian has been traced to sources in the Guatemala highlands, such as El Chayal and San Martín Jilotepeque , or in Puebla , distances ranging from 200 to 400 km (120-- 250 miles) away, respectively. The state of Guerrero , and in particular its early Mezcala culture , seem to have played an important role in the early history of Olmec culture. Olmec-style artifacts tend to appear earlier in some parts of Guerrero than in the Veracruz-Tabasco area. In particular, the relevant objects from the Amuco-Abelino site in Guerrero reveal dates as early as 1530 BCE. The city of Teopantecuanitlan in Guerrero is also relevant in this regard. La Venta ( edit ) Main article: La Venta Great pyramid in La Venta , Tabasco The first Olmec center, San Lorenzo, was all but abandoned around 900 BCE at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence. A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred circa 950 BCE, which may indicate an internal uprising or, less likely, an invasion. The latest thinking, however, is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers, with certain important rivers changing course. In any case, following the decline of San Lorenzo, La Venta became the most prominent Olmec center, lasting from 900 BCE until its abandonment around 400 BCE. La Venta sustained the Olmec cultural traditions with spectacular displays of power and wealth. The Great Pyramid was the largest Mesoamerican structure of its time. Even today, after 2500 years of erosion, it rises 34 m (112 ft) above the naturally flat landscape. Buried deep within La Venta lay opulent, labor-intensive `` offerings'' -- 1000 tons of smooth serpentine blocks, large mosaic pavements, and at least 48 separate deposits of polished jade celts , pottery, figurines, and hematite mirrors . Decline ( edit ) Scholars have yet to determine the cause of the eventual extinction of the Olmec culture. Between 400 and 350 BCE, the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously, and the area was sparsely inhabited until the 19th century. According to archaeologists, this depopulation was probably the result of `` very serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers'' , in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture, hunting and gathering, and transportation. These changes may have been triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence, or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices. One theory for the considerable population drop during the Terminal Formative period is suggested by Santley and colleagues (Santley et al. 1997), who propose the relocation of settlements due to volcanism, instead of extinction. Volcanic eruptions during the Early, Late and Terminal Formative periods would have blanketed the lands and forced the Olmec to move their settlements. Whatever the cause, within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities, successor cultures became firmly established. The Tres Zapotes site, on the western edge of the Olmec heartland, continued to be occupied well past 400 BCE, but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture. This post-Olmec culture, often labeled Epi-Olmec , has features similar to those found at Izapa , some 550 km (330 miles) to the southeast. Art ( edit ) Fish Vessel, 12th-- 9th century BCE. Height: 6.5 inches (16.5 cm). Olmec white ware `` hollow baby'' figurine, 1000 -300 BC. The Olmec culture was first defined as an art style, and this continues to be the hallmark of the culture. Wrought in a large number of media -- jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone among others -- much Olmec art, such as The Wrestler , is naturalistic. Other art expresses fantastic anthropomorphic creatures, often highly stylized, using an iconography reflective of a religious meaning. Common motifs include downturned mouths and a cleft head, both of which are seen in representations of were-jaguars . In addition to making human and human-like subjects, Olmec artisans were adept at animal portrayals; for example, the fish vessel to the right or the bird vessel in the gallery below . While Olmec figurines are found abundantly in sites throughout the Formative Period , the stone monuments such as the colossal heads are the most recognizable feature of Olmec culture. These monuments can be divided into four classes: Colossal heads (which can be up to 3 m (10 ft) tall); Rectangular `` altars'' (more likely thrones) such as Altar 5 shown below; Free-standing in-the-round sculpture, such as the twins from El Azuzul or San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 ; and Stelae , such as La Venta Monument 19 above. The stelae form was generally introduced later than the colossal heads, altars, or free-standing sculptures. Over time, the stelae changed from simple representation of figures, such as Monument 19 or La Venta Stela 1 , toward representations of historical events, particularly acts legitimizing rulers. This trend would culminate in post-Olmec monuments such as La Mojarra Stela 1 , which combines images of rulers with script and calendar dates . Colossal heads ( edit ) Main article: Olmec colossal heads The most recognized aspect of the Olmec civilization are the enormous helmeted heads. As no known pre-Columbian text explains them, these impressive monuments have been the subject of much speculation. Once theorized to be ballplayers , it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers. Infused with individuality, no two heads are alike and the helmet-like headdresses are adorned with distinctive elements, suggesting personal or group symbols. Some have also speculated that Mesoamerican people believed that the soul, along with all of one's experiences and emotions, was contained inside the head. Seventeen colossal heads have been unearthed to date. Site Count Designations San Lorenzo 10 Colossal Heads 1 through 10 La Venta Monuments 1 through 4 Tres Zapotes Monuments A & Q Rancho la Cobata Monument 1 Tuxtla statuette The heads range in size from the Rancho La Cobata head, at 3.4 m (11 ft) high, to the pair at Tres Zapotes, at 1.47 m (4 ft 10 in). Scholars calculate that the largest heads weigh between 25 and 55 tonnes (28 and 61 short tons ). The heads were carved from single blocks or boulders of volcanic basalt , found in the Tuxtlas Mountains . The Tres Zapotes heads, for example, were sculpted from basalt found at the summit of Cerro el Vigía , at the western end of the Tuxtlas. The San Lorenzo and La Venta heads, on the other hand, were probably carved from the basalt of Cerro Cintepec, on the southeastern side, perhaps at the nearby Llano del Jicaro workshop, and dragged or floated to their final destination dozens of miles away. It has been estimated that moving a colossal head required the efforts of 1,500 people for three to four months. Some of the heads, and many other monuments, have been variously mutilated, buried and disinterred, reset in new locations and/or reburied. Some monuments, and at least two heads, were recycled or recarved, but it is not known whether this was simply due to the scarcity of stone or whether these actions had ritual or other connotations. Scholars believe that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction, but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or, less likely, invasion as a factor. The flat-faced, thick-lipped heads have caused some debate due to their resemblance to some African facial characteristics. Based on this comparison, some writers have said that the Olmecs were Africans who had emigrated to the New World. But, the vast majority of archaeologists and other Mesoamerican scholars reject claims of pre-Columbian contacts with Africa. Explanations for the facial features of the colossal heads include the possibility that the heads were carved in this manner due to the shallow space allowed on the basalt boulders. Others note that in addition to the broad noses and thick lips, the eyes of the heads often show the epicanthic fold , and that all these characteristics can still be found in modern Mesoamerican Indians. For instance, in the 1940s, the artist/art historian Miguel Covarrubias published a series of photos of Olmec artworks and of the faces of modern Mexican Indians with very similar facial characteristics. The African origin hypothesis assumes that Olmec carving was intended to be a representation of the inhabitants, an assumption that is hard to justify given the full corpus of representation in Olmec carving. Ivan van Sertima claimed that the seven braids on the Tres Zapotes head was an Ethiopian hair style but he offered no evidence that this was an Ethiopian hair style at the appropriate time. The Egyptologist Frank Yurco has said that the Olmec braids do not resemble contemporary Egyptian or Nubian braids. Richard Diehl wrote `` There can be no doubt that the heads depict the American Indian physical type still seen on the streets of Soteapan, Acayucan, and other towns in the region.'' Jade face masks ( edit ) 10th-- 6th century BC; jadeite ; height: 17.1 cm (6 ⁄ in.), width: 16.5 (6 ⁄ in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) `` Olmec-style'' face mask in jade Another type of artifact is much smaller; hardstone carvings in jade of a face in a mask form. Jade is a particularly precious material, and it was used as a mark of rank by the ruling classes. By 1500 BC early Olmec sculptors mastered the human form. This can be determined by wooden Olmec sculptures discovered in the swampy bogs of El Manati. Before radiocarbon dating could tell the exact age of Olmec pieces, archaeologists and art historians noticed the unique `` Olmec-style'' in a variety of artifacts. Curators and scholars refer to `` Olmec-style'' face masks but, to date, no example has been recovered in an archaeologically controlled Olmec context. They have been recovered from sites of other cultures, including one deliberately deposited in the ceremonial precinct of Tenochtitlan ( Mexico City ). The mask would presumably have been about 2,000 years old when the Aztec buried it, suggesting such masks were valued and collected as were Roman antiquities in Europe. The `` Olmec-style'' refers to the combination of deep-set eyes, nostrils, and strong, slightly asymmetrical mouth. The `` Olmec-style'' also very distinctly combines facial features of both humans and jaguars. Olmec arts are strongly tied to the Olmec religion, which prominently featured Jaguars. The Olmecs believed that in the distant past a race of `` Were-Jaguars'' was made between the union of a jaguar and a woman. One ' were-jaguar' quality that can be found is the sharp cleft in the forehead of many supernatural beings in Olmec art. This sharp cleft is associated with the natural indented head of Jaguars. Kunz Axes ( edit ) The Kunz Axes (also known as `` Votive Axes'' ) are figures that represent werejaguars . In most of the cases their head represents half of their volume. While they've always been referred to as `` votive axes'' , the places where they were found and when we see them, it's very clear that they're used for rituals. All of the Kunz Axes have flat noses and open mouth. 1200-400 BC; polished green quartz ( aventurine ); height: 29 cm, width: 13.5 cm; British Museum (London) 900-500 BC; stone; Dallas Museum of Art (Texas, USA) 800-400 BC; serpentine , cinnabar ; Dallas Museum of Art Beyond the heartland ( edit ) Main article: Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures The major Formative Period (Pre-Classic Era) sites in present-day Mexico which show Olmec influences in the archaeological record. Olmec-style artifacts, designs, figurines, monuments and iconography have been found in the archaeological records of sites hundreds of kilometres outside the Olmec heartland. These sites include: Central Mexico ( edit ) Tlatilco and Tlapacoya , major centers of the Tlatilco culture in the Valley of Mexico , where artifacts include hollow baby-face motif figurines and Olmec designs on ceramics. Chalcatzingo , in Valley of Morelos , central Mexico, which features Olmec-style monumental art and rock art with Olmec-style figures. Also, in 2007, archaeologists unearthed Zazacatla , an Olmec-influenced city in Morelos. Located about 25 miles (40 kilometers) south of Mexico City, Zazacatla covered about one square mile (2.6 km ) between 800 and 500 BCE. Western Mexico ( edit ) Teopantecuanitlan , in Guerrero , which features Olmec-style monumental art as well as city plans with distinctive Olmec features. Also, the Juxtlahuaca and Oxtotitlan cave paintings feature Olmec designs and motifs. Southern Mexico and Guatemala ( edit ) Olmec influence is also seen at several sites in the Southern Maya area . In Guatemala, sites showing probable Olmec influence include San Bartolo , Takalik Abaj and La Democracia . Nature of Interaction ( edit ) Many theories have been advanced to account for the occurrence of Olmec influence far outside the heartland, including long-range trade by Olmec merchants, Olmec colonization of other regions, Olmec artisans travelling to other cities, conscious imitation of Olmec artistic styles by developing towns -- some even suggest the prospect of Olmec military domination or that the Olmec iconography was actually developed outside the heartland. The generally accepted, but by no means unanimous, interpretation is that the Olmec-style artifacts, in all sizes, became associated with elite status and were adopted by non-Olmec Formative Period chieftains in an effort to bolster their status. Notable innovations ( edit ) In addition to their influence with contemporaneous Mesoamerican cultures , as the first civilization in Mesoamerica, the Olmecs are credited, or speculatively credited, with many `` firsts'' , including the bloodletting and perhaps human sacrifice , writing and epigraphy , and the invention of popcorn, zero and the Mesoamerican calendar , and the Mesoamerican ballgame , as well as perhaps the compass . Some researchers, including artist and art historian Miguel Covarrubias , even postulate that the Olmecs formulated the forerunners of many of the later Mesoamerican deities . Bloodletting and sacrifice speculation ( edit ) Altar 5 from La Venta. The inert were-jaguar baby held by the central figure is seen by some as an indication of child sacrifice . In contrast, its sides show bas-reliefs of humans holding quite lively were-jaguar babies . Although the archaeological record does not include explicit representation of Olmec bloodletting , researchers have found other evidence that the Olmec ritually practiced it. For example, numerous natural and ceramic stingray spikes and maguey thorns have been found at Olmec sites, and certain artifacts have been identified as bloodletters. The argument that the Olmec instituted human sacrifice is significantly more speculative. No Olmec or Olmec-influenced sacrificial artifacts have yet been discovered; no Olmec or Olmec-influenced artwork unambiguously shows sacrificial victims (as do the danzante figures of Monte Albán ) or scenes of human sacrifice (such as can be seen in the famous ballcourt mural from El Tajin ). At the El Manatí site, disarticulated skulls and femurs, as well as the complete skeletons of newborn or unborn children, have been discovered amidst the other offerings, leading to speculation concerning infant sacrifice. Scholars have not determined how the infants met their deaths. Some authors have associated infant sacrifice with Olmec ritual art showing limp were-jaguar babies, most famously in La Venta's Altar 5 (on the right) or Las Limas figure . Any definitive answer requires further findings. Writing ( edit ) See also: Cascajal block The Olmec may have been the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to develop a writing system. Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date from 650 BCE and 900 BCE respectively, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing found so far, which dates from about 500 BCE. The 2002 find at the San Andrés site shows a bird, speech scrolls, and glyphs that are similar to the later Mayan hieroglyphs . Known as the Cascajal Block , and dated between 1100 BCE and 900 BCE, the 2006 find from a site near San Lorenzo shows a set of 62 symbols, 28 of which are unique, carved on a serpentine block. A large number of prominent archaeologists have hailed this find as the `` earliest pre-Columbian writing'' . Others are skeptical because of the stone's singularity, the fact that it had been removed from any archaeological context, and because it bears no apparent resemblance to any other Mesoamerican writing system . There are also well-documented later hieroglyphs known as `` Epi-Olmec '' , and while there are some who believe that Epi-Olmec may represent a transitional script between an earlier Olmec writing system and Mayan writing , the matter remains unsettled. Mesoamerican Long Count calendar and invention of the zero concept ( edit ) The back of Stela C from Tres Zapotes This is the second oldest Long Count date yet discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to 3 September 32 BCE (Julian). The glyphs surrounding the date are one of the few surviving examples of Epi-Olmec script . Olmec tomb at La Venta Park, Villahermosa , Tabasco . See also: History of zero The Long Count calendar used by many subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations, as well as the concept of zero , may have been devised by the Olmecs. Because the six artifacts with the earliest Long Count calendar dates were all discovered outside the immediate Maya homeland, it is likely that this calendar predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs. Indeed, three of these six artifacts were found within the Olmec heartland. But an argument against an Olmec origin is the fact that the Olmec civilization had ended by the 4th century BCE, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count date artifact. The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place-holder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. A shell glyph -- -- was used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the second oldest of which, on Stela C at Tres Zapotes , has a date of 32 BCE. This is one of the earliest uses of the zero concept in history. Mesoamerican ballgame ( edit ) The Olmec are strong candidates for originating the Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes. A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600 BCE or earlier have been found in El Manatí , a bog 10 km (6.2 mi) east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. These balls predate the earliest ballcourt yet discovered at Paso de la Amada , circa 1400 BCE, although there is no certainty that they were used in the ballgame. Ethnicity and language ( edit ) While the actual ethno-linguistic affiliation of the Olmec remains unknown, various hypotheses have been put forward. For example, in 1968 Michael D. Coe speculated that the Olmec were Mayan predecessors. In 1976, linguists Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman published a paper in which they argued a core number of loanwords had apparently spread from a Mixe-- Zoquean language into many other Mesoamerican languages . Campbell and Kaufman proposed that the presence of these core loanwords indicated that the Olmec -- generally regarded as the first `` highly civilized'' Mesoamerican society -- spoke a language ancestral to Mixe-- Zoquean. The spread of this vocabulary particular to their culture accompanied the diffusion of other Olmec cultural and artistic traits that appears in the archaeological record of other Mesoamerican societies. Mixe-- Zoque specialist Søren Wichmann first critiqued this theory on the basis that most of the Mixe-- Zoquean loans seemed to originate only from the Zoquean branch of the family. This implied the loanword transmission occurred in the period after the two branches of the language family split, placing the time of the borrowings outside of the Olmec period. However, new evidence has pushed back the proposed date for the split of Mixean and Zoquean languages to a period within the Olmec era. Based on this dating, the architectural and archaeological patterns and the particulars of the vocabulary loaned to other Mesoamerican languages from Mixe-- Zoquean, Wichmann now suggests that the Olmecs of San Lorenzo spoke proto-Mixe and the Olmecs of La Venta spoke proto-Zoque. At least the fact that the Mixe-- Zoquean languages are still spoken in an area corresponding roughly to the Olmec heartland , and are historically known to have been spoken there, leads most scholars to assume that the Olmec spoke one or more Mixe-- Zoquean languages. Religion and mythology ( edit ) Main article: Olmec religion Las Limas Monument 1 , considered an important realisation of Olmec mythology. The youth holds a were-jaguar infant, while four iconic supernaturals are incised on the youth's shoulders and knees. Olmec Chief or King. Relief from La Venta Archaeological Site in Tabasco . Olmec religious activities were performed by a combination of rulers, full-time priests, and shamans . The rulers seem to have been the most important religious figures, with their links to the Olmec deities or supernaturals providing legitimacy for their rule. There is also considerable evidence for shamans in the Olmec archaeological record, particularly in the so-called `` transformation figures '' . As Olmec mythology has left no documents comparable to the Popul Vuh from Maya mythology , any exposition of Olmec mythology must be based on interpretations of surviving monumental and portable art (such as the Las Limas figure at right), and comparisons with other Mesoamerican mythologies. Olmec art shows that such deities as the Feathered Serpent and a rain supernatural were already in the Mesoamerican pantheon in Olmec times. Social and political organization ( edit ) Little is directly known about the societal or political structure of Olmec society. Although it is assumed by most researchers that the colossal heads and several other sculptures represent rulers, nothing has been found like the Maya stelae ( see drawing ) which name specific rulers and provide the dates of their rule. Instead, archaeologists relied on the data that they had, such as large- and small-scale site surveys. These provided evidence of considerable centralization within the Olmec region, first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta -- no other Olmec sites come close to these in terms of area or in the quantity and quality of architecture and sculpture. This evidence of geographic and demographic centralization leads archaeologists to propose that Olmec society itself was hierarchical, concentrated first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta, with an elite that was able to use their control over materials such as water and monumental stone to exert command and legitimize their regime. Nonetheless, Olmec society is thought to lack many of the institutions of later civilizations, such as a standing army or priestly caste. And there is no evidence that San Lorenzo or La Venta controlled, even during their heyday, all of the Olmec heartland. There is some doubt, for example, that La Venta controlled even Arroyo Sonso, only some 35 km (22 mi) away. Studies of the Tuxtla Mountain settlements, some 60 km (37 mi) away, indicate that this area was composed of more or less egalitarian communities outside the control of lowland centers. Trade ( edit ) The wide diffusion of Olmec artifacts and `` Olmecoid'' iconography throughout much of Mesoamerica indicates the existence of extensive long-distance trade networks. Exotic, prestigious and high-value materials such as greenstone and marine shell were moved in significant quantities across large distances. Some of the reasons for trade revolve around the lack of obsidian in the heartland. The Olmec used obsidian in many tools because worked edges were very sharp and durable. Most of the obsidian found has been traced back to Guatemala showing the extensive trade. While the Olmec were not the first in Mesoamerica to organize long-distance exchanges of goods, the Olmec period saw a significant expansion in interregional trade routes, more variety in material goods exchanged and a greater diversity in the sources from which the base materials were obtained. Village Life and diet ( edit ) Despite their size and deliberate urban design, which was copied by other centers, San Lorenzo and La Venta were largely ceremonial centers, and the majority of the Olmec lived in villages similar to present-day villages and hamlets in Tabasco and Veracruz. These villages were located on higher ground and consisted of several scattered houses. A modest temple may have been associated with the larger villages. The individual dwellings would consist of a house, an associated lean-to, and one or more storage pits (similar in function to a root cellar ). A nearby garden was used for medicinal and cooking herbs and for smaller crops, such as the domesticated sunflower . Fruit trees, such as avocado or cacao , were probably available nearby. Although the river banks were used to plant crops between flooding periods, the Olmecs probably also practiced swidden (or slash-and-burn) agriculture to clear the forests and shrubs, and to provide new fields once the old fields were exhausted. Fields were located outside the village, and were used for maize, beans, squash , manioc , and sweet potato. Based on archaeological studies of two villages in the Tuxtlas Mountains, it is known that maize cultivation became increasingly important to the Olmec over time, although the diet remained fairly diverse. The fruits and vegetables were supplemented with fish, turtle, snake, and mollusks from the nearby rivers, and crabs and shellfish in the coastal areas. Birds were available as food sources, as were game including peccary , opossum , raccoon , rabbit, and in particular, deer . Despite the wide range of hunting and fishing available, midden surveys in San Lorenzo have found that the domesticated dog was the single most plentiful source of animal protein. History of archaeological Research ( edit ) Kunz Axe; 1000-400 BC; jadeite ; height: 31 cm (12 ⁄ in.), width 16 cm (6 ⁄ in.), 11 cm (4 ⁄ in.); American Museum of Natural History ( Washington D.C. , USA). The jade Kunz Axe, first described by George Kunz in 1890. Although shaped like an axe head, with an edge along the bottom, it is unlikely that this artifact was used except in ritual settings. At a height of 28 cm (11 in), it is one of the largest jade objects ever found in Mesoamerica. Olmec culture was unknown to historians until the mid-19th century. In 1869, the Mexican antiquarian traveller José Melgar y Serrano published a description of the first Olmec monument to have been found in situ . This monument -- the colossal head now labelled Tres Zapotes Monument A -- had been discovered in the late 1850s by a farm worker clearing forested land on a hacienda in Veracruz. Hearing about the curious find while travelling through the region, Melgar y Serrano first visited the site in 1862 to see for himself and complete the partially exposed sculpture's excavation. His description of the object, published several years later after further visits to the site, represents the earliest documented report of an artifact of what is now known as the Olmec culture. In the latter half of the 19th century, Olmec artifacts such as the Kunz Axe (right) came to light and were subsequently recognized as belonging to a unique artistic tradition. Frans Blom and Oliver La Farge made the first detailed descriptions of La Venta and San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 during their 1925 expedition. However, at this time, most archaeologists assumed the Olmec were contemporaneous with the Maya -- even Blom and La Farge were, in their own words, `` inclined to ascribe them to the Maya culture'' . Matthew Stirling of the Smithsonian Institution conducted the first detailed scientific excavations of Olmec sites in the 1930s and 1940s. Stirling, along with art historian Miguel Covarrubias , became convinced that the Olmec predated most other known Mesoamerican civilizations. In counterpoint to Stirling, Covarrubias , and Alfonso Caso , however, Mayanists J. Eric Thompson and Sylvanus Morley argued for Classic-era dates for the Olmec artifacts. The question of Olmec chronology came to a head at a 1942 Tuxtla Gutierrez conference, where Alfonso Caso declared that the Olmecs were the `` mother culture'' (`` cultura madre '' ) of Mesoamerica. Shortly after the conference, radiocarbon dating proved the antiquity of the Olmec civilization, although the `` mother culture'' question generated considerable debate even 60 years later. Etymology ( edit ) The name `` Olmec'' means `` rubber people'' in Nahuatl , the language of the Aztec , and was the Aztec name for the people who lived in the Gulf Lowlands in the 15th and 16th centuries, some 2000 years after the Olmec culture died out. The term `` rubber people'' refers to the ancient practice, spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, of extracting latex from Castilla elastica , a rubber tree in the area. The juice of a local vine, Ipomoea alba , was then mixed with this latex to create rubber as early as 1600 BCE. Early modern explorers and archaeologists, however, mistakenly applied the name `` Olmec'' to the rediscovered ruins and artifacts in the heartland decades before it was understood that these were not created by the people the Aztecs knew as the `` Olmec'' , but rather a culture that was 2000 years older. Despite the mistaken identity, the name has stuck. It is not known what name the ancient Olmec used for themselves; some later Mesoamerican accounts seem to refer to the ancient Olmec as `` Tamoanchan '' . A contemporary term sometimes used for the Olmec culture is tenocelome , meaning `` mouth of the jaguar '' . Alternative origin speculations ( edit ) Main article: Olmec alternative origin speculations See also: Pre-Columbian Africa-Americas contact theories Partly because the Olmecs developed the first Mesoamerican civilization, and partly because little is known of them (compared with, for example, to the Maya or Aztec ), a number of Olmec alternative origin speculations have been put forth. Although several of these speculations, particularly the theory that the Olmecs were of African origin popularized by Ivan van Sertima 's book They Came Before Columbus , have become well-known within popular culture. They are not considered credible by the vast majority of Mesoamerican researchers and scientists, who discard it as pop-culture pseudo-science. Gallery ( edit ) Colossal Head Olmec Head No.1, 1200-- 900 BCE Olmec human figure, 1200-- 1000 BCE The `` twins'' from El Azuzul , 1200-- 900 BCE Bird Vessel, 12th-- 9th century BCE Three celts , Olmec ritual objects Olmec were-jaguar Olmec style bottle, reputedly from Las Bocas , 1100-- 800 BCE Olmec jade mask. Olmec-style painting from the Juxtlahuaca cave Olmec Baby Figure 1200-- 900 BCE Olmec-style bas relief `` El Rey'' from Chalcatzingo See also ( edit ) Olmec alternative origin speculations El Azuzul -- a small archaeological site in the Olmec heartland Cerro de las Mesas -- a post-Olmec archaeological site List of megalithic sites List of Mesoamerican pyramids Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diehl, Richard A. (2004). The Olmecs : America's First Civilization . London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 9-- 25. ISBN 0-500-28503-9 . Jump up ^ See Pool (2007) p. 2. Although there is wide agreement that the Olmec culture helped lay the foundations for the civilizations that followed, there is disagreement over the extent of the Olmec contributions, and even a proper definition of the Olmec `` culture'' . See `` Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures '' for a deeper treatment of this question. Jump up ^ See, as one example, Diehl, p. 11. Jump up ^ See Diehl, p. 108 for the `` ancient America'' superlatives. The artist and archaeologist Miguel Covarrubias (1957) p. 50 says that Olmec pieces are among the world's masterpieces. Jump up ^ Olmecas (n.d.). Think Quest. Retrieved 20 September 2012, from link Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Coe (1968) p. 42 Jump up ^ Dates from Pool, p. 1. Diehl gives a slightly earlier date of 1500 BCE (p. 9), but the same end-date. Any dates for the start of the Olmec civilization or culture are problematic as its rise was a gradual process. Most Olmec dates are based on radiocarbon dating (see e.g. Diehl, p. 10), which is only accurate within a given range (e.g. ± 90 years in the case of early El Manati layers), and much is still to be learned concerning early Gulf lowland settlements. Jump up ^ Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs -- America's First Civilization London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 25, 27. Jump up ^ Diehl, 2004: pp. 23-- 24. Jump up ^ Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction . Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X . Jump up ^ Pool, pp. 26-- 27, provides a great overview of this theory, and says: `` The generation of food surpluses is necessary for the development of social and political hierarchies and there is no doubt that high agricultural productivity, combined with the natural abundance of aquatic foods in the Gulf lowlands supported their growth.'' Jump up ^ Pool, p. 151. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 132, or Pool, p. 150. ^ Jump up to: Pool, p. 103. Jump up ^ Susan Toby Evans, David L. Webster, eds, Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2013 ISBN 1136801855 p. 315 Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 9. Jump up ^ Coe (1967), p. 72. Alternatively, the mutilation of these monuments may be unrelated to the decline and abandonment of San Lorenzo. Some researchers believe that the mutilation had ritualistic aspects, particularly since most mutilated monuments were reburied in a row. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 135. Diehl, pp. 58-- 59, 82. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 9. Pool gives dates 1000 BCE -- 400 BCE for La Venta. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 157. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 161-- 162. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 82. Nagy, p. 270, however, is more circumspect, stating that in the Grijalva river delta, on the eastern edge of the heartland, `` the local population had significantly declined in apparent population density ... A low-density Late Preclassic and Early Classic occupation ... may have existed; however, it remains invisible.'' Jump up ^ Quote and analysis from Diehl, p. 82, echoed in other works such as Pool. Jump up ^ Vanderwarker (2006) pp. 50-- 51 Jump up ^ Coe (2002), p. 88. ^ Jump up to: Coe (2002), p. 62. Jump up ^ Coe (2002), p. 88 and others. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 105. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 106. Diehl, pp. 109-- 115. Jump up ^ Pool, pp. 106-- 108, 176. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 111. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 118; Diehl, p. 112. Coe (2002), p. 69: `` They wear headgear rather like American football helmets which probably served as protection in both war and in the ceremonial game played...throughout Mesoamerica.'' ^ Jump up to: Miller, Mary Ellen. `` The Art of Mesoamerica From Olmec to Aztec.'' Thames & Hudson; 4th edition (20 October 2006). Jump up ^ Grove, p. 55. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 107. Jump up ^ In particular, Williams and Heizer (p. 29) calculated the weight of San Lorenzo Colossal Head 1 at 25.3 short tons , or 23 tonnes . See Scarre. pp. 271-- 274 for the `` 55 tonnes'' weight. Jump up ^ See Williams and Heizer for more detail. Jump up ^ Scarre. Pool, p. 129. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 119. Jump up ^ Wiercinski, A. (1972). `` Inter-and Intrapopulational Racial Differentiation of Tlatilco, Cerro de Las Mesas, Teothuacan, Monte Alban and Yucatan Maya,'' XXXIX Congreso Intern. de Americanistas, Lima 1970, 1 , 231-- 252. Jump up ^ Karl Taube , for one, says `` There simply is no material evidence of any Pre-Hispanic contact between the Old World and Mesoamerica before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century.'' , p. 17. Davis, N. Voyagers to the New World, University of New Mexico Press, 1979 ISBN 0-8263-0880-5 Williams, S. Fantastic Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991 ISBN 0-8122-1312-2 Feder, K.L. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries. Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology 3rd ed., Trade Mayfield ISBN 0-7674-0459-9 Jump up ^ Mexico South , Covarrubias, 1946 Jump up ^ Ortiz de Montellano, et al. 1997, p. 217 Jump up ^ Haslip-Viera, Gabriel: Bernard Ortiz de Montellano; Warren Barbour Source `` Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs,'' Current Anthropology , 38 (3), (Tun., 1997), pp. 419-- 441 Jump up ^ Diehl, Richard A. (2004). The Olmecs: America's First Civilization . London: Thames and Hudson. p. 112. ISBN 0-500-28503-9 . Jump up ^ Milliken, William M. `` Pre-Columbian Jade and Hard Stone.'' The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 36, no. 4 (April 1949): 53-- 55. Accessed 17 March 2018. Jump up ^ `` University of East Anglia collections'' , Artworld ^ Jump up to: The British Museum. `` Olmec Stone Mask.'' Smarthistory.com . Jump up ^ See Pool, pp. 179-- 242; Diehl, pp. 126-- 151. Jump up ^ Stefan Lovgren, Ancient City Found in Mexico; Shows Olmec Influence. National Geographic News, 26 January 2007 Jump up ^ For example, Diehl, p. 170 or Pool, p. 54. Jump up ^ Flannery et al. (2005) hint that Olmec iconography was first developed in the Tlatilco culture . Jump up ^ See for example Reilly; Stevens (2007); Rose (2007). For a full discussion, see Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures . Jump up ^ See Carlson for details of the compass. Jump up ^ Covarrubias, p. 27. Jump up ^ Taube (2004), p. 122. Jump up ^ As one example, see Joyce et al. , `` Olmec Bloodletting: An Iconographic Study'' . Jump up ^ See Taube (2004), p. 122. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 139. Jump up ^ Ortiz et al., p. 249. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 116. Joralemon (1996), p. 218. Jump up ^ See Pohl et al. (2002). Jump up ^ `` Writing May Be Oldest in Western Hemisphere'' . New York Times . 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 2008-03-30 . A stone slab bearing 3,000-year-old writing previously unknown to scholars has been found in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and archaeologists say it is an example of the oldest script ever discovered in the Americas. Jump up ^ `` ' Oldest' New World writing found'' . BBC . 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 2008-03-30 . Ancient civilisations in Mexico developed a writing system as early as 900 BC, new evidence suggests. Jump up ^ `` Oldest Writing in the New World'' . Science . Retrieved 2008-03-30 . A block with a hitherto unknown system of writing has been found in the Olmec heartland of Veracruz, Mexico. Stylistic and other dating of the block places it in the early first millennium before the common era, the oldest writing in the New World, with features that firmly assign this pivotal development to the Olmec civilization of Mesoamerica. Jump up ^ Pohl et al. (2002). Jump up ^ Skidmore. These prominent proponents include Michael D. Coe , Richard A. Diehl , Karl Taube , and Stephen D. Houston . Jump up ^ Bruhns, et al. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 184. Jump up ^ `` Mesoamerican Long Count calendar & invention of the zero concept'' section cited to Diehl, p. 186. Jump up ^ Haughton, p. 153. The earliest recovered Long Count dated is from Monument 1 in the Maya site El Baúl , Guatemala , bearing a date of 37 BCE. Jump up ^ Miller and Taube (1993) p. 42. Pool, p. 295. Jump up ^ Ortiz C. Jump up ^ See Filloy Nadal, p. 27, who says `` If they (the balls) were used in the ballgame, we would be looking at the earliest evidence of this practice'' . Jump up ^ Coe (1968) p. 121. Jump up ^ Campbell & Kaufman (1976), pp. 80-- 89. For example, the words for `` incense'' , `` cacao'' , `` corn'' , many names of various fruits, `` nagual/shaman'' , `` tobacco'' , `` adobe'' , `` ladder'' , `` rubber'' , `` corn granary'' , `` squash/gourd'' , and `` paper'' in many Mesoamerican languages seem to have been borrowed from an ancient Mixe-- Zoquean language. Jump up ^ Wichmann (1995). ^ Jump up to: Wichmann, Beliaev & Davletshin, (in press Sep 2008). Jump up ^ See Pool, p. 6, or Diehl, p. 85. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 106. See also J.E. Clark, p. 343, who says `` much of the art of La Venta appears to have been dedicated to rulers who dressed as gods, or to the gods themselves'' . Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 106. Jump up ^ Diehl, pp. 103-- 104. Jump up ^ See, for example, Cyphers (1996), p. 156. Jump up ^ See Santley, et al., p.4, for a discussion of Mesoamerican centralization and decentralization. See Cyphers (1999) for a discussion of the meaning of monument placement. Jump up ^ See Cyphers (1999) for a more detailed discussion. Jump up ^ Serra Puche et al., p. 36, who argue that `` While Olmec art sometimes represents leaders, priests, and possibly soldiers, it is difficult to imagine that such institutions as the army, priest caste, or administrative-political groups were already fully developed by Olmec times.'' They go on to downplay the possibility of a strong central government. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 20. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 164. Jump up ^ Pool, p. 175. Jump up ^ Hirth, Kenneth (June 2013). `` Early Olmec obsidian trade and economic organization at San Lorenz'' . Journey of Archeological Science . Jump up ^ `` Chiapa de Corzo Archaeological Project'' . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 2012-03-18 . Jump up ^ Except where otherwise (foot)noted, this Village life and diet section is referenced to Diehl (2004), Davies, and Pope et al. Jump up ^ Pohl. Jump up ^ VanDerwarker, p. 195, and Lawler, Archaeology (2007), p. 23, quoting VanDerwarker. Jump up ^ VanDerwarker, pp. 141-- 144. Jump up ^ Davies, p. 39. Jump up ^ Benson (1996) p. 263. Jump up ^ See translated excerpt from Melgar y Serrano's original 1869 report, reprinted in Adams (1991), p. 56. See also Pool (2007), pp. 1, 35 and Stirling (1968), p. 8. Jump up ^ Quoted in Coe (1968), p. 40. Jump up ^ Coe (1968), pp. 42-- 50. Jump up ^ `` Esta gran cultura, que encontramos en niveles antiguos, es sin duda madre de otras culturas, como la maya, la teotihuacana, la zapoteca, la de El Tajín , y otras'' (`` This great culture, which we encounter in ancient levels, is without a doubt mother of other cultures, like the Maya, the Teotihuacana, the Zapotec, that of El Tajin, and others'' .) Caso (1942), p. 46. Jump up ^ Coe (1968), p. 50. Jump up ^ Rubber Processing , MIT. Jump up ^ Diehl, p. 14. Jump up ^ Coe (2002) refers to an old Nahuatl poem cited by Miguel Leon-Portilla , which itself refers to a land called `` Tamoanchan'' : in a certain era which no one can reckon which no one can remember (where) there was a government for a long time`` . Coe interprets Tamoanchan as a Mayan language word meaning ' Land of Rain or Mist' (p. 61). Jump up ^ The term `` tenocelome'' is used as early as 1967 by George Kubler in American Anthropologist , v. 69, p. 404. Jump up ^ See Grove (1976) or Ortiz de Montellano (1997). 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Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press . ISBN 0-87480-487-6 . Wichmann, Søren ; Dmitri Beliaev; Albert Davletshin (September 2008). `` Posibles correlaciones lingüísticas y arqueológicas involucrando a los olmecas'' (PDF) . Proceedings of the Mesa Redonda Olmeca: Balance y Perspectivas, Museo Nacional de Antropología , México City, March 10-- 12, 2005. (in Spanish). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008-09-18 . Wilford, John Noble (15 March 2005). `` Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-09-19 . Williams, Howel; Robert F. Heizer (September 1965). `` Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments'' ( PDF online facsimile) . Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility . Berkeley: University of California Department of Anthropology. 1 (Sources of Stones Used in Prehistoric Mesoamerican Sites): 1-- 44. ISSN 0068-5933 . OCLC 1087514 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olmec . Drawings and photographs of the 17 colossal heads `` Stone Etchings Represent Earliest New World Writing'' . Scientific American ; Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez , Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos, Michael D. Coe, Richard A. Diehl, Stephen D. Houston, Karl A. Taube, Alfredo Delgado Calderón , Oldest Writing in the New World, Science , Vol 313, 15 September 2006, pp. 1610-- 1614. BBC audio file. Discussion of Olmec culture (15 mins) A History of the World in 100 Objects Smithsonian Olmec Legacy Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures Americas Paleo-Indians Genetic history Archaeology of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas North America North American pre-Columbian cultures Caddoan Mississippian Chichimeca Hopewell tradition Coles Creek Fremont Marksville Mississippian Mogollon Plaquemine Plum Bayou Poverty Point Troyville Weeden Island Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chalcatzingo Cholula Coclé Epi-Olmec Huastec Izapa Mezcala Mixtec Olmec Pipil Quelepa Shaft tomb tradition Teuchitlan Purépecha Teotihuacan Tlatilco Tlaxcaltec Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec South America Andean civilizations South American Indigenous people El Abra Cañaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavín Chimú Chinchorro Cultural periods of Peru Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita (Tumaco) Manteño -Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Nariño Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustín Shuar Sican Taíno Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wankarani Wari Zenú Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Language Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua Writing Script Script Numerals Quipu Religion Religion Religion Religion Religion Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Society Society Society Economy ( Women ) Society Infrastructure Chinampas Architecture Architecture Agriculture Architecture ( road system ) Agriculture History History History History Inca history Neo-Inca State People Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitláhuac Cuauhtémoc K'inich Janaab' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene Quemuenchatocha Tisquesusa Tundama Zoratama Manco Cápac Pachacuti Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui Túpac Amaru Conquest Spanish conquest ( Hernán Cortés ) Spanish conquest Spanish conquest of Yucatán ( Francisco de Montejo ) Spanish conquest of Guatemala ( Pedro de Alvarado ) Spanish conquest ( Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) ( Hernán Pérez de Quesada ) ( List of conquistadors ) Spanish conquest ( Francisco Pizarro ) See also Aztecs Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America Portal:Mesoamerica Columbian Exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre‐ Columbian art Painting in the Americas before European colonization BNF : cb119328930 (data) GND : 4043496-5 LCCN : sh85094635 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmecs&oldid=863410024 '' Categories : Olmec 16th-century BC establishments in Mexico 4th-century BC disestablishments in Mexico Ancient peoples Archaeological cultures of North America Civilizations Formative period in the Americas History of Guerrero History of Tabasco History of Veracruz Hyperdiffusionism in archaeology Mesoamerican cultures Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico Indigenous peoples in Mexico Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2018 Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018, at 16:18 (UTC) . 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if i was born in the uk what is my nationality | lex soli : By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth , or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis : By birth abroad , which constitutes `` by descent '' if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent ( for example by birth , adoption , registration or naturalisation in the UK ) . British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent , if the child is born abroad . By naturalisation By registration By adoption | [
[
"a British citizen"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"British Nationality Act 1981 Parliament of the United Kingdom An Act to make fresh provision about citizenship and nationality , and to amend the Immigration Act 1971 as regards the right of abode in the United Kingdom . Citation 1981 c. 61 Enacted by 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom Status : Current legislation",
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"Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"An Act to make fresh provision about citizenship and nationality , and to amend the Immigration Act 1971 as regards the right of abode in the United Kingdom .",
"Citation 1981 c. 61",
"Enacted by 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Status : Current legislation",
"British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom which concerns citizenship and other categories of British nationality . The law is complex due to the United Kingdom 's historical status as an imperial power .",
"English law and Scots law have always distinguished between the Monarch 's subjects and aliens , but British nationality law was uncodified until the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 codified existing common law and statute , with a few minor changes .",
"British citizenship and British nationality law Introduction British nationality law History Citizens of the Republic of Ireland in the United Kingdom Classes of British national status and other status British citizens British subjects ( under the British Nationality Act 1981 ) British Overseas Territories citizens British Nationals ( Overseas ) British Overseas citizens British Protected Persons Commonwealth citizens in the United Kingdom See also Right of abode Belonger status ( in certain British Overseas Territories and formerly certain former British Dependent territories ) Acts British Nationality Act 1948 Ireland Act 1949 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality Act 1981 British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 British Overseas Territories Act 2002",
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"British citizens British subjects ( under the British Nationality Act 1981 ) British Overseas Territories citizens British Nationals ( Overseas ) British Overseas citizens British Protected Persons Commonwealth citizens in the United Kingdom",
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"Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdom in the European Union Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act Membership Brand EU EU Four The Euro European Movement UK Nationality law UK Euroscepticism Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday Officials and bodies EU Committee European Scrutiny Committee Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London Young European Movement UK UK European Commissioners Permanent EU Representatives Legislation 1972 EC Act 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004 -- 05 EU Bill 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) 2016 EU membership referendum Causes Endorsements Issues Opinion polling Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People 's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave ( official lead group ) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.EU Bpoplive ( cancelled ) Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe New Europeans Nucleus People 's Vote Pejorative term for pro-EU advocacy Project Fear Media coverage Brexit : The Movie In or Out Aftermath Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Proposed London independence The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill ( including meaningful vote ) Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK 's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU ( Brexit Department ) Secretary of State ( Brexit Secretary ) Department for International Trade Secretary of State ( International Trade Secretary ) Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain See also United Ireland Calls for second vote Organisations campaigning for a second vote via People 's Vote Britain for Europe European Movement UK For our Future 's Sake Healthier IN InFacts Open Britain Our Future Our Choice Scientists for EU Wales for Europe Non-People's Vote campaign group Best for Britain See also Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom",
"Part of a series of articles on the",
"United Kingdom in the European Union",
"Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act",
"1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act",
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"1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th",
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"1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th",
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"2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill",
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"Brexit : The Movie",
"In or Out",
"Aftermath",
"Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Proposed London independence The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill ( including meaningful vote ) Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK 's relations with EU after 2019",
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"2016 Conservative Party election",
"2016 Labour Party election",
"2017 Liberal Democrats Party election",
"Proposed second Scottish independence referendum",
"Proposed London independence",
"The New European",
"European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill ( including meaningful vote )",
"2017 General Election",
"UK 's relations with EU after 2019",
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"Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations",
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"UK invocation of Article 50",
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"Organisations campaigning for a second vote via People 's Vote",
"Organisations campaigning for a second vote via People 's Vote",
"Britain for Europe European Movement UK For our Future 's Sake Healthier IN InFacts Open Britain Our Future Our Choice Scientists for EU Wales for Europe",
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"Wales for Europe",
"Non-People's Vote campaign group",
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"Best for Britain",
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"Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom",
"Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom",
"",
"",
"Some thought the single Imperial status of `` British subject '' was becoming increasingly inadequate to deal with a Commonwealth with independent member states . In 1948 , the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that each member would adopt a national citizenship ( Canada had already done so ) , but that the existing status of the British subject would continue as a common status held by all Commonwealth citizens .",
"The British Nationality Act 1948 established the status of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies ( CUKC ) , the national citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies on 1 January 1949 . Until the early 1960s there was little difference , if any , in UK law between the rights of CUKCs and other British subjects , all of whom had the right at any time to enter and live in the UK .",
"Independence Acts , passed when the remaining colonies were granted independence , contained nationality provisions . In general , these provisions withdrew the status of CUKC from anyone who became citizens of the newly independent country , unless one had a connection with the UK or a remaining colony ( e.g. through birth in the UK ) . Exceptions were sometimes made in cases where the colonies did not become independent . ( Notable cases include Penang and Malacca , which were made part of the Federation of Malaya ; and Hong Kong , which became part of the People 's Republic of China : CUKC status was not withdrawn from CUKCs from Penang and Malacca , and a new British nationality status was created for Hong Kong . )",
"Between 1962 and 1971 , as a result of fears about increasing immigration by Commonwealth citizens from Asia and Africa , the UK gradually tightened controls on immigration by British subjects from other parts of the Commonwealth . The Immigration Act 1971 introduced the concept of patriality , by which only British subjects with sufficiently strong links to the British Islands ( i.e. the UK , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man ) had right of abode , the right to live and work in the Islands .",
"The principal British nationality law now in force is the British Nationality Act 1981 , which established the current system of multiple categories of British nationality , viz . British citizens , British Overseas Territories citizens , British Overseas citizens , British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British subjects , and British protected persons . Only British citizens and certain Commonwealth citizens have the automatic right of abode in the UK .",
"The 1981 Act ceased to recognise Commonwealth citizens as British subjects . There remain only two categories of people who are still British subjects : those ( formerly known as British subjects without citizenship ) who acquired British nationality through a connection with former British India , and those connected with the Republic of Ireland before 1949 who have made a declaration to retain British nationality . British subjects connected with former British India lose British nationality if they acquire any other .",
"In spite of the fact that the 1981 act repealed most of the provisions of 1948 act and the nationality clauses in subsequent independence acts , the acquisition of new categories of British nationality created by the 1981 act was often dependent on nationality status prior to 1 January 1983 , the date the 1981 act came into effect , so many of the provisions of the 1948 act and subsequent independence acts are still relevant . Not taking this into account might lead one to the erroneous conclusion , for example , that the 1981 act 's repeal of the nationality clauses in the Kenya Independence Act of 1963 restored British nationality to those who lost their CUKC status as a result of Kenya 's independence in 1963 . This is one of the reasons for the complexity of British nationality law ; in complicated cases , determining British nationality status requires an examination of several nationality acts in their original form .",
"There are currently six classes of British nationality .",
"Category Active British passport Consular assistance from UK diplomatic posts Immigration control exemption and right of abode in the UK EU citizen British Citizen Y Y Y Y Y British Overseas Territories citizen Y Y Y Y ( Gibraltar ) Y ( Gibraltar ) N ( other territories ) N ( other territories ) British Overseas citizen Y Y British subject Y Y Y ( with right of abode ) Y ( with right of abode ) N ( without right of abode ) N ( without right of abode ) British National ( Overseas ) Y Y British protected person Y Y",
"Category Active British passport Consular assistance from UK diplomatic posts Immigration control exemption and right of abode in the UK EU citizen",
"British Citizen Y Y Y Y Y",
"British Overseas Territories citizen Y Y Y Y ( Gibraltar ) Y ( Gibraltar )",
"N ( other territories ) N ( other territories )",
"British Overseas citizen Y Y",
"British subject Y Y Y ( with right of abode ) Y ( with right of abode )",
"N ( without right of abode ) N ( without right of abode )",
"British National ( Overseas ) Y Y",
"British protected person Y Y",
"The following two classes of British nationality are `` active '' , meaning that they can be acquired at birth , or by naturalization or registration for any eligible person .",
"British citizen Persons who are British citizens usually hold this status through a connection with the United Kingdom , Channel Islands and Isle of Man ( `` United Kingdom and Islands '' ) , or , since 2002 , a connection with one of the British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) except Akrotiri and Dhekelia . Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies ( CUKCs ) who possessed right of abode under the Immigration Act 1971 through a connection with the UK and Islands generally became British citizens on 1 January 1983 , and British Dependent Territories citizens who were not solely connected with Akrotiri and Dhekelia acquired this status on 21 May 2002 .",
"Persons who are British citizens usually hold this status through a connection with the United Kingdom , Channel Islands and Isle of Man ( `` United Kingdom and Islands '' ) , or , since 2002 , a connection with one of the British Overseas Territories ( BOT ) except Akrotiri and Dhekelia . Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies ( CUKCs ) who possessed right of abode under the Immigration Act 1971 through a connection with the UK and Islands generally became British citizens on 1 January 1983 , and British Dependent Territories citizens who were not solely connected with Akrotiri and Dhekelia acquired this status on 21 May 2002 .",
"British citizenship is the most common type of British nationality , and the only one that automatically carries a right of abode in the UK .",
"British citizenship is the most common type of British nationality , and the only one that automatically carries a right of abode in the UK .",
"Other rights can vary according to how the British citizenship was acquired . In particular there are restrictions for ' British citizens by descent ' transmitting British citizenship to children born outside the UK . These restrictions do not apply to ' British citizens otherwise than by descent ' .",
"Other rights can vary according to how the British citizenship was acquired . In particular there are restrictions for ' British citizens by descent ' transmitting British citizenship to children born outside the UK . These restrictions do not apply to ' British citizens otherwise than by descent ' .",
"British Overseas Territories citizen ( formerly British Dependent Territories citizenship ) ( BOTC )",
"British Overseas Territories citizen ( formerly British Dependent Territories citizenship ) ( BOTC )",
"BOTC ( formerly BDTC ) is the form of British nationality held by connection with a British Overseas Territory ( BOT ) . It is possible to hold BOTC and British citizenship simultaneously . Nearly all are now also British citizens as a result of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 .",
"BOTC ( formerly BDTC ) is the form of British nationality held by connection with a British Overseas Territory ( BOT ) . It is possible to hold BOTC and British citizenship simultaneously . Nearly all are now also British citizens as a result of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 .",
"The four residual categories are expected to become extinct with the passage of time . They can be passed to children only in exceptional circumstances , e.g. , if the child would otherwise be stateless . There is consequently little provision for the acquisition of these classes of nationality by people who do not already have them . To reduce de facto statelessness , most are allowed to be registered as British citizens provided holding no other citizenship or nationality .",
"British Overseas citizen ( BOC )",
"British Overseas citizen ( BOC )",
"In general , most BOCs are CUKCs who did not qualify for British citizenship or British Dependent Territories citizenship . Most derived their status as CUKCs from former colonies , such as Malaysia and Kenya , because of quirks and exceptions in the law that resulted in their retaining CUKC status in spite of the independence of their colonies . This is fairly uncommon : most CUKCs ( including those from Malaysia and Kenya ) lost their CUKC status upon independence .",
"In general , most BOCs are CUKCs who did not qualify for British citizenship or British Dependent Territories citizenship . Most derived their status as CUKCs from former colonies , such as Malaysia and Kenya , because of quirks and exceptions in the law that resulted in their retaining CUKC status in spite of the independence of their colonies . This is fairly uncommon : most CUKCs ( including those from Malaysia and Kenya ) lost their CUKC status upon independence .",
"In 1997 , BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong became BOCs after they did not register as British Nationals ( Overseas ) and would become stateless after the withdrawal of BDTC status from Hong Kong residents .",
"In 1997 , BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong became BOCs after they did not register as British Nationals ( Overseas ) and would become stateless after the withdrawal of BDTC status from Hong Kong residents .",
"British subject",
"British subjects ( as defined in the 1981 Act ) are British subjects who were not CUKCs or citizens of any other Commonwealth country . Most derived their status as British subjects from British India or the Republic of Ireland as they existed before 1949 .",
"British subjects ( as defined in the 1981 Act ) are British subjects who were not CUKCs or citizens of any other Commonwealth country . Most derived their status as British subjects from British India or the Republic of Ireland as they existed before 1949 .",
"British National ( Overseas ) ( BN ( O ) )",
"British National ( Overseas ) ( BN ( O ) )",
"The status of BN ( O ) was created by the Hong Kong Act 1985 and the British Nationality ( Hong Kong ) Order 1986 . BN ( O ) s are BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong who applied for registration as BN ( O ) s before the handover of Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China .",
"The status of BN ( O ) was created by the Hong Kong Act 1985 and the British Nationality ( Hong Kong ) Order 1986 . BN ( O ) s are BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong who applied for registration as BN ( O ) s before the handover of Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China .",
"British protected person ( BPP )",
"British protected person ( BPP )",
"BPPs derive from parts of the British Empire that were protectorates or protected states with nominally independent rulers under the `` protection '' of the British Crown , not officially part of the Crown 's dominions . The status of BPP is sui generis -- BPPs are not Commonwealth citizens ( ' British subjects ' , in the old sense ) and were not traditionally considered British nationals , but are not aliens either .",
"BPPs derive from parts of the British Empire that were protectorates or protected states with nominally independent rulers under the `` protection '' of the British Crown , not officially part of the Crown 's dominions . The status of BPP is sui generis -- BPPs are not Commonwealth citizens ( ' British subjects ' , in the old sense ) and were not traditionally considered British nationals , but are not aliens either .",
"Only the status of British citizen carries with it the right of abode in a certain country or territory ( in this case the UK ) .",
"In practice , BOTCs ( except those associated with the Sovereign bases in Cyprus ) were granted full British citizenship in 2002 ; BN ( O ) s have right of abode or right to land in Hong Kong ( note : not conferred by the status itself , but the Immigration Ordinance of Hong Kong ) and are eligible for registration as British citizens if holding no other nationality under the Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 ; BSs and BPPs lose their statuses upon acquisition of another nationality ( except BSs connected with the Republic of Ireland ) and so should be eligible for registration as British citizens under the Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 .",
"British Overseas citizens are unique in that their nationality status is not associated with a right of residence , and only certain types of BOCs are eligible to be registered as British citizens under Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 .",
"British Citizenship can be acquired in the following ways :",
"lex soli : By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth , or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis : By birth abroad , which constitutes `` by descent '' if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent ( for example by birth , adoption , registration or naturalisation in the UK ) . British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent , if the child is born abroad . By naturalisation By registration By adoption",
"lex soli : By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth , or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory",
"lex sanguinis : By birth abroad , which constitutes `` by descent '' if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent ( for example by birth , adoption , registration or naturalisation in the UK ) . British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent , if the child is born abroad .",
"For nationality purposes , the Channel Islands and Isle of Man are generally treated as if they were part of the UK .",
"Information about British citizenship and other kinds of British nationality is available from Her Majesty 's Government . Information is also available on provisions for reducing statelessness .",
"Persons acquiring citizenship by method ( 2 ) are called British citizens by descent ; those acquiring citizenship by methods ( 1 ) , ( 3 ) or ( 5 ) are called British citizens otherwise than by descent . British citizens by registration , method ( 4 ) , may be either , depending on the circumstances . Only citizens otherwise than by descent can pass on their citizenship to their children born outside the UK or a British Overseas Territory automatically ; British citizens by descent can pass on citizenship to their non-UK born children only by meeting certain UK residence requirements and registering them before the age of 18 .",
"From 1 January 1983 , a child born in the UK to a parent who is a British citizen or ' settled ' in the UK is automatically a British citizen by birth . This provision is extended to children born to such parents in a British Overseas Territory other than Akrotiri and Dhekelia after 21 May 2002 . Since 13 January 2010 , a child born to a parent who is a member of the British Armed Forces at the time of birth also automatically acquires British citizenship if he or she was born in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory .",
"Only one parent needs to meet this requirement . ' Settled ' status usually means the parent is resident in the UK or a British Overseas Territory and has the right of abode ( or similar status ) , or holds Indefinite Leave to Remain ( ILR ) , or is the citizen of an EU / EEA country and has permanent residence , or otherwise unrestricted by immigration laws to remain in the UK or that Overseas Territory . Irish citizens in the UK are deemed settled for this purpose . To qualify under the armed forces provision , the parent must be a member of the armed forces at the time of the child 's birth . Special rules exist for cases where a parent of a child is a citizen of a European Union or European Economic Area member state , or Switzerland . The law in this respect was changed on 2 October 2000 and 30 April 2006 . See below for details . For children born before 1 July 2006 , if only the father meets this requirement the parents must be married . Marriage subsequent to the birth is normally enough to confer British citizenship from that point . Where the father is not married to the mother , the Home Office usually registers the child as British provided an application is made and the child would have been British otherwise . The child must be under 18 on the date of application . Where , after the child 's birth , a parent subsequently acquires British citizenship or `` settled '' status , the child can be registered as a British citizen using Form MN1 provided he / she is aged under 18 . If the child lives in the UK until the age of 10 , there is a lifetime entitlement to register as a British citizen using Form T . The immigration status of the child and his / her parents is irrelevant . During each of the first 10 years of the child 's life , he / she must not have spent over 90 days outside the UK ( unless there were ' special circumstances ' ) . The applicant must be of good character at the time the application is made . A child born in the United Kingdom who is and has always been stateless may also qualify on the basis of a period of 5 , rather than 10 , years residence , using Form S3 . Special provisions may apply for the child to acquire British citizenship if a parent is a British Overseas citizen or British subject , or if the child is stateless .",
"Only one parent needs to meet this requirement .",
"' Settled ' status usually means the parent is resident in the UK or a British Overseas Territory and has the right of abode ( or similar status ) , or holds Indefinite Leave to Remain ( ILR ) , or is the citizen of an EU / EEA country and has permanent residence , or otherwise unrestricted by immigration laws to remain in the UK or that Overseas Territory . Irish citizens in the UK are deemed settled for this purpose .",
"To qualify under the armed forces provision , the parent must be a member of the armed forces at the time of the child 's birth .",
"Special rules exist for cases where a parent of a child is a citizen of a European Union or European Economic Area member state , or Switzerland . The law in this respect was changed on 2 October 2000 and 30 April 2006 . See below for details .",
"For children born before 1 July 2006 , if only the father meets this requirement the parents must be married . Marriage subsequent to the birth is normally enough to confer British citizenship from that point .",
"Where the father is not married to the mother , the Home Office usually registers the child as British provided an application is made and the child would have been British otherwise . The child must be under 18 on the date of application .",
"Where , after the child 's birth , a parent subsequently acquires British citizenship or `` settled '' status , the child can be registered as a British citizen using Form MN1 provided he / she is aged under 18 .",
"If the child lives in the UK until the age of 10 , there is a lifetime entitlement to register as a British citizen using Form T . The immigration status of the child and his / her parents is irrelevant . During each of the first 10 years of the child 's life , he / she must not have spent over 90 days outside the UK ( unless there were ' special circumstances ' ) . The applicant must be of good character at the time the application is made .",
"A child born in the United Kingdom who is and has always been stateless may also qualify on the basis of a period of 5 , rather than 10 , years residence , using Form S3 .",
"Special provisions may apply for the child to acquire British citizenship if a parent is a British Overseas citizen or British subject , or if the child is stateless .",
"Even if a child born in the UK on or after 1 January 1983 but does not acquire British citizenship at birth , the child is considered a lawful resident in the UK and is not required to apply for leave to remain . The child , however , is subject to immigration control and the child 's parent ( s ) can choose to apply for regularisation of the child 's immigration status by the grant of leave to remain ( for the same period as that held by the parent ( s ) ) . If the child leaves the UK , he / she must hold leave to enter or remain in order to return to the UK .",
"Between 1949 and 1982 , birth in the UK or a Crown Colony was sufficient in itself to confer the status of Citizen of United Kingdom and Colonies ( CUKC ) irrespective of the status of parents , although only CUKCs with a connection to the UK ( i.e. , birth in the UK or has a UK - born parent or grandparent ) would have right of abode in the UK after 1971 and would eventually become British citizens in 1983 . CUKCs without a connection to the UK would become either British Overseas Territories citizens or British Overseas citizens in 1983 depending on whether they have a connection with another BOT .",
"The only exception to this rule were children of diplomats and enemy aliens . This exception did not apply to most visiting forces , so , in general , children born in the UK before 1983 to visiting military personnel ( e.g. US forces stationed in the UK ) were CUKCs connected with UK and would become British citizens in 1983 , albeit as a second nationality .",
"`` British citizenship by descent '' is the category for the children born outside the UK or an Overseas Territory to a British citizen . Rules for acquiring British citizenship by descent depend on when the person was born .",
"A child born outside the UK on or after 1 January 1983 ( or outside a British Overseas Territory on or after 21 May 2002 ) automatically acquires British citizenship by descent if either parent is a British citizen otherwise than by descent at the time of the child 's birth .",
"At least one parent must be a British citizen otherwise than by descent . As a general rule , an unmarried father can not pass on British citizenship automatically in the case of a child born before 1 July 2006 . If the parents marry subsequent to the birth the child normally becomes a British citizen at that point if legitimated by the marriage and the father was eligible to pass on British citizenship . If the unmarried British father was domiciled in a country that treated ( at the date of birth of the child born before 1 July 2006 ) a child born to unmarried parents in the same way as a child born to married parents , then the father passed on British citizenship automatically to his child , even though the child was born before 1 July 2006 to unmarried parents . Such countries are listed in the UK Home Office Immigration and Passport Services publication `` Legitimation and Domicile '' . Where the parent is a British citizen by descent additional requirements apply . In the most common scenario , the parent is normally expected to have lived in the UK for three consecutive years and apply to register the child as a British citizen while the child is a minor ( clause 43 , Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 , effective from 13 January 2010 ) . Prior to this date , the age limit was 12 months . Before 21 May 2002 , British Overseas Territories were treated as ' overseas ' for nationality purposes . The exceptions were Gibraltar , British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 ; and the Falkland Islands , granted British citizenship following the Falklands War under the British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 . Hence , children born to such parents on a British Overseas Territory other than those listed above acquired British citizenship by descent if they were born prior to 21 May 2002 , while children born on or after that day on a British Overseas Territory ( other than Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) acquired British citizenship otherwise by descent as UK - born children . Children born overseas to parents on Crown Service are normally granted British citizenship otherwise than by descent , so their status is the same as it would have been had they been born in the UK . In exceptional cases , the Home Secretary may register a child of parents who are British by descent as a British citizen under discretionary provisions , for example if the child is stateless , or a second or subsequent generation born abroad into a British citizen family with strong links with the UK , or in ' compassionate circumstances ' .",
"At least one parent must be a British citizen otherwise than by descent .",
"As a general rule , an unmarried father can not pass on British citizenship automatically in the case of a child born before 1 July 2006 . If the parents marry subsequent to the birth the child normally becomes a British citizen at that point if legitimated by the marriage and the father was eligible to pass on British citizenship . If the unmarried British father was domiciled in a country that treated ( at the date of birth of the child born before 1 July 2006 ) a child born to unmarried parents in the same way as a child born to married parents , then the father passed on British citizenship automatically to his child , even though the child was born before 1 July 2006 to unmarried parents . Such countries are listed in the UK Home Office Immigration and Passport Services publication `` Legitimation and Domicile '' .",
"Where the parent is a British citizen by descent additional requirements apply . In the most common scenario , the parent is normally expected to have lived in the UK for three consecutive years and apply to register the child as a British citizen while the child is a minor ( clause 43 , Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 , effective from 13 January 2010 ) . Prior to this date , the age limit was 12 months .",
"Before 21 May 2002 , British Overseas Territories were treated as ' overseas ' for nationality purposes . The exceptions were Gibraltar , British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 ; and the Falkland Islands , granted British citizenship following the Falklands War under the British Nationality ( Falkland Islands ) Act 1983 . Hence , children born to such parents on a British Overseas Territory other than those listed above acquired British citizenship by descent if they were born prior to 21 May 2002 , while children born on or after that day on a British Overseas Territory ( other than Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) acquired British citizenship otherwise by descent as UK - born children .",
"Children born overseas to parents on Crown Service are normally granted British citizenship otherwise than by descent , so their status is the same as it would have been had they been born in the UK .",
"In exceptional cases , the Home Secretary may register a child of parents who are British by descent as a British citizen under discretionary provisions , for example if the child is stateless , or a second or subsequent generation born abroad into a British citizen family with strong links with the UK , or in ' compassionate circumstances ' .",
"Before 1983 , as a general rule CUKC status was transmitted automatically only for one generation , with registration in infancy possible for subsequent generations . Transmission was from the father only , and only if the parents were married . ( See History of British nationality law . )",
"Children born outside the UK before 1 January 1983 to a CUKC mother who became a British citizen on 1 January 1983 and a foreign father are not British citizens by birth , and neither are children born between 1 January 1983 to 1 July 2006 to a British citizen father and a foreign mother out of wedlock .",
"From 20 July 2009 , the Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 provides that a person born outside the UK to a British mother may be entitled to register as a British citizen by descent if that person was born before 1 January 1983 . Before the 2009 changes , only persons born after 7 February 1961 and before 1 January 1983 were eligible for this provision that came into force in April 2003 . Requirements for successful registration with form UKM are that the applicant be a child of a British mother born before 1983 and be of good character and attend a citizenship ceremony . Since 2010 , there is no longer an application fee ( of £ 540 ) . Applicants do however still have to pay £ 80 for the citizenship ceremony .",
"From 6 April 2015 , a child born out of wedlock before 1 July 2006 to a British father is entitled to register as a British citizen by descent under the Immigration Act 2014 using form UKF . Such child must also meet character requirements , pay relevant processing fees and attend a citizenship ceremony . However , if the applicant has a claim to register as a British citizen under other clauses of the British Nationality Act 1981 , or has already acquired British citizenship after being legitimised , the application will be refused .",
"Alternatively , if already resident in the UK , these children may seek naturalisation as a British citizen , which gives transmissible British citizenship otherwise than by descent .",
"A child adopted by a British citizen acquires British citizenship automatically only if :",
"the adoption order is made by a court in the UK , Channel Islands , Isle of Man or Falkland Islands on or after 1 January 1983 , or in another British Overseas Territory on or after 21 May 2002 ; or it is a Convention adoption under the 1993 Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption effected on or after 1 June 2003 and the adopters are habitually resident in the UK on that date .",
"the adoption order is made by a court in the UK , Channel Islands , Isle of Man or Falkland Islands on or after 1 January 1983 , or in another British Overseas Territory on or after 21 May 2002 ; or",
"it is a Convention adoption under the 1993 Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption effected on or after 1 June 2003 and the adopters are habitually resident in the UK on that date .",
"In both cases , at least one adoptive parent must be a British citizen on the date of the adoption .",
"The requirements are different for persons adopted before 1983 .",
"In all other cases , an application for registration of the child as a British citizen must be made before the child is 18 . Usually this is granted provided the Secretary of State accepts the adoption is bona fide and the child would have been a British citizen if the natural child of the adopters . Usually the adoption must have taken place under the law of a ' designated country ' ( most developed nations along with some others are ' designated ' for this purpose ) and be recognised in the UK . This is the standard method for children adopted by British citizens permanently resident overseas to acquire British citizenship .",
"The cancellation or annulment of an adoption order does not cause loss of British citizenship acquired by that adoption .",
"British children adopted by non-British nationals do not lose British nationality , even if they acquire a foreign nationality as a result of the adoption .",
"Any person who obtains British nationality by this method are British otherwise than by descent , which means they have the same status as those born or naturalised in the UK and can pass on British nationality to their children .",
"Naturalisation as a British citizen is at the discretion of the Home Secretary , who may grant British citizenship to anyone they `` think fit '' . Although the Home Office sets down official requirements for naturalisation they may waive any of them , or may refuse citizenship to a person even if they meet all of the requirements . However , applications for naturalisation are normally granted if the requirements are met .",
"The requirements for naturalisation as a British citizen depend on whether or not one is the spouse or civil partner of a British citizen .",
"For those married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen , the applicant must :",
"Have held indefinite leave to remain in the UK ( or an `` equivalent '' ( for this purpose ) such as the right of abode , Irish citizenship , or permanent residency as a citizen of an EU / EEA country or a family member of one ) at the time they apply for naturalisation . As of 12 November 2015 , EEA nationals are explicitly required to obtain a proof of permanent residency in the UK ( in the form of permanent residency certificate ) if they are to become a British citizen by naturalisation Proof of permanent residence is obtained by completing form EEA ( PR ) for Home Office approval . Have lived legally in the UK for three years Be of `` good character '' , as deemed by the Home Office ( in practice the Home Office carries out checks with the police and with other Government departments ) show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK , either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language and citizenship classes . Proof of this must be supplied with one 's application for naturalisation . Exemption from this and the language requirement ( see below ) is normally granted for those aged 65 or over , and may be granted to those aged between 60 and 65 . Note that this is required for permanent residency , not just for citizenship , and married partners may be deported if they are unable to pass the test . The test has attracted controversy for being `` like a bad pub quiz '' and the subject of a critical , comprehensive report by Thom Brooks . Meet specified English , Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards . Those who pass the Life in the UK test are deemed to meet English language requirements",
"Have held indefinite leave to remain in the UK ( or an `` equivalent '' ( for this purpose ) such as the right of abode , Irish citizenship , or permanent residency as a citizen of an EU / EEA country or a family member of one ) at the time they apply for naturalisation . As of 12 November 2015 , EEA nationals are explicitly required to obtain a proof of permanent residency in the UK ( in the form of permanent residency certificate ) if they are to become a British citizen by naturalisation Proof of permanent residence is obtained by completing form EEA ( PR ) for Home Office approval .",
"Have lived legally in the UK for three years",
"Be of `` good character '' , as deemed by the Home Office ( in practice the Home Office carries out checks with the police and with other Government departments )",
"show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK , either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language and citizenship classes . Proof of this must be supplied with one 's application for naturalisation . Exemption from this and the language requirement ( see below ) is normally granted for those aged 65 or over , and may be granted to those aged between 60 and 65 . Note that this is required for permanent residency , not just for citizenship , and married partners may be deported if they are unable to pass the test . The test has attracted controversy for being `` like a bad pub quiz '' and the subject of a critical , comprehensive report by Thom Brooks .",
"Meet specified English , Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards . Those who pass the Life in the UK test are deemed to meet English language requirements",
"For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen , the requirements are :",
"Five years ' legal residence in the UK Indefinite leave to remain or `` equivalent '' for this purpose ( see above ) must have been held for 12 months the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association the same `` good character '' standards apply as for those married to British citizens the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens",
"Five years ' legal residence in the UK",
"Indefinite leave to remain or `` equivalent '' for this purpose ( see above ) must have been held for 12 months",
"the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association",
"the same `` good character '' standards apply as for those married to British citizens",
"the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens",
"Those applying for British citizenship in the Channel Islands and Isle of Man ( where the application is mainly based on residence in the Crown Dependencies rather than the UK ) do not have to sit the Life in the UK Test . In the Isle of Man , there is a Life in the Isle of Man Test , consisting of certain questions taken from the Life in the UK Test syllabus and certain questions taken from a separate syllabus relating to matters specific to the Isle of Man . In due course it is expected that Regulations will be introduced to that effect in the Channel Islands . The provisions for proving knowledge of English , Welsh or Scottish Gaelic remain unchanged until that date for applicants in the Crown Dependencies . In the rare cases where an applicant is able to apply for naturalisation from outside the United Kingdom , a paper version of the Life in the UK Test may be available at a British diplomatic mission .",
"As of 11 February 2009 , wait times for naturalisation applications were reportedly up to 6 months . The UK Border Agency stated that this was occurring because of the widespread changes proposed to the immigration laws expected to take effect in late 2009 .",
"Fees for naturalisation ( including Citizenship ceremony fee ) have been rising steadily far faster than inflation ;",
"In 2013 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 874 . In 2014 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 906 . In 2015 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1005 . In 2016 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1236 . In 2017 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1282 . In 2018 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1330 .",
"In 2013 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 874 .",
"In 2014 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 906 .",
"In 2015 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1005 .",
"In 2016 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1236 .",
"In 2017 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1282 .",
"In 2018 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1330 .",
"The immigration status for citizens of European Economic Area states and Switzerland has changed since 1983 . This is important in terms of eligibility for naturalisation , and whether the UK - born child of such a person is a British citizen .",
"In general , before 2 October 2000 , any EEA citizen exercising Treaty rights in the United Kingdom was deemed `` settled '' in the United Kingdom . Hence a child born to that person in the United Kingdom would normally be a British citizen by birth .",
"The Immigration ( European Economic Area ) Regulations provided that with only a few exceptions , citizens of EU and European Economic Area states were not generally considered `` settled '' in the UK unless they applied for and obtained permanent residency . This is relevant in terms of eligibility to apply for naturalisation or obtaining British citizenship for UK born children ( born on or after 2 October 2000 ) .",
"On 30 April 2006 , the Immigration ( European Economic Area ) Regulations 2006 came into force , with citizens of EEA states and Switzerland automatically acquiring permanent residence after 5 years ' residence in the UK exercising Treaty rights .",
"Children born in the UK to EEA / Swiss parents are normally British citizens automatically if at least one parent has been exercising Treaty rights for five years . If the parents have lived in the UK for less than five years when the child is born , the child may be registered as British under section 1 ( 3 ) of the British Nationality Act once the parents complete five years ' residence .",
"Children born between 2 October 2000 and 29 April 2006 may be registered as British citizens as soon as one parent has completed five years ' residence exercising Treaty rights in the UK .",
"Because of section 2 ( 1 ) of the Ireland Act 1949 ( which states that the Republic of Ireland would not be treated as a foreign country for the purposes of British law ) , Irish citizens are exempt from these restrictions and are normally treated as `` settled '' in the UK immediately upon taking up residence . This status may be threatened by Brexit , according to an untested ( in court ) legal opinion .",
"From 1 June 2002 , citizens of Switzerland are accorded EEA rights in the UK .",
"Greek citizens did not acquire full Treaty rights in the UK until 1 January 1988 and citizens of Spain and Portugal did not acquire these rights until 1 January 1992 .",
"Non-British children with an EEA or Swiss parent may be registered as British once the parent becomes `` settled '' in the UK under the terms of the Immigration Regulations dealing with EEA citizens .",
"A separate entitlement exists for any such UK - born child registered as British if they live in the UK until age 10 , regardless of their or their parent 's immigration status .",
"Registration is a simpler method of acquiring citizenship than naturalisation , but only certain people are eligible .",
"British nationals ( other than British citizens ) who have indefinite leave to remain or the right of abode in the UK are eligible for British citizenship by registration after five years ' residence in the United Kingdom . This is an entitlement under s4 of the 1981 Act ( section 4 registration ) .",
"Other cases where persons may be entitled to registration ( either as a matter of law or policy ) include :",
"Children born in the UK where a parent obtains British citizenship or ' settled ' status ( for example , indefinite leave to remain ) after the child is born provided he / she is under the age of 18 Children born in the UK who live in the UK until the age of 10 Children born in the UK or on a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who became a member of the armed forces after the child 's birth , if he or she was born on or after 13 January 2010 Children born outside the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who was a member of the armed forces at the time of the child 's birth and stationed outside the UK or a qualified BOT , if he or she was born on or after 13 January 2010 Children born to a British father who is not married to the mother British Overseas citizens , British subjects and British protected persons who have no other nationality Certain British nationals from Hong Kong who meet the requirements of the Hong Kong ( War Wives and Widows ) Act 1996 or the British Nationality ( Hong Kong ) Act 1997 British Nationals ( Overseas ) who do not hold any other citizenship or nationality before 19 March 2009 ( see Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 regarding the extension of Section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981 ) Persons born outside the UK to a British born or naturalised mother . Certain children born outside the UK to a British citizen by descent Certain children born in the UK who are stateless Persons who acquire British Overseas Territories citizenship after 21 May 2002 ( except those connected solely with the Sovereign Base Areas of Cyprus ) Children under 18 who are adopted outside the UK by British citizens Former British citizens who renounced British citizenship",
"Children born in the UK where a parent obtains British citizenship or ' settled ' status ( for example , indefinite leave to remain ) after the child is born provided he / she is under the age of 18",
"Children born in the UK who live in the UK until the age of 10",
"Children born in the UK or on a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who became a member of the armed forces after the child 's birth , if he or she was born on or after 13 January 2010",
"Children born outside the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who was a member of the armed forces at the time of the child 's birth and stationed outside the UK or a qualified BOT , if he or she was born on or after 13 January 2010",
"Children born to a British father who is not married to the mother",
"British Overseas citizens , British subjects and British protected persons who have no other nationality",
"Certain British nationals from Hong Kong who meet the requirements of the Hong Kong ( War Wives and Widows ) Act 1996 or the British Nationality ( Hong Kong ) Act 1997",
"British Nationals ( Overseas ) who do not hold any other citizenship or nationality before 19 March 2009 ( see Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 regarding the extension of Section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981 )",
"Persons born outside the UK to a British born or naturalised mother .",
"Certain children born outside the UK to a British citizen by descent",
"Certain children born in the UK who are stateless",
"Persons who acquire British Overseas Territories citizenship after 21 May 2002 ( except those connected solely with the Sovereign Base Areas of Cyprus )",
"Children under 18 who are adopted outside the UK by British citizens",
"Former British citizens who renounced British citizenship",
"The Home Secretary can exercise discretion under Section 3 ( 1 ) of the British Nationality Act 1981 and register a child as a British citizen even if he / she does not meet the formal criteria .",
"The British Nationality Act 1981 contains provisions for acquisition and loss of British Dependent Territories citizenship ( BDTC ) ( renamed British Overseas Territories citizenship ( BOTC ) in 2002 ) on a broadly similar basis to those for British citizenship . The Home Secretary has delegated his powers to grant BOTC to the Governors of the Overseas Territories . Only in exceptional cases is a person registered or naturalised as a BOTC by the Home Office in the UK .",
"On 21 May 2002 , any BOTC who did not hold British citizenship ( except those from the Sovereign Base Areas ) automatically acquired it under the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 . Those who acquired BOTC through naturalisation or registration after that date are entitled to register as British citizens under s4A of the 1981 Act .",
"It is unusual for a person to be able to acquire British Overseas citizenship , British National ( Overseas ) , British subject or British protected person status . They are not generally transmissible by descent , nor are they open to acquisition by registration , except for certain instances to prevent statelessness .",
"The Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 granted British Overseas Citizens , British Subjects and British Protected Persons the right to register as British citizens if they have no other citizenship or nationality and have not after 4 July 2002 renounced , voluntarily relinquished or lost through action or inaction any citizenship or nationality . Previously such persons would have not had the right of abode in any country , and would have thus been de facto stateless . Despite strong resistance from senior officials at the Home Office , the then Home Secretary , David Blunkett , said on 3 July 2002 that this would `` right a historic wrong '' that left stateless tens of thousands of Asian people who had worked closely with British colonial administrations .",
"British Overseas citizenship is generally held by persons connected with former British colonies and who did not lose their British Nationality upon the independence of those colonies .",
"After the withdrawal of BDTC status from all BDTCs by virtue of a connection with Hong Kong on 30 June 1997 , most of them are now either British Nationals ( Overseas ) and / or British citizens ( with or without nationality of China ) , or Chinese nationals only . The remaining few became British Overseas citizens .",
"Before the handover in 1997 , former BDTCs from Hong Kong had been able to acquire British citizenship under legislation passed in 1990 , 1996 and 1997 . In other cases , certain persons may already hold British citizenship as a matter of entitlement or through registration under normal procedures .",
"Although it is no longer possible to acquire British National ( Overseas ) status after 31 December 1997 , stateless children born to such parents are entitled to British Overseas citizenship and can subsequently apply to register as British citizens under the Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 . Since 2009 , BN ( O ) s without other nationalities or citizenship are able to register as British citizens under the Borders , Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 as well .",
"British citizens and BN ( O ) s who are of full or partial Chinese descent are also Chinese nationals under Chinese law unless they have renounced their Chinese nationality with the Hong Kong SAR Government . As China does not recognise multiple nationality , those persons are considered by China as solely Chinese nationals before and after the handover of Hong Kong and hence are not eligible for consular protection when on Chinese soil . Although holding the same nationality under the Chinese nationality law , Chinese nationals with a connection to Hong Kong or Macau have been categorised differently from Chinese nationals domiciled in Mainland China .",
"In February 2006 , in response to extensive representations made by Lord Avebury and Tameem Ebrahim , British authorities announced that 600 British citizenship applications of ethnic minority children of Indian descent from Hong Kong were wrongly refused . The applications dated from the period July 1997 onwards . Where applicants in such cases confirm that they still wish to receive British citizenship , the decision is reconsidered on request . No additional fee is required in such cases . A template to request reconsideration is available for those who want a prior application reconsidered .",
"Approximately 800,000 persons born before 1949 and connected with the Republic of Ireland remain entitled to claim British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act .",
"Eligible descendants from the Electress Sophia of Hanover may hold British Overseas citizenship based on their status as British subjects before 1949 . Where such a person acquired a right of abode in the UK before 1983 , it is possible for British citizenship to have been acquired . See also History of British nationality law and Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 .",
"All categories of British nationality can be renounced by a declaration made to the Home Secretary . A person ceases to be a British national on the date the Home Secretary registers the declaration of renunciation . If a declaration is registered in the expectation of acquiring another citizenship but one is not acquired within six months of the registration , it does not take effect and the person remains a British national .",
"Renunciations made to other authorities ( such as the general renunciation made as part of the US naturalisation ceremony ) are not recognised by the UK . The forms must be sent through the UK Border Agency 's citizenship renunciation process . There are provisions for the resumption of British citizenship or British overseas territories citizenship renounced for the purpose of gaining or retaining another citizenship . This can generally only be done once as a matter of entitlement . Further opportunities to resume British citizenship are discretionary .",
"British subjects , British Overseas citizens and British Nationals ( Overseas ) can not resume their British nationality after renunciation .",
"British subjects ( other than British subjects by virtue of a connection with the Republic of Ireland ) and British protected persons lose British nationality upon acquiring any other form of nationality .",
"These provisions do not apply to British citizens . British Overseas Territories citizens ( BOTCs ) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose belonger status in their home territory under its immigration laws . Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information . British Overseas citizens ( BOCs ) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer exist after acquiring another citizenship .",
"These provisions do not apply to British citizens .",
"British Overseas Territories citizens ( BOTCs ) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose belonger status in their home territory under its immigration laws . Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information .",
"British Overseas citizens ( BOCs ) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer exist after acquiring another citizenship .",
"Under the Immigration , Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 , people with dual nationality who are British nationals can be deprived of their British citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied that `` deprivation is conducive to the public good '' ; there is a right of appeal . This provision has been in force since 16 June 2006 when the Immigration , Nationality and Asylum Act 2006 ( Commencement No 1 ) Order 2006 came into force . Loss of British nationality in this way applies to people born in the UK as British citizens and who also hold another nationality . As the provision applies only to dual nationals , its application can not render a person stateless .",
"The Home Office does not issue information on these cases and is resistant to answering questions , for example under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 . As of 15 July 2013 at least 17 people had been deprived of their British citizenship , in most cases on the recommendation of MI5 . It appears that the government usually waits until the person has left Britain , then sends a warning notice to their British home and signs a deprivation order a day or two later . Appeals are heard at the highly secretive Special Immigration Appeals Commission ( SIAC ) , where the government can submit evidence that can not be seen or challenged by the appellant .",
"Previously since 2003 under the Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 , British nationals could be deprived of their citizenship only if the Secretary of State was satisfied they were responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory .",
"British nationals who are naturalised or registered may lose British nationality if it was obtained by fraud or concealment of a material fact . The nationality laws of the US , Canada and Australia have similar provisions to revoke local nationality from citizens who gained such citizenship via naturalisation .",
"Since the British Nationality Act of 1948 , there is in general no restriction in UK law on a British national holding citizenship of other countries .",
"Different rules apply to British protected persons and certain British subjects . A person who is a British subject other than by connection with the Republic of Ireland loses that status on acquiring any other nationality or citizenship , and a British protected person ceases to be such on acquiring any other nationality or citizenship . Although British Overseas citizens are not subject to loss of citizenship , British Overseas citizens may lose an entitlement to register as a British citizen under s4B of the 1981 Act if they acquire any other citizenship .",
"A number of other countries do not allow multiple citizenship . If a person has British nationality and is also a national of a country that does not allow dual nationality , the authorities of that country may regard the person as having lost that nationality or may refuse to recognise the British nationality . British nationals who acquire the nationality of a country that does not allow dual nationality may be required by the other country to renounce British nationality to retain the other citizenship . None of this affects a person 's national status under UK law .",
"Under the international Master Nationality Rule a state may not give diplomatic protection to one of its nationals with dual nationality in a country where the person also holds citizenship .",
"A British subject who acquired foreign citizenship by naturalisation before 1949 were deemed to have lost his or her British subject status at the time . No specific provisions were made in the 1948 legislation for such former British subjects to acquire or otherwise resume British nationality , and hence such a person would not be a British citizen today . However , women who lost British nationality on marriage to a foreign man before 1949 were deemed to have reacquired British subject status immediately before the coming into force of the 1948 act .",
"The UK is a signatory to the Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality ( 1963 Strasbourg Convention ) . Chapter 1 requires that persons naturalised by another European member country automatically forfeit their original nationality but the UK ratified only Chapter 2 , so the convention does not limit the ability of British citizens to become dual citizens of other European countries .",
"From 1 January 2004 , all new applicants for British citizenship by naturalisation or registration aged 18 or over if their application is successful must attend a citizenship ceremony and either make an affirmation or take an oath of allegiance to the monarch , and make a pledge to the UK .",
"Citizenship ceremonies are normally organised by :",
"local councils in England , Scotland , and Wales the Northern Ireland Office the governments of the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey the Governors of British Overseas Territories British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories .",
"local councils in England , Scotland , and Wales",
"the Northern Ireland Office",
"the governments of the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey",
"the Governors of British Overseas Territories",
"British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories .",
"Persons from the Republic of Ireland born before 1949 reclaiming British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act do not need to attend a citizenship ceremony . If such a person subsequently applies for British citizenship by registration or naturalisation , attendance at a ceremony is required .",
"For those who applied for British citizenship before 2004 :",
"the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person those who already held British nationality ( other than British protected persons ) were exempt , as were those citizens of countries with the Queen as Head of State ( such as Australia and Canada ) .",
"the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person",
"those who already held British nationality ( other than British protected persons ) were exempt , as were those citizens of countries with the Queen as Head of State ( such as Australia and Canada ) .",
"Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration by the United Kingdom on 31 December 1982 on the definition of the term `` nationals ''",
"Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration by the United Kingdom on 31 December 1982 on the definition of the term `` nationals ''",
"British nationals who are `` United Kingdom nationals for European Union purposes '' , namely :",
"British citizens ; British subjects with the right of abode ; and British Overseas Territories citizens connected to Gibraltar",
"British citizens ;",
"British subjects with the right of abode ; and",
"British Overseas Territories citizens connected to Gibraltar",
"have become citizens of the European Union under European Union law and enjoy rights of free movement and the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament . When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . British citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty .",
"By virtue of a special provision in the UK Accession Treaty , British citizens who are connected with the Channel Islands and Isle of Man ( i.e. `` Channel Islanders and Manxmen '' ) do not have the right to live in other European Union countries ( except the Republic of Ireland through the long - established Common Travel Area ) unless they have connections through descent or residence in the United Kingdom .",
"The Home Office Research and Statistics Division publishes an annual report with statistics on grants of British citizenship broken down by type and former nationality . Since 2003 , the report has also included research on take - up rates for British citizenship .",
"Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . In 2017 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Belgian , Dutch , French , Luxembourgish , Norwegian and Singaporean passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) .",
"Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different ."
] | British nationality law - wikipedia British nationality law British Nationality Act 1981 Parliament of the United Kingdom An Act to make fresh provision about citizenship and nationality, and to amend the Immigration Act 1971 as regards the right of abode in the United Kingdom. Citation 1981 c. 61 Enacted by 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom Status: Current legislation British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom which concerns citizenship and other categories of British nationality . The law is complex due to the United Kingdom's historical status as an imperial power . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Classes of British nationality 2.1 Active categories 2.2 Residual categories 2.3 Relationship with right of abode 3 Acquisition of British citizenship 3.1 British citizenship by birth in the United Kingdom or a qualified British Overseas Territory 3.1.1 Before 1983 3.2 British citizenship by descent 3.2.1 From 1983 3.2.2 Before 1983 3.2.3 Children ineligible for British citizenship at birth 3.3 British citizenship by adoption 3.4 British citizenship by naturalisation 3.5 Citizens of EEA States and Switzerland 3.5.1 Before 2 October 2000 3.5.2 2 October 2000 to 29 April 2006 3.5.3 30 April 2006 onwards 3.5.4 Irish citizens 3.5.5 Swiss citizens 3.5.6 Citizens of Greece, Spain and Portugal 3.5.7 Ten years rule 3.6 Registration as a British citizen 4 Acquisition of British Overseas Territories citizenship 5 Acquisition of other categories of British nationality 5.1 Persons connected with former British colonies 5.2 British Nationals (Overseas) and Hong Kong 5.3 Persons born in the Republic of Ireland 5.4 Descendants of the Electress Sophia of Hanover 6 Loss of British nationality 6.1 Renunciation and resumption of British nationality 6.2 Automatic loss of British nationality 6.3 Revocation of British nationality 7 Multiple nationality and multiple citizenship 8 British citizenship ceremonies 9 Citizenship of the European Union 10 Statistics on British Citizenship: 1998 to 2009 11 Travel freedom of British citizens 12 See also 13 Notes 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article: History of British nationality law English law and Scots law have always distinguished between the Monarch's subjects and aliens, but British nationality law was uncodified until the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 codified existing common law and statute, with a few minor changes. British citizenship and British nationality law Introduction British nationality law History Citizens of the Republic of Ireland in the United Kingdom Classes of British national status and other status British citizens British subjects (under the British Nationality Act 1981) British Overseas Territories citizens British Nationals (Overseas) British Overseas citizens British Protected Persons Commonwealth citizens in the United Kingdom See also Right of abode Belonger status (in certain British Overseas Territories and formerly certain former British Dependent territories) Acts British Nationality Act 1948 Ireland Act 1949 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality Act 1981 British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdom in the European Union Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act Membership Brand EU EU Four The Euro European Movement UK Nationality law UK Euroscepticism Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday Officials and bodies EU Committee European Scrutiny Committee Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London Young European Movement UK UK European Commissioners Permanent EU Representatives Legislation 1972 EC Act 1986 EC (Amendment) Act 1993 EC (Amendment) Act 1998 EC (Amendment) Act 2002 EC (Amendment) Act 2008 EU (Amendment) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004-- 05 EU Bill 2013-- 14 EU (Referendum) Bill 2015-- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU (Referendum) Act (Gibraltar) 2016 EU membership referendum Causes Endorsements Issues Opinion polling Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave (official lead group) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.EU Bpoplive ( cancelled ) Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe (official lead group) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe New Europeans Nucleus People's Vote Pejorative term for pro-EU advocacy Project Fear Media coverage Brexit: The Movie In or Out Aftermath Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bill 2016-17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Proposed London independence The New European European Union (Withdrawal) Bill (including meaningful vote ) Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU (Brexit Department) Secretary of State (Brexit Secretary) Department for International Trade Secretary of State (International Trade Secretary) Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain See also United Ireland Calls for second vote Organisations campaigning for a second vote via People's Vote Britain for Europe European Movement UK For our Future's Sake Healthier IN InFacts Open Britain Our Future Our Choice Scientists for EU Wales for Europe Non-People's Vote campaign group Best for Britain See also Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom Some thought the single Imperial status of `` British subject '' was becoming increasingly inadequate to deal with a Commonwealth with independent member states. In 1948, the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that each member would adopt a national citizenship (Canada had already done so), but that the existing status of the British subject would continue as a common status held by all Commonwealth citizens . The British Nationality Act 1948 established the status of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC), the national citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies on 1 January 1949. Until the early 1960s there was little difference, if any, in UK law between the rights of CUKCs and other British subjects, all of whom had the right at any time to enter and live in the UK. Independence Acts, passed when the remaining colonies were granted independence, contained nationality provisions. In general, these provisions withdrew the status of CUKC from anyone who became citizens of the newly independent country, unless one had a connection with the UK or a remaining colony (e.g. through birth in the UK). Exceptions were sometimes made in cases where the colonies did not become independent. (Notable cases include Penang and Malacca , which were made part of the Federation of Malaya ; and Hong Kong , which became part of the People's Republic of China : CUKC status was not withdrawn from CUKCs from Penang and Malacca, and a new British nationality status was created for Hong Kong.) Between 1962 and 1971, as a result of fears about increasing immigration by Commonwealth citizens from Asia and Africa , the UK gradually tightened controls on immigration by British subjects from other parts of the Commonwealth. The Immigration Act 1971 introduced the concept of patriality , by which only British subjects with sufficiently strong links to the British Islands (i.e. the UK, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man ) had right of abode , the right to live and work in the Islands. The principal British nationality law now in force is the British Nationality Act 1981 , which established the current system of multiple categories of British nationality, viz. British citizens , British Overseas Territories citizens , British Overseas citizens , British Nationals (Overseas) , British subjects , and British protected persons . Only British citizens and certain Commonwealth citizens have the automatic right of abode in the UK. The 1981 Act ceased to recognise Commonwealth citizens as British subjects. There remain only two categories of people who are still British subjects: those (formerly known as British subjects without citizenship) who acquired British nationality through a connection with former British India, and those connected with the Republic of Ireland before 1949 who have made a declaration to retain British nationality. British subjects connected with former British India lose British nationality if they acquire any other. In spite of the fact that the 1981 act repealed most of the provisions of 1948 act and the nationality clauses in subsequent independence acts, the acquisition of new categories of British nationality created by the 1981 act was often dependent on nationality status prior to 1 January 1983, the date the 1981 act came into effect, so many of the provisions of the 1948 act and subsequent independence acts are still relevant. Not taking this into account might lead one to the erroneous conclusion, for example, that the 1981 act's repeal of the nationality clauses in the Kenya Independence Act of 1963 restored British nationality to those who lost their CUKC status as a result of Kenya 's independence in 1963. This is one of the reasons for the complexity of British nationality law; in complicated cases, determining British nationality status requires an examination of several nationality acts in their original form. Classes of British nationality ( edit ) There are currently six classes of British nationality. Category Active British passport Consular assistance from UK diplomatic posts Immigration control exemption and right of abode in the UK EU citizen British Citizen Y Y Y Y Y British Overseas Territories citizen Y Y Y Y ( Gibraltar ) Y ( Gibraltar ) N (other territories) N (other territories) British Overseas citizen Y Y British subject Y Y Y (with right of abode ) Y (with right of abode ) N (without right of abode ) N (without right of abode ) British National (Overseas) Y Y British protected person Y Y Active categories ( edit ) The following two classes of British nationality are `` active'' , meaning that they can be acquired at birth, or by naturalization or registration for any eligible person. British citizen Persons who are British citizens usually hold this status through a connection with the United Kingdom , Channel Islands and Isle of Man (`` United Kingdom and Islands'' ), or, since 2002, a connection with one of the British Overseas Territories (BOT) except Akrotiri and Dhekelia . Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) who possessed right of abode under the Immigration Act 1971 through a connection with the UK and Islands generally became British citizens on 1 January 1983, and British Dependent Territories citizens who were not solely connected with Akrotiri and Dhekelia acquired this status on 21 May 2002. British citizenship is the most common type of British nationality, and the only one that automatically carries a right of abode in the UK. Other rights can vary according to how the British citizenship was acquired. In particular there are restrictions for ' British citizens by descent ' transmitting British citizenship to children born outside the UK. These restrictions do not apply to ' British citizens otherwise than by descent' . British Overseas Territories citizen (formerly British Dependent Territories citizenship) (BOTC) BOTC (formerly BDTC) is the form of British nationality held by connection with a British Overseas Territory (BOT). It is possible to hold BOTC and British citizenship simultaneously. Nearly all are now also British citizens as a result of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 . Residual categories ( edit ) The four residual categories are expected to become extinct with the passage of time. They can be passed to children only in exceptional circumstances, e.g., if the child would otherwise be stateless . There is consequently little provision for the acquisition of these classes of nationality by people who do not already have them. To reduce de facto statelessness, most are allowed to be registered as British citizens provided holding no other citizenship or nationality. British Overseas citizen (BOC) In general, most BOCs are CUKCs who did not qualify for British citizenship or British Dependent Territories citizenship. Most derived their status as CUKCs from former colonies, such as Malaysia and Kenya , because of quirks and exceptions in the law that resulted in their retaining CUKC status in spite of the independence of their colonies. This is fairly uncommon: most CUKCs (including those from Malaysia and Kenya) lost their CUKC status upon independence. In 1997, BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong became BOCs after they did not register as British Nationals (Overseas) and would become stateless after the withdrawal of BDTC status from Hong Kong residents. British subject British subjects (as defined in the 1981 Act) are British subjects who were not CUKCs or citizens of any other Commonwealth country. Most derived their status as British subjects from British India or the Republic of Ireland as they existed before 1949. British National (Overseas) (BN(O)) The status of BN(O) was created by the Hong Kong Act 1985 and the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Order 1986. BN(O)s are BDTCs with a connection to Hong Kong who applied for registration as BN(O)s before the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China . British protected person (BPP) BPPs derive from parts of the British Empire that were protectorates or protected states with nominally independent rulers under the `` protection'' of the British Crown, not officially part of the Crown's dominions. The status of BPP is sui generis -- BPPs are not Commonwealth citizens (' British subjects' , in the old sense) and were not traditionally considered British nationals, but are not aliens either. Relationship with right of abode ( edit ) Only the status of British citizen carries with it the right of abode in a certain country or territory (in this case the UK). In practice, BOTCs (except those associated with the Sovereign bases in Cyprus ) were granted full British citizenship in 2002; BN(O)s have right of abode or right to land in Hong Kong (note: not conferred by the status itself, but the Immigration Ordinance of Hong Kong) and are eligible for registration as British citizens if holding no other nationality under the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 ; BSs and BPPs lose their statuses upon acquisition of another nationality (except BSs connected with the Republic of Ireland) and so should be eligible for registration as British citizens under the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 . British Overseas citizens are unique in that their nationality status is not associated with a right of residence, and only certain types of BOCs are eligible to be registered as British citizens under Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Acquisition of British citizenship ( edit ) British Citizenship can be acquired in the following ways: lex soli : By birth in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who is a British citizen at the time of the birth, or to a parent who is settled in the UK or that Overseas Territory lex sanguinis : By birth abroad, which constitutes `` by descent'' if one of the parents is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (for example by birth, adoption, registration or naturalisation in the UK). British citizenship by descent is only transferable to one generation down from the parent who is a British citizen otherwise than by descent, if the child is born abroad. By naturalisation By registration By adoption For nationality purposes, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man are generally treated as if they were part of the UK . Information about British citizenship and other kinds of British nationality is available from Her Majesty's Government. Information is also available on provisions for reducing statelessness. Persons acquiring citizenship by method (2) are called British citizens by descent ; those acquiring citizenship by methods (1), (3) or (5) are called British citizens otherwise than by descent . British citizens by registration, method (4), may be either, depending on the circumstances. Only citizens otherwise than by descent can pass on their citizenship to their children born outside the UK or a British Overseas Territory automatically; British citizens by descent can pass on citizenship to their non-UK born children only by meeting certain UK residence requirements and registering them before the age of 18. British citizenship by birth in the United Kingdom or a qualified British Overseas Territory ( edit ) From 1 January 1983, a child born in the UK to a parent who is a British citizen or ' settled' in the UK is automatically a British citizen by birth. This provision is extended to children born to such parents in a British Overseas Territory other than Akrotiri and Dhekelia after 21 May 2002. Since 13 January 2010, a child born to a parent who is a member of the British Armed Forces at the time of birth also automatically acquires British citizenship if he or she was born in the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory. Only one parent needs to meet this requirement. ' Settled' status usually means the parent is resident in the UK or a British Overseas Territory and has the right of abode (or similar status), or holds Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR), or is the citizen of an EU/EEA country and has permanent residence, or otherwise unrestricted by immigration laws to remain in the UK or that Overseas Territory. Irish citizens in the UK are deemed settled for this purpose. To qualify under the armed forces provision, the parent must be a member of the armed forces at the time of the child's birth. Special rules exist for cases where a parent of a child is a citizen of a European Union or European Economic Area member state, or Switzerland . The law in this respect was changed on 2 October 2000 and 30 April 2006. See below for details. For children born before 1 July 2006, if only the father meets this requirement the parents must be married. Marriage subsequent to the birth is normally enough to confer British citizenship from that point. Where the father is not married to the mother, the Home Office usually registers the child as British provided an application is made and the child would have been British otherwise. The child must be under 18 on the date of application. Where, after the child's birth, a parent subsequently acquires British citizenship or `` settled'' status, the child can be registered as a British citizen using Form MN1 provided he/she is aged under 18. If the child lives in the UK until the age of 10, there is a lifetime entitlement to register as a British citizen using Form T. The immigration status of the child and his/her parents is irrelevant. During each of the first 10 years of the child's life, he/she must not have spent over 90 days outside the UK (unless there were ' special circumstances' ). The applicant must be of good character at the time the application is made. A child born in the United Kingdom who is and has always been stateless may also qualify on the basis of a period of 5, rather than 10, years residence, using Form S3. Special provisions may apply for the child to acquire British citizenship if a parent is a British Overseas citizen or British subject, or if the child is stateless. Even if a child born in the UK on or after 1 January 1983 but does not acquire British citizenship at birth, the child is considered a lawful resident in the UK and is not required to apply for leave to remain. The child, however, is subject to immigration control and the child's parent(s) can choose to apply for regularisation of the child's immigration status by the grant of leave to remain (for the same period as that held by the parent(s)). If the child leaves the UK, he/she must hold leave to enter or remain in order to return to the UK. Before 1983 ( edit ) Between 1949 and 1982, birth in the UK or a Crown Colony was sufficient in itself to confer the status of Citizen of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC) irrespective of the status of parents, although only CUKCs with a connection to the UK (i.e., birth in the UK or has a UK-born parent or grandparent) would have right of abode in the UK after 1971 and would eventually become British citizens in 1983. CUKCs without a connection to the UK would become either British Overseas Territories citizens or British Overseas citizens in 1983 depending on whether they have a connection with another BOT. The only exception to this rule were children of diplomats and enemy aliens. This exception did not apply to most visiting forces, so, in general, children born in the UK before 1983 to visiting military personnel (e.g. US forces stationed in the UK) were CUKCs connected with UK and would become British citizens in 1983, albeit as a second nationality. British citizenship by descent ( edit ) `` British citizenship by descent'' is the category for the children born outside the UK or an Overseas Territory to a British citizen. Rules for acquiring British citizenship by descent depend on when the person was born. From 1983 ( edit ) A child born outside the UK on or after 1 January 1983 (or outside a British Overseas Territory on or after 21 May 2002) automatically acquires British citizenship by descent if either parent is a British citizen otherwise than by descent at the time of the child's birth. At least one parent must be a British citizen otherwise than by descent . As a general rule, an unmarried father cannot pass on British citizenship automatically in the case of a child born before 1 July 2006. If the parents marry subsequent to the birth the child normally becomes a British citizen at that point if legitimated by the marriage and the father was eligible to pass on British citizenship. If the unmarried British father was domiciled in a country that treated (at the date of birth of the child born before 1 July 2006) a child born to unmarried parents in the same way as a child born to married parents, then the father passed on British citizenship automatically to his child, even though the child was born before 1 July 2006 to unmarried parents. Such countries are listed in the UK Home Office Immigration and Passport Services publication `` Legitimation and Domicile'' . Where the parent is a British citizen by descent additional requirements apply. In the most common scenario, the parent is normally expected to have lived in the UK for three consecutive years and apply to register the child as a British citizen while the child is a minor (clause 43, Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 , effective from 13 January 2010). Prior to this date, the age limit was 12 months. Before 21 May 2002, British Overseas Territories were treated as ' overseas' for nationality purposes. The exceptions were Gibraltar , British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 ; and the Falkland Islands, granted British citizenship following the Falklands War under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 . Hence, children born to such parents on a British Overseas Territory other than those listed above acquired British citizenship by descent if they were born prior to 21 May 2002, while children born on or after that day on a British Overseas Territory (other than Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) acquired British citizenship otherwise by descent as UK-born children. Children born overseas to parents on Crown Service are normally granted British citizenship otherwise than by descent , so their status is the same as it would have been had they been born in the UK. In exceptional cases, the Home Secretary may register a child of parents who are British by descent as a British citizen under discretionary provisions, for example if the child is stateless, or a second or subsequent generation born abroad into a British citizen family with strong links with the UK, or in ' compassionate circumstances' . Before 1983 ( edit ) Before 1983, as a general rule CUKC status was transmitted automatically only for one generation, with registration in infancy possible for subsequent generations. Transmission was from the father only, and only if the parents were married. (See History of British nationality law .) Children ineligible for British citizenship at birth ( edit ) Children born outside the UK before 1 January 1983 to a CUKC mother who became a British citizen on 1 January 1983 and a foreign father are not British citizens by birth, and neither are children born between 1 January 1983 to 1 July 2006 to a British citizen father and a foreign mother out of wedlock. From 20 July 2009, the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 provides that a person born outside the UK to a British mother may be entitled to register as a British citizen by descent if that person was born before 1 January 1983. Before the 2009 changes, only persons born after 7 February 1961 and before 1 January 1983 were eligible for this provision that came into force in April 2003. Requirements for successful registration with form UKM are that the applicant be a child of a British mother born before 1983 and be of good character and attend a citizenship ceremony . Since 2010, there is no longer an application fee (of £ 540). Applicants do however still have to pay £ 80 for the citizenship ceremony. From 6 April 2015, a child born out of wedlock before 1 July 2006 to a British father is entitled to register as a British citizen by descent under the Immigration Act 2014 using form UKF. Such child must also meet character requirements, pay relevant processing fees and attend a citizenship ceremony. However, if the applicant has a claim to register as a British citizen under other clauses of the British Nationality Act 1981, or has already acquired British citizenship after being legitimised, the application will be refused. Alternatively, if already resident in the UK, these children may seek naturalisation as a British citizen, which gives transmissible British citizenship otherwise than by descent . British citizenship by adoption ( edit ) A child adopted by a British citizen acquires British citizenship automatically only if: the adoption order is made by a court in the UK, Channel Islands, Isle of Man or Falkland Islands on or after 1 January 1983, or in another British Overseas Territory on or after 21 May 2002; or it is a Convention adoption under the 1993 Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption effected on or after 1 June 2003 and the adopters are habitually resident in the UK on that date. In both cases, at least one adoptive parent must be a British citizen on the date of the adoption. The requirements are different for persons adopted before 1983. In all other cases, an application for registration of the child as a British citizen must be made before the child is 18. Usually this is granted provided the Secretary of State accepts the adoption is bona fide and the child would have been a British citizen if the natural child of the adopters. Usually the adoption must have taken place under the law of a ' designated country' (most developed nations along with some others are ' designated' for this purpose) and be recognised in the UK. This is the standard method for children adopted by British citizens permanently resident overseas to acquire British citizenship. The cancellation or annulment of an adoption order does not cause loss of British citizenship acquired by that adoption. British children adopted by non-British nationals do not lose British nationality, even if they acquire a foreign nationality as a result of the adoption. Any person who obtains British nationality by this method are British otherwise than by descent, which means they have the same status as those born or naturalised in the UK and can pass on British nationality to their children. British citizenship by naturalisation ( edit ) Naturalisation as a British citizen is at the discretion of the Home Secretary , who may grant British citizenship to anyone they `` think fit'' . Although the Home Office sets down official requirements for naturalisation they may waive any of them, or may refuse citizenship to a person even if they meet all of the requirements. However, applications for naturalisation are normally granted if the requirements are met. The requirements for naturalisation as a British citizen depend on whether or not one is the spouse or civil partner of a British citizen. For those married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen, the applicant must: Have held indefinite leave to remain in the UK (or an `` equivalent'' (for this purpose) such as the right of abode, Irish citizenship , or permanent residency as a citizen of an EU/EEA country or a family member of one) at the time they apply for naturalisation. As of 12 November 2015, EEA nationals are explicitly required to obtain a proof of permanent residency in the UK (in the form of permanent residency certificate) if they are to become a British citizen by naturalisation Proof of permanent residence is obtained by completing form EEA (PR) for Home Office approval. Have lived legally in the UK for three years Be of `` good character'' , as deemed by the Home Office (in practice the Home Office carries out checks with the police and with other Government departments) show sufficient knowledge of life in the UK, either by passing the Life in the United Kingdom test or by attending combined English language and citizenship classes. Proof of this must be supplied with one's application for naturalisation. Exemption from this and the language requirement (see below) is normally granted for those aged 65 or over, and may be granted to those aged between 60 and 65. Note that this is required for permanent residency, not just for citizenship, and married partners may be deported if they are unable to pass the test. The test has attracted controversy for being `` like a bad pub quiz'' and the subject of a critical, comprehensive report by Thom Brooks . Meet specified English , Welsh or Scottish Gaelic language competence standards. Those who pass the Life in the UK test are deemed to meet English language requirements For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen, the requirements are: Five years' legal residence in the UK Indefinite leave to remain or `` equivalent'' for this purpose (see above) must have been held for 12 months the applicant must intend to continue to live in the UK or work overseas for the UK government or a British corporation or association the same `` good character'' standards apply as for those married to British citizens the same language and knowledge of life in the UK standards apply as for those married to British citizens Those applying for British citizenship in the Channel Islands and Isle of Man (where the application is mainly based on residence in the Crown Dependencies rather than the UK) do not have to sit the Life in the UK Test. In the Isle of Man, there is a Life in the Isle of Man Test, consisting of certain questions taken from the Life in the UK Test syllabus and certain questions taken from a separate syllabus relating to matters specific to the Isle of Man. In due course it is expected that Regulations will be introduced to that effect in the Channel Islands. The provisions for proving knowledge of English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic remain unchanged until that date for applicants in the Crown Dependencies. In the rare cases where an applicant is able to apply for naturalisation from outside the United Kingdom, a paper version of the Life in the UK Test may be available at a British diplomatic mission. As of 11 February 2009 , wait times for naturalisation applications were reportedly up to 6 months. The UK Border Agency stated that this was occurring because of the widespread changes proposed to the immigration laws expected to take effect in late 2009. Fees for naturalisation (including Citizenship ceremony fee) have been rising steadily far faster than inflation; In 2013 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 874. In 2014 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 906. In 2015 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1005. In 2016 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1236. In 2017 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1282. In 2018 the fee for a single applicant increased to £ 1330. Citizens of EEA states and Switzerland ( edit ) The immigration status for citizens of European Economic Area states and Switzerland has changed since 1983. This is important in terms of eligibility for naturalisation, and whether the UK-born child of such a person is a British citizen. Before 2 October 2000 ( edit ) In general, before 2 October 2000, any EEA citizen exercising Treaty rights in the United Kingdom was deemed `` settled'' in the United Kingdom. Hence a child born to that person in the United Kingdom would normally be a British citizen by birth. 2 October 2000 to 29 April 2006 ( edit ) The Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations provided that with only a few exceptions, citizens of EU and European Economic Area states were not generally considered `` settled'' in the UK unless they applied for and obtained permanent residency. This is relevant in terms of eligibility to apply for naturalisation or obtaining British citizenship for UK born children (born on or after 2 October 2000). 30 April 2006 onwards ( edit ) On 30 April 2006, the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006 came into force, with citizens of EEA states and Switzerland automatically acquiring permanent residence after 5 years' residence in the UK exercising Treaty rights. Children born in the UK to EEA/Swiss parents are normally British citizens automatically if at least one parent has been exercising Treaty rights for five years. If the parents have lived in the UK for less than five years when the child is born, the child may be registered as British under section 1(3) of the British Nationality Act once the parents complete five years' residence. Children born between 2 October 2000 and 29 April 2006 may be registered as British citizens as soon as one parent has completed five years' residence exercising Treaty rights in the UK. Irish citizens ( edit ) Because of section 2(1) of the Ireland Act 1949 (which states that the Republic of Ireland would not be treated as a foreign country for the purposes of British law), Irish citizens are exempt from these restrictions and are normally treated as `` settled'' in the UK immediately upon taking up residence. This status may be threatened by Brexit , according to an untested (in court) legal opinion. Swiss citizens ( edit ) From 1 June 2002, citizens of Switzerland are accorded EEA rights in the UK. Citizens of greece, Spain and Portugal ( edit ) Greek citizens did not acquire full Treaty rights in the UK until 1 January 1988 and citizens of Spain and Portugal did not acquire these rights until 1 January 1992. Ten years rule ( edit ) Non-British children with an EEA or Swiss parent may be registered as British once the parent becomes `` settled'' in the UK under the terms of the Immigration Regulations dealing with EEA citizens. A separate entitlement exists for any such UK-born child registered as British if they live in the UK until age 10, regardless of their or their parent's immigration status. Registration as a British citizen ( edit ) Registration is a simpler method of acquiring citizenship than naturalisation, but only certain people are eligible. British nationals (other than British citizens) who have indefinite leave to remain or the right of abode in the UK are eligible for British citizenship by registration after five years' residence in the United Kingdom. This is an entitlement under s4 of the 1981 Act ( section 4 registration ). Other cases where persons may be entitled to registration (either as a matter of law or policy) include: Children born in the UK where a parent obtains British citizenship or ' settled' status (for example, indefinite leave to remain ) after the child is born provided he/she is under the age of 18 Children born in the UK who live in the UK until the age of 10 Children born in the UK or on a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who became a member of the armed forces after the child's birth, if he or she was born on or after 13 January 2010 Children born outside the UK or a qualified British Overseas Territory to a parent who was a member of the armed forces at the time of the child's birth and stationed outside the UK or a qualified BOT, if he or she was born on or after 13 January 2010 Children born to a British father who is not married to the mother British Overseas citizens, British subjects and British protected persons who have no other nationality Certain British nationals from Hong Kong who meet the requirements of the Hong Kong (War Wives and Widows) Act 1996 or the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997 British Nationals (Overseas) who do not hold any other citizenship or nationality before 19 March 2009 (see Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 regarding the extension of Section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981) Persons born outside the UK to a British born or naturalised mother. Certain children born outside the UK to a British citizen by descent Certain children born in the UK who are stateless Persons who acquire British Overseas Territories citizenship after 21 May 2002 (except those connected solely with the Sovereign Base Areas of Cyprus) Children under 18 who are adopted outside the UK by British citizens Former British citizens who renounced British citizenship The Home Secretary can exercise discretion under Section 3(1) of the British Nationality Act 1981 and register a child as a British citizen even if he/she does not meet the formal criteria. Acquisition of British Overseas Territories citizenship ( edit ) The British Nationality Act 1981 contains provisions for acquisition and loss of British Dependent Territories citizenship (BDTC) (renamed British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC) in 2002) on a broadly similar basis to those for British citizenship. The Home Secretary has delegated his powers to grant BOTC to the Governors of the Overseas Territories. Only in exceptional cases is a person registered or naturalised as a BOTC by the Home Office in the UK. On 21 May 2002, any BOTC who did not hold British citizenship (except those from the Sovereign Base Areas) automatically acquired it under the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 . Those who acquired BOTC through naturalisation or registration after that date are entitled to register as British citizens under s4A of the 1981 Act. Acquisition of other categories of British nationality ( edit ) It is unusual for a person to be able to acquire British Overseas citizenship, British National (Overseas), British subject or British protected person status. They are not generally transmissible by descent, nor are they open to acquisition by registration, except for certain instances to prevent statelessness . The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 granted British Overseas Citizens, British Subjects and British Protected Persons the right to register as British citizens if they have no other citizenship or nationality and have not after 4 July 2002 renounced, voluntarily relinquished or lost through action or inaction any citizenship or nationality. Previously such persons would have not had the right of abode in any country, and would have thus been de facto stateless. Despite strong resistance from senior officials at the Home Office, the then Home Secretary, David Blunkett , said on 3 July 2002 that this would `` right a historic wrong'' that left stateless tens of thousands of Asian people who had worked closely with British colonial administrations. Persons connected with former British colonies ( edit ) British Overseas citizenship is generally held by persons connected with former British colonies and who did not lose their British Nationality upon the independence of those colonies. British nationals (Overseas) and Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article: British nationality and Hong Kong See also: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport , Home Return Permit , and Chinese nationality law After the withdrawal of BDTC status from all BDTCs by virtue of a connection with Hong Kong on 30 June 1997, most of them are now either British Nationals (Overseas) and/or British citizens (with or without nationality of China), or Chinese nationals only. The remaining few became British Overseas citizens. Before the handover in 1997, former BDTCs from Hong Kong had been able to acquire British citizenship under legislation passed in 1990, 1996 and 1997. In other cases, certain persons may already hold British citizenship as a matter of entitlement or through registration under normal procedures. Although it is no longer possible to acquire British National (Overseas) status after 31 December 1997, stateless children born to such parents are entitled to British Overseas citizenship and can subsequently apply to register as British citizens under the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Since 2009, BN(O)s without other nationalities or citizenship are able to register as British citizens under the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 as well. British citizens and BN(O)s who are of full or partial Chinese descent are also Chinese nationals under Chinese law unless they have renounced their Chinese nationality with the Hong Kong SAR Government . As China does not recognise multiple nationality, those persons are considered by China as solely Chinese nationals before and after the handover of Hong Kong and hence are not eligible for consular protection when on Chinese soil. Although holding the same nationality under the Chinese nationality law, Chinese nationals with a connection to Hong Kong or Macau have been categorised differently from Chinese nationals domiciled in Mainland China . In February 2006, in response to extensive representations made by Lord Avebury and Tameem Ebrahim, British authorities announced that 600 British citizenship applications of ethnic minority children of Indian descent from Hong Kong were wrongly refused. The applications dated from the period July 1997 onwards. Where applicants in such cases confirm that they still wish to receive British citizenship, the decision is reconsidered on request. No additional fee is required in such cases. A template to request reconsideration is available for those who want a prior application reconsidered. Persons born in the Republic of Ireland ( edit ) See also: British nationality and the Republic of Ireland Approximately 800,000 persons born before 1949 and connected with the Republic of Ireland remain entitled to claim British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act. Descendants of the Electress Sophia of Hanover ( edit ) Eligible descendants from the Electress Sophia of Hanover may hold British Overseas citizenship based on their status as British subjects before 1949. Where such a person acquired a right of abode in the UK before 1983, it is possible for British citizenship to have been acquired. See also History of British nationality law and Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 . Loss of British nationality ( edit ) Renunciation and resumption of British nationality ( edit ) All categories of British nationality can be renounced by a declaration made to the Home Secretary . A person ceases to be a British national on the date the Home Secretary registers the declaration of renunciation. If a declaration is registered in the expectation of acquiring another citizenship but one is not acquired within six months of the registration, it does not take effect and the person remains a British national. Renunciations made to other authorities (such as the general renunciation made as part of the US naturalisation ceremony ) are not recognised by the UK. The forms must be sent through the UK Border Agency's citizenship renunciation process. There are provisions for the resumption of British citizenship or British overseas territories citizenship renounced for the purpose of gaining or retaining another citizenship. This can generally only be done once as a matter of entitlement. Further opportunities to resume British citizenship are discretionary. British subjects, British Overseas citizens and British Nationals (Overseas) cannot resume their British nationality after renunciation. Automatic loss of British nationality ( edit ) British subjects (other than British subjects by virtue of a connection with the Republic of Ireland) and British protected persons lose British nationality upon acquiring any other form of nationality. These provisions do not apply to British citizens. British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose belonger status in their home territory under its immigration laws. Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information. British Overseas citizens (BOCs) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer exist after acquiring another citizenship. Revocation of British nationality ( edit ) Under the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 , people with dual nationality who are British nationals can be deprived of their British citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied that `` deprivation is conducive to the public good'' ; there is a right of appeal. This provision has been in force since 16 June 2006 when the Immigration, Nationality and Asylum Act 2006 (Commencement No 1) Order 2006 came into force. Loss of British nationality in this way applies to people born in the UK as British citizens and who also hold another nationality. As the provision applies only to dual nationals, its application cannot render a person stateless. The Home Office does not issue information on these cases and is resistant to answering questions, for example under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 . As of 15 July 2013 at least 17 people had been deprived of their British citizenship, in most cases on the recommendation of MI5 . It appears that the government usually waits until the person has left Britain, then sends a warning notice to their British home and signs a deprivation order a day or two later. Appeals are heard at the highly secretive Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC), where the government can submit evidence that cannot be seen or challenged by the appellant. Previously since 2003 under the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 , British nationals could be deprived of their citizenship only if the Secretary of State was satisfied they were responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory. British nationals who are naturalised or registered may lose British nationality if it was obtained by fraud or concealment of a material fact . The nationality laws of the US , Canada and Australia have similar provisions to revoke local nationality from citizens who gained such citizenship via naturalisation. Multiple nationality and multiple citizenship ( edit ) Since the British Nationality Act of 1948, there is in general no restriction in UK law on a British national holding citizenship of other countries. Different rules apply to British protected persons and certain British subjects. A person who is a British subject other than by connection with the Republic of Ireland loses that status on acquiring any other nationality or citizenship, and a British protected person ceases to be such on acquiring any other nationality or citizenship. Although British Overseas citizens are not subject to loss of citizenship, British Overseas citizens may lose an entitlement to register as a British citizen under s4B of the 1981 Act if they acquire any other citizenship. A number of other countries do not allow multiple citizenship . If a person has British nationality and is also a national of a country that does not allow dual nationality, the authorities of that country may regard the person as having lost that nationality or may refuse to recognise the British nationality. British nationals who acquire the nationality of a country that does not allow dual nationality may be required by the other country to renounce British nationality to retain the other citizenship. None of this affects a person's national status under UK law. Under the international Master Nationality Rule a state may not give diplomatic protection to one of its nationals with dual nationality in a country where the person also holds citizenship. A British subject who acquired foreign citizenship by naturalisation before 1949 were deemed to have lost his or her British subject status at the time . No specific provisions were made in the 1948 legislation for such former British subjects to acquire or otherwise resume British nationality, and hence such a person would not be a British citizen today. However, women who lost British nationality on marriage to a foreign man before 1949 were deemed to have reacquired British subject status immediately before the coming into force of the 1948 act. The UK is a signatory to the Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality (1963 Strasbourg Convention). Chapter 1 requires that persons naturalised by another European member country automatically forfeit their original nationality but the UK ratified only Chapter 2, so the convention does not limit the ability of British citizens to become dual citizens of other European countries. British citizenship ceremonies ( edit ) A British citizenship ceremony in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets From 1 January 2004, all new applicants for British citizenship by naturalisation or registration aged 18 or over if their application is successful must attend a citizenship ceremony and either make an affirmation or take an oath of allegiance to the monarch, and make a pledge to the UK. Citizenship ceremonies are normally organised by: local councils in England, Scotland, and Wales the Northern Ireland Office the governments of the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey the Governors of British Overseas Territories British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories. Persons from the Republic of Ireland born before 1949 reclaiming British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act do not need to attend a citizenship ceremony. If such a person subsequently applies for British citizenship by registration or naturalisation, attendance at a ceremony is required. For those who applied for British citizenship before 2004: the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person those who already held British nationality (other than British protected persons ) were exempt, as were those citizens of countries with the Queen as Head of State (such as Australia and Canada ). Citizenship of the European Union ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article: Declaration by the United Kingdom on 31 December 1982 on the definition of the term `` nationals'' British nationals who are `` United Kingdom nationals for European Union purposes'' , namely: British citizens; British subjects with the right of abode; and British Overseas Territories citizens connected to Gibraltar have become citizens of the European Union under European Union law and enjoy rights of free movement and the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament . When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy, British citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. British citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty . By virtue of a special provision in the UK Accession Treaty, British citizens who are connected with the Channel Islands and Isle of Man (i.e. `` Channel Islanders and Manxmen'' ) do not have the right to live in other European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland through the long-established Common Travel Area ) unless they have connections through descent or residence in the United Kingdom . Statistics on British citizenship: 1998 to 2009 ( edit ) The Home Office Research and Statistics Division publishes an annual report with statistics on grants of British citizenship broken down by type and former nationality. Since 2003, the report has also included research on take-up rates for British citizenship. Travel freedom of British citizens ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Main article: Visa requirements for British citizens Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . In 2017, British citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories, ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Austrian, Belgian, Dutch, French, Luxembourgish, Norwegian and Singaporean passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Additionally, the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world (tied with Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and Singapore) in terms of travel freedom, with a mobility index of 160 (out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1, visa on arrival weighted by 0.7, eVisa by 0.5, and traditional visa weighted by 0). Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals (Overseas) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different. See also ( edit ) British Nationality Act Citizen Information Project Modern immigration to the United Kingdom Commonwealth citizen Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lord Goldsmith citizenship review Jump up ^ British Overseas Territories Act 2002, c.8. Jump up ^ `` Naturalisation Booklet -- The Requirements'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Types of British nationality'' . UK Government . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Register as a British Citizen - Stateless People'' . Gov.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Settled'' outlined in section 50 of the British Nationality Act 1981 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61#commentary-c1925606 ^ Jump up to: British Nationality Act 1981 , Section 1(3) ^ Jump up to: `` Register as a British citizen - GOV.UK'' . ^ Jump up to: British Nationality Act 1981 , Section 1(4) Jump up ^ UK Government - UK Visas and Immigration: Guidance on registering a stateless person born in the UK or a British overseas territory on or after 1 January 1983 as a British citizen or a British overseas territories citizen using form S3 Jump up ^ `` Immigration Directorates' Instructions, Chapter 08, Section 4A (Children born in the United Kingdom who are not British citizens)'' (pdf) . Home Office . November 2009. Jump up ^ Akinyemi v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2017) EWCA Civ 236 Jump up ^ `` Immigration Rules, paragraphs 304-309'' . Home Office . Jump up ^ See chapter on `` Legitimacy'' in UK Border Agency Nationality Instructions, Volume 2, Section 2, paragraphs 1.1, 1.2 and 5.1.2 (second example). http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/nationalityinstructions/nisec2gensec/legitimacy?view=Binary Jump up ^ `` Legitimation and domicile'' . Jump up ^ `` Home Office Nationality Instructions (Chapter 9: Registration of Minors at Discretion), Section 9.12'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` newbook.book'' (PDF) . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Register as a British citizen: Born before 1983 to a British mother'' . gov.uk . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S65 of Immigration Act 2014'' . Legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Register as a British citizen: Born before 1 July 2006 to a British father'' . Gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act 1981 (c. 61) - Statute Law Database'' . Statutelaw.gov.uk. 5 December 2005 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act 1981 (c. 61) - Statute Law Database'' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Pumo. `` New requirement for EEA British citizenship applicants'' . Smith Stone Walters . Jump up ^ Anne Morris. `` EEA PR'' . DavidsonMorris . Jump up ^ `` British citizenship test ' like bad pub quiz ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Brooks, Thom. `` The ' Life in the United Kingdom' Citizenship Test: Is it Unfit for Purpose?'' . Social Science Research Network. SSRN 2280329 . Missing or empty url= ( help ); access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Become a British Citizen'' . gov.uk . UK government. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act 1981, SCHEDULE 1, Naturalisation as a British citizen under section 6(1)'' . The National Archives . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Details (pdf) Archived 14 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Link to notice regarding wait times on the UK Border Agency website as of 11 February 2009'' . Ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Link to news report on UK Border Agency website dated 11 February 2009 Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` European Economic Area and Swiss nationals'' (PDF) . Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office. Jump up ^ `` Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 2326'' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Quinn, Ben; Doward, Jamie (3 December 2017). `` Brexit puts special rights for Irish citizens in UK ' at risk' )'' . The Observer . ^ Jump up to: `` Passport policy - Treaty Rights'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Home Office Nationality instructions (Chapter 9: Registration of Minors at Discretion)'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Letter from the Director of the INPD to the Home Secretary'' (PDF) . 19 June 2002 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK UK Politics UK to right ' immigration wrong ' '' . BBC News. 5 July 2002 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` britishcitizen.info'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldlwa/060228wa1.pdf Jump up ^ `` britishcitizen.info'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` UK Border Agency How do I give up British citizenship or another form of British nationality?'' . Bia.homeoffice.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Ian Cobain. `` Obama's secret kill list -- the disposition matrix'' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2006'' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apply to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission - GOV.UK'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Deprivation of citizenship'' . WhatDoTheyKnow . Jump up ^ `` Liste complète '' . Bureau des Traités . Jump up ^ `` Recherches sur les traités '' . Bureau des Traités . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom'' . European Union . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 20(2)(c) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Jump up ^ Rights abroad: Right to consular protection : a right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other Member States when in a non-EU Member State, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own state (Article 23): this is due to the fact that not all member states maintain embassies in every country in the world (14 countries have only one embassy from an EU state). Antigua and Barbuda (UK), Barbados (UK), Belize (UK), Central African Republic (France), Comoros (France), Gambia (UK), Guyana (UK), Liberia (Germany), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (UK), San Marino (Italy), São Tomé and Príncipe (Portugal), Solomon Islands (UK), Timor-Leste (Portugal), Vanuatu (France) Jump up ^ `` Treaty on the Function of the European Union (consolidated version)'' (PDF) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015-07-10 . Jump up ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017'' (PDF) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016'' (PDF) . World Tourism Organization . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Home Office Nationality Instructions: Volume 1 , Volume 2 British Nationality Acts: 1981 , 1965 , 1964 , 1958 , 1948 , 1772 , 1730 Thom Brooks - The ' Life in the United Kingdom' Citizenship Test: Is It Unfit for Purpose? report 2013 British Nationality Acts , summary at www.gov.uk of the main Acts from 1844 to 2002 relevant to British nationality and their principal effects, identifying provisions still in force. Includes Acts named `` Aliens Act'' , `` Naturalization Act'' , etc., not restricted to those named `` British Nationality Act'' . Online tool to check if one is a British citizen by the British government British nationality law Nationality Principal British citizen British Overseas Territories citizen British Overseas citizen British National (Overseas) Other British subject Commonwealth citizen British protected person Belonger status EU citizen Legislation Current British Nationality Act 1981 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 Previous Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 British Nationality Act 1948 Ireland Act 1949 Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 and 1968 Immigration Act 1971 British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 General British Nationality Act History British Nationality Selection Scheme Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland British nationality law and Hong Kong Immigration Immigration Act 1971 Indefinite leave to remain Right of Abode (United Kingdom) Common Travel Area History of UK immigration control Home Office hostile environment policy Commonwealth citizenship Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth citizen Nationality laws Australia Bangladesh Barbados Canada Cyprus India Malaysia Malta New Zealand Samoa Singapore South Africa Tonga United Kingdom Rights, Issues and Visas Permanent resident (Australia) Belonger status British Overseas Territories citizen Indefinite leave to remain Permanent resident (Canada) Right of abode UK Ancestry Entry Clearance Acts of Parliament British Nationality Act 1981 British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 British Overseas Territories Act 2002 Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 Ireland Act 1949 Nationality laws By continent Africa Angola Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Egypt Ghana Liberia Morocco Namibia Nigeria Somalia South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Western Sahara Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma (Myanmar) China Cyprus Georgian Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe European Union & Schengen Area Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Rest of Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia Turkey Ukraine North America Barbados Canada Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark) Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Honduras Guatemala Costa Rica Belize United States Oceania Australia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Samoa Tonga South America Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Rest of South America Chile Colombia Peru International organizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union By type Jus matrimonii Jus sanguinis Jus soli Naturalization Other Citizenship Act Birth aboard aircraft and ships Multiple citizenship Passport Internal Repatriation Right of return Second-class citizen Statelessness Travel visa Defunct Nazi Germany Ancient Rome British Overseas Territories . 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who is the person who has lived the longest | According to this criterion , the longest human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France ( 1875 -- 1997 ) , who lived to the age of 122 years , 164 days . She met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13 . She received news media attention in 1985 , after turning 110 . Subsequent investigation found documentation for Calment 's age , beyond any reasonable question , in the records of her native city , Arles , France . More evidence of Calment 's lifespan has been produced than for any other supercentenarian ; her case serves as an archetype in the methodology for verifying the ages of the world 's oldest people . | [
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"Jeanne Calment of France"
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"This is a list of tables of the oldest people in the world in ordinal ranks . To avoid including false or unconfirmed claims of extreme old age , names here are restricted to those people whose ages have been validated by an international body that specifically deals in longevity research , such as the Gerontology Research Group ( GRG ) or Guinness World Records ( GWR ) , and others who have otherwise been reliably sourced .",
"According to this criterion , the longest human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France ( 1875 -- 1997 ) , who lived to the age of 122 years , 164 days . She met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13 . She received news media attention in 1985 , after turning 110 . Subsequent investigation found documentation for Calment 's age , beyond any reasonable question , in the records of her native city , Arles , France . More evidence of Calment 's lifespan has been produced than for any other supercentenarian ; her case serves as an archetype in the methodology for verifying the ages of the world 's oldest people .",
"As women live longer than men on average , combined records for both sexes are dominated by women . The longest undisputed lifespan for a man is that of Jiroemon Kimura of Japan ( 1897 -- 2013 ) , who died at age 116 years , 54 days .",
"Since the death of 117 - year - old Violet Brown of Jamaica on 15 September 2017 , 117 - year - old Nabi Tajima of Japan , born 4 August 1900 , is the oldest living person in the world whose age has been documented .",
"Systematic verification of longevity has only been practiced in recent decades and only in certain parts of the world . Note : All ten oldest people ever are women .",
"Deceased Living † ^ denotes age at death , or , if living , age as of 26 September 2017",
"Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jeanne Calment 21 February 1875 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days France Sarah Knauss 24 September 1880 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days United States Lucy Hannah 16 July 1875 21 March 1993 117 years , 248 days United States Marie - Louise Meilleur 29 August 1880 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Canada 5 Violet Brown 10 March 1900 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Jamaica 6 Emma Morano 29 November 1899 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Italy 7 Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 Living 7004427870000000000 ♠ 117 years , 53 days Japan 8 Misao Okawa 5 March 1898 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Japan 9 María Capovilla 14 September 1889 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Ecuador 10 Susannah Mushatt Jones 6 July 1899 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days United States",
"Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence",
"Jeanne Calment 21 February 1875 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days France",
"Sarah Knauss 24 September 1880 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days United States",
"Lucy Hannah 16 July 1875 21 March 1993 117 years , 248 days United States",
"Marie - Louise Meilleur 29 August 1880 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Canada",
"5 Violet Brown 10 March 1900 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Jamaica",
"6 Emma Morano 29 November 1899 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Italy",
"7 Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 Living 7004427870000000000 ♠ 117 years , 53 days Japan",
"8 Misao Okawa 5 March 1898 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Japan",
"9 María Capovilla 14 September 1889 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Ecuador",
"10 Susannah Mushatt Jones 6 July 1899 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days United States",
"Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jiroemon Kimura 19 April 1897 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Japan Christian Mortensen 16 August 1882 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days United States Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 August 1891 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days Puerto Rico Mathew Beard 9 July 1870 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days United States 5 Walter Breuning 21 September 1896 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days United States 6 Yukichi Chuganji 23 March 1889 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Japan 7 Joan Riudavets 15 December 1889 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Spain 8 Fred H. Hale , Sr . 1 December 1890 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days United States 9 Yisrael Kristal 15 September 1903 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Israel 10 Johnson Parks 15 October 1884 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days United States",
"Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence",
"Jiroemon Kimura 19 April 1897 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Japan",
"Christian Mortensen 16 August 1882 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days United States",
"Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 August 1891 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days Puerto Rico",
"Mathew Beard 9 July 1870 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days United States",
"5 Walter Breuning 21 September 1896 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days United States",
"6 Yukichi Chuganji 23 March 1889 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Japan",
"7 Joan Riudavets 15 December 1889 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Spain",
"8 Fred H. Hale , Sr . 1 December 1890 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days United States",
"9 Yisrael Kristal 15 September 1903 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Israel",
"10 Johnson Parks 15 October 1884 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days United States",
"a ^ Mortensen was born in Denmark . b ^ Kristal was born in Poland , then a part of the Russian Empire .",
"Note : All ten oldest living people are women .",
"Rank Name Sex Birth date Age as of 26 September 2017 Place of residence Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 7004427870000000000 ♠ 117 years , 53 days Japan Chiyo Miyako 2 May 1901 7004425160000000000 ♠ 116 years , 147 days Japan Ana María Vela Rubio 29 October 1901 7004423360000000000 ♠ 115 years , 332 days Spain Giuseppina Projetto 30 May 1902 7004421230000000000 ♠ 115 years , 119 days Italy 5 Kane Tanaka 2 January 1903 7004419060000000000 ♠ 114 years , 267 days Japan 6 Maria Giuseppa Robucci 20 March 1903 7004418290000000000 ♠ 114 years , 190 days Italy 7 Iso Nakamura 23 April 1903 7004417950000000000 ♠ 114 years , 156 days Japan 8 Tae Ito 11 July 1903 7004417160000000000 ♠ 114 years , 77 days Japan 9 Honorine Rondello 28 July 1903 7004416990000000000 ♠ 114 years , 60 days France 10 Delphine Gibson 17 August 1903 7004416790000000000 ♠ 114 years , 40 days United States",
"Rank Name Sex Birth date Age as of 26 September 2017 Place of residence",
"Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 7004427870000000000 ♠ 117 years , 53 days Japan",
"Chiyo Miyako 2 May 1901 7004425160000000000 ♠ 116 years , 147 days Japan",
"Ana María Vela Rubio 29 October 1901 7004423360000000000 ♠ 115 years , 332 days Spain",
"Giuseppina Projetto 30 May 1902 7004421230000000000 ♠ 115 years , 119 days Italy",
"5 Kane Tanaka 2 January 1903 7004419060000000000 ♠ 114 years , 267 days Japan",
"6 Maria Giuseppa Robucci 20 March 1903 7004418290000000000 ♠ 114 years , 190 days Italy",
"7 Iso Nakamura 23 April 1903 7004417950000000000 ♠ 114 years , 156 days Japan",
"8 Tae Ito 11 July 1903 7004417160000000000 ♠ 114 years , 77 days Japan",
"9 Honorine Rondello 28 July 1903 7004416990000000000 ♠ 114 years , 60 days France",
"10 Delphine Gibson 17 August 1903 7004416790000000000 ♠ 114 years , 40 days United States",
"Rank Name Birth date Age as of 26 September 2017 Place of residence Francisco Núñez Olivera 13 December 1904 7004411950000000000 ♠ 112 years , 287 days Spain Masazou Nonaka 25 July 1905 7004409710000000000 ♠ 112 years , 63 days Japan Gustav Gerneth 15 October 1905 7004408890000000000 ♠ 111 years , 346 days Germany Richard Arvin Overton 11 May 1906 7004406810000000000 ♠ 111 years , 138 days United States 5 George Feldman 2 December 1906 7004404760000000000 ♠ 110 years , 298 days United States 6 Tsunahei Ogawa 9 January 1907 7004404380000000000 ♠ 110 years , 260 days Japan 7 Kameo Oya 12 February 1907 7004404040000000000 ♠ 110 years , 226 days Japan 8 Herbert Engle 18 February 1907 7004403980000000000 ♠ 110 years , 220 days United States 9 Chitetsu Watanabe 5 March 1907 7004403830000000000 ♠ 110 years , 205 days Japan 10 Bernie Nenner 4 May 1907 7004403230000000000 ♠ 110 years , 145 days United States",
"Rank Name Birth date Age as of 26 September 2017 Place of residence",
"Francisco Núñez Olivera 13 December 1904 7004411950000000000 ♠ 112 years , 287 days Spain",
"Masazou Nonaka 25 July 1905 7004409710000000000 ♠ 112 years , 63 days Japan",
"Gustav Gerneth 15 October 1905 7004408890000000000 ♠ 111 years , 346 days Germany",
"Richard Arvin Overton 11 May 1906 7004406810000000000 ♠ 111 years , 138 days United States",
"5 George Feldman 2 December 1906 7004404760000000000 ♠ 110 years , 298 days United States",
"6 Tsunahei Ogawa 9 January 1907 7004404380000000000 ♠ 110 years , 260 days Japan",
"7 Kameo Oya 12 February 1907 7004404040000000000 ♠ 110 years , 226 days Japan",
"8 Herbert Engle 18 February 1907 7004403980000000000 ♠ 110 years , 220 days United States",
"9 Chitetsu Watanabe 5 March 1907 7004403830000000000 ♠ 110 years , 205 days Japan",
"10 Bernie Nenner 4 May 1907 7004403230000000000 ♠ 110 years , 145 days United States",
"a ^ Engle was born in Saratov Oblast , Russia , then Borgardt , Russian Empire .",
"This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group 's list of the World 's Oldest Person Titleholders . As the oldest living person is usually a woman , a sequence of oldest women would be nearly redundant to this list . A sequence of oldest living men follows this sequence .",
"From To Name Sex Age ( s ) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence ? 24 October 1955 Betsy Baker ? -- 113 20 August 1842 -- 24 October 1955 113 years , 65 days Nebraska , United States 24 October 1955 16 December 1956 ( 7002419000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 53 days ) Jennie Howell 110 -- 111 11 February 1845 -- 16 December 1956 7004408500000000000 ♠ 111 years , 309 days California , United States 16 December 1956 30 March 1958 ( 7002469000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 104 days ) Anne Marie Carstenson 107 -- 109 24 January 1849 -- 30 March 1958 7004398760000000000 ♠ 109 years , 65 days Nebraska , United States 30 March 1958 17 October 1958 ( 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 days ) Nancy Ryan 108 -- 109 5 September 1849 -- 17 October 1958 7004402080000000000 ♠ 110 years , 32 days Indiana , United States 5 17 October 1958 7 October 1959 ( 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days ) Christina Karnebeek - Backs 109 -- 110 2 October 1849 -- 7 October 1959 7004401810000000000 ♠ 110 years , 5 days Netherlands 6 7 October 1959 24 November 1959 ( 48 days ) Marie Olsen 109 1 May 1850 -- 24 November 1959 7004400180000000000 ♠ 109 years , 207 days Norway 7 24 November 1959 30 December 1964 ( 7003186300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 36 days ) Mary Kelly 108 -- 113 7 June 1851 -- 30 December 1964 7004414790000000000 ♠ 113 years , 206 days California , United States 8 30 December 1964 6 March 1965 ( 66 days ) Elizabeth Kensley 109 12 May 1855 -- 6 March 1965 7004401100000000000 ♠ 109 years , 298 days England , United Kingdom 9 6 March 1965 6 August 1965 ( 153 days ) William Fullingim 109 -- 110 7 July 1855 -- 6 August 1965 7004402070000000000 ♠ 110 years , 30 days Oklahoma , United States 10 6 August 1965 10 January 1966 ( 157 days ) Hannah Smith 109 -- 110 7 January 1856 -- 10 January 1966 7004401800000000000 ♠ 110 years , 3 days England , United Kingdom 11 10 January 1966 21 March 1968 ( 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 71 days ) John Mosely Turner 109 -- 111 15 June 1856 -- 21 March 1968 111 years , 280 days England , United Kingdom 12 21 March 1968 16 June 1968 ( 87 days ) Johanna Booyson 111 17 January 1857 -- 16 June 1968 111 years , 151 days Transvaal , South Africa 13 16 June 1968 4 May 1969 ( 322 days ) Marie Bernátková 110 -- 111 22 October 1857 -- 4 May 1969 111 years , 194 days Zašová , Czechoslovakia ( now located in the Czech Republic ) 14 4 May 1969 11 January 1970 ( 252 days ) Ada Roe 111 6 February 1858 -- 11 January 1970 111 years , 339 days England , United Kingdom 15 11 January 1970 27 February 1973 ( 7003114300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 47 days ) Josefa Salas 109 -- 112 14 July 1860 -- 27 February 1973 112 years , 228 days Asturias , Spain 16 27 February 1973 18 August 1973 ( 172 days ) Alice Stevenson 111 -- 112 10 July 1861 -- 18 August 1973 112 years , 39 days England , United Kingdom 17 18 August 1973 31 October 1973 ( 74 days ) Elizabeth Watkins 110 10 March 1863 -- 31 October 1973 110 years , 235 days Northern Ireland , United Kingdom 18 31 October 1973 31 May 1975 ( 7002577000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 212 days ) Mito Umeta 110 -- 112 27 March 1863 -- 31 May 1975 112 years , 65 days Kumamoto , Japan 19 31 May 1975 16 November 1976 ( 7002535000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 169 days ) Niwa Kawamoto 111 -- 113 5 August 1863 -- 16 November 1976 113 years , 105 days Shiga , Japan 20 16 November 1976 2 December 1977 ( 7002381000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 16 days ) Sophia DeMuth 110 -- 111 30 June 1866 -- 2 December 1977 111 years , 155 days Nebraska , United States 21 2 December 1977 25 April 1978 ( 144 days ) Marie - Virginie Duhem 111 2 August 1866 -- 25 April 1978 111 years , 266 days Nord - Pas - de-Calais , France 22 25 April 1978 22 January 1981 ( 7003100300000000000 ♠ 2 years , 272 days ) Fannie Thomas 111 -- 113 14 April 1867 -- 22 January 1981 113 years , 283 days California , United States 23 22 January 1981 8 March 1981 ( 45 days ) Augustine Tessier 112 2 January 1869 -- 8 March 1981 112 years , 65 days Languedoc - Roussillon , France 24 8 March 1981 13 November 1982 ( 7002615000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 250 days ) Nellie Spencer 111 -- 113 24 August 1869 -- 13 November 1982 113 years , 81 days New Jersey , United States 25 13 November 1982 13 October 1983 ( 334 days ) Emma Wilson 112 -- 113 12 May 1870 -- 13 October 1983 113 years , 154 days Missouri , United States 26 13 October 1983 16 February 1985 ( 7002492000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 126 days ) Mathew Beard 113 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida , United States 27 16 February 1985 21 October 1986 ( 7002612000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 247 days ) Augusta Holtz 113 -- 115 3 August 1871 -- 21 October 1986 115 years , 79 days Missouri , United States 28 21 October 1986 2 February 1987 ( 104 days ) Mary McKinney 113 30 May 1873 -- 2 February 1987 113 years , 248 days California , United States 29 2 February 1987 27 December 1987 ( 328 days ) Anna Eliza Williams 113 -- 114 2 June 1873 -- 27 December 1987 114 years , 208 days Wales , United Kingdom 30 27 December 1987 11 January 1988 ( 15 days ) Florence Knapp 114 10 October 1873 -- 11 January 1988 114 years , 93 days Pennsylvania , United States 31 11 January 1988 4 August 1997 ( 7003349300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 205 days ) Jeanne Calment 112 -- 122 21 February 1875 -- 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days Provence , France 32 4 August 1997 16 April 1998 ( 255 days ) Marie - Louise Meilleur 116 -- 117 29 August 1880 -- 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Ontario , Canada 33 16 April 1998 30 December 1999 ( 7002623000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 258 days ) Sarah Knauss 117 -- 119 24 September 1880 -- 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days Pennsylvania , United States 34 30 December 1999 2 November 2000 ( 308 days ) Eva Morris 114 8 November 1885 -- 2 November 2000 114 years , 360 days England , United Kingdom 35 2 November 2000 6 June 2001 ( 216 days ) Marie Brémont 114 -- 115 25 April 1886 -- 6 June 2001 115 years , 42 days Anjou , France 36 5 June 2001 18 March 2002 ( 286 days ) Maude Farris - Luse 114 -- 115 21 January 1887 -- 18 March 2002 115 years , 56 days Michigan , United States 37 18 March 2002 28 May 2002 ( 71 days ) Grace Clawson 114 15 November 1887 -- 28 May 2002 114 years , 194 days Florida , United States 38 28 May 2002 21 August 2002 ( 85 days ) Adelina Domingues 114 19 February 1888 -- 21 August 2002 114 years , 183 days California , United States 39 21 August 2002 29 December 2002 ( 130 days ) Mae Harrington 113 20 January 1889 -- 29 December 2002 113 years , 343 days New York , United States 40 29 December 2002 28 September 2003 ( 273 days ) Yukichi Chuganji 113 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Fukuoka , Japan 41 28 September 2003 13 November 2003 ( 46 days ) Mitoyo Kawate 114 15 May 1889 -- 13 November 2003 114 years , 182 days Hiroshima , Japan 42 13 November 2003 29 May 2004 ( 198 days ) Ramona Trinidad Iglesias - Jordan 114 31 August 1889 -- 29 May 2004 114 years , 272 days United States ( Puerto Rico ) 43 29 May 2004 27 August 2006 ( 7002820000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 90 days ) María Capovilla 114 -- 116 14 September 1889 -- 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Guayas , Ecuador 44 27 August 2006 11 December 2006 ( 106 days ) Elizabeth Bolden 116 15 August 1890 -- 11 December 2006 116 years , 118 days Tennessee , United States 45 11 December 2006 24 January 2007 ( 44 days ) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days United States ( Puerto Rico ) 46 24 January 2007 28 January 2007 ( 4 days ) Emma Tillman 114 22 November 1892 -- 28 January 2007 114 years , 67 days Connecticut , United States 47 29 January 2007 13 August 2007 ( 196 days ) Yone Minagawa 114 4 January 1893 -- 13 August 2007 114 years , 221 days Fukuoka , Japan 48 13 August 2007 26 November 2008 ( 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 105 days ) Edna Parker 114 -- 115 20 April 1893 -- 26 November 2008 115 years , 220 days Indiana , United States 49 26 November 2008 2 January 2009 ( 37 days ) Maria de Jesus 115 10 September 1893 -- 2 January 2009 115 years , 114 days Tomar , Portugal 50 2 January 2009 11 September 2009 ( 252 days ) Gertrude Baines 114 -- 115 6 April 1894 -- 11 September 2009 115 years , 158 days California , United States 51 11 September 2009 2 May 2010 ( 233 days ) Kama Chinen 114 10 May 1895 -- 2 May 2010 114 years , 357 days Okinawa , Japan 52 2 May 2010 4 November 2010 ( 186 days ) Eugénie Blanchard 114 16 February 1896 -- 4 November 2010 114 years , 261 days Saint Barthélemy , France 53 4 November 2010 21 June 2011 ( 229 days ) Maria Gomes Valentim 114 9 July 1896 -- 21 June 2011 114 years , 347 days Minas Gerais , Brazil 54 21 June 2011 4 December 2012 ( 7002532000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 166 days ) Besse Cooper 114 -- 116 26 August 1896 -- 4 December 2012 116 years , 100 days Georgia , United States 55 4 December 2012 17 December 2012 ( 13 days ) Dina Manfredini 115 4 April 1897 -- 17 December 2012 115 years , 257 days Iowa , United States 56 17 December 2012 12 June 2013 ( 177 days ) Jiroemon Kimura 115 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Kyoto , Japan 57 12 June 2013 1 April 2015 ( 1 year , 293 days ) Misao Okawa 115 -- 117 5 March 1898 -- 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Osaka , Japan 58 31 March 2015 6 April 2015 ( 6 days ) Gertrude Weaver 116 4 July 1898 -- 6 April 2015 116 years , 276 days Arkansas , United States 59 6 April 2015 17 June 2015 ( 72 days ) Jeralean Talley 115 -- 116 23 May 1899 -- 17 June 2015 116 years , 25 days Michigan , United States 60 17 June 2015 12 May 2016 ( 330 days ) Susannah Mushatt Jones 115 -- 116 6 July 1899 -- 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days New York , United States 61 13 May 2016 15 April 2017 ( 337 days ) Emma Morano 116 -- 117 29 November 1899 -- 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Piedmont , Italy 62 15 April 2017 15 September 2017 ( 153 days ) Violet Brown 117 10 March 1900 -- 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Trelawny , Jamaica 63 16 September 2017 Present ( 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 days ) Nabi Tajima 117 * born 4 August 1900 7004427870000000000 ♠ 117 years , 53 days Kagoshima , Japan",
"From To Name Sex Age ( s ) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence",
"? 24 October 1955 Betsy Baker ? -- 113 20 August 1842 -- 24 October 1955 113 years , 65 days Nebraska , United States",
"24 October 1955 16 December 1956 ( 7002419000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 53 days ) Jennie Howell 110 -- 111 11 February 1845 -- 16 December 1956 7004408500000000000 ♠ 111 years , 309 days California , United States",
"16 December 1956 30 March 1958 ( 7002469000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 104 days ) Anne Marie Carstenson 107 -- 109 24 January 1849 -- 30 March 1958 7004398760000000000 ♠ 109 years , 65 days Nebraska , United States",
"30 March 1958 17 October 1958 ( 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 days ) Nancy Ryan 108 -- 109 5 September 1849 -- 17 October 1958 7004402080000000000 ♠ 110 years , 32 days Indiana , United States",
"5 17 October 1958 7 October 1959 ( 7002355000000000000 ♠ 355 days ) Christina Karnebeek - Backs 109 -- 110 2 October 1849 -- 7 October 1959 7004401810000000000 ♠ 110 years , 5 days Netherlands",
"6 7 October 1959 24 November 1959 ( 48 days ) Marie Olsen 109 1 May 1850 -- 24 November 1959 7004400180000000000 ♠ 109 years , 207 days Norway",
"7 24 November 1959 30 December 1964 ( 7003186300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 36 days ) Mary Kelly 108 -- 113 7 June 1851 -- 30 December 1964 7004414790000000000 ♠ 113 years , 206 days California , United States",
"8 30 December 1964 6 March 1965 ( 66 days ) Elizabeth Kensley 109 12 May 1855 -- 6 March 1965 7004401100000000000 ♠ 109 years , 298 days England , United Kingdom",
"9 6 March 1965 6 August 1965 ( 153 days ) William Fullingim 109 -- 110 7 July 1855 -- 6 August 1965 7004402070000000000 ♠ 110 years , 30 days Oklahoma , United States",
"10 6 August 1965 10 January 1966 ( 157 days ) Hannah Smith 109 -- 110 7 January 1856 -- 10 January 1966 7004401800000000000 ♠ 110 years , 3 days England , United Kingdom",
"11 10 January 1966 21 March 1968 ( 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 71 days ) John Mosely Turner 109 -- 111 15 June 1856 -- 21 March 1968 111 years , 280 days England , United Kingdom",
"12 21 March 1968 16 June 1968 ( 87 days ) Johanna Booyson 111 17 January 1857 -- 16 June 1968 111 years , 151 days Transvaal , South Africa",
"13 16 June 1968 4 May 1969 ( 322 days ) Marie Bernátková 110 -- 111 22 October 1857 -- 4 May 1969 111 years , 194 days Zašová , Czechoslovakia ( now located in the Czech Republic )",
"14 4 May 1969 11 January 1970 ( 252 days ) Ada Roe 111 6 February 1858 -- 11 January 1970 111 years , 339 days England , United Kingdom",
"15 11 January 1970 27 February 1973 ( 7003114300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 47 days ) Josefa Salas 109 -- 112 14 July 1860 -- 27 February 1973 112 years , 228 days Asturias , Spain",
"16 27 February 1973 18 August 1973 ( 172 days ) Alice Stevenson 111 -- 112 10 July 1861 -- 18 August 1973 112 years , 39 days England , United Kingdom",
"17 18 August 1973 31 October 1973 ( 74 days ) Elizabeth Watkins 110 10 March 1863 -- 31 October 1973 110 years , 235 days Northern Ireland , United Kingdom",
"18 31 October 1973 31 May 1975 ( 7002577000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 212 days ) Mito Umeta 110 -- 112 27 March 1863 -- 31 May 1975 112 years , 65 days Kumamoto , Japan",
"19 31 May 1975 16 November 1976 ( 7002535000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 169 days ) Niwa Kawamoto 111 -- 113 5 August 1863 -- 16 November 1976 113 years , 105 days Shiga , Japan",
"20 16 November 1976 2 December 1977 ( 7002381000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 16 days ) Sophia DeMuth 110 -- 111 30 June 1866 -- 2 December 1977 111 years , 155 days Nebraska , United States",
"21 2 December 1977 25 April 1978 ( 144 days ) Marie - Virginie Duhem 111 2 August 1866 -- 25 April 1978 111 years , 266 days Nord - Pas - de-Calais , France",
"22 25 April 1978 22 January 1981 ( 7003100300000000000 ♠ 2 years , 272 days ) Fannie Thomas 111 -- 113 14 April 1867 -- 22 January 1981 113 years , 283 days California , United States",
"23 22 January 1981 8 March 1981 ( 45 days ) Augustine Tessier 112 2 January 1869 -- 8 March 1981 112 years , 65 days Languedoc - Roussillon , France",
"24 8 March 1981 13 November 1982 ( 7002615000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 250 days ) Nellie Spencer 111 -- 113 24 August 1869 -- 13 November 1982 113 years , 81 days New Jersey , United States",
"25 13 November 1982 13 October 1983 ( 334 days ) Emma Wilson 112 -- 113 12 May 1870 -- 13 October 1983 113 years , 154 days Missouri , United States",
"26 13 October 1983 16 February 1985 ( 7002492000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 126 days ) Mathew Beard 113 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida , United States",
"27 16 February 1985 21 October 1986 ( 7002612000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 247 days ) Augusta Holtz 113 -- 115 3 August 1871 -- 21 October 1986 115 years , 79 days Missouri , United States",
"28 21 October 1986 2 February 1987 ( 104 days ) Mary McKinney 113 30 May 1873 -- 2 February 1987 113 years , 248 days California , United States",
"29 2 February 1987 27 December 1987 ( 328 days ) Anna Eliza Williams 113 -- 114 2 June 1873 -- 27 December 1987 114 years , 208 days Wales , United Kingdom",
"30 27 December 1987 11 January 1988 ( 15 days ) Florence Knapp 114 10 October 1873 -- 11 January 1988 114 years , 93 days Pennsylvania , United States",
"31 11 January 1988 4 August 1997 ( 7003349300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 205 days ) Jeanne Calment 112 -- 122 21 February 1875 -- 4 August 1997 122 years , 164 days Provence , France",
"32 4 August 1997 16 April 1998 ( 255 days ) Marie - Louise Meilleur 116 -- 117 29 August 1880 -- 16 April 1998 117 years , 230 days Ontario , Canada",
"33 16 April 1998 30 December 1999 ( 7002623000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 258 days ) Sarah Knauss 117 -- 119 24 September 1880 -- 30 December 1999 119 years , 97 days Pennsylvania , United States",
"34 30 December 1999 2 November 2000 ( 308 days ) Eva Morris 114 8 November 1885 -- 2 November 2000 114 years , 360 days England , United Kingdom",
"35 2 November 2000 6 June 2001 ( 216 days ) Marie Brémont 114 -- 115 25 April 1886 -- 6 June 2001 115 years , 42 days Anjou , France",
"36 5 June 2001 18 March 2002 ( 286 days ) Maude Farris - Luse 114 -- 115 21 January 1887 -- 18 March 2002 115 years , 56 days Michigan , United States",
"37 18 March 2002 28 May 2002 ( 71 days ) Grace Clawson 114 15 November 1887 -- 28 May 2002 114 years , 194 days Florida , United States",
"38 28 May 2002 21 August 2002 ( 85 days ) Adelina Domingues 114 19 February 1888 -- 21 August 2002 114 years , 183 days California , United States",
"39 21 August 2002 29 December 2002 ( 130 days ) Mae Harrington 113 20 January 1889 -- 29 December 2002 113 years , 343 days New York , United States",
"40 29 December 2002 28 September 2003 ( 273 days ) Yukichi Chuganji 113 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Fukuoka , Japan",
"41 28 September 2003 13 November 2003 ( 46 days ) Mitoyo Kawate 114 15 May 1889 -- 13 November 2003 114 years , 182 days Hiroshima , Japan",
"42 13 November 2003 29 May 2004 ( 198 days ) Ramona Trinidad Iglesias - Jordan 114 31 August 1889 -- 29 May 2004 114 years , 272 days United States ( Puerto Rico )",
"43 29 May 2004 27 August 2006 ( 7002820000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 90 days ) María Capovilla 114 -- 116 14 September 1889 -- 27 August 2006 116 years , 347 days Guayas , Ecuador",
"44 27 August 2006 11 December 2006 ( 106 days ) Elizabeth Bolden 116 15 August 1890 -- 11 December 2006 116 years , 118 days Tennessee , United States",
"45 11 December 2006 24 January 2007 ( 44 days ) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days United States ( Puerto Rico )",
"46 24 January 2007 28 January 2007 ( 4 days ) Emma Tillman 114 22 November 1892 -- 28 January 2007 114 years , 67 days Connecticut , United States",
"47 29 January 2007 13 August 2007 ( 196 days ) Yone Minagawa 114 4 January 1893 -- 13 August 2007 114 years , 221 days Fukuoka , Japan",
"48 13 August 2007 26 November 2008 ( 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 105 days ) Edna Parker 114 -- 115 20 April 1893 -- 26 November 2008 115 years , 220 days Indiana , United States",
"49 26 November 2008 2 January 2009 ( 37 days ) Maria de Jesus 115 10 September 1893 -- 2 January 2009 115 years , 114 days Tomar , Portugal",
"50 2 January 2009 11 September 2009 ( 252 days ) Gertrude Baines 114 -- 115 6 April 1894 -- 11 September 2009 115 years , 158 days California , United States",
"51 11 September 2009 2 May 2010 ( 233 days ) Kama Chinen 114 10 May 1895 -- 2 May 2010 114 years , 357 days Okinawa , Japan",
"52 2 May 2010 4 November 2010 ( 186 days ) Eugénie Blanchard 114 16 February 1896 -- 4 November 2010 114 years , 261 days Saint Barthélemy , France",
"53 4 November 2010 21 June 2011 ( 229 days ) Maria Gomes Valentim 114 9 July 1896 -- 21 June 2011 114 years , 347 days Minas Gerais , Brazil",
"54 21 June 2011 4 December 2012 ( 7002532000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 166 days ) Besse Cooper 114 -- 116 26 August 1896 -- 4 December 2012 116 years , 100 days Georgia , United States",
"55 4 December 2012 17 December 2012 ( 13 days ) Dina Manfredini 115 4 April 1897 -- 17 December 2012 115 years , 257 days Iowa , United States",
"56 17 December 2012 12 June 2013 ( 177 days ) Jiroemon Kimura 115 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Kyoto , Japan",
"57 12 June 2013 1 April 2015 ( 1 year , 293 days ) Misao Okawa 115 -- 117 5 March 1898 -- 1 April 2015 117 years , 27 days Osaka , Japan",
"58 31 March 2015 6 April 2015 ( 6 days ) Gertrude Weaver 116 4 July 1898 -- 6 April 2015 116 years , 276 days Arkansas , United States",
"59 6 April 2015 17 June 2015 ( 72 days ) Jeralean Talley 115 -- 116 23 May 1899 -- 17 June 2015 116 years , 25 days Michigan , United States",
"60 17 June 2015 12 May 2016 ( 330 days ) Susannah Mushatt Jones 115 -- 116 6 July 1899 -- 12 May 2016 116 years , 311 days New York , United States",
"61 13 May 2016 15 April 2017 ( 337 days ) Emma Morano 116 -- 117 29 November 1899 -- 15 April 2017 117 years , 137 days Piedmont , Italy",
"62 15 April 2017 15 September 2017 ( 153 days ) Violet Brown 117 10 March 1900 -- 15 September 2017 117 years , 189 days Trelawny , Jamaica",
"63 16 September 2017 Present ( 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 days ) Nabi Tajima 117 * born 4 August 1900 7004427870000000000 ♠ 117 years , 53 days Kagoshima , Japan",
"This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group 's list of the World 's Oldest Man Titleholders .",
"From To Name Age ( s ) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence ? 5 May 1973 Friedrich Wedeking ? -- 110 10 October 1862 -- 5 May 1973 110 years , 207 days North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany 5 May 1973 9 March 1974 ( 308 days ) Frederick Butterfield 109 -- 110 28 February 1864 -- 9 March 1974 110 years , 9 days England , United Kingdom 9 March 1974 17 March 1977 ( 7003110400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 8 days ) Jean Teillet 107 -- 110 6 November 1866 -- 17 March 1977 110 years , 131 days Île - de-France , France 17 March 1977 20 August 1978 ( 7002521000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 156 days ) Charlie Nelson 109 -- 110 21 September 1867 -- 20 August 1978 110 years , 333 days Iowa , United States 5 20 August 1978 5 September 1980 ( 7002747000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 16 days ) Charlie Phillips 108 -- 110 5 May 1870 -- 5 September 1980 110 years , 123 days Mississippi , United States 6 5 September 1980 16 February 1985 ( 7003162500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 164 days ) Mathew Beard 110 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida , United States 7 16 February 1985 14 December 1986 ( 7002666000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 301 days ) Joe Thomas 109 -- 111 1 May 1875 -- 14 December 1986 111 years , 227 days Louisiana , United States 8 14 December 1986 5 January 1987 ( 22 days ) Herman Smith - Johannsen 111 15 June 1875 -- 5 January 1987 111 years , 204 days Vestfold , Norway 9 5 January 1987 25 November 1988 ( 7002690000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 325 days ) Alphaeus Philemon Cole 110 -- 112 12 July 1876 -- 25 November 1988 112 years , 136 days New Jersey , United States 10 25 November 1988 10 June 1990 ( 7002562000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 197 days ) John Evans 111 -- 112 19 August 1877 -- 10 June 1990 112 years , 295 days Wales , United Kingdom 11 10 June 1990 18 June 1990 ( 8 days ) Henri Pérignon 110 14 October 1879 -- 18 June 1990 7004404240000000000 ♠ 110 years , 247 days Normandy , France 12 18 June 1990 16 October 1991 ( 7002485000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 120 days ) James Wiggins 110 -- 112 15 October 1879 -- 16 October 1991 112 years , 1 day Arkansas , United States 13 16 October 1991 14 June 1993 ( 7002607000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 241 days ) Frederick Frazier 111 -- 113 27 January 1880 -- 14 June 1993 113 years , 138 days Alabama , United States 14 14 June 1993 20 January 1994 ( 220 days ) Josep Armengol 111 -- 112 23 July 1881 -- 20 January 1994 112 years , 181 days Catalonia , Spain 15 20 January 1994 25 April 1998 ( 7003155600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 95 days ) Christian Mortensen 111 -- 115 16 August 1882 -- 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days California , United States 16 25 April 1998 17 July 1998 ( 83 days ) Johnson Parks 113 15 October 1884 -- 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days Florida , United States 17 17 July 1998 25 December 1998 ( 161 days ) Walter Richardson 112 -- 113 7 November 1885 -- 25 December 1998 113 years , 48 days Illinois , United States 18 25 December 1998 29 April 1999 ( 125 days ) Denzo Ishisaki 112 20 October 1886 -- 29 April 1999 112 years , 191 days Ibaraki , Japan 19 29 April 1999 15 November 1999 ( 200 days ) Antonio Urrea 111 16 February 1888 -- 15 November 1999 111 years , 272 days Catalonia , Spain 20 15 November 1999 1 March 2001 ( 7002472000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 106 days ) John Painter 111 -- 112 20 September 1888 -- 1 March 2001 112 years , 162 days Tennessee , United States 21 1 March 2001 3 January 2002 ( 308 days ) Antonio Todde 112 22 January 1889 -- 3 January 2002 112 years , 346 days Sardinia , Italy 22 3 January 2002 28 September 2003 ( 7002633000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 268 days ) Yukichi Chuganji 112 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Fukuoka , Japan 23 28 September 2003 5 March 2004 ( 159 days ) Joan Riudavets 113 -- 114 15 December 1889 -- 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Balearic Islands , Spain 24 5 March 2004 19 November 2004 ( 259 days ) Fred H. Hale , Sr . 113 1 December 1890 -- 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days Maine , United States 25 19 November 2004 24 January 2007 ( 7002796000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 66 days ) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 113 -- 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days United States ( Puerto Rico ) 26 24 January 2007 19 June 2009 ( 7002877000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 146 days ) Tomoji Tanabe 111 -- 113 18 September 1895 -- 19 June 2009 113 years , 274 days Miyazaki , Japan 27 19 June 2009 18 July 2009 ( 29 days ) Henry Allingham 113 6 June 1896 -- 18 July 2009 113 years , 42 days England , United Kingdom 28 18 July 2009 14 April 2011 ( 7002635000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 270 days ) Walter Breuning 112 -- 114 21 September 1896 -- 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days Montana , United States 29 15 April 2011 12 June 2013 ( 2 years , 58 days ) Jiroemon Kimura 113 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Kyoto , Japan 30 11 June 2013 13 September 2013 ( 94 days ) Salustiano Sanchez 112 8 June 1901 -- 13 September 2013 112 years , 97 days New York , United States 31 13 September 2013 24 April 2014 ( 223 days ) Arturo Licata 111 2 May 1902 -- 24 April 2014 111 years , 357 days Sicily , Italy 32 24 April 2014 8 June 2014 ( 45 days ) Alexander Imich 111 4 February 1903 -- 8 June 2014 111 years , 124 days New York , United States 33 8 June 2014 5 July 2015 ( 1 year , 27 days ) Sakari Momoi 111 -- 112 5 February 1903 -- 5 July 2015 112 years , 150 days Saitama Prefecture , Japan 34 5 July 2015 19 January 2016 ( 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 days ) Yasutaro Koide 112 13 March 1903 -- 19 January 2016 112 years , 312 days Aichi Prefecture , Japan 35 18 January 2016 11 August 2017 ( 7002571000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 205 days ) Yisrael Kristal 112 -- 113 15 September 1903 -- 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Haifa , Israel 36 11 August 2017 Present ( 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days ) Francisco Núñez Olivera 112 * born 13 December 1904 7004411950000000000 ♠ 112 years , 287 days Extremadura , Spain",
"From To Name Age ( s ) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence",
"? 5 May 1973 Friedrich Wedeking ? -- 110 10 October 1862 -- 5 May 1973 110 years , 207 days North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany",
"5 May 1973 9 March 1974 ( 308 days ) Frederick Butterfield 109 -- 110 28 February 1864 -- 9 March 1974 110 years , 9 days England , United Kingdom",
"9 March 1974 17 March 1977 ( 7003110400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 8 days ) Jean Teillet 107 -- 110 6 November 1866 -- 17 March 1977 110 years , 131 days Île - de-France , France",
"17 March 1977 20 August 1978 ( 7002521000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 156 days ) Charlie Nelson 109 -- 110 21 September 1867 -- 20 August 1978 110 years , 333 days Iowa , United States",
"5 20 August 1978 5 September 1980 ( 7002747000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 16 days ) Charlie Phillips 108 -- 110 5 May 1870 -- 5 September 1980 110 years , 123 days Mississippi , United States",
"6 5 September 1980 16 February 1985 ( 7003162500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 164 days ) Mathew Beard 110 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years , 222 days Florida , United States",
"7 16 February 1985 14 December 1986 ( 7002666000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 301 days ) Joe Thomas 109 -- 111 1 May 1875 -- 14 December 1986 111 years , 227 days Louisiana , United States",
"8 14 December 1986 5 January 1987 ( 22 days ) Herman Smith - Johannsen 111 15 June 1875 -- 5 January 1987 111 years , 204 days Vestfold , Norway",
"9 5 January 1987 25 November 1988 ( 7002690000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 325 days ) Alphaeus Philemon Cole 110 -- 112 12 July 1876 -- 25 November 1988 112 years , 136 days New Jersey , United States",
"10 25 November 1988 10 June 1990 ( 7002562000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 197 days ) John Evans 111 -- 112 19 August 1877 -- 10 June 1990 112 years , 295 days Wales , United Kingdom",
"11 10 June 1990 18 June 1990 ( 8 days ) Henri Pérignon 110 14 October 1879 -- 18 June 1990 7004404240000000000 ♠ 110 years , 247 days Normandy , France",
"12 18 June 1990 16 October 1991 ( 7002485000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 120 days ) James Wiggins 110 -- 112 15 October 1879 -- 16 October 1991 112 years , 1 day Arkansas , United States",
"13 16 October 1991 14 June 1993 ( 7002607000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 241 days ) Frederick Frazier 111 -- 113 27 January 1880 -- 14 June 1993 113 years , 138 days Alabama , United States",
"14 14 June 1993 20 January 1994 ( 220 days ) Josep Armengol 111 -- 112 23 July 1881 -- 20 January 1994 112 years , 181 days Catalonia , Spain",
"15 20 January 1994 25 April 1998 ( 7003155600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 95 days ) Christian Mortensen 111 -- 115 16 August 1882 -- 25 April 1998 115 years , 252 days California , United States",
"16 25 April 1998 17 July 1998 ( 83 days ) Johnson Parks 113 15 October 1884 -- 17 July 1998 113 years , 275 days Florida , United States",
"17 17 July 1998 25 December 1998 ( 161 days ) Walter Richardson 112 -- 113 7 November 1885 -- 25 December 1998 113 years , 48 days Illinois , United States",
"18 25 December 1998 29 April 1999 ( 125 days ) Denzo Ishisaki 112 20 October 1886 -- 29 April 1999 112 years , 191 days Ibaraki , Japan",
"19 29 April 1999 15 November 1999 ( 200 days ) Antonio Urrea 111 16 February 1888 -- 15 November 1999 111 years , 272 days Catalonia , Spain",
"20 15 November 1999 1 March 2001 ( 7002472000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 106 days ) John Painter 111 -- 112 20 September 1888 -- 1 March 2001 112 years , 162 days Tennessee , United States",
"21 1 March 2001 3 January 2002 ( 308 days ) Antonio Todde 112 22 January 1889 -- 3 January 2002 112 years , 346 days Sardinia , Italy",
"22 3 January 2002 28 September 2003 ( 7002633000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 268 days ) Yukichi Chuganji 112 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years , 189 days Fukuoka , Japan",
"23 28 September 2003 5 March 2004 ( 159 days ) Joan Riudavets 113 -- 114 15 December 1889 -- 5 March 2004 114 years , 81 days Balearic Islands , Spain",
"24 5 March 2004 19 November 2004 ( 259 days ) Fred H. Hale , Sr . 113 1 December 1890 -- 19 November 2004 113 years , 354 days Maine , United States",
"25 19 November 2004 24 January 2007 ( 7002796000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 66 days ) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 113 -- 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years , 156 days United States ( Puerto Rico )",
"26 24 January 2007 19 June 2009 ( 7002877000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 146 days ) Tomoji Tanabe 111 -- 113 18 September 1895 -- 19 June 2009 113 years , 274 days Miyazaki , Japan",
"27 19 June 2009 18 July 2009 ( 29 days ) Henry Allingham 113 6 June 1896 -- 18 July 2009 113 years , 42 days England , United Kingdom",
"28 18 July 2009 14 April 2011 ( 7002635000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 270 days ) Walter Breuning 112 -- 114 21 September 1896 -- 14 April 2011 114 years , 205 days Montana , United States",
"29 15 April 2011 12 June 2013 ( 2 years , 58 days ) Jiroemon Kimura 113 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years , 54 days Kyoto , Japan",
"30 11 June 2013 13 September 2013 ( 94 days ) Salustiano Sanchez 112 8 June 1901 -- 13 September 2013 112 years , 97 days New York , United States",
"31 13 September 2013 24 April 2014 ( 223 days ) Arturo Licata 111 2 May 1902 -- 24 April 2014 111 years , 357 days Sicily , Italy",
"32 24 April 2014 8 June 2014 ( 45 days ) Alexander Imich 111 4 February 1903 -- 8 June 2014 111 years , 124 days New York , United States",
"33 8 June 2014 5 July 2015 ( 1 year , 27 days ) Sakari Momoi 111 -- 112 5 February 1903 -- 5 July 2015 112 years , 150 days Saitama Prefecture , Japan",
"34 5 July 2015 19 January 2016 ( 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 days ) Yasutaro Koide 112 13 March 1903 -- 19 January 2016 112 years , 312 days Aichi Prefecture , Japan",
"35 18 January 2016 11 August 2017 ( 7002571000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 205 days ) Yisrael Kristal 112 -- 113 15 September 1903 -- 11 August 2017 113 years , 330 days Haifa , Israel",
"36 11 August 2017 Present ( 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days ) Francisco Núñez Olivera 112 * born 13 December 1904 7004411950000000000 ♠ 112 years , 287 days Extremadura , Spain"
] | Oldest people - wikipedia Oldest people Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the oldest verified people of all time. For the oldest currently living people, see list of oldest living people . For the main article, see Supercentenarian . For modern, or complete, unvalidated supercentenarian claims, see Longevity claims . For historical, incomplete unvalidated supercentenarian claims, see Longevity myths . This is a list of tables of the oldest people in the world in ordinal ranks. To avoid including false or unconfirmed claims of extreme old age , names here are restricted to those people whose ages have been validated by an international body that specifically deals in longevity research, such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records (GWR), and others who have otherwise been reliably sourced . According to this criterion, the longest human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875-- 1997), who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days. She met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13. She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Subsequent investigation found documentation for Calment's age, beyond any reasonable question, in the records of her native city, Arles , France. More evidence of Calment's lifespan has been produced than for any other supercentenarian; her case serves as an archetype in the methodology for verifying the ages of the world's oldest people. As women live longer than men on average , combined records for both sexes are dominated by women. The longest undisputed lifespan for a man is that of Jiroemon Kimura of Japan (1897-- 2013), who died at age 116 years, 54 days. Since the death of 117-year-old Violet Brown of Jamaica on 15 September 2017, 117-year-old Nabi Tajima of Japan, born 4 August 1900, is the oldest living person in the world whose age has been documented. Contents ( hide ) 1 Ten oldest verified cases ever 1.1 Men 2 Ten oldest living people of verified age 2.1 Men 3 Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1955 3.1 Chronological list of the oldest living man since 1973 4 Oldest verified person by country 5 Notes 6 References Ten oldest verified cases ever Main article: List of the verified oldest people Main article: List of the verified oldest women Systematic verification of longevity has only been practiced in recent decades and only in certain parts of the world. Note: All ten oldest people ever are women. Deceased Living † ^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 26 September 2017 Rank Name Sex Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jeanne Calment 21 February 1875 4 August 1997 122 years, 164 days France Sarah Knauss 24 September 1880 30 December 1999 119 years, 97 days United States Lucy Hannah 16 July 1875 21 March 1993 117 years, 248 days United States Marie-Louise Meilleur 29 August 1880 16 April 1998 117 years, 230 days Canada 5 Violet Brown 10 March 1900 15 September 2017 117 years, 189 days Jamaica 6 Emma Morano 29 November 1899 15 April 2017 117 years, 137 days Italy 7 Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 Living 7004427870000000000♠ 117 years, 53 days Japan 8 Misao Okawa 5 March 1898 1 April 2015 117 years, 27 days Japan 9 María Capovilla 14 September 1889 27 August 2006 116 years, 347 days Ecuador 10 Susannah Mushatt Jones 6 July 1899 12 May 2016 116 years, 311 days United States Men Main article: List of the verified oldest men Rank Name Birth date Death date Age Place of death or residence Jiroemon Kimura 19 April 1897 12 June 2013 116 years, 54 days Japan Christian Mortensen 16 August 1882 25 April 1998 115 years, 252 days United States Emiliano Mercado del Toro 21 August 1891 24 January 2007 115 years, 156 days Puerto Rico Mathew Beard 9 July 1870 16 February 1985 114 years, 222 days United States 5 Walter Breuning 21 September 1896 14 April 2011 114 years, 205 days United States 6 Yukichi Chuganji 23 March 1889 28 September 2003 114 years, 189 days Japan 7 Joan Riudavets 15 December 1889 5 March 2004 114 years, 81 days Spain 8 Fred H. Hale, Sr. 1 December 1890 19 November 2004 113 years, 354 days United States 9 Yisrael Kristal 15 September 1903 11 August 2017 113 years, 330 days Israel 10 Johnson Parks 15 October 1884 17 July 1998 113 years, 275 days United States a ^ Mortensen was born in Denmark . b ^ Kristal was born in Poland , then a part of the Russian Empire . Ten oldest living people of verified age Main article: List of oldest living people Note: All ten oldest living people are women. Rank Name Sex Birth date Age as of 26 September 2017 Place of residence Nabi Tajima 4 August 1900 7004427870000000000♠ 117 years, 53 days Japan Chiyo Miyako 2 May 1901 7004425160000000000♠ 116 years, 147 days Japan Ana María Vela Rubio 29 October 1901 7004423360000000000♠ 115 years, 332 days Spain Giuseppina Projetto 30 May 1902 7004421230000000000♠ 115 years, 119 days Italy 5 Kane Tanaka 2 January 1903 7004419060000000000♠ 114 years, 267 days Japan 6 Maria Giuseppa Robucci 20 March 1903 7004418290000000000♠ 114 years, 190 days Italy 7 Iso Nakamura 23 April 1903 7004417950000000000♠ 114 years, 156 days Japan 8 Tae Ito 11 July 1903 7004417160000000000♠ 114 years, 77 days Japan 9 Honorine Rondello 28 July 1903 7004416990000000000♠ 114 years, 60 days France 10 Delphine Gibson 17 August 1903 7004416790000000000♠ 114 years, 40 days United States Men Rank Name Birth date Age as of 26 September 2017 Place of residence Francisco Núñez Olivera 13 December 1904 7004411950000000000♠ 112 years, 287 days Spain Masazou Nonaka 25 July 1905 7004409710000000000♠ 112 years, 63 days Japan Gustav Gerneth 15 October 1905 7004408890000000000♠ 111 years, 346 days Germany Richard Arvin Overton 11 May 1906 7004406810000000000♠ 111 years, 138 days United States 5 George Feldman 2 December 1906 7004404760000000000♠ 110 years, 298 days United States 6 Tsunahei Ogawa 9 January 1907 7004404380000000000♠ 110 years, 260 days Japan 7 Kameo Oya 12 February 1907 7004404040000000000♠ 110 years, 226 days Japan 8 Herbert Engle 18 February 1907 7004403980000000000♠ 110 years, 220 days United States 9 Chitetsu Watanabe 5 March 1907 7004403830000000000♠ 110 years, 205 days Japan 10 Bernie Nenner 4 May 1907 7004403230000000000♠ 110 years, 145 days United States a ^ Engle was born in Saratov Oblast , Russia , then Borgardt, Russian Empire . Chronological list of the oldest known living person Since 1955 This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group's list of the World's Oldest Person Titleholders. As the oldest living person is usually a woman, a sequence of oldest women would be nearly redundant to this list. A sequence of oldest living men follows this sequence. From To Name Sex Age(s) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence ? 24 October 1955 Betsy Baker ? -- 113 20 August 1842 -- 24 October 1955 113 years, 65 days Nebraska , United States 24 October 1955 16 December 1956 ( 7002419000000000000♠ 1 year, 53 days) Jennie Howell 110 -- 111 11 February 1845 -- 16 December 1956 7004408500000000000♠ 111 years, 309 days California , United States 16 December 1956 30 March 1958 ( 7002469000000000000♠ 1 year, 104 days) Anne Marie Carstenson 107 -- 109 24 January 1849 -- 30 March 1958 7004398760000000000♠ 109 years, 65 days Nebraska, United States 30 March 1958 17 October 1958 ( 7002201000000000000♠ 201 days) Nancy Ryan 108 -- 109 5 September 1849-- 17 October 1958 7004402080000000000♠ 110 years, 32 days Indiana , United States 5 17 October 1958 7 October 1959 ( 7002355000000000000♠ 355 days) Christina Karnebeek-Backs 109 -- 110 2 October 1849 -- 7 October 1959 7004401810000000000♠ 110 years, 5 days Netherlands 6 7 October 1959 24 November 1959 (48 days) Marie Olsen 109 1 May 1850 -- 24 November 1959 7004400180000000000♠ 109 years, 207 days Norway 7 24 November 1959 30 December 1964 ( 7003186300000000000♠ 5 years, 36 days) Mary Kelly 108 -- 113 7 June 1851 -- 30 December 1964 7004414790000000000♠ 113 years, 206 days California, United States 8 30 December 1964 6 March 1965 (66 days) Elizabeth Kensley 109 12 May 1855 -- 6 March 1965 7004401100000000000♠ 109 years, 298 days England, United Kingdom 9 6 March 1965 6 August 1965 (153 days) William Fullingim 109 -- 110 7 July 1855 -- 6 August 1965 7004402070000000000♠ 110 years, 30 days Oklahoma , United States 10 6 August 1965 10 January 1966 (157 days) Hannah Smith 109 -- 110 7 January 1856 -- 10 January 1966 7004401800000000000♠ 110 years, 3 days England, United Kingdom 11 10 January 1966 21 March 1968 ( 7002801000000000000♠ 2 years, 71 days) John Mosely Turner 109 -- 111 15 June 1856 -- 21 March 1968 111 years, 280 days England, United Kingdom 12 21 March 1968 16 June 1968 (87 days) Johanna Booyson 111 17 January 1857 -- 16 June 1968 111 years, 151 days Transvaal , South Africa 13 16 June 1968 4 May 1969 (322 days) Marie Bernátková 110 -- 111 22 October 1857 -- 4 May 1969 111 years, 194 days Zašová , Czechoslovakia (now located in the Czech Republic ) 14 4 May 1969 11 January 1970 (252 days) Ada Roe 111 6 February 1858 -- 11 January 1970 111 years, 339 days England, United Kingdom 15 11 January 1970 27 February 1973 ( 7003114300000000000♠ 3 years, 47 days) Josefa Salas 109 -- 112 14 July 1860 -- 27 February 1973 112 years, 228 days Asturias , Spain 16 27 February 1973 18 August 1973 (172 days) Alice Stevenson 111 -- 112 10 July 1861 -- 18 August 1973 112 years, 39 days England, United Kingdom 17 18 August 1973 31 October 1973 (74 days) Elizabeth Watkins 110 10 March 1863 -- 31 October 1973 110 years, 235 days Northern Ireland , United Kingdom 18 31 October 1973 31 May 1975 ( 7002577000000000000♠ 1 year, 212 days) Mito Umeta 110 -- 112 27 March 1863 -- 31 May 1975 112 years, 65 days Kumamoto , Japan 19 31 May 1975 16 November 1976 ( 7002535000000000000♠ 1 year, 169 days) Niwa Kawamoto 111 -- 113 5 August 1863 -- 16 November 1976 113 years, 105 days Shiga , Japan 20 16 November 1976 2 December 1977 ( 7002381000000000000♠ 1 year, 16 days) Sophia DeMuth 110 -- 111 30 June 1866 -- 2 December 1977 111 years, 155 days Nebraska, United States 21 2 December 1977 25 April 1978 (144 days) Marie-Virginie Duhem 111 2 August 1866 -- 25 April 1978 111 years, 266 days Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France 22 25 April 1978 22 January 1981 ( 7003100300000000000♠ 2 years, 272 days) Fannie Thomas 111 -- 113 14 April 1867 -- 22 January 1981 113 years, 283 days California, United States 23 22 January 1981 8 March 1981 (45 days) Augustine Tessier 112 2 January 1869 -- 8 March 1981 112 years, 65 days Languedoc-Roussillon , France 24 8 March 1981 13 November 1982 ( 7002615000000000000♠ 1 year, 250 days) Nellie Spencer 111 -- 113 24 August 1869 -- 13 November 1982 113 years, 81 days New Jersey , United States 25 13 November 1982 13 October 1983 (334 days) Emma Wilson 112 -- 113 12 May 1870 -- 13 October 1983 113 years, 154 days Missouri , United States 26 13 October 1983 16 February 1985 ( 7002492000000000000♠ 1 year, 126 days) Mathew Beard 113 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years, 222 days Florida , United States 27 16 February 1985 21 October 1986 ( 7002612000000000000♠ 1 year, 247 days) Augusta Holtz 113 -- 115 3 August 1871 -- 21 October 1986 115 years, 79 days Missouri, United States 28 21 October 1986 2 February 1987 (104 days) Mary McKinney 113 30 May 1873 -- 2 February 1987 113 years, 248 days California, United States 29 2 February 1987 27 December 1987 (328 days) Anna Eliza Williams 113 -- 114 2 June 1873 -- 27 December 1987 114 years, 208 days Wales , United Kingdom 30 27 December 1987 11 January 1988 (15 days) Florence Knapp 114 10 October 1873 -- 11 January 1988 114 years, 93 days Pennsylvania , United States 31 11 January 1988 4 August 1997 ( 7003349300000000000♠ 9 years, 205 days) Jeanne Calment 112 -- 122 21 February 1875 -- 4 August 1997 122 years, 164 days Provence , France 32 4 August 1997 16 April 1998 (255 days) Marie-Louise Meilleur 116 -- 117 29 August 1880 -- 16 April 1998 117 years, 230 days Ontario , Canada 33 16 April 1998 30 December 1999 ( 7002623000000000000♠ 1 year, 258 days) Sarah Knauss 117 -- 119 24 September 1880 -- 30 December 1999 119 years, 97 days Pennsylvania, United States 34 30 December 1999 2 November 2000 (308 days) Eva Morris 114 8 November 1885 -- 2 November 2000 114 years, 360 days England, United Kingdom 35 2 November 2000 6 June 2001 (216 days) Marie Brémont 114 -- 115 25 April 1886 -- 6 June 2001 115 years, 42 days Anjou , France 36 5 June 2001 18 March 2002 (286 days) Maude Farris-Luse 114 -- 115 21 January 1887 -- 18 March 2002 115 years, 56 days Michigan , United States 37 18 March 2002 28 May 2002 (71 days) Grace Clawson 114 15 November 1887 -- 28 May 2002 114 years, 194 days Florida , United States 38 28 May 2002 21 August 2002 (85 days) Adelina Domingues 114 19 February 1888 -- 21 August 2002 114 years, 183 days California , United States 39 21 August 2002 29 December 2002 (130 days) Mae Harrington 113 20 January 1889 -- 29 December 2002 113 years, 343 days New York , United States 40 29 December 2002 28 September 2003 (273 days) Yukichi Chuganji 113 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years, 189 days Fukuoka , Japan 41 28 September 2003 13 November 2003 (46 days) Mitoyo Kawate 114 15 May 1889 -- 13 November 2003 114 years, 182 days Hiroshima , Japan 42 13 November 2003 29 May 2004 (198 days) Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan 114 31 August 1889 -- 29 May 2004 114 years, 272 days United States (Puerto Rico) 43 29 May 2004 27 August 2006 ( 7002820000000000000♠ 2 years, 90 days) María Capovilla 114 -- 116 14 September 1889 -- 27 August 2006 116 years, 347 days Guayas , Ecuador 44 27 August 2006 11 December 2006 (106 days) Elizabeth Bolden 116 15 August 1890 -- 11 December 2006 116 years, 118 days Tennessee , United States 45 11 December 2006 24 January 2007 (44 days) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years, 156 days United States (Puerto Rico) 46 24 January 2007 28 January 2007 (4 days) Emma Tillman 114 22 November 1892 -- 28 January 2007 114 years, 67 days Connecticut , United States 47 29 January 2007 13 August 2007 (196 days) Yone Minagawa 114 4 January 1893 -- 13 August 2007 114 years, 221 days Fukuoka , Japan 48 13 August 2007 26 November 2008 ( 7002471000000000000♠ 1 year, 105 days) Edna Parker 114 -- 115 20 April 1893 -- 26 November 2008 115 years, 220 days Indiana, United States 49 26 November 2008 2 January 2009 (37 days) Maria de Jesus 115 10 September 1893 -- 2 January 2009 115 years, 114 days Tomar , Portugal 50 2 January 2009 11 September 2009 (252 days) Gertrude Baines 114 -- 115 6 April 1894 -- 11 September 2009 115 years, 158 days California, United States 51 11 September 2009 2 May 2010 (233 days) Kama Chinen 114 10 May 1895 -- 2 May 2010 114 years, 357 days Okinawa , Japan 52 2 May 2010 4 November 2010 (186 days) Eugénie Blanchard 114 16 February 1896 -- 4 November 2010 114 years, 261 days Saint Barthélemy , France 53 4 November 2010 21 June 2011 (229 days) Maria Gomes Valentim 114 9 July 1896 -- 21 June 2011 114 years, 347 days Minas Gerais , Brazil 54 21 June 2011 4 December 2012 ( 7002532000000000000♠ 1 year, 166 days) Besse Cooper 114 -- 116 26 August 1896 -- 4 December 2012 116 years, 100 days Georgia , United States 55 4 December 2012 17 December 2012 (13 days) Dina Manfredini 115 4 April 1897 -- 17 December 2012 115 years, 257 days Iowa , United States 56 17 December 2012 12 June 2013 (177 days) Jiroemon Kimura 115 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years, 54 days Kyoto , Japan 57 12 June 2013 1 April 2015 (1 year, 293 days) Misao Okawa 115 -- 117 5 March 1898 -- 1 April 2015 117 years, 27 days Osaka , Japan 58 31 March 2015 6 April 2015 (6 days) Gertrude Weaver 116 4 July 1898 -- 6 April 2015 116 years, 276 days Arkansas , United States 59 6 April 2015 17 June 2015 (72 days) Jeralean Talley 115 -- 116 23 May 1899 -- 17 June 2015 116 years, 25 days Michigan , United States 60 17 June 2015 12 May 2016 (330 days) Susannah Mushatt Jones 115 -- 116 6 July 1899 -- 12 May 2016 116 years, 311 days New York , United States 61 13 May 2016 15 April 2017 (337 days) Emma Morano 116 -- 117 29 November 1899 -- 15 April 2017 117 years, 137 days Piedmont , Italy 62 15 April 2017 15 September 2017 (153 days) Violet Brown 117 10 March 1900 -- 15 September 2017 117 years, 189 days Trelawny , Jamaica 63 16 September 2017 Present ( 7001100000000000000♠ 10 days) Nabi Tajima 117* born 4 August 1900 7004427870000000000♠ 117 years, 53 days Kagoshima , Japan Chronological list of the oldest living man Since 1973 This list is copied from the Gerontology Research Group's list of the World's Oldest Man Titleholders. From To Name Age(s) when oldest Lifespan Place of death or residence ? 5 May 1973 Friedrich Wedeking ? -- 110 10 October 1862 -- 5 May 1973 110 years, 207 days North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany 5 May 1973 9 March 1974 (308 days) Frederick Butterfield 109 -- 110 28 February 1864 -- 9 March 1974 110 years, 9 days England, United Kingdom 9 March 1974 17 March 1977 ( 7003110400000000000♠ 3 years, 8 days) Jean Teillet 107 -- 110 6 November 1866 -- 17 March 1977 110 years, 131 days Île -de-France , France 17 March 1977 20 August 1978 ( 7002521000000000000♠ 1 year, 156 days) Charlie Nelson 109 -- 110 21 September 1867 -- 20 August 1978 110 years, 333 days Iowa , United States 5 20 August 1978 5 September 1980 ( 7002747000000000000♠ 2 years, 16 days) Charlie Phillips 108 -- 110 5 May 1870 -- 5 September 1980 110 years, 123 days Mississippi , United States 6 5 September 1980 16 February 1985 ( 7003162500000000000♠ 4 years, 164 days) Mathew Beard 110 -- 114 9 July 1870 -- 16 February 1985 114 years, 222 days Florida, United States 7 16 February 1985 14 December 1986 ( 7002666000000000000♠ 1 year, 301 days) Joe Thomas 109 -- 111 1 May 1875 -- 14 December 1986 111 years, 227 days Louisiana , United States 8 14 December 1986 5 January 1987 (22 days) Herman Smith-Johannsen 111 15 June 1875 -- 5 January 1987 111 years, 204 days Vestfold , Norway 9 5 January 1987 25 November 1988 ( 7002690000000000000♠ 1 year, 325 days) Alphaeus Philemon Cole 110 -- 112 12 July 1876 -- 25 November 1988 112 years, 136 days New Jersey, United States 10 25 November 1988 10 June 1990 ( 7002562000000000000♠ 1 year, 197 days) John Evans 111 -- 112 19 August 1877 -- 10 June 1990 112 years, 295 days Wales, United Kingdom 11 10 June 1990 18 June 1990 (8 days) Henri Pérignon 110 14 October 1879 -- 18 June 1990 7004404240000000000♠ 110 years, 247 days Normandy , France 12 18 June 1990 16 October 1991 ( 7002485000000000000♠ 1 year, 120 days) James Wiggins 110 -- 112 15 October 1879 -- 16 October 1991 112 years, 1 day Arkansas , United States 13 16 October 1991 14 June 1993 ( 7002607000000000000♠ 1 year, 241 days) Frederick Frazier 111 -- 113 27 January 1880 -- 14 June 1993 113 years, 138 days Alabama , United States 14 14 June 1993 20 January 1994 (220 days) Josep Armengol 111 -- 112 23 July 1881 -- 20 January 1994 112 years, 181 days Catalonia , Spain 15 20 January 1994 25 April 1998 ( 7003155600000000000♠ 4 years, 95 days) Christian Mortensen 111 -- 115 16 August 1882 -- 25 April 1998 115 years, 252 days California, United States 16 25 April 1998 17 July 1998 (83 days) Johnson Parks 113 15 October 1884 -- 17 July 1998 113 years, 275 days Florida, United States 17 17 July 1998 25 December 1998 (161 days) Walter Richardson 112 -- 113 7 November 1885 -- 25 December 1998 113 years, 48 days Illinois, United States 18 25 December 1998 29 April 1999 (125 days) Denzo Ishisaki 112 20 October 1886 -- 29 April 1999 112 years, 191 days Ibaraki , Japan 19 29 April 1999 15 November 1999 (200 days) Antonio Urrea 111 16 February 1888 -- 15 November 1999 111 years, 272 days Catalonia, Spain 20 15 November 1999 1 March 2001 ( 7002472000000000000♠ 1 year, 106 days) John Painter 111 -- 112 20 September 1888 -- 1 March 2001 112 years, 162 days Tennessee, United States 21 1 March 2001 3 January 2002 (308 days) Antonio Todde 112 22 January 1889 -- 3 January 2002 112 years, 346 days Sardinia , Italy 22 3 January 2002 28 September 2003 ( 7002633000000000000♠ 1 year, 268 days) Yukichi Chuganji 112 -- 114 23 March 1889 -- 28 September 2003 114 years, 189 days Fukuoka, Japan 23 28 September 2003 5 March 2004 (159 days) Joan Riudavets 113 -- 114 15 December 1889 -- 5 March 2004 114 years, 81 days Balearic Islands , Spain 24 5 March 2004 19 November 2004 (259 days) Fred H. Hale, Sr. 113 1 December 1890 -- 19 November 2004 113 years, 354 days Maine , United States 25 19 November 2004 24 January 2007 ( 7002796000000000000♠ 2 years, 66 days) Emiliano Mercado del Toro 113 -- 115 21 August 1891 -- 24 January 2007 115 years, 156 days United States (Puerto Rico) 26 24 January 2007 19 June 2009 ( 7002877000000000000♠ 2 years, 146 days) Tomoji Tanabe 111 -- 113 18 September 1895 -- 19 June 2009 113 years, 274 days Miyazaki , Japan 27 19 June 2009 18 July 2009 (29 days) Henry Allingham 113 6 June 1896 -- 18 July 2009 113 years, 42 days England, United Kingdom 28 18 July 2009 14 April 2011 ( 7002635000000000000♠ 1 year, 270 days) Walter Breuning 112 -- 114 21 September 1896 -- 14 April 2011 114 years, 205 days Montana , United States 29 15 April 2011 12 June 2013 (2 years, 58 days) Jiroemon Kimura 113 -- 116 19 April 1897 -- 12 June 2013 116 years, 54 days Kyoto , Japan 30 11 June 2013 13 September 2013 (94 days) Salustiano Sanchez 112 8 June 1901 -- 13 September 2013 112 years, 97 days New York , United States 31 13 September 2013 24 April 2014 (223 days) Arturo Licata 111 2 May 1902 -- 24 April 2014 111 years, 357 days Sicily , Italy 32 24 April 2014 8 June 2014 (45 days) Alexander Imich 111 4 February 1903 -- 8 June 2014 111 years, 124 days New York, United States 33 8 June 2014 5 July 2015 (1 year, 27 days) Sakari Momoi 111 -- 112 5 February 1903 -- 5 July 2015 112 years, 150 days Saitama Prefecture , Japan 34 5 July 2015 19 January 2016 ( 7002198000000000000♠ 198 days) Yasutaro Koide 112 13 March 1903 -- 19 January 2016 112 years, 312 days Aichi Prefecture , Japan 35 18 January 2016 11 August 2017 ( 7002571000000000000♠ 1 year, 205 days) Yisrael Kristal 112 -- 113 15 September 1903 -- 11 August 2017 113 years, 330 days Haifa , Israel 36 11 August 2017 Present ( 7001460000000000000♠ 46 days) Francisco Núñez Olivera 112* born 13 December 1904 7004411950000000000♠ 112 years, 287 days Extremadura , Spain Oldest verified person by country Main article: List of oldest people by country Notes Jump up ^ Emma Tillman died 28 January 2007 ( EST ). However, in Fukuoka Prefecture, where Minagawa lived, the date was already 29 January 2007 ( JST ). Jump up ^ Misao Okawa died 1 April 2015 ( JST ). However, in Arkansas, where Weaver lived, the date was still 31 March 2015 ( Central Time Zone ). Jump up ^ Susannah Mushatt Jones died 12 May 2016 8:26pm EDT . However, in Italy, where Morano lived, the date was already 13 May 2016 ( CEST ). Jump up ^ Violet Brown died on 15 September 2017 in Jamaica ( UTC-5 ). However, in Japan, where Tajima lives, the date was already 16 September 2017 ( JST ). Jump up ^ Walter Breuning died 14 April 2011 3:30pm ( MDT ). However, in Kyoto, where Kimura lived, the date was already 15 April 2011 ( JST ). Jump up ^ Jiroemon Kimura died 12 June 2013 ( JST ). However, in New York, where Sanchez lived, the date was still 11 June 2013 ( Eastern Time Zone ). Jump up ^ Yasutaro Koide died 19 January 2016 12:17 a.m. JST . However, in Israel, where Kristal lived, the date was still 18 January 2016 ( IST ). References ^ Jump up to: Whitney, Craig R. (5 August 1997). `` Jeanne Calment, World's Elder, Dies at 122'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Robine, Jean-Marie ; Allard, Michel (1999). Jeanne Calment: Validation of the Duration of Her Life . Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark . CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Shaw, Michael D. (1 December 2008). `` You Say You Want to Live for a Long Time?'' . Health News Digest. Jump up ^ `` World's oldest person misses millennium'' . BBC . 31 December 1997 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Maier, Heiner (2010). Supercentenarians . Springer. p. 249. ISBN 3-642-11519-5 . Jump up ^ `` Marie-Louise Meilleur, 117; Listed as Oldest Person in World'' . Los Angeles Times . 18 April 1998 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Validated Living Supercentenarians'' . Gerontology Research Group. Jump up ^ `` World's oldest woman dies at 116'' . BBC . 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World's oldest man ever passes away aged 116'' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Table M - World's Oldest Men (WOM) Titleholders Since 1973'' . grg.org. 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Walter Breuning, world's oldest man, dies in Montana at age 114 Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' World's oldest man dies aged 114' ' , BBC News, 29 September 2003.'' . BBC News. 2003-09-29 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Riudavets-Moll, 114; World's Oldest Man'' . LA Times. 8 March 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' World's oldest man dies aged 113' ' , BBC News, 20 November 2004.'' . BBC News. 2003-09-29 . Retrieved 2016-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness: Holocaust survivor, 112, named world's oldest man'' . CBS News , 11 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` Francisco Núñez Olivera, el abuelo de España '' . tentudiadirecto.com. 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ältester Deutscher feiert 110. Geburtstag'' . mdr.de . Jump up ^ Lauren Reid (2017-08-10). `` Richard Overton taken to hospital for pneumonia'' . FOX 7 . Retrieved 2017-09-18 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs win? Seen it before ...'' . November 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Nagasaki Prefecture News Jump up ^ 支 局長 , 作成 者 (13 February 2017). `` 110歳 の 誕生 日 に '' . saikishikyokuchou.jp . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.lakelandhealth.org/caring-circle/news/lines-of-hope/lines-of-hope-archive/lines-of-hope---winter-2016/celebrating-109-years Jump up ^ `` 上越 市 内 男性 最 高齢 者 渡邉 智 哲 さん 107歳 の バースデー '' . jjp.co.jp . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/fl-br-bernard-nenner-110-birthday-20170507-story.html Jump up ^ `` Table C - World's Oldest Person (WOP) Titleholders Since 1955'' . grg.org . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ústav pro českou literaturu'' , Rudé právo , Prague, p. 2, 6 May 1969 Jump up ^ `` Francisco Núñez Olivera, el abuelo de España '' . tentudiadirecto.com. 15 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Francisco Núñez ' Marchena' , el bienvenidense más longevo de España , cumple 111 años '' . digitaldetentudia.com . Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and Notable centenarians (over age 100) By career Activists, non-profit leaders, and philanthropists Actors, filmmakers, and entertainers Artists Authors, poets, and journalists Businesspeople Educators, school administrators, social scientists, and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders Musicians, composers, and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians (over age 110) By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest-reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension-related topics Senescence Records World record Category: World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics: World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia: List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US: NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India: ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel-driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man-made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest-living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldest_people&oldid=802456744 '' Categories : Gerontology Supercentenarians Lists of oldest people Biological records Record progressions Ageing Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use dmy dates from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 07:25. 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which are the biggest airports in the world | 50 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 26,713,610 | [
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"The world 's busiest airports by passenger traffic are measured by total passengers ( data from Airports Council International ) , defined as passengers enplaned plus passengers deplaned plus direct - transit passengers . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport has been the world 's busiest airport every year since 2000 ; with all airports combined London has the world 's busiest city airport system by passenger count . As of 2017 , seven countries have at least two airports in the top 50 ; the United States of America has 15 , Greater China has 10 , and the United Kingdom , Japan , Germany , India and Spain have two airports each .",
"Airports Council International 's full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank Change % Change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 103,902,992 0.3 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 95,786,442 1.5 % 3 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 88,242,099 5.5 % 4 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 85,408,975 6.5 % 5 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 84,557,968 4.5 % 6 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 79,828,183 2.4 % 7 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 78,014,598 3.0 % 8 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 72,665,078 3.4 % 9 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 70,001,237 6.1 % 10 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 69,471,442 5.4 % 11 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 68,515,425 7.7 % 12 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 67,092,194 2.3 % 13 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 65,887,473 10.3 % 14 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 64,500,386 6.1 % 15 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 63,859,785 5.9 % 16 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 63,451,503 5 14.1 % 17 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 63,015,620 5 8.3 % 18 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 62,219,573 6.0 % 19 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 62,157,834 7.5 % 20 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 61,379,396 5.3 % 21 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 60,860,557 8.9 % 22 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 59,392,500 6 0.5 % 23 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 58,558,440 11.2 % 24 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 55,822,129 5.1 % 25 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 53,386,075 5.9 % 26 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 49,801,693 8.2 % 27 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 48,566,803 2.3 % 28 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 47,262,826 5 7.1 % 29 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 47,204,259 5.7 % 30 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 47,054,696 6.2 % 31 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 46,934,194 2.6 % 32 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 45,909,899 3.4 % 33 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 45,561,694 5.3 % 34 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 45,558,409 6 8.5 % 35 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 44,878,703 6.1 % 36 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 44,732,418 8 8.0 % 37 . Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG / ZPPP 44,729,736 6.6 % 38 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 44,577,241 5.5 % 39 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 44,511,265 6.2 % 40 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 44,071,313 10 1.2 % 41 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 43,921,670 7 1.2 % 42 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 43,410,355 3.4 % 43 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 43,393,499 7.0 % 44 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 42,022,484 6.2 % 45 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 41,884,059 3.5 % 46 . Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Weicheng , Xianyang , Shaanxi China XIY / ZLXY 41,857,406 ? 13.2 % 47 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 40,968,756 5 1.8 % 48 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,696,189 5 2.2 % 49 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 40,631,193 4.2 % 50 . Sheremetyevo International Airport Northern Administrative Okrug , Moscow Russia SVO / UUEE 40,092,806 ? 17.8 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank Change % Change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 103,902,992 0.3 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 95,786,442 1.5 %",
"3 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 88,242,099 5.5 %",
"4 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 85,408,975 6.5 %",
"5 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 84,557,968 4.5 %",
"6 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 79,828,183 2.4 %",
"7 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 78,014,598 3.0 %",
"8 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 72,665,078 3.4 %",
"9 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 70,001,237 6.1 %",
"10 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 69,471,442 5.4 %",
"11 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 68,515,425 7.7 %",
"12 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 67,092,194 2.3 %",
"13 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 65,887,473 10.3 %",
"14 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 64,500,386 6.1 %",
"15 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 63,859,785 5.9 %",
"16 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 63,451,503 5 14.1 %",
"17 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 63,015,620 5 8.3 %",
"18 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 62,219,573 6.0 %",
"19 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 62,157,834 7.5 %",
"20 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 61,379,396 5.3 %",
"21 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 60,860,557 8.9 %",
"22 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 59,392,500 6 0.5 %",
"23 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 58,558,440 11.2 %",
"24 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 55,822,129 5.1 %",
"25 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 53,386,075 5.9 %",
"26 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 49,801,693 8.2 %",
"27 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 48,566,803 2.3 %",
"28 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 47,262,826 5 7.1 %",
"29 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 47,204,259 5.7 %",
"30 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 47,054,696 6.2 %",
"31 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 46,934,194 2.6 %",
"32 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 45,909,899 3.4 %",
"33 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 45,561,694 5.3 %",
"34 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 45,558,409 6 8.5 %",
"35 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 44,878,703 6.1 %",
"36 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 44,732,418 8 8.0 %",
"37 . Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG / ZPPP 44,729,736 6.6 %",
"38 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 44,577,241 5.5 %",
"39 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 44,511,265 6.2 %",
"40 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 44,071,313 10 1.2 %",
"41 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 43,921,670 7 1.2 %",
"42 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 43,410,355 3.4 %",
"43 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 43,393,499 7.0 %",
"44 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 42,022,484 6.2 %",
"45 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 41,884,059 3.5 %",
"46 . Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Weicheng , Xianyang , Shaanxi China XIY / ZLXY 41,857,406 ? 13.2 %",
"47 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 40,968,756 5 1.8 %",
"48 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,696,189 5 2.2 %",
"49 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 40,631,193 4.2 %",
"50 . Sheremetyevo International Airport Northern Administrative Okrug , Moscow Russia SVO / UUEE 40,092,806 ? 17.8 %",
"Airports Council International 's full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 104,171,935 2.6 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 94,393,454 5.0 % 3 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 83,654,250 7.2 % 4 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 80,921,527 8.0 % 5 . Tokyo Haneda International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 79,699,762 5.8 % 6 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 78,327,479 1.8 % 7 . Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 75,715,474 1.0 % 8 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 70,314,462 3.0 % 9 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 66,002,414 9.9 % 10 . Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 65,933,145 0.3 % 11 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 65,670,697 0.2 % 12 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 63,625,534 9.2 % 13 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 60,786,937 0.4 % 14 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 60,248,741 1.7 % 15 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 59,732,147 8.2 % 16 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York City , New York United States JFK / KJFK 58,813,103 3.4 % 17 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi , Singapore Singapore SIN / WSSS 58,698,000 5.9 % 18 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 58,266,515 7.9 % 19 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 57,849,814 17.1 % 20 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 55,892,428 5.7 % 21 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 55,631,385 21.0 % 22 . Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport Benda , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 54,969,536 1.7 % 23 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 53,099,282 6.1 % 24 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 52,640,043 7.6 % 25 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 50,397,928 7.7 % 26 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 47,496,614 4.5 % 27 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 46,039,137 5 9.0 % 28 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 45,736,700 8.0 % 29 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 44,680,555 6 10.0 % 30 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 44,584,603 0.5 % 31 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 44,422,022 1.0 % 32 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 44,335,198 8.0 % 33 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport El Prat , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 44,131,031 7 11.2 % 34 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 43,302,381 5 1.7 % 35 . Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 43,136,795 7.1 % 36 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 42,296,322 8 9.9 % 37 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 42,261,309 3.1 % 38 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 41,985,810 5.2 % 39 . Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG / ZPPP 41,980,515 7 11.9 % 40 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 41,975,090 5.7 % 41 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 41,923,399 8.0 % 42 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 41,738,662 6 3.3 % 43 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 41,622,594 13 3.3 % 44 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 41,410,254 7.8 % 45 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 40,460,135 3.5 % 46 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 40,289,969 7.4 % 47 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 39,534,991 8.1 % 48 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 39,000,563 4.7 % 49 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 37,413,728 2.3 % 50 . Hamad International Airport Doha Qatar DOH / OTHH 37,283,987 ? 20.2 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 104,171,935 2.6 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 94,393,454 5.0 %",
"3 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 83,654,250 7.2 %",
"4 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 80,921,527 8.0 %",
"5 . Tokyo Haneda International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 79,699,762 5.8 %",
"6 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 78,327,479 1.8 %",
"7 . Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 75,715,474 1.0 %",
"8 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 70,314,462 3.0 %",
"9 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 66,002,414 9.9 %",
"10 . Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 65,933,145 0.3 %",
"11 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 65,670,697 0.2 %",
"12 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 63,625,534 9.2 %",
"13 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 60,786,937 0.4 %",
"14 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 60,248,741 1.7 %",
"15 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 59,732,147 8.2 %",
"16 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York City , New York United States JFK / KJFK 58,813,103 3.4 %",
"17 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi , Singapore Singapore SIN / WSSS 58,698,000 5.9 %",
"18 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 58,266,515 7.9 %",
"19 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 57,849,814 17.1 %",
"20 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 55,892,428 5.7 %",
"21 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 55,631,385 21.0 %",
"22 . Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport Benda , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 54,969,536 1.7 %",
"23 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 53,099,282 6.1 %",
"24 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 52,640,043 7.6 %",
"25 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 50,397,928 7.7 %",
"26 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 47,496,614 4.5 %",
"27 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 46,039,137 5 9.0 %",
"28 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 45,736,700 8.0 %",
"29 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 44,680,555 6 10.0 %",
"30 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 44,584,603 0.5 %",
"31 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 44,422,022 1.0 %",
"32 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 44,335,198 8.0 %",
"33 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport El Prat , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 44,131,031 7 11.2 %",
"34 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 43,302,381 5 1.7 %",
"35 . Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 43,136,795 7.1 %",
"36 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 42,296,322 8 9.9 %",
"37 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 42,261,309 3.1 %",
"38 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 41,985,810 5.2 %",
"39 . Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG / ZPPP 41,980,515 7 11.9 %",
"40 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 41,975,090 5.7 %",
"41 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 41,923,399 8.0 %",
"42 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 41,738,662 6 3.3 %",
"43 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 41,622,594 13 3.3 %",
"44 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 41,410,254 7.8 %",
"45 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 40,460,135 3.5 %",
"46 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 40,289,969 7.4 %",
"47 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 39,534,991 8.1 %",
"48 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 39,000,563 4.7 %",
"49 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 37,413,728 2.3 %",
"50 . Hamad International Airport Doha Qatar DOH / OTHH 37,283,987 ? 20.2 %",
"Airports Council International 's full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 101,491,106 5.5 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 89,938,628 4.4 % 3 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 78,014,841 10.7 % 4 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 76,942,493 9.8 % 5 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 75,316,718 3.4 % 6 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 74,989,795 2.2 % 7 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 74,937,004 6.1 % 8 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 68,283,407 8.2 % 9 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 65,766,986 3.1 % 10 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 65,512,163 0.9 % 11 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 61,836,781 9.2 % 12 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 61,032,022 2.5 % 13 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 60,053,387 6 16.3 % 14 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 58,284,864 6.0 % 15 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York United States JFK / KJFK 56,827,154 6.8 % 16 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 55,449,000 2.5 % 17 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 55,201,915 0.8 % 18 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 54,053,905 6 5.5 % 19 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 54,014,502 1.0 % 20 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 52,808,013 13.8 % 21 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 50,057,887 6.3 % 22 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 49,412,750 8.2 % 23 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 48,938,424 0.0 % 24 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 46,779,554 12.0 % 25 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 45,981,773 6 15.7 % 26 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 45,356,580 5.8 % 27 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 44,876,627 1.2 % 28 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 44,350,247 8.3 % 29 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 44,003,840 4.5 % 30 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 43,023,224 4.3 % 31 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 42,340,461 9 12.9 % 32 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 42,244,842 6 12.0 % 33 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 41,036,847 6.4 % 34 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 40,981,522 3.2 % 35 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 40,637,377 12 16.1 % 36 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 40,422,156 5.0 % 37 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 40,271,343 5.7 % 38 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 39,914,103 5 2.7 % 39 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 39,721,619 9.5 % 40 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 39,674,095 5.7 % 41 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 39,213,865 11 1.4 % 42 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 39,090,699 5 3.0 % 43 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 38,727,749 8.4 % 44 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 38,473,333 7.5 % 45 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 38,433,288 12.2 % 46 . Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG / ZPPP 37,523,345 ? 16.0 % 47 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 37,494,704 5.3 % 48 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 37,268,307 4.9 % 49 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 36,583,459 7.3 % 50 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 36,556,281 4.1 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 101,491,106 5.5 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 89,938,628 4.4 %",
"3 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 78,014,841 10.7 %",
"4 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 76,942,493 9.8 %",
"5 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 75,316,718 3.4 %",
"6 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 74,989,795 2.2 %",
"7 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 74,937,004 6.1 %",
"8 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 68,283,407 8.2 %",
"9 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 65,766,986 3.1 %",
"10 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 65,512,163 0.9 %",
"11 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 61,836,781 9.2 %",
"12 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 61,032,022 2.5 %",
"13 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 60,053,387 6 16.3 %",
"14 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 58,284,864 6.0 %",
"15 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York United States JFK / KJFK 56,827,154 6.8 %",
"16 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 55,449,000 2.5 %",
"17 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 55,201,915 0.8 %",
"18 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 54,053,905 6 5.5 %",
"19 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 54,014,502 1.0 %",
"20 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 52,808,013 13.8 %",
"21 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 50,057,887 6.3 %",
"22 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 49,412,750 8.2 %",
"23 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 48,938,424 0.0 %",
"24 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 46,779,554 12.0 %",
"25 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 45,981,773 6 15.7 %",
"26 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 45,356,580 5.8 %",
"27 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 44,876,627 1.2 %",
"28 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 44,350,247 8.3 %",
"29 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 44,003,840 4.5 %",
"30 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 43,023,224 4.3 %",
"31 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 42,340,461 9 12.9 %",
"32 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 42,244,842 6 12.0 %",
"33 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 41,036,847 6.4 %",
"34 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 40,981,522 3.2 %",
"35 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 40,637,377 12 16.1 %",
"36 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 40,422,156 5.0 %",
"37 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 40,271,343 5.7 %",
"38 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 39,914,103 5 2.7 %",
"39 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 39,721,619 9.5 %",
"40 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 39,674,095 5.7 %",
"41 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 39,213,865 11 1.4 %",
"42 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 39,090,699 5 3.0 %",
"43 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 38,727,749 8.4 %",
"44 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 38,473,333 7.5 %",
"45 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 38,433,288 12.2 %",
"46 . Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG / ZPPP 37,523,345 ? 16.0 %",
"47 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 37,494,704 5.3 %",
"48 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 37,268,307 4.9 %",
"49 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 36,583,459 7.3 %",
"50 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 36,556,281 4.1 %",
"Airports Council International 's full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 96,178,899 1.9 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 86,128,270 2.9 % 3 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 73,408,489 1.4 % 4 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 72,826,565 5.7 % 5 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 70,663,265 6.0 % 6 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 70,475,636 6.1 % 7 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 69,999,010 4.6 % 8 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 63,813,756 2.8 % 9 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 63,554,402 5.1 % 10 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 63,121,786 5.9 % 11 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 59,566,132 2.6 % 12 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 57,221,169 3.6 % 13 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 56,767,108 5 10.7 % 14 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 54,978,023 4.6 % 15 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 54,780,346 4.4 % 16 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 54,093,000 0.7 % 17 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 53,472,514 1.7 % 18 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 53,254,533 5.6 % 19 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 51,687,894 9.5 % 20 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 48,930,409 3.0 % 21 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 47,114,631 4.8 % 22 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 46,423,352 5 9.6 % 23 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 45,662,322 9.6 % 24 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 44,279,504 1.9 % 25 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 42,869,517 2.4 % 26 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 42,125,212 4.5 % 27 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 41,822,863 5.3 % 28 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 41,239,700 3.6 % 29 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 40,941,879 0.9 % 30 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 39,765,714 9.9 % 31 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 39,752,819 8.4 % 32 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 39,700,515 2.7 % 33 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 38,863,380 1.6 % 34 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 38,569,088 6.8 % 35 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 38,506,467 6.5 % 36 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 38,105,747 7.5 % 37 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 37,971,135 6.7 % 38 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 37,712,357 6 12.8 % 39 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 37,540,326 6.7 % 40 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 37,497,941 7.7 41 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 36,272,701 6 12.4 % 42 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 35,804,465 11.2 % 43 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 35,714,091 2.7 % 44 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 35,610,759 1.7 % 45 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 35,535,206 7 0.6 % 46 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 35,147,083 3.7 % 47 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 34,993,738 9.6 % 48 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 34,255,739 8.6 % 49 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 34,015,169 3.5 % 50 . Domodedovo International Airport Domodedovo , Moscow Oblast Russia DME / UUDD 33,108,047 7.3 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 96,178,899 1.9 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 86,128,270 2.9 %",
"3 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 73,408,489 1.4 %",
"4 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 72,826,565 5.7 %",
"5 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 70,663,265 6.0 %",
"6 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 70,475,636 6.1 %",
"7 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 69,999,010 4.6 %",
"8 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 63,813,756 2.8 %",
"9 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 63,554,402 5.1 %",
"10 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 63,121,786 5.9 %",
"11 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 59,566,132 2.6 %",
"12 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 57,221,169 3.6 %",
"13 . Istanbul Atatürk Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 56,767,108 5 10.7 %",
"14 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS / EHAM 54,978,023 4.6 %",
"15 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 54,780,346 4.4 %",
"16 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 54,093,000 0.7 %",
"17 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 53,472,514 1.7 %",
"18 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 53,254,533 5.6 %",
"19 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 51,687,894 9.5 %",
"20 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 48,930,409 3.0 %",
"21 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 47,114,631 4.8 %",
"22 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 46,423,352 5 9.6 %",
"23 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 45,662,322 9.6 %",
"24 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 44,279,504 1.9 %",
"25 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 42,869,517 2.4 %",
"26 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 42,125,212 4.5 %",
"27 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 41,822,863 5.3 %",
"28 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 41,239,700 3.6 %",
"29 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 40,941,879 0.9 %",
"30 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 39,765,714 9.9 %",
"31 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 39,752,819 8.4 %",
"32 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 39,700,515 2.7 %",
"33 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 38,863,380 1.6 %",
"34 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 38,569,088 6.8 %",
"35 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 38,506,467 6.5 %",
"36 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 38,105,747 7.5 %",
"37 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 37,971,135 6.7 %",
"38 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 37,712,357 6 12.8 %",
"39 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 37,540,326 6.7 %",
"40 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 37,497,941 7.7",
"41 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 36,272,701 6 12.4 %",
"42 . Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE / RCTP 35,804,465 11.2 %",
"43 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 35,714,091 2.7 %",
"44 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 35,610,759 1.7 %",
"45 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 35,535,206 7 0.6 %",
"46 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 35,147,083 3.7 %",
"47 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 34,993,738 9.6 %",
"48 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 34,255,739 8.6 %",
"49 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 34,015,169 3.5 %",
"50 . Domodedovo International Airport Domodedovo , Moscow Oblast Russia DME / UUDD 33,108,047 7.3 %",
"Airports Council International 's full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank Change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 94,430,785 1.1 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 83,712,355 2.2 % 3 . Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 72,368,030 3.3 % 4 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 68,906,636 3.3 % 5 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,883,271 0.1 % 6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 66,702,252 4.7 % 7 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 66,431,533 15.2 % 8 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 62,052,917 0.7 % 9 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 60,436,266 3.2 % 10 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 59,701,543 3.4 % 11 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 59,609,414 6.3 % 12 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 58,036,948 0.9 % 13 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 53,726,087 5.0 % 14 . Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 52,569,250 3.0 % 15 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 52,556,359 1.1 % 16 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 52,450,262 8.6 % 17 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 51,363,451 3.1 % 18 . Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 51,172,626 13.6 % 19 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 50,413,204 2.3 % 20 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 47,498,157 7 19.1 % 21 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 47,189,849 5.2 % 22 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 44,944,201 1.2 % 23 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 43,456,310 5.4 % 24 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 41,856,787 0.5 % 25 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 41,679,758 6.5 % 26 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 40,563,071 2.8 % 27 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 40,318,451 0.3 % 28 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 39,865,325 0.1 % 29 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 39,729,027 10 12.1 % 30 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 38,672,644 0.8 % 31 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 38,254,039 2.4 % 32 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 36,712,455 5 7.3 % 33 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 36,460,923 10 10.6 % 34 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 36,165,762 5 2.2 % 35 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 36,037,962 3.2 % 36 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 35,599,643 5.3 % 37 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 35,448,590 3.6 % 38 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 35,341,341 7.6 % 39 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 35,210,735 5 0.2 % 40 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 35,016,236 3.0 % 41 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 34,973,645 8 0.8 % 42 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 34,824,281 4.8 % 43 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 33,870,693 2.3 % 44 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 33,445,817 5.8 % 45 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 32,856,597 3.1 % 46 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,389,544 0.6 % 47 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 32,268,457 9.1 % 48 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 31,940,026 6.3 % 49 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 31,534,638 6.9 % 50 . Domodedovo International Airport Domodedovo , Moscow Oblast Russia DME / UUDD 30,765,078 9.2 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank Change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 94,430,785 1.1 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 83,712,355 2.2 %",
"3 . Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 72,368,030 3.3 %",
"4 . Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 68,906,636 3.3 %",
"5 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,883,271 0.1 %",
"6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 66,702,252 4.7 %",
"7 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 66,431,533 15.2 %",
"8 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 62,052,917 0.7 %",
"9 . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 60,436,266 3.2 %",
"10 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 59,701,543 3.4 %",
"11 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 59,609,414 6.3 %",
"12 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 58,036,948 0.9 %",
"13 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 53,726,087 5.0 %",
"14 . Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 52,569,250 3.0 %",
"15 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 52,556,359 1.1 %",
"16 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 52,450,262 8.6 %",
"17 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 51,363,451 3.1 %",
"18 . Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 51,172,626 13.6 %",
"19 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 50,413,204 2.3 %",
"20 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 47,498,157 7 19.1 %",
"21 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 47,189,849 5.2 %",
"22 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 44,944,201 1.2 %",
"23 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 43,456,310 5.4 %",
"24 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 41,856,787 0.5 %",
"25 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 41,679,758 6.5 %",
"26 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 40,563,071 2.8 %",
"27 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 40,318,451 0.3 %",
"28 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 39,865,325 0.1 %",
"29 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 39,729,027 10 12.1 %",
"30 . Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 38,672,644 0.8 %",
"31 . Sydney Kingsford - Smith Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 38,254,039 2.4 %",
"32 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 36,712,455 5 7.3 %",
"33 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 36,460,923 10 10.6 %",
"34 . Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO / LIRF 36,165,762 5 2.2 %",
"35 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 36,037,962 3.2 %",
"36 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 35,599,643 5.3 %",
"37 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 35,448,590 3.6 %",
"38 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 35,341,341 7.6 %",
"39 . Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN / LEBL 35,210,735 5 0.2 %",
"40 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 35,016,236 3.0 %",
"41 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 34,973,645 8 0.8 %",
"42 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 34,824,281 4.8 %",
"43 . Minneapolis / St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 33,870,693 2.3 %",
"44 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 33,445,817 5.8 %",
"45 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 32,856,597 3.1 %",
"46 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,389,544 0.6 %",
"47 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 32,268,457 9.1 %",
"48 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 31,940,026 6.3 %",
"49 . Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX / MMMX 31,534,638 6.9 %",
"50 . Domodedovo International Airport Domodedovo , Moscow Oblast Russia DME / UUDD 30,765,078 9.2 %",
"Airports Council International 's preliminary full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 94,956,643 3.3 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 81,929,359 4.5 % 3 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 70,037,417 0.9 % 4 . Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 67,788,722 8.3 % 5 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,834,931 0.4 % 6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 63,688,121 3.0 % 7 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 61,611,934 1.1 % 8 . Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 58,591,842 1.4 % 9 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 57,730,732 14.4 % 10 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 57,684,550 13.2 % 11 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 57,520,001 1.9 % 12 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 56,064,248 5.2 % 13 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 53,156,278 0.6 % 14 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 53,002,328 10.6 % 15 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 51,181,804 10.0 % 16 . Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 51,035,590 2.6 % 17 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 49,293,587 3.1 % 18 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 48,548,430 7.8 % 19 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 45,175,501 9.0 % 20 . Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 44,992,420 10 20.1 % 21 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 44,880,164 8.3 % 22 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 44,431,894 8.6 % 23 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 41,666,527 0.5 % 24 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 41,226,035 5.6 % 25 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 40,452,009 0.3 % 26 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,022,736 0.5 % 27 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 39,887,866 6.6 % 28 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 39,467,444 3.0 % 29 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 39,154,375 11.3 % 30 . Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 38,360,604 1.6 % 31 . Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 37,342,798 3.7 % 32 . Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO / LIRF 36,980,161 1.8 % 33 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 35,214,430 0.4 % 34 . Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 35,131,771 2.2 % 35 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 34,912,456 4.4 % 36 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 34,222,405 1.7 % 37 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 34,211,608 1.5 % 38 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 33,993,962 0.9 % 39 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 33,828,726 2.2 % 40 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 33,219,723 1.2 % 41 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 33,125,768 0.2 % 42 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 32,874,530 ? 17.2 % 43 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 32,477,646 6.9 % 44 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,205,358 0.7 % 45 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 31,878,935 7.9 % 46 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 31,599,353 8.7 % 47 . Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL / KPHI 30,228,596 2.0 % 48 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 30,038,696 1.3 % 49 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 29,569,725 4.7 % 50 . Tullamarine International Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL / YMML 29,431,084 4.9 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 94,956,643 3.3 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 81,929,359 4.5 %",
"3 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 70,037,417 0.9 %",
"4 . Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 67,788,722 8.3 %",
"5 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,834,931 0.4 %",
"6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 63,688,121 3.0 %",
"7 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 61,611,934 1.1 %",
"8 . Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 58,591,842 1.4 %",
"9 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK / WIII 57,730,732 14.4 %",
"10 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 57,684,550 13.2 %",
"11 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 57,520,001 1.9 %",
"12 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 56,064,248 5.2 %",
"13 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 53,156,278 0.6 %",
"14 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 53,002,328 10.6 %",
"15 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 51,181,804 10.0 %",
"16 . Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 51,035,590 2.6 %",
"17 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 49,293,587 3.1 %",
"18 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 48,548,430 7.8 %",
"19 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 45,175,501 9.0 %",
"20 . Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 44,992,420 10 20.1 %",
"21 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 44,880,164 8.3 %",
"22 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 44,431,894 8.6 %",
"23 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 41,666,527 0.5 %",
"24 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 41,226,035 5.6 %",
"25 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 40,452,009 0.3 %",
"26 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,022,736 0.5 %",
"27 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 39,887,866 6.6 %",
"28 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 39,467,444 3.0 %",
"29 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 39,154,375 11.3 %",
"30 . Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 38,360,604 1.6 %",
"31 . Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 37,342,798 3.7 %",
"32 . Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO / LIRF 36,980,161 1.8 %",
"33 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 35,214,430 0.4 %",
"34 . Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 35,131,771 2.2 %",
"35 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 34,912,456 4.4 %",
"36 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 34,222,405 1.7 %",
"37 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 34,211,608 1.5 %",
"38 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 33,993,962 0.9 %",
"39 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 33,828,726 2.2 %",
"40 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 33,219,723 1.2 %",
"41 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 33,125,768 0.2 %",
"42 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 32,874,530 ? 17.2 %",
"43 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 32,477,646 6.9 %",
"44 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,205,358 0.7 %",
"45 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 31,878,935 7.9 %",
"46 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 31,599,353 8.7 %",
"47 . Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL / KPHI 30,228,596 2.0 %",
"48 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 30,038,696 1.3 %",
"49 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 29,569,725 4.7 %",
"50 . Tullamarine International Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL / YMML 29,431,084 4.9 %",
"Airports Council International 's final full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 92,389,023 3.5 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 78,675,058 6.4 % 3 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 69,433,565 5.4 % 4 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,701,241 0.1 % 5 . Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 62,584,826 2.5 % 6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 61,862,052 4.7 % 7 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 60,970,551 4.8 % 8 . Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 57,832,495 1.6 % 9 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 56,436,255 6.5 % 10 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 53,328,613 5.9 % 11 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 52,849,132 1.7 % 12 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Jakarta , Java Indonesia CGK / WIII 51,533,187 16.2 % 13 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 50,977,960 8.0 % 14 . Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 49,755,252 10.0 % 15 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 49,653,055 0.4 % 16 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 47,910,904 12.0 % 17 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 47,644,060 2.4 % 18 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 46,543,845 10.7 % 19 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 45,040,340 9.9 % 20 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 41,447,730 2.1 % 21 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 40,927,786 4.3 % 22 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 40,591,948 5.3 % 23 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 40,560,285 2.0 % 24 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,128,953 0.9 % 25 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 39,043,708 2.1 % 26 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 38,314,389 7.3 % 27 . Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 37,763,701 8.8 % 28 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 37,704,510 10.6 % 29 . Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO / LIRF 37,651,222 3.9 % 30 . Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 37,406,025 7 16.3 % 31 . Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 36,022,614 0.1 % 32 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 35,356,991 1.4 % 33 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 35,191,825 4.5 % 34 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 34,729,467 10 17.8 % 35 . Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 34,387,597 8 15.1 % 36 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex , England United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 33,668,048 6.8 % 37 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 33,577,154 1.3 % 38 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 33,434,199 4.5 % 39 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 33,112,442 5.5 % 40 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 33,074,443 5 1.0 % 41 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 32,820,060 3.9 % 42 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,419,181 6 0.1 % 43 . Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL / KPHI 30,839,130 0.2 % 44 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 30,439,122 7.6 % 45 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 30,371,131 9.7 % 46 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 29,551,394 8.1 % 47 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 29,073,990 11.2 % 48 . Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts United States BOS / KBOS 28,866,313 5.0 % 49 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 28,245,745 5.4 % 50 . Melbourne Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL / YMML 28,060,111 1.2 %",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 92,389,023 3.5 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 78,675,058 6.4 %",
"3 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 69,433,565 5.4 %",
"4 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,701,241 0.1 %",
"5 . Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 62,584,826 2.5 %",
"6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 61,862,052 4.7 %",
"7 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 60,970,551 4.8 %",
"8 . Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 57,832,495 1.6 %",
"9 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 56,436,255 6.5 %",
"10 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 53,328,613 5.9 %",
"11 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 52,849,132 1.7 %",
"12 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Jakarta , Java Indonesia CGK / WIII 51,533,187 16.2 %",
"13 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 50,977,960 8.0 %",
"14 . Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 49,755,252 10.0 %",
"15 . Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 49,653,055 0.4 %",
"16 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 47,910,904 12.0 %",
"17 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 47,644,060 2.4 %",
"18 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 46,543,845 10.7 %",
"19 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 45,040,340 9.9 %",
"20 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 41,447,730 2.1 %",
"21 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 40,927,786 4.3 %",
"22 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 40,591,948 5.3 %",
"23 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 40,560,285 2.0 %",
"24 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,128,953 0.9 %",
"25 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 39,043,708 2.1 %",
"26 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 38,314,389 7.3 %",
"27 . Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 37,763,701 8.8 %",
"28 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 37,704,510 10.6 %",
"29 . Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO / LIRF 37,651,222 3.9 %",
"30 . Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 37,406,025 7 16.3 %",
"31 . Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 36,022,614 0.1 %",
"32 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 35,356,991 1.4 %",
"33 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 35,191,825 4.5 %",
"34 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 34,729,467 10 17.8 %",
"35 . Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 34,387,597 8 15.1 %",
"36 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex , England United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 33,668,048 6.8 %",
"37 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 33,577,154 1.3 %",
"38 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 33,434,199 4.5 %",
"39 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 33,112,442 5.5 %",
"40 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 33,074,443 5 1.0 %",
"41 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 32,820,060 3.9 %",
"42 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,419,181 6 0.1 %",
"43 . Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL / KPHI 30,839,130 0.2 %",
"44 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 30,439,122 7.6 %",
"45 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 30,371,131 9.7 %",
"46 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 29,551,394 8.1 %",
"47 . Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU / ZUUU 29,073,990 11.2 %",
"48 . Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts United States BOS / KBOS 28,866,313 5.0 %",
"49 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 28,245,745 5.4 %",
"50 . Melbourne Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL / YMML 28,060,111 1.2 %",
"Airports Council International 's final full - year figures are as follows :",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change 1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 89,331,622 1.5 % 2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 73,948,113 13.1 % 3 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,774,738 4.1 % 4 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , Greater London , England United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 65,884,143 0.2 % 5 . Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 64,211,074 3.7 % 6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 59,070,127 4.5 % 7 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Val d'Oise , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 58,167,062 0.5 % 8 . Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 56,906,610 1.6 % 9 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 53,009,221 4.1 % 10 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 52,209,377 4.1 % 11 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 50,348,960 10.5 % 12 . Madrid - Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 49,844,596 3.0 % 13 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 47,180,628 15.4 % 14 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 46,514,154 1.4 % 15 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 45,211,749 3.8 % 16 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Jakarta , Java Indonesia CGK / WIII 44,355,998 6 19.4 % 17 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 42,784,967 5.6 % 18 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 42,038,777 13.0 % 19 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 40,975,673 10.6 % 20 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 40,578,621 14 26.4 % 21 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,479,569 1.2 % 22 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 39,757,359 5 1.8 % 23 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 39,253,999 5.1 % 24 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 38,554,215 5 1.9 % 25 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 38,254,207 10.8 % 26 . Leonardo da Vinci Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO / LIRF 36,227,778 7.4 % 27 . Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 35,991,917 7.6 % 28 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 35,698,025 5.4 % 29 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 34,877,899 3.5 % 30 . Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 34,721,605 6.2 % 31 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 34,087,636 9 32 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 33,815,906 33 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 33,605,579 8 34 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 33,133,852 5 35 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 32,749,649 36 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,377,064 37 . Atatürk International Airport Yesilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 32,165,817 38 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 31,937,895 39 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 31,553,166 40 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex , England United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 31,378,644 9 41 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 31,298,812 6 42 . Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL / KPHI 30,775,271 5 43 . Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 29,197,135 44 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 28,531,607 45 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 28,137,797 46 . Melbourne Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL / YMML 27,731,252 47 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 27,432,346 ? 48 . Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts United States BOS / KBOS 27,429,152 5 49 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 27,148,724 ? 50 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 26,713,610",
"Rank Airport Location Country Code ( IATA / ICAO ) Total passengers Rank change % change",
"1 . Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL / KATL 89,331,622 1.5 %",
"2 . Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK / ZBAA 73,948,113 13.1 %",
"3 . O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD / KORD 66,774,738 4.1 %",
"4 . London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , Greater London , England United Kingdom LHR / EGLL 65,884,143 0.2 %",
"5 . Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND / RJTT 64,211,074 3.7 %",
"6 . Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX / KLAX 59,070,127 4.5 %",
"7 . Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy - en - France , Val d'Oise , Île - de-France France CDG / LFPG 58,167,062 0.5 %",
"8 . Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW / KDFW 56,906,610 1.6 %",
"9 . Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA / EDDF 53,009,221 4.1 %",
"10 . Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN / KDEN 52,209,377 4.1 %",
"11 . Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG / VHHH 50,348,960 10.5 %",
"12 . Madrid - Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD / LEMD 49,844,596 3.0 %",
"13 . Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB / OMDB 47,180,628 15.4 %",
"14 . John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK / KJFK 46,514,154 1.4 %",
"15 . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS / EHAM 45,211,749 3.8 %",
"16 . Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Jakarta , Java Indonesia CGK / WIII 44,355,998 6 19.4 %",
"17 . Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK / VTBS 42,784,967 5.6 %",
"18 . Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN / WSSS 42,038,777 13.0 %",
"19 . Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN / ZGGG 40,975,673 10.6 %",
"20 . Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG / ZSPD 40,578,621 14 26.4 %",
"21 . George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH / KIAH 40,479,569 1.2 %",
"22 . McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS / KLAS 39,757,359 5 1.8 %",
"23 . San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County , California United States SFO / KSFO 39,253,999 5.1 %",
"24 . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX / KPHX 38,554,215 5 1.9 %",
"25 . Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte , North Carolina United States CLT / KCLT 38,254,207 10.8 %",
"26 . Leonardo da Vinci Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO / LIRF 36,227,778 7.4 %",
"27 . Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD / YSSY 35,991,917 7.6 %",
"28 . Miami International Airport Miami - Dade County , Florida United States MIA / KMIA 35,698,025 5.4 %",
"29 . Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO / KMCO 34,877,899 3.5 %",
"30 . Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC / EDDM 34,721,605 6.2 %",
"31 . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL / WMKK 34,087,636 9",
"32 . Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT / RJAA 33,815,906",
"33 . Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN / RKSI 33,605,579 8",
"34 . Newark Liberty International Airport Newark , New Jersey United States EWR / KEWR 33,133,852 5",
"35 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP / KMSP 32,749,649",
"36 . Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW / KDTW 32,377,064",
"37 . Atatürk International Airport Yesilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST / LTBA 32,165,817",
"38 . Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ / CYYZ 31,937,895",
"39 . Seattle - Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA / KSEA 31,553,166",
"40 . London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex , England United Kingdom LGW / EGKK 31,378,644 9",
"41 . Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA / ZSSS 31,298,812 6",
"42 . Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL / KPHI 30,775,271 5",
"43 . Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN / LEBL 29,197,135",
"44 . Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL / VIDP 28,531,607",
"45 . Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM / VABB 28,137,797",
"46 . Melbourne Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL / YMML 27,731,252",
"47 . São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU / SBGR 27,432,346 ?",
"48 . Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts United States BOS / KBOS 27,429,152 5",
"49 . Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL / RPLL 27,148,724 ?",
"50 . Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX / ZGSZ 26,713,610"
] | List of busiest airports by passenger Traffic - wikipedia List of busiest airports by passenger Traffic Note for consistency, the Airports Council International 's (ACI) annual figures are always used in the final presentation and ranking, even where figures given by airport operators or authorities differ. The world's busiest airports by passenger traffic are measured by total passengers (data from Airports Council International ), defined as passengers enplaned plus passengers deplaned plus direct-transit passengers. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport has been the world's busiest airport every year since 2000; with all airports combined London has the world's busiest city airport system by passenger count. As of 2017, seven countries have at least two airports in the top 50; the United States of America has 15, Greater China has 10, and the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, India and Spain have two airports each. Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 statistics 2 2016 statistics 3 2015 statistics 4 2014 statistics 5 2013 statistics 6 2012 statistics 7 2011 statistics 8 2010 statistics 9 2000-- 2009 10 References 11 See also 12 External links 2017 statistics Airports Council International 's full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank Change % Change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 103,902,992 0.3% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 95,786,442 1.5% 3. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 88,242,099 5.5% 4. Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 85,408,975 6.5% 5. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 84,557,968 4.5% 6. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 79,828,183 2.4% 7. London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 78,014,598 3.0% 8. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 72,665,078 3.4% 9. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 70,001,237 6.1% 10. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 69,471,442 5.4% 11. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS/EHAM 68,515,425 7.7% 12. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 67,092,194 2.3% 13. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 65,887,473 10.3% 14. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 64,500,386 6.1% 15. Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 63,859,785 5.9% 16. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 63,451,503 5 14.1% 17. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK/WIII 63,015,620 5 8.3% 18. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 62,219,573 6.0% 19. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 62,157,834 7.5% 20. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 61,379,396 5.3% 21. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 60,860,557 8.9% 22. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK/KJFK 59,392,500 6 0.5% 23. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 58,558,440 11.2% 24. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 55,822,129 5.1% 25. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas, Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 53,386,075 5.9% 26. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 49,801,693 8.2% 27. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 48,566,803 2.3% 28. Barcelona-- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN/LEBL 47,262,826 5 7.1% 29. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 47,204,259 5.7% 30. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 47,054,696 6.2% 31. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington United States SEA/KSEA 46,934,194 2.6% 32. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 45,909,899 3.4% 33. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 45,561,694 5.3% 34. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 45,558,409 6 8.5% 35. Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE/RCTP 44,878,703 6.1% 36. Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX/MMMX 44,732,418 8 8.0% 37. Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG/ZPPP 44,729,736 6.6% 38. Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 44,577,241 5.5% 39. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 44,511,265 6.2% 40. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 44,071,313 10 1.2% 41. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 43,921,670 7 1.2% 42. Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 43,410,355 3.4% 43. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 43,393,499 7.0% 44. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 42,022,484 6.2% 45. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 41,884,059 3.5% 46. Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Weicheng , Xianyang , Shaanxi China XIY/ZLXY 41,857,406 ? 13.2% 47. Leonardo da Vinci-- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO/LIRF 40,968,756 5 1.8% 48. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 40,696,189 5 2.2% 49. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 40,631,193 4.2% 50. Sheremetyevo International Airport Northern Administrative Okrug , Moscow Russia SVO/UUEE 40,092,806 ? 17.8% 2016 statistics Airports Council International 's full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 104,171,935 2.6% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 94,393,454 5.0% 3. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 83,654,250 7.2% 4. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 80,921,527 8.0% 5. Tokyo Haneda International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 79,699,762 5.8% 6. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 78,327,479 1.8% 7. Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 75,715,474 1.0% 8. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 70,314,462 3.0% 9. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 66,002,414 9.9% 10. Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 65,933,145 0.3% 11. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 65,670,697 0.2% 12. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS/EHAM 63,625,534 9.2% 13. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 60,786,937 0.4% 14. Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 60,248,741 1.7% 15. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 59,732,147 8.2% 16. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York City , New York United States JFK/KJFK 58,813,103 3.4% 17. Singapore Changi Airport Changi, Singapore Singapore SIN/WSSS 58,698,000 5.9% 18. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 58,266,515 7.9% 19. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 57,849,814 17.1% 20. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 55,892,428 5.7% 21. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 55,631,385 21.0% 22. Soekarno-- Hatta International Airport Benda, Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK/WIII 54,969,536 1.7% 23. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 53,099,282 6.1% 24. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 52,640,043 7.6% 25. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 50,397,928 7.7% 26. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 47,496,614 4.5% 27. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 46,039,137 5 9.0% 28. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington United States SEA/KSEA 45,736,700 8.0% 29. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 44,680,555 6 10.0% 30. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 44,584,603 0.5% 31. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 44,422,022 1.0% 32. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 44,335,198 8.0% 33. Barcelona-- El Prat Airport El Prat , Catalonia Spain BCN/LEBL 44,131,031 7 11.2% 34. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 43,302,381 5 1.7% 35. Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 43,136,795 7.1% 36. Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE/RCTP 42,296,322 8 9.9% 37. Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 42,261,309 3.1% 38. Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 41,985,810 5.2% 39. Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG/ZPPP 41,980,515 7 11.9% 40. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 41,975,090 5.7% 41. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 41,923,399 8.0% 42. Leonardo da Vinci-- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO/LIRF 41,738,662 6 3.3% 43. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 41,622,594 13 3.3% 44. Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX/MMMX 41,410,254 7.8% 45. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 40,460,135 3.5% 46. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 40,289,969 7.4% 47. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 39,534,991 8.1% 48. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 39,000,563 4.7% 49. Minneapolis/St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 37,413,728 2.3% 50. Hamad International Airport Doha Qatar DOH/OTHH 37,283,987 ? 20.2% 2015 statistics Airports Council International 's full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 101,491,106 5.5% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 89,938,628 4.4% 3. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 78,014,841 10.7% 4. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 76,942,493 9.8% 5. Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 75,316,718 3.4% 6. London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 74,989,795 2.2% 7. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 74,937,004 6.1% 8. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 68,283,407 8.2% 9. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 65,766,986 3.1% 10. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 65,512,163 0.9% 11. Istanbul Atatürk Airport Yeşilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 61,836,781 9.2% 12. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 61,032,022 2.5% 13. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 60,053,387 6 16.3% 14. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS/EHAM 58,284,864 6.0% 15. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York United States JFK/KJFK 56,827,154 6.8% 16. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 55,449,000 2.5% 17. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 55,201,915 0.8% 18. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK/WIII 54,053,905 6 5.5% 19. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 54,014,502 1.0% 20. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 52,808,013 13.8% 21. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 50,057,887 6.3% 22. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 49,412,750 8.2% 23. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 48,938,424 0.0% 24. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 46,779,554 12.0% 25. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 45,981,773 6 15.7% 26. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 45,356,580 5.8% 27. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 44,876,627 1.2% 28. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 44,350,247 8.3% 29. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 44,003,840 4.5% 30. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 43,023,224 4.3% 31. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington United States SEA/KSEA 42,340,461 9 12.9% 32. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 42,244,842 6 12.0% 33. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 41,036,847 6.4% 34. Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 40,981,522 3.2% 35. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 40,637,377 12 16.1% 36. Leonardo da Vinci-- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO/LIRF 40,422,156 5.0% 37. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 40,271,343 5.7% 38. Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 39,914,103 5 2.7% 39. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 39,721,619 9.5% 40. Barcelona-- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN/LEBL 39,674,095 5.7% 41. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU/SBGR 39,213,865 11 1.4% 42. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 39,090,699 5 3.0% 43. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 38,727,749 8.4% 44. Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE/RCTP 38,473,333 7.5% 45. Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX/MMMX 38,433,288 12.2% 46. Kunming Changshui International Airport Guandu , Kunming , Yunnan China KMG/ZPPP 37,523,345 ? 16.0% 47. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 37,494,704 5.3% 48. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 37,268,307 4.9% 49. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 36,583,459 7.3% 50. Minneapolis/St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 36,556,281 4.1% 2014 statistics Airports Council International 's full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 96,178,899 1.9% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 86,128,270 2.9% 3. London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 73,408,489 1.4% 4. Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 72,826,565 5.7% 5. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 70,663,265 6.0% 6. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 70,475,636 6.1% 7. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 69,999,010 4.6% 8. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 63,813,756 2.8% 9. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 63,554,402 5.1% 10. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 63,121,786 5.9% 11. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 59,566,132 2.6% 12. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Banten Indonesia CGK/WIII 57,221,169 3.6% 13. Istanbul Atatürk Airport Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 56,767,108 5 10.7% 14. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland The Netherlands AMS/EHAM 54,978,023 4.6% 15. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 54,780,346 4.4% 16. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 54,093,000 0.7% 17. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 53,472,514 1.7% 18. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK/KJFK 53,254,533 5.6% 19. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 51,687,894 9.5% 20. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 48,930,409 3.0% 21. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 47,114,631 4.8% 22. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 46,423,352 5 9.6% 23. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 45,662,322 9.6% 24. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 44,279,504 1.9% 25. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 42,869,517 2.4% 26. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 42,125,212 4.5% 27. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 41,822,863 5.3% 28. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 41,239,700 3.6% 29. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 40,941,879 0.9% 30. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU/SBGR 39,765,714 9.9% 31. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 39,752,819 8.4% 32. Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 39,700,515 2.7% 33. Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport Mascot , Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 38,863,380 1.6% 34. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 38,569,088 6.8% 35. Leonardo da Vinci-- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO/LIRF 38,506,467 6.5% 36. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 38,105,747 7.5% 37. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 37,971,135 6.7% 38. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 37,712,357 6 12.8% 39. Barcelona-- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN/LEBL 37,540,326 6.7% 40. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington United States SEA/KSEA 37,497,941 7.7 41. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 36,272,701 6 12.4% 42. Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Dayuan , Taoyuan Taiwan TPE/RCTP 35,804,465 11.2% 43. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 35,714,091 2.7% 44. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 35,610,759 1.7% 45. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 35,535,206 7 0.6% 46. Minneapolis/St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 35,147,083 3.7% 47. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 34,993,738 9.6% 48. Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX/MMMX 34,255,739 8.6% 49. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 34,015,169 3.5% 50. Domodedovo International Airport Domodedovo , Moscow Oblast Russia DME/UUDD 33,108,047 7.3% 2013 statistics Airports Council International 's full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank Change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 94,430,785 1.1% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 83,712,355 2.2% 3. Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 72,368,030 3.3% 4. Tokyo Haneda Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 68,906,636 3.3% 5. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 66,883,271 0.1% 6. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 66,702,252 4.7% 7. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 66,431,533 15.2% 8. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 62,052,917 0.7% 9. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 60,436,266 3.2% 10. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK/WIII 59,701,543 3.4% 11. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 59,609,414 6.3% 12. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 58,036,948 0.9% 13. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 53,726,087 5.0% 14. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS/EHAM 52,569,250 3.0% 15. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 52,556,359 1.1% 16. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 52,450,262 8.6% 17. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 51,363,451 3.1% 18. Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 51,172,626 13.6% 19. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK/KJFK 50,413,204 2.3% 20. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 47,498,157 7 19.1% 21. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 47,189,849 5.2% 22. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 44,944,201 1.2% 23. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 43,456,310 5.4% 24. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 41,856,787 0.5% 25. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 41,679,758 6.5% 26. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 40,563,071 2.8% 27. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 40,318,451 0.3% 28. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 39,865,325 0.1% 29. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 39,729,027 10 12.1% 30. Munich Airport Freising , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 38,672,644 0.8% 31. Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 38,254,039 2.4% 32. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 36,712,455 5 7.3% 33. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU/SBGR 36,460,923 10 10.6% 34. Leonardo da Vinci-- Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Lazio Italy FCO/LIRF 36,165,762 5 2.2% 35. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 36,037,962 3.2% 36. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 35,599,643 5.3% 37. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 35,448,590 3.6% 38. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 35,341,341 7.6% 39. Barcelona-- El Prat Airport Barcelona Spain BCN/LEBL 35,210,735 5 0.2% 40. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 35,016,236 3.0% 41. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 34,973,645 8 0.8% 42. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac, Washington United States SEA/KSEA 34,824,281 4.8% 43. Minneapolis/St Paul International Airport St. Paul , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 33,870,693 2.3% 44. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 33,445,817 5.8% 45. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 32,856,597 3.1% 46. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW/KDTW 32,389,544 0.6% 47. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 32,268,457 9.1% 48. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 31,940,026 6.3% 49. Benito Juárez International Airport Venustiano Carranza , Mexico City Mexico MEX/MMMX 31,534,638 6.9% 50. Domodedovo International Airport Domodedovo , Moscow Oblast Russia DME/UUDD 30,765,078 9.2% 2012 statistics Airports Council International 's preliminary full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 94,956,643 3.3% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 81,929,359 4.5% 3. London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 70,037,417 0.9% 4. Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 67,788,722 8.3% 5. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 66,834,931 0.4% 6. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 63,688,121 3.0% 7. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 61,611,934 1.1% 8. Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 58,591,842 1.4% 9. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Tangerang , Banten Indonesia CGK/WIII 57,730,732 14.4% 10. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 57,684,550 13.2% 11. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 57,520,001 1.9% 12. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 56,064,248 5.2% 13. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 53,156,278 0.6% 14. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 53,002,328 10.6% 15. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 51,181,804 10.0% 16. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS/EHAM 51,035,590 2.6% 17. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK/KJFK 49,293,587 3.1% 18. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 48,548,430 7.8% 19. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 45,175,501 9.0% 20. Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 44,992,420 10 20.1% 21. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 44,880,164 8.3% 22. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 44,431,894 8.6% 23. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 41,666,527 0.5% 24. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 41,226,035 5.6% 25. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 40,452,009 0.3% 26. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 40,022,736 0.5% 27. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 39,887,866 6.6% 28. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 39,467,444 3.0% 29. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 39,154,375 11.3% 30. Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 38,360,604 1.6% 31. Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 37,342,798 3.7% 32. Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO/LIRF 36,980,161 1.8% 33. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 35,214,430 0.4% 34. Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN/LEBL 35,131,771 2.2% 35. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 34,912,456 4.4% 36. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 34,222,405 1.7% 37. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 34,211,608 1.5% 38. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 33,993,962 0.9% 39. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 33,828,726 2.2% 40. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA/KSEA 33,219,723 1.2% 41. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 33,125,768 0.2% 42. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 32,874,530 ? 17.2% 43. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU/SBGR 32,477,646 6.9% 44. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW/KDTW 32,205,358 0.7% 45. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 31,878,935 7.9% 46. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 31,599,353 8.7% 47. Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL/KPHI 30,228,596 2.0% 48. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 30,038,696 1.3% 49. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 29,569,725 4.7% 50. Tullamarine International Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL/YMML 29,431,084 4.9% 2011 statistics Airports Council International 's final full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 92,389,023 3.5% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 78,675,058 6.4% 3. London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , London United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 69,433,565 5.4% 4. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 66,701,241 0.1% 5. Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 62,584,826 2.5% 6. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 61,862,052 4.7% 7. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 60,970,551 4.8% 8. Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 57,832,495 1.6% 9. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 56,436,255 6.5% 10. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 53,328,613 5.9% 11. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 52,849,132 1.7% 12. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Jakarta , Java Indonesia CGK/WIII 51,533,187 16.2% 13. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 50,977,960 8.0% 14. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS/EHAM 49,755,252 10.0% 15. Madrid Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 49,653,055 0.4% 16. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 47,910,904 12.0% 17. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK/KJFK 47,644,060 2.4% 18. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 46,543,845 10.7% 19. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 45,040,340 9.9% 20. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 41,447,730 2.1% 21. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 40,927,786 4.3% 22. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 40,591,948 5.3% 23. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 40,560,285 2.0% 24. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 40,128,953 0.9% 25. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 39,043,708 2.1% 26. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 38,314,389 7.3% 27. Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 37,763,701 8.8% 28. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 37,704,510 10.6% 29. Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO/LIRF 37,651,222 3.9% 30. Atatürk International Airport Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 37,406,025 7 16.3% 31. Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 36,022,614 0.1% 32. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 35,356,991 1.4% 33. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 35,191,825 4.5% 34. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 34,729,467 10 17.8% 35. Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN/LEBL 34,387,597 8 15.1% 36. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex , England United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 33,668,048 6.8% 37. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 33,577,154 1.3% 38. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 33,434,199 4.5% 39. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 33,112,442 5.5% 40. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 33,074,443 5 1.0% 41. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA/KSEA 32,820,060 3.9% 42. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW/KDTW 32,419,181 6 0.1% 43. Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL/KPHI 30,839,130 0.2% 44. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 30,439,122 7.6% 45. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU/SBGR 30,371,131 9.7% 46. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 29,551,394 8.1% 47. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Shuangliu - Wuhou , Chengdu , Sichuan China CTU/ZUUU 29,073,990 11.2% 48. Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts United States BOS/KBOS 28,866,313 5.0% 49. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 28,245,745 5.4% 50. Melbourne Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL/YMML 28,060,111 1.2% 2010 statistics Airports Council International 's final full-year figures are as follows: Rank Airport Location Country Code (IATA/ICAO) Total passengers Rank change % change 1. Hartsfield-- Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta , Georgia United States ATL/KATL 89,331,622 1.5% 2. Beijing Capital International Airport Chaoyang - Shunyi , Beijing China PEK/ZBAA 73,948,113 13.1% 3. O'Hare International Airport Chicago , Illinois United States ORD/KORD 66,774,738 4.1% 4. London Heathrow Airport Hillingdon , Greater London , England United Kingdom LHR/EGLL 65,884,143 0.2% 5. Tokyo International Airport Ōta , Tokyo Japan HND/RJTT 64,211,074 3.7% 6. Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles , California United States LAX/KLAX 59,070,127 4.5% 7. Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport Roissy-en-France , Val d'Oise , Île -de-France France CDG/LFPG 58,167,062 0.5% 8. Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas United States DFW/KDFW 56,906,610 1.6% 9. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt , Hesse Germany FRA/EDDF 53,009,221 4.1% 10. Denver International Airport Denver , Colorado United States DEN/KDEN 52,209,377 4.1% 11. Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok , Hong Kong China HKG/VHHH 50,348,960 10.5% 12. Madrid-Barajas Airport Barajas , Madrid Spain MAD/LEMD 49,844,596 3.0% 13. Dubai International Airport Garhoud , Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB/OMDB 47,180,628 15.4% 14. John F. Kennedy International Airport Queens , New York , New York United States JFK/KJFK 46,514,154 1.4% 15. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Haarlemmermeer , North Holland Netherlands AMS/EHAM 45,211,749 3.8% 16. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Cengkareng , Jakarta , Java Indonesia CGK/WIII 44,355,998 6 19.4% 17. Suvarnabhumi Airport Bang Phli , Samut Prakan Thailand BKK/VTBS 42,784,967 5.6% 18. Singapore Changi Airport Changi Singapore SIN/WSSS 42,038,777 13.0% 19. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Baiyun - Huadu , Guangzhou , Guangdong China CAN/ZGGG 40,975,673 10.6% 20. Shanghai Pudong International Airport Pudong , Shanghai China PVG/ZSPD 40,578,621 14 26.4% 21. George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston , Texas United States IAH/KIAH 40,479,569 1.2% 22. McCarran International Airport Las Vegas , Nevada United States LAS/KLAS 39,757,359 5 1.8% 23. San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California United States SFO/KSFO 39,253,999 5.1% 24. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Phoenix , Arizona United States PHX/KPHX 38,554,215 5 1.9% 25. Charlotte Douglas International Airport Charlotte, North Carolina United States CLT/KCLT 38,254,207 10.8% 26. Leonardo da Vinci Airport Fiumicino , Rome Italy FCO/LIRF 36,227,778 7.4% 27. Sydney Airport Sydney , New South Wales Australia SYD/YSSY 35,991,917 7.6% 28. Miami International Airport Miami-Dade County , Florida United States MIA/KMIA 35,698,025 5.4% 29. Orlando International Airport Orlando , Florida United States MCO/KMCO 34,877,899 3.5% 30. Munich Airport Munich , Bavaria Germany MUC/EDDM 34,721,605 6.2% 31. Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor Malaysia KUL/WMKK 34,087,636 9 32. Narita International Airport Narita , Chiba Japan NRT/RJAA 33,815,906 33. Seoul Incheon International Airport Incheon Republic of Korea ICN/RKSI 33,605,579 8 34. Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey United States EWR/KEWR 33,133,852 5 35. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Fort Snelling , Minnesota United States MSP/KMSP 32,749,649 36. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit , Michigan United States DTW/KDTW 32,377,064 37. Atatürk International Airport Yesilköy , Istanbul Turkey IST/LTBA 32,165,817 38. Toronto Pearson International Airport Mississauga , Ontario Canada YYZ/CYYZ 31,937,895 39. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport SeaTac , Washington United States SEA/KSEA 31,553,166 40. London Gatwick Airport Crawley , West Sussex , England United Kingdom LGW/EGKK 31,378,644 9 41. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Changning - Minhang , Shanghai China SHA/ZSSS 31,298,812 6 42. Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia , Pennsylvania United States PHL/KPHI 30,775,271 5 43. Barcelona Airport Barcelona , Catalonia Spain BCN/LEBL 29,197,135 44. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi India DEL/VIDP 28,531,607 45. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai , Maharashtra India BOM/VABB 28,137,797 46. Melbourne Airport Melbourne , Victoria Australia MEL/YMML 27,731,252 47. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport Guarulhos , São Paulo Brazil GRU/SBGR 27,432,346 ? 48. Logan International Airport Boston , Massachusetts United States BOS/KBOS 27,429,152 5 49. Ninoy Aquino International Airport Pasay / Parañaque , Metro Manila Philippines MNL/RPLL 27,148,724 ? 50. Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Bao'an , Shenzhen , Guangdong China SZX/ZGSZ 26,713,610 2000-- 2009 Main article: List of busiest airports by passenger traffic (2000-- 2009) References Jump up ^ `` 2017 Annual Airport Traffic Report'' (PDF) . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2018-04-10. p. 28 . Retrieved 2018-05-01 . Jump up ^ `` List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)'' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018-05-02 . Jump up ^ `` ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports'' . Airport World . 2018-04-09 . Retrieved 2018-05-02 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Annual Airport Traffic Report'' (PDF) . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2017-04-28 . Retrieved 2017-05-10 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Airport Traffic Statistics'' . Airport Council International. 2016-04-11 . Retrieved 2016-06-07 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Airport Traffic Statistics'' (PDF) . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2015-04-20 . Retrieved 2016-04-16 . Jump up ^ 2013 Airport Traffic Statistics . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 4 October 2014. Jump up ^ 2012 Airport Traffic Statistics Archived 2013-06-13 at the Wayback Machine ...The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ Jump up to: Simon Rogers. `` The world's top 100 airports: listed, ranked and mapped'' . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Traffic 2011 FINAL from Airports Council International'' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Traffic 2010 FINAL from Airports Council International'' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . See also List of the busiest airports List of busiest airports by aircraft movements Busiest airports by continent External links Airports Council International Statistics and Data Centre hide Aviation statistics Airports worldwide Busiest airports by continent By aircraft movements By cargo traffic By passenger traffic international City airport systems by passenger traffic Busiest airports by continent and country Africa Algeria Morocco South Africa Asia China India Indonesia Iran Japan Malaysia Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Greece Hungary Republic of Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador By region Arab states of Persian Gulf Balkans Baltic British Isles Caribbean Central America Ireland Latin America Nordic countries Post-Soviet states Ex-Yugoslavia Airlines World's largest airlines Airline holding companies Africa Asia Europe North America Central America and the Caribbean Oceania South America Routes Busiest passenger air routes Busiest air routes in Australia by passenger traffic International General aviation in Europe United Kingdom Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) hide Lists of airports By IATA code J O Q U V X Y Z By ICAO code J O Q U V X Y Z By location Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America By continent Busiest airports overall busiest air traffic passengers international passengers cargo Other lists Airline destinations Defunct international airports Eponyms of airports Military installations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic&oldid=840295169 '' Categories : Lists of busiest airports Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 23:59. About Wikipedia | 8453375148128985275 |
where did the story of the revenant take place | On May 2 , 2016 , Time magazine included both DiCaprio and Iñárritu in its issue of the 100 Most Influential People of 2015 , with a cover photograph of DiCaprio on the magazine . John Kerry , the U.S. Secretary of State , wrote a short testimonial to DiCaprio for this issue of Time stating that DiCaprio 's dedication drives him to succeed and `` that 's how he takes himself back 200 years to create an Oscar - winning , bear - brawling , powerhouse performance in The Revenant . '' | [
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"The Revenant Theatrical release poster Directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu Produced by Arnon Milchan Steve Golin Alejandro G. Iñárritu Mary Parent Keith Redmon James W. Skotchdopole Screenplay by Mark L. Smith Alejandro G. Iñárritu Based on The Revenant by Michael Punke Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hardy Domhnall Gleeson Will Poulter Music by Ryuichi Sakamoto Alva Noto Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Stephen Mirrione Production companies Regency Enterprises RatPac Entertainment Anonymous Content M Productions Appian Way Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) December 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 156 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $135 million Box office $533 million",
"The Revenant",
"Theatrical release poster",
"Directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu",
"Produced by Arnon Milchan Steve Golin Alejandro G. Iñárritu Mary Parent Keith Redmon James W. Skotchdopole",
"Arnon Milchan Steve Golin Alejandro G. Iñárritu Mary Parent Keith Redmon James W. Skotchdopole",
"Alejandro G. Iñárritu",
"James W. Skotchdopole",
"Screenplay by Mark L. Smith Alejandro G. Iñárritu",
"Mark L. Smith Alejandro G. Iñárritu",
"Mark L. Smith",
"Alejandro G. Iñárritu",
"Based on The Revenant by Michael Punke",
"Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hardy Domhnall Gleeson Will Poulter",
"Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hardy Domhnall Gleeson Will Poulter",
"Music by Ryuichi Sakamoto Alva Noto",
"Ryuichi Sakamoto Alva Noto",
"Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki",
"Edited by Stephen Mirrione",
"Production companies Regency Enterprises RatPac Entertainment Anonymous Content M Productions Appian Way Productions",
"Regency Enterprises RatPac Entertainment Anonymous Content M Productions Appian Way Productions",
"Appian Way Productions",
"Distributed by 20th Century Fox",
"Release date December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) December 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States )",
"December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) December 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States )",
"December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre )",
"December 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States )",
"Running time 156 minutes",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Budget $135 million",
"Box office $533 million",
"The Revenant is a 2015 American semi-biographical western film directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu . The screenplay by Mark L. Smith and Iñárritu is based in part on Michael Punke 's 2002 novel of the same name , describing frontiersman Hugh Glass 's experiences in 1823 . It stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Hardy , Domhnall Gleeson and Will Poulter .",
"Development began in August 2001 when producer Akiva Goldsman purchased Punke 's manuscript . Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011 and in April 2014 , after several delays due to other projects , Iñárritu confirmed that he was beginning work on The Revenant and that DiCaprio would play the lead role . Principal photography began in October 2014 . Location and crew concerns delayed the film from May to August 2015 .",
"The film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre on December 16 , 2015 and had a limited release on December 25 , expanding on January 8 , 2016 . It received positive reviews from critics , with the performances , direction and cinematography receiving praise . The Revenant won three Golden Globe Awards , five BAFTA Awards and at the 88th Academy Awards , Iñárritu , DiCaprio and Emmanuel Lubezki won the awards for Best Director , Best Actor and Best Cinematography , respectively . DiCaprio also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role .",
"In 1823 , Hugh Glass guides Andrew Henry 's trappers through unorganized territory . While he and his half - Pawnee son , Hawk , are hunting , the company 's camp is attacked by an Arikara war party . Guided by Glass , the survivors travel on foot to Fort Kiowa , as traveling downriver will make them vulnerable . After docking , the crew stashes the pelts near the shore .",
"Glass is badly mauled by a grizzly bear and left close to death . Trapper John Fitzgerald , fearful of another Arikara attack , argues that the group must mercy - kill Glass and keep moving . Henry agrees , but is unable to pull the trigger ; instead , he offers money for someone to stay with Glass . When the only volunteers are Hawk and the young Jim Bridger , Fitzgerald agrees to stay for money , to recoup his losses from the abandoned pelts .",
"After the others leave , Fitzgerald attempts to smother Glass but is discovered by Hawk . Fitzgerald stabs him to death as Glass watches helplessly . The next morning , Fitzgerald convinces Bridger that the Arikara are approaching and they must abandon Glass . After they depart , Fitzgerald admits he lied . When Fitzgerald and Bridger meet Henry at the fort , Fitzgerald tells him that Glass died and Hawk vanished .",
"Glass begins an arduous journey through the wilderness . He performs crude self - surgery and eludes the pursuing Arikara who are looking for the Chief 's kidnapped daughter , Powaqa . Glass encounters Pawnee refugee Hikuc , who says that `` revenge is in the Creator 's hands . '' The men share bison meat and travel together . After a hallucinogenic experience , Glass discovers Hikuc hanged by French hunters . He infiltrates their camp and sees the leader raping Powaqa . He frees her , kills two hunters , and steals Hikuc 's horse , leaving his canteen behind . The next morning , Glass is ambushed by the Arikara and driven over a cliff on his horse . He survives the stormy night by eviscerating the horse and sheltering inside its carcass .",
"A French survivor staggers into Fort Kiowa and Bridger recognizes his canteen as Glass 's . Believing it stolen , Henry organizes a search party . Fitzgerald , realizing Glass is alive , empties the outpost 's safe and flees . The search party finds the exhausted Glass . Enraged , Henry orders Bridger arrested , but Glass vouches that Bridger was deceived and reveals that Fitzgerald murdered Hawk . Glass and Henry set out in pursuit of Fitzgerald .",
"After the two split up , Fitzgerald ambushes and kills Henry . Glass uses Henry 's corpse on his horse as a decoy and shoots Fitzgerald in the arm . He pursues Fitzgerald to a riverbank where they engage in a brutal fight . Glass is about to kill Fitzgerald , but spots a band of Arikara downstream . He remembers Hikuc 's words and pushes Fitzgerald downstream into the hands of the Arikara . The chief kills and scalps Fitzgerald and the Arikara spare Glass . Heavily wounded , Glass retreats into the mountains where he is visited by the spirit of his wife .",
"Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass Tom Hardy as John Fitzgerald Domhnall Gleeson as Andrew Henry Will Poulter as Jim Bridger Forrest Goodluck as Hawk Paul Anderson as Anderson Kristoffer Joner as Murphy Joshua Burge as Stubby Bill Duane Howard as Elk Dog Melaw Nakehk'o as Powaqa Fabrice Adde as Toussaint Arthur Redcloud as Hikuc Lukas Haas as Jones Brendan Fletcher as Fryman Tyson Wood as Weston Grace Dove as Hugh Glass 's wife Isaiah Tootoosis as Boy Hawk",
"Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass",
"Tom Hardy as John Fitzgerald",
"Domhnall Gleeson as Andrew Henry",
"Will Poulter as Jim Bridger",
"Forrest Goodluck as Hawk",
"Paul Anderson as Anderson",
"Kristoffer Joner as Murphy",
"Joshua Burge as Stubby Bill",
"Duane Howard as Elk Dog",
"Melaw Nakehk'o as Powaqa",
"Fabrice Adde as Toussaint",
"Arthur Redcloud as Hikuc",
"Lukas Haas as Jones",
"Brendan Fletcher as Fryman",
"Tyson Wood as Weston",
"Grace Dove as Hugh Glass 's wife",
"Isaiah Tootoosis as Boy Hawk",
"Development of The Revenant began in August 2001 , with producer Akiva Goldsman acquiring the rights to Michael Punke 's then - unpublished manuscript . David Rabe had written the film 's script . The production was picked up by Park Chan - wook , with Samuel L. Jackson in mind to star . Park later left the project . The development stalled until 2010 , when Mark L. Smith wrote a new adaptation of the novel for Steve Golin 's Anonymous Content . In May 2010 , Smith revealed that John Hillcoat was attached to direct the film and that Christian Bale was in negotiation to star the movie . Hillcoat left the project in October 2010 . Jean - François Richet was considered to replace him , but Alejandro G. Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011 . Goldsman was also confirmed to be producing with Weed Road Pictures . In November , New Regency Productions joined to produce with Anonymous Content , and 20th Century Fox was confirmed to be distributing the film . Days later , Iñárritu stated that he was seeking Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn for the two lead roles .",
"Once Iñárritu agreed to direct , he began working with Smith on script rewrites . In an interview with Creative Screenwriting , Smith admitted during this process he was unsure if Iñárritu would even be able to film some of the sequences they wrote . He recalled , `` He would have some ideas and I would say , ' Alejandro , we ca n't pull this off . It 's not going to work , ' and he would say , ' Mark , trust me , we can do this . ' In the end , he was right . ''",
"The film was put on hold in March 2012 , as New Regency hired Iñárritu to direct an adaptation of Flim - Flam Man , Jennifer Vogel 's non-fiction book about her criminal father . Penn was also under consideration for the lead role in that film . In December 2012 , Iñárritu announced that his next film would be Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) , a comedy - drama about an actor who once played a famous superhero . For his work , Iñárritu won the Oscar for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay , and the film won Best Picture . Filming took place in March 2013 . Iñárritu was scheduled to begin production on The Revenant after Birdman wrapped .",
"The film was granted a production budget of $60 million , with $30 million funded by New Regency . Brett Ratner 's RatPac - Dune Entertainment , a joint venture between Ratner 's RatPac Entertainment and 20th Century Fox 's former financing partner , Dune Entertainment , also funded the film . Worldview Entertainment , who also co-financed Birdman , was originally set to fund the film but backed out in July 2014 due to the departure of its CEO , Christopher Woodrow . New Regency approached 20th Century Fox for additional funding , but the company declined , citing the pay - or - play contracts made for both DiCaprio and Tom Hardy , which would require that the actors be paid regardless of whether the film is completed . Annapurna Pictures ' Megan Ellison entered negotiations to finance the film shortly after . The Chinese company Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture Company partially financed the film .",
"Principal photography for The Revenant began in October 2014 . A planned two - week break from filming in December was extended to six weeks which forced Tom Hardy to drop out of Suicide Squad . In February 2015 , Iñárritu , who shot the film using natural lighting , stated that production would last `` until the end of April or May '' , as the crew is `` shooting in such remote far - away locations that , by the time we arrive and have to return , we have already spent 40 % of the day '' . Brad Weston , president and CEO of New Regency Pictures , stated that principal photography had been challenging due to the ambitious nature of the film . Ultimately , principal photography wrapped in August 2015 .",
"The film was shot in twelve locations in three countries : Canada , the United States , and Argentina . In Canada , filming took place in Calgary and Fortress Mountain in Alberta , in Kananaskis Country west of Calgary , the Badlands near Drumheller , and at Squamish and Mammoth Studios , Burnaby , in British Columbia . The scenes in the waterfall were filmed at the Kootenai Falls near Libby , Montana . While the initial plan was to film entirely in Canada , the weather was ultimately too warm , leading the filmmakers to locations near the Rio Olivia at the tip of Argentina with snow on the ground , to shoot the film 's ending .",
"Crew members often complained about difficult shoots , with many quitting or being fired . Mary Parent was then brought in as a producer . Iñárritu stated that some of the crew members had left the film , explaining that `` as a director , if I identify a violin that is out of tune , I have to take that from the orchestra . '' On his experience filming , DiCaprio stated : `` I can name 30 or 40 sequences that were some of the most difficult things I 've ever had to do . Whether it 's going in and out of frozen rivers , or sleeping in animal carcasses , or what I ate on set . ( I was ) enduring freezing cold and possible hypothermia constantly . ''",
"Iñárritu had stated that he originally wanted to shoot the film chronologically , a process that would have added $7 million to the film 's production budget . Iñárritu later confirmed that the film was shot in sequence , despite Hardy 's statement that the film could not be shot chronologically , due to weather conditions .",
"In July 2015 , it was reported that the film 's budget had ballooned from the original $60 million to $95 million , and by the time production wrapped it had reached $135 million .",
"The visual effects for The Revenant were produced primarily by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) . Other companies , such as Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Cinesite , also created visual effects for the film .",
"The musical score for The Revenant was composed by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto who had previously scored the Square Enix 's Dawn of Mana , The Last Emperor ( directed by Bernardo Bertolucci ) , Poppoya ( directed by Yasuo Furuhata ) , Tony Takitani ( directed by Jun Ichikawa the director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue ) , and German electronic musician Alva Noto with additional music composed by Bryce Dessner . The main body of the score was recorded at the Seattlemusic Scoring Stage in the Bastyr Chapel in greater Seattle , Washington by musicians of the Northwest Sinfonia . Sakamoto conducted these sessions . Bryce Dessner 's portion of the score was performed by the 25 - piece Berlin - based orchestra known as `` stargaz e '' under conductor André de Ridder . Additional licensed music includes `` Become Ocean '' , the Pulitzer Prize and Grammy Award - winning work of John Luther Adams as recorded by the Seattle Symphony with conductor Ludovic Morlot and an excerpt of `` Jetsun Mila '' from French musician and composer Eliane Radigue . A soundtrack album was released digitally on December 25 , 2015 , and on CD on January 8 , 2016 . Milan Records will release a vinyl pressing of the soundtrack in April 2016 .",
"The score by Sakamoto and Noto was ruled ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 2016 Oscars as it was deemed that it was `` assembled from the music of more than one composer '' .",
"The film was accompanied by a 44 - minute documentary , named A World Unseen , highlighting the process of making the production . A World Unseen was released on January 21 , 2016 , on YouTube ; both the date and medium of the documentary 's release made it ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) in the same year as the film nomination .",
"In the Los Angeles Review of Books , film critic Wai Chee Dimock compared The Revenant 's themes to those addressed in the literary works of James Fenimore Cooper , particularly The Last of the Mohicans . Dimock argues that the film re-interprets the concept of `` half - breeds '' from a derogatory idea that Cooper despised to an aesthetic way in which to see the world . She compared both works ' protagonists -- Glass and Hawk - eye -- as literary foils , with Glass living an inversion of the latter 's biography and perspective .",
"In the documentary of the film titled A World Unseen , Iñárritu has stated that for the main themes of the film he revisits the issues and concerns of intense parental and filial relations , which audiences of his previous films readily recognize as a recurrent theme in his previous work . Regarding the theme of revenge seen throughout The Revenant , Iñárritu has stated that the approach of vengeance seen in the film needs to be significantly tempered by anyone who would want to see vengeance as either an effective or useful moral to be applied in life . In the end , Iñárritu states , there can only be disappointment and lack of fulfillment for anyone who looks to revenge as providing a higher purpose for living or a life defining purpose .",
"The Guardian reported , `` The backstory about Glass 's love for a Pawnee woman is fiction . It has been suggested the real Glass had such a relationship , but there 's no firm evidence -- and no evidence that he had any children ... As for the ending , it has been changed in one significant way : in real life , nobody got killed . ''",
"American Rifleman reported , `` There was no Pawnee wife or children to motivate him , no real cause for revenge , either , as he understood that Jim Bridger and John Fitzgerald honestly thought he was as good as dead . He might have done the same thing if their roles were reversed . The one constant in every telling of the tale until `` The Revenant '' opened was Hugh Glass wanted his gun back . '' The reporting about this story indicates that Glass did track down Fitzgerald and demand the rifle 's return , which Fitzgerald sullenly complied with .",
"In one scene , a Pawnee character is accompanied by a voiceover in Inupiak , which is spoken in Arctic Alaska , thousands of kilometers away and a different language family from Pawnee . The voiceover was taken from a John Luther Adams recording ; the words originally came from an Inuit woman named Uvavnuk , an angakkuq ( shaman ) and oral poet .",
"Canadian actor Roy Dupuis was strongly critical of the movie for portraying French - Canadian voyageurs as murderous rapists . Dupuis was originally offered a role as a voyageur , but he rejected it due to perceptions of anti-French bias and historical inaccuracies . According to Allan Greer , the Canada Research Chair in Colonial North America , `` generally the American traders had a worse reputation than the Canadians . ''",
"Iñárritu has made a special point of emphasizing the importance of historical issues of ethnicity approached in the film and reflected in the mixed ethnic background of Hugh Glass 's son portrayed in the film ( portrayed as half Pawnee by Glass 's wife ) as relating to his own life and his identification with ethnic concerns . Iñárritu has referred to having encountered constant xenophobia and stated that : `` These constant and relentless xenophobic ( comments ) have been widely spread by the media without shame , embraced and cheered by leaders and communities around the U.S. The foundation of all this is so outrageous that it can easily be minimized as an SNL sketch , a mere entertainment , a joke ... I debated with myself , if I should bring up this uncomfortable subject tonight but in light of the constant and relentless xenophobic comments that have been expressed recently against my Mexican fellows , it is inevitable . ''",
"The massive pile of bison skulls depicted in the film ( based upon a real life photograph from the mid-1870s ) is also an anachronism . The slaughter of bison on that scale was not yet underway in the early 1820s . Similarly for the assertion that the `` Anglos '' had taken the Indians ' land , which was not to occur in that part of the country for another 20 years . Trapper John Fitzgerald refers to the area of modern - day Texas as if it is a part of the Union or an aligned territory . However , in 1823 Texas was a sparsely populated ( in 1825 , Texas had about 3,500 people , with most of Mexican descent ) province of Mexico .",
"The Revenant had a limited release in the United States on December 25 , 2015 , including Los Angeles -- making it eligible for the 88th Academy Awards -- before being released nationwide on January 8 , 2016 . The film opened in Australia on January 7 , 2016 and in the UK on January 15 , 2016 . In the Philippines , the film 's release date was originally set for January 27 , 2016 , but it was eventually delayed a week to February 3 , 2016 . Although studios initially chose not to pursue a theatrical release in China , following the film 's three wins at the 88th Academy Awards on February 28 , 2016 , the film was granted a release in China but with several cuts . It was released on March 18 , 2016 .",
"The DVD , Blu - ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray were released on April 19 , 2016 in the US . Opening sales of the DVD along with on - line streaming orders placed The Revenant as number one in sales at Amazon . Distribution to major rental outlets in the US was done on May 17 , 2016 .",
"On December 20 , 2015 , less than a week before its release , screener copies of The Revenant and numerous Oscar contenders , including The Hateful Eight , Creed and Straight Outta Compton , were uploaded to many websites . The FBI linked the case to co-CEO Andrew Kosove of Alcon Entertainment . Kosove claimed that he had `` never seen this DVD ( s ) '' , and that `` it never touched his hands . '' In October 2016 , a former 20th Century Fox employee was fined $1.12 million in a separate case for uploading both The Revenant and The Peanuts Movie online .",
"The Revenant grossed $183.6 million in the United States and Canada and $349.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $533 million , against a production budget of $135 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $61.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues .",
"In North America , The Revenant opened in limited release on December 25 , 2015 , and over the weekend grossed $474,560 from four theaters in New York City and Los Angeles ( $118,640 per screen ) , finishing twenty - third at the box office . It was the second - biggest theater average of 2015 behind the $130,000 four - screen debut of Steve Jobs . The film earned a total of $1.6 million from its two - week limited run before expanding wide on January 8 , 2016 , across 3,371 theaters .",
"It made $2.3 million from its early Thursday preview showings from 2,510 theaters . On its opening day , the film earned $14.4 million , ranking first at the box office . The film grossed $39.8 million in its opening weekend from 3,375 theaters , exceeding initial projections by 70 % , and finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $42.4 million ) , which was on its fourth weekend of play . It was the director 's biggest opening of all - time , and the fourth - biggest for DiCaprio and supporting actor Tom Hardy . Critics noted that The Force Awakens had an advantage , considering that it was playing at 781 more theaters , that Sunday matinees are family - friendly , and since it had the benefit of playing in all North American IMAX theaters . Nevertheless , The Revenant played very balanced across the U.S. and overperformed in all states except the Northeast region . Its wide release weekend is among the top openings in the month of January . It finally topped the box office in its fifth weekend overall and third weekend in wide release after competing with Ride Along 2 in its second weekend . It added a $16 million in its third weekend , which was down 49.7 % but topped the box office , despite a blizzard blanketing most of the East Coast which reportedly hurt many films ' box office performance . The following weekend it was overtaken by Fox 's own animated movie Kung Fu Panda 3 thereby topping the box office for just one weekend . Following the announcement of the Oscar nominees on January 14 , The Revenant witnessed the biggest boost among the Best Picture category , jumping from $54.1 million to $170.5 million , an increase of + 215 % up to the Oscar ceremony in the weekend ending February 28 .",
"Outside North America , the film secured a release in 78 countries . It made $20.5 million from 2,407 screens in just 18 markets , placing behind The Force Awakens at the international box office chart and first among newly released films . The following weekend , it added $32.3 million from 25 markets on 4,849 screens . The film topped the international box office in its third weekend -- the same weekend when it topped the U.S. box office -- overtaking The Force Awakens with $33.7 million from 48 markets . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it took the No. 1 spot with $7.87 million or £ 5.2 million ( $7.4 million ) from 589 theaters and remained there for a second weekend declining only by 24 % with £ 3.86 million ( $5.5 million ) , as well as for a third weekend . Similarly , in Russia , it passed The Force Awakens to take the top spot with $7.5 million from 1,063 screens . In France , it has the biggest opening day in Paris and the third biggest opening weekend of 2016 ( so far ) with $8.2 million . It also opened at No. 1 in Mexico ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $4 million ) , Holland ( $1.3 million ) , Belgium ( $1.1 million ) , Argentina ( $955,000 ) , Sweden ( $914,000 ) , South Korea , Denmark , Norway , Israel , Egypt and Portugal among other markets . In Germany ( $4.6 million ) and Australia ( $2.9 million ) , it debuted at No. 2 both behind The Force Awakens and in Brazil ( $2.17 million ) behind The Ten Commandments . It had one of the top ten openings of all time for a Fox film , not accounting for inflation in South Korea with $5.7 million and went on to top the box office there for a second weekend with $3.22 million despite cold weather affecting theater attendance resulting in low box office performance . In Russia , despite not opening at No. 1 , it topped the box office in its second weekend with $4.4 million -- more than The Force Awakens -- and went on to top for a third weekend with $3.6 million . In China it had an opening day of around $11 million from more than 11,000 screens , including $250,000 in midnight previews , and $23 million in two days . In its opening weekend , it grossed $31 million , coming in second place behind the animated Zootopia . IMAX comprised $2.3 million on 278 screens . In terms of total earnings , its largest markets outside of the U.S. and Canada are China ( $58.6 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $32.8 million ) , Germany ( $28.7 million ) and France ( $28.2 million ) . The film opened in Japan on March 23 .",
"The Revenant received positive reviews from critics , with DiCaprio and Hardy 's performances , Iñárritu 's directing and Lubezki 's cinematography all being praised . However , the film 's runtime was criticized . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % , based on 327 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` As starkly beautiful as it is harshly uncompromising , The Revenant uses Leonardo DiCaprio 's committed performance as fuel for an absorbing drama that offers punishing challenges -- and rich rewards . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale .",
"Reviewers cited in a CBS News survey of critics highly praised DiCaprio 's performance , referring to it as an `` astonishing testament to his commitment to a role '' and as an `` anchoring performance of ferocious 200 percent commitment . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called DiCaprio 's acting `` a virtuoso performance , thrilling in its brute force and silent eloquence . '' Writing for NY Magazine / Vulture , David Edelstein called the film a `` tour de force '' and `` ( b ) leak as hell but considerably more beautiful , '' but noted the film had `` traditional masculinity instead of a search for what illuminates man 's inhumanity to man . ''",
"Justin Chang of Variety wrote Iñárritu `` increasingly succumbs to the air of grim overdetermination that has marred much of ( his ) past work '' and it was `` an imposing vision ... but also an inflated and emotionally stunted one . '' Stephanie Zacharek , writing for TIME magazine , gave a positive review to the film stating : `` Inarritu may have fashioned The Revenant as the ultimate endurance test , but as Glass , DiCaprio simply endures . He gives the movie a beating heart , offering it up , figuratively speaking , alive and bloody on a platter . It -- he -- is the most visceral effect in the movie : revenge served warm . Bon Appetite . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker was critical of the film , and said that Emmanuel Lubezki 's images were mere `` pictorial ornament ( s ) to ( Alejandro González Iñárritu 's ) bland theatrical stagings . ''",
"Slant Magazine 's writer Ed Gonzalez suggested that the Slant staff in large part disliked the film : `` Our contempt for The Revenant knows no limits . '' Gonzalez unfavorably compared Iñárritu 's work to Terrence Malick 's 2005 film The New World . In the official review , Slant writer Jaime N. Christley wrote : `` The Revenant ( is ) a misery-fest that plants its narrative flags as carelessly as a Roland Emmerich blockbuster , guaranteeing us a viewing experience almost as arduous as the trials depicted on screen , before reaching a conclusion that 's sealed the moment audiences first meet the key players . After an obligatory false calm , The Revenant 's proper opening scene is a show - stopping massacre at a fur - trapper 's campsite . It 's the kind of thing Howard Hawks would have handled -- and did , in The Big Sky -- in under 90 seconds , with mostly off - camera particulars and minimal effects , but González Iñárritu forces it to resemble the Normandy Beach sequence in Saving Private Ryan as much as history or sense will allow , and then some . '' The Revenant was ranked 22nd on Metacritic 's and 79th on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of best films of 2015 .",
"The Revenant has received numerous award nominations and wins , particularly for DiCaprio 's performance , Iñárritu 's direction and Lubezki 's cinematography . At the 88th Annual Academy Awards , Iñárritu won the Best Director award for the second time in a row , Emmanuel Lubezki won for the third time in a row the award for Best Cinematography and DiCaprio won his first award for Best Actor . Hardy lost his category to Mark Rylance for Bridge of Spies , and the film itself lost Best Picture to Spotlight .",
"At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards it won three awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , and Best Actor -- Drama . It also had a nomination for Best Original Score . On January 14 , 2016 , the film received 12 Academy Award nominations ( more than any other film at the ceremony ) , including Best Picture and Best Director for Iñárritu , as well as Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor , for DiCaprio and Hardy , respectively . On February 14 , 2016 , the film received the most awards at 69th British Academy Film Awards out of eight - nominations , with five , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Cinematography , Best Sound , and Best Leading Actor . It received nine Critics ' Choice Awards nominations , winning two -- for DiCaprio as Best Actor and Best Cinematography for Lubezki .",
"Tom Hardy won the Best British Actor award at the London Film Critics ' Circle and was runner - up for Best Supporting Actor at Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association . DiCaprio was awarded Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role award at 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards , while Iñárritu received Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film award at 68th Directors Guild of America Awards . It received five Satellite Awards nominations , winning the award of Best Actor for DiCaprio .",
"On May 2 , 2016 , Time magazine included both DiCaprio and Iñárritu in its issue of the 100 Most Influential People of 2015 , with a cover photograph of DiCaprio on the magazine . John Kerry , the U.S. Secretary of State , wrote a short testimonial to DiCaprio for this issue of Time stating that DiCaprio 's dedication drives him to succeed and `` that 's how he takes himself back 200 years to create an Oscar - winning , bear - brawling , powerhouse performance in The Revenant . ''"
] | The Revenant (2015 film) - wikipedia The Revenant (2015 film) Jump to: navigation , search The Revenant Theatrical release poster Directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu Produced by Arnon Milchan Steve Golin Alejandro G. Iñárritu Mary Parent Keith Redmon James W. Skotchdopole Screenplay by Mark L. Smith Alejandro G. Iñárritu Based on The Revenant by Michael Punke Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hardy Domhnall Gleeson Will Poulter Music by Ryuichi Sakamoto Alva Noto Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Stephen Mirrione Production companies Regency Enterprises RatPac Entertainment Anonymous Content M Productions Appian Way Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 16, 2015 ( 2015-12-16 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) December 25, 2015 ( 2015-12-25 ) (United States) Running time 156 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $135 million Box office $533 million The Revenant is a 2015 American semi-biographical western film directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu . The screenplay by Mark L. Smith and Iñárritu is based in part on Michael Punke 's 2002 novel of the same name , describing frontiersman Hugh Glass 's experiences in 1823. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Hardy , Domhnall Gleeson and Will Poulter . Development began in August 2001 when producer Akiva Goldsman purchased Punke's manuscript. Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011 and in April 2014, after several delays due to other projects, Iñárritu confirmed that he was beginning work on The Revenant and that DiCaprio would play the lead role. Principal photography began in October 2014. Location and crew concerns delayed the film from May to August 2015. The film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre on December 16, 2015 and had a limited release on December 25, expanding on January 8, 2016. It received positive reviews from critics, with the performances, direction and cinematography receiving praise. The Revenant won three Golden Globe Awards , five BAFTA Awards and at the 88th Academy Awards , Iñárritu , DiCaprio and Emmanuel Lubezki won the awards for Best Director , Best Actor and Best Cinematography , respectively. DiCaprio also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and financing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 3.5 Documentary 4 Themes 5 Historical accuracy 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Piracy 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1823, Hugh Glass guides Andrew Henry's trappers through unorganized territory . While he and his half- Pawnee son, Hawk, are hunting, the company's camp is attacked by an Arikara war party. Guided by Glass, the survivors travel on foot to Fort Kiowa , as traveling downriver will make them vulnerable. After docking, the crew stashes the pelts near the shore. Glass is badly mauled by a grizzly bear and left close to death. Trapper John Fitzgerald, fearful of another Arikara attack, argues that the group must mercy-kill Glass and keep moving. Henry agrees, but is unable to pull the trigger; instead, he offers money for someone to stay with Glass. When the only volunteers are Hawk and the young Jim Bridger, Fitzgerald agrees to stay for money, to recoup his losses from the abandoned pelts. After the others leave, Fitzgerald attempts to smother Glass but is discovered by Hawk. Fitzgerald stabs him to death as Glass watches helplessly. The next morning, Fitzgerald convinces Bridger that the Arikara are approaching and they must abandon Glass. After they depart, Fitzgerald admits he lied. When Fitzgerald and Bridger meet Henry at the fort, Fitzgerald tells him that Glass died and Hawk vanished. Glass begins an arduous journey through the wilderness. He performs crude self-surgery and eludes the pursuing Arikara who are looking for the Chief's kidnapped daughter, Powaqa. Glass encounters Pawnee refugee Hikuc, who says that `` revenge is in the Creator's hands.'' The men share bison meat and travel together. After a hallucinogenic experience, Glass discovers Hikuc hanged by French hunters. He infiltrates their camp and sees the leader raping Powaqa. He frees her, kills two hunters, and steals Hikuc's horse, leaving his canteen behind. The next morning, Glass is ambushed by the Arikara and driven over a cliff on his horse. He survives the stormy night by eviscerating the horse and sheltering inside its carcass. A French survivor staggers into Fort Kiowa and Bridger recognizes his canteen as Glass's . Believing it stolen, Henry organizes a search party. Fitzgerald, realizing Glass is alive, empties the outpost's safe and flees. The search party finds the exhausted Glass. Enraged, Henry orders Bridger arrested, but Glass vouches that Bridger was deceived and reveals that Fitzgerald murdered Hawk. Glass and Henry set out in pursuit of Fitzgerald. After the two split up, Fitzgerald ambushes and kills Henry. Glass uses Henry's corpse on his horse as a decoy and shoots Fitzgerald in the arm. He pursues Fitzgerald to a riverbank where they engage in a brutal fight. Glass is about to kill Fitzgerald, but spots a band of Arikara downstream. He remembers Hikuc's words and pushes Fitzgerald downstream into the hands of the Arikara. The chief kills and scalps Fitzgerald and the Arikara spare Glass. Heavily wounded, Glass retreats into the mountains where he is visited by the spirit of his wife. Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass Tom Hardy as John Fitzgerald Domhnall Gleeson as Andrew Henry Will Poulter as Jim Bridger Forrest Goodluck as Hawk Paul Anderson as Anderson Kristoffer Joner as Murphy Joshua Burge as Stubby Bill Duane Howard as Elk Dog Melaw Nakehk'o as Powaqa Fabrice Adde as Toussaint Arthur Redcloud as Hikuc Lukas Haas as Jones Brendan Fletcher as Fryman Tyson Wood as Weston Grace Dove as Hugh Glass's wife Isaiah Tootoosis as Boy Hawk Production ( edit ) Development and financing ( edit ) Development of The Revenant began in August 2001, with producer Akiva Goldsman acquiring the rights to Michael Punke 's then-unpublished manuscript. David Rabe had written the film's script. The production was picked up by Park Chan-wook , with Samuel L. Jackson in mind to star. Park later left the project. The development stalled until 2010, when Mark L. Smith wrote a new adaptation of the novel for Steve Golin 's Anonymous Content . In May 2010, Smith revealed that John Hillcoat was attached to direct the film and that Christian Bale was in negotiation to star the movie. Hillcoat left the project in October 2010. Jean-François Richet was considered to replace him, but Alejandro G. Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011. Goldsman was also confirmed to be producing with Weed Road Pictures. In November, New Regency Productions joined to produce with Anonymous Content, and 20th Century Fox was confirmed to be distributing the film. Days later, Iñárritu stated that he was seeking Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn for the two lead roles. Director Alejandro G. Iñárritu Once Iñárritu agreed to direct, he began working with Smith on script rewrites. In an interview with Creative Screenwriting , Smith admitted during this process he was unsure if Iñárritu would even be able to film some of the sequences they wrote. He recalled, `` He would have some ideas and I would say, ' Alejandro, we can't pull this off. It's not going to work,' and he would say, ' Mark, trust me, we can do this.' In the end, he was right.'' The film was put on hold in March 2012, as New Regency hired Iñárritu to direct an adaptation of Flim-Flam Man , Jennifer Vogel's non-fiction book about her criminal father. Penn was also under consideration for the lead role in that film. In December 2012, Iñárritu announced that his next film would be Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) , a comedy-drama about an actor who once played a famous superhero. For his work, Iñárritu won the Oscar for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, and the film won Best Picture. Filming took place in March 2013. Iñárritu was scheduled to begin production on The Revenant after Birdman wrapped . The film was granted a production budget of $60 million, with $30 million funded by New Regency. Brett Ratner 's RatPac-Dune Entertainment , a joint venture between Ratner's RatPac Entertainment and 20th Century Fox's former financing partner, Dune Entertainment, also funded the film. Worldview Entertainment , who also co-financed Birdman , was originally set to fund the film but backed out in July 2014 due to the departure of its CEO, Christopher Woodrow . New Regency approached 20th Century Fox for additional funding, but the company declined, citing the pay-or-play contracts made for both DiCaprio and Tom Hardy , which would require that the actors be paid regardless of whether the film is completed. Annapurna Pictures ' Megan Ellison entered negotiations to finance the film shortly after. The Chinese company Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture Company partially financed the film. Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Revenant began in October 2014. A planned two-week break from filming in December was extended to six weeks which forced Tom Hardy to drop out of Suicide Squad . In February 2015, Iñárritu , who shot the film using natural lighting , stated that production would last `` until the end of April or May'' , as the crew is `` shooting in such remote far-away locations that, by the time we arrive and have to return, we have already spent 40% of the day'' . Brad Weston, president and CEO of New Regency Pictures , stated that principal photography had been challenging due to the ambitious nature of the film. Ultimately, principal photography wrapped in August 2015. The film was shot in twelve locations in three countries: Canada, the United States, and Argentina. In Canada, filming took place in Calgary and Fortress Mountain in Alberta , in Kananaskis Country west of Calgary, the Badlands near Drumheller, and at Squamish and Mammoth Studios, Burnaby , in British Columbia . The scenes in the waterfall were filmed at the Kootenai Falls near Libby, Montana . While the initial plan was to film entirely in Canada, the weather was ultimately too warm, leading the filmmakers to locations near the Rio Olivia at the tip of Argentina with snow on the ground, to shoot the film's ending. Crew members often complained about difficult shoots, with many quitting or being fired. Mary Parent was then brought in as a producer. Iñárritu stated that some of the crew members had left the film, explaining that `` as a director, if I identify a violin that is out of tune, I have to take that from the orchestra.'' On his experience filming, DiCaprio stated: `` I can name 30 or 40 sequences that were some of the most difficult things I've ever had to do. Whether it's going in and out of frozen rivers, or sleeping in animal carcasses, or what I ate on set. (I was) enduring freezing cold and possible hypothermia constantly.'' Iñárritu had stated that he originally wanted to shoot the film chronologically, a process that would have added $7 million to the film's production budget. Iñárritu later confirmed that the film was shot in sequence, despite Hardy's statement that the film could not be shot chronologically, due to weather conditions. In July 2015, it was reported that the film's budget had ballooned from the original $60 million to $95 million, and by the time production wrapped it had reached $135 million. Visual effects ( edit ) The visual effects for The Revenant were produced primarily by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Other companies, such as Moving Picture Company (MPC) and Cinesite , also created visual effects for the film. Music ( edit ) Main article: The Revenant (soundtrack) The musical score for The Revenant was composed by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto who had previously scored the Square Enix 's Dawn of Mana , The Last Emperor (directed by Bernardo Bertolucci ), Poppoya (directed by Yasuo Furuhata ), Tony Takitani (directed by Jun Ichikawa the director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue ), and German electronic musician Alva Noto with additional music composed by Bryce Dessner . The main body of the score was recorded at the Seattlemusic Scoring Stage in the Bastyr Chapel in greater Seattle, Washington by musicians of the Northwest Sinfonia . Sakamoto conducted these sessions. Bryce Dessner's portion of the score was performed by the 25-piece Berlin-based orchestra known as `` stargaz e'' under conductor André de Ridder . Additional licensed music includes `` Become Ocean'' , the Pulitzer Prize and Grammy Award-winning work of John Luther Adams as recorded by the Seattle Symphony with conductor Ludovic Morlot and an excerpt of `` Jetsun Mila'' from French musician and composer Eliane Radigue . A soundtrack album was released digitally on December 25, 2015, and on CD on January 8, 2016. Milan Records will release a vinyl pressing of the soundtrack in April 2016. The score by Sakamoto and Noto was ruled ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 2016 Oscars as it was deemed that it was `` assembled from the music of more than one composer'' . Documentary ( edit ) The film was accompanied by a 44-minute documentary, named A World Unseen , highlighting the process of making the production. A World Unseen was released on January 21, 2016, on YouTube ; both the date and medium of the documentary's release made it ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) in the same year as the film nomination. Themes ( edit ) In the Los Angeles Review of Books , film critic Wai Chee Dimock compared The Revenant 's themes to those addressed in the literary works of James Fenimore Cooper , particularly The Last of the Mohicans . Dimock argues that the film re-interprets the concept of `` half-breeds '' from a derogatory idea that Cooper despised to an aesthetic way in which to see the world. She compared both works' protagonists-- Glass and Hawk-eye -- as literary foils, with Glass living an inversion of the latter's biography and perspective. In the documentary of the film titled A World Unseen , Iñárritu has stated that for the main themes of the film he revisits the issues and concerns of intense parental and filial relations, which audiences of his previous films readily recognize as a recurrent theme in his previous work. Regarding the theme of revenge seen throughout The Revenant , Iñárritu has stated that the approach of vengeance seen in the film needs to be significantly tempered by anyone who would want to see vengeance as either an effective or useful moral to be applied in life. In the end, Iñárritu states, there can only be disappointment and lack of fulfillment for anyone who looks to revenge as providing a higher purpose for living or a life defining purpose. Historical accuracy ( edit ) Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota . Glass' survival journey did not take place in the cold season, nor did it involve tall mountain ranges. The Guardian reported, `` The backstory about Glass's love for a Pawnee woman is fiction. It has been suggested the real Glass had such a relationship, but there's no firm evidence-- and no evidence that he had any children... As for the ending, it has been changed in one significant way: in real life, nobody got killed.'' American Rifleman reported, `` There was no Pawnee wife or children to motivate him, no real cause for revenge, either, as he understood that Jim Bridger and John Fitzgerald honestly thought he was as good as dead. He might have done the same thing if their roles were reversed. The one constant in every telling of the tale until `` The Revenant'' opened was Hugh Glass wanted his gun back.'' The reporting about this story indicates that Glass did track down Fitzgerald and demand the rifle's return, which Fitzgerald sullenly complied with. In one scene, a Pawnee character is accompanied by a voiceover in Inupiak , which is spoken in Arctic Alaska, thousands of kilometers away and a different language family from Pawnee . The voiceover was taken from a John Luther Adams recording; the words originally came from an Inuit woman named Uvavnuk , an angakkuq (shaman) and oral poet . Canadian actor Roy Dupuis was strongly critical of the movie for portraying French-Canadian voyageurs as murderous rapists. Dupuis was originally offered a role as a voyageur, but he rejected it due to perceptions of anti-French bias and historical inaccuracies. According to Allan Greer, the Canada Research Chair in Colonial North America, `` generally the American traders had a worse reputation than the Canadians.'' Iñárritu has made a special point of emphasizing the importance of historical issues of ethnicity approached in the film and reflected in the mixed ethnic background of Hugh Glass's son portrayed in the film (portrayed as half Pawnee by Glass's wife) as relating to his own life and his identification with ethnic concerns. Iñárritu has referred to having encountered constant xenophobia and stated that: `` These constant and relentless xenophobic (comments) have been widely spread by the media without shame, embraced and cheered by leaders and communities around the U.S. The foundation of all this is so outrageous that it can easily be minimized as an SNL sketch, a mere entertainment, a joke ... I debated with myself, if I should bring up this uncomfortable subject tonight but in light of the constant and relentless xenophobic comments that have been expressed recently against my Mexican fellows, it is inevitable.'' The massive pile of bison skulls depicted in the film (based upon a real life photograph from the mid-1870s) is also an anachronism . The slaughter of bison on that scale was not yet underway in the early 1820s. Similarly for the assertion that the `` Anglos'' had taken the Indians' land, which was not to occur in that part of the country for another 20 years. Trapper John Fitzgerald refers to the area of modern-day Texas as if it is a part of the Union or an aligned territory. However, in 1823 Texas was a sparsely populated (in 1825, Texas had about 3,500 people, with most of Mexican descent ) province of Mexico . Release ( edit ) The Revenant had a limited release in the United States on December 25, 2015, including Los Angeles -- making it eligible for the 88th Academy Awards -- before being released nationwide on January 8, 2016. The film opened in Australia on January 7, 2016 and in the UK on January 15, 2016. In the Philippines, the film's release date was originally set for January 27, 2016, but it was eventually delayed a week to February 3, 2016. Although studios initially chose not to pursue a theatrical release in China , following the film's three wins at the 88th Academy Awards on February 28, 2016, the film was granted a release in China but with several cuts. It was released on March 18, 2016. Home Media ( edit ) The DVD , Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray were released on April 19, 2016 in the US. Opening sales of the DVD along with on-line streaming orders placed The Revenant as number one in sales at Amazon. Distribution to major rental outlets in the US was done on May 17, 2016. Piracy ( edit ) On December 20, 2015, less than a week before its release, screener copies of The Revenant and numerous Oscar contenders, including The Hateful Eight , Creed and Straight Outta Compton , were uploaded to many websites. The FBI linked the case to co-CEO Andrew Kosove of Alcon Entertainment. Kosove claimed that he had `` never seen this DVD(s)'' , and that `` it never touched his hands.'' In October 2016, a former 20th Century Fox employee was fined $1.12 million in a separate case for uploading both The Revenant and The Peanuts Movie online. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Revenant grossed $183.6 million in the United States and Canada and $349.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $533 million, against a production budget of $135 million. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $61.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues. In North America, The Revenant opened in limited release on December 25, 2015, and over the weekend grossed $474,560 from four theaters in New York City and Los Angeles ($118,640 per screen), finishing twenty-third at the box office. It was the second-biggest theater average of 2015 behind the $130,000 four-screen debut of Steve Jobs . The film earned a total of $1.6 million from its two-week limited run before expanding wide on January 8, 2016, across 3,371 theaters. It made $2.3 million from its early Thursday preview showings from 2,510 theaters. On its opening day, the film earned $14.4 million, ranking first at the box office. The film grossed $39.8 million in its opening weekend from 3,375 theaters, exceeding initial projections by 70%, and finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($42.4 million), which was on its fourth weekend of play. It was the director's biggest opening of all-time, and the fourth-biggest for DiCaprio and supporting actor Tom Hardy. Critics noted that The Force Awakens had an advantage, considering that it was playing at 781 more theaters, that Sunday matinees are family-friendly, and since it had the benefit of playing in all North American IMAX theaters. Nevertheless, The Revenant played very balanced across the U.S. and overperformed in all states except the Northeast region. Its wide release weekend is among the top openings in the month of January. It finally topped the box office in its fifth weekend overall and third weekend in wide release after competing with Ride Along 2 in its second weekend. It added a $16 million in its third weekend, which was down 49.7% but topped the box office, despite a blizzard blanketing most of the East Coast which reportedly hurt many films' box office performance. The following weekend it was overtaken by Fox's own animated movie Kung Fu Panda 3 thereby topping the box office for just one weekend. Following the announcement of the Oscar nominees on January 14, The Revenant witnessed the biggest boost among the Best Picture category, jumping from $54.1 million to $170.5 million, an increase of +215% up to the Oscar ceremony in the weekend ending February 28. Outside North America, the film secured a release in 78 countries. It made $20.5 million from 2,407 screens in just 18 markets, placing behind The Force Awakens at the international box office chart and first among newly released films. The following weekend, it added $32.3 million from 25 markets on 4,849 screens. The film topped the international box office in its third weekend-- the same weekend when it topped the U.S. box office-- overtaking The Force Awakens with $33.7 million from 48 markets. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it took the No. 1 spot with $7.87 million or £ 5.2 million ($7.4 million) from 589 theaters and remained there for a second weekend declining only by 24% with £ 3.86 million ($5.5 million), as well as for a third weekend. Similarly, in Russia, it passed The Force Awakens to take the top spot with $7.5 million from 1,063 screens. In France, it has the biggest opening day in Paris and the third biggest opening weekend of 2016 (so far) with $8.2 million. It also opened at No. 1 in Mexico ($5.1 million), Spain ($4 million), Holland ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.1 million), Argentina ($955,000), Sweden ($914,000), South Korea, Denmark, Norway, Israel, Egypt and Portugal among other markets. In Germany ($4.6 million) and Australia ($2.9 million), it debuted at No. 2 both behind The Force Awakens and in Brazil ($2.17 million) behind The Ten Commandments . It had one of the top ten openings of all time for a Fox film, not accounting for inflation in South Korea with $5.7 million and went on to top the box office there for a second weekend with $3.22 million despite cold weather affecting theater attendance resulting in low box office performance. In Russia, despite not opening at No. 1, it topped the box office in its second weekend with $4.4 million-- more than The Force Awakens -- and went on to top for a third weekend with $3.6 million. In China it had an opening day of around $11 million from more than 11,000 screens, including $250,000 in midnight previews, and $23 million in two days. In its opening weekend, it grossed $31 million, coming in second place behind the animated Zootopia . IMAX comprised $2.3 million on 278 screens. In terms of total earnings, its largest markets outside of the U.S. and Canada are China ($58.6 million), the United Kingdom ($32.8 million), Germany ($28.7 million) and France ($28.2 million). The film opened in Japan on March 23. Critical response ( edit ) The Revenant received positive reviews from critics, with DiCaprio and Hardy's performances, Iñárritu 's directing and Lubezki's cinematography all being praised. However, the film's runtime was criticized. On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81%, based on 327 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads: `` As starkly beautiful as it is harshly uncompromising, The Revenant uses Leonardo DiCaprio's committed performance as fuel for an absorbing drama that offers punishing challenges -- and rich rewards.'' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating `` generally favorable reviews'' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B+'' on an A+ to F scale. Tom Hardy received strong praise for his performance as John Fitzgerald. Reviewers cited in a CBS News survey of critics highly praised DiCaprio's performance, referring to it as an `` astonishing testament to his commitment to a role'' and as an `` anchoring performance of ferocious 200 percent commitment.'' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called DiCaprio's acting `` a virtuoso performance, thrilling in its brute force and silent eloquence.'' Writing for NY Magazine / Vulture , David Edelstein called the film a `` tour de force'' and `` (b)leak as hell but considerably more beautiful,'' but noted the film had `` traditional masculinity instead of a search for what illuminates man's inhumanity to man.'' Justin Chang of Variety wrote Iñárritu `` increasingly succumbs to the air of grim overdetermination that has marred much of (his) past work'' and it was `` an imposing vision... but also an inflated and emotionally stunted one.'' Stephanie Zacharek, writing for TIME magazine, gave a positive review to the film stating: `` Inarritu may have fashioned The Revenant as the ultimate endurance test, but as Glass, DiCaprio simply endures. He gives the movie a beating heart, offering it up, figuratively speaking, alive and bloody on a platter. It-- he-- is the most visceral effect in the movie: revenge served warm. Bon Appetite.'' Richard Brody of The New Yorker was critical of the film, and said that Emmanuel Lubezki 's images were mere `` pictorial ornament(s) to (Alejandro González Iñárritu 's ) bland theatrical stagings.'' Slant Magazine 's writer Ed Gonzalez suggested that the Slant staff in large part disliked the film: `` Our contempt for The Revenant knows no limits.'' Gonzalez unfavorably compared Iñárritu 's work to Terrence Malick 's 2005 film The New World . In the official review, Slant writer Jaime N. Christley wrote: `` The Revenant (is) a misery-fest that plants its narrative flags as carelessly as a Roland Emmerich blockbuster, guaranteeing us a viewing experience almost as arduous as the trials depicted on screen, before reaching a conclusion that's sealed the moment audiences first meet the key players. After an obligatory false calm, The Revenant's proper opening scene is a show-stopping massacre at a fur-trapper's campsite. It's the kind of thing Howard Hawks would have handled-- and did, in The Big Sky -- in under 90 seconds, with mostly off-camera particulars and minimal effects, but González Iñárritu forces it to resemble the Normandy Beach sequence in Saving Private Ryan as much as history or sense will allow, and then some.'' The Revenant was ranked 22nd on Metacritic 's and 79th on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of best films of 2015. Accolades ( edit ) Main article: List of accolades received by The Revenant (2015 film) Leonardo DiCaprio 's performance was widely praised and ultimately won him an Academy Award , the first of his career after five previous nominations. The Revenant has received numerous award nominations and wins, particularly for DiCaprio's performance, Iñárritu 's direction and Lubezki's cinematography. At the 88th Annual Academy Awards , Iñárritu won the Best Director award for the second time in a row, Emmanuel Lubezki won for the third time in a row the award for Best Cinematography and DiCaprio won his first award for Best Actor . Hardy lost his category to Mark Rylance for Bridge of Spies , and the film itself lost Best Picture to Spotlight . At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards it won three awards: Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , and Best Actor -- Drama . It also had a nomination for Best Original Score . On January 14, 2016, the film received 12 Academy Award nominations (more than any other film at the ceremony), including Best Picture and Best Director for Iñárritu , as well as Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor , for DiCaprio and Hardy, respectively. On February 14, 2016, the film received the most awards at 69th British Academy Film Awards out of eight-nominations, with five, including Best Film , Best Director , Best Cinematography , Best Sound , and Best Leading Actor . It received nine Critics' Choice Awards nominations, winning two -- for DiCaprio as Best Actor and Best Cinematography for Lubezki. Tom Hardy won the Best British Actor award at the London Film Critics' Circle and was runner-up for Best Supporting Actor at Dallas-- Fort Worth Film Critics Association . DiCaprio was awarded Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role award at 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards , while Iñárritu received Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film award at 68th Directors Guild of America Awards . It received five Satellite Awards nominations, winning the award of Best Actor for DiCaprio. On May 2, 2016, Time magazine included both DiCaprio and Iñárritu in its issue of the 100 Most Influential People of 2015, with a cover photograph of DiCaprio on the magazine. John Kerry , the U.S. Secretary of State, wrote a short testimonial to DiCaprio for this issue of Time stating that DiCaprio's dedication drives him to succeed and `` that's how he takes himself back 200 years to create an Oscar-winning, bear-brawling, powerhouse performance in The Revenant .'' See also ( edit ) Survival film Man in the Wilderness , a 1971 Western film loosely based on the Hugh Glass story Lord Grizzly , a 1954 biographical novel by Frederick Manfred , about the Hugh Glass story References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Revenant'' . London: British Board of Film Classification . December 28, 2015 . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant (2015)'' . LUMIERE . 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Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike (December 7, 2012). `` A Departure For Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu: He'll Next Direct A Comedy'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Kay, Jeremy (April 15, 2014). `` Leonardo DiCaprio to star in Alejandro González Iñárritu 's The Revenant'' . Screen International . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . (Subscription required ( help )) . ^ Jump up to: Masters, Kim; Siegel, Tatiana (July 11, 2014). `` Megan Ellison in Talks to Rescue Leonardo DiCaprio's ' The Revenant' (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Patrick Brzeski (February 29, 2016). `` China Clears ' The Revenant' for Release, Cuts Expected'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Masters, Kim (July 22, 2015). `` How Leonardo DiCaprio's ' The Revenant' Shoot Became ' A Living Hell ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike (February 3, 2015). `` Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu On The Universal Themes Of ' Birdman' And His Next High Wire Act, ' The Revenant ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 3, 2015). `` Alejandro González Iñárritu Explains Why The Revenant Is Taking 9 Months to Shoot'' . Collider . Retrieved August 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Evry, Max (January 21, 2015). `` First Look at Leonardo DiCaprio in The Revenant'' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Through April, Leonardo DiCaprio will be shooting in the wilds of Calgary amid the Canadian Rockies playing a fur trapper hunting the men who left him for dead in The Revenant... Jump up ^ DailyMail.com Reporter (August 16, 2015). `` New Regency Slams Leonardo DiCaprio ' Fleas in Beard' Rumors Amid The Revenant Filming'' . Daily Mail (online) . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Humphreys, David (August 5, 2014). `` Leonardo DiCaprio To Film ' The Revenant' In British Columbia'' . Entertainment Tonight Canada . Retrieved September 8, 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/galleries/the-revenant-filming-locations-canada/revenant17/ Jump up ^ Zakarin, Jordan (October 19, 2015). `` Leonardo DiCaprio on Fighting a Bear in ' The Revenant' and Film vs. TV'' . yahoo.com . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller, Julie. `` Leonardo DiCaprio Could Have Starred Opposite Jennifer Lawrence in Joy'' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (July 18, 2014). `` The Revenant, Starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy, Gets Christmas 2015 Release Date; Iñárritu Hoping to Shoot in Sequence'' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (October 24, 2015). `` ' The Revenant' Producers, Alejandro G. Inarritu Defend Budget, Sequential Shoot at Produced By: NY 2015'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve (April 30, 2015). `` Tom Hardy Talks Mad Max: Fury Road, The Revenant and Splinter Cell'' . Collider . Retrieved May 20, 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.studiodaily.com/2016/02/vfx-supervisor-richard-mcbride-on-the-revenant/ Jump up ^ Henry, Dusty; Geslani, Michelle (October 20, 2015). `` The National's Bryce Dessner composing soundtrack for Leonardo DiCaprio's The Revenant'' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon, Jeremy (October 21, 2015). `` The National's Bryce Dessner and Alva Noto Joined Ryuichi Sakamoto on The Revenant Score'' . Pitchfork Media . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Minsker, Evan (December 2, 2015). `` The National's Bryce Dessner Shares `` Imagining Buffalo'' From The Revenant Soundtrack`` . Pitchfork Media . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 6, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant (2015) - Soundtrack.Net'' . Retrieved February 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' The Revenant' Was Not Eligible to Compete for the Oscar for Original Score'' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved February 19, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Revenant: `` A World Unseen'' Documentary`` . YouTube.com . 20th Century FOX. January 21, 2016 . Retrieved February 15, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Gelbart, Bryn (January 22, 2016). `` Watch: Experience the Death-Defying ' Revenant' Shoot For Yourself in 44-Minute Documentary'' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved February 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wai Chee Dimock (February 16, 2016). `` Half-and-Half: Iñárritu remixes James Fenimore Cooper'' . Los Angeles Review of Books . Retrieved October 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How historically accurate is The Revenant?'' . The Guardian . January 20, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Truth About The Revenant, Hugh Glass and His Rifle'' . American Rifleman . February 28, 2016. 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Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31, 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (December 13, 2015). `` Box Office: ' In The Heart Of The Sea' Is A Whale Of A Fail, ' Big Short' Strikes It Rich'' . Forbes . Retrieved December 13, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: D'Alessandro , Anthony (January 8, 2016). `` ' Revenant' & ' The Forest' Begin B.O. Journey On Thursday; ' Force Awakens' To Cross $800M This Weekend -- Box Office'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Revenant' Will Bear Through Box Office Weekend Dominated By ' Force Awakens' -- Preview'' . Deadline.com. Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (January 9, 2016). `` Box Office: ' Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Falls To 2nd Place On Friday, Still Topping $800M'' . Forbes . Retrieved January 9, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: D'Alessandro , Anthony (January 10, 2016). `` ' Force Awakens' Crosses $800M & Holds No. 1, ' Revenant' Takes No. 2 With $38M -- Final Sunday'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH (JANUARY)'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet, Brad (January 24, 2016). `` ' The Revenant' Weathers Snow Storm While Weekend's Newcomers Perform as Expected'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (January 24, 2016). `` Box Office: Winter Storm Jonas Forces New York City, East Coast Theater Closures'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (January 24, 2016). `` Superstorm 2016 -- Box Office Iced Out Of About 8% To 10% In Receipts'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Devan Coggan (January 28, 2016). `` Box office preview: Kung Fu Panda 3 eyes $40+ million opening'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (January 31, 2016). `` Box Office: ' Kung Fu Panda 3' No. 1 With $41M; ' Finest Hours,' ' Fifty Shades of Black' Sink'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31, 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (February 28, 2016). `` ' Spotlight's Surprise Best Picture Win At The Oscars: What Does This Mean For Its Box Office?'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Nancy Tartaglione, Anita Busch (January 19, 2016). `` ' Force Awakens' $100M In China; Oscar Fave ' The Revenant' Opens Big In UK, Korea -- Intl B.O. Update'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Tartaglione, Nancy (January 11, 2016). `` ' Revenant' Rides To $20.5M Overseas, ' Hateful 8' Takes $17M, ' Star Wars' Eyes $1B -- Intl Box Office Update'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Tartaglione, Nancy (January 25, 2016). `` ' The Revenant' Tops Offshore Weekend With $33.8M And Over $223M Global; ' The Force Awakens' At #2 -- Intl Box Office Final'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Gant, Charles (January 20, 2016). `` The Revenant attacks Star Wars in rise to top of UK box office'' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant (January 26, 2016). `` The Revenant mauls UK box office but Sandra Bullock's brand may be in crisis'' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Nancy Tartaglione (February 2, 2016). `` ' Kung Fu Panda 3' Kicks Off With $75.7M; ' Ten Commandments' Eyes Brazil Record -- Intl B.O. Final'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant (February 2, 2016). `` Dirty Grandpa cleans up at UK box office as The Revenant still clings to top spot'' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 3, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Nancy Tartaglione (February 28, 2016). `` ' Deadpool' At $609M Global; ' Gods Of Egypt' Bows To $24M, ' Zootopia' Lands $33M 3rd Frame -- Int'l B.O. Final'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Nancy Tartaglione (February 7, 2016). `` ' Revenant' , ' Martian' Land New Global Milestones; ' Kung Fu Panda 3' Tops $100M In China -- Intl Box Office'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo-won (January 18, 2016). `` South Korea Box Office: ' The Revenant' Among Top Fox Openings of All Time'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo-won (January 25, 2016). `` South Korea Box Office: ' The Revenant' Top for Second Week Despite Bitterly Cold Weather'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxborough, Scott (January 25, 2016). `` German Box Office: ' The Revenant' Stays on Top in Third Weekend'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain (March 18, 2016). `` ' Revenant' Soars, ' Eddie the Eagle' Crashes on China Opening Day'' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain (March 17, 2016). `` Can Leonardo DiCaprio Conquer China Again With ' Revenant' ?'' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 19, 2016). `` ' The Revenant' Traps Big China Bow; $30M+ Opening Weekend In Sights'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 20, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 21, 2016). `` ' Zootopia' A Flash Away From $600M WW; China Welcomes ' The Revenant' With $31M Bow -- Intl B.O. Final'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (February 21, 2016). `` ' Deadpool' Scores $85.3M In 2nd Offshore Frame; Nears $500M Global -- Intl Box Office'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 27, 2016). `` ' Zootopia' Nears $700M Global, Crosses $200M In China -- International Box Office'' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 27, 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters. `` DiCaprio brings ' The Revenant' to Japan. March 23, 2016 ^ Jump up to: Stephanie Zacharek, TIME magazine, January 18, 2016, p54. ^ Jump up to: Moraski, Lauren (December 25, 2015). `` '' The Revenant'' Reviews: What Critics Are Saying About Leonardo DiCaprio's Latest Film`` . CBS News . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Lane, Anthony. `` Wilder West `` The Hateful Eight'' and `` The Revenant. '' `` . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Barber, Nicholas. `` Film Review: How good is The Revenant?'' . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant Reviews'' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore'' . cinemascore.com -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Force Awakens' Crosses $800M On Saturday & Holds No. 1, ' Revenant' Taking No. 2 With $38M'' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 22, 2015). `` Page 2 of ' The Revenant' Movie Review - Rolling Stone'' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` oscar-2016-winner-predictions-cinematography'' . Slant . Retrieved February 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant'' . Slant . Retrieved February 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015: Film Critic Top Ten Lists'' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 2015'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ Steve Greene (December 14, 2015). `` Critics Pick the Best Films and Performances of 2015 in Indiewire's Annual Poll'' . Indiewire . Retrieved December 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations: The Complete List'' . THR . January 14, 2016 . Retrieved August 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations: The Complete List'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations: The Complete List'' . THR . January 14, 2016 . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baftas 2016: the nominations'' . The Daily Telegraph . January 8, 2016 . Retrieved January 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics' Choice Awards'' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 12, 2012 . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodge, Guy. `` ' Carol,' ' 45 Years' Come Out On Top In London Critics' Award Nods'' . Variety . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards'' . dfwcritics.com . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film for 2015'' . Directors Guild of America . January 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 1, 2015). `` 2015 Satellite Award Nominees announced'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ John Kerry. `` Leonardo DiCaprio:Earth's Leading Man'' . TIME magazine, May 2, 2016, p 130. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Revenant (2015 film) Official website The Revenant on IMDb The Revenant at Rotten Tomatoes The Revenant at Metacritic The Revenant at AllMovie The Revenant at the TCM Movie Database The Revenant at History vs. Hollywood The Revenant at the Movie Review Query Engine Alejandro González Iñárritu filmography Feature films Amores perros (2000) 21 Grams (2003) Babel (2006) Biutiful (2010) Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) The Revenant (2015) Short films Powder Keg (2001) Mexico (2002) Anna (2007) Naran Ja (2012) Flesh and Sand (2017) Television series The One Percent (TBA) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947-- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives (1947) Hamlet (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) All About Eve (1950) La Ronde (1951) The Sound Barrier (1952) Forbidden Games (1953) The Wages of Fear (1954) Richard III (1955) Gervaise (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) Room at the Top (1958) Ben-Hur (1959) The Apartment (1960) Ballad of a Soldier (1961) The Hustler (1961) Lawrence of Arabia (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) My Fair Lady (1965) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) A Man for All Seasons (1967) Best Film 1968-- present The Graduate (1968) Midnight Cowboy (1969) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970) Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971) Cabaret (1972) Day for Night (1973) Lacombe, Lucien (1974) Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1976) Annie Hall (1977) Julia (1978) Manhattan (1979) The Elephant Man (1980) Chariots of Fire (1981) Gandhi (1982) Educating Rita (1983) The Killing Fields (1984) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985) A Room with a View (1986) Jean de Florette (1987) The Last Emperor (1988) Dead Poets Society (1989) Goodfellas (1990) The Commitments (1991) Howards End (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) The English Patient (1996) The Full Monty (1997) Shakespeare in Love (1998) American Beauty (1999) Gladiator (2000) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Pianist (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) The Aviator (2004) Brokeback Mountain (2005) The Queen (2006) Atonement (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) The Hurt Locker (2009) The King's Speech (2010) The Artist (2011) Argo (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) The Revenant (2015) La La Land (2016) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart (1996) Se7en (1997) Men in Black (1998) Titanic (1999) The Matrix (2000) Gladiator (2001) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2003) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2004) The Bourne Supremacy (2005) King Kong (2006) Casino Royale (2007) The Bourne Ultimatum (2008) The Dark Knight (2009) Avatar (2010) Inception (2011) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 (2012) Skyfall (2013) Gravity (2014) Interstellar (2015) The Revenant (2016) Rogue One (2017) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun (1951) The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) On the Waterfront (1954) East of Eden (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Defiant Ones (1958) Ben-Hur (1959) Spartacus (1960) The Guns of Navarone (1961) Lawrence of Arabia (1962) The Cardinal (1963) Becket (1964) Doctor Zhivago (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) In the Heat of the Night (1967) The Lion in Winter (1968) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Love Story (1970) The French Connection (1971) The Godfather (1972) The Exorcist (1973) Chinatown (1974) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Rocky (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Midnight Express (1978) Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) Ordinary People (1980) On Golden Pond (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Terms of Endearment (1983) Amadeus (1984) Out of Africa (1985) Platoon (1986) The Last Emperor (1987) Rain Man (1988) Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Dances with Wolves (1990) Bugsy (1991) Scent of a Woman (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) The English Patient (1996) Titanic (1997) Saving Private Ryan (1998) American Beauty (1999) Gladiator (2000) A Beautiful Mind (2001) The Hours (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) The Aviator (2004) Brokeback Mountain (2005) Babel (2006) Atonement (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Avatar (2009) The Social Network (2010) The Descendants (2011) Argo (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) The Revenant (2015) Moonlight (2016) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Revenant_(2015_film)&oldid=804559421 '' Categories : 2015 films English-language films American films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s thriller films 2010s Western (genre) films Action adventure films American adventure drama films American Indian Wars films American thriller films American Western (genre) films Annie Award winners Films about revenge Films directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu Films produced by Steve Golin Films set in the 1820s Films set in South Dakota Films set in Montana Films shot in British 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what did the olds designation 4-4-2 stand for | The `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' name ( pronounced `` Four - four - two '' ) derives from the original car 's four - barrel carburetor , four - speed manual transmission , and dual exhausts . It was originally written `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' ( with badging showing hyphens between the numerals ) , and remained hyphenated throughout Oldsmobile 's use of the designation . Beginning in 1965 , the 4 - 4 - 2s standard transmission was a 3 speed manual along with optional 2 speed automatic or 4 speed manual , but were still badged as `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' s . By 1968 badging was shortened to simply `` 442 '' , but Oldsmobile brochures and internal documents continued to use the `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' model designation . | [
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"Oldsmobile 442 Overview Manufacturer Oldsmobile ( General Motors ) Production 1964 -- 1980 Body and chassis Class Muscle car Layout FR layout Chronology Predecessor Oldsmobile F - 85 Successor Oldsmobile Aurora",
"Oldsmobile 442",
"Overview",
"Manufacturer Oldsmobile ( General Motors )",
"Production 1964 -- 1980",
"Body and chassis",
"Class Muscle car",
"Layout FR layout",
"Chronology",
"Predecessor Oldsmobile F - 85",
"Successor Oldsmobile Aurora",
"The Oldsmobile 4 - 4 - 2 ( also known as the 442 ) is a muscle car produced by Oldsmobile between the 1964 and 1980 model years . Introduced as an option package for US - sold F - 85 and Cutlass models , it became a model in its own right from 1968 to 1971 , spawned the formidable Hurst / Olds in 1968 , then reverted to an option through the mid-1970s . The name was revived in the 1980s on the rear - wheel drive Cutlass Supreme and early 1990s as an option package for the new front - wheel drive Cutlass Calais .",
"The `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' name ( pronounced `` Four - four - two '' ) derives from the original car 's four - barrel carburetor , four - speed manual transmission , and dual exhausts . It was originally written `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' ( with badging showing hyphens between the numerals ) , and remained hyphenated throughout Oldsmobile 's use of the designation . Beginning in 1965 , the 4 - 4 - 2s standard transmission was a 3 speed manual along with optional 2 speed automatic or 4 speed manual , but were still badged as `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' s . By 1968 badging was shortened to simply `` 442 '' , but Oldsmobile brochures and internal documents continued to use the `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' model designation .",
"First generation Overview Production 1964 -- 1967 Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Fremont , California Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe 2 - door convertible 2 - door sedan 4 - door sedan Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Pontiac Tempest Oldsmobile F - 85 Buick Special Powertrain Engine 330 cu in ( 5.4 L ) V8 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) V8 Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 2 - speed Jet - Away automatic 3 - speed Turbo Hydramatic automatic",
"First generation",
"Overview",
"Production 1964 -- 1967",
"Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Fremont , California",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 2 - door coupe 2 - door convertible 2 - door sedan 4 - door sedan",
"Platform A-body",
"Related Chevrolet Chevelle Pontiac Tempest Oldsmobile F - 85 Buick Special",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 330 cu in ( 5.4 L ) V8 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) V8",
"Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 2 - speed Jet - Away automatic 3 - speed Turbo Hydramatic automatic",
"The 4 - 4 - 2 was born out of competition between Pontiac and Oldsmobile divisions of GM . The high performance GTO version of the Pontiac LeMans intermediate had proved an unexpected success midway through the 1964 model year . Oldsmobile 's hasty response was to beef up their own popular Cutlass , a task given to a team led by performance enthusiast and Olds engineer John Beltz ( later responsible for the distinctive and powerful Toronado ) , aided by Dale Smith and division Chief Engineer Bob Dorshimer .",
"Because of the GTO 's late introduction ( some three - fourths of the way through the model year ) and the ambiguous nature -- technically a violation of GM policy limiting intermediates to 330 CID , although the 1963 Pontiac Tempest / LeMans had already done this in 1963 , and even though badged as a 326 the 63 Tempest V - 8 was already at 336 CID , 1964 it became a true 326 . -- the Olds offering was a conservative package . Technically the `` B09 Police Apprehender Pursuit '' option , it used the four - barrel carbureted 330 CID ( 5.4 L ) V8 with heavy - duty valve gear , and a hotter camshaft , raising rated ( SAE gross ) output to 310 hp ( 231.3 kW ) at 5200 rpm . Torque remained 355 lb ft ( 481 N m ) , although the torque peak rose from 2800 rpm to 3600 rpm . Also included was a stiffened frame , adjustable pinion angle by way of added holes in the frame mounts for the rear upper control arms , Muncie four - speed manual transmission , a heavy duty drive shaft connected to a 3.36 : 1 rear end , oversized brakes ( 155.6 vs 118sq.in lining area ) and the heavy - duty police - package suspension , with heavy duty wheels , higher - rate coil springs front and rear , heavy - duty shock absorbers , a larger front anti-roll bar , an additional rear anti-roll bar bolted to a fully boxed lower control arm , and dual snorkel air cleaner . Two - speed windshield wipers , A / C ( $430 ) , an AM / FM radio , an electronic trunk opener , and a tilt steering wheel ( $43 ) were optional . Unlike the 1965 4 - 4 - 2 model built in Lansing , the 1964 4 - 4 - 2 does not have an option code on the data plate . There is documentation available showing that the 1964 4 - 4 - 2 was built in both Lansing and Fremont .",
"The package was dubbed 4 - 4 - 2 based on its combination of four - barrel carburetor , four - speed manual transmission , and dual exhausts . Priced at $285.14 , it was available on any F - 85 or Cutlass model except the station wagon , although most were Cutlass hardtop coupés ( Oldsmobile archives indicate that approximately 10 four - door sedans were built with the B09 option ) .",
"Motor Trend tested an early 64 4 - 4 - 2 with a 3 : 55 rear axle ( standard ratio was 3.36 : 1 ) and found that the 3,440 - lb ( 1,560 kg ) car would run 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 96 km / h ) in 7.5 seconds , the standing quarter mile in 15.5 seconds at 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) , and reached a top speed of 116 mph ( 185.6 km / h ) . A total of 2,999 were sold .",
"With the GTO receiving GM corporate sanction to receive their full - sized car 's 389 V - 8 , Oldsmobile followed suit and replaced the 4 - 4 - 2 's standard 330 CID with the new 400 CID ( 6.6 L ) . The definition of `` 4 - 4 - 2 '' was then restated as referring to 400 cubic inches , a 4 barrel carburetor ( a 515 cfm Rochester 4 - Jet ) , 2 exhausts . Output for the big engine rose to 345 hp ( 257 kW ) and 440 lb ft ( 597 N m ) . The standard transmission became a three - speed manual with column shifter , with a floor shifter four - speed and Oldsmobile 's two - speed Jetaway automatic transmission optional . A heavy duty three - speed with Hurst floor shifter was introduced as a mid year option .",
"Other touches added to the ' 65 were chrome body side scoops adorned with 4 - 4 - 2 badging , chambered dual exhaust pipes , chrome single snout air cleaner , and 4 - 4 - 2 badging on the dash . Late in the year option N98 was added , which were chrome 14 in × 6 in ( 356 mm × 152 mm ) wheels . It also offered standard bucket seats when optioned on the Cutlass and a 6,000 rpm tachometer , mounted in the optional console , more as decoration than for usefulness . Retractable front seat belts were optional . The turning radius was 41feet .",
"Modern Rod tested a 1965 F85 4 - 4 - 2 with the four - speed manual , slicks , and headers and obtained a quarter mile acceleration of 13.78 seconds at 102.73 mph ( 165 km / h ) ; Car Life 's automatic ' 65 ran the quarter mile in 15.5 seconds at 89 mph ( 143 km / h ) , with a 0 to 60 time of 7.8 seconds . Car and Driver tested a 1965 4 - 4 - 2 and did 0 -- 60 mph in 5.5 seconds .",
"Offered in four body styles , 4 - 4 - 2 sales rose to 25,003 , including 3,468 convertibles , The cost of option W29 , the Olds ' first use of the W performance code , was $156.02 on the Cutlass and $190.45 on the F - 85 Club Coupe .",
"The 1966 4 - 4 - 2 shared a modest facelift with other Cutlasses . It came with a 400 ci L78 V8 rated at 350 hp ( 261 kW ) / 440 lb ft with a single four - barrel carburetor . Two new optional 400 ci engines offered even higher performance : the 360 hp ( 268 kW ) L69 , with three two - barrel Rochester 2GC carburetors on a progressive linkage and 440 lb ft ( 597 N m ) of torque , which was priced at US $264.54 , and the rare W30 .",
"The W30 engine added an outside - air induction system ( admitting cool air to the carburetors via tubing from the front grill ) and a hotter cam , rated -- or , more likely , underrated -- the same as the L69 . The battery was relocated to the trunk to make room for the air hoses , which prevented the package from being ordered on convertible models . Only 54 W30s were built by the factory , although an additional 97 were produced for dealer installation .",
"The standard transmission was a three - speed manual with column shift and the two - speed Jetaway automatic with switch - pitch torque converter was optional . Hurst shifters became standard equipment with floor - mounted manual transmissions including the optional heavy - duty three - speed , M - 20 wide - ratio four - speed or M - 21 close - ratio four - speed . The standard 350 - horsepower 400 engine could be ordered with any of the four transmissions , while only manual transmissions could be ordered with the L69 three two - barrel option .",
"Inside , a revised instrument panel featured two round pods for the speedometer and other instruments , replacing the horizontal sweep speedometer of 1964 -- 65 models , but the rest of the basic dashboard designed was unchanged . F - 85 models had base interiors with bench seats and rubber floor mats while the more lavish Cutlass versions came with full carpeting and featured Strato bucket seats of a new design with higher and thinner seat backs , or a no - cost bench seat option . Head rests were a $52 option .",
"Car Life tested an L69 4 - 4 - 2 with four - speed transmission and obtained a 0 -- 60 time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter mile of 14.8 seconds at 97 mph ( 156 km / h ) . Motor Trend 's similar test car ran 0 -- 60 in 7.2 seconds , with a quarter mile time of 15.2 seconds at 96.6 mph ( 155.5 km / h ) .",
"Production slumped to 21,997 . The 4 - 4 - 2 still constituted only about 10 percent of Cutlass sales , whereas Pontiac 's GTO represented nearly a third of all Tempests sold .",
"For 1967 the 4 - 4 - 2 's styling and base engine remained the same , save for : minor trim changes and a 1967 4 - 4 - 2 only distinctive louvered hood as well as an increase in intake valve size to 2.067 from 1.99 . but the automatic three - speed Turbo - Hydramatic with Switch Pitch became available , replacing the two - speed Switch Pitch Jetaway , as was the case with the mid-sized muscle cars from other GM divisions ( Pontiac GTO , Chevrolet Chevelle SS396 , and Buick GS400 ) . The heavy - duty floor - mounted three - speed manual transmission was now standard with the Muncie M - 20 and M - 21 four - speeds optional , all with Hurst shifters . Front disc brakes were a new option this year .",
"A GM policy decision banning multiple carburetors for all vehicles except Ed Cole 's beloved Corvette and the Corvair saw the demise of the L69 with its triple carburetors , a rare option for Olds and an icon for Pontiacs since 1957 . The W30 remained available , although the four - barrel Quadrajet carburetor replaced the tri carb setup . New red plastic inner fender liners became part of the W30 package . 502 factory W30 engines were built to meet NHRA homologation rules , along with an unknown number of dealer - installed packages .",
"Cars tested a W30 4 - 4 - 2 with close - ratio four - speed and 4.33 rear axle ( a dealer - installed only option ) , obtaining a quarter mile of 14.1 seconds at 103 mph ( 166 km / h ) in completely stock form . 0 -- 60 times were between 6.5 and 6.7 seconds .",
"Unlike in previous years which the 4 - 4 - 2 option could be ordered on either baseline F - 85 or upscale Cutlass models , the 1967 4 - 4 - 2 package was based on the top - line Cutlass Supreme series including the sport coupe ( with center post ) , Holiday hardtop coupe and convertible . Standard equipment on all models included Strato bucket seats or no - cost notchback bench seat , full carpeting , expanded Morocceen vinyl upholstery , heavy - duty suspension with rear sway bar , and wide - oval tires . Power front disc brakes were $104 , while power steering was $94 .",
"Like all cars sold in the U.S. for 1967 , the 4 - 4 - 2 came standard with a group of occupant protection and accident avoidance features as mandated by Federal law . This safety package included an energy - absorbing steering column and safety steering wheel , padded dash , recessed controls , four - way hazard flashers and a dual - circuit brake hydraulic master cylinder .",
"Production rallied somewhat from the previous year , rising to 24,833 .",
"Second generation Overview Production 1968 -- 1972 Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Arlington , Texas Kansas City , Kansas Fremont , California Linden , New Jersey Oshawa , Ontario Body and chassis Body style 2 - door Sport coupe ( pillars ) 2 - door Holiday coupe ( hardtop ) 2 - door convertible Vista Cruiser station wagon ( 1970 ) Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet El Camino Pontiac Tempest Pontiac LeMans Pontiac GTO Oldsmobile F - 85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Hurst / Olds Buick Special Buick Skylark Buick GSX Powertrain Engine 455 cu in ( 7.5 L ) V8 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) 290hp V8 Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Wheelbase 112.0 in ( 2,845 mm ) Length 203.2 in ( 5,161 mm ) Width 76.2 in ( 1,935 mm ) Height 52.8 in ( 1,341 mm ) Curb weight 3,713 pounds ( 1,684 kg )",
"Second generation",
"Overview",
"Production 1968 -- 1972",
"Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Arlington , Texas Kansas City , Kansas Fremont , California Linden , New Jersey Oshawa , Ontario",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 2 - door Sport coupe ( pillars ) 2 - door Holiday coupe ( hardtop ) 2 - door convertible Vista Cruiser station wagon ( 1970 )",
"Platform A-body",
"Related Chevrolet Chevelle Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet El Camino Pontiac Tempest Pontiac LeMans Pontiac GTO Oldsmobile F - 85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Hurst / Olds Buick Special Buick Skylark Buick GSX",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 455 cu in ( 7.5 L ) V8 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) 290hp V8",
"Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic",
"Wheelbase 112.0 in ( 2,845 mm )",
"Length 203.2 in ( 5,161 mm )",
"Width 76.2 in ( 1,935 mm )",
"Height 52.8 in ( 1,341 mm )",
"Curb weight 3,713 pounds ( 1,684 kg )",
"The 4 - 4 - 2 became a separate model from 1968 through 1971 . The wheelbase was 112 in ( 2,845 mm ) , and over 33,000 were sold for 1968 . Despite the engine displacement staying at 400 CID , the engine was based on the new 455 cranktrain ( 4.25 stroke ) and the bore decreased ( to 3.87 ) . Torque now came at 3000 -- 3200 rpm as opposed to the early 400 's 3600 rpm peak , mostly due to a milder base cam grind . Car Life tested a 1968 4 - 4 - 2 with a 3.42 : 1 rear axle ratio and Hydramatic and attained 0 -- 60 times of 7.0 seconds , and a quarter - mile time of 15.13 seconds at 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) . Top speed was reported as 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . The base motor was still rated at 350 hp ( 261 kW ) , but only with the standard three - speed and optional four - speed ; automatics were rated at 325 hp ( 242 kW ) . W - 30s were rated again at 360 hp ( 268 kW ) . Car Life also tested a four - speed W - 30 with 4.33 rearend gears and recorded a 13.3 at 103.30 mph ( 166.2 km / h ) , which shows the long stroke did not affect actual performance although long term durability at high ( 6000 plus ) engine speeds might be affected .",
"All standard 1968 4 - 4 - 2 engines are painted a bronze -- copper color , as with the 1967s , topped with a fire - red air cleaner . W - 30 option cars were equipped with Ram Air intake hoses leading from a chrome - topped dual snorkel black air cleaner to special under - bumper air scoops and set off by bright red plastic fender wells . In addition , a Turnpike Cruiser option was made available with a two - barrel carburetor ; this was previously available on the Cutlass Supreme for 1967 . 1968 was the first year for side marker lights and front outboard shoulder belts , and the last year for vent windows on hardtops and convertibles. 4 - 4 - 2s for ' 68 had unique rear bumpers , with exhaust cutouts and special exhaust tips .",
"In 1968 Oldsmobile partnered with Hurst Performance Research Corporation to create the Hurst / Olds rather than just adding Hurst shifters as with earlier models . The limited regular production run of 515 Hurst / Olds ( 459 Holiday Coupes / 56 Sport Coupes ) started out as regular 4 - 4 - 2s , but were treated to numerous distinct enhancements , both cosmetic and mechanical . All cars were painted Peruvian Silver ( a Toronado color ) with liberal black striping and white pinstripes , exterior and interior H / O badging ( unique to ' 68 ) , and a real walnut wood dash insert . Mechanically , the cars left the factory with two drive train combinations . Red 455 CID engines were backed by modified W - 30 Turbo 400 automatic transmissions . A / C cars got a W - 46 engine with a 3.08 : 1 rear while non-A / C cars got a W - 45 engine with a 3.91 : 1 rear . While both engines were rated at 390 hp ( 291 kW ) , the W - 45 engine received the cylinder heads from the W - 30 and the camshaft from the W - 31 , making it more suitable for higher rpms . All cars came with bucket seats and a Hurst Dual-Gate shifter in a mini-console . Also standard were numerous regular 4 - 4 - 2 options such as disc brakes , heavy duty cooling , and FE2 suspension . They shared the red fender wells and ram air setup with the W - 30 . Popular , but not standard , additional options included the tick - tock - tach and wood - grained steering wheel . Power front disc brakes were optional .",
"Performance for the 1968 Hurst / Olds ( 390 hp ) : 0 -- 60 in 5.4 sec , 1 / 4 mile in 13.9 sec @ 103 mph ( 166 km / h ) .",
"1969 4 - 4 - 2s were very similar to the 1968 except the division tooth between the grilles , the trunk lid inlets for the tail lights , wing windows deleted on Holiday Coupes and convertibles , steering lock ignition switch on the steering column , standard headrests were added to the front seats , and the paint scheme . Twin hood stripes were now available to highlight the new dual - bulged hood . The 4 - 4 - 2 numerals grew to nearly double their previous size . Optional disc brakes now had updated single - piston calipers . The exhaust manifolds featured a new center divider for better performance . Other changes to the engine were minimal , but the Turnpike Cruiser option was deleted . However , another high - performance engine was offered . Called the W - 32 , it came with the Forced Air Induction plumbing found on the W - 30s , but it had a milder cam like the base engine . It was only available with an automatic , and 297 were built , including 25 sport coupes and convertibles each .",
"The Hurst / Olds returned , with a Cameo White and Fire Frost Gold striped paint scheme , outrageous functional ram air mailbox hood scoops , rear pedestal spoiler , 15 '' SSII chrome plated rims , European racing mirrors , and a 380 - horsepower 455 cid V8 that was detuned slightly from 1968 . 906 production Hurst / Olds Holiday Coupes were built , plus 6 prototypes and 2 convertibles for a total of 914 cars . Performance for the 1969 Hurst / Olds ( 380 hp ) : 0 -- 60 in 5.9 sec , 1 / 4 mile in 14.03 sec @ 101 mph ( 163 km / h ) .",
"1970 was the pinnacle of performance from Oldsmobile . In order to keep up in the horsepower arms - race , General Motors dropped the cap on engine size in 1970 , and Oldsmobile responded by making the Olds 455 V8 the standard 4 - 4 - 2 engine . Magazine ads using an offbeat mad scientist trumpeted `` Dr. Olds introduces as large a V - 8 as ever bolted into a special - performance production automobile ! '' Output was 365 hp ( 272 kW ) and 500 lb ft ( 680 N m ) , with a 370 hp ( 276 kW ) variant available with the W30 option .",
"The revised body style and increased performance resulted in the 4 - 4 - 2 being awarded pace car duties at the Indianapolis 500 race in 1970 . Motor Trend praised the 4 - 4 - 2 , stating that `` it 's probably the most identifiable super car in the GM house '' . Those seeking to experience the ultimate in performance from Lansing could order a `` W - Machine '' version of the 4 - 4 - 2 , dubbed the W - 30 package . The 4 - 4 - 2 W - 30 added a fiberglass hood ( option W25 ) with functional air scoops and low - restriction air cleaner , aluminum intake manifold , special camshaft , cylinder heads , distributor , and carburetor . Two W - 30 equipped 4 - 4 - 2 Vista Cruisers were produced by special order . Rear shoulder seat belts were optional at $23 .",
"Motor Trend tested a 4 - 4 - 2 W - 30 with a 4 - speed manual transmission and 3.91 : 1 rear gears , clocking a quarter mile time of 14.2 seconds @ 102 mph ( 164 km / h ) . However , Motor Trend noted that Oldsmobile engineers had earlier posted a best of 13.7 seconds on the same test car with a fresh tune .",
"New options for the 1970 4 - 4 - 2 included GM 's Variable - ratio power steering ( option N47 ) , a console - mounted Hurst Dual / Gate shifter for use with the Turbo Hydra - matic transmission , and aluminum differential housing and cover ( option W27 ) . All Oldsmobile V8s received new Positive Valve Rotators for the 1970s to increase engine valve life .",
"1970 Model Year Spotting Tips : Vertical bars in silver grille , rectangular parking lights in front bumper , vertical tail lights .",
"A 1970 Oldsmobile 4 - 4 - 2 was featured in the chase scene of the movie Demolition Man starring Sylvester Stallone .",
"Despite storm clouds on the muscle car horizon , the 4 - 4 - 2 returned in 1971 with only minor modifications from the previous year . Engine output was down for 1971 due to a lower compression ratio ( 8.5 : 1 ) , which affected all of GM 's engines as the result of a corporate policy requiring engines to run on lower - octane regular leaded , low lead , or unleaded gasoline , in preparation for the introduction of the catalytic converter on 1975 - model cars . The base 455 was rated at 340 hp ( 254 kW ) , with the W - 30 achieving a rating of 350 hp ( 261 kW ) . The W - 27 option was downgraded to an aluminum cover for the cast iron differential housing .",
"The 1971 4 - 4 - 2 was available in a hardtop coupe and convertible body type . The sport coupe disappeared for the first time since 1964 , only to return in 1972 .",
"Quarter mile performance as reported by Road Test magazine was 15.2 seconds @ 99 mph ( 159 km / h ) , and 0 -- 60 in 8.9 seconds , using the TH400 automatic transmission .",
"1971 Model Year Spotting Tips : Black grille with silver surround , silver headlight bezels , round parking lights in front bumper , horizontal tail lights .",
"By 1972 , the muscle car era was unmistakably in decline due to the twin blows of rising insurance rates and soaring gas prices . The 4 - 4 - 2 name reverted to an appearance and handling option package ( option code W - 29 ) in 1972 on the Cutlass Holiday coupe , Cutlass S sport coupe and Holiday coupe , and Cutlass Supreme convertible . The W - 29 option was not available on Cutlass Supreme notchback hardtops . The 4 - 4 - 2 option package , which carried a modest sticker price of $29 , consisted of the `` FE2 '' suspension upgrades ( heavy duty springs & shocks , front and rear sway bars , boxed lower rear control arms , and 14 - by 7 - in ( 356 - by 178 - mm ) wheels ) , side striping , fender and decklid badging , faux hood louvers , and a unique grille . The rear bumper sported cutouts for exhaust tips , but only when paired with the optional L75 455 CID V8 in place of the standard Oldsmobile 350 V8 .",
"Interior trims differed on each bodystyle for which the 4 - 4 - 2 option was offered , much like the early 1964 -- 66 models . For the base Cutlass hardtop coupe , a baseline two - spoke steering wheel , and vinyl or cloth / vinyl bench seat was standard along with rubber floor mats ( carpeting was optional ) ; Cutlass S sport coupe and Holiday hardtop coupe featured full carpeting , deluxe steering wheel , courtesy lighting , and bench seats with cloth - and - vinyl or all - vinyl upholstery or optional Strato bucket seats ; and the Cutlass Supreme convertible came with more woodgrain interior accents than the `` S '' along with an all - vinyl notchback bench seat with armrest or no - cost Strato bucket seats , between which a center console was an extra-cost option . An AM / FM stereo radio with a tape player was $363 .",
"4 - 4 - 2 's could still be ordered with the additional W30 option , which included the still - potent L77 455 engine , which produced 300 hp ( 220 kW ) and 410 lb ft ( 556 N m ) s of torque and incorporated low - restriction dual exhausts . Other notable components of the W30 package included a lightweight aluminum intake manifold , the W25 fiberglass ram - air hood , anti-spin differential with 3.42 : 1 gears ( 3.73 : 1 available ) , and heavy duty cooling . Due to the low - vacuum at idle , air conditioning was not available , and power brakes were only available with an automatic transmission . Only 113 W30 convertibles and 659 W30 coupes were made in 1972 , making this a very rare option .",
"A special edition Hurst / Olds paced the Indy in 1972 . The H / O coupe was based on the notchback Cutlass Supreme Holiday coupe ( not offered with the 4 - 4 - 2 option ) and the Cutlass Supreme convertible , both of which came standard with a 270 - net horsepower 455 Rocket four - barrel V8 or optional 300 - net horsepower W - 30 option 455 . Both H / O engines were mated to Turbo 400 transmissions with console - mounted Hurst Dual Gate shifters . AH / O Vista Cruiser was provided for the Medical Director .",
"1972 Model Year Spotting Tips : Silver grille with black surround , black headlight bezels , round parking lights in front bumper , 3 - section horizontal tail lights .",
"Third generation Overview Production 1973 -- 1977 Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Arlington , Texas Kansas City , Kansas Fremont , California Linden , New Jersey Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe 2 - door convertible Layout FR layout Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Chevrolet Monte Carlo Pontiac LeMans Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac Grand Am Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Century Buick Regal Powertrain Engine 231 cu in ( 3.8 L ) V6 403 cu in ( 6.6 L ) V8 455 cu in ( 7.5 L ) V8 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual",
"Third generation",
"Overview",
"Production 1973 -- 1977",
"Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Arlington , Texas Kansas City , Kansas Fremont , California Linden , New Jersey",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 2 - door coupe 2 - door convertible",
"Layout FR layout",
"Platform A-body",
"Related Chevrolet Chevelle Chevrolet Monte Carlo Pontiac LeMans Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac Grand Am Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Century Buick Regal",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 231 cu in ( 3.8 L ) V6 403 cu in ( 6.6 L ) V8 455 cu in ( 7.5 L ) V8 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8",
"Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual",
"Originally expected to debut for the 1972 model year , the introduction of the new `` Colonnade '' body style was delayed until 1973 due to an auto workers strike in 1972 . The body was redesigned to feature massive 5 - foot ( 1.5 m ) long doors and energy absorbing bumpers . The rear windows were fixed and the roof was reinforced in anticipation of roll - over standards being imposed by the government . These cars were a few hundred pounds heavier and slightly larger than the 1972 's .",
"Consistent with 1972 , the 4 - 4 - 2 option remained a handling and appearance package , code W - 29 , and was available on the Cutlass and Cutlass `` S '' . It consisted of a faux louvered hood , FE2 suspension , specific grilles , emblems and stripes . Items such as dual exhaust and super stock wheels had to be ordered à la - carte . This was all part of the industry - wide weaning of U.S. consumers from large , powerful cars .",
"The W - 30 ( that had 300 hp ( 224 kW ) in 1972 ) had become a trim package . The L77 `` V '' code 455 was there , but only with the 4 - speed wide - ratio M - 20 transmission . 1973 was also the last year of the 4 - speed manual transmission in the Olds `` A '' body . The L77 `` V '' code produced 270 net HP , the L75 `` U '' code 455 AT produced 250 hp ( 186 kW ) , while the `` K '' code 350 single exhaust produced 180 hp ( 134 kW ) and the `` M '' code 350 with duals produced 200 hp ( 150 kW ) . Positraction rear ends , axle ratios , gauges , Super Stock wheels , HD cooling and many sport type options were available , but had to be ordered . The L77 `` V '' code engine was also available in the Hurst / Olds without A / C , code W - 46 , the W - 45 L75 `` U '' code was standard with A / C. Both 455s used the Turbo Hydra - matic 400 transmission , while the 350 was mated to the Turbo 350 .",
"Interior trims for the ' 73 4 - 4 - 2 included a cloth / vinyl or all - vinyl bench seat and rubber floor covering ( carpeting optional ) on base Cutlass coupe , while Cutlass S included full carpeting on floor and lower door panels , woodgrain trim , deluxe steering wheel and more luxurious cloth - and - vinyl or all - vinyl bench seat , or optional swiveling Strato bucket seats with vinyl trim that could be rotated 90 degrees for easy exit / entry . Center console with floor shifter was optional with either the 4 - speed manual or Turbo Hydra - matic transmissions .",
"The 1974 4 - 4 - 2 received the same facelift as other Cutlasses that year including a revised grille and new flush taillights over a newly mandated 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) rear bumper to match the similarly mandated front bumper introduced in ' 73 . It remained a handling and appearance package available on both base Cutlass and Cutlass S Colonnade coupes . Engine offerings included the standard 180 horsepower ( 130 kW ) Rocket 350 four - barrel V8 or optional 230 horsepower ( 170 kW ) Rocket 455 , which reintroduced the W - 30 code that signified the top 4 - 4 - 2 engine option package from 1966 to 1972 . Power steering and Turbo Hydra - matic transmission became standard equipment on 4 - 4 - 2 and all other Cutlass models . The four - speed manual transmission with Hurst shifter was dropped from the option list . New option for 1974 were GM - specification radial tires . Interiors were similar to 1973 with cloth - and - vinyl or all - vinyl bench seats standard , or optional swiveling Strato bucket seats with Moroceen vinyl upholstery . Center console with floor shifter optional with bucket seats .",
"The 1975 4 - 4 - 2 received revised vertical - bar grilles and continued with vertically stacked taillight lenses . It was once again a handling / appearance package on base Cutlass and Cutlass S coupes with content similar to previous years . Radial tires were now standard equipment , along with a GM High Energy electronic ignition . All engines were mated to catalytic converters , which required use of unleaded gasoline and spelled the end of true dual exhausts . With economy now a selling point following the 1973 -- 74 energy crisis resulting from the Arab Oil Embargo , the ' 75 4 - 4 - 2 and most other Cutlass models no longer included a V8 engine as standard equipment . For the first time since its 1964 introduction , the 4 - 4 - 2 came standard with a six - cylinder engine , Chevrolet 's 250 cubic - inch inline unit which had previously been offered on some Olds intermediates from 1966 to 1971 and the compact Olds Omega since its 1973 introduction . Also new this year was a small Olds - built 260 cubic - inch Rocket V8 specifically designed for fuel economy . The 170 - horsepower 350 Rocket V8 was now an extra-cost option along with the 190 - horsepower 455 V8 . A three - speed manual transmission was reinstated as standard equipment with the six - cylinder engine with the Turbo Hydra - matic transmission optional with that engine and the only transmission offered with the V8 engines . Interiors again consisted of bench seats with cloth - and - Moroceen vinyl or all - Moroceen trim , or optional swiveling Strato buckets upholstered in Moroceen vinyl . Revised door panels featured pull straps . Console optional with bucket seats .",
"Due to SAE Net horsepower ratings , it appeared that there was a power drop from earlier engines but this is not the case . The Oldsmobile 455 also had significant torque at low RPM . For 1975 the 4 - 4 - 2 equipped with a 455 was rated by Oldsmobile at 190 hp @ 3400 rpm and 350 lb - ft @ 2000 rpm .",
"The 1976 4 - 4 - 2 shared a new aerodynamic sloped nose designed for NASCAR with split grilles and new quad rectangular headlights with Cutlass S models , along with revised lower sheetmetal with fewer creases than the 1973 -- 75 models . The 4 - 4 - 2 option was offered on Cutlass S coupes and was once again an appearance / handling package . Engine / transmission offerings were unchanged from 1975 except that the 260 V8 could be ordered with a five - speed manual transmission . This was also the final year for the 455 Rocket V8 . Interiors again consisted of bench seats with cloth - and - Moroceen vinyl or all - Moroceen trim , or optional swiveling Strato buckets upholstered in Moroceen vinyl . Console optional with bucket seats .",
"Final year for the 1973 - vintage Colonnade body . The 4 - 4 - 2 was the only Olds intermediate to feature the NASCAR sloped nose from the ' 76 model as this year 's Cutlass S switched to an upright nose similar to Cutlass Supreme models . Engine offerings were revised with Buick 's 231 cubic - inch V6 replacing the Chevy 250 inline - six as base power , with optional powerplants again including the Oldsmobile built 260 and 350 cubic - inch Rocket V8s . Replacing the 455 as the top engine this year was a new Olds 403 cubic - inch Rocket V8 rated at 180 horsepower ( 130 kW ) . Transmission offerings included a three - speed manual or Turbo Hydra - matic with the V6 , five - speed manual or Turbo Hydra - matic for the 260 V8 and Turbo Hydra - matic was the sole offering for the 350 and 403 V8s . Interiors included a standard bench seat with cloth - and - vinyl or all - vinyl bench seat , or optional Strato bucket seats with all - vinyl upholstery and without the swiveling feature of previous years . Console again optional with bucket seats .",
"Fourth generation Overview Production 1978 -- 1980 Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Arlington , Texas Kansas City , Kansas Fremont , California Linden , New Jersey Body and chassis Body style 5 - door hatchback Layout FR layout Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Monte Carlo Pontiac LeMans Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac Grand Am Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Century Buick Regal Powertrain Engine 3.8 L V6 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V8 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) V8 Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual",
"Fourth generation",
"Overview",
"Production 1978 -- 1980",
"Assembly Lansing , Michigan Framingham , Massachusetts Arlington , Texas Kansas City , Kansas Fremont , California Linden , New Jersey",
"Body and chassis",
"Body style 5 - door hatchback",
"Layout FR layout",
"Platform A-body",
"Related Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Monte Carlo Pontiac LeMans Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac Grand Am Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Century Buick Regal",
"Powertrain",
"Engine 3.8 L V6 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V8 260 cu in ( 4.3 L ) V8",
"Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual",
"Another limited - edition 4 - 4 - 2 model was offered from 1978 through 1980 on the downsized A-body Cutlass introduced for the 1978 model year . Engines varied from a base 3.8 L V6 to a 305 4bbl . There was no 350 available to any 4 - 4 - 2 offered in 1978 or 1979 . A special - edition Hurst / Olds was also offered in 1979 .",
"The 1978 -- 9 version of the 4 - 4 - 2 was an option package on the semi-fastback `` Aeroback '' Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon , which was the lower - trim version of the best - selling Cutlass model range . It was offered with all powertrains available , including the 231 c.i.d. , 2V V6 , the 260 c.i.d. 2V V8 , and 305 c.i.d. 2V ( 1978 ) or 4V ( 1979 ) V8s . Transmissions offered were 3 - spd automatic with all engines , 5 spd manual with the 260 V8 and a 4 spd Saginaw manual with the 305 V8 .",
"Distinctive trim elements included contrasting striping along the rocker panels and lower doors , over both wheel wells , badging on the rear trunk , and interior emblems . All other options offered on the Cutlass Salon were available with the 4 - 4 - 2 option package .",
"The 1979 4 - 4 - 2 is based on the Cutlass Salon body style . The Hurst Olds H / O was offered again and was the only GM intermediate to have a 350ci . engine . Oldsmobile 350 CID V8 .",
"The 4 - 4 - 2 model moved to the notchback Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais to return to its roots as a performance car as it had a larger 350 V8 engine not available on other Cutlass models . It included W - 30 badging on the front fenders above the side marker lights , with less dramatic graphics . Otherwise , the cars shared identical powertrain , ( minus the Hurst Shifter ) , with the ' 79 H / O. Also available only in gold over white or gold over black paint , a total of 886 were built , 540 in Black , and 346 in White . The MSRP of a Cutlass Calais in 1980 was $6,919.57 . Option W - 30 4 - 4 - 2 Appearance and Handling Package cost $1,255.12 . This package consisted of : Gold Accent Paint Scheme ( Y71 ) , Painted Grille Face , Applique Pillar Molding , Aluminum Sport Wheels , `` W - 30 '' Decals on Front Fender , Tail Lamp Bezel and Rear Window Molding to Match Body Color , `` 442 '' Emblem on Sail Panel and Deck Lid , Engine 5.7 Liter ( 350 CID ) V8 , 4 - bbl ( L34 ) , Sport Console ( D55 ) , Rallye Suspension Package ( FE2 ) , Tires P205 / 70R14 Steel Belted Radial Ply Blackwall with Raised White Letters ( QFV ) and Digital Clock ( UE8 ) . The W - 30 4 - 4 - 2 option was not available in California .",
"A sample of included options : Interior color : Camel Tan with both fabric and / or vinyl , as well as White Vinyl , ( Black could be ordered for Black / Gold cars ) , Custom Steering Wheel ( NK3 ) , Tilt Column ( N33 ) , Gauge cluster , AM / FM 8 - Track Radio ( UM2 ) , Cruise Control ( K30 ) , Delay Winshield Wipers ( CD4 ) , Tempmatic Air Conditioning ( C65 ) , Dual Remote Mirrors , 442 Door Panel Emblems , Rear Window Defogger , 6 - Way Power Left Bucket Seat ( AC3 ) . The 350 , ( Vin `` R '' , engine code tag `` AR '' ) , 3A heads , 4 - bbl M4MC Rochester Carb , 8.5 : 1 compression , 170 hp@3800 and 275 torque@2000 . Turbo - Hydromatic 350 Transmission ( Code `` LJ '' , special W - 30 application ) . Code `` AB '' non-locking 2.73 rear axle . A cross-flow muffler gives a `` factory '' dual exhaust appearance .",
"The 4 - 4 - 2 option was not available 1981 -- 1984 , but the Hurst / Olds returned for 1983 and 1984 .",
"The 4 - 4 - 2 name was revived in 1985 on the rear - wheel drive G - body Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme due to the demise of Oldsmobile and Hurst 's official collaboration on the Hurst / Olds but Oldsmobile wanted to continue to offer a performance - oriented Cutlass model to the public . The name was now defined as referring to the car 's 4 - speed 200r4 automatic transmission , 4 - barrel carburetor , and 2 exhausts . This W42 model replaced the 1983 and 1984 Hurst / Olds model and used the same 5.0 L LG8 V8 . The shifter was mounted on the floor in a console between the front seats , and the upgraded F41 suspension package was included . 3,000 were produced in the first year , and all were sold quickly . 4,273 were produced for 1986 , and 4,208 were made in 1987 .",
"All 1985 and 1986 4 - 4 - 2s used the already - sporty Cutlass Salon model as their base platform . Due to cost concerns , for 1987 it was decided they would use the less - expensive Cutlass Supreme model to base the 4 - 4 - 2 on . The package included a beefier drive train , 15 X 7 fully chromed styled - steel wheels with gold trim , manually inflated air shocks in the rear , special paint scheme ( always silver at the bottom ) and gold body stripe decal package , dual - snorkel air cleaner with chrome lid , mandatory A / C and door panel 4 - 4 - 2 emblems . With few exceptions ( vinyl tops , painted pinstripes , chrome outside mirrors and wire wheel covers , for example ) , 4 - 4 - 2s could be ordered with much of the optional equipment found on other Cutlass models .",
"The 1984 Hurst / Olds and 1985 -- 87 4 - 4 - 2 were equipped with an 8.5 '' GM corporate differential and all were equipped with 3.73 : 1 ring and pinion final drive gears . Rather than using the weaker 7.5 '' rear differential found in the Monte Carlo SS , these models used the same stout unit found in the Buick Grand National . Interestingly enough , many 4 - 4 - 2s ( and G - body Hurst / Olds ) did not come with RPO G80 ( limited - slip ) . This was , in large part , due to dealer ordering `` packages '' that grouped popular options together for ease of ordering . Problem was , G80 was not part of a single one of those popular option packages , but could be added `` a la carte . '' For the most part , performance - savvy dealers and customers were the only ones opting for the limited - slip .",
"The 1983 -- 84 Hurst / Olds and 1985 -- 87 4 - 4 - 2s are distinguishable by there being a `` 9 '' as the engine code found in the 8th character of their VINs . These were the only models to get the hotter VIN 9 307 cubic inch engine , and it was the only engine available . From 1983 -- 1985 , this engine was flat - tappet valve train , and rated at 180 hp / 240 lb ft torque . In 1986 , the 307 engine received a roller - camshaft valve train and new swirl - port heads to improve economy and low - end torque . HP dropped to 170 , with torque climbing to 255LBS FT . The 1985 4 - 4 - 2 used an OZ code THM 200 - 4R transmission ( as did the 1983 -- 84 Hurst / Olds ) . Both 1986 and 1987 4 - 4 - 2 used the KZF code THM 200 - 4R . The KZF removed much of the shift harshness of the original OZ coded transmissions , but were still firmer than the run - of - the - mill overdrive transmissions used in the rest of Oldsmobile 's lineup .",
"The 4 - 4 - 2 option was revived on the Quad 4 - 4 - 2 front - wheel drive 1990 -- 1991 Cutlass Calais . This model used a 2.3 L LG0 Quad - 4 4 - cylinder engine with 4 valves per cylinder and 2 camshafts . The engine was tuned with higher output camshafts which produced more top end power at the expense of idle quality . It used a single exhaust with a dual tipped muffler and produced 180 hp ( 134 kW ) with a 5 - speed manual transmission .",
"This version of the 4 - 4 - 2 also played upon the `` W - 30 '' option code used in past versions of the 4 - 4 - 2 , the exception being that this model used the option code `` W - 40 '' . A low production , late 1991 model year version used the option code `` W - 41 '' ; the key differences of `` W - 41 '' package was a 190 hp ( 142 kW ) engine with a different geared 5 speed transmission .",
"This 4 - 4 - 2 model lasted just two years .",
"Production totals :",
"1990 `` W - 40 '' = 2629",
"1991 `` W - 40 '' = 1160",
"1991 `` W - 41 '' = 204",
"GM literature referred to the 1992 & 1993 Oldsmobile Achieva SCX as a 4 -- 42 , the last time the designation was used . The Achieva SCX used the same ' W41 ' drive train as the very limited production 1991 4 - 4 - 2 - W41 .",
"1964 - 1966 Oldsmobile 330 CID 4 - barrel V8 1965 - 67 Oldsmobile 400 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 4.000 in ( 101.6 mm ) bore and 3.975 in ( 101.0 mm ) stroke ) 1968 - 69 Oldsmobile 400 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 3.87 in ( 98 mm ) bore and 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) stroke ) 290 hp 1970 Oldsmobile 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 4.126 in ( 104.8 mm ) bore and 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) stroke ) 400 hp 1971 Oldsmobile 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 4.126 in ( 104.8 mm ) bore and 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) stroke ) 340 hp ; W30 350 hp 1972 L32 350 CID 2 - barrel V8 , ( 160 hp and 275 lb ft ( 373 N m ) in 1972 ) ( H or J in VIN ) 1972 L34 350 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 180 hp and 275 lb ft ( 373 N m ) in 1972 ) ( K in VIN ) 1972 L34 350 CID 4 - barrel V8 w / N10 dual exhaust , ( 200 hp and 275 lb ft ( 373 N m ) in 1972 ) ( M in VIN ) 1972 W30 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 300 hp and 410 lb ft ( 556 N m ) in 1972 ) ( X in VIN w / TH400 and M20 ) 1972 L75 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 250 hp w / TH400 and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) in 1972 ) ( U in VIN ) 1972 L75 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 270 hp w / M20 and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) in 1972 ) ( V in VIN ) -- used 2.07 valves and W30 automatic camshaft 1973 -- 1976 455 CID V8 1973 -- 1977 , 1980 350 CID V8 1975 -- 1976 , 250 CID inline 6 1975 -- 1980 260 CID V8 1977 403 CID V8 ( 185 hp and 320 lb ft ( 434 N m ) in 1977 ) 1977 -- 1979 231 CID V6 1978 -- 1979 305 CID V8 1985 -- 1987 307 CID V8 1990 - 1991 2.3 L LG0 Quad - 4",
"1964 - 1966 Oldsmobile 330 CID 4 - barrel V8",
"1965 - 67 Oldsmobile 400 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 4.000 in ( 101.6 mm ) bore and 3.975 in ( 101.0 mm ) stroke )",
"1968 - 69 Oldsmobile 400 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 3.87 in ( 98 mm ) bore and 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) stroke ) 290 hp",
"1970 Oldsmobile 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 4.126 in ( 104.8 mm ) bore and 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) stroke ) 400 hp",
"1971 Oldsmobile 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 ( 4.126 in ( 104.8 mm ) bore and 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) stroke ) 340 hp ; W30 350 hp",
"1972 L32 350 CID 2 - barrel V8 , ( 160 hp and 275 lb ft ( 373 N m ) in 1972 ) ( H or J in VIN )",
"1972 L34 350 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 180 hp and 275 lb ft ( 373 N m ) in 1972 ) ( K in VIN )",
"1972 L34 350 CID 4 - barrel V8 w / N10 dual exhaust , ( 200 hp and 275 lb ft ( 373 N m ) in 1972 ) ( M in VIN )",
"1972 W30 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 300 hp and 410 lb ft ( 556 N m ) in 1972 ) ( X in VIN w / TH400 and M20 )",
"1972 L75 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 250 hp w / TH400 and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) in 1972 ) ( U in VIN )",
"1972 L75 455 CID 4 - barrel V8 , ( 270 hp w / M20 and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) in 1972 ) ( V in VIN ) -- used 2.07 valves and W30 automatic camshaft",
"1973 -- 1976 455 CID V8",
"1973 -- 1977 , 1980 350 CID V8",
"1975 -- 1976 , 250 CID inline 6",
"1975 -- 1980 260 CID V8",
"1977 403 CID V8 ( 185 hp and 320 lb ft ( 434 N m ) in 1977 )",
"1977 -- 1979 231 CID V6",
"1978 -- 1979 305 CID V8",
"1985 -- 1987 307 CID V8",
"1990 - 1991 2.3 L LG0 Quad - 4"
] | Oldsmobile 442 - wikipedia Oldsmobile 442 Jump to: navigation , search Oldsmobile 442 Overview Manufacturer Oldsmobile ( General Motors ) Production 1964-- 1980 Body and chassis Class Muscle car Layout FR layout Chronology Predecessor Oldsmobile F-85 Successor Oldsmobile Aurora The Oldsmobile 4-4-2 (also known as the 442) is a muscle car produced by Oldsmobile between the 1964 and 1980 model years . Introduced as an option package for US-sold F-85 and Cutlass models, it became a model in its own right from 1968 to 1971, spawned the formidable Hurst/Olds in 1968, then reverted to an option through the mid-1970s. The name was revived in the 1980s on the rear-wheel drive Cutlass Supreme and early 1990s as an option package for the new front-wheel drive Cutlass Calais . The `` 4-4-2'' name (pronounced `` Four-four-two'' ) derives from the original car's four-barrel carburetor , four-speed manual transmission , and dual exhausts. It was originally written `` 4-4-2'' (with badging showing hyphens between the numerals), and remained hyphenated throughout Oldsmobile's use of the designation. Beginning in 1965, the 4-4-2s standard transmission was a 3 speed manual along with optional 2 speed automatic or 4 speed manual, but were still badged as `` 4-4-2'' s. By 1968 badging was shortened to simply `` 442'' , but Oldsmobile brochures and internal documents continued to use the `` 4-4-2'' model designation. Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation 1.1 1964 1.2 1965 1.3 1966 1.4 1967 2 Second generation 2.1 1968 2.1.1 Hurst/Olds 2.2 1969 2.3 1970 2.4 1971 2.5 1972 3 Third generation 3.1 1973 3.2 1974 3.3 1975 3.4 1976 3.5 1977 4 Fourth generation 4.1 1978 4.2 1979 4.3 1980 5 Fifth generation 5.1 1985-- 1987 6 Sixth generation 6.1 1990-- 1991 7 Engines 8 References 9 External links First generation ( edit ) First generation Overview Production 1964-- 1967 Assembly Lansing, Michigan Framingham, Massachusetts Fremont, California Body and chassis Body style 2-door coupe 2-door convertible 2-door sedan 4-door sedan Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Pontiac Tempest Oldsmobile F-85 Buick Special Powertrain Engine 330 cu in (5.4 L) V8 400 cu in (6.6 L) V8 Transmission 4-speed manual 3-speed manual 2-speed Jet-Away automatic 3-speed Turbo Hydramatic automatic 1964 ( edit ) The 4-4-2 was born out of competition between Pontiac and Oldsmobile divisions of GM . The high performance GTO version of the Pontiac LeMans intermediate had proved an unexpected success midway through the 1964 model year. Oldsmobile's hasty response was to beef up their own popular Cutlass , a task given to a team led by performance enthusiast and Olds engineer John Beltz (later responsible for the distinctive and powerful Toronado ), aided by Dale Smith and division Chief Engineer Bob Dorshimer. Because of the GTO's late introduction (some three-fourths of the way through the model year) and the ambiguous nature -- technically a violation of GM policy limiting intermediates to 330 CID, although the 1963 Pontiac Tempest/LeMans had already done this in 1963, and even though badged as a 326 the 63 Tempest V-8 was already at 336 CID, 1964 it became a true 326. -- the Olds offering was a conservative package. Technically the `` B09 Police Apprehender Pursuit'' option, it used the four-barrel carbureted 330 CID (5.4 L) V8 with heavy-duty valve gear , and a hotter camshaft , raising rated (SAE gross) output to 310 hp (231.3 kW) at 5200 rpm. Torque remained 355 lb ft (481 N m), although the torque peak rose from 2800 rpm to 3600 rpm. Also included was a stiffened frame, adjustable pinion angle by way of added holes in the frame mounts for the rear upper control arms, Muncie four-speed manual transmission , a heavy duty drive shaft connected to a 3.36:1 rear end, oversized brakes(155.6 vs 118sq.in lining area) and the heavy-duty police-package suspension , with heavy duty wheels, higher-rate coil springs front and rear, heavy-duty shock absorbers , a larger front anti-roll bar , an additional rear anti-roll bar bolted to a fully boxed lower control arm, and dual snorkel air cleaner. Two-speed windshield wipers, A/C ($430), an AM/FM radio, an electronic trunk opener, and a tilt steering wheel ($43) were optional. Unlike the 1965 4-4-2 model built in Lansing, the 1964 4-4-2 does not have an option code on the data plate. There is documentation available showing that the 1964 4-4-2 was built in both Lansing and Fremont. The package was dubbed 4-4-2 based on its combination of four-barrel carburetor, four-speed manual transmission , and dual exhausts. Priced at $285.14, it was available on any F-85 or Cutlass model except the station wagon , although most were Cutlass hardtop coupés (Oldsmobile archives indicate that approximately 10 four-door sedans were built with the B09 option). Motor Trend tested an early 64 4-4-2 with a 3:55 rear axle (standard ratio was 3.36:1) and found that the 3,440-lb (1,560 kg) car would run 0-- 60 mph (0-- 96 km/h) in 7.5 seconds, the standing quarter mile in 15.5 seconds at 90 mph (140 km/h), and reached a top speed of 116 mph (185.6 km/h). A total of 2,999 were sold. 1965 ( edit ) With the GTO receiving GM corporate sanction to receive their full-sized car's 389 V-8, Oldsmobile followed suit and replaced the 4-4-2's standard 330 CID with the new 400 CID (6.6 L). The definition of `` 4-4-2'' was then restated as referring to 400 cubic inches, a 4 barrel carburetor (a 515 cfm Rochester 4-Jet), 2 exhausts. Output for the big engine rose to 345 hp (257 kW) and 440 lb ft (597 N m). The standard transmission became a three-speed manual with column shifter, with a floor shifter four-speed and Oldsmobile's two-speed Jetaway automatic transmission optional. A heavy duty three-speed with Hurst floor shifter was introduced as a mid year option. Other touches added to the ' 65 were chrome body side scoops adorned with 4-4-2 badging, chambered dual exhaust pipes, chrome single snout air cleaner, and 4-4-2 badging on the dash. Late in the year option N98 was added, which were chrome 14 in × 6 in (356 mm × 152 mm) wheels. It also offered standard bucket seats when optioned on the Cutlass and a 6,000 rpm tachometer , mounted in the optional console, more as decoration than for usefulness. Retractable front seat belts were optional. The turning radius was 41feet. Modern Rod tested a 1965 F85 4-4-2 with the four-speed manual, slicks, and headers and obtained a quarter mile acceleration of 13.78 seconds at 102.73 mph (165 km/h); Car Life 's automatic ' 65 ran the quarter mile in 15.5 seconds at 89 mph (143 km/h), with a 0 to 60 time of 7.8 seconds. Car and Driver tested a 1965 4-4-2 and did 0-- 60 mph in 5.5 seconds. Offered in four body styles, 4-4-2 sales rose to 25,003, including 3,468 convertibles, The cost of option W29, the Olds' first use of the W performance code, was $156.02 on the Cutlass and $190.45 on the F-85 Club Coupe. 1966 ( edit ) The 1966 4-4-2 shared a modest facelift with other Cutlasses. It came with a 400 ci L78 V8 rated at 350 hp (261 kW)/440 lb ft with a single four-barrel carburetor. Two new optional 400 ci engines offered even higher performance: the 360 hp (268 kW) L69 , with three two-barrel Rochester 2GC carburetors on a progressive linkage and 440 lb ft (597 N m) of torque, which was priced at US$264.54, and the rare W30 . The W30 engine added an outside-air induction system (admitting cool air to the carburetors via tubing from the front grill) and a hotter cam, rated -- or, more likely, underrated -- the same as the L69. The battery was relocated to the trunk to make room for the air hoses, which prevented the package from being ordered on convertible models. Only 54 W30s were built by the factory, although an additional 97 were produced for dealer installation. The standard transmission was a three-speed manual with column shift and the two-speed Jetaway automatic with switch-pitch torque converter was optional. Hurst shifters became standard equipment with floor-mounted manual transmissions including the optional heavy-duty three-speed, M-20 wide-ratio four-speed or M-21 close-ratio four-speed. The standard 350-horsepower 400 engine could be ordered with any of the four transmissions, while only manual transmissions could be ordered with the L69 three two-barrel option. Inside, a revised instrument panel featured two round pods for the speedometer and other instruments, replacing the horizontal sweep speedometer of 1964-- 65 models, but the rest of the basic dashboard designed was unchanged. F-85 models had base interiors with bench seats and rubber floor mats while the more lavish Cutlass versions came with full carpeting and featured Strato bucket seats of a new design with higher and thinner seat backs, or a no-cost bench seat option. Head rests were a $52 option. Car Life tested an L69 4-4-2 with four-speed transmission and obtained a 0-- 60 time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter mile of 14.8 seconds at 97 mph (156 km/h). Motor Trend's similar test car ran 0-- 60 in 7.2 seconds, with a quarter mile time of 15.2 seconds at 96.6 mph (155.5 km/h). Production slumped to 21,997. The 4-4-2 still constituted only about 10 percent of Cutlass sales, whereas Pontiac's GTO represented nearly a third of all Tempests sold. 1967 ( edit ) For 1967 the 4-4-2's styling and base engine remained the same, save for: minor trim changes and a 1967 4-4-2 only distinctive louvered hood as well as an increase in intake valve size to 2.067 from 1.99. but the automatic three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic with Switch Pitch became available, replacing the two-speed Switch Pitch Jetaway, as was the case with the mid-sized muscle cars from other GM divisions (Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Chevelle SS396, and Buick GS400). The heavy-duty floor-mounted three-speed manual transmission was now standard with the Muncie M-20 and M-21 four-speeds optional, all with Hurst shifters. Front disc brakes were a new option this year. A GM policy decision banning multiple carburetors for all vehicles except Ed Cole's beloved Corvette and the Corvair saw the demise of the L69 with its triple carburetors, a rare option for Olds and an icon for Pontiacs since 1957. The W30 remained available, although the four-barrel Quadrajet carburetor replaced the tri carb setup. New red plastic inner fender liners became part of the W30 package. 502 factory W30 engines were built to meet NHRA homologation rules, along with an unknown number of dealer-installed packages. Cars tested a W30 4-4-2 with close-ratio four-speed and 4.33 rear axle (a dealer-installed only option), obtaining a quarter mile of 14.1 seconds at 103 mph (166 km/h) in completely stock form. 0-- 60 times were between 6.5 and 6.7 seconds. Unlike in previous years which the 4-4-2 option could be ordered on either baseline F-85 or upscale Cutlass models, the 1967 4-4-2 package was based on the top-line Cutlass Supreme series including the sport coupe (with center post), Holiday hardtop coupe and convertible. Standard equipment on all models included Strato bucket seats or no-cost notchback bench seat, full carpeting, expanded Morocceen vinyl upholstery, heavy-duty suspension with rear sway bar, and wide-oval tires. Power front disc brakes were $104, while power steering was $94. Like all cars sold in the U.S. for 1967, the 4-4-2 came standard with a group of occupant protection and accident avoidance features as mandated by Federal law. This safety package included an energy-absorbing steering column and safety steering wheel, padded dash, recessed controls, four-way hazard flashers and a dual-circuit brake hydraulic master cylinder. Production rallied somewhat from the previous year, rising to 24,833. Second generation ( edit ) 1968 ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production 1968-- 1972 Assembly Lansing, Michigan Framingham, Massachusetts Arlington, Texas Kansas City, Kansas Fremont, California Linden, New Jersey Oshawa, Ontario Body and chassis Body style 2-door Sport coupe (pillars) 2-door Holiday coupe (hardtop) 2-door convertible Vista Cruiser station wagon (1970) Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet El Camino Pontiac Tempest Pontiac LeMans Pontiac GTO Oldsmobile F-85 Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Hurst/Olds Buick Special Buick Skylark Buick GSX Powertrain Engine 455 cu in (7.5 L) V8 400 cu in (6.6 L) 290hp V8 Transmission 4-speed manual 3-speed manual 3-speed automatic Wheelbase 112.0 in (2,845 mm) Length 203.2 in (5,161 mm) Width 76.2 in (1,935 mm) Height 52.8 in (1,341 mm) Curb weight 3,713 pounds (1,684 kg) The 4-4-2 became a separate model from 1968 through 1971. The wheelbase was 112 in (2,845 mm), and over 33,000 were sold for 1968. Despite the engine displacement staying at 400 CID, the engine was based on the new 455 cranktrain (4.25 stroke) and the bore decreased (to 3.87). Torque now came at 3000-- 3200 rpm as opposed to the early 400's 3600 rpm peak, mostly due to a milder base cam grind. Car Life tested a 1968 4-4-2 with a 3.42:1 rear axle ratio and Hydramatic and attained 0-- 60 times of 7.0 seconds, and a quarter-mile time of 15.13 seconds at 92 mph (148 km/h). Top speed was reported as 115 mph (185 km/h). The base motor was still rated at 350 hp (261 kW), but only with the standard three-speed and optional four-speed; automatics were rated at 325 hp (242 kW). W-30s were rated again at 360 hp (268 kW). Car Life also tested a four-speed W-30 with 4.33 rearend gears and recorded a 13.3 at 103.30 mph (166.2 km/h), which shows the long stroke did not affect actual performance although long term durability at high (6000 plus) engine speeds might be affected. All standard 1968 4-4-2 engines are painted a bronze-- copper color, as with the 1967s, topped with a fire-red air cleaner. W-30 option cars were equipped with Ram Air intake hoses leading from a chrome-topped dual snorkel black air cleaner to special under-bumper air scoops and set off by bright red plastic fender wells. In addition, a Turnpike Cruiser option was made available with a two-barrel carburetor; this was previously available on the Cutlass Supreme for 1967. 1968 was the first year for side marker lights and front outboard shoulder belts, and the last year for vent windows on hardtops and convertibles. 4-4-2s for ' 68 had unique rear bumpers, with exhaust cutouts and special exhaust tips. Hurst/Olds ( edit ) Main article: Oldsmobile Hurst/Olds In 1968 Oldsmobile partnered with Hurst Performance Research Corporation to create the Hurst/Olds rather than just adding Hurst shifters as with earlier models. The limited regular production run of 515 Hurst/Olds (459 Holiday Coupes/56 Sport Coupes) started out as regular 4-4-2s, but were treated to numerous distinct enhancements, both cosmetic and mechanical. All cars were painted Peruvian Silver (a Toronado color) with liberal black striping and white pinstripes, exterior and interior H/O badging (unique to ' 68), and a real walnut wood dash insert. Mechanically, the cars left the factory with two drive train combinations. Red 455 CID engines were backed by modified W-30 Turbo 400 automatic transmissions. A/C cars got a W-46 engine with a 3.08:1 rear while non-A/C cars got a W-45 engine with a 3.91:1 rear. While both engines were rated at 390 hp (291 kW), the W-45 engine received the cylinder heads from the W-30 and the camshaft from the W-31, making it more suitable for higher rpms. All cars came with bucket seats and a Hurst Dual-Gate shifter in a mini-console. Also standard were numerous regular 4-4-2 options such as disc brakes, heavy duty cooling, and FE2 suspension. They shared the red fender wells and ram air setup with the W-30. Popular, but not standard, additional options included the tick-tock-tach and wood-grained steering wheel. Power front disc brakes were optional. Performance for the 1968 Hurst/Olds (390 hp): 0-- 60 in 5.4 sec, 1/4 mile in 13.9 sec @ 103 mph (166 km/h). 1969 ( edit ) 1969 Oldsmobile 4-4-2 convertible 1969 4-4-2s were very similar to the 1968 except the division tooth between the grilles, the trunk lid inlets for the tail lights, wing windows deleted on Holiday Coupes and convertibles, steering lock ignition switch on the steering column, standard headrests were added to the front seats, and the paint scheme. Twin hood stripes were now available to highlight the new dual-bulged hood. The 4-4-2 numerals grew to nearly double their previous size. Optional disc brakes now had updated single-piston calipers. The exhaust manifolds featured a new center divider for better performance. Other changes to the engine were minimal, but the Turnpike Cruiser option was deleted. However, another high-performance engine was offered. Called the W-32, it came with the Forced Air Induction plumbing found on the W-30s, but it had a milder cam like the base engine. It was only available with an automatic, and 297 were built, including 25 sport coupes and convertibles each. The Hurst/Olds returned, with a Cameo White and Fire Frost Gold striped paint scheme, outrageous functional ram air mailbox hood scoops, rear pedestal spoiler, 15'' SSII chrome plated rims, European racing mirrors, and a 380-horsepower 455 cid V8 that was detuned slightly from 1968. 906 production Hurst/Olds Holiday Coupes were built, plus 6 prototypes and 2 convertibles for a total of 914 cars. Performance for the 1969 Hurst/Olds(380 hp): 0-- 60 in 5.9 sec, 1/4 mile in 14.03 sec @ 101 mph (163 km/h). 1970 ( edit ) 1970 Oldsmobile 442 W30 Convertible and 1970 Oldsmobile 442 Indy 500 Pace Car 1970 Oldsmobile 4-4-2 with W-25 ram-air option 1970 was the pinnacle of performance from Oldsmobile. In order to keep up in the horsepower arms-race, General Motors dropped the cap on engine size in 1970, and Oldsmobile responded by making the Olds 455 V8 the standard 4-4-2 engine. Magazine ads using an offbeat mad scientist trumpeted `` Dr. Olds introduces as large a V-8 as ever bolted into a special-performance production automobile!'' Output was 365 hp (272 kW) and 500 lb ft (680 N m), with a 370 hp (276 kW) variant available with the W30 option. The revised body style and increased performance resulted in the 4-4-2 being awarded pace car duties at the Indianapolis 500 race in 1970. Motor Trend praised the 4-4-2, stating that `` it's probably the most identifiable super car in the GM house'' . Those seeking to experience the ultimate in performance from Lansing could order a `` W-Machine'' version of the 4-4-2, dubbed the W-30 package. The 4-4-2 W-30 added a fiberglass hood (option W25) with functional air scoops and low-restriction air cleaner, aluminum intake manifold, special camshaft, cylinder heads, distributor, and carburetor. Two W-30 equipped 4-4-2 Vista Cruisers were produced by special order. Rear shoulder seat belts were optional at $23. Motor Trend tested a 4-4-2 W-30 with a 4-speed manual transmission and 3.91:1 rear gears, clocking a quarter mile time of 14.2 seconds @ 102 mph (164 km/h). However, Motor Trend noted that Oldsmobile engineers had earlier posted a best of 13.7 seconds on the same test car with a fresh tune. New options for the 1970 4-4-2 included GM's Variable-ratio power steering (option N47), a console-mounted Hurst Dual/Gate shifter for use with the Turbo Hydra-matic transmission, and aluminum differential housing and cover (option W27). All Oldsmobile V8s received new Positive Valve Rotators for the 1970s to increase engine valve life. 1970 Model Year Spotting Tips: Vertical bars in silver grille, rectangular parking lights in front bumper, vertical tail lights. A 1970 Oldsmobile 4-4-2 was featured in the chase scene of the movie Demolition Man starring Sylvester Stallone . 1971 ( edit ) 1971 Oldsmobile 4-4-2 convertible Despite storm clouds on the muscle car horizon, the 4-4-2 returned in 1971 with only minor modifications from the previous year. Engine output was down for 1971 due to a lower compression ratio (8.5:1), which affected all of GM's engines as the result of a corporate policy requiring engines to run on lower-octane regular leaded, low lead, or unleaded gasoline, in preparation for the introduction of the catalytic converter on 1975-model cars. The base 455 was rated at 340 hp (254 kW), with the W-30 achieving a rating of 350 hp (261 kW). The W-27 option was downgraded to an aluminum cover for the cast iron differential housing. The 1971 4-4-2 was available in a hardtop coupe and convertible body type. The sport coupe disappeared for the first time since 1964, only to return in 1972. Quarter mile performance as reported by Road Test magazine was 15.2 seconds @ 99 mph (159 km/h), and 0-- 60 in 8.9 seconds, using the TH400 automatic transmission . 1971 Model Year Spotting Tips: Black grille with silver surround, silver headlight bezels, round parking lights in front bumper, horizontal tail lights. 1972 ( edit ) By 1972, the muscle car era was unmistakably in decline due to the twin blows of rising insurance rates and soaring gas prices. The 4-4-2 name reverted to an appearance and handling option package (option code W-29) in 1972 on the Cutlass Holiday coupe, Cutlass S sport coupe and Holiday coupe , and Cutlass Supreme convertible. The W-29 option was not available on Cutlass Supreme notchback hardtops. The 4-4-2 option package, which carried a modest sticker price of $29, consisted of the `` FE2'' suspension upgrades (heavy duty springs & shocks, front and rear sway bars, boxed lower rear control arms, and 14- by 7-in (356- by 178-mm) wheels), side striping, fender and decklid badging, faux hood louvers, and a unique grille. The rear bumper sported cutouts for exhaust tips, but only when paired with the optional L75 455 CID V8 in place of the standard Oldsmobile 350 V8 . Interior trims differed on each bodystyle for which the 4-4-2 option was offered, much like the early 1964-- 66 models. For the base Cutlass hardtop coupe, a baseline two-spoke steering wheel, and vinyl or cloth/vinyl bench seat was standard along with rubber floor mats (carpeting was optional); Cutlass S sport coupe and Holiday hardtop coupe featured full carpeting, deluxe steering wheel, courtesy lighting, and bench seats with cloth-and-vinyl or all-vinyl upholstery or optional Strato bucket seats; and the Cutlass Supreme convertible came with more woodgrain interior accents than the `` S'' along with an all-vinyl notchback bench seat with armrest or no-cost Strato bucket seats, between which a center console was an extra-cost option. An AM/FM stereo radio with a tape player was $363. 4-4-2's could still be ordered with the additional W30 option, which included the still-potent L77 455 engine, which produced 300 hp (220 kW) and 410 lb ft (556 N m)s of torque and incorporated low-restriction dual exhausts. Other notable components of the W30 package included a lightweight aluminum intake manifold, the W25 fiberglass ram-air hood, anti-spin differential with 3.42:1 gears (3.73:1 available), and heavy duty cooling. Due to the low-vacuum at idle, air conditioning was not available, and power brakes were only available with an automatic transmission. Only 113 W30 convertibles and 659 W30 coupes were made in 1972, making this a very rare option. A special edition Hurst/Olds paced the Indy in 1972. The H/O coupe was based on the notchback Cutlass Supreme Holiday coupe (not offered with the 4-4-2 option) and the Cutlass Supreme convertible, both of which came standard with a 270-net horsepower 455 Rocket four-barrel V8 or optional 300-net horsepower W-30 option 455. Both H/O engines were mated to Turbo 400 transmissions with console-mounted Hurst Dual Gate shifters. AH /O Vista Cruiser was provided for the Medical Director. 1972 Model Year Spotting Tips: Silver grille with black surround, black headlight bezels, round parking lights in front bumper, 3-section horizontal tail lights. Third generation ( edit ) 1973 ( edit ) Third generation Overview Production 1973-- 1977 Assembly Lansing, Michigan Framingham, Massachusetts Arlington, Texas Kansas City, Kansas Fremont, California Linden, New Jersey Body and chassis Body style 2-door coupe 2-door convertible Layout FR layout Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Chevrolet Monte Carlo Pontiac LeMans Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac Grand Am Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Century Buick Regal Powertrain Engine 231 cu in (3.8 L) V6 403 cu in (6.6 L) V8 455 cu in (7.5 L) V8 250 cu in (4.1 L) I6 260 cu in (4.3 L) V8 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8 Transmission 4-speed manual 3-speed manual 3-speed automatic 5-speed manual Originally expected to debut for the 1972 model year, the introduction of the new `` Colonnade'' body style was delayed until 1973 due to an auto workers strike in 1972. The body was redesigned to feature massive 5-foot (1.5 m) long doors and energy absorbing bumpers. The rear windows were fixed and the roof was reinforced in anticipation of roll-over standards being imposed by the government. These cars were a few hundred pounds heavier and slightly larger than the 1972's . Consistent with 1972, the 4-4-2 option remained a handling and appearance package, code W-29, and was available on the Cutlass and Cutlass `` S'' . It consisted of a faux louvered hood, FE2 suspension, specific grilles, emblems and stripes. Items such as dual exhaust and super stock wheels had to be ordered à la-carte . This was all part of the industry-wide weaning of U.S. consumers from large, powerful cars. The W-30 (that had 300 hp (224 kW) in 1972) had become a trim package. The L77 `` V'' code 455 was there, but only with the 4-speed wide-ratio M-20 transmission. 1973 was also the last year of the 4-speed manual transmission in the Olds `` A'' body. The L77 `` V'' code produced 270 net HP, the L75 `` U'' code 455 AT produced 250 hp (186 kW), while the `` K'' code 350 single exhaust produced 180 hp (134 kW) and the `` M'' code 350 with duals produced 200 hp (150 kW). Positraction rear ends, axle ratios, gauges, Super Stock wheels, HD cooling and many sport type options were available, but had to be ordered. The L77 `` V'' code engine was also available in the Hurst/Olds without A/C, code W-46, the W-45 L75 `` U'' code was standard with A/C. Both 455s used the Turbo Hydra-matic 400 transmission, while the 350 was mated to the Turbo 350. Interior trims for the ' 73 4-4-2 included a cloth/vinyl or all-vinyl bench seat and rubber floor covering (carpeting optional) on base Cutlass coupe, while Cutlass S included full carpeting on floor and lower door panels, woodgrain trim, deluxe steering wheel and more luxurious cloth-and-vinyl or all-vinyl bench seat, or optional swiveling Strato bucket seats with vinyl trim that could be rotated 90 degrees for easy exit/entry. Center console with floor shifter was optional with either the 4-speed manual or Turbo Hydra-matic transmissions. Oldsmobile 4-4-2 The 1974 4-4-2 received the same facelift as other Cutlasses that year including a revised grille and new flush taillights over a newly mandated 5 mph (8.0 km/h) rear bumper to match the similarly mandated front bumper introduced in ' 73. It remained a handling and appearance package available on both base Cutlass and Cutlass S Colonnade coupes. Engine offerings included the standard 180 horsepower (130 kW) Rocket 350 four-barrel V8 or optional 230 horsepower (170 kW) Rocket 455, which reintroduced the W-30 code that signified the top 4-4-2 engine option package from 1966 to 1972. Power steering and Turbo Hydra-matic transmission became standard equipment on 4-4-2 and all other Cutlass models. The four-speed manual transmission with Hurst shifter was dropped from the option list. New option for 1974 were GM-specification radial tires. Interiors were similar to 1973 with cloth-and-vinyl or all-vinyl bench seats standard, or optional swiveling Strato bucket seats with Moroceen vinyl upholstery. Center console with floor shifter optional with bucket seats. The 1975 4-4-2 received revised vertical-bar grilles and continued with vertically stacked taillight lenses. It was once again a handling/appearance package on base Cutlass and Cutlass S coupes with content similar to previous years. Radial tires were now standard equipment, along with a GM High Energy electronic ignition. All engines were mated to catalytic converters, which required use of unleaded gasoline and spelled the end of true dual exhausts. With economy now a selling point following the 1973-- 74 energy crisis resulting from the Arab Oil Embargo, the ' 75 4-4-2 and most other Cutlass models no longer included a V8 engine as standard equipment. For the first time since its 1964 introduction, the 4-4-2 came standard with a six-cylinder engine, Chevrolet's 250 cubic-inch inline unit which had previously been offered on some Olds intermediates from 1966 to 1971 and the compact Olds Omega since its 1973 introduction. Also new this year was a small Olds-built 260 cubic-inch Rocket V8 specifically designed for fuel economy. The 170-horsepower 350 Rocket V8 was now an extra-cost option along with the 190-horsepower 455 V8. A three-speed manual transmission was reinstated as standard equipment with the six-cylinder engine with the Turbo Hydra-matic transmission optional with that engine and the only transmission offered with the V8 engines. Interiors again consisted of bench seats with cloth-and-Moroceen vinyl or all-Moroceen trim, or optional swiveling Strato buckets upholstered in Moroceen vinyl. Revised door panels featured pull straps. Console optional with bucket seats. Due to SAE Net horsepower ratings, it appeared that there was a power drop from earlier engines but this is not the case. The Oldsmobile 455 also had significant torque at low RPM. For 1975 the 4-4-2 equipped with a 455 was rated by Oldsmobile at 190 hp @ 3400 rpm and 350 lb-ft @ 2000 rpm. 1976 ( edit ) The 1976 4-4-2 shared a new aerodynamic sloped nose designed for NASCAR with split grilles and new quad rectangular headlights with Cutlass S models, along with revised lower sheetmetal with fewer creases than the 1973-- 75 models. The 4-4-2 option was offered on Cutlass S coupes and was once again an appearance/handling package. Engine/transmission offerings were unchanged from 1975 except that the 260 V8 could be ordered with a five-speed manual transmission. This was also the final year for the 455 Rocket V8. Interiors again consisted of bench seats with cloth-and-Moroceen vinyl or all-Moroceen trim, or optional swiveling Strato buckets upholstered in Moroceen vinyl. Console optional with bucket seats. 1977 ( edit ) Final year for the 1973-vintage Colonnade body. The 4-4-2 was the only Olds intermediate to feature the NASCAR sloped nose from the ' 76 model as this year's Cutlass S switched to an upright nose similar to Cutlass Supreme models. Engine offerings were revised with Buick's 231 cubic-inch V6 replacing the Chevy 250 inline-six as base power, with optional powerplants again including the Oldsmobile built 260 and 350 cubic-inch Rocket V8s. Replacing the 455 as the top engine this year was a new Olds 403 cubic-inch Rocket V8 rated at 180 horsepower (130 kW). Transmission offerings included a three-speed manual or Turbo Hydra-matic with the V6 , five-speed manual or Turbo Hydra-matic for the 260 V8 and Turbo Hydra-matic was the sole offering for the 350 and 403 V8s. Interiors included a standard bench seat with cloth-and-vinyl or all-vinyl bench seat, or optional Strato bucket seats with all-vinyl upholstery and without the swiveling feature of previous years. Console again optional with bucket seats. Fourth generation ( edit ) 1978 ( edit ) Fourth generation Overview Production 1978-- 1980 Assembly Lansing, Michigan Framingham, Massachusetts Arlington, Texas Kansas City, Kansas Fremont, California Linden, New Jersey Body and chassis Body style 5-door hatchback Layout FR layout Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Monte Carlo Pontiac LeMans Pontiac Grand Prix Pontiac Grand Am Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Century Buick Regal Powertrain Engine 3.8L V6 305 cu in (5.0 L) V8 260 cu in (4.3 L) V8 Transmission 4-speed manual 3-speed automatic 5-speed manual Another limited-edition 4-4-2 model was offered from 1978 through 1980 on the downsized A-body Cutlass introduced for the 1978 model year. Engines varied from a base 3.8L V6 to a 305 4bbl. There was no 350 available to any 4-4-2 offered in 1978 or 1979. A special-edition Hurst/Olds was also offered in 1979. The 1978-- 9 version of the 4-4-2 was an option package on the semi-fastback `` Aeroback'' Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon, which was the lower-trim version of the best-selling Cutlass model range. It was offered with all powertrains available, including the 231 c.i.d., 2V V6, the 260 c.i.d. 2V V8, and 305 c.i.d. 2V (1978) or 4V (1979) V8s. Transmissions offered were 3-spd automatic with all engines, 5 spd manual with the 260 V8 and a 4 spd Saginaw manual with the 305 V8. Distinctive trim elements included contrasting striping along the rocker panels and lower doors, over both wheel wells, badging on the rear trunk, and interior emblems. All other options offered on the Cutlass Salon were available with the 4-4-2 option package. 1979 ( edit ) The 1979 4-4-2 is based on the Cutlass Salon body style. The Hurst Olds H/O was offered again and was the only GM intermediate to have a 350ci. engine. Oldsmobile 350 CID V8 . 1980 ( edit ) The 4-4-2 model moved to the notchback Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais to return to its roots as a performance car as it had a larger 350 V8 engine not available on other Cutlass models. It included W-30 badging on the front fenders above the side marker lights, with less dramatic graphics. Otherwise, the cars shared identical powertrain,(minus the Hurst Shifter), with the ' 79 H/O. Also available only in gold over white or gold over black paint, a total of 886 were built, 540 in Black, and 346 in White. The MSRP of a Cutlass Calais in 1980 was $6,919.57. Option W-30 4-4-2 Appearance and Handling Package cost $1,255.12. This package consisted of: Gold Accent Paint Scheme (Y71), Painted Grille Face, Applique Pillar Molding, Aluminum Sport Wheels, `` W-30'' Decals on Front Fender, Tail Lamp Bezel and Rear Window Molding to Match Body Color, `` 442'' Emblem on Sail Panel and Deck Lid, Engine 5.7 Liter (350 CID) V8, 4-bbl (L34), Sport Console (D55), Rallye Suspension Package (FE2), Tires P205/70R14 Steel Belted Radial Ply Blackwall with Raised White Letters (QFV) and Digital Clock (UE8). The W-30 4-4-2 option was not available in California. A sample of included options: Interior color: Camel Tan with both fabric and/or vinyl,as well as White Vinyl,(Black could be ordered for Black/Gold cars), Custom Steering Wheel (NK3), Tilt Column (N33), Gauge cluster, AM/FM 8-Track Radio (UM2), Cruise Control (K30), Delay Winshield Wipers (CD4), Tempmatic Air Conditioning (C65), Dual Remote Mirrors, 442 Door Panel Emblems, Rear Window Defogger, 6-Way Power Left Bucket Seat (AC3). The 350,(Vin `` R'' , engine code tag `` AR'' ), 3A heads, 4-bbl M4MC Rochester Carb, 8.5:1 compression, 170 hp@3800 and 275 torque@2000. Turbo-Hydromatic 350 Transmission (Code `` LJ'' , special W-30 application). Code `` AB'' non-locking 2.73 rear axle. A cross-flow muffler gives a `` factory'' dual exhaust appearance. The 4-4-2 option was not available 1981-- 1984, but the Hurst/Olds returned for 1983 and 1984. Fifth generation ( edit ) 1985-- 1987 ( edit ) Main article: Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1986 Oldsmobile 4-4-2 The 4-4-2 name was revived in 1985 on the rear-wheel drive G-body Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme due to the demise of Oldsmobile and Hurst's official collaboration on the Hurst/Olds but Oldsmobile wanted to continue to offer a performance-oriented Cutlass model to the public. The name was now defined as referring to the car's 4 -speed 200r4 automatic transmission , 4 -barrel carburetor , and 2 exhausts. This W42 model replaced the 1983 and 1984 Hurst/Olds model and used the same 5.0 L LG8 V8 . The shifter was mounted on the floor in a console between the front seats, and the upgraded F41 suspension package was included. 3,000 were produced in the first year, and all were sold quickly. 4,273 were produced for 1986, and 4,208 were made in 1987. All 1985 and 1986 4-4-2s used the already-sporty Cutlass Salon model as their base platform. Due to cost concerns, for 1987 it was decided they would use the less-expensive Cutlass Supreme model to base the 4-4-2 on. The package included a beefier drive train, 15 X 7 fully chromed styled-steel wheels with gold trim, manually inflated air shocks in the rear, special paint scheme (always silver at the bottom) and gold body stripe decal package, dual-snorkel air cleaner with chrome lid, mandatory A/C and door panel 4-4-2 emblems. With few exceptions (vinyl tops, painted pinstripes, chrome outside mirrors and wire wheel covers, for example), 4-4-2s could be ordered with much of the optional equipment found on other Cutlass models. The 1984 Hurst/Olds and 1985-- 87 4-4-2 were equipped with an 8.5'' GM corporate differential and all were equipped with 3.73:1 ring and pinion final drive gears. Rather than using the weaker 7.5'' rear differential found in the Monte Carlo SS, these models used the same stout unit found in the Buick Grand National. Interestingly enough, many 4-4-2s (and G-body Hurst/Olds) did not come with RPO G80 (limited-slip). This was, in large part, due to dealer ordering `` packages'' that grouped popular options together for ease of ordering. Problem was, G80 was not part of a single one of those popular option packages, but could be added `` a la carte.'' For the most part, performance-savvy dealers and customers were the only ones opting for the limited-slip. The 1983-- 84 Hurst/Olds and 1985-- 87 4-4-2s are distinguishable by there being a `` 9'' as the engine code found in the 8th character of their VINs. These were the only models to get the hotter VIN 9 307 cubic inch engine, and it was the only engine available. From 1983-- 1985, this engine was flat-tappet valve train, and rated at 180 hp/240 lb ft torque. In 1986, the 307 engine received a roller-camshaft valve train and new swirl-port heads to improve economy and low-end torque. HP dropped to 170, with torque climbing to 255LBS FT. The 1985 4-4-2 used an OZ code THM 200-4R transmission (as did the 1983-- 84 Hurst/Olds). Both 1986 and 1987 4-4-2 used the KZF code THM 200-4R. The KZF removed much of the shift harshness of the original OZ coded transmissions, but were still firmer than the run-of-the-mill overdrive transmissions used in the rest of Oldsmobile's lineup. Sixth generation ( edit ) 1990-- 1991 ( edit ) Main article: Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais The 4-4-2 option was revived on the Quad 4-4-2 front-wheel drive 1990-- 1991 Cutlass Calais . This model used a 2.3 L LG0 Quad-4 4 -cylinder engine with 4 valves per cylinder and 2 camshafts. The engine was tuned with higher output camshafts which produced more top end power at the expense of idle quality. It used a single exhaust with a dual tipped muffler and produced 180 hp (134 kW) with a 5-speed manual transmission . This version of the 4-4-2 also played upon the `` W-30'' option code used in past versions of the 4-4-2, the exception being that this model used the option code `` W-40'' . A low production, late 1991 model year version used the option code `` W-41'' ; the key differences of `` W-41'' package was a 190 hp (142 kW) engine with a different geared 5 speed transmission. This 4-4-2 model lasted just two years. Production totals: 1990 `` W-40'' = 2629 1991 `` W-40'' = 1160 1991 `` W-41'' = 204 GM literature referred to the 1992 & 1993 Oldsmobile Achieva SCX as a 4--42, the last time the designation was used. The Achieva SCX used the same ' W41' drive train as the very limited production 1991 4-4-2-W41. Engines ( edit ) 1964-1966 Oldsmobile 330 CID 4-barrel V8 1965-67 Oldsmobile 400 CID 4-barrel V8 (4.000 in (101.6 mm) bore and 3.975 in (101.0 mm) stroke) 1968-69 Oldsmobile 400 CID 4-barrel V8 (3.87 in (98 mm) bore and 4.25 in (108 mm) stroke) 290 hp 1970 Oldsmobile 455 CID 4-barrel V8 (4.126 in (104.8 mm) bore and 4.25 in (108 mm) stroke) 400 hp 1971 Oldsmobile 455 CID 4-barrel V8 (4.126 in (104.8 mm) bore and 4.25 in (108 mm) stroke) 340 hp; W30 350 hp 1972 L32 350 CID 2-barrel V8 , (160 hp and 275 lb ft (373 N m) in 1972) (H or J in VIN) 1972 L34 350 CID 4-barrel V8 , (180 hp and 275 lb ft (373 N m) in 1972) (K in VIN) 1972 L34 350 CID 4-barrel V8 w/N10 dual exhaust, (200 hp and 275 lb ft (373 N m) in 1972) (M in VIN) 1972 W30 455 CID 4-barrel V8 , (300 hp and 410 lb ft (556 N m) in 1972) (X in VIN w/ TH400 and M20) 1972 L75 455 CID 4-barrel V8 , (250 hp w/ TH400 and 370 lb ft (502 N m) in 1972) (U in VIN) 1972 L75 455 CID 4-barrel V8 , (270 hp w/ M20 and 370 lb ft (502 N m) in 1972) (V in VIN) -- used 2.07 valves and W30 automatic camshaft 1973-- 1976 455 CID V8 1973-- 1977, 1980 350 CID V8 1975-- 1976, 250 CID inline 6 1975-- 1980 260 CID V8 1977 403 CID V8 (185 hp and 320 lb ft (434 N m) in 1977) 1977-- 1979 231 CID V6 1978-- 1979 305 CID V8 1985-- 1987 307 CID V8 1990-1991 2.3 L LG0 Quad-4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: http://oldcarbrochures.com/new/021110/1965%20Oldsmobile%204-4-2%20Folder/1965%20Oldsmobile%204-4-2%20Folder-03.html 1965 Oldsmobile 4-4-2 Brochure Jump up ^ `` Driven: Front-wheel drive 1968 Oldsmobile A-body'' . Hemmings Motor News . ^ Jump up to: `` Car Craft'' . 1 . 1991: 52-- 55. ^ Jump up to: Gunnel l, Joh n (2006). Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-- 1972 . Krause Publications. ISBN 0-89689-433-9 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1965 Oldsmobile/album'' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012-06-01 . Jump up ^ Muscle Oldsmobiles!, Thomas Bonsall, Bookman Publishing, 1985, pg 4 Jump up ^ One must understand that unlike the Gen2 Olds engines ALL Pontiac engines are medium blocks and are dimensionally the same from 287 to 455 Jump up ^ Hot Rod , 3/86, p.54. ^ Jump up to: `` Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1968_Oldsmobile/1968_Oldsmobile_Sports_Brochure'' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012-06-01 . ^ Jump up to: `` Oldsmobile 442 -- Musclecarclub.com'' . Jump up ^ Oldsmobile 4-4-2 & W-Machines Restoration Guide, Sullivan, p. 99 Jump up ^ 4-4-2 A Source Book, Casteele, p. 63 Jump up ^ Kai Stephan Gruszczynski. `` oldsmobile 1976 cutlass 442 - the history of cars - exotic cars - customs - hot rods - classic cars - vintage cars -'' . powerful-cars.com . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1985 Oldsmobile/1985 Oldsmobile Cutlass Brochure - Album_2'' . oldcarbrochures.com . Jump up ^ `` Steve Magnante's 1001 Muscle Car Facts'' . google.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oldsmobile 442 . Oldsmobile 442 at the Internet Movie Cars Database ( hide ) Oldsmobile Vehicles Historic models Cars 442 Achieva Alero Aurora Curved Dash Custom Cruiser Cutlass Cutlass Calais Cutlass Ciera Cutlass Cruiser Cutlass Supreme F-85 Firenza F-Series Intrigue Jetstar I Limited Touring Model 20 Model 30 Omega Series 60 Series 70 Series 80 Series 90 Starfire Toronado Vista Cruiser SUVs Bravada Minivans Silhouette Concept models F-88 (1954) Golden Rocket (1956) Aerotech I (1987) Aerotech II (1989) Tube Car (1989) Aerotech III (1989) Expression (1990) Antares (1995) Alero Alpha (1997) Recon (1999) Profile (2000) O4 (2001) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldsmobile_442&oldid=798297837 '' Categories : Oldsmobile vehicles Convertibles Coupés Muscle cars 1960s automobiles 1970s automobiles Rear-wheel-drive vehicles 1980s automobiles Cars of the United States Hidden categories: Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017, at 02:52. 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how are oxidants beneficial to the human body | Early research on the role of antioxidants in biology focused on their use in preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fats , which is the cause of rancidity . Antioxidant activity could be measured simply by placing the fat in a closed container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption . However , it was the identification of vitamins A , C , and E as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in the biochemistry of living organisms . The possible mechanisms of action of antioxidants were first explored when it was recognized that a substance with anti-oxidative activity is likely to be one that is itself readily oxidized . Research into how vitamin E prevents the process of lipid peroxidation led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions , often by scavenging reactive oxygen species before they can damage cells . | [
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"An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules . Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals , leading to chain reactions that may damage cells . Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) terminate these chain reactions . The term `` antioxidant '' is mainly used for two different groups of substances : industrial chemicals which are added to products to prevent oxidation , and natural chemicals found in foods and body tissue which are said to have beneficial health effects .",
"To balance the oxidative state , plants and animals maintain complex systems of overlapping antioxidants , such as glutathione and enzymes ( e.g. , catalase and superoxide dismutase ) produced internally or the dietary antioxidants : vitamin A , vitamin C , and vitamin E .",
"Antioxidant dietary supplements do not improve health nor are they effective in preventing diseases . This includes supplements of beta - carotene , vitamin A , and vitamin E having no effect on mortality rate or cancer risk . Supplementation with selenium or vitamin E does not reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease .",
"Industrial antioxidants have diverse uses , including preservatives in food and cosmetics , and oxidation inhibitors in fuels .",
"Although certain levels of antioxidant vitamins in the diet are required for good health , there is considerable debate on whether antioxidant - rich foods or supplements have anti-disease activity . Moreover , if they are actually beneficial , it is unknown which antioxidant ( s ) are needed from the diet and in what amounts beyond typical dietary intake . Some authors dispute the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins could prevent chronic diseases , while others maintain such a possibility is unproved and misguided from the beginning .",
"Polyphenols , which often have antioxidant properties in vitro , are not necessarily antioxidants in vivo due to extensive metabolism . In many polyphenols , the catechol group acts as electron acceptor and is therefore responsible for the antioxidant activity . However , this catechol group undergoes extensive metabolism upon uptake in the human body , for example by catechol - O - methyl transferase , and is therefore no longer able to act as electron acceptor . Many polyphenols may have non-antioxidant roles in minute concentrations that affect cell - to - cell signaling , receptor sensitivity , inflammatory enzyme activity or gene regulation .",
"Although dietary antioxidants have been investigated for potential effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , these studies have been inconclusive .",
"Tirilazad is an antioxidant steroid derivative that inhibits the lipid peroxidation that is believed to play a key role in neuronal death in stroke and head injury . It demonstrated activity in animal models of stroke , but human trials demonstrated no effect on mortality or other outcomes in subarachnoid haemorrhage and worsened results in ischemic stroke .",
"Similarly , the designed antioxidant NXY - 059 exhibited efficacy in animal models , but failed to improve stroke outcomes in a clinical trial . As of November 2014 , other antioxidants are being studied as potential neuroprotectants .",
"Common pharmaceuticals ( and supplements ) with antioxidant properties may interfere with the efficacy of certain anticancer medication and radiation .",
"A 2016 systematic review examined antioxidant medications , such as allopurinol and acetylcysteine , as add on treatment for schizophrenia . Evidence was insufficient to determine benefits and there was potential for adverse effects .",
"A 2000 review reported that vitamin E supplementation provided no benefits to physical performance among athletes . Antioxidant supplementation may reduce the cardiovascular benefits of exercise .",
"Relatively strong reducing acids can have antinutrient effects by binding to dietary minerals such as iron and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing them from being absorbed . Notable examples are oxalic acid , tannins and phytic acid , which are high in plant - based diets . Calcium and iron deficiencies are not uncommon in diets in developing countries where less meat is eaten and there is high consumption of phytic acid from beans and unleavened whole grain bread .",
"Foods Reducing acid present Cocoa bean and chocolate , spinach , turnip and rhubarb . Oxalic acid Whole grains , maize , legumes . Phytic acid Tea , beans , cabbage . Tannins",
"Foods Reducing acid present",
"Cocoa bean and chocolate , spinach , turnip and rhubarb . Oxalic acid",
"Whole grains , maize , legumes . Phytic acid",
"Tea , beans , cabbage . Tannins",
"Nonpolar antioxidants such as eugenol -- a major component of oil of cloves -- have toxicity limits that can be exceeded with the misuse of undiluted essential oils . Toxicity associated with high doses of water - soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid are less of a concern , as these compounds can be excreted rapidly in urine . More seriously , very high doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long - term effects . The beta - carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial ( CARET ) study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta - carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer . Subsequent studies confirmed these adverse effects .",
"These harmful effects may also be seen in non-smokers , as a recent meta - analysis including data from approximately 230,000 patients showed that β - carotene , vitamin A or vitamin E supplementation is associated with increased mortality but saw no significant effect from vitamin C. No health risk was seen when all the randomized controlled studies were examined together , but an increase in mortality was detected when only high - quality and low - bias risk trials were examined separately . As the majority of these low - bias trials dealt with either elderly people , or people with disease , these results may not apply to the general population . This meta - analysis was later repeated and extended by the same authors , with the new analysis published by the Cochrane Collaboration ; this analysis confirmed the previous results . These two publications are consistent with some previous meta - analyzes that also suggested that Vitamin E supplementation increased mortality , and that antioxidant supplements increased the risk of colon cancer . Beta - carotene may also increase lung cancer . Overall , the large number of clinical trials carried out on antioxidant supplements suggest that either these products have no effect on health , or that they cause a small increase in mortality in elderly or vulnerable populations .",
"While antioxidant supplementation is widely used in attempts to prevent the development of cancer , antioxidants may interfere with cancer treatments , since the environment of cancer cells causes high levels of oxidative stress , making these cells more susceptible to the further oxidative stress induced by treatments . As a result , by reducing the redox stress in cancer cells , antioxidant supplements ( and pharmaceuticals ) could decrease the effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy . On the other hand , other reviews have suggested that antioxidants could reduce side effects or increase survival times .",
"A paradox in metabolism is that , while the vast majority of complex life on Earth requires oxygen for its existence , oxygen is a highly reactive molecule that damages living organisms by producing reactive oxygen species . Consequently , organisms contain a complex network of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that work together to prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as DNA , proteins and lipids . In general , antioxidant systems either prevent these reactive species from being formed , or remove them before they can damage vital components of the cell . However , reactive oxygen species also have useful cellular functions , such as redox signaling . Thus , the function of antioxidant systems is not to remove oxidants entirely , but instead to keep them at an optimum level .",
"The reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) , hypochlorous acid ( HClO ) , and free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) and the superoxide anion ( O ) . The hydroxyl radical is particularly unstable and will react rapidly and non-specifically with most biological molecules . This species is produced from hydrogen peroxide in metal - catalyzed redox reactions such as the Fenton reaction . These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation , or by oxidizing DNA or proteins . Damage to DNA can cause mutations and possibly cancer , if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms , while damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition , denaturation and protein degradation .",
"The use of oxygen as part of the process for generating metabolic energy produces reactive oxygen species . In this process , the superoxide anion is produced as a by - product of several steps in the electron transport chain . Particularly important is the reduction of coenzyme Q in complex III , since a highly reactive free radical is formed as an intermediate ( Q ) . This unstable intermediate can lead to electron `` leakage '' , when electrons jump directly to oxygen and form the superoxide anion , instead of moving through the normal series of well - controlled reactions of the electron transport chain . Peroxide is also produced from the oxidation of reduced flavoproteins , such as complex I . However , although these enzymes can produce oxidants , the relative importance of the electron transfer chain to other processes that generate peroxide is unclear . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , reactive oxygen species are also produced during photosynthesis , particularly under conditions of high light intensity . This effect is partly offset by the involvement of carotenoids in photoinhibition , and in algae and cyanobacteria , by large amount of iodide and selenium , which involves these antioxidants reacting with over-reduced forms of the photosynthetic reaction centres to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species .",
"Antioxidants are classified into two broad divisions , depending on whether they are soluble in water ( hydrophilic ) or in lipids ( lipophilic ) . In general , water - soluble antioxidants react with oxidants in the cell cytosol and the blood plasma , while lipid - soluble antioxidants protect cell membranes from lipid peroxidation . These compounds may be synthesized in the body or obtained from the diet . The different antioxidants are present at a wide range of concentrations in body fluids and tissues , with some such as glutathione or ubiquinone mostly present within cells , while others such as uric acid are more evenly distributed ( see table below ) . Some antioxidants are only found in a few organisms and these compounds can be important in pathogens and can be virulence factors .",
"The relative importance and interactions between these different antioxidants is a very complex question , with the various metabolites and enzyme systems having synergistic and interdependent effects on one another . The action of one antioxidant may therefore depend on the proper function of other members of the antioxidant system . The amount of protection provided by any one antioxidant will also depend on its concentration , its reactivity towards the particular reactive oxygen species being considered , and the status of the antioxidants with which it interacts .",
"Some compounds contribute to antioxidant defense by chelating transition metals and preventing them from catalyzing the production of free radicals in the cell . Particularly important is the ability to sequester iron , which is the function of iron - binding proteins such as transferrin and ferritin . Selenium and zinc are commonly referred to as antioxidant nutrients , but these chemical elements have no antioxidant action themselves and are instead required for the activity of some antioxidant enzymes , as is discussed below .",
"Antioxidant metabolite Solubility Concentration in human serum ( μM ) Concentration in liver tissue ( μmol / kg ) Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) Water 50 -- 60 260 ( human ) Glutathione Water 6,400 ( human ) Lipoic acid Water 0.1 -- 0.7 4 -- 5 ( rat ) Uric acid Water 200 -- 400 1,600 ( human ) Carotenes Lipid β - carotene : 0.5 -- 1 retinol ( vitamin A ) : 1 -- 3 5 ( human , total carotenoids ) α - Tocopherol ( vitamin E ) Lipid 10 -- 40 50 ( human ) Ubiquinol ( coenzyme Q ) Lipid 5 200 ( human )",
"Antioxidant metabolite Solubility Concentration in human serum ( μM ) Concentration in liver tissue ( μmol / kg )",
"Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) Water 50 -- 60 260 ( human )",
"Glutathione Water 6,400 ( human )",
"Lipoic acid Water 0.1 -- 0.7 4 -- 5 ( rat )",
"Uric acid Water 200 -- 400 1,600 ( human )",
"Carotenes Lipid β - carotene : 0.5 -- 1 retinol ( vitamin A ) : 1 -- 3 5 ( human , total carotenoids )",
"retinol ( vitamin A ) : 1 -- 3",
"α - Tocopherol ( vitamin E ) Lipid 10 -- 40 50 ( human )",
"Ubiquinol ( coenzyme Q ) Lipid 5 200 ( human )",
"Uric acid is by far the highest concentration antioxidant in human blood . Uric acid ( UA ) is an antioxidant oxypurine produced from xanthine by the enzyme xanthine oxidase , and is an intermediate product of purine metabolism . In almost all land animals , urate oxidase further catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin , but in humans and most higher primates , the urate oxidase gene is nonfunctional , so that UA is not further broken down . The evolutionary reasons for this loss of urate conversion to allantoin remain the topic of active speculation . The antioxidant effects of uric acid have led researchers to suggest this mutation was beneficial to early primates and humans . Studies of high altitude acclimatization support the hypothesis that urate acts as an antioxidant by mitigating the oxidative stress caused by high - altitude hypoxia .",
"Uric acid has the highest concentration of any blood antioxidant and provides over half of the total antioxidant capacity of human serum . Uric acid 's antioxidant activities are also complex , given that it does not react with some oxidants , such as superoxide , but does act against peroxynitrite , peroxides , and hypochlorous acid . Concerns over elevated UA 's contribution to gout must be considered as one of many risk factors . By itself , UA - related risk of gout at high levels ( 415 -- 530 μmol / L ) is only 0.5 % per year with an increase to 4.5 % per year at UA supersaturation levels ( 535 + μmol / L ) . Many of these aforementioned studies determined UA 's antioxidant actions within normal physiological levels , and some found antioxidant activity at levels as high as 285 μmol / L .",
"Ascorbic acid or `` vitamin C '' is a monosaccharide oxidation - reduction ( redox ) catalyst found in both animals and plants . As one of the enzymes needed to make ascorbic acid has been lost by mutation during primate evolution , humans must obtain it from the diet ; it is therefore a vitamin . Most other animals are able to produce this compound in their bodies and do not require it in their diets . Ascorbic acid is required for the conversion of the procollagen to collagen by oxidizing proline residues to hydroxyproline . In other cells , it is maintained in its reduced form by reaction with glutathione , which can be catalysed by protein disulfide isomerase and glutaredoxins . Ascorbic acid is a redox catalyst which can reduce , and thereby neutralize , reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide . In addition to its direct antioxidant effects , ascorbic acid is also a substrate for the redox enzyme ascorbate peroxidase , a function that is particularly important in stress resistance in plants . Ascorbic acid is present at high levels in all parts of plants and can reach concentrations of 20 millimolar in chloroplasts .",
"Glutathione is a cysteine - containing peptide found in most forms of aerobic life . It is not required in the diet and is instead synthesized in cells from its constituent amino acids . Glutathione has antioxidant properties since the thiol group in its cysteine moiety is a reducing agent and can be reversibly oxidized and reduced . In cells , glutathione is maintained in the reduced form by the enzyme glutathione reductase and in turn reduces other metabolites and enzyme systems , such as ascorbate in the glutathione - ascorbate cycle , glutathione peroxidases and glutaredoxins , as well as reacting directly with oxidants . Due to its high concentration and its central role in maintaining the cell 's redox state , glutathione is one of the most important cellular antioxidants . In some organisms glutathione is replaced by other thiols , such as by mycothiol in the Actinomycetes , bacillithiol in some Gram - positive bacteria , or by trypanothione in the Kinetoplastids .",
"Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant . Melatonin easily crosses cell membranes and the blood -- brain barrier . Unlike other antioxidants , melatonin does not undergo redox cycling , which is the ability of a molecule to undergo repeated reduction and oxidation . Redox cycling may allow other antioxidants ( such as vitamin C ) to act as pro-oxidants and promote free radical formation . Melatonin , once oxidized , can not be reduced to its former state because it forms several stable end - products upon reacting with free radicals . Therefore , it has been referred to as a terminal ( or suicidal ) antioxidant .",
"Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols , which are fat - soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties . Of these , α - tocopherol has been most studied as it has the highest bioavailability , with the body preferentially absorbing and metabolising this form .",
"It has been claimed that the α - tocopherol form is the most important lipid - soluble antioxidant , and that it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction . This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the propagation reaction from continuing . This reaction produces oxidised α - tocopheroxyl radicals that can be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants , such as ascorbate , retinol or ubiquinol . This is in line with findings showing that α - tocopherol , but not water - soluble antioxidants , efficiently protects glutathione peroxidase 4 ( GPX4 ) - deficient cells from cell death . GPx4 is the only known enzyme that efficiently reduces lipid - hydroperoxides within biological membranes .",
"However , the roles and importance of the various forms of vitamin E are presently unclear , and it has even been suggested that the most important function of α - tocopherol is as a signaling molecule , with this molecule having no significant role in antioxidant metabolism . The functions of the other forms of vitamin E are even less well understood , although γ - tocopherol is a nucleophile that may react with electrophilic mutagens , and tocotrienols may be important in protecting neurons from damage .",
"Antioxidants that are reducing agents can also act as pro-oxidants . For example , vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide , however , it will also reduce metal ions that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction .",
"2 Fe + Ascorbate → 2 Fe + Dehydroascorbate 2 Fe + 2 H O → 2 Fe + 2 OH + 2 OH",
"2 Fe + Ascorbate → 2 Fe + Dehydroascorbate 2 Fe + 2 H O → 2 Fe + 2 OH + 2 OH",
"2 Fe + 2 H O → 2 Fe + 2 OH + 2 OH",
"2 Fe + 2 H O → 2 Fe + 2 OH + 2 OH",
"The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research , but vitamin C , which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides , appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body . However , less data is available for other dietary antioxidants , such as vitamin E , or the polyphenols . Likewise , the pathogenesis of diseases involving hyperuricemia likely involve uric acid 's direct and indirect pro-oxidant properties .",
"That is , paradoxically , agents which are normally considered antioxidants can act as conditional pro-oxidants and actually increase oxidative stress . Besides ascorbate , medically important conditional pro-oxidants include uric acid and sulfhydryl amino acids such as homocysteine . Typically , this involves some transition - series metal such as copper or iron as catalyst . The potential role of the pro-oxidant role of uric acid in ( e.g. ) atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke is considered above . Another example is the postulated role of homocysteine in atherosclerosis .",
"Some antioxidant supplements may promote disease and increase mortality in humans under certain conditions . Hypothetically , free radicals induce an endogenous response that protects against exogenous radicals ( and possibly other toxic compounds ) . Free radicals may increase life span . This increase may be prevented by antioxidants , providing direct evidence that toxic radicals may mitohormetically exert life extending and health promoting effects .",
"As with the chemical antioxidants , cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes . Here , the superoxide released by processes such as oxidative phosphorylation is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and then further reduced to give water . This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes , with superoxide dismutases catalysing the first step and then catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide . As with antioxidant metabolites , the contributions of these enzymes to antioxidant defenses can be hard to separate from one another , but the generation of transgenic mice lacking just one antioxidant enzyme can be informative .",
"Superoxide dismutases ( SODs ) are a class of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide . SOD enzymes are present in almost all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids . Superoxide dismutase enzymes contain metal ion cofactors that , depending on the isozyme , can be copper , zinc , manganese or iron . In humans , the copper / zinc SOD is present in the cytosol , while manganese SOD is present in the mitochondrion . There also exists a third form of SOD in extracellular fluids , which contains copper and zinc in its active sites . The mitochondrial isozyme seems to be the most biologically important of these three , since mice lacking this enzyme die soon after birth . In contrast , the mice lacking copper / zinc SOD ( Sod1 ) are viable but have numerous pathologies and a reduced lifespan ( see article on superoxide ) , while mice without the extracellular SOD have minimal defects ( sensitive to hyperoxia ) . In plants , SOD isozymes are present in the cytosol and mitochondria , with an iron SOD found in chloroplasts that is absent from vertebrates and yeast .",
"Catalases are enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen , using either an iron or manganese cofactor . This protein is localized to peroxisomes in most eukaryotic cells . Catalase is an unusual enzyme since , although hydrogen peroxide is its only substrate , it follows a ping - pong mechanism . Here , its cofactor is oxidised by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide and then regenerated by transferring the bound oxygen to a second molecule of substrate . Despite its apparent importance in hydrogen peroxide removal , humans with genetic deficiency of catalase -- `` acatalasemia '' -- or mice genetically engineered to lack catalase completely , suffer few ill effects .",
"Peroxiredoxins are peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide , organic hydroperoxides , as well as peroxynitrite . They are divided into three classes : typical 2 - cysteine peroxiredoxins ; atypical 2 - cysteine peroxiredoxins ; and 1 - cysteine peroxiredoxins . These enzymes share the same basic catalytic mechanism , in which a redox - active cysteine ( the peroxidatic cysteine ) in the active site is oxidized to a sulfenic acid by the peroxide substrate . Over-oxidation of this cysteine residue in peroxiredoxins inactivates these enzymes , but this can be reversed by the action of sulfiredoxin . Peroxiredoxins seem to be important in antioxidant metabolism , as mice lacking peroxiredoxin 1 or 2 have shortened lifespan and suffer from hemolytic anaemia , while plants use peroxiredoxins to remove hydrogen peroxide generated in chloroplasts .",
"The thioredoxin system contains the 12 - k Da protein thioredoxin and its companion thioredoxin reductase . Proteins related to thioredoxin are present in all sequenced organisms . Plants , such as Arabidopsis thaliana , have a particularly great diversity of isoforms . The active site of thioredoxin consists of two neighboring cysteines , as part of a highly conserved CXXC motif , that can cycle between an active dithiol form ( reduced ) and an oxidized disulfide form . In its active state , thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent , scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining other proteins in their reduced state . After being oxidized , the active thioredoxin is regenerated by the action of thioredoxin reductase , using NADPH as an electron donor .",
"The glutathione system includes glutathione , glutathione reductase , glutathione peroxidases , and glutathione S - transferases . This system is found in animals , plants and microorganisms . Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme containing four selenium - cofactors that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides . There are at least four different glutathione peroxidase isozymes in animals . Glutathione peroxidase 1 is the most abundant and is a very efficient scavenger of hydrogen peroxide , while glutathione peroxidase 4 is most active with lipid hydroperoxides . Surprisingly , glutathione peroxidase 1 is dispensable , as mice lacking this enzyme have normal lifespans , but they are hypersensitive to induced oxidative stress . In addition , the glutathione S - transferases show high activity with lipid peroxides . These enzymes are at particularly high levels in the liver and also serve in detoxification metabolism .",
"Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases including Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , the pathologies caused by diabetes , rheumatoid arthritis , and neurodegeneration in motor neuron diseases . In many of these cases , it is unclear if oxidants trigger the disease , or if they are produced as a secondary consequence of the disease and from general tissue damage ; One case in which this link is particularly well understood is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease . Here , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) oxidation appears to trigger the process of atherogenesis , which results in atherosclerosis , and finally cardiovascular disease .",
"Oxidative damage in DNA can cause cancer . Several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase , glutathione reductase , glutathione S - transferase etc. protect DNA from oxidative stress . It has been proposed that polymorphisms in these enzymes are associated with DNA damage and subsequently the individual 's risk of cancer susceptibility .",
"A low calorie diet extends median and maximum lifespan in many animals . This effect may involve a reduction in oxidative stress . While there is some evidence to support the role of oxidative stress in aging in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans , the evidence in mammals is less clear . Indeed , a 2009 review of experiments in mice concluded that almost all manipulations of antioxidant systems had no effect on aging .",
"Antioxidants are used as food additives to help guard against food deterioration . Exposure to oxygen and sunlight are the two main factors in the oxidation of food , so food is preserved by keeping in the dark and sealing it in containers or even coating it in wax , as with cucumbers . However , as oxygen is also important for plant respiration , storing plant materials in anaerobic conditions produces unpleasant flavors and unappealing colors . Consequently , packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables contains an ~ 8 % oxygen atmosphere . Antioxidants are an especially important class of preservatives as , unlike bacterial or fungal spoilage , oxidation reactions still occur relatively rapidly in frozen or refrigerated food . These preservatives include natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid ( AA , E300 ) and tocopherols ( E306 ) , as well as synthetic antioxidants such as propyl gallate ( PG , E310 ) , tertiary butylhydroquinone ( TBHQ ) , butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA , E320 ) and butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT , E321 ) .",
"The most common molecules attacked by oxidation are unsaturated fats ; oxidation causes them to turn rancid . Since oxidized lipids are often discolored and usually have unpleasant tastes such as metallic or sulfurous flavors , it is important to avoid oxidation in fat - rich foods . Thus , these foods are rarely preserved by drying ; instead , they are preserved by smoking , salting or fermenting . Even less fatty foods such as fruits are sprayed with sulfurous antioxidants prior to air drying . Oxidation is often catalyzed by metals , which is why fats such as butter should never be wrapped in aluminium foil or kept in metal containers . Some fatty foods such as olive oil are partially protected from oxidation by their natural content of antioxidants , but remain sensitive to photooxidation . Antioxidant preservatives are also added to fat based cosmetics such as lipstick and moisturizers to prevent rancidity .",
"Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products . A common use is as stabilizers in fuels and lubricants to prevent oxidation , and in gasolines to prevent the polymerization that leads to the formation of engine - fouling residues . In 2014 , the worldwide market for natural and synthetic antioxidants was US $2.25 billion with a forecast of growth to $3.25 billion by 2020 .",
"They are widely used to prevent the oxidative degradation of polymers such as rubbers , plastics and adhesives that causes a loss of strength and flexibility in these materials . Polymers containing double bonds in their main chains , such as natural rubber and polybutadiene , are especially susceptible to oxidation and ozonolysis . They can be protected by antiozonants . Solid polymer products start to crack on exposed surfaces as the material degrades and the chains break . The mode of cracking varies between oxygen and ozone attack , the former causing a `` crazy paving '' effect , while ozone attack produces deeper cracks aligned at right angles to the tensile strain in the product . Oxidation and UV degradation are also frequently linked , mainly because UV radiation creates free radicals by bond breakage . The free radicals then react with oxygen to produce peroxy radicals which cause yet further damage , often in a chain reaction . Other polymers susceptible to oxidation include polypropylene and polyethylene . The former is more sensitive owing to the presence of secondary carbon atoms present in every repeat unit . Attack occurs at this point because the free radical formed is more stable than one formed on a primary carbon atom . Oxidation of polyethylene tends to occur at weak links in the chain , such as branch points in low - density polyethylene .",
"Fuel additive Components Applications AO - 22 N , N ' - di - 2 - butyl - 1 , 4 - phenylenediamine Turbine oils , transformer oils , hydraulic fluids , waxes , and greases AO - 24 N , N ' - di - 2 - butyl - 1 , 4 - phenylenediamine Low - temperature oils AO - 29 2 , 6 - di - tert - butyl - 4 - methylphenol Turbine oils , transformer oils , hydraulic fluids , waxes , greases , and gasolines AO - 30 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , including aviation gasolines AO - 31 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , including aviation gasolines AO - 32 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol and 2 , 6 - di - tert - butyl - 4 - methylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , including aviation gasolines AO - 37 2 , 6 - di - tert - butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , widely approved for aviation fuels",
"Fuel additive Components Applications",
"AO - 22 N , N ' - di - 2 - butyl - 1 , 4 - phenylenediamine Turbine oils , transformer oils , hydraulic fluids , waxes , and greases",
"AO - 24 N , N ' - di - 2 - butyl - 1 , 4 - phenylenediamine Low - temperature oils",
"AO - 29 2 , 6 - di - tert - butyl - 4 - methylphenol Turbine oils , transformer oils , hydraulic fluids , waxes , greases , and gasolines",
"AO - 30 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , including aviation gasolines",
"AO - 31 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , including aviation gasolines",
"AO - 32 2 , 4 - dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol and 2 , 6 - di - tert - butyl - 4 - methylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , including aviation gasolines",
"AO - 37 2 , 6 - di - tert - butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines , widely approved for aviation fuels",
"Antioxidant vitamins are found in vegetables , fruits , eggs , legumes and nuts . Vitamins A , C , and E can be destroyed by long - term storage or prolonged cooking . The effects of cooking and food processing are complex , as these processes can also increase the bioavailability of antioxidants , such as some carotenoids in vegetables . Processed food contains fewer antioxidant vitamins than fresh and uncooked foods , as preparation exposes food to heat and oxygen .",
"Antioxidant vitamins Foods containing high levels of antioxidant vitamins Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) Fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables Vitamin E ( tocopherols , tocotrienols ) Vegetable oils , nuts , and seeds Carotenoids ( carotenes as provitamin A ) Fruit , vegetables and eggs",
"Antioxidant vitamins Foods containing high levels of antioxidant vitamins",
"Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) Fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables",
"Vitamin E ( tocopherols , tocotrienols ) Vegetable oils , nuts , and seeds",
"Carotenoids ( carotenes as provitamin A ) Fruit , vegetables and eggs",
"Other antioxidants are not obtained from the diet , but instead are made in the body . For example , ubiquinol ( coenzyme Q ) is poorly absorbed from the gut and is made through the mevalonate pathway . Another example is glutathione , which is made from amino acids . As any glutathione in the gut is broken down to free cysteine , glycine and glutamic acid before being absorbed , even large oral intake has little effect on the concentration of glutathione in the body . Although large amounts of sulfur - containing amino acids such as acetylcysteine can increase glutathione , no evidence exists that eating high levels of these glutathione precursors is beneficial for healthy adults .",
"Measurement of antioxidant content in food is not a straightforward process , as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species . In food science , the oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) was once an industry standard for antioxidant strength of whole foods , juices and food additives . However , the United States Department of Agriculture withdrew these ratings in 2012 as biologically invalid , stating that no physiological proof in vivo existed to support the free - radical theory or roles for ingested phytochemicals , especially for polyphenols . Consequently , the ORAC method , derived only from in vitro experiments , is no longer considered relevant to human diets or biology .",
"Alternative in vitro measurements of antioxidant content in foods include the Folin - Ciocalteu reagent , and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay .",
"As part of their adaptation from marine life , terrestrial plants began producing non-marine antioxidants such as ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) , polyphenols and tocopherols . The evolution of angiosperm plants between 50 and 200 million years ago resulted in the development of many antioxidant pigments -- particularly during the Jurassic period -- as chemical defences against reactive oxygen species that are byproducts of photosynthesis . Originally , the term antioxidant specifically referred to a chemical that prevented the consumption of oxygen . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , extensive study concentrated on the use of antioxidants in important industrial processes , such as the prevention of metal corrosion , the vulcanization of rubber , and the polymerization of fuels in the fouling of internal combustion engines .",
"Early research on the role of antioxidants in biology focused on their use in preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fats , which is the cause of rancidity . Antioxidant activity could be measured simply by placing the fat in a closed container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption . However , it was the identification of vitamins A , C , and E as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in the biochemistry of living organisms . The possible mechanisms of action of antioxidants were first explored when it was recognized that a substance with anti-oxidative activity is likely to be one that is itself readily oxidized . Research into how vitamin E prevents the process of lipid peroxidation led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions , often by scavenging reactive oxygen species before they can damage cells ."
] | Antioxidant - wikipedia Antioxidant Jump to: navigation , search Model of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione . The yellow sphere is the redox-active sulfur atom that provides antioxidant activity, while the red, blue, white, and dark grey spheres represent oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms, respectively. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals , leading to chain reactions that may damage cells . Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid (vitamin C) terminate these chain reactions. The term `` antioxidant'' is mainly used for two different groups of substances: industrial chemicals which are added to products to prevent oxidation, and natural chemicals found in foods and body tissue which are said to have beneficial health effects. To balance the oxidative state, plants and animals maintain complex systems of overlapping antioxidants, such as glutathione and enzymes (e.g., catalase and superoxide dismutase ) produced internally or the dietary antioxidants: vitamin A , vitamin C , and vitamin E . Antioxidant dietary supplements do not improve health nor are they effective in preventing diseases. This includes supplements of beta-carotene , vitamin A, and vitamin E having no effect on mortality rate or cancer risk. Supplementation with selenium or vitamin E does not reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease . Industrial antioxidants have diverse uses, including preservatives in food and cosmetics, and oxidation inhibitors in fuels. Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Relation to diet 1.2 Drug candidates 1.3 Physical exercise 1.4 Adverse effects 2 Oxidative challenge in biology 3 Metabolites 3.1 Uric acid 3.2 Vitamin C 3.3 Glutathione 3.4 Melatonin 3.5 Vitamin E 4 Pro-oxidant activities 4.1 Negative health effects 5 Enzyme systems 5.1 Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxiredoxins 5.2 Thioredoxin and glutathione systems 6 Oxidative stress in disease 7 Uses in technology 7.1 Food preservatives 7.2 Industrial uses 8 Levels in food 8.1 Measurement and invalidation of ORAC 9 History 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Health effects ( edit ) Relation to diet ( edit ) Although certain levels of antioxidant vitamins in the diet are required for good health, there is considerable debate on whether antioxidant-rich foods or supplements have anti-disease activity. Moreover, if they are actually beneficial, it is unknown which antioxidant(s) are needed from the diet and in what amounts beyond typical dietary intake. Some authors dispute the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins could prevent chronic diseases, while others maintain such a possibility is unproved and misguided from the beginning. Polyphenols , which often have antioxidant properties in vitro , are not necessarily antioxidants in vivo due to extensive metabolism. In many polyphenols, the catechol group acts as electron acceptor and is therefore responsible for the antioxidant activity. However, this catechol group undergoes extensive metabolism upon uptake in the human body, for example by catechol-O-methyl transferase , and is therefore no longer able to act as electron acceptor. Many polyphenols may have non-antioxidant roles in minute concentrations that affect cell-to-cell signaling , receptor sensitivity, inflammatory enzyme activity or gene regulation . Although dietary antioxidants have been investigated for potential effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease , Parkinson's disease , and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , these studies have been inconclusive. Drug candidates ( edit ) Tirilazad is an antioxidant steroid derivative that inhibits the lipid peroxidation that is believed to play a key role in neuronal death in stroke and head injury. It demonstrated activity in animal models of stroke, but human trials demonstrated no effect on mortality or other outcomes in subarachnoid haemorrhage and worsened results in ischemic stroke. Similarly, the designed antioxidant NXY-059 exhibited efficacy in animal models, but failed to improve stroke outcomes in a clinical trial. As of November 2014, other antioxidants are being studied as potential neuroprotectants. Common pharmaceuticals (and supplements) with antioxidant properties may interfere with the efficacy of certain anticancer medication and radiation. A 2016 systematic review examined antioxidant medications, such as allopurinol and acetylcysteine , as add on treatment for schizophrenia. Evidence was insufficient to determine benefits and there was potential for adverse effects . Physical exercise ( edit ) A 2000 review reported that vitamin E supplementation provided no benefits to physical performance among athletes. Antioxidant supplementation may reduce the cardiovascular benefits of exercise. Adverse effects ( edit ) See also: Antioxidative stress Structure of the metal chelator phytic acid . Relatively strong reducing acids can have antinutrient effects by binding to dietary minerals such as iron and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing them from being absorbed. Notable examples are oxalic acid , tannins and phytic acid , which are high in plant-based diets. Calcium and iron deficiencies are not uncommon in diets in developing countries where less meat is eaten and there is high consumption of phytic acid from beans and unleavened whole grain bread. Foods Reducing acid present Cocoa bean and chocolate, spinach , turnip and rhubarb . Oxalic acid Whole grains , maize, legumes . Phytic acid Tea, beans , cabbage . Tannins Nonpolar antioxidants such as eugenol -- a major component of oil of cloves -- have toxicity limits that can be exceeded with the misuse of undiluted essential oils . Toxicity associated with high doses of water-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid are less of a concern, as these compounds can be excreted rapidly in urine . More seriously, very high doses of some antioxidants may have harmful long-term effects. The beta-carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) study of lung cancer patients found that smokers given supplements containing beta-carotene and vitamin A had increased rates of lung cancer. Subsequent studies confirmed these adverse effects. These harmful effects may also be seen in non-smokers, as a recent meta-analysis including data from approximately 230,000 patients showed that β -carotene, vitamin A or vitamin E supplementation is associated with increased mortality but saw no significant effect from vitamin C. No health risk was seen when all the randomized controlled studies were examined together, but an increase in mortality was detected when only high-quality and low-bias risk trials were examined separately. As the majority of these low-bias trials dealt with either elderly people , or people with disease, these results may not apply to the general population. This meta-analysis was later repeated and extended by the same authors, with the new analysis published by the Cochrane Collaboration ; this analysis confirmed the previous results. These two publications are consistent with some previous meta-analyzes that also suggested that Vitamin E supplementation increased mortality, and that antioxidant supplements increased the risk of colon cancer . Beta-carotene may also increase lung cancer. Overall, the large number of clinical trials carried out on antioxidant supplements suggest that either these products have no effect on health, or that they cause a small increase in mortality in elderly or vulnerable populations. While antioxidant supplementation is widely used in attempts to prevent the development of cancer, antioxidants may interfere with cancer treatments, since the environment of cancer cells causes high levels of oxidative stress, making these cells more susceptible to the further oxidative stress induced by treatments. As a result, by reducing the redox stress in cancer cells, antioxidant supplements (and pharmaceuticals) could decrease the effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy . On the other hand, other reviews have suggested that antioxidants could reduce side effects or increase survival times. Oxidative challenge in Biology ( edit ) Further information: Oxidative stress The structure of the antioxidant vitamin ascorbic acid (vitamin C). A paradox in metabolism is that, while the vast majority of complex life on Earth requires oxygen for its existence, oxygen is a highly reactive molecule that damages living organisms by producing reactive oxygen species . Consequently, organisms contain a complex network of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that work together to prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as DNA , proteins and lipids . In general, antioxidant systems either prevent these reactive species from being formed, or remove them before they can damage vital components of the cell. However, reactive oxygen species also have useful cellular functions, such as redox signaling . Thus, the function of antioxidant systems is not to remove oxidants entirely, but instead to keep them at an optimum level. The reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hydrogen peroxide (H O ), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical ( OH) and the superoxide anion (O ). The hydroxyl radical is particularly unstable and will react rapidly and non-specifically with most biological molecules. This species is produced from hydrogen peroxide in metal-catalyzed redox reactions such as the Fenton reaction . These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation , or by oxidizing DNA or proteins. Damage to DNA can cause mutations and possibly cancer, if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms, while damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition, denaturation and protein degradation . The use of oxygen as part of the process for generating metabolic energy produces reactive oxygen species. In this process, the superoxide anion is produced as a by-product of several steps in the electron transport chain . Particularly important is the reduction of coenzyme Q in complex III , since a highly reactive free radical is formed as an intermediate (Q ). This unstable intermediate can lead to electron `` leakage'' , when electrons jump directly to oxygen and form the superoxide anion, instead of moving through the normal series of well-controlled reactions of the electron transport chain. Peroxide is also produced from the oxidation of reduced flavoproteins , such as complex I . However, although these enzymes can produce oxidants, the relative importance of the electron transfer chain to other processes that generate peroxide is unclear. In plants, algae , and cyanobacteria , reactive oxygen species are also produced during photosynthesis , particularly under conditions of high light intensity . This effect is partly offset by the involvement of carotenoids in photoinhibition , and in algae and cyanobacteria, by large amount of iodide and selenium , which involves these antioxidants reacting with over-reduced forms of the photosynthetic reaction centres to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species. Metabolites ( edit ) Antioxidants are classified into two broad divisions, depending on whether they are soluble in water ( hydrophilic ) or in lipids ( lipophilic ). In general, water-soluble antioxidants react with oxidants in the cell cytosol and the blood plasma , while lipid-soluble antioxidants protect cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. These compounds may be synthesized in the body or obtained from the diet. The different antioxidants are present at a wide range of concentrations in body fluids and tissues, with some such as glutathione or ubiquinone mostly present within cells, while others such as uric acid are more evenly distributed (see table below). Some antioxidants are only found in a few organisms and these compounds can be important in pathogens and can be virulence factors . The relative importance and interactions between these different antioxidants is a very complex question, with the various metabolites and enzyme systems having synergistic and interdependent effects on one another. The action of one antioxidant may therefore depend on the proper function of other members of the antioxidant system. The amount of protection provided by any one antioxidant will also depend on its concentration, its reactivity towards the particular reactive oxygen species being considered, and the status of the antioxidants with which it interacts. Some compounds contribute to antioxidant defense by chelating transition metals and preventing them from catalyzing the production of free radicals in the cell. Particularly important is the ability to sequester iron, which is the function of iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and ferritin . Selenium and zinc are commonly referred to as antioxidant nutrients , but these chemical elements have no antioxidant action themselves and are instead required for the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, as is discussed below. Antioxidant metabolite Solubility Concentration in human serum ( μM ) Concentration in liver tissue ( μmol /kg ) Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) Water 50-- 60 260 (human) Glutathione Water 6,400 (human) Lipoic acid Water 0.1-- 0.7 4-- 5 (rat) Uric acid Water 200-- 400 1,600 (human) Carotenes Lipid β -carotene : 0.5-- 1 retinol (vitamin A): 1-- 3 5 (human, total carotenoids) α -Tocopherol (vitamin E) Lipid 10-- 40 50 (human) Ubiquinol (coenzyme Q) Lipid 5 200 (human) Uric acid ( edit ) Uric acid is by far the highest concentration antioxidant in human blood. Uric acid (UA) is an antioxidant oxypurine produced from xanthine by the enzyme xanthine oxidase , and is an intermediate product of purine metabolism. In almost all land animals, urate oxidase further catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin , but in humans and most higher primates, the urate oxidase gene is nonfunctional, so that UA is not further broken down. The evolutionary reasons for this loss of urate conversion to allantoin remain the topic of active speculation. The antioxidant effects of uric acid have led researchers to suggest this mutation was beneficial to early primates and humans. Studies of high altitude acclimatization support the hypothesis that urate acts as an antioxidant by mitigating the oxidative stress caused by high-altitude hypoxia. Uric acid has the highest concentration of any blood antioxidant and provides over half of the total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Uric acid's antioxidant activities are also complex, given that it does not react with some oxidants, such as superoxide , but does act against peroxynitrite , peroxides , and hypochlorous acid . Concerns over elevated UA's contribution to gout must be considered as one of many risk factors. By itself, UA-related risk of gout at high levels (415-- 530 μmol /L) is only 0.5% per year with an increase to 4.5% per year at UA supersaturation levels (535+ μmol /L). Many of these aforementioned studies determined UA's antioxidant actions within normal physiological levels, and some found antioxidant activity at levels as high as 285 μmol /L. Vitamin C ( edit ) Ascorbic acid or `` vitamin C '' is a monosaccharide oxidation-reduction ( redox ) catalyst found in both animals and plants. As one of the enzymes needed to make ascorbic acid has been lost by mutation during primate evolution , humans must obtain it from the diet; it is therefore a vitamin. Most other animals are able to produce this compound in their bodies and do not require it in their diets. Ascorbic acid is required for the conversion of the procollagen to collagen by oxidizing proline residues to hydroxyproline . In other cells, it is maintained in its reduced form by reaction with glutathione, which can be catalysed by protein disulfide isomerase and glutaredoxins . Ascorbic acid is a redox catalyst which can reduce, and thereby neutralize, reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. In addition to its direct antioxidant effects, ascorbic acid is also a substrate for the redox enzyme ascorbate peroxidase , a function that is particularly important in stress resistance in plants. Ascorbic acid is present at high levels in all parts of plants and can reach concentrations of 20 millimolar in chloroplasts . Glutathione ( edit ) The free radical mechanism of lipid peroxidation. Glutathione is a cysteine -containing peptide found in most forms of aerobic life. It is not required in the diet and is instead synthesized in cells from its constituent amino acids . Glutathione has antioxidant properties since the thiol group in its cysteine moiety is a reducing agent and can be reversibly oxidized and reduced. In cells, glutathione is maintained in the reduced form by the enzyme glutathione reductase and in turn reduces other metabolites and enzyme systems, such as ascorbate in the glutathione-ascorbate cycle , glutathione peroxidases and glutaredoxins , as well as reacting directly with oxidants. Due to its high concentration and its central role in maintaining the cell's redox state, glutathione is one of the most important cellular antioxidants. In some organisms glutathione is replaced by other thiols, such as by mycothiol in the Actinomycetes , bacillithiol in some Gram-positive bacteria , or by trypanothione in the Kinetoplastids . Melatonin ( edit ) Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant. Melatonin easily crosses cell membranes and the blood-- brain barrier . Unlike other antioxidants, melatonin does not undergo redox cycling , which is the ability of a molecule to undergo repeated reduction and oxidation . Redox cycling may allow other antioxidants (such as vitamin C) to act as pro-oxidants and promote free radical formation. Melatonin, once oxidized, cannot be reduced to its former state because it forms several stable end-products upon reacting with free radicals. Therefore, it has been referred to as a terminal (or suicidal) antioxidant. Vitamin E ( edit ) Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols , which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties. Of these, α -tocopherol has been most studied as it has the highest bioavailability , with the body preferentially absorbing and metabolising this form. It has been claimed that the α -tocopherol form is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant, and that it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the propagation reaction from continuing. This reaction produces oxidised α -tocopheroxyl radicals that can be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol. This is in line with findings showing that α -tocopherol, but not water-soluble antioxidants, efficiently protects glutathione peroxidase 4 ( GPX4 )-deficient cells from cell death. GPx4 is the only known enzyme that efficiently reduces lipid-hydroperoxides within biological membranes. However, the roles and importance of the various forms of vitamin E are presently unclear, and it has even been suggested that the most important function of α -tocopherol is as a signaling molecule , with this molecule having no significant role in antioxidant metabolism. The functions of the other forms of vitamin E are even less well understood, although γ -tocopherol is a nucleophile that may react with electrophilic mutagens, and tocotrienols may be important in protecting neurons from damage. Pro-oxidant activities ( edit ) Further information: Pro-oxidant Antioxidants that are reducing agents can also act as pro-oxidants. For example, vitamin C has antioxidant activity when it reduces oxidizing substances such as hydrogen peroxide, however, it will also reduce metal ions that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction . 2 Fe + Ascorbate → 2 Fe + Dehydroascorbate 2 Fe + 2 H O → 2 Fe + 2 OH + 2 OH The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research, but vitamin C, which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides, appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body. However, less data is available for other dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or the polyphenols . Likewise, the pathogenesis of diseases involving hyperuricemia likely involve uric acid's direct and indirect pro-oxidant properties. That is, paradoxically, agents which are normally considered antioxidants can act as conditional pro-oxidants and actually increase oxidative stress. Besides ascorbate, medically important conditional pro-oxidants include uric acid and sulfhydryl amino acids such as homocysteine . Typically, this involves some transition-series metal such as copper or iron as catalyst. The potential role of the pro-oxidant role of uric acid in (e.g.) atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke is considered above. Another example is the postulated role of homocysteine in atherosclerosis. Negative health effects ( edit ) Some antioxidant supplements may promote disease and increase mortality in humans under certain conditions. Hypothetically, free radicals induce an endogenous response that protects against exogenous radicals (and possibly other toxic compounds). Free radicals may increase life span. This increase may be prevented by antioxidants, providing direct evidence that toxic radicals may mitohormetically exert life extending and health promoting effects. Enzyme systems ( edit ) O 2 Oxygen ⟶ ⋅ O 2 − Superoxide → Superoxide dismutase H 2 O 2 Hydrogen peroxide → Peroxidases catalase H 2 O Water (\displaystyle (\ce ((\underset (Oxygen)(O2))-> (\underset (Superoxide)(*O2^(-)))-> ((() \atop (\ce (Superoxide \atop dismutase))))(\underset (Hydrogen \atop peroxide)(H2O2))-> ((() \atop (\ce (Peroxidases \atop catalase))))(\underset (Water)(H2O))))) Enzymatic pathway for detoxification of reactive oxygen species. As with the chemical antioxidants, cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes. Here, the superoxide released by processes such as oxidative phosphorylation is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and then further reduced to give water. This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes, with superoxide dismutases catalysing the first step and then catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide. As with antioxidant metabolites, the contributions of these enzymes to antioxidant defenses can be hard to separate from one another, but the generation of transgenic mice lacking just one antioxidant enzyme can be informative. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxiredoxins ( edit ) Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a class of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SOD enzymes are present in almost all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids. Superoxide dismutase enzymes contain metal ion cofactors that, depending on the isozyme, can be copper, zinc, manganese or iron. In humans, the copper/zinc SOD is present in the cytosol , while manganese SOD is present in the mitochondrion . There also exists a third form of SOD in extracellular fluids , which contains copper and zinc in its active sites. The mitochondrial isozyme seems to be the most biologically important of these three, since mice lacking this enzyme die soon after birth. In contrast, the mice lacking copper/zinc SOD (Sod1) are viable but have numerous pathologies and a reduced lifespan (see article on superoxide ), while mice without the extracellular SOD have minimal defects (sensitive to hyperoxia ). In plants, SOD isozymes are present in the cytosol and mitochondria, with an iron SOD found in chloroplasts that is absent from vertebrates and yeast . Catalases are enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, using either an iron or manganese cofactor. This protein is localized to peroxisomes in most eukaryotic cells. Catalase is an unusual enzyme since, although hydrogen peroxide is its only substrate, it follows a ping-pong mechanism . Here, its cofactor is oxidised by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide and then regenerated by transferring the bound oxygen to a second molecule of substrate. Despite its apparent importance in hydrogen peroxide removal, humans with genetic deficiency of catalase -- `` acatalasemia '' -- or mice genetically engineered to lack catalase completely, suffer few ill effects. Decameric structure of AhpC, a bacterial 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin from Salmonella typhimurium . Peroxiredoxins are peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides , as well as peroxynitrite . They are divided into three classes: typical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins; atypical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins; and 1-cysteine peroxiredoxins. These enzymes share the same basic catalytic mechanism, in which a redox-active cysteine (the peroxidatic cysteine) in the active site is oxidized to a sulfenic acid by the peroxide substrate. Over-oxidation of this cysteine residue in peroxiredoxins inactivates these enzymes, but this can be reversed by the action of sulfiredoxin . Peroxiredoxins seem to be important in antioxidant metabolism, as mice lacking peroxiredoxin 1 or 2 have shortened lifespan and suffer from hemolytic anaemia , while plants use peroxiredoxins to remove hydrogen peroxide generated in chloroplasts. Thioredoxin and glutathione systems ( edit ) The thioredoxin system contains the 12-k Da protein thioredoxin and its companion thioredoxin reductase . Proteins related to thioredoxin are present in all sequenced organisms. Plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana , have a particularly great diversity of isoforms. The active site of thioredoxin consists of two neighboring cysteines, as part of a highly conserved CXXC motif , that can cycle between an active dithiol form (reduced) and an oxidized disulfide form. In its active state, thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent, scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining other proteins in their reduced state. After being oxidized, the active thioredoxin is regenerated by the action of thioredoxin reductase, using NADPH as an electron donor . The glutathione system includes glutathione, glutathione reductase , glutathione peroxidases , and glutathione S -transferases . This system is found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme containing four selenium - cofactors that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides. There are at least four different glutathione peroxidase isozymes in animals. Glutathione peroxidase 1 is the most abundant and is a very efficient scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, while glutathione peroxidase 4 is most active with lipid hydroperoxides. Surprisingly, glutathione peroxidase 1 is dispensable, as mice lacking this enzyme have normal lifespans, but they are hypersensitive to induced oxidative stress. In addition, the glutathione S -transferases show high activity with lipid peroxides. These enzymes are at particularly high levels in the liver and also serve in detoxification metabolism. Oxidative stress in disease ( edit ) Further information: Pathology , Free-radical theory , and Oxidative stress Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases including Alzheimer's disease , Parkinson's disease , the pathologies caused by diabetes , rheumatoid arthritis , and neurodegeneration in motor neuron diseases . In many of these cases, it is unclear if oxidants trigger the disease, or if they are produced as a secondary consequence of the disease and from general tissue damage; One case in which this link is particularly well understood is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease . Here, low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation appears to trigger the process of atherogenesis , which results in atherosclerosis , and finally cardiovascular disease. Oxidative damage in DNA can cause cancer. Several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase etc. protect DNA from oxidative stress. It has been proposed that polymorphisms in these enzymes are associated with DNA damage and subsequently the individual's risk of cancer susceptibility. A low calorie diet extends median and maximum lifespan in many animals. This effect may involve a reduction in oxidative stress. While there is some evidence to support the role of oxidative stress in aging in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans , the evidence in mammals is less clear. Indeed, a 2009 review of experiments in mice concluded that almost all manipulations of antioxidant systems had no effect on aging. Uses in technology ( edit ) Food preservatives ( edit ) Antioxidants are used as food additives to help guard against food deterioration . Exposure to oxygen and sunlight are the two main factors in the oxidation of food, so food is preserved by keeping in the dark and sealing it in containers or even coating it in wax, as with cucumbers. However, as oxygen is also important for plant respiration , storing plant materials in anaerobic conditions produces unpleasant flavors and unappealing colors. Consequently, packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables contains an ~8% oxygen atmosphere. Antioxidants are an especially important class of preservatives as, unlike bacterial or fungal spoilage, oxidation reactions still occur relatively rapidly in frozen or refrigerated food. These preservatives include natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AA, E300) and tocopherols (E306), as well as synthetic antioxidants such as propyl gallate (PG, E310), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, E320) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, E321). The most common molecules attacked by oxidation are unsaturated fats; oxidation causes them to turn rancid . Since oxidized lipids are often discolored and usually have unpleasant tastes such as metallic or sulfurous flavors, it is important to avoid oxidation in fat-rich foods. Thus, these foods are rarely preserved by drying; instead, they are preserved by smoking , salting or fermenting . Even less fatty foods such as fruits are sprayed with sulfurous antioxidants prior to air drying. Oxidation is often catalyzed by metals, which is why fats such as butter should never be wrapped in aluminium foil or kept in metal containers. Some fatty foods such as olive oil are partially protected from oxidation by their natural content of antioxidants, but remain sensitive to photooxidation. Antioxidant preservatives are also added to fat based cosmetics such as lipstick and moisturizers to prevent rancidity. Industrial uses ( edit ) Substituted phenols and derivatives of phenylenediamine are common antioxidants used to inhibit gum formation in gasoline (petrol). Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products. A common use is as stabilizers in fuels and lubricants to prevent oxidation, and in gasolines to prevent the polymerization that leads to the formation of engine-fouling residues. In 2014, the worldwide market for natural and synthetic antioxidants was US $2.25 billion with a forecast of growth to $3.25 billion by 2020. They are widely used to prevent the oxidative degradation of polymers such as rubbers, plastics and adhesives that causes a loss of strength and flexibility in these materials. Polymers containing double bonds in their main chains, such as natural rubber and polybutadiene , are especially susceptible to oxidation and ozonolysis . They can be protected by antiozonants . Solid polymer products start to crack on exposed surfaces as the material degrades and the chains break. The mode of cracking varies between oxygen and ozone attack, the former causing a `` crazy paving'' effect, while ozone attack produces deeper cracks aligned at right angles to the tensile strain in the product. Oxidation and UV degradation are also frequently linked, mainly because UV radiation creates free radicals by bond breakage. The free radicals then react with oxygen to produce peroxy radicals which cause yet further damage, often in a chain reaction . Other polymers susceptible to oxidation include polypropylene and polyethylene . The former is more sensitive owing to the presence of secondary carbon atoms present in every repeat unit. Attack occurs at this point because the free radical formed is more stable than one formed on a primary carbon atom . Oxidation of polyethylene tends to occur at weak links in the chain, such as branch points in low-density polyethylene . Fuel additive Components Applications AO-22 N,N' -di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Turbine oils, transformer oils , hydraulic fluids , waxes , and greases AO-24 N,N' -di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Low-temperature oils AO-29 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Turbine oils, transformer oils, hydraulic fluids, waxes, greases, and gasolines AO-30 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines, including aviation gasolines AO-31 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines, including aviation gasolines AO-32 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines, including aviation gasolines AO-37 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol Jet fuels and gasolines, widely approved for aviation fuels Levels in food ( edit ) Further information: List of antioxidants in food and Polyphenol antioxidant Fruits and vegetables are good sources of antioxidant vitamins A, C and E Antioxidant vitamins are found in vegetables, fruits, eggs, legumes and nuts. Vitamins A, C, and E can be destroyed by long-term storage or prolonged cooking. The effects of cooking and food processing are complex, as these processes can also increase the bioavailability of antioxidants, such as some carotenoids in vegetables. Processed food contains fewer antioxidant vitamins than fresh and uncooked foods, as preparation exposes food to heat and oxygen. Antioxidant vitamins Foods containing high levels of antioxidant vitamins Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables Vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols) Vegetable oils , nuts , and seeds Carotenoids ( carotenes as provitamin A ) Fruit, vegetables and eggs Other antioxidants are not obtained from the diet, but instead are made in the body. For example, ubiquinol (coenzyme Q) is poorly absorbed from the gut and is made through the mevalonate pathway . Another example is glutathione , which is made from amino acids. As any glutathione in the gut is broken down to free cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid before being absorbed, even large oral intake has little effect on the concentration of glutathione in the body. Although large amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids such as acetylcysteine can increase glutathione, no evidence exists that eating high levels of these glutathione precursors is beneficial for healthy adults. Measurement and invalidation of ORAC ( edit ) Measurement of antioxidant content in food is not a straightforward process, as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species. In food science , the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was once an industry standard for antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives. However, the United States Department of Agriculture withdrew these ratings in 2012 as biologically invalid, stating that no physiological proof in vivo existed to support the free-radical theory or roles for ingested phytochemicals , especially for polyphenols . Consequently, the ORAC method, derived only from in vitro experiments, is no longer considered relevant to human diets or biology . Alternative in vitro measurements of antioxidant content in foods include the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent , and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. History ( edit ) As part of their adaptation from marine life, terrestrial plants began producing non-marine antioxidants such as ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ), polyphenols and tocopherols . The evolution of angiosperm plants between 50 and 200 million years ago resulted in the development of many antioxidant pigments -- particularly during the Jurassic period -- as chemical defences against reactive oxygen species that are byproducts of photosynthesis . Originally, the term antioxidant specifically referred to a chemical that prevented the consumption of oxygen. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, extensive study concentrated on the use of antioxidants in important industrial processes, such as the prevention of metal corrosion , the vulcanization of rubber, and the polymerization of fuels in the fouling of internal combustion engines . Early research on the role of antioxidants in biology focused on their use in preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fats , which is the cause of rancidity . Antioxidant activity could be measured simply by placing the fat in a closed container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption. However, it was the identification of vitamins A , C , and E as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in the biochemistry of living organisms . The possible mechanisms of action of antioxidants were first explored when it was recognized that a substance with anti-oxidative activity is likely to be one that is itself readily oxidized. Research into how vitamin E prevents the process of lipid peroxidation led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions, often by scavenging reactive oxygen species before they can damage cells. 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The Journal of Nutrition. 135 (3): 363-- 6. PMID 15735064 . Further reading ( edit ) Nick Lane Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World (Oxford University Press, 2003) ISBN 0-19-860783-0 Barry Halliwell and John M.C. Gutteridge Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (Oxford University Press, 2007) ISBN 0-19-856869-X Jan Pokorny, Nelly Yanishlieva and Michael H. Gordon Antioxidants in Food: Practical Applications (CRC Press Inc, 2001) ISBN 0-8493-1222-1 External links ( edit ) Media related to Antioxidants at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Antioxidants Food antioxidants 6-Hydroxymelatonin Acetyl- L -carnitine (ALCAR) Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) Carotenoids ( vitamin A ) Curcumin Edaravone Polyphenols Glutathione Hydroxytyrosol L -carnitine Ladostigil Melatonin Mofegiline N -Acetylcysteine (NAC) N -Acetylserotonin (NAS) Oleocanthal Oleuropein Rasagiline Resveratrol Selegiline Selenium Tocopherols ( vitamin E ) Tocotrienols ( vitamin E ) Tyrosol Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) Uric acid Fuel antioxidants Butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-Di- tert -butylphenol 1,2-Diaminopropane 2,4-Dimethyl-6- tert -butylphenol Ethylenediamine Measurements Folin method ORAC TEAC FRAP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antioxidant&oldid=828146566 '' Categories : Antioxidants Physiology Process chemicals Anti-aging substances Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2014 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe УкраїнськаTiếngViệt中文55moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon28February2018,at20:53.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia | 5252140928255952767 |
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Amine Souef 17 July 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo List Léonard She Okitundu People 's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy 19 December 2016 Republic of the Congo List Jean - Claude Gakosso Congolese Party of Labour 10 August 2015 Costa Rica List Manuel González Sanz Citizens ' Action Party 8 May 2014 Côte d'Ivoire List Marcel Amon Tanoh 25 November 2016 Croatia List Marija Pejčinović Burić Croatian Democratic Union 19 June 2017 Cuba List Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla Communist Party of Cuba 2 March 2009 Cyprus List Ioannis Kasoulidis Democratic Rally 1 March 2013 Czech Republic List Lubomír Zaorálek Czech Social Democratic Party 29 January 2014 Denmark List Anders Samuelsen Liberal Alliance 28 November 2016 Djibouti List Mahamoud Ali Youssouf Independent 22 May 2005 Dominica List Francine Baron Dominica Labour Party 13 December 2014 Dominican Republic List Miguel Vargas Maldonado Dominican Revolutionary Party 16 August 2016 East Timor List Aurélio Guterres Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor 15 September 2017 Ecuador List María Fernanda Espinosa PAIS Alliance 24 March 2017 Egypt List Sameh Shoukry Independent 17 June 2014 El Salvador List Hugo Martínez Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1 June 2014 Equatorial Guinea List Agapito Mba Mokuy Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 22 May 2012 Eritrea List Osman Saleh Mohammed People 's Front for Democracy and Justice 18 April 2007 Estonia List Sven Mikser Social Democratic Party 23 November 2016 Ethiopia List Workneh Gebeyehu Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1 November 2016 Fiji List Frank Bainimarama ( prime minister ) FijiFirst 9 September 2016 Finland List Timo Soini New Alternative 29 May 2015 France List Jean - Yves Le Drian Socialist Party 17 May 2017 Gabon List Noël Nelson Messone 21 August 2017 Gambia List Ousainou Darboe United Democratic Party 1 February 2017 Georgia List Mikheil Janelidze Georgian Dream 30 December 2015 Germany List Sigmar Gabriel Social Democratic Party of Germany 27 January 2017 Ghana List Shirley Ayorkor Botchway New Patriotic Party 27 January 2017 Greece List Nikos Kotzias Syriza 23 September 2015 Grenada List Elvin Nimrod New National Party 1 July 2016 Guatemala List Sandra Jovel 27 August 2017 Guinea List Mamadi Touré 22 August 2017 Guinea - Bissau List Jorge Malú 13 December 2016 Guyana List Carl Greenidge 19 May 2015 Haiti List Antonio Rodrigue 21 March 2017 Honduras List María Dolores Agüero 18 April 2016 Holy See List Archbishop Paul Gallagher N / A 8 November 2014 Hungary List Péter Szijjártó Fidesz 23 September 2014 Iceland List Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson Independence Party 11 January 2017 India List Sushma Swaraj Bharatiya Janata Party 26 May 2014 Indonesia List Retno Marsudi Independent 27 October 2014 Iran List Mohammad Javad Zarif Independent 15 August 2013 Iraq List Ibrahim al - Jaafari National Iraqi Alliance 8 September 2014 Ireland List Simon Coveney Fine Gael 14 June 2017 Israel List Benjamin Netanyahu ( prime minister ) Likud 14 May 2015 Italy List Angelino Alfano Popular Alternative 12 December 2016 Jamaica List Kamina Johnson - Smith Jamaica Labour Party 7 March 2016 Japan List Tarō Kōno Liberal Democratic Party 3 August 2017 Jordan List Ayman Safadi Independent 15 January 2017 Kazakhstan List Kairat Abdrakhmanov Nur Otan 28 December 2016 Kenya List Amina Mohamed Independent 19 May 2013 Kiribati Taneti Mamau ( president ) Tobwaan Kiribati Party 15 March 2016 North Korea List Ri Yong - ho Workers ' Party of Korea 17 May 2016 South Korea List Kang Kyung - wha Democratic Party of Korea 18 June 2017 Kuwait List Sheikh Sabah Al - Khalid Al - Sabah N / A 23 October 2011 Kyrgyzstan List Erlan Abdyldayev 5 September 2012 Laos List Saleumxay Kommasith Lao People 's Revolutionary Party 19 April 2016 Latvia List Edgars Rinkēvičs Unity 25 October 2011 Lebanon List Gebran Bassil Free Patriotic Movement 15 February 2014 Lesotho List Lesego Makgothi All Basotho Convention 23 June 2017 Liberia List Marjon Kamara 6 January 2016 Libya List disputed - Mohammed al - Dairi or Mohamed Taha Siala 29 September 2014 12 March 2016 Liechtenstein Aurelia Frick Progressive Citizens ' Party 25 March 2009 Lithuania List Linas Antanas Linkevičius Social Democratic Party of Lithuania 13 December 2012 Luxembourg List Jean Asselborn Luxembourg Socialist Workers ' Party 21 July 2004 Macedonia List Nikola Dimitrov Social Democratic Union of Macedonia 31 May 2017 Madagascar List Henry Rabary Njaka 25 August 2017 Malawi List Emmanuel Fabiano 17 July 2017 Malaysia List Anifah Aman United Malays National Organisation 10 April 2009 Maldives List Mohamed Asim 13 July 2016 Mali List Abdoulaye Diop 11 April 2014 Malta List Carmelo Abela Labour Party 9 June 2017 Marshall Islands John Silk 2 February 2016 Mauritania List Isselkou Ould Ahmed Izid Bih 9 February 2016 Mauritius List Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo 14 March 2016 Mexico List Luis Videgaray Institutional Revolutionary Party 4 January 2017 Micronesia Lorin S. Robert N / A 14 July 2007 Moldova List Andrei Galbur Independent 20 January 2016 Monaco Gilles Tonelli Independent 22 February 2015 Mongolia List Damdin Tsogtbaatar Mongolian People 's Party 20 October 2017 Montenegro List Srđan Darmanović Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 28 November 2016 Morocco List Nasser Bourita Independent 5 April 2017 Mozambique List Oldemiro Balói Mozambique Liberation Front 10 March 2008 Namibia List Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah South West African People 's Organisation 4 December 2012 Nauru Baron Waqa ( president ) Independent 13 June 2013 Nepal List Krishna Bahadur Mahara Communist Party of Nepal 7 June 2017 Netherlands List Halbe Zijlstra People 's Party for Freedom and Democracy 26 October 2017 New Zealand List Winston Peters New Zealand First 26 October 2017 Nicaragua List Denis Moncada 16 January 2017 Niger List Ibrahim Yacouba Nigerien Patriotic Movement 11 April 2016 Nigeria List Geoffrey Onyeama All Progressives Congress 11 November 2015 Norway List Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide Conservative Party 20 October 2017 Oman List Qaboos bin Said al Said ( sultan ) ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) N / A 2 January 1972 Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah ( Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs ) 19 December 1997 Pakistan List Khawaja Muhammad Asif Pakistan Muslim League 4 August 2017 Palau Faustina K. Rehuher - Marugg N / A 13 June 2017 Palestine List Riyad al - Maliki Fatah 1 September 2007 Panama List Isabel Saint Malo ( Vice President ) Independent 1 July 2014 Papua New Guinea List Rimbink Pato United Party 9 August 2012 Paraguay List Eladio Loizaga 15 August 2013 Peru List Ricardo Luna 28 July 2016 Philippines List Alan Peter Cayetano PDP -- Laban 18 May 2017 Poland List Witold Waszczykowski Law and Justice 16 November 2015 Portugal List Augusto Santos Silva Socialist Party 26 November 2015 Qatar List Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani N / A 27 January 2016 Romania List Teodor Meleșcanu Independent 4 January 2017 Russia List Sergey Lavrov United Russia 9 March 2004 Rwanda List Louise Mushikiwabo Independent 3 December 2009 Saint Kitts and Nevis List Mark Brantley Concerned Citizens ' Movement 22 February 2015 Saint Lucia List Allen Chastanet ( prime minister ) United Workers Party 14 June 2016 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines List Sir Louis Straker Unity Labour Party 14 December 2015 Samoa List Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi ( prime minister ) Human Rights Protection Party 23 November 1998 San Marino Nicola Renzi Future Republic 27 December 2016 São Tomé and Príncipe List Urbino Botelho 18 October 2016 Saudi Arabia List Adel al - Jubeir N / A 29 April 2015 Senegal List Sidiki Kaba 7 September 2017 Serbia List Ivica Dačić Socialist Party of Serbia 27 April 2014 Seychelles List Danny Faure ( president ) People 's Party 29 October 2016 Sierra Leone List Samura Kamara All People 's Congress 17 December 2012 Singapore List Vivian Balakrishnan People 's Action Party 1 October 2015 Slovakia List Miroslav Lajčák Direction -- Social Democracy 4 April 2012 Slovenia List Karl Erjavec Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia 10 February 2012 Solomon Islands List Milner Tozaka People 's Alliance Party 15 December 2014 Somalia List Yusuf Garaad Omar 21 March 2017 South Africa List Maite Nkoana - Mashabane African National Congress 11 May 2009 South Sudan List Deng Alor Kuol Sudan People 's Liberation Movement 28 April 2016 Spain List Alfonso Dastis Independent 4 November 2016 Sri Lanka List Tilak Marapana United National Party 15 August 2017 Sudan List Ibrahim Ghandour National Congress 6 June 2015 Suriname List Yldiz Pollack - Beighle 1 February 2017 Swaziland List Mgwagwa Gamedze 4 November 2013 Sweden List Margot Wallström Swedish Social Democratic Party 3 October 2014 Switzerland List Didier Burkhalter 1 January 2012 Syria List Walid Muallem Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region 11 February 2006 Tajikistan List Sirodjidin Aslov 29 November 2013 Tanzania List Augustine Mahiga Chama Cha Mapinduzi 10 December 2015 Thailand List Don Pramudwinai 20 August 2015 Togo List Robert Dussey 17 September 2013 Tonga List Siaosi Sovaleni Independent 6 March 2017 Trinidad and Tobago List Dennis Moses People 's National Movement 11 September 2015 Tunisia List Khemaies Jhinaoui Nidaa Tounes 6 January 2016 Turkey List Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu Justice and Development Party 24 November 2015 Turkmenistan List Raşit Meredow Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 7 July 2001 Tuvalu Taukelina Finikaso N / A 5 August 2013 Uganda List Sam Kutesa National Resistance Movement 13 January 2005 Ukraine List Pavlo Klimkin Independent 19 June 2014 United Arab Emirates Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan N / A 9 February 2006 United Kingdom List Boris Johnson Conservative Party 13 July 2016 United States List Rex Tillerson Republican Party 1 February 2017 Uruguay List Rodolfo Nin Novoa Broad Front 1 March 2015 Uzbekistan List Abdulaziz Komilov 13 January 2012 Vanuatu List Bruno Leingkone National United Party 11 February 2016 Venezuela List Jorge Arreaza United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2 August 2017 Vietnam List Phạm Bình Minh Communist Party of Vietnam 3 August 2011 Yemen List disputed - Hisham Sharaf or Abdulmalik Al - Mekhlafi 28 November 2016 1 December 2015 Zambia List Harry Kalaba Patriotic Front 13 March 2014 Zimbabwe List Walter Mzembi Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front 9 October 2017 | [
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"Rex Tillerson"
]
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-1
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"This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This is a list of current foreign ministers of the 193 United Nations member states , Holy See ( Vatican City ) and the State of Palestine .",
"Foreign ministers of unrecognised sovereign countries are included in a separate table .",
"Country List Minister Party Since Afghanistan List Salahuddin Rabbani Jamiat - e Islami 1 February 2015 Albania List Ditmir Bushati Socialist Party of Albania 15 September 2013 Algeria List Abdelkader Messahel 25 May 2017 Andorra List Maria Ubach Font 15 July 2017 Angola List Manuel Domingos Augusto People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola September 28 2017 Antigua and Barbuda List Charles Fernandez Antigua Labour Party 18 June 2014 Argentina List Jorge Faurie 12 June 2017 Armenia List Eduard Nalbandyan Independent 14 April 2008 Australia List Julie Bishop Liberal Party of Australia 18 September 2013 Austria List Sebastian Kurz Austrian People 's Party 16 December 2013 Azerbaijan List Elmar Mammadyarov Independent 2 April 2004 Bahamas List Darren Henfield Free National Movement 15 May 2017 Bahrain List Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa N / A 26 September 2005 Bangladesh List Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali Bangladesh Awami League 26 February 2014 Barbados List Maxine McClean Democratic Labour Party 24 November 2008 Belarus List Vladimir Makei 20 August 2012 Belgium List Didier Reynders Reformist Movement 6 December 2011 Belize List Wilfred Elrington United Democratic Party 12 February 2008 Benin List Aurélien Agbénonci 6 April 2016 Bhutan List Damcho Dorji People 's Democratic Party 2 August 2015 Bolivia List Fernando Huanacuni Mamani 23 January 2017 Bosnia and Herzegovina List Igor Crnadak Party of Democratic Progress 31 March 2015 Botswana List Pelonomi Venson - Moitoi Botswana Democratic Party 24 October 2014 Brazil Aloysio Nunes Brazilian Social Democracy Party 7 March 2017 Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah ( monarch ) ( Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade ) N / A 22 October 2015 Lim Jock Seng ( Second Minister of Foreign Affairs & Trade ) 24 May 2005 Bulgaria List Ekaterina Zakharieva Reformist Bloc 4 May 2017 Burkina Faso List Alpha Barry 12 January 2016 Burma List Aung San Suu Kyi National League for Democracy 30 March 2016 Burundi List Alain Aimé Nyamitwe 18 May 2015 Cambodia List Prak Sokhon Cambodian People 's Party 5 April 2016 Cameroon List Lejeune Mbella Mbella Cameroon People 's Democratic Movement 2 October 2015 Canada List Chrystia Freeland Liberal Party of Canada 10 January 2017 Cape Verde List Luís Felipe Tavares Movement for Democracy 22 April 2016 Central African Republic List Charles - Armel Doubane Independent 1 April 2016 Chad List Hissein Brahim Taha 7 February 2017 Chile List Heraldo Muñoz Party for Democracy 11 March 2014 People 's Republic of China List Wang Yi Communist Party of China 16 March 2013 Colombia List María Ángela Holguín Colombian Liberal Party 7 August 2010 Comoros List Mohamed El - Amine Souef 17 July 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo List Léonard She Okitundu People 's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy 19 December 2016 Republic of the Congo List Jean - Claude Gakosso Congolese Party of Labour 10 August 2015 Costa Rica List Manuel González Sanz Citizens ' Action Party 8 May 2014 Côte d'Ivoire List Marcel Amon Tanoh 25 November 2016 Croatia List Marija Pejčinović Burić Croatian Democratic Union 19 June 2017 Cuba List Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla Communist Party of Cuba 2 March 2009 Cyprus List Ioannis Kasoulidis Democratic Rally 1 March 2013 Czech Republic List Lubomír Zaorálek Czech Social Democratic Party 29 January 2014 Denmark List Anders Samuelsen Liberal Alliance 28 November 2016 Djibouti List Mahamoud Ali Youssouf Independent 22 May 2005 Dominica List Francine Baron Dominica Labour Party 13 December 2014 Dominican Republic List Miguel Vargas Maldonado Dominican Revolutionary Party 16 August 2016 East Timor List Aurélio Guterres Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor 15 September 2017 Ecuador List María Fernanda Espinosa PAIS Alliance 24 March 2017 Egypt List Sameh Shoukry Independent 17 June 2014 El Salvador List Hugo Martínez Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1 June 2014 Equatorial Guinea List Agapito Mba Mokuy Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 22 May 2012 Eritrea List Osman Saleh Mohammed People 's Front for Democracy and Justice 18 April 2007 Estonia List Sven Mikser Social Democratic Party 23 November 2016 Ethiopia List Workneh Gebeyehu Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1 November 2016 Fiji List Frank Bainimarama ( prime minister ) FijiFirst 9 September 2016 Finland List Timo Soini New Alternative 29 May 2015 France List Jean - Yves Le Drian Socialist Party 17 May 2017 Gabon List Noël Nelson Messone 21 August 2017 Gambia List Ousainou Darboe United Democratic Party 1 February 2017 Georgia List Mikheil Janelidze Georgian Dream 30 December 2015 Germany List Sigmar Gabriel Social Democratic Party of Germany 27 January 2017 Ghana List Shirley Ayorkor Botchway New Patriotic Party 27 January 2017 Greece List Nikos Kotzias Syriza 23 September 2015 Grenada List Elvin Nimrod New National Party 1 July 2016 Guatemala List Sandra Jovel 27 August 2017 Guinea List Mamadi Touré 22 August 2017 Guinea - Bissau List Jorge Malú 13 December 2016 Guyana List Carl Greenidge 19 May 2015 Haiti List Antonio Rodrigue 21 March 2017 Honduras List María Dolores Agüero 18 April 2016 Holy See List Archbishop Paul Gallagher N / A 8 November 2014 Hungary List Péter Szijjártó Fidesz 23 September 2014 Iceland List Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson Independence Party 11 January 2017 India List Sushma Swaraj Bharatiya Janata Party 26 May 2014 Indonesia List Retno Marsudi Independent 27 October 2014 Iran List Mohammad Javad Zarif Independent 15 August 2013 Iraq List Ibrahim al - Jaafari National Iraqi Alliance 8 September 2014 Ireland List Simon Coveney Fine Gael 14 June 2017 Israel List Benjamin Netanyahu ( prime minister ) Likud 14 May 2015 Italy List Angelino Alfano Popular Alternative 12 December 2016 Jamaica List Kamina Johnson - Smith Jamaica Labour Party 7 March 2016 Japan List Tarō Kōno Liberal Democratic Party 3 August 2017 Jordan List Ayman Safadi Independent 15 January 2017 Kazakhstan List Kairat Abdrakhmanov Nur Otan 28 December 2016 Kenya List Amina Mohamed Independent 19 May 2013 Kiribati Taneti Mamau ( president ) Tobwaan Kiribati Party 15 March 2016 North Korea List Ri Yong - ho Workers ' Party of Korea 17 May 2016 South Korea List Kang Kyung - wha Democratic Party of Korea 18 June 2017 Kuwait List Sheikh Sabah Al - Khalid Al - Sabah N / A 23 October 2011 Kyrgyzstan List Erlan Abdyldayev 5 September 2012 Laos List Saleumxay Kommasith Lao People 's Revolutionary Party 19 April 2016 Latvia List Edgars Rinkēvičs Unity 25 October 2011 Lebanon List Gebran Bassil Free Patriotic Movement 15 February 2014 Lesotho List Lesego Makgothi All Basotho Convention 23 June 2017 Liberia List Marjon Kamara 6 January 2016 Libya List disputed - Mohammed al - Dairi or Mohamed Taha Siala 29 September 2014 12 March 2016 Liechtenstein Aurelia Frick Progressive Citizens ' Party 25 March 2009 Lithuania List Linas Antanas Linkevičius Social Democratic Party of Lithuania 13 December 2012 Luxembourg List Jean Asselborn Luxembourg Socialist Workers ' Party 21 July 2004 Macedonia List Nikola Dimitrov Social Democratic Union of Macedonia 31 May 2017 Madagascar List Henry Rabary Njaka 25 August 2017 Malawi List Emmanuel Fabiano 17 July 2017 Malaysia List Anifah Aman United Malays National Organisation 10 April 2009 Maldives List Mohamed Asim 13 July 2016 Mali List Abdoulaye Diop 11 April 2014 Malta List Carmelo Abela Labour Party 9 June 2017 Marshall Islands John Silk 2 February 2016 Mauritania List Isselkou Ould Ahmed Izid Bih 9 February 2016 Mauritius List Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo 14 March 2016 Mexico List Luis Videgaray Institutional Revolutionary Party 4 January 2017 Micronesia Lorin S. Robert N / A 14 July 2007 Moldova List Andrei Galbur Independent 20 January 2016 Monaco Gilles Tonelli Independent 22 February 2015 Mongolia List Damdin Tsogtbaatar Mongolian People 's Party 20 October 2017 Montenegro List Srđan Darmanović Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 28 November 2016 Morocco List Nasser Bourita Independent 5 April 2017 Mozambique List Oldemiro Balói Mozambique Liberation Front 10 March 2008 Namibia List Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah South West African People 's Organisation 4 December 2012 Nauru Baron Waqa ( president ) Independent 13 June 2013 Nepal List Krishna Bahadur Mahara Communist Party of Nepal 7 June 2017 Netherlands List Halbe Zijlstra People 's Party for Freedom and Democracy 26 October 2017 New Zealand List Winston Peters New Zealand First 26 October 2017 Nicaragua List Denis Moncada 16 January 2017 Niger List Ibrahim Yacouba Nigerien Patriotic Movement 11 April 2016 Nigeria List Geoffrey Onyeama All Progressives Congress 11 November 2015 Norway List Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide Conservative Party 20 October 2017 Oman List Qaboos bin Said al Said ( sultan ) ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) N / A 2 January 1972 Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah ( Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs ) 19 December 1997 Pakistan List Khawaja Muhammad Asif Pakistan Muslim League 4 August 2017 Palau Faustina K. Rehuher - Marugg N / A 13 June 2017 Palestine List Riyad al - Maliki Fatah 1 September 2007 Panama List Isabel Saint Malo ( Vice President ) Independent 1 July 2014 Papua New Guinea List Rimbink Pato United Party 9 August 2012 Paraguay List Eladio Loizaga 15 August 2013 Peru List Ricardo Luna 28 July 2016 Philippines List Alan Peter Cayetano PDP -- Laban 18 May 2017 Poland List Witold Waszczykowski Law and Justice 16 November 2015 Portugal List Augusto Santos Silva Socialist Party 26 November 2015 Qatar List Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani N / A 27 January 2016 Romania List Teodor Meleșcanu Independent 4 January 2017 Russia List Sergey Lavrov United Russia 9 March 2004 Rwanda List Louise Mushikiwabo Independent 3 December 2009 Saint Kitts and Nevis List Mark Brantley Concerned Citizens ' Movement 22 February 2015 Saint Lucia List Allen Chastanet ( prime minister ) United Workers Party 14 June 2016 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines List Sir Louis Straker Unity Labour Party 14 December 2015 Samoa List Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi ( prime minister ) Human Rights Protection Party 23 November 1998 San Marino Nicola Renzi Future Republic 27 December 2016 São Tomé and Príncipe List Urbino Botelho 18 October 2016 Saudi Arabia List Adel al - Jubeir N / A 29 April 2015 Senegal List Sidiki Kaba 7 September 2017 Serbia List Ivica Dačić Socialist Party of Serbia 27 April 2014 Seychelles List Danny Faure ( president ) People 's Party 29 October 2016 Sierra Leone List Samura Kamara All People 's Congress 17 December 2012 Singapore List Vivian Balakrishnan People 's Action Party 1 October 2015 Slovakia List Miroslav Lajčák Direction -- Social Democracy 4 April 2012 Slovenia List Karl Erjavec Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia 10 February 2012 Solomon Islands List Milner Tozaka People 's Alliance Party 15 December 2014 Somalia List Yusuf Garaad Omar 21 March 2017 South Africa List Maite Nkoana - Mashabane African National Congress 11 May 2009 South Sudan List Deng Alor Kuol Sudan People 's Liberation Movement 28 April 2016 Spain List Alfonso Dastis Independent 4 November 2016 Sri Lanka List Tilak Marapana United National Party 15 August 2017 Sudan List Ibrahim Ghandour National Congress 6 June 2015 Suriname List Yldiz Pollack - Beighle 1 February 2017 Swaziland List Mgwagwa Gamedze 4 November 2013 Sweden List Margot Wallström Swedish Social Democratic Party 3 October 2014 Switzerland List Didier Burkhalter 1 January 2012 Syria List Walid Muallem Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region 11 February 2006 Tajikistan List Sirodjidin Aslov 29 November 2013 Tanzania List Augustine Mahiga Chama Cha Mapinduzi 10 December 2015 Thailand List Don Pramudwinai 20 August 2015 Togo List Robert Dussey 17 September 2013 Tonga List Siaosi Sovaleni Independent 6 March 2017 Trinidad and Tobago List Dennis Moses People 's National Movement 11 September 2015 Tunisia List Khemaies Jhinaoui Nidaa Tounes 6 January 2016 Turkey List Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu Justice and Development Party 24 November 2015 Turkmenistan List Raşit Meredow Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 7 July 2001 Tuvalu Taukelina Finikaso N / A 5 August 2013 Uganda List Sam Kutesa National Resistance Movement 13 January 2005 Ukraine List Pavlo Klimkin Independent 19 June 2014 United Arab Emirates Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan N / A 9 February 2006 United Kingdom List Boris Johnson Conservative Party 13 July 2016 United States List Rex Tillerson Republican Party 1 February 2017 Uruguay List Rodolfo Nin Novoa Broad Front 1 March 2015 Uzbekistan List Abdulaziz Komilov 13 January 2012 Vanuatu List Bruno Leingkone National United Party 11 February 2016 Venezuela List Jorge Arreaza United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2 August 2017 Vietnam List Phạm Bình Minh Communist Party of Vietnam 3 August 2011 Yemen List disputed - Hisham Sharaf or Abdulmalik Al - Mekhlafi 28 November 2016 1 December 2015 Zambia List Harry Kalaba Patriotic Front 13 March 2014 Zimbabwe List Walter Mzembi Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front 9 October 2017",
"Country List Minister Party Since",
"Afghanistan List Salahuddin Rabbani Jamiat - e Islami 1 February 2015",
"Albania List Ditmir Bushati Socialist Party of Albania 15 September 2013",
"Algeria List Abdelkader Messahel 25 May 2017",
"Andorra List Maria Ubach Font 15 July 2017",
"Angola List Manuel Domingos Augusto People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola September 28 2017",
"Antigua and Barbuda List Charles Fernandez Antigua Labour Party 18 June 2014",
"Argentina List Jorge Faurie 12 June 2017",
"Armenia List Eduard Nalbandyan Independent 14 April 2008",
"Australia List Julie Bishop Liberal Party of Australia 18 September 2013",
"Austria List Sebastian Kurz Austrian People 's Party 16 December 2013",
"Azerbaijan List Elmar Mammadyarov Independent 2 April 2004",
"Bahamas List Darren Henfield Free National Movement 15 May 2017",
"Bahrain List Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa N / A 26 September 2005",
"Bangladesh List Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali Bangladesh Awami League 26 February 2014",
"Barbados List Maxine McClean Democratic Labour Party 24 November 2008",
"Belarus List Vladimir Makei 20 August 2012",
"Belgium List Didier Reynders Reformist Movement 6 December 2011",
"Belize List Wilfred Elrington United Democratic Party 12 February 2008",
"Benin List Aurélien Agbénonci 6 April 2016",
"Bhutan List Damcho Dorji People 's Democratic Party 2 August 2015",
"Bolivia List Fernando Huanacuni Mamani 23 January 2017",
"Bosnia and Herzegovina List Igor Crnadak Party of Democratic Progress 31 March 2015",
"Botswana List Pelonomi Venson - Moitoi Botswana Democratic Party 24 October 2014",
"Brazil Aloysio Nunes Brazilian Social Democracy Party 7 March 2017",
"Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah ( monarch ) ( Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade ) N / A 22 October 2015",
"Lim Jock Seng ( Second Minister of Foreign Affairs & Trade ) 24 May 2005",
"Bulgaria List Ekaterina Zakharieva Reformist Bloc 4 May 2017",
"Burkina Faso List Alpha Barry 12 January 2016",
"Burma List Aung San Suu Kyi National League for Democracy 30 March 2016",
"Burundi List Alain Aimé Nyamitwe 18 May 2015",
"Cambodia List Prak Sokhon Cambodian People 's Party 5 April 2016",
"Cameroon List Lejeune Mbella Mbella Cameroon People 's Democratic Movement 2 October 2015",
"Canada List Chrystia Freeland Liberal Party of Canada 10 January 2017",
"Cape Verde List Luís Felipe Tavares Movement for Democracy 22 April 2016",
"Central African Republic List Charles - Armel Doubane Independent 1 April 2016",
"Chad List Hissein Brahim Taha 7 February 2017",
"Chile List Heraldo Muñoz Party for Democracy 11 March 2014",
"People 's Republic of China List Wang Yi Communist Party of China 16 March 2013",
"Colombia List María Ángela Holguín Colombian Liberal Party 7 August 2010",
"Comoros List Mohamed El - Amine Souef 17 July 2017",
"Democratic Republic of the Congo List Léonard She Okitundu People 's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy 19 December 2016",
"Republic of the Congo List Jean - Claude Gakosso Congolese Party of Labour 10 August 2015",
"Costa Rica List Manuel González Sanz Citizens ' Action Party 8 May 2014",
"Côte d'Ivoire List Marcel Amon Tanoh 25 November 2016",
"Croatia List Marija Pejčinović Burić Croatian Democratic Union 19 June 2017",
"Cuba List Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla Communist Party of Cuba 2 March 2009",
"Cyprus List Ioannis Kasoulidis Democratic Rally 1 March 2013",
"Czech Republic List Lubomír Zaorálek Czech Social Democratic Party 29 January 2014",
"Denmark List Anders Samuelsen Liberal Alliance 28 November 2016",
"Djibouti List Mahamoud Ali Youssouf Independent 22 May 2005",
"Dominica List Francine Baron Dominica Labour Party 13 December 2014",
"Dominican Republic List Miguel Vargas Maldonado Dominican Revolutionary Party 16 August 2016",
"East Timor List Aurélio Guterres Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor 15 September 2017",
"Ecuador List María Fernanda Espinosa PAIS Alliance 24 March 2017",
"Egypt List Sameh Shoukry Independent 17 June 2014",
"El Salvador List Hugo Martínez Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1 June 2014",
"Equatorial Guinea List Agapito Mba Mokuy Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 22 May 2012",
"Eritrea List Osman Saleh Mohammed People 's Front for Democracy and Justice 18 April 2007",
"Estonia List Sven Mikser Social Democratic Party 23 November 2016",
"Ethiopia List Workneh Gebeyehu Ethiopian People 's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1 November 2016",
"Fiji List Frank Bainimarama ( prime minister ) FijiFirst 9 September 2016",
"Finland List Timo Soini New Alternative 29 May 2015",
"France List Jean - Yves Le Drian Socialist Party 17 May 2017",
"Gabon List Noël Nelson Messone 21 August 2017",
"Gambia List Ousainou Darboe United Democratic Party 1 February 2017",
"Georgia List Mikheil Janelidze Georgian Dream 30 December 2015",
"Germany List Sigmar Gabriel Social Democratic Party of Germany 27 January 2017",
"Ghana List Shirley Ayorkor Botchway New Patriotic Party 27 January 2017",
"Greece List Nikos Kotzias Syriza 23 September 2015",
"Grenada List Elvin Nimrod New National Party 1 July 2016",
"Guatemala List Sandra Jovel 27 August 2017",
"Guinea List Mamadi Touré 22 August 2017",
"Guinea - Bissau List Jorge Malú 13 December 2016",
"Guyana List Carl Greenidge 19 May 2015",
"Haiti List Antonio Rodrigue 21 March 2017",
"Honduras List María Dolores Agüero 18 April 2016",
"Holy See List Archbishop Paul Gallagher N / A 8 November 2014",
"Hungary List Péter Szijjártó Fidesz 23 September 2014",
"Iceland List Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson Independence Party 11 January 2017",
"India List Sushma Swaraj Bharatiya Janata Party 26 May 2014",
"Indonesia List Retno Marsudi Independent 27 October 2014",
"Iran List Mohammad Javad Zarif Independent 15 August 2013",
"Iraq List Ibrahim al - Jaafari National Iraqi Alliance 8 September 2014",
"Ireland List Simon Coveney Fine Gael 14 June 2017",
"Israel List Benjamin Netanyahu ( prime minister ) Likud 14 May 2015",
"Italy List Angelino Alfano Popular Alternative 12 December 2016",
"Jamaica List Kamina Johnson - Smith Jamaica Labour Party 7 March 2016",
"Japan List Tarō Kōno Liberal Democratic Party 3 August 2017",
"Jordan List Ayman Safadi Independent 15 January 2017",
"Kazakhstan List Kairat Abdrakhmanov Nur Otan 28 December 2016",
"Kenya List Amina Mohamed Independent 19 May 2013",
"Kiribati Taneti Mamau ( president ) Tobwaan Kiribati Party 15 March 2016",
"North Korea List Ri Yong - ho Workers ' Party of Korea 17 May 2016",
"South Korea List Kang Kyung - wha Democratic Party of Korea 18 June 2017",
"Kuwait List Sheikh Sabah Al - Khalid Al - Sabah N / A 23 October 2011",
"Kyrgyzstan List Erlan Abdyldayev 5 September 2012",
"Laos List Saleumxay Kommasith Lao People 's Revolutionary Party 19 April 2016",
"Latvia List Edgars Rinkēvičs Unity 25 October 2011",
"Lebanon List Gebran Bassil Free Patriotic Movement 15 February 2014",
"Lesotho List Lesego Makgothi All Basotho Convention 23 June 2017",
"Liberia List Marjon Kamara 6 January 2016",
"Libya List disputed - Mohammed al - Dairi or Mohamed Taha Siala 29 September 2014 12 March 2016",
"Liechtenstein Aurelia Frick Progressive Citizens ' Party 25 March 2009",
"Lithuania List Linas Antanas Linkevičius Social Democratic Party of Lithuania 13 December 2012",
"Luxembourg List Jean Asselborn Luxembourg Socialist Workers ' Party 21 July 2004",
"Macedonia List Nikola Dimitrov Social Democratic Union of Macedonia 31 May 2017",
"Madagascar List Henry Rabary Njaka 25 August 2017",
"Malawi List Emmanuel Fabiano 17 July 2017",
"Malaysia List Anifah Aman United Malays National Organisation 10 April 2009",
"Maldives List Mohamed Asim 13 July 2016",
"Mali List Abdoulaye Diop 11 April 2014",
"Malta List Carmelo Abela Labour Party 9 June 2017",
"Marshall Islands John Silk 2 February 2016",
"Mauritania List Isselkou Ould Ahmed Izid Bih 9 February 2016",
"Mauritius List Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo 14 March 2016",
"Mexico List Luis Videgaray Institutional Revolutionary Party 4 January 2017",
"Micronesia Lorin S. Robert N / A 14 July 2007",
"Moldova List Andrei Galbur Independent 20 January 2016",
"Monaco Gilles Tonelli Independent 22 February 2015",
"Mongolia List Damdin Tsogtbaatar Mongolian People 's Party 20 October 2017",
"Montenegro List Srđan Darmanović Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 28 November 2016",
"Morocco List Nasser Bourita Independent 5 April 2017",
"Mozambique List Oldemiro Balói Mozambique Liberation Front 10 March 2008",
"Namibia List Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah South West African People 's Organisation 4 December 2012",
"Nauru Baron Waqa ( president ) Independent 13 June 2013",
"Nepal List Krishna Bahadur Mahara Communist Party of Nepal 7 June 2017",
"Netherlands List Halbe Zijlstra People 's Party for Freedom and Democracy 26 October 2017",
"New Zealand List Winston Peters New Zealand First 26 October 2017",
"Nicaragua List Denis Moncada 16 January 2017",
"Niger List Ibrahim Yacouba Nigerien Patriotic Movement 11 April 2016",
"Nigeria List Geoffrey Onyeama All Progressives Congress 11 November 2015",
"Norway List Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide Conservative Party 20 October 2017",
"Oman List Qaboos bin Said al Said ( sultan ) ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) N / A 2 January 1972",
"Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah ( Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs ) 19 December 1997",
"Pakistan List Khawaja Muhammad Asif Pakistan Muslim League 4 August 2017",
"Palau Faustina K. Rehuher - Marugg N / A 13 June 2017",
"Palestine List Riyad al - Maliki Fatah 1 September 2007",
"Panama List Isabel Saint Malo ( Vice President ) Independent 1 July 2014",
"Papua New Guinea List Rimbink Pato United Party 9 August 2012",
"Paraguay List Eladio Loizaga 15 August 2013",
"Peru List Ricardo Luna 28 July 2016",
"Philippines List Alan Peter Cayetano PDP -- Laban 18 May 2017",
"Poland List Witold Waszczykowski Law and Justice 16 November 2015",
"Portugal List Augusto Santos Silva Socialist Party 26 November 2015",
"Qatar List Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani N / A 27 January 2016",
"Romania List Teodor Meleșcanu Independent 4 January 2017",
"Russia List Sergey Lavrov United Russia 9 March 2004",
"Rwanda List Louise Mushikiwabo Independent 3 December 2009",
"Saint Kitts and Nevis List Mark Brantley Concerned Citizens ' Movement 22 February 2015",
"Saint Lucia List Allen Chastanet ( prime minister ) United Workers Party 14 June 2016",
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines List Sir Louis Straker Unity Labour Party 14 December 2015",
"Samoa List Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi ( prime minister ) Human Rights Protection Party 23 November 1998",
"San Marino Nicola Renzi Future Republic 27 December 2016",
"São Tomé and Príncipe List Urbino Botelho 18 October 2016",
"Saudi Arabia List Adel al - Jubeir N / A 29 April 2015",
"Senegal List Sidiki Kaba 7 September 2017",
"Serbia List Ivica Dačić Socialist Party of Serbia 27 April 2014",
"Seychelles List Danny Faure ( president ) People 's Party 29 October 2016",
"Sierra Leone List Samura Kamara All People 's Congress 17 December 2012",
"Singapore List Vivian Balakrishnan People 's Action Party 1 October 2015",
"Slovakia List Miroslav Lajčák Direction -- Social Democracy 4 April 2012",
"Slovenia List Karl Erjavec Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia 10 February 2012",
"Solomon Islands List Milner Tozaka People 's Alliance Party 15 December 2014",
"Somalia List Yusuf Garaad Omar 21 March 2017",
"South Africa List Maite Nkoana - Mashabane African National Congress 11 May 2009",
"South Sudan List Deng Alor Kuol Sudan People 's Liberation Movement 28 April 2016",
"Spain List Alfonso Dastis Independent 4 November 2016",
"Sri Lanka List Tilak Marapana United National Party 15 August 2017",
"Sudan List Ibrahim Ghandour National Congress 6 June 2015",
"Suriname List Yldiz Pollack - Beighle 1 February 2017",
"Swaziland List Mgwagwa Gamedze 4 November 2013",
"Sweden List Margot Wallström Swedish Social Democratic Party 3 October 2014",
"Switzerland List Didier Burkhalter 1 January 2012",
"Syria List Walid Muallem Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region 11 February 2006",
"Tajikistan List Sirodjidin Aslov 29 November 2013",
"Tanzania List Augustine Mahiga Chama Cha Mapinduzi 10 December 2015",
"Thailand List Don Pramudwinai 20 August 2015",
"Togo List Robert Dussey 17 September 2013",
"Tonga List Siaosi Sovaleni Independent 6 March 2017",
"Trinidad and Tobago List Dennis Moses People 's National Movement 11 September 2015",
"Tunisia List Khemaies Jhinaoui Nidaa Tounes 6 January 2016",
"Turkey List Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu Justice and Development Party 24 November 2015",
"Turkmenistan List Raşit Meredow Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 7 July 2001",
"Tuvalu Taukelina Finikaso N / A 5 August 2013",
"Uganda List Sam Kutesa National Resistance Movement 13 January 2005",
"Ukraine List Pavlo Klimkin Independent 19 June 2014",
"United Arab Emirates Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan N / A 9 February 2006",
"United Kingdom List Boris Johnson Conservative Party 13 July 2016",
"United States List Rex Tillerson Republican Party 1 February 2017",
"Uruguay List Rodolfo Nin Novoa Broad Front 1 March 2015",
"Uzbekistan List Abdulaziz Komilov 13 January 2012",
"Vanuatu List Bruno Leingkone National United Party 11 February 2016",
"Venezuela List Jorge Arreaza United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2 August 2017",
"Vietnam List Phạm Bình Minh Communist Party of Vietnam 3 August 2011",
"Yemen List disputed - Hisham Sharaf or Abdulmalik Al - Mekhlafi 28 November 2016 1 December 2015",
"Zambia List Harry Kalaba Patriotic Front 13 March 2014",
"Zimbabwe List Walter Mzembi Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front 9 October 2017",
"Country Name Since Abkhazia ( List ) Daur Kove 4 October 2016 Artsakh Karen Mirzoyan 22 September 2012 Brussels - Capital Region Guy Vanhengel 7 May 2013 Catalonia Raül Romeva 14 January 2016 Cook Islands ( List ) Henry Puna ( prime minister ) 25 July 2013 Donetsk People 's Republic Natalya Nikonorova ( acting ) 22 February 2016 Faroe Islands Poul Michelsen 15 September 2015 Flanders Geert Bourgeois ( Minister - President ) 25 July 2014 French Polynesia Édouard Fritch ( president ) 12 September 2014 Gagauzia Vitaliy Vlah 30 April 2015 Greenland Suka K. Frederiksen 24 April 2017 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Usman Ferzauli 2007 Jersey Sir Philip Bailhache 24 September 2013 Kosovo ( List ) Behgjet Pacolli 9 September 2017 Kurdistan Falah Mustafa Bakir September 2006 Lugansk People 's Republic Vladislav Deinevo ( acting ) 12 September 2017 Niue ( List ) Toke Talagi ( prime minister ) 7 June 2008 Northern Cyprus ( List ) Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu 16 April 2016 State of Palestine ( List ) Mahmoud Abbas ( prime minister ) 27 August 2009 Quebec Christine St - Pierre 23 April 2014 Scotland ( List ) Fiona Hyslop 1 December 2009 Somaliland ( List ) Saad Ali Shire October 2015 South Ossetia ( List ) Murat Dzhioyev 8 August 2016 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( List ) David Lee 20 May 2016 Tokelau Siopili Perez ( prime minister ) 6 March 2017 Transnistria ( List ) Vitaly Ignatyev 14 September 2015 Tibet Lobsang Sangay ( prime minister ) 28 February 2016 Western Sahara Mohamed Salem Ould Salek 21 January 1998 Wallonia Willy Borsus ( Minister - President ) 28 July 2017",
"Country Name Since",
"Abkhazia ( List ) Daur Kove 4 October 2016",
"Artsakh Karen Mirzoyan 22 September 2012",
"Brussels - Capital Region Guy Vanhengel 7 May 2013",
"Catalonia Raül Romeva 14 January 2016",
"Cook Islands ( List ) Henry Puna ( prime minister ) 25 July 2013",
"Donetsk People 's Republic Natalya Nikonorova ( acting ) 22 February 2016",
"Faroe Islands Poul Michelsen 15 September 2015",
"Flanders Geert Bourgeois ( Minister - President ) 25 July 2014",
"French Polynesia Édouard Fritch ( president ) 12 September 2014",
"Gagauzia Vitaliy Vlah 30 April 2015",
"Greenland Suka K. Frederiksen 24 April 2017",
"Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Usman Ferzauli 2007",
"Jersey Sir Philip Bailhache 24 September 2013",
"Kosovo ( List ) Behgjet Pacolli 9 September 2017",
"Kurdistan Falah Mustafa Bakir September 2006",
"Lugansk People 's Republic Vladislav Deinevo ( acting ) 12 September 2017",
"Niue ( List ) Toke Talagi ( prime minister ) 7 June 2008",
"Northern Cyprus ( List ) Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu 16 April 2016",
"State of Palestine ( List ) Mahmoud Abbas ( prime minister ) 27 August 2009",
"Quebec Christine St - Pierre 23 April 2014",
"Scotland ( List ) Fiona Hyslop 1 December 2009",
"Somaliland ( List ) Saad Ali Shire October 2015",
"South Ossetia ( List ) Murat Dzhioyev 8 August 2016",
"Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( List ) David Lee 20 May 2016",
"Tokelau Siopili Perez ( prime minister ) 6 March 2017",
"Transnistria ( List ) Vitaly Ignatyev 14 September 2015",
"Tibet Lobsang Sangay ( prime minister ) 28 February 2016",
"Western Sahara Mohamed Salem Ould Salek 21 January 1998",
"Wallonia Willy Borsus ( Minister - President ) 28 July 2017",
"Entity Name Since European Union Federica Mogherini 1 November 2014 Sovereign Military Order of Malta Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager 27 January 2017",
"Entity Name Since",
"European Union Federica Mogherini 1 November 2014",
"Sovereign Military Order of Malta Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager 27 January 2017"
] | List of current foreign ministers - wikipedia List of current foreign ministers Jump to: navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (August 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of current foreign ministers of the 193 United Nations member states , Holy See ( Vatican City ) and the State of Palestine . Foreign ministers of unrecognised sovereign countries are included in a separate table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sovereign states 2 Unrecognized countries, autonomous regions 3 Sui generis entities 4 See also 5 Notes Sovereign states ( edit ) Country List Minister Party Since Afghanistan List Salahuddin Rabbani Jamiat-e Islami 1 February 2015 Albania List Ditmir Bushati Socialist Party of Albania 15 September 2013 Algeria List Abdelkader Messahel 25 May 2017 Andorra List Maria Ubach Font 15 July 2017 Angola List Manuel Domingos Augusto People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola September 28 2017 Antigua and Barbuda List Charles Fernandez Antigua Labour Party 18 June 2014 Argentina List Jorge Faurie 12 June 2017 Armenia List Eduard Nalbandyan Independent 14 April 2008 Australia List Julie Bishop Liberal Party of Australia 18 September 2013 Austria List Sebastian Kurz Austrian People's Party 16 December 2013 Azerbaijan List Elmar Mammadyarov Independent 2 April 2004 Bahamas List Darren Henfield Free National Movement 15 May 2017 Bahrain List Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa N/A 26 September 2005 Bangladesh List Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali Bangladesh Awami League 26 February 2014 Barbados List Maxine McClean Democratic Labour Party 24 November 2008 Belarus List Vladimir Makei 20 August 2012 Belgium List Didier Reynders Reformist Movement 6 December 2011 Belize List Wilfred Elrington United Democratic Party 12 February 2008 Benin List Aurélien Agbénonci 6 April 2016 Bhutan List Damcho Dorji People's Democratic Party 2 August 2015 Bolivia List Fernando Huanacuni Mamani 23 January 2017 Bosnia and Herzegovina List Igor Crnadak Party of Democratic Progress 31 March 2015 Botswana List Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi Botswana Democratic Party 24 October 2014 Brazil Aloysio Nunes Brazilian Social Democracy Party 7 March 2017 Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah (monarch) (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade) N/A 22 October 2015 Lim Jock Seng (Second Minister of Foreign Affairs & Trade) 24 May 2005 Bulgaria List Ekaterina Zakharieva Reformist Bloc 4 May 2017 Burkina Faso List Alpha Barry 12 January 2016 Burma List Aung San Suu Kyi National League for Democracy 30 March 2016 Burundi List Alain Aimé Nyamitwe 18 May 2015 Cambodia List Prak Sokhon Cambodian People's Party 5 April 2016 Cameroon List Lejeune Mbella Mbella Cameroon People's Democratic Movement 2 October 2015 Canada List Chrystia Freeland Liberal Party of Canada 10 January 2017 Cape Verde List Luís Felipe Tavares Movement for Democracy 22 April 2016 Central African Republic List Charles-Armel Doubane Independent 1 April 2016 Chad List Hissein Brahim Taha 7 February 2017 Chile List Heraldo Muñoz Party for Democracy 11 March 2014 People's Republic of China List Wang Yi Communist Party of China 16 March 2013 Colombia List María Ángela Holguín Colombian Liberal Party 7 August 2010 Comoros List Mohamed El-Amine Souef 17 July 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo List Léonard She Okitundu People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy 19 December 2016 Republic of the Congo List Jean-Claude Gakosso Congolese Party of Labour 10 August 2015 Costa Rica List Manuel González Sanz Citizens' Action Party 8 May 2014 Côte d'Ivoire List Marcel Amon Tanoh 25 November 2016 Croatia List Marija Pejčinović Burić Croatian Democratic Union 19 June 2017 Cuba List Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla Communist Party of Cuba 2 March 2009 Cyprus List Ioannis Kasoulidis Democratic Rally 1 March 2013 Czech Republic List Lubomír Zaorálek Czech Social Democratic Party 29 January 2014 Denmark List Anders Samuelsen Liberal Alliance 28 November 2016 Djibouti List Mahamoud Ali Youssouf Independent 22 May 2005 Dominica List Francine Baron Dominica Labour Party 13 December 2014 Dominican Republic List Miguel Vargas Maldonado Dominican Revolutionary Party 16 August 2016 East Timor List Aurélio Guterres Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor 15 September 2017 Ecuador List María Fernanda Espinosa PAIS Alliance 24 March 2017 Egypt List Sameh Shoukry Independent 17 June 2014 El Salvador List Hugo Martínez Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1 June 2014 Equatorial Guinea List Agapito Mba Mokuy Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea 22 May 2012 Eritrea List Osman Saleh Mohammed People's Front for Democracy and Justice 18 April 2007 Estonia List Sven Mikser Social Democratic Party 23 November 2016 Ethiopia List Workneh Gebeyehu Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1 November 2016 Fiji List Frank Bainimarama (prime minister) FijiFirst 9 September 2016 Finland List Timo Soini New Alternative 29 May 2015 France List Jean-Yves Le Drian Socialist Party 17 May 2017 Gabon List Noël Nelson Messone 21 August 2017 Gambia List Ousainou Darboe United Democratic Party 1 February 2017 Georgia List Mikheil Janelidze Georgian Dream 30 December 2015 Germany List Sigmar Gabriel Social Democratic Party of Germany 27 January 2017 Ghana List Shirley Ayorkor Botchway New Patriotic Party 27 January 2017 Greece List Nikos Kotzias Syriza 23 September 2015 Grenada List Elvin Nimrod New National Party 1 July 2016 Guatemala List Sandra Jovel 27 August 2017 Guinea List Mamadi Touré 22 August 2017 Guinea-Bissau List Jorge Malú 13 December 2016 Guyana List Carl Greenidge 19 May 2015 Haiti List Antonio Rodrigue 21 March 2017 Honduras List María Dolores Agüero 18 April 2016 Holy See List Archbishop Paul Gallagher N/A 8 November 2014 Hungary List Péter Szijjártó Fidesz 23 September 2014 Iceland List Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson Independence Party 11 January 2017 India List Sushma Swaraj Bharatiya Janata Party 26 May 2014 Indonesia List Retno Marsudi Independent 27 October 2014 Iran List Mohammad Javad Zarif Independent 15 August 2013 Iraq List Ibrahim al-Jaafari National Iraqi Alliance 8 September 2014 Ireland List Simon Coveney Fine Gael 14 June 2017 Israel List Benjamin Netanyahu (prime minister) Likud 14 May 2015 Italy List Angelino Alfano Popular Alternative 12 December 2016 Jamaica List Kamina Johnson-Smith Jamaica Labour Party 7 March 2016 Japan List Tarō Kōno Liberal Democratic Party 3 August 2017 Jordan List Ayman Safadi Independent 15 January 2017 Kazakhstan List Kairat Abdrakhmanov Nur Otan 28 December 2016 Kenya List Amina Mohamed Independent 19 May 2013 Kiribati Taneti Mamau (president) Tobwaan Kiribati Party 15 March 2016 North Korea List Ri Yong-ho Workers' Party of Korea 17 May 2016 South Korea List Kang Kyung-wha Democratic Party of Korea 18 June 2017 Kuwait List Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah N/A 23 October 2011 Kyrgyzstan List Erlan Abdyldayev 5 September 2012 Laos List Saleumxay Kommasith Lao People's Revolutionary Party 19 April 2016 Latvia List Edgars Rinkēvičs Unity 25 October 2011 Lebanon List Gebran Bassil Free Patriotic Movement 15 February 2014 Lesotho List Lesego Makgothi All Basotho Convention 23 June 2017 Liberia List Marjon Kamara 6 January 2016 Libya List disputed - Mohammed al-Dairi or Mohamed Taha Siala 29 September 2014 12 March 2016 Liechtenstein Aurelia Frick Progressive Citizens' Party 25 March 2009 Lithuania List Linas Antanas Linkevičius Social Democratic Party of Lithuania 13 December 2012 Luxembourg List Jean Asselborn Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party 21 July 2004 Macedonia List Nikola Dimitrov Social Democratic Union of Macedonia 31 May 2017 Madagascar List Henry Rabary Njaka 25 August 2017 Malawi List Emmanuel Fabiano 17 July 2017 Malaysia List Anifah Aman United Malays National Organisation 10 April 2009 Maldives List Mohamed Asim 13 July 2016 Mali List Abdoulaye Diop 11 April 2014 Malta List Carmelo Abela Labour Party 9 June 2017 Marshall Islands John Silk 2 February 2016 Mauritania List Isselkou Ould Ahmed Izid Bih 9 February 2016 Mauritius List Vishnu Lutchmeenaraidoo 14 March 2016 Mexico List Luis Videgaray Institutional Revolutionary Party 4 January 2017 Micronesia Lorin S. Robert N/A 14 July 2007 Moldova List Andrei Galbur Independent 20 January 2016 Monaco Gilles Tonelli Independent 22 February 2015 Mongolia List Damdin Tsogtbaatar Mongolian People's Party 20 October 2017 Montenegro List Srđan Darmanović Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 28 November 2016 Morocco List Nasser Bourita Independent 5 April 2017 Mozambique List Oldemiro Balói Mozambique Liberation Front 10 March 2008 Namibia List Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah South West African People's Organisation 4 December 2012 Nauru Baron Waqa (president) Independent 13 June 2013 Nepal List Krishna Bahadur Mahara Communist Party of Nepal 7 June 2017 Netherlands List Halbe Zijlstra People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 26 October 2017 New Zealand List Winston Peters New Zealand First 26 October 2017 Nicaragua List Denis Moncada 16 January 2017 Niger List Ibrahim Yacouba Nigerien Patriotic Movement 11 April 2016 Nigeria List Geoffrey Onyeama All Progressives Congress 11 November 2015 Norway List Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide Conservative Party 20 October 2017 Oman List Qaboos bin Said al Said (sultan) (Minister of Foreign Affairs) N/A 2 January 1972 Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah (Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs) 19 December 1997 Pakistan List Khawaja Muhammad Asif Pakistan Muslim League 4 August 2017 Palau Faustina K. Rehuher-Marugg N/A 13 June 2017 Palestine List Riyad al-Maliki Fatah 1 September 2007 Panama List Isabel Saint Malo (Vice President) Independent 1 July 2014 Papua New Guinea List Rimbink Pato United Party 9 August 2012 Paraguay List Eladio Loizaga 15 August 2013 Peru List Ricardo Luna 28 July 2016 Philippines List Alan Peter Cayetano PDP-- Laban 18 May 2017 Poland List Witold Waszczykowski Law and Justice 16 November 2015 Portugal List Augusto Santos Silva Socialist Party 26 November 2015 Qatar List Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani N/A 27 January 2016 Romania List Teodor Meleșcanu Independent 4 January 2017 Russia List Sergey Lavrov United Russia 9 March 2004 Rwanda List Louise Mushikiwabo Independent 3 December 2009 Saint Kitts and Nevis List Mark Brantley Concerned Citizens' Movement 22 February 2015 Saint Lucia List Allen Chastanet (prime minister) United Workers Party 14 June 2016 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines List Sir Louis Straker Unity Labour Party 14 December 2015 Samoa List Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi (prime minister) Human Rights Protection Party 23 November 1998 San Marino Nicola Renzi Future Republic 27 December 2016 São Tomé and Príncipe List Urbino Botelho 18 October 2016 Saudi Arabia List Adel al-Jubeir N/A 29 April 2015 Senegal List Sidiki Kaba 7 September 2017 Serbia List Ivica Dačić Socialist Party of Serbia 27 April 2014 Seychelles List Danny Faure (president) People's Party 29 October 2016 Sierra Leone List Samura Kamara All People's Congress 17 December 2012 Singapore List Vivian Balakrishnan People's Action Party 1 October 2015 Slovakia List Miroslav Lajčák Direction -- Social Democracy 4 April 2012 Slovenia List Karl Erjavec Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia 10 February 2012 Solomon Islands List Milner Tozaka People's Alliance Party 15 December 2014 Somalia List Yusuf Garaad Omar 21 March 2017 South Africa List Maite Nkoana-Mashabane African National Congress 11 May 2009 South Sudan List Deng Alor Kuol Sudan People's Liberation Movement 28 April 2016 Spain List Alfonso Dastis Independent 4 November 2016 Sri Lanka List Tilak Marapana United National Party 15 August 2017 Sudan List Ibrahim Ghandour National Congress 6 June 2015 Suriname List Yldiz Pollack-Beighle 1 February 2017 Swaziland List Mgwagwa Gamedze 4 November 2013 Sweden List Margot Wallström Swedish Social Democratic Party 3 October 2014 Switzerland List Didier Burkhalter 1 January 2012 Syria List Walid Muallem Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region 11 February 2006 Tajikistan List Sirodjidin Aslov 29 November 2013 Tanzania List Augustine Mahiga Chama Cha Mapinduzi 10 December 2015 Thailand List Don Pramudwinai 20 August 2015 Togo List Robert Dussey 17 September 2013 Tonga List Siaosi Sovaleni Independent 6 March 2017 Trinidad and Tobago List Dennis Moses People's National Movement 11 September 2015 Tunisia List Khemaies Jhinaoui Nidaa Tounes 6 January 2016 Turkey List Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu Justice and Development Party 24 November 2015 Turkmenistan List Raşit Meredow Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 7 July 2001 Tuvalu Taukelina Finikaso N/A 5 August 2013 Uganda List Sam Kutesa National Resistance Movement 13 January 2005 Ukraine List Pavlo Klimkin Independent 19 June 2014 United Arab Emirates Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan N/A 9 February 2006 United Kingdom List Boris Johnson Conservative Party 13 July 2016 United States List Rex Tillerson Republican Party 1 February 2017 Uruguay List Rodolfo Nin Novoa Broad Front 1 March 2015 Uzbekistan List Abdulaziz Komilov 13 January 2012 Vanuatu List Bruno Leingkone National United Party 11 February 2016 Venezuela List Jorge Arreaza United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2 August 2017 Vietnam List Phạm Bình Minh Communist Party of Vietnam 3 August 2011 Yemen List disputed - Hisham Sharaf or Abdulmalik Al-Mekhlafi 28 November 2016 1 December 2015 Zambia List Harry Kalaba Patriotic Front 13 March 2014 Zimbabwe List Walter Mzembi Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front 9 October 2017 Unrecognized countries, autonomous regions ( edit ) Country Name Since Abkhazia ( List ) Daur Kove 4 October 2016 Artsakh Karen Mirzoyan 22 September 2012 Brussels-Capital Region Guy Vanhengel 7 May 2013 Catalonia Raül Romeva 14 January 2016 Cook Islands ( List ) Henry Puna (prime minister) 25 July 2013 Donetsk People's Republic Natalya Nikonorova (acting) 22 February 2016 Faroe Islands Poul Michelsen 15 September 2015 Flanders Geert Bourgeois (Minister-President) 25 July 2014 French Polynesia Édouard Fritch (president) 12 September 2014 Gagauzia Vitaliy Vlah 30 April 2015 Greenland Suka K. Frederiksen 24 April 2017 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Usman Ferzauli 2007 Jersey Sir Philip Bailhache 24 September 2013 Kosovo ( List ) Behgjet Pacolli 9 September 2017 Kurdistan Falah Mustafa Bakir September 2006 Lugansk People's Republic Vladislav Deinevo (acting) 12 September 2017 Niue ( List ) Toke Talagi (prime minister) 7 June 2008 Northern Cyprus ( List ) Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu 16 April 2016 State of Palestine ( List ) Mahmoud Abbas (prime minister) 27 August 2009 Quebec Christine St-Pierre 23 April 2014 Scotland ( List ) Fiona Hyslop 1 December 2009 Somaliland ( List ) Saad Ali Shire October 2015 South Ossetia ( List ) Murat Dzhioyev 8 August 2016 Taiwan (Republic of China) ( List ) David Lee 20 May 2016 Tokelau Siopili Perez (prime minister) 6 March 2017 Transnistria ( List ) Vitaly Ignatyev 14 September 2015 Tibet Lobsang Sangay (prime minister) 28 February 2016 Western Sahara Mohamed Salem Ould Salek 21 January 1998 Wallonia Willy Borsus (Minister-President) 28 July 2017 Sui generis entities ( edit ) Entity Name Since European Union Federica Mogherini 1 November 2014 Sovereign Military Order of Malta Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager 27 January 2017 See also ( edit ) Category:Lists of foreign ministers by year List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of current presidents of assembly List of current heads of state and government List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations List of female foreign ministers Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Foreign Ministers with the party field set to N/A indicates that their country has either banned political parties or that they do not have them. Jump up ^ Acting to 28 March 2017. Jump up ^ The Palestinian Authority renamed itself the State of Palestine on 6 January 2013 (a move not recognized by Israel). Do not confuse with the `` State of Palestine'' proclaimed on 15 November 1988 by the Palestinian National Council (PNC) in Algiers which remains a putative state, de facto ineffective despite partial international recognition. Jump up ^ Government in exile in opposition to the emir's government, which itself is unrecognized. Jump up ^ as Head of Political Department of Executive Committee of PLO. Jump up ^ Acting to 30 August 2016 and from 17 December 2016 to 30 January 2017. Jump up ^ Government in exile. ( hide ) Common types of government ministers and ministries Leadership President Vice-President Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Office of the President Cabinet department / Office of the Prime Minister Defence / Foreign Affairs / Public Safety Defence ( list ) Foreign / External Affairs ( list ) International development Public Security / Internal Security / Homeland Security Immigration Economics / Infrastructure Commerce / Trade Communications Finance / Treasury ( list ) Industry Public Works / Infrastructure Transport Environment / Natural resources Agriculture Climate change Energy Environment ( list ) Fisheries Forestry Irrigation Land management Mining Natural resources Petroleum / Oil Water resources Social Education ( List ) Culture Health Information Interior / Home Affairs ( list ) Justice / Law Labour Religion Science (and Technology) Sports Tourism Minister without portfolio Ministries by portfolio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_foreign_ministers&oldid=807177516 '' Categories : Lists of government ministers Foreign ministers Lists of current office-holders Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2012 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 11:38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -6424114240676170332 |
what is the name of the character bruce willis plays for a few episodes | Last Man Standing match , a type of specialty match in professional wrestling | [
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"Last Man Standing may refer to :",
"Last Man Standing ( 1987 film ) , a film directed by Damian Lee Last Man Standing ( 1995 film ) , a film directed by Joseph Merhi Last Man Standing ( 1996 film ) , a film starring Bruce Willis Last Man Standing ( 2011 film ) , a film directed by Ernest R. Dickerson Undisputed II : Last Man Standing , a 2006 sequel to the action film Undisputed",
"Last Man Standing ( 1987 film ) , a film directed by Damian Lee",
"Last Man Standing ( 1995 film ) , a film directed by Joseph Merhi",
"Last Man Standing ( 1996 film ) , a film starring Bruce Willis",
"Last Man Standing ( 2011 film ) , a film directed by Ernest R. Dickerson",
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"Last Man Standing ( novel ) , a novel by David Baldacci Last Man Standing : Killbook of a Bounty Hunter , a graphic novel series Last Man Standing , a biography of Jamie Dimon , by Duff McDonald",
"Last Man Standing ( novel ) , a novel by David Baldacci",
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"Last Man Standing , a biography of Jamie Dimon , by Duff McDonald",
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"Last Man Standing ( Australian TV series ) , a 2005 drama series",
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"Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) , a 2011 - 2017 sitcom starring Tim Allen and Nancy Travis",
"Making the Cut : Last Man Standing , a Canadian reality television series featuring ice hockey",
"Last Man Standing : Politics , Texas Style , a 2004 documentary film aired as an installment of the TV series POV",
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"`` Last Man Standing '' ( 1 vs. 100 )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( The Biggest Loser Asia )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( Casualty )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( City Homicide : No Greater Honour )",
"`` The Last Man Standing '' ( Cosby )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( Desire )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( I 'm Alive )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( Jake 2.0 )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( Love Games : Bad Girls Need Love Too )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( NCIS )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( NY Ink )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( The Naked Archaeologist )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( The Net )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( A Scare at Bedtime )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( She Spies )",
"`` Last Man Standing '' ( Solved )",
"Last man standing ( gaming ) , a gametype featured in several computer and video games Last Man Standing Coop , a Doom 3 cooperative - play modification Last Man Standing ( video game ) , free to play MMO battle royale game",
"Last man standing ( gaming ) , a gametype featured in several computer and video games",
"Last Man Standing Coop , a Doom 3 cooperative - play modification",
"Last Man Standing ( video game ) , free to play MMO battle royale game",
"Last Man Standing ( motorcycle race ) , an annual event in Bulcher , Texas , US Last Man Standing match , a type of specialty match in professional wrestling",
"Last Man Standing ( motorcycle race ) , an annual event in Bulcher , Texas , US",
"Last Man Standing match , a type of specialty match in professional wrestling"
] | Last Man Standing - wikipedia Last Man Standing Jump to: navigation , search Last Man Standing may refer to: Contents ( hide ) 1 Film 2 Literature 3 Music 3.1 Albums 3.2 Songs 4 Television 4.1 Episodes 5 Video games 6 Other 7 See also Film ( edit ) Last Man Standing (1987 film) , a film directed by Damian Lee Last Man Standing (1995 film) , a film directed by Joseph Merhi Last Man Standing (1996 film) , a film starring Bruce Willis Last Man Standing (2011 film) , a film directed by Ernest R. Dickerson Undisputed II: Last Man Standing , a 2006 sequel to the action film Undisputed Literature ( edit ) Last Man Standing (novel) , a novel by David Baldacci Last Man Standing: Killbook of a Bounty Hunter , a graphic novel series Last Man Standing , a biography of Jamie Dimon, by Duff McDonald Music ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Last Man Standing (E-type album) Last Man Standing (Jerry Lee Lewis album) Last Man Standing Live , by Jerry Lee Lewis Last Man Standing (MC Eiht album) Last Man Standing (Ryan Shupe & The RubberBand album) Last Man Standing , by Mr. Capone-E Last Man Standing , by RBL Posse member Black C Songs ( edit ) `` Last Man Standing'' (Pop Evil song) , 2010 `` Last Man Standing'' (Some & Any song) , 2009 `` Last Man Standing'' , by Asher Roth & Akon from the Madden NFL 12 video game soundtrack `` Last Man Standing'' , by Bon Jovi from Have a Nice Day `` Last Man Standing'' , by Duran Duran from Red Carpet Massacre `` Last Man Standing'' , by Eric Martin for Pride FC `` Last Man Standing'' , by HammerFall from Steel Meets Steel: Ten Years of Glory `` Last Man Standing'' , by Hybrid from I Choose Noise `` Last Man Standing'' , by People in Planes from Beyond the Horizon `` Last Man Standing'' , by Satyricon from The Age of Nero Television ( edit ) Last Man Standing (Australian TV series) , a 2005 drama series Last Man Standing (UK TV series) , a 2007-- 2008 reality series Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series) , a 2011-2017 sitcom starring Tim Allen and Nancy Travis Making the Cut: Last Man Standing , a Canadian reality television series featuring ice hockey Last Man Standing: Politics, Texas Style , a 2004 documentary film aired as an installment of the TV series POV Episodes ( edit ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( 1 vs. 100 ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( The Biggest Loser Asia ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( Casualty ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( City Homicide: No Greater Honour ) `` The Last Man Standing'' ( Cosby ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( Desire ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( I'm Alive ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( Jake 2.0 ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( NCIS ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( NY Ink ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( The Naked Archaeologist ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( The Net ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( A Scare at Bedtime ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( She Spies ) `` Last Man Standing'' ( Solved ) Video games ( edit ) Last man standing (gaming) , a gametype featured in several computer and video games Last Man Standing Coop , a Doom 3 cooperative-play modification Last Man Standing (video game) , free to play MMO battle royale game Other ( edit ) Last Man Standing (motorcycle race) , an annual event in Bulcher, Texas, US Last Man Standing match, a type of specialty match in professional wrestling See also ( edit ) Last One Standing (disambiguation) The Last Man (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Last Man Standing . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Man_Standing&oldid=802644288 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 14:39. About Wikipedia | 3381520636728924597 |
where did they film pirates of the caribbean stranger tides | While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016 , Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017 . Production began in late February 2015 in Australia . | [
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"Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net ) Box office $1.045 billion",
"Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides",
"Theatrical release poster",
"Directed by Rob Marshall",
"Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer",
"Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio",
"Ted Elliott Terry Rossio",
"Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio",
"Ted Elliott Terry Rossio",
"Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney",
"On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney",
"On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers",
"Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert",
"Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney",
"Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush",
"Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush",
"Kevin R. McNally",
"Music by Hans Zimmer",
"Cinematography Dariusz Wolski",
"Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith",
"David Brenner Wyatt Smith",
"Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films",
"Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films",
"Walt Disney Pictures",
"Jerry Bruckheimer Films",
"Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures",
"Release date May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States )",
"May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States )",
"May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort )",
"May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States )",
"Running time 137 minutes",
"Country United States",
"Language English",
"Budget $410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net )",
"$410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net )",
"$410.6 million ( gross )",
"$378.5 million ( net )",
"Box office $1.045 billion",
"Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World 's End ( 2007 ) . It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski , being replaced by Rob Marshall . Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer . The film is technically a stand - alone sequel to the previous installments . In the film , which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers , Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D formats .",
"Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio first learned of Powers ' novel On Stranger Tides during the back - to - back production of Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and At World 's End , and considered it a good starting point for a new movie in the series . Pre-production started after the end of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , with Depp collaborating with the writers on the story design . Principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010 , with locations in Hawaii , the United Kingdom , Puerto Rico and California . Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar , and ten companies were involved with the film 's visual effects . Following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made with a net budget of $379 million .",
"On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release , and it stands as the 23rd - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation . Critical reviews were mixed , with the film receiving criticism over its writing , directing , excessiveness and lack of originality ; positive mentions were given on the acting , action sequences , music , visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films . A sequel , titled Dead Men Tell No Tales , was released in 2017 .",
"This film 's story occurs in 1750 , set roughly sixteen years after At World 's End ( and six after its post-credits scene )",
"After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate , Joshamee Gibbs , in London , Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II . The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it . Jack 's old nemesis , Captain Hector Barbossa , now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship , the Black Pearl , which he says was sunk , is heading the expedition .",
"Jack refuses the offer and escapes . He meets up with his father , Captain Teague , who warns Jack about the Fountain 's rituals . Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain . The impostor is Angelica , Jack 's former lover , and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard , who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical `` Sword of Triton '' that controls his ship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge . While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard 's ship , Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack 's map showing the Fountain 's location , forcing Barbossa to take him along .",
"Meanwhile , after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain . Blackbeard seeks the Fountain 's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a `` one - legged man '' , who happened to be Barbossa . Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León 's missing flagship , the Santiago . The Fountain 's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices . Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid 's tear will extend life ; the second person dies , their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker . Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard 's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles .",
"The Queen Anne 's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears . After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara , she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away . A mermaid named Syrena is caught , but Philip Swift , a captive missionary , falls in love with her . Reaching Ponce de León 's ship on an uncharted island , Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices . Jack locates the grounded , decaying vessel , only to find Barbossa there . Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices , after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel .",
"Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices . Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl , and his leg being amputated . Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices . Meanwhile , Syrena , reciprocating Philip 's love , is tricked into shedding a tear . Blackbeard collects it , leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them . Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica 's safety , Jack 's confiscated magical compass ( which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices ) , and Gibbs ' release . In return , Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain ; Blackbeard agrees , and Gibbs is set free with the compass .",
"At the Fountain , Blackbeard 's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight . The Spanish suddenly arrive , intending to destroy the Fountain , believing its power an abomination against God . They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp . When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword , Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned . Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices . Barbossa obtains Blackbeard 's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne 's Revenge and her crew . Despite resistance from Blackbeard 's crew , the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar , crushing the Fountain of Youth . The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins . Philip is mortally wounded , but he returns to free Syrena . She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him , telling him not to waste her tear . Syrena goes back to the dying Philip . She says she can save him if he asks her to . When he asks for her forgiveness , she kisses him and takes him underwater .",
"With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death , Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them . Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed , he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear . Instead , Blackbeard drinks it , asking his daughter to save him . Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice . Jack is upset to lose Angelica , but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear . Neither of the two are happy , and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them . Angelica 's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard 's body .",
"Eventually , Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other , yet he distrusts her intentions ( aware that she may try to avenge her father ) and strands her on a cay . Now wielding Blackbeard 's magical sword , Barbossa captains the Queen Anne 's Revenge and returns to piracy . Jack finds Gibbs , who had used the compass to locate the Revenge . He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles , carrying them in a gunny sack . The two leave , hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates life .",
"In a post-credits scene , a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica , who then smiles .",
"Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl . Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack 's former love interest , and daughter of Blackbeard . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack 's former - rival - turned - ally , and former captain of the Black Pearl . Ian McShane as Blackbeard : Legendary pirate , and captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's friend , and former first mate . Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary , kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard 's ship . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard , and love interest of Swift . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A self - serving member of Blackbeard 's crew . Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr . Theodore Groves : Barbossa 's second - in - command , former second - in - command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew . Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa 's third - in - command , former second - in - command of James Norrington . Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard : King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent . Richard Griffiths as King George II Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack 's father , former Pirate Lord of Madagascar , and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court . Gemma Ward as Tamara : A mermaid . Judi Dench as Society Lady Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard 's death . Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg Bronson Webb as The Cook Steve Evets as Purser Derek Mears as the Master - at - Arms DeObia Oparei as the Gunner Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret , Baron Carteret of Hawnes , 2nd Earl of Granville Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham Paul Bazely as Salaman : An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne 's Revenge",
"Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl .",
"Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack 's former love interest , and daughter of Blackbeard .",
"Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack 's former - rival - turned - ally , and former captain of the Black Pearl .",
"Ian McShane as Blackbeard : Legendary pirate , and captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge .",
"Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's friend , and former first mate .",
"Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary , kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard 's ship .",
"Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard , and love interest of Swift .",
"Stephen Graham as Scrum : A self - serving member of Blackbeard 's crew .",
"Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr . Theodore Groves : Barbossa 's second - in - command , former second - in - command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew .",
"Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa 's third - in - command , former second - in - command of James Norrington .",
"Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard : King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent .",
"Richard Griffiths as King George II",
"Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack 's father , former Pirate Lord of Madagascar , and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court .",
"Gemma Ward as Tamara : A mermaid .",
"Judi Dench as Society Lady",
"Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard 's death .",
"Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy",
"Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel",
"Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg",
"Bronson Webb as The Cook",
"Steve Evets as Purser",
"Derek Mears as the Master - at - Arms",
"DeObia Oparei as the Gunner",
"Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire",
"Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret , Baron Carteret of Hawnes , 2nd Earl of Granville",
"Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham",
"Paul Bazely as Salaman : An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne 's Revenge",
"Shortly before the premiere of At World 's End , Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy , but the idea of a spin - off was still possible . After the film 's successful opening weekend , Dick Cook , then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , said he was interested in a fourth installment . Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought . Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007 , but they were interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and only resumed in mid-2008 .",
"In June 2009 , Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film , which he , Johnny Depp , Ted Elliott , and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20 , 2011 . He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film , as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold . As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year , Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall , who he considered a `` premiere filmmaker '' , stating that `` Every film ( Marshall ) made I thought was unique and different . '' On July 21 , 2009 , Marshall accepted the job , because of the `` whole new story line and set of characters . It felt new , and that was important to me . '' Marshall said the film provided him a long - awaited opportunity to work with Depp , and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer -- `` the action sequences felt like big production numbers . '' On September 11 , 2009 , at Disney 's D23 convention during a Disney event , Cook and Johnny Depp , in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume , announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development . The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration , eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León 's ship . An appearance of `` Old Bill '' , the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat , was also filmed but cut . Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance , but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut .",
"Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years . Depp 's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation , with Depp explaining that `` There 's a fissure , a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment . It was all born in that office '' . Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow : `` When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character , Dick was there from the first moment . He trusted me '' .",
"During production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers ' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides , which they considered a good foundation on which to base `` a new chapter '' in the Pirates series . Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007 . Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book , `` but whenever you say those words , Powers ' novel comes to mind . There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored . '' However , they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel : `` Blackbeard came from the book , and in the book there is a daughter character , too . But Jack Sparrow is not in the book , nor is Barbossa . So I would n't call this an adaptation . '' Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film , `` kind of a James Bond sort of thing '' , instead of the `` designed to be a trilogy '' structure of the previous installments . They hoped to `` design a story that would support new characters , '' as characters such as Will Turner would not return . Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to `` streamline the story a little bit , make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow '' , as the number of characters and subplots in At World 's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length . The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes : mermaids , which are briefly referenced in the book . The mermaids ' role expanded in the script , which included a vast attack sequence .",
"Depp was deeply involved with the story design , frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing , and in the words of Rossio , being `` involved in coming up with story lines , connecting characters , creating moments that we would then fashion , shape and then go back . '' Among Depp 's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists . Afterwards , Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot , and did alterations of their own , including building the female lead .",
"Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008 , saying that he would come back if the script was good . Almost a year later , Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role , realizing that without him the franchise would be `` dead and buried . '' Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa , and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence . Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg , as he considered the disability made him `` angrier , more forceful and resilient as a character '' , and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch , particularly during sword fighting scenes . While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush 's leg , the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally , with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk . Three other actors from the previous films returned , Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs , Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves , and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette . Keith Richards also had a cameo , reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World 's End ; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder . Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles , as they wanted to be involved in different films . They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could . On August 1 , 2009 , Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones , who died in the previous film , saying the possibility to resurrect the character , but at the end , his inclusion was scrapped . On February 5 , 2010 , Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti , stating , `` They have n't asked me . But actually I do n't mind that at all . I 'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we 've made is great . I 'd almost like them to leave it there . ''",
"New cast members include Ian McShane , who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film , Blackbeard , and Penélope Cruz , who plays Angelica , Jack Sparrow 's love interest . According to Marshall , McShane was chosen because `` he can play something evil but there 's always humor behind it as well '' and the actor accepted the job due to both the `` very funny and charming '' script and the opportunity to work with Marshall . The beard took one hour and a half to get applied , and McShane likened the character 's costume to `` a real biker pirate -- it 's all black leather . '' Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role , as she fit the description as `` an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him , but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way . She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful '' , and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role . During filming , Cruz discovered she was pregnant , leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic , and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes . Depp recommended Stephen Graham , who worked with him in Public Enemies , to play Scrum , a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow , and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II , as Depp was a fan of Griffiths ' work on Withnail and I. Sam Claflin , a recent drama school graduate with television experience , was chosen to play the missionary Philip , and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast . Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors : Cruz , Bergès - Frisbey , Óscar Jaenada , and Juan Carlos Vellido . Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz .",
"Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts -- no implants . As Bruckheimer explained to EW , `` I do n't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s , ( ... ) So it 's natural for casting people to say , ' We want real people . ' '' Marshall invited Spanish - French actress Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up - and - coming actresses . Bergès - Frisbey had to take lessons of English , swimming and breath control for the role . The rest of the mermaid portrayers , such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward , were chosen for having `` exotic sense , an otherworldly sensibility , but also under those layers a deadly quality '' , according to Marshall , and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks .",
"Principal photography began on June 14 , 2010 , in Hawaii . Filming was moved to California in August 2010 , primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot , as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides . After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September , where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting . Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London , Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London 's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th - century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages . The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location . In October , security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack .",
"After the joint production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End cost over $300 million , Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment . Many costs had to be cut , including moving primary production to Hawaii and London , where tax credits are more favorable , and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World 's End . The tighter schedule -- according to Bruckheimer , `` We had a 22 - week post , and for a picture like this , with almost 1,200 visual effects shots , it 's usually 40 weeks '' -- meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming . The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £ 240.7 million ( $410.6 million ) by 2013 , with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government , making Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date .",
"Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being `` immersive filmmaking ; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you 're part of the screen . '' Bruckheimer described it as the first major `` exterior movie '' to be shot in 3D , as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages . At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D , but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format . `` You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure . '' While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production , the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras . Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion . The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar , which were made more compact for extra mobility . This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle .",
"The Queen Anne 's Revenge was built atop the Sunset , the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments . On February 2010 , the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms , where a big concern was to make it imposing , with three stories , without sacrificing actual seakeeping . Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series , the look for the Queen Anne 's Revenge was ominous , with sails dyed blood red , various elements on fire , and a decoration based on skulls and bones ( drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic ) . Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that `` not only Blackbeard was a dying man , but his ship is also a dying ship '' . The ship 's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard 's pirate flag . The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa 's ship , the HMS Providence , and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii . Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth , with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain , which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent `` the circle of life '' . The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu , but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood .",
"On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer - generated imagery , which were done by ten visual effects companies . Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley - Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D : `` Rotoscoping is tricky . Cleaning up plates is double the work , and tracking has to be spot on . '' The lead companies , with over 300 effects each , were Industrial Light & Magic -- responsible for , among others , the mermaids and most water effects -- and Moving Picture Company , who created digital ships and environment extensions , such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls . Filming the mermaids involved eight model - actresses , who portrayed them outside the water , as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen , both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids . Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models . The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature , instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus . To make the mermaids more menacing underwater , the faces of the actresses had some digital touch - ups on the underwater scenes , adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin . ILM also handled Blackbeard 's death , where Ian McShane 's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a `` boiling mass of blood and clothing '' , and a hurricane - like formation that represented `` the waters of the Fountain taking his life '' . Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa 's peg leg , CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots , and Method Studios created matte paintings .",
"The film 's score was written by Hans Zimmer , who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise ; being the main composer for the second and third installments . Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n ' roll sound , as he felt `` pirates were the rock ' n ' rollers of many , many years ago '' , and Spanish elements , which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz 's brother Eduardo . American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir - based cues , as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli .",
"On January 6 , 2010 , Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20 , 2011 , following Columbia Pictures ' announcement of a delay in the Spider - Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6 , 2011 . The film was released in IMAX 3D , as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format , with Dolby 7.1 surround sound . This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere , featuring strobe lights , tilting seats , blowing wind and fog and odor effects . It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas .",
"The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7 , 2011 , at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series . Many of the film 's stars were in attendance . Two other early screenings followed , one in Moscow on May 11 , and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14 . The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20 , with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18 , in Australia on May 19 , and in North America on May 20 . The film was released on a then - record 402 IMAX screens , 257 screens in North America , and 139 in other territories . The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide .",
"Disney 's marketing president , MT Carney , said that the film 's advertising campaign was intended `` to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant '' . Sony Pictures ' former marketing president , Valerie Van Galder , was hired as a consultant . The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4 , 2010 . Three trailers were released , one in December , which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron : Legacy and broadcast by ESPN 3D ; a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011 , which was later released online in an extended version ; and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials .",
"Promotional tie - ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game , a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless , a special edition of Pirate 's Booty , lines of nail polish by OPI , clothing from Hot Topic , and jewelry from Swarovski . Goldline International produced replicas of the `` Pieces of Eight '' coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins , which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre . At Disney California Adventure Park , the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides .",
"The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2011 in the UK , topping both the Blu - ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks . The film had its high - definition home release on October 18 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . Three different physical packages were made available : a 2 - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray and DVD ) , a 5 - disc combo pack ( 2 - disc Blu - ray , 1 - disc Blu - ray 3D , 1 - disc DVD , and 1 - disc Digital Copy ) , and a 15 - disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies . On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D . The regular DVD edition came out on December 6 .",
"In its first week of release , it sold 1.71 million Blu - ray units and generated $48.50 million , topping the weekly Blu - ray chart . However these results were quite skewed due to the one - month delay of its DVD - only release . It sold 3.20 million Blu - ray units ( $83.46 million ) after 11 weeks . It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ( $19.32 million ) . Upon its television premiere on December 29 , 2013 in the UK on BBC One , it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers , making it the third-most watched program that night , according to overnight figures .",
"On Stranger Tides earned $241,071,802 in the North America and $804,642,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,045,713,802 . It is the 22nd highest - grossing film worldwide , the third - highest - grossing 2011 film , the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series , the eleventh - highest - grossing Disney feature and the second - highest - grossing fourth film in a franchise ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) . On its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $350.6 million , surpassing At World 's End 's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh - highest worldwide opening . It scored an IMAX worldwide opening - weekend record with $16.7 million ( first surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) .",
"It set records for the least time to reach $500 , $600 , and $700 million worldwide ( in 10 , 12 and 16 days , respectively ) . The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . After 46 days in theaters ( July 2 , 2011 ) , it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1 - billion - mark . It set a record for the fastest Disney - distributed film to reach the milestone ( first surpassed by Marvel 's The Avengers ) and it is the fifth - fastest film overall to achieve this .",
"During its Thursday - midnight showings , On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters , and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day . It earned $90,151,958 on its opening weekend , topping the weekend box office , but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors ( At World 's End -- $114.7 million and Dead Man 's Chest -- $135.6 million ) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle ( Alice in Wonderland -- $116.1 million ) . 3D showings accounted for only 46 % of its opening - weekend gross . It closed on September 29 , 2011 , with a $241.1 million gross , ranking as the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2011 and the least profitable film of the franchise . However , it was the top - grossing movie during May 2011 ( with $166.8 million by May 31 ) .",
"Outside North America , On Stranger Tides is the sixth - highest - grossing film , the third - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing 2011 film and the highest - grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . It is the highest - grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories .",
"During its opening day ( Wednesday , May 18 , 2011 ) , On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories . It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday , for a two - day total of $44.2 million , and on Friday , it expanded to almost all countries , earning $46.2 million for a three - day total of $92.1 million . On its five - day opening weekend as a whole , it earned a then - record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories , in all which it reached first place at the box office . The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2 . Earnings originating from 3 - D showings accounted for 66 % of the weekend gross , which was a much greater share than in North America . Its highest - grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ( $31.42 million including previews ) , China ( $22.3 million ) and Germany ( $20.53 million ) . It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and X-Men : First Class . It reached the $300 , $400 and $500 - million - mark at the box office outside North America in record time ( 7 , 11 and 14 days respectively ) , records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 .",
"On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia ( including the CIS ) and Sweden . Subsequently , it set opening - weekend records in Latin America , the Middle East , Russia , Norway , Ukraine and Turkey , still retaining the record in Russia ( $26.8 million ) and Ukraine ( $2.15 million ) . Its highest - grossing market after North America is Japan ( $108.9 million ) , followed by China ( $71.8 million ) and Russia and the CIS ( $63.7 million ) . It is the highest - grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS , Austria , Ukraine , Greece , Portugal and Angola , South Africa , Romania , Bulgaria , Egypt , Estonia , and Latvia .",
"Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33 % based on 259 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel , but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale .",
"Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars , saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects , the film in general was `` too much of a muchness '' for him . Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+ , saying that Jack Sparrow had `` worn out his welcome '' . Despite the more linear plot , `` the movie is still ridiculous '' . He found On Stranger Tides to be `` precisely what you 'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride : a whole lot of noise , plenty of stunts and complete silliness . '' British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show , saying `` it 's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part , because it is just nothing , it is just a big empty nothing , whereas part three I think was an active atrocity , it 's just nothing at all '' .",
"As with the previous films , the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing . The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five , stating that `` the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story . That never really happens . '' Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script `` little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces '' , and USA Today 's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides `` familiar and predictable ... often incoherent and crammed with pointless details . ''",
"Mike Scott from The Times - Picayune mentions that `` while this latest chapter is n't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting , it 's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh - inducing . '' Writing for The A.V. Club , Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as `` a smaller film than past installments , by design and necessity '' , and felt that `` the series has needed this streamlining '' as the film `` feels lightweight , but that 's still better than bloated . ''",
"On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews ; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well - made . Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ , describing it as `` the most fun installment since the first '' , calling the story `` pure cartoon , but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels '' , and summing as `` the franchise is getting tired , but Penelope energizes it . '' Along the same lines , Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , writing that it `` feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle , infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails '' . She said that Marshall `` swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye - popping escapism '' and praised Depp , Cruz , and McShane 's performances . Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall `` shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights , and he handles the 3D well '' , and welcomed Penélope Cruz 's character , saying she `` brings her Oscar - winning vivacity '' and had `` lively sexual tension '' with Depp . Writing for The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from `` merely competent to tritely cluttered '' , but he was pleased with the overall result , calling McShane a `` fresh villain '' whose `` stentorian tones are welcome anywhere '' . Variety 's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative , but accessible . `` It has nary an original idea and still does n't make much sense , but it 's lost all pretensions that it should '' . He praised Geoffrey Rush , stating that he `` not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots , but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp 's stock and trade . ''",
"The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress , and Villain . Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards . The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards .",
"On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Kon - Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales .",
"While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016 , Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017 . Production began in late February 2015 in Australia ."
] | Pirates of the Caribbean: on Stranger Tides - Wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean: on Stranger Tides Jump to: navigation , search `` Pirates 4'' redirects here. For the 3D short film, see Pirates 4-D. For the soundtrack, see Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (soundtrack) . Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 7, 2011 ( 2011-05-07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20, 2011 ( 2011-05-20 ) (United States) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $410.6 million (gross) $378.5 million (net) Box office $1.045 billion Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World's End (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski , being replaced by Rob Marshall . Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers , Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats. Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio first learned of Powers' novel On Stranger Tides during the back-to-back production of Dead Man's Chest (2006) and At World's End , and considered it a good starting point for a new movie in the series. Pre-production started after the end of the 2007-- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , with Depp collaborating with the writers on the story design. Principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010, with locations in Hawaii, the United Kingdom, Puerto Rico and California. Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar , and ten companies were involved with the film's visual effects . Following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made with a net budget of $379 million. On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release, and it stands as the 23rd-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation. Critical reviews were mixed, with the film receiving criticism over its writing, directing, excessiveness and lack of originality; positive mentions were given on the acting, action sequences, music, visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films. A sequel, titled Dead Men Tell No Tales , was released in 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1.1 North America 5.1.2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot This film's story occurs in 1750, set roughly sixteen years after At World's End (and six after its post-credits scene ) After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs , in London, Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II . The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it. Jack's old nemesis, Captain Hector Barbossa , now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship, the Black Pearl , which he says was sunk, is heading the expedition. Jack refuses the offer and escapes. He meets up with his father, Captain Teague , who warns Jack about the Fountain's rituals. Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain. The impostor is Angelica , Jack's former lover, and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard , who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical `` Sword of Triton '' that controls his ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge . While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard's ship, Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack's map showing the Fountain's location, forcing Barbossa to take him along. Meanwhile, after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain. Blackbeard seeks the Fountain's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a `` one-legged man'' , who happened to be Barbossa. Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León 's missing flagship, the Santiago . The Fountain's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices. Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid 's tear will extend life; the second person dies, their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker. Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles . The Queen Anne's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears. After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara, she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away. A mermaid named Syrena is caught, but Philip Swift, a captive missionary, falls in love with her. Reaching Ponce de León 's ship on an uncharted island, Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices. Jack locates the grounded, decaying vessel, only to find Barbossa there. Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices, after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel. Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices. Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl , and his leg being amputated. Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices. Meanwhile, Syrena, reciprocating Philip's love, is tricked into shedding a tear. Blackbeard collects it, leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them. Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica's safety, Jack's confiscated magical compass (which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices), and Gibbs' release. In return, Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain; Blackbeard agrees, and Gibbs is set free with the compass. At the Fountain, Blackbeard's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight. The Spanish suddenly arrive, intending to destroy the Fountain, believing its power an abomination against God. They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp. When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword, Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned. Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices. Barbossa obtains Blackbeard's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne's Revenge and her crew. Despite resistance from Blackbeard's crew, the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar, crushing the Fountain of Youth. The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins. Philip is mortally wounded, but he returns to free Syrena. She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him, telling him not to waste her tear. Syrena goes back to the dying Philip. She says she can save him if he asks her to. When he asks for her forgiveness, she kisses him and takes him underwater. With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death, Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them. Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed, he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear. Instead, Blackbeard drinks it, asking his daughter to save him. Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice. Jack is upset to lose Angelica, but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear. Neither of the two are happy, and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them. Angelica's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard's body. Eventually, Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other, yet he distrusts her intentions (aware that she may try to avenge her father) and strands her on a cay . Now wielding Blackbeard's magical sword, Barbossa captains the Queen Anne's Revenge and returns to piracy. Jack finds Gibbs, who had used the compass to locate the Revenge . He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles, carrying them in a gunny sack . The two leave, hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates life. In a post-credits scene , a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica, who then smiles. Cast Main article: List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl . Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack's former love interest, and daughter of Blackbeard. Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack's former-rival-turned-ally, and former captain of the Black Pearl . Ian McShane as Blackbeard : Legendary pirate, and captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack's friend, and former first mate. Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary, kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard's ship. Àstrid Bergès -Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard, and love interest of Swift. Stephen Graham as Scrum: A self-serving member of Blackbeard's crew. Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves : Barbossa's second-in-command, former second-in-command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew. Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa's third-in-command, former second-in-command of James Norrington. Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard: King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent. Richard Griffiths as King George II Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack's father, former Pirate Lord of Madagascar, and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court . Gemma Ward as Tamara: A mermaid. Judi Dench as Society Lady Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard's death. Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg Bronson Webb as The Cook Steve Evets as Purser Derek Mears as the Master-at-Arms DeObia Oparei as the Gunner Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret, Baron Carteret of Hawnes, 2nd Earl of Granville Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham Paul Bazely as Salaman: An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne's Revenge Production Development Shortly before the premiere of At World's End , Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy, but the idea of a spin-off was still possible. After the film's successful opening weekend, Dick Cook , then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , said he was interested in a fourth installment. Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought. Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007, but they were interrupted by the 2007-- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and only resumed in mid-2008. In June 2009, Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film, which he, Johnny Depp, Ted Elliott , and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20, 2011. He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film, as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold. As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year, Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall , who he considered a `` premiere filmmaker'' , stating that `` Every film (Marshall) made I thought was unique and different.'' On July 21, 2009, Marshall accepted the job, because of the `` whole new story line and set of characters. It felt new, and that was important to me.'' Marshall said the film provided him a long-awaited opportunity to work with Depp, and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer-- `` the action sequences felt like big production numbers.'' On September 11, 2009, at Disney's D23 convention during a Disney event, Cook and Johnny Depp, in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume, announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development. The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides . Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration, eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León 's ship. An appearance of `` Old Bill'' , the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat, was also filmed but cut. Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance, but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut. Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years. Depp's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation, with Depp explaining that `` There's a fissure, a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment. It was all born in that office'' . Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow: `` When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character, Dick was there from the first moment. He trusted me'' . Writing During production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End , writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers ' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides , which they considered a good foundation on which to base `` a new chapter'' in the Pirates series. Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007. Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book, `` but whenever you say those words, Powers' novel comes to mind. There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored.'' However, they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel: `` Blackbeard came from the book, and in the book there is a daughter character, too. But Jack Sparrow is not in the book, nor is Barbossa. So I wouldn't call this an adaptation.'' Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film, `` kind of a James Bond sort of thing'' , instead of the `` designed to be a trilogy'' structure of the previous installments. They hoped to `` design a story that would support new characters,'' as characters such as Will Turner would not return. Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to `` streamline the story a little bit, make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow'' , as the number of characters and subplots in At World's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length. The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes: mermaids, which are briefly referenced in the book. The mermaids' role expanded in the script, which included a vast attack sequence. Depp was deeply involved with the story design, frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing, and in the words of Rossio, being `` involved in coming up with story lines, connecting characters, creating moments that we would then fashion, shape and then go back.'' Among Depp's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists. Afterwards, Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot, and did alterations of their own, including building the female lead. Casting Top to bottom: Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , and Kevin McNally who reprised their roles from the previous films as Captain Jack Sparrow, Captain Hector Barbossa, and Joshamee Gibbs respectively. Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008, saying that he would come back if the script was good. Almost a year later, Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role, realizing that without him the franchise would be `` dead and buried.'' Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa, and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence. Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg, as he considered the disability made him `` angrier, more forceful and resilient as a character'' , and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch, particularly during sword fighting scenes. While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush's leg, the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally , with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk. Three other actors from the previous films returned, Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs , Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves, and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette. Keith Richards also had a cameo, reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World's End ; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder. Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles, as they wanted to be involved in different films. They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could. On August 1, 2009, Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones, who died in the previous film, saying the possibility to resurrect the character, but at the end, his inclusion was scrapped. On February 5, 2010, Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti , stating, `` They haven't asked me. But actually I don't mind that at all. I'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we've made is great. I'd almost like them to leave it there.'' New cast members include Ian McShane , who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film, Blackbeard , and Penélope Cruz , who plays Angelica, Jack Sparrow's love interest. According to Marshall, McShane was chosen because `` he can play something evil but there's always humor behind it as well'' and the actor accepted the job due to both the `` very funny and charming'' script and the opportunity to work with Marshall. The beard took one hour and a half to get applied, and McShane likened the character's costume to `` a real biker pirate-- it's all black leather.'' Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role, as she fit the description as `` an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him, but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way. She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful'' , and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role. During filming, Cruz discovered she was pregnant, leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic, and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes. Depp recommended Stephen Graham , who worked with him in Public Enemies , to play Scrum, a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow, and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II , as Depp was a fan of Griffiths' work on Withnail and I. Sam Claflin , a recent drama school graduate with television experience, was chosen to play the missionary Philip, and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast. Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors: Cruz, Bergès -Frisbey, Óscar Jaenada, and Juan Carlos Vellido . Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz. Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts-- no implants . As Bruckheimer explained to EW , `` I don't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s, (...) So it's natural for casting people to say, ' We want real people.' '' Marshall invited Spanish-French actress Àstrid Bergès -Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up-and-coming actresses. Bergès -Frisbey had to take lessons of English, swimming and breath control for the role. The rest of the mermaid portrayers, such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward , were chosen for having `` exotic sense, an otherworldly sensibility, but also under those layers a deadly quality'' , according to Marshall, and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks . Filming Principal photography began on June 14, 2010, in Hawaii. Filming was moved to California in August 2010, primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot, as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides. After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September, where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting. Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London, Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th-century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages. The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location. In October, security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack. After the joint production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End cost over $300 million, Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment. Many costs had to be cut, including moving primary production to Hawaii and London, where tax credits are more favorable, and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World's End . The tighter schedule-- according to Bruckheimer, `` We had a 22-week post, and for a picture like this, with almost 1,200 visual effects shots, it's usually 40 weeks'' -- meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming. The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £ 240.7 million ($410.6 million) by 2013, with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government, making Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date. Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being `` immersive filmmaking; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you're part of the screen.'' Bruckheimer described it as the first major `` exterior movie'' to be shot in 3D, as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages. At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D, but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format. `` You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure.'' While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production, the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras. Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion . The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar , which were made more compact for extra mobility. This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle. The Queen Anne's Revenge was built atop the Sunset , the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments. On February 2010, the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms, where a big concern was to make it imposing, with three stories, without sacrificing actual seakeeping . Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series, the look for the Queen Anne's Revenge was ominous, with sails dyed blood red, various elements on fire, and a decoration based on skulls and bones (drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic). Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that `` not only Blackbeard was a dying man, but his ship is also a dying ship'' . The ship's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard's pirate flag . The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa's ship, the HMS Providence , and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii. Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth, with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain, which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent `` the circle of life'' . The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu , but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood. Effects On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer-generated imagery , which were done by ten visual effects companies. Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley-Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D: `` Rotoscoping is tricky. Cleaning up plates is double the work, and tracking has to be spot on.'' The lead companies, with over 300 effects each, were Industrial Light & Magic -- responsible for, among others, the mermaids and most water effects -- and Moving Picture Company , who created digital ships and environment extensions, such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls. Filming the mermaids involved eight model-actresses, who portrayed them outside the water, as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen, both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids. Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models. The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature, instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus . To make the mermaids more menacing underwater, the faces of the actresses had some digital touch-ups on the underwater scenes, adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin. ILM also handled Blackbeard's death, where Ian McShane's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a `` boiling mass of blood and clothing'' , and a hurricane-like formation that represented `` the waters of the Fountain taking his life'' . Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa's peg leg, CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots, and Method Studios created matte paintings . Music Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (soundtrack) The film's score was written by Hans Zimmer , who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise; being the main composer for the second and third installments. Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n' roll sound, as he felt `` pirates were the rock ' n' rollers of many, many years ago'' , and Spanish elements, which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz's brother Eduardo. American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir-based cues, as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli . Release Penélope Cruz and Johnny Depp promoting the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . On January 6, 2010, Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20, 2011, following Columbia Pictures ' announcement of a delay in the Spider-Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6, 2011. The film was released in IMAX 3D , as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format, with Dolby 7.1 surround sound . This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere , featuring strobe lights, tilting seats, blowing wind and fog and odor effects. It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas. The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7, 2011, at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim, California , home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series. Many of the film's stars were in attendance. Two other early screenings followed, one in Moscow on May 11, and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14. The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20, with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18, in Australia on May 19, and in North America on May 20. The film was released on a then-record 402 IMAX screens, 257 screens in North America, and 139 in other territories. The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide. Promotion Disney's marketing president, MT Carney , said that the film's advertising campaign was intended `` to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant'' . Sony Pictures ' former marketing president, Valerie Van Galder, was hired as a consultant. The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4, 2010. Three trailers were released, one in December, which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron: Legacy and broadcast by ESPN 3D ; a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011, which was later released online in an extended version; and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials. Promotional tie-ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game , a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless , a special edition of Pirate's Booty , lines of nail polish by OPI, clothing from Hot Topic , and jewelry from Swarovski . Goldline International produced replicas of the `` Pieces of Eight '' coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins, which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre . At Disney California Adventure Park , the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides . Home media The film was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 12, 2011 in the UK, topping both the Blu-ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks. The film had its high-definition home release on October 18, 2011 in the United States and Canada. Three different physical packages were made available: a 2-disc combo pack (Blu-ray and DVD), a 5-disc combo pack (2-disc Blu-ray, 1-disc Blu-ray 3D, 1-disc DVD, and 1-disc Digital Copy), and a 15-disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies. On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D. The regular DVD edition came out on December 6. In its first week of release, it sold 1.71 million Blu-ray units and generated $48.50 million, topping the weekly Blu-ray chart. However these results were quite skewed due to the one-month delay of its DVD-only release. It sold 3.20 million Blu-ray units ($83.46 million) after 11 weeks. It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ($19.32 million). Upon its television premiere on December 29, 2013 in the UK on BBC One , it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers, making it the third-most watched program that night, according to overnight figures. Reception Box Office On Stranger Tides earned $241,071,802 in the North America and $804,642,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,045,713,802. It is the 22nd highest-grossing film worldwide , the third-highest-grossing 2011 film , the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series , the eleventh-highest-grossing Disney feature and the second-highest-grossing fourth film in a franchise (behind Transformers: Age of Extinction). On its worldwide opening weekend, it grossed $350.6 million, surpassing At World's End 's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh-highest worldwide opening. It scored an IMAX worldwide opening-weekend record with $16.7 million (first surpassed by Transformers: Dark of the Moon ). It set records for the least time to reach $500, $600, and $700 million worldwide (in 10, 12 and 16 days, respectively). The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . After 46 days in theaters (July 2, 2011), it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1-billion-mark. It set a record for the fastest Disney-distributed film to reach the milestone (first surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers ) and it is the fifth-fastest film overall to achieve this. North America During its Thursday-midnight showings, On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters, and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day. It earned $90,151,958 on its opening weekend, topping the weekend box office, but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors ( At World's End -- $114.7 million and Dead Man's Chest -- $135.6 million) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle ( Alice in Wonderland -- $116.1 million). 3D showings accounted for only 46% of its opening-weekend gross. It closed on September 29, 2011, with a $241.1 million gross, ranking as the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2011 and the least profitable film of the franchise. However, it was the top-grossing movie during May 2011 (with $166.8 million by May 31). Outside North America Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series. It is the highest-grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories. During its opening day (Wednesday, May 18, 2011), On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories. It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday, for a two-day total of $44.2 million, and on Friday, it expanded to almost all countries, earning $46.2 million for a three-day total of $92.1 million. On its five-day opening weekend as a whole, it earned a then-record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories, in all which it reached first place at the box office. The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2 . Earnings originating from 3-D showings accounted for 66% of the weekend gross, which was a much greater share than in North America. Its highest-grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ($31.42 million including previews), China ($22.3 million) and Germany ($20.53 million). It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and X-Men: First Class . It reached the $300, $400 and $500-million-mark at the box office outside North America in record time (7, 11 and 14 days respectively), records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia (including the CIS) and Sweden. Subsequently, it set opening-weekend records in Latin America, the Middle East, Russia, Norway, Ukraine and Turkey, still retaining the record in Russia ($26.8 million) and Ukraine ($2.15 million). Its highest-grossing market after North America is Japan ($108.9 million), followed by China ($71.8 million) and Russia and the CIS ($63.7 million). It is the highest-grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS, Austria, Ukraine, Greece, Portugal and Angola, South Africa, Romania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Estonia, and Latvia. Critical reception Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33% based on 259 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, `` It's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel, but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences.'' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews'' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B+'' on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars, saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects, the film in general was `` too much of a muchness'' for him. Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+, saying that Jack Sparrow had `` worn out his welcome'' . Despite the more linear plot, `` the movie is still ridiculous'' . He found On Stranger Tides to be `` precisely what you'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride: a whole lot of noise, plenty of stunts and complete silliness.'' British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show, saying `` it's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part, because it is just nothing, it is just a big empty nothing, whereas part three I think was an active atrocity, it's just nothing at all'' . As with the previous films, the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing. The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five, stating that `` the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story. That never really happens.'' Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script `` little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces'' , and USA Today 's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides `` familiar and predictable...often incoherent and crammed with pointless details.'' Mike Scott from The Times-Picayune mentions that `` while this latest chapter isn't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting, it's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh-inducing.'' Writing for The A.V. Club , Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as `` a smaller film than past installments, by design and necessity'' , and felt that `` the series has needed this streamlining'' as the film `` feels lightweight, but that's still better than bloated.'' On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well-made. Richard Roeper gave the film a B+, describing it as `` the most fun installment since the first'' , calling the story `` pure cartoon, but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels'' , and summing as `` the franchise is getting tired, but Penelope energizes it.'' Along the same lines, Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, writing that it `` feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle, infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails'' . She said that Marshall `` swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye-popping escapism'' and praised Depp, Cruz, and McShane's performances. Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall `` shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights, and he handles the 3D well'' , and welcomed Penélope Cruz's character, saying she `` brings her Oscar-winning vivacity'' and had `` lively sexual tension'' with Depp. Writing for The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from `` merely competent to tritely cluttered'' , but he was pleased with the overall result, calling McShane a `` fresh villain'' whose `` stentorian tones are welcome anywhere'' . Variety 's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative, but accessible. `` It has nary an original idea and still doesn't make much sense, but it's lost all pretensions that it should'' . He praised Geoffrey Rush, stating that he `` not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots, but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp's stock and trade.'' Accolades See also: List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards : Sci-Fi/Fantasy Movie, Sci-Fi/Fantasy Actor, Sci-Fi/Fantasy Actress, and Villain. Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards . The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards . Sequel Further information: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales On May 29, 2013, it was announced that Kon-Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales . While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016, Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017. Production began in late February 2015 in Australia. See also Film portal References Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides'' . British Board of Film Classification . May 5, 2011. 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Jump up ^ `` 2012 Movieguide Awards Winners'' . Movieguide Awards . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. `` ' Kon-Tiki' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013 . Retrieved July 6, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed!'' . Archived from the original on July 30, 2014 . Retrieved October 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ Masters, Kim (September 10, 2013). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015'' . the Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19, 2016 . Retrieved September 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming'' . Disney Blogs . Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 . Retrieved October 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates 5' Starts Shooting in 2 Weeks; First Set Photo Revealed'' . MovieWeb.com. January 31, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015 . Retrieved February 1, 2015 . 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who wrote ask not what your country can do | And so , my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country . | [
[]
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-1
] | [
"Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Date January 20 , 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) Location Washington , D.C. U.S. Capitol Participants President of the United States , John F. Kennedy Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States , Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies",
"Date January 20 , 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961 - 01 - 20 )",
"Location Washington , D.C. U.S. Capitol",
"Participants President of the United States , John F. Kennedy Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States , Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies",
"This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 timeline State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions",
"This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy",
"This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy",
"This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy",
"Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 timeline State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions",
"Service in WWII Electoral history",
"Service in WWII",
"Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants",
"Why England Slept",
"Profiles in Courage",
"A Nation of Immigrants",
"Family",
"Presidency Timeline",
"Presidency Timeline",
"Timeline",
"1960 campaign Election",
"1960 campaign Election",
"Election",
"Inauguration",
"New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine",
"Foreign Policy Doctrine",
"Doctrine",
"`` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs",
"`` A Strategy of Peace ''",
"Bay of Pigs",
"Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address",
"Cuban Missile Crisis",
"Civil Rights Address",
"Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty",
"Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty",
"Clean Air Peace Corps",
"`` We choose to go to the Moon ''",
"`` We choose to go to the Moon ''",
"Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo",
"Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo",
"Mercury Gemini Apollo",
"Cabinet Judges",
"November 22 , 1963 timeline State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions",
"November 22 , 1963 timeline",
"timeline",
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"The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday , January 20 , 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy 's only term as President and of Lyndon B. Johnson 's only term as Vice President . Kennedy was assassinated 2 years , 306 days into this term , and Johnson succeeded to the presidency .",
"Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon , the then -- incumbent Vice President . He was the first Catholic to become President , and became the youngest person elected to the office .",
"His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity , emerging social changes , and diplomatic challenges . This inauguration was the first in which a poet , Robert Frost , participated in the program .",
"Presidential inaugurations are organized by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . For John F. Kennedy 's inauguration , this committee was chaired by Senator John Sparkman , and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges , and Representatives Sam Rayburn , John William McCormack , and Charles A. Halleck .",
"-- Todd S. Purdum , Vanity Fair , Feb. 2011",
"Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day , January 19 , 1961 , considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington , D.C. Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended , and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala . With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group , Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ( $13.9 million in today 's dollars ) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard - fought campaign . Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts , rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens , and stayed at the Statler - Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern . Performances and speeches included Fredric March , Sidney Poitier , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Gene Kelly , Tony Curtis , Janet Leigh , Bill Dana , Milton Berle , Jimmy Durante , Harry Belafonte , and Sinatra himself .",
"Sammy Davis , Jr. , a long - time friend of Sinatra , supporter of the Democratic Party , and member of the Rat Pack , was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph , fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion , much to Sammy 's and Sinatra 's dismay . Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election , also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra . Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s . Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy , stating `` It was the ambassador , ( but ) we did n't know that until after . Sammy not being there was a loss . ''",
"At the end of the ball , Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign , adding `` The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight . '' Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1 : 30am ( ET ) , and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy , and would finally return to the White House at around 3 : 30am .",
"A strong nor'easter fell the day before the inauguration , with temperatures at 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) and snowfall at 1 -- 2 inches ( 2.5 -- 5.1 cm ) per hour and a total of 8 inches ( 20 cm ) during the night , causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration .",
"On inauguration day , January 20 , 1961 , the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington , almost canceling the inaugural parade . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration , and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts . This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks , front - end loaders , sanders , plows , rotaries , and flamethrowers to clear the route . Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue .",
"The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile , preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration .",
"Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown . Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes , with additional prayers recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin , Texas , and a blessing offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck . The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes . Marian Anderson sang `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled `` Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy '' was played .",
"The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson . This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath , which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate , the ex-Vice President , or a United States Senator .",
"Robert Frost , then 86 years old , recited his poem `` The Gift Outright '' . Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration , suggesting `` The Gift Outright '' , considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign . Kennedy would later state that he admired the `` courage , the towering skill and daring '' of Frost , and adding that `` I 've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart . I think politicians and poets share at least one thing , and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life . '' American poet William Meredith would say that the request `` focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture , as a man interested in culture . ''",
"`` The glory of a next Augustan age Of a power leading from its strength and pride , Of young ambition eager to be tried , Firm in our free beliefs without dismay , In any game the nations want to play . A golden age of poetry and power Of which this noonday 's the beginning hour . ''",
"-- -- Closing seven lines from Robert Frost 's poem `` For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration '' , the expanded version of `` Dedication '' .",
"Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested , to the surprise of Kennedy 's friends . On the morning of the inauguration , Frost asked Stewart Udall , Kennedy 's future Secretary of the Interior , to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading , to which Udall obliged .",
"Once at the presidential podium , however , the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers . When Frost started reading , he stumbled on the first three lines , squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras . Vice-President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade , however Frost waved the offer aside , took the hat and jokingly said `` I 'll help you with that '' , sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy . Understanding the immediacy of the situation , Frost stated to the microphones that `` this ( the poem ) was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read '' , and began to recite `` The Gift Outright '' from memory . This marks the first time a poem was read at a Presidential inauguration , a feature repeated by future Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama at their respective ceremonies .",
"Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered `` Dedication '' poem to Udall after the ceremony , who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today . The original manuscript version , personally dedicated by Frost , was provided to the President and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library . Kennedy 's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version , writing on the back of the frame : For Jack . First thing I had framed to be put in your office . First thing to be hung there . Frost officially presented the poem , retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines , to Kennedy in March 1962 . The unread poem ( published in 1962 as part of Frost 's In the Clearing poetry collection ) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy 's inauguration .",
"The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to Kennedy using a closed family Bible at 12 : 51 ( ET ) Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address , despite the cold conditions of 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) with windchill at 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) at noon .",
"`` Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy '' Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address . ( Duration : 14 minutes ) Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"`` Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy '' Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address . ( Duration : 14 minutes )",
"Problems playing this file ? See media help .",
"Immediately after reciting the oath of office , President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol . His 1366 - word inaugural address , the first delivered to a televised audience in color , is considered among the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history .",
"Let the word go forth from this time and place , to friend and foe alike , that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century , tempered by war , disciplined by a hard and bitter peace , proud of our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed , and to which we are committed today at home and around the world .",
"And so , my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country .",
"The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen . Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address as well as other inaugural speeches . Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960 . He took suggestions from various friends , aides and counselors , including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations . Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions . Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the former Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II . Kennedy 's line `` Let us never negotiate out of fear . But let us never fear to negotiate . '' is nearly identical to Galbraith 's suggestion `` We shall never negotiate out of fear . But we shall never fear to negotiate . '' Stevenson 's suggestion `` if the free way of life does n't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich . '' was the basis for Kennedy 's line `` If a free society can not help the many who are poor , it can not save the few who are rich . ''",
"As a president coming into power at the height of the Cold War , President Kennedy 's duty of maintaining peaceful international relations with representing the United States as a force to be reckoned was daunting , at the very least . It is this overarching goal of his presidential term that dominates his inaugural address . Kennedy highlights the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power coupled with the accelerating arms race , and essentially makes the main point that this focus on pure firepower should be replaced with a focus on maintenance of international relations and helping the impoverished in the world .",
"The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to one theme -- the relationship between duty and power . This is emphasized by Kennedy 's strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech . For example , he states in the second passage , `` ... Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life , '' a clear calling - out of not only America , but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities . He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says , `` United there is little we can not do in a host of cooperative ventures . Divided there is little we can do , '' again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values . Again , after exhorting `` both sides '' to action , he calls on all of `` us '' `` to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man : tyranny , poverty , disease , and war itself , '' though the phrase `` long twilight struggle '' came to be associated with the cold war struggle against communism .",
"One of the main components of classical rhetoric , to prepon ( the appropriate ) , is also extremely prevalent in this address . Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War , Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort . He does this by quickly moving the time of the speech into the future , and invokes repetition of the phrase `` Let both sides ... '' to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the end goal of international unity . He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities -- a challenge , appealing to innately American ideals . A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage , where he states , `` In the long history of the world , only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger , '' a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them .",
"It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words , `` ask not what your country can do for you , ask what you can do for your country . '' This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good . ( This appears to be an elegant rephrasing of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's acceptance speech at the 1936 Democratic National Convention : `` To some generations much is given . Of other generations much is expected . This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny . '' )",
"Along with official presidential guests and honorees , including former presidents , vice-presidents , cabinet members , and other Washington officials , the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts , including Carl Sandburg , John Steinbeck , Ernest Hemingway , Brendan Behan , Mark Rothko , and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland .",
"Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara :",
"O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said , `` Years from now , historians will wonder what was on the young man 's mind as he strode to take his oath of office . I bet he 's asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat . '' That night , O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president 's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him , and sure enough , Kennedy asked , `` Was that George Kara sitting beside you ? '' O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said , and J.F.K replied , `` Tip , you 'll never believe it . I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air , and I was about to take the oath of office , and I said to myself , ' How the hell did Kara get that seat ? ' ''",
"Five first Ladies , Edith Wilson , Eleanor Roosevelt , Bess Truman , Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event , as did future First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , and Betty Ford .",
"Former President Harry S Truman joined Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform , as did future Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson , Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford , making this , retroactively , the largest conclave of the `` presidential fraternity '' prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s .",
"A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony , bearing the new President from Capitol Plaza to the White House . Upon his arrival , Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former President Harry Truman and former First Ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt . Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession ; it took three hours to pass by . Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B - 70 bomber . A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts , accompanied by forty floats .",
"Kennedy 's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States . Kennedy was the first , and to this date , the only Catholic inaugurated as commander - in - chief . At the inauguration , Kennedy , then 43 , was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time , Eisenhower . The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower 's presence to Kennedy 's was noticeable at the inauguration . In addition , Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President .",
"The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration , and so single - handedly killed the men 's hat industry , is false . Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening , removing it only to be sworn in and give his address . He in fact restored the tradition , after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations . Johnson , at his inauguration in 1965 , was the first President to go completely hatless ."
] | Inauguration of John F. Kennedy - wikipedia Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Date January 20, 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961-01-20 ) Location Washington, D.C. U.S. Capitol Participants President of the United States , John F. Kennedy Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States , Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace'' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon'' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22, 1963 timeline State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy 's only term as President and of Lyndon B. Johnson 's only term as Vice President . Kennedy was assassinated 2 years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency. Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon , the then-- incumbent Vice President. He was the first Catholic to become President, and became the youngest person elected to the office. His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges. This inauguration was the first in which a poet, Robert Frost , participated in the program. Presidential inaugurations are organized by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . For John F. Kennedy's inauguration, this committee was chaired by Senator John Sparkman , and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges , and Representatives Sam Rayburn , John William McCormack , and Charles A. Halleck . Contents 1 Sinatra inaugural ball 2 The inaugural nor'easter 3 Inauguration proceedings 3.1 Oath of office 4 The inaugural address 4.1 Drafting 4.2 Main ideas of the speech 4.3 Rhetorical elements 5 Invited guests 5.1 Presidents and First ladies 6 Parade to the White House 7 Impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Sinatra inaugural ball ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of Bergdorf Goodman , arrive at Sinatra's inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day. `` (Sinatra's ball) may have marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable part of modern politics.'' -- Todd S. Purdum , Vanity Fair , Feb. 2011 Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day, January 19, 1961, considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington, D.C. Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended, and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala. With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group, Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ($13.9 million in today's dollars) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard-fought campaign. Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts, rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens , and stayed at the Statler-Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern . Performances and speeches included Fredric March , Sidney Poitier , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Gene Kelly , Tony Curtis , Janet Leigh , Bill Dana , Milton Berle , Jimmy Durante , Harry Belafonte , and Sinatra himself. Sammy Davis, Jr. , a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Party, and member of the Rat Pack , was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph , fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra's dismay. Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra. Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating `` It was the ambassador, (but) we didn't know that until after. Sammy not being there was a loss.'' At the end of the ball, Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign, adding `` The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight.'' Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1:30am (ET), and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy , and would finally return to the White House at around 3:30am. The inaugural nor'easter ( edit ) Main article: January 1961 nor'easter A strong nor'easter fell the day before the inauguration, with temperatures at 20 ° F (− 7 ° C) and snowfall at 1-- 2 inches (2.5-- 5.1 cm) per hour and a total of 8 inches (20 cm) during the night, causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration. On inauguration day, January 20, 1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington, almost canceling the inaugural parade. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration, and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts. This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-end loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to clear the route. Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue . The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile, preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration. Inauguration proceedings ( edit ) View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address, with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him. Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown . Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes, with additional prayers recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin, Texas , and a blessing offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck . The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes. Marian Anderson sang `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' , and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled `` Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy'' was played. The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson. This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate , the ex-Vice President, or a United States Senator. Robert Frost , then 86 years old, recited his poem `` The Gift Outright '' . Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting `` The Gift Outright'' , considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign. Kennedy would later state that he admired the `` courage, the towering skill and daring'' of Frost, and adding that `` I've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart. I think politicians and poets share at least one thing, and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life.'' American poet William Meredith would say that the request `` focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture, as a man interested in culture.'' For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration `` The glory of a next Augustan age Of a power leading from its strength and pride, Of young ambition eager to be tried, Firm in our free beliefs without dismay, In any game the nations want to play. A golden age of poetry and power Of which this noonday's the beginning hour.'' -- -- Closing seven lines from Robert Frost's poem `` For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration'' , the expanded version of `` Dedication'' . Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested, to the surprise of Kennedy's friends. On the morning of the inauguration, Frost asked Stewart Udall , Kennedy's future Secretary of the Interior , to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading, to which Udall obliged. Once at the presidential podium, however, the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers. When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the first three lines, squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras. Vice-President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade, however Frost waved the offer aside, took the hat and jokingly said `` I'll help you with that'' , sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy. Understanding the immediacy of the situation, Frost stated to the microphones that `` this (the poem) was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read'' , and began to recite `` The Gift Outright'' from memory. This marks the first time a poem was read at a Presidential inauguration, a feature repeated by future Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama at their respective ceremonies. Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered `` Dedication'' poem to Udall after the ceremony, who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today. The original manuscript version, personally dedicated by Frost, was provided to the President and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library . Kennedy's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version, writing on the back of the frame: For Jack. First thing I had framed to be put in your office . First thing to be hung there. Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962. The unread poem (published in 1962 as part of Frost's In the Clearing poetry collection) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration. Oath of office ( edit ) The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to Kennedy using a closed family Bible at 12:51 ( ET ) Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address, despite the cold conditions of 22 ° F (− 6 ° C) with windchill at 7 ° F (− 14 ° C) at noon. The inaugural address ( edit ) Play media Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in as thirty-fifth President of the United States, and delivering his inaugural address. `` Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy'' Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address. (Duration:14 minutes) Problems playing this file? See media help . Immediately after reciting the oath of office, President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol. His 1366-word inaugural address, the first delivered to a televised audience in color, is considered among the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans-- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage-- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you-- ask what you can do for your country. Drafting ( edit ) The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at Kennedy's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery , with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument in the background. The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen . Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address as well as other inaugural speeches. Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960. He took suggestions from various friends, aides and counselors, including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations. Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions. Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the former Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II . Kennedy's line `` Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.'' is nearly identical to Galbraith's suggestion `` We shall never negotiate out of fear. But we shall never fear to negotiate.'' Stevenson's suggestion `` if the free way of life doesn't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich.'' was the basis for Kennedy's line `` If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.'' Main ideas of the speech ( edit ) As a president coming into power at the height of the Cold War , President Kennedy's duty of maintaining peaceful international relations with representing the United States as a force to be reckoned was daunting, at the very least. It is this overarching goal of his presidential term that dominates his inaugural address. Kennedy highlights the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power coupled with the accelerating arms race , and essentially makes the main point that this focus on pure firepower should be replaced with a focus on maintenance of international relations and helping the impoverished in the world. Rhetorical elements ( edit ) The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to one theme -- the relationship between duty and power. This is emphasized by Kennedy's strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech. For example, he states in the second passage, `` ...Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life,'' a clear calling-out of not only America, but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities. He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says, `` United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do,'' again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values. Again, after exhorting `` both sides'' to action, he calls on all of `` us'' `` to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself,'' though the phrase `` long twilight struggle'' came to be associated with the cold war struggle against communism. One of the main components of classical rhetoric , to prepon (the appropriate), is also extremely prevalent in this address. Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War, Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort. He does this by quickly moving the time of the speech into the future, and invokes repetition of the phrase `` Let both sides...'' to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the end goal of international unity. He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities -- a challenge, appealing to innately American ideals. A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage, where he states, `` In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger,'' a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them. It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, `` ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.'' This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good. (This appears to be an elegant rephrasing of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's acceptance speech at the 1936 Democratic National Convention : `` To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.'' ) Invited guests ( edit ) Along with official presidential guests and honorees, including former presidents, vice-presidents, cabinet members, and other Washington officials, the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts, including Carl Sandburg , John Steinbeck , Ernest Hemingway , Brendan Behan , Mark Rothko , and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara: O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said, `` Years from now, historians will wonder what was on the young man's mind as he strode to take his oath of office. I bet he's asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat.'' That night, O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him, and sure enough, Kennedy asked, `` Was that George Kara sitting beside you?'' O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said, and J.F.K replied, `` Tip, you'll never believe it. I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air, and I was about to take the oath of office, and I said to myself, ' How the hell did Kara get that seat?' '' Presidents and first Ladies ( edit ) Five first Ladies, Edith Wilson , Eleanor Roosevelt , Bess Truman , Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event, as did future First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , and Betty Ford . Former President Harry S Truman joined Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform, as did future Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson , Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford , making this, retroactively, the largest conclave of the `` presidential fraternity'' prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s. Parade to the White House ( edit ) A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony, bearing the new President from Capitol Plaza to the White House. Upon his arrival, Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former President Harry Truman and former First Ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt . Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession; it took three hours to pass by. Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B-70 bomber . A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts , accompanied by forty floats . Impact ( edit ) Kennedy's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States. Kennedy was the first, and to this date, the only Catholic inaugurated as commander-in-chief. At the inauguration, Kennedy, then 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower. The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy's was noticeable at the inauguration. In addition, Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President. The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration, and so single-handedly killed the men's hat industry, is false. Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening, removing it only to be sworn in and give his address. He in fact restored the tradition, after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations. Johnson, at his inauguration in 1965, was the first President to go completely hatless. See also ( edit ) Poems at United States presidential inaugurations Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. Kennedy United States presidential election, 1960 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragdon, Henry W. (1998). History of a Free Nation . New York City, NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. Jump up ^ `` List of United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies (from 1901)'' . Senate.gov . United State Senate. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Purdum, Todd (February 2011). `` From That Day Forth'' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011-01-18 . ^ Jump up to: Doyle, Jack (21 August 2011). `` The Jack Pack, Pt. 2: 1961-2008'' . PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). Mr. S.: The Last Word on Frank Sinatra . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-051516-3 . ^ Jump up to: Jason Samenow (January 9, 2009). `` Inauguration Weather: The Case of Kennedy'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` Presidential Inaugural Weather: Worst Traffic Jam - 1961'' . U.S. National Weather Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini (2004). Northeast Snowstorms . American Meteorological Society . p. 400. ISBN 1-878220-64-0 . Jump up ^ Andrea Stone (February 10, 2010). `` Record Falls With Snow in Washington, DC'' . AOL News . Archived from the original on February 12, 2010 . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Sterling, VA. `` Presidential Inaugural Weather'' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` Newdow v. Bush, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95 (D.D.C. 2005), Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy'' (PDF) . United States District Court, District of Columbia. 17 December 2004. p. 2 of Appendix, footnote 26. No. Civ.A.04-2208(JDB) . Retrieved 2014-02-11 . ^ Jump up to: `` President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961'' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved 2009-01-21 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States: Some Precedents and Notable Events'' . Library of Congress, citing Roll Call article of 18 January 1961 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Wolly, Brian (17 December 2008). `` History & Archaeology: Inaugural Firsts - When was the first inaugural parade? Who had the longest inaugural address? A look at presidential inaugurations through time'' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Wirzbicki, Alan (11 January 2011). `` The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy's inauguration'' . Boston.com . Boston Globe . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 9780313294648 ^ Jump up to: Associated Press (30 January 1963). `` Robert Frost Dies at 88; Kennedy Leads in Tribute'' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Robert Frost Adds Poet's Touch'' . The New York Times . 21 January 1961. ^ Jump up to: `` Poetry and Power: Robert Frost's Inaugural Reading'' . Poets.org . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Camia, Catalina (26 September 2010). `` Why poet Frost made a last-minute switch at JFK's inauguration'' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Birney, Alice. `` Stewart L. Udall Collection: Robert Frost's Dedication'' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Poetry of Robert Frost'' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 5, 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane (2008-12-17). `` Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-01-15 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Harry (20 January 1997). `` Poet Addresses Inaugural Event'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` Robert Frost's Original Poem for JFK's Inauguration Finds Way to Kennedy Presidential Library'' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. JFKPOF-140-045 . Retrieved January 8, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy and Ireland -- John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum'' . Jfklibrary.org . Retrieved August 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times, January 21, 1961, p. 8, col. 1. Jump up ^ `` White House Diaries'' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . Retrieved January 8, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath'' . The New York Times . January 21, 1961. p. 13. ^ Jump up to: `` Kennedy's Words, Obama's Challenge'' . The New York Times . January 19, 2009. Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard (ed.). `` Inaugural Addresses (including length in words) Washington -- Trump'' . University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project . Retrieved October 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. `` Inaugural Address'' . American Rhetoric . Retrieved July 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (10 May 2005). `` Two Authors Ask About ' Ask Not ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest speeches of the 20th century'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` John F. Kennedy Quotations: President Kennedy's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961'' . Boston Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved October 17, 2018 . Jump up ^ JFK Library . `` Analyzing the Inaugural Address'' (PDF) . Retrieved January 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, 1961'' . Retrieved January 29, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address'' (PDF) . Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address'' . Bartleby. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Timeless Speech: A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy's Inaugural'' . Biane. Retrieved October 5, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Text Analysis, John F. Kennedy, 1961.'' Cruz. Retrieved October 5, 2013 Jump up ^ Thurston Clarke (2010). Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . Penguin. p. 39. ISBN 9781101478059 . Jump up ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz (1994). `` Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s'' . In Diane B. Kunz. The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . Columbia University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780231081771 . Jump up ^ `` Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric.'' Poulakos. Philosophy and Rhetoric 16(1983):35-- 48. Jump up ^ `` Acceptance Speech for the Renomination for the Presidency, Philadelphia, Pa'' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2018-06-04 . Jump up ^ `` Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President'' . The Terre Haute Tribune . Terre Haute, IN. UPI . January 20, 1961 . Retrieved December 10, 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. `` The Presidents of the United States of America: John F. Kennedy'' . WhiteHouse.gov . White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters (May 17, 1981). `` Reagan Now Oldest President'' . The New York Times . p. 28. Jump up ^ Lawrence, W.H. (January 21, 1961). `` Kennedy Sworn in, Asks ' Global Alliance' Against Tyranny, Want, Disease, and War; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address'' . The New York Times . p. 1. Jump up ^ Business Insider. `` Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks, David (14 March 2011). `` The Ike Phase'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Crouch, Ian (20 January 2011). `` Robert Frost and J.F.K., Fifty Years Later'' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich (4 May 2012). `` Who Killed Men's Hats? Think Of A Three Letter Word Beginning With ' I ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam Parker (19 November 2013). `` How to wear a hat and look good'' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Hat Trick'' . Snopes. 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Inaugural Traditions: Dude, Where's My Top Hat?'' . ABC News. 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . References ( edit ) Clarke, Thurston Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7213-6 . Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy's Inaugural Address . United States Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Library of Congress, John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address (with audio) on YouTube Text of Kennedy's Inaugural Address Audio of Kennedy's Inaugural Address John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States (1961-- 1963) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953-- 1960) U.S. Representative for MA-11 (1947-- 1953) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office: Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy: Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty-mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women (Presidential Commission) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis Moscow-- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House: Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections, 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election, 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT-109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT-59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday, Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept (1940) Profiles in Courage (1956) A Nation of Immigrants (1958) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (Boston) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center (Florida) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln-- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials, namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (Washington, D.C.) John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York) John F. Kennedy Memorial (London) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Dallas) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon) John F. Kennedy Memorial (Runnymede, Britain) John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge (Kentucky-- Indiana) John F. Kennedy School of Government (Harvard Univ.) John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (Fort Bragg, North Carolina) John F. Kennedy University (California) John Kennedy College (Mauritius) Kennedy Expressway (Chicago) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) Yad Kennedy (Jerusalem) Family Jacqueline Bouvier (wife) Caroline Kennedy (daughter) John F. Kennedy Jr. (son) Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (son) Jack Schlossberg (grandson) Rose Schlossberg (granddaughter) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Fitzgerald (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Robert F. Kennedy (brother) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Ted Kennedy (brother) P.J. Kennedy (grandfather) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → United States presidential inaugurations Washington (1789) Washington (1793) J. Adams (1797) Jefferson (1801) Jefferson (1805) Madison (1809) Madison (1813) Monroe (1817) Monroe (1821) J. Q. Adams (1825) Jackson (1829) Jackson (1833) Van Buren (1837) W. H. 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Bush (2005) Obama (2009) Obama (2013) Trump (2017) *Non-scheduled (extraordinary) inaugurations Robert Frost Poems `` Acquainted with the Night '' `` After Apple-Picking '' `` Birches '' `` The Death of the Hired Man '' `` Fire and Ice '' `` The Gift Outright '' `` Mending Wall '' `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' `` Out, Out- '' `` The Oven Bird '' `` A Question '' `` The Road Not Taken '' `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' Poetry collections A Boy's Will North of Boston Mountain Interval New Hampshire West-Running Brook Collected Poems of Robert Frost A Further Range A Witness Tree In the Clearing Plays A Masque of Reason Related Robert Frost Farm, New Hampshire The Frost Place, Home and Museum Robert Frost Farm (Ripton, Vermont) Robert Frost Farm (South Shaftsbury, Vermont) Robert Frost House, Massachusetts Robert Frost Medal Frostiana (1959 choral art) Robert Frost: A Lover's Quarrel with the World (1963 documentary) Robert Frost: A Life (2000 biography) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&oldid=864510310 '' Categories : 1961 in American politics United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. Kennedy 1961 in Washington, D.C. Robert Frost January 1961 events Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Italiano Simple English 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018, at 18:10 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 2089338043185168852 |
who got the first oscar award in india | List of the Indian Oscar nominee ( s ) / recipient ( s ) , also showing the year , film , category , and result Year Nominee ( s ) / recipient ( s ) Film Category / Honorary Award Result / received Ref . 1958 ( 30th ) Mehboob Khan Mother India Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 1961 ( 33rd ) Ismail Merchant The Creation of Woman Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) Nominated 1979 ( 51st ) Vidhu Vinod Chopra and K.K. Kapil An Encounter with Faces Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) Nominated ( 55th ) Bhanu Athaiya Gandhi Best Costume Design Won Ravi Shankar Best Original Score Nominated ( 59th ) Ismail Merchant A Room with a View Best Picture Nominated ( 61st ) Mira Nair Salaam Bombay ! Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 1992 ( 64th ) Satyajit Ray Pather Pachali Honorary Award Received ( 65th ) Ismail Merchant Howards End Best Picture Nominated ( 66th ) Ismail Merchant The Remains of the Day Best Picture Nominated 2002 ( 74th ) Ashutosh Gowarikar Lagaan Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 2005 ( 77th ) Ashvin Kumar Little Terrorist Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) Nominated 2007 ( 79th ) Deepa Mehta Water Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 2009 ( 81st ) Resul Pookutty Slumdog Millionaire Best Sound Mixing Won A.R. Rahman Best Original Score Won A.R. Rahman and Gulzar Best Original Song Won 2011 ( 83rd ) A.R. Rahman 127 Hours Best Original Score Nominated A.R. Rahman Best Original Song Nominated 2013 ( 85th ) Bombay Jayashri Life of Pi Best Original Song Nominated 2016 Rahul Thakkar n / a Sci - Tech Award Received 2016 Cottalango Leon n / a Sci - Tech Award Received 2018 Vikas Sathaye n / a Sci - Tech Award Received | [
[
"Bhanu Athaiya",
"Ravi Shankar"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"This is the list of Indians and persons of Indian origin who are Academy Award ( informally known as Oscar ) winners and nominees . As of 2016 , eleven Indians have been nominated for a total of fourteen Oscars , five Indians of whom have won a total of six Oscars . Three Indian films have been nominated in the Best Foreign Language Film category .",
"Satyajit Ray is the only Indian who has received an Honorary Academy Award , and A.R. Rahman is the only Indian who has won more than one Academy Award in 2009 . In 1982 , The National Film Development Corporation of India was instrumental in co-producing Richard Attenborough 's Academy Award for Best Picture winning film Gandhi .",
"List of the Indian Oscar nominee ( s ) / recipient ( s ) , also showing the year , film , category , and result Year Nominee ( s ) / recipient ( s ) Film Category / Honorary Award Result / received Ref . 1958 ( 30th ) Mehboob Khan Mother India Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 1961 ( 33rd ) Ismail Merchant The Creation of Woman Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) Nominated 1979 ( 51st ) Vidhu Vinod Chopra and K.K. Kapil An Encounter with Faces Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) Nominated ( 55th ) Bhanu Athaiya Gandhi Best Costume Design Won Ravi Shankar Best Original Score Nominated ( 59th ) Ismail Merchant A Room with a View Best Picture Nominated ( 61st ) Mira Nair Salaam Bombay ! Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 1992 ( 64th ) Satyajit Ray Pather Pachali Honorary Award Received ( 65th ) Ismail Merchant Howards End Best Picture Nominated ( 66th ) Ismail Merchant The Remains of the Day Best Picture Nominated 2002 ( 74th ) Ashutosh Gowarikar Lagaan Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 2005 ( 77th ) Ashvin Kumar Little Terrorist Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) Nominated 2007 ( 79th ) Deepa Mehta Water Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 2009 ( 81st ) Resul Pookutty Slumdog Millionaire Best Sound Mixing Won A.R. Rahman Best Original Score Won A.R. Rahman and Gulzar Best Original Song Won 2011 ( 83rd ) A.R. Rahman 127 Hours Best Original Score Nominated A.R. Rahman Best Original Song Nominated 2013 ( 85th ) Bombay Jayashri Life of Pi Best Original Song Nominated 2016 Rahul Thakkar n / a Sci - Tech Award Received 2016 Cottalango Leon n / a Sci - Tech Award Received 2018 Vikas Sathaye n / a Sci - Tech Award Received",
"Year Nominee ( s ) / recipient ( s ) Film Category / Honorary Award Result / received Ref .",
"1958 ( 30th ) Mehboob Khan Mother India Best Foreign Language Film Nominated",
"1961 ( 33rd ) Ismail Merchant The Creation of Woman Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) Nominated",
"1979 ( 51st ) Vidhu Vinod Chopra and K.K. Kapil An Encounter with Faces Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) Nominated",
"( 55th ) Bhanu Athaiya Gandhi Best Costume Design Won",
"Ravi Shankar Best Original Score Nominated",
"( 59th ) Ismail Merchant A Room with a View Best Picture Nominated",
"( 61st ) Mira Nair Salaam Bombay ! Best Foreign Language Film Nominated",
"1992 ( 64th ) Satyajit Ray Pather Pachali Honorary Award Received",
"( 65th ) Ismail Merchant Howards End Best Picture Nominated",
"( 66th ) Ismail Merchant The Remains of the Day Best Picture Nominated",
"2002 ( 74th ) Ashutosh Gowarikar Lagaan Best Foreign Language Film Nominated",
"2005 ( 77th ) Ashvin Kumar Little Terrorist Best Short Subject ( Live Action ) Nominated",
"2007 ( 79th ) Deepa Mehta Water Best Foreign Language Film Nominated",
"2009 ( 81st ) Resul Pookutty Slumdog Millionaire Best Sound Mixing Won",
"A.R. Rahman Best Original Score Won",
"A.R. Rahman and Gulzar Best Original Song Won",
"2011 ( 83rd ) A.R. Rahman 127 Hours Best Original Score Nominated",
"A.R. Rahman Best Original Song Nominated",
"2013 ( 85th ) Bombay Jayashri Life of Pi Best Original Song Nominated",
"2016 Rahul Thakkar n / a Sci - Tech Award Received",
"2016 Cottalango Leon n / a Sci - Tech Award Received",
"2018 Vikas Sathaye n / a Sci - Tech Award Received"
] | List of Academy Award Winners and Nominees from India - wikipedia List of Academy Award Winners and Nominees from India This is the list of Indians and persons of Indian origin who are Academy Award (informally known as Oscar) winners and nominees. As of 2016, eleven Indians have been nominated for a total of fourteen Oscars, five Indians of whom have won a total of six Oscars. Three Indian films have been nominated in the Best Foreign Language Film category. Satyajit Ray is the only Indian who has received an Honorary Academy Award , and A.R.Rahman is the only Indian who has won more than one Academy Award in 2009. In 1982, The National Film Development Corporation of India was instrumental in co-producing Richard Attenborough 's Academy Award for Best Picture winning film Gandhi . Bhanu Athaiya became the first Indian to win an Academy Award in 1983 , for designing the costumes for Richard Attenborough 's Gandhi . Satyajit Ray became the first Indian to receive an Honorary Academy Award in 1992 . Gulzar became the first Indian lyricist to receive an Academy Award for penning Jai Ho. He has also been awarded with India's highest film honor Dadasaheb Phalke award. Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Winners and nominees ( edit ) List of the Indian Oscar nominee(s)/recipient(s), also showing the year, film, category, and result Year Nominee(s)/recipient(s) Film Category/Honorary Award Result/received Ref. 1958 (30th) Mehboob Khan Mother India Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 1961 (33rd) Ismail Merchant The Creation of Woman Best Short Subject (Live Action) Nominated 1979 (51st) Vidhu Vinod Chopra and K.K.Kapil An Encounter with Faces Best Documentary (Short Subject) Nominated (55th) Bhanu Athaiya Gandhi Best Costume Design Won Ravi Shankar Best Original Score Nominated (59th) Ismail Merchant A Room with a View Best Picture Nominated (61st) Mira Nair Salaam Bombay! Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 1992 (64th) Satyajit Ray Pather Pachali Honorary Award Received (65th) Ismail Merchant Howards End Best Picture Nominated (66th) Ismail Merchant The Remains of the Day Best Picture Nominated 2002 (74th) Ashutosh Gowarikar Lagaan Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 2005 (77th) Ashvin Kumar Little Terrorist Best Short Subject (Live Action) Nominated 2007 (79th) Deepa Mehta Water Best Foreign Language Film Nominated 2009 (81st) Resul Pookutty Slumdog Millionaire Best Sound Mixing Won A.R.Rahman Best Original Score Won A.R.Rahman and Gulzar Best Original Song Won 2011 (83rd) A.R.Rahman 127 Hours Best Original Score Nominated A.R.Rahman Best Original Song Nominated 2013 (85th) Bombay Jayashri Life of Pi Best Original Song Nominated 2016 Rahul Thakkar n/a Sci-Tech Award Received 2016 Cottalango Leon n/a Sci-Tech Award Received 2018 Vikas Sathaye n/a Sci-Tech Award Received See also ( edit ) List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mother India lost to Nights of Cabiria by one vote. Jump up ^ `` In recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion pictures, and of his profound humanitarian outlook, which has had an indelible influence on filmmakers and audiences throughout the world.'' Jump up ^ Water was nominated from Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 2. The H.W. Wilson Company. 1988. 82. Jump up ^ Special Correspondent. `` Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away'' . The Hindu . ^ Jump up to: `` The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Iyer, Sandhiya (25 March 2002). `` Lost, in No Man's Land'' . The Times of India . Lagaan.com . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gargan, Edward (16 February 1992). `` FILM; Satyajit Ray Honored, Without Profit in His Land'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards (1992)'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners for the 81st Academy Awards'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 85th Academy Awards BLA BLA'' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai varsity graduate wins Oscar for design'' . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (8 January 2016). `` Academy Honors 33 Individuals With Scientific and Technical Awards'' . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Techie, born in T.N., wins Academy Award'' . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS TO BE HONORED WITH ACADEMY AWARDS® '' . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Techie, born in Maharashtra, wins Academy Award'' . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS TO BE HONORED WITH ACADEMY AWARDS'' . 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign-language wins Foreign-language nominees Foreign-language noms in other categories Foreign-language: count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German-speaking Greek Hispanic-American (U.S.) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families False names LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest and Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_from_India&oldid=832920511 '' Categories : Academy Award winners and nominees by nationality or region Indian Academy Award winners Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 18:01 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -2925297632345173203 |
when did orange is the new black end | Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The sixth season is scheduled to be released on July 27 , 2018 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . | [
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"Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy - drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You 've Got Time '' Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish German French Russian No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Single - camera Running time 51 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present External links Website",
"Orange Is the New Black",
"Genre Comedy - drama",
"Created by Jenji Kohan",
"Based on Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison by Piper Kerman",
"Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel",
"Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel",
"Adrienne C. Moore",
"Theme music composer Regina Spektor",
"Opening theme `` You 've Got Time ''",
"Composer ( s ) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford",
"Country of origin United States",
"Original language ( s ) English ( main language ) Spanish German French Russian",
"No. of seasons 5",
"No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes )",
"Production",
"Executive producer ( s ) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman ( pilot ) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann",
"Producer ( s ) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum",
"Location ( s ) New York",
"Camera setup Single - camera",
"Running time 51 -- 92 minutes",
"Production company ( s ) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions",
"Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix",
"Release",
"Original network Netflix",
"Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K",
"Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track",
"Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) -- present",
"External links",
"Website",
"Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The sixth season is scheduled to be released on July 27 , 2018 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television .",
"Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award .",
"Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 )",
"Season Episodes Originally released",
"13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 )",
"13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 )",
"13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 )",
"13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 )",
"5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 )",
"The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends .",
"In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory .",
"The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down .",
"Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate",
"Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate",
"Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate",
"Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer",
"Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 )",
"Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate",
"Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 )",
"Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate",
"Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate",
"Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate",
"Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate",
"Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate",
"Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate",
"Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate",
"Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden",
"Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate",
"Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 )",
"Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate",
"Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate",
"Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate",
"Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate",
"Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as German `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( season 3 , guest season 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present )",
"Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset",
"Annie Golden as Norma Romano",
"Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores",
"Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos",
"Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson",
"Julie Lake as Angie Rice",
"Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor",
"Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy",
"Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones",
"Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang",
"Tamara Torres as German `` Weeping Woman ''",
"Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco",
"Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 )",
"Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 )",
"Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 )",
"Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present )",
"Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present )",
"Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 )",
"Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 )",
"Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present )",
"Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present )",
"Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( season 3 , guest season 4 )",
"Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present )",
"Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present )",
"Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present )",
"Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present )",
"Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present )",
"Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present )",
"Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present )",
"Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present )",
"Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present )",
"Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present )",
"Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 )",
"Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell",
"Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill",
"Matt Peters as Joel Luschek",
"Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa",
"Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 )",
"Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 )",
"Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 )",
"Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 )",
"Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 )",
"Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 )",
"Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present )",
"Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present )",
"Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present )",
"James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present )",
"Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 )",
"Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 )",
"Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present )",
"Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present )",
"Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present )",
"Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 )",
"John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present )",
"Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present )",
"Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 )",
"Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 )",
"Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 )",
"Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 )",
"Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 )",
"Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 )",
"Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 )",
"Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 )",
"Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present )",
"John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present )",
"Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 )",
"Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV .",
"In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom .",
"Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind .",
"The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself .",
"On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season .",
"Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews )",
"Season Critical response",
"Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic",
"93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews )",
"98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews )",
"96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews )",
"95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews )",
"5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews )",
"Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim . It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types .",
"The first season received positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . ''",
"Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . ''",
"The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . ''",
"The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . ''",
"The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . ''",
"The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews .",
"Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year .",
"A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series .",
"For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award .",
"The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 .",
"In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June .",
"Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . ''"
] | Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black Genre Comedy-drama Created by Jenji Kohan Based on Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison by Piper Kerman Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Natasha Lyonne Taryn Manning Selenis Leyva Adrienne C. Moore Dascha Polanco Nick Sandow Yael Stone Samira Wiley Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Elizabeth Rodriguez Jessica Pimentel Theme music composer Regina Spektor Opening theme `` You've Got Time '' Composer(s) Scott Doherty Brandon Jay Gwendolyn Sanford Country of origin United States Original language(s) English (main language) Spanish German French Russian No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Jenji Kohan Liz Friedman (pilot) Sara Hess Tara Herrmann Producer(s) Neri Kyle Tannenbaum Location(s) New York Camera setup Single-camera Running time 51-- 92 minutes Production company(s) Lionsgate Television Tilted Productions Distributor Lionsgate Television Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16:9 HDTV ) 4K Audio format Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release July 11, 2013 ( 2013-07-11 ) -- present External links Website Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum-security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix. In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017. The sixth season is scheduled to be released on July 27, 2018. The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television . Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix's most-watched original series. It has received critical acclaim and many accolades. For its first season, the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three. A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama. For its second season, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2.1 Inmates 2.2.2 Staff 2.2.3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11, 2013 ( 2013-07-11 ) 13 June 6, 2014 ( 2014-06-06 ) 13 June 11, 2015 ( 2015-06-11 ) 13 June 17, 2016 ( 2016-06-17 ) 5 13 June 9, 2017 ( 2017-06-09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections,'' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ), an international drug smuggler . The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends. In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex (who named Piper in her trial, resulting in Piper's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption, drug smuggling, funding cuts, overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners' health and well-being and the prison's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution. One of the show's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate (season 1) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red'' Reznikov, inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé (season 1-- 2, guest season 5) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes'' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee'' Jefferson, inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky'' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy'' Hayes, inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya'' Diaz, inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Director of Human Activities, later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate (seasons 1-- 4, guest season 5) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca'' Gonzales, inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo'' Black, inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga'' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as German `` Weeping Woman'' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls (seasons 1-4) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa'' Cisneros (seasons 1-- 2, guest season 3) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller (season 1) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso (season 2-- present) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin (season 2-- present) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill (seasons 2-- 4) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee'' Parker (season 2) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio (season 3-- present) Blair Brown as Judy King (season 3-- present) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin (season 3, guest season 4) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija'' Aziza (season 4-- present) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele (season 4-- present) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia'' Cabrera (season 4-- present) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps (season 4-- present) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight (season 4-- present) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras (season 4-- present) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey (season 4-- present) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge'' Contreras (season 4-- present) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka (season 4-- present) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah (season 4-- present) Staff ( edit ) Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig'' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson (seasons 1-4) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell (seasons 1-- 3) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford (seasons 1-- 3) Matt McGorry as John Bennett (seasons 1-- 3) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache'' Mendez (seasons 1-- 3, guest season 5) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer (seasons 1-- 2) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber'' Bayley (season 3-- present) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow'' (season 3-- present) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson (season 3-- present) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts'' Coates (season 3-- present) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson (seasons 3-4) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers (season 3) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake (season 4-- present) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman (season 4-- present) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon (season 4-- present) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella (seasons 4-- 5) John Palladino as Josh (season 4-- present) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough (season 4-- present) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps'' Humphrey (seasons 4-- 5) Others ( edit ) Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman (seasons 1-- 4) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset (seasons 1-- 4) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman (seasons 1-- 3) Berto Colon as Cesar (seasons 1-- 3, 5) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman (seasons 1-- 3, 5) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper (seasons 1-- 2) Ian Paola as Yadriel (season 2-- present) John Magaro as Vince Muccio (season 3-- present) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell-Mendez (season 3, guest season 5) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she `` screwed up'' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation. Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a `` trojan horse'' for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV. In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator. In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman, followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom. Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series. Abigail Savage , who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause. Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman, however Kohan felt she would not worry about her (in prison), noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that wasn't right for the character.'' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered `` tough enough'' for the character; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead. Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl.'' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role. Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; `` (Kohan knew) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect,'' said Euston. Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes'' Warren. Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky'' Doggett. This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind. The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York , which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary. The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York , on March 7, 2013. The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself. On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars. Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular. On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon. For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley. Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season. The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere. For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode. On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93% (40 reviews) 79 (32 reviews) 98% (42 reviews) 89 (31 reviews) 96% (24 reviews) 83 (53 reviews) 95% (39 reviews) 86 (19 reviews) 5 74% (35 reviews) 67 (20 reviews) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim. It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types. The first season received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93% approval rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure.'' Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: `` In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat.'' Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post , wrote: `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more.'' The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence. Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating `` universal acclaim.'' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season, but arguably better.'' The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96% rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season.'' The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast.'' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning-to-end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it's the series' best.'' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews'' . On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 76% rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews. Accolades ( edit ) Main article: List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three. Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year. A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half-hour shows as comedies and hour-long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season. That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories. For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (Aduba). It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy. The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, five Satellite Awards , four Critics' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight-fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most-watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system. -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013. It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014, and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015. The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017. In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement. Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June. Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success'' for the streaming platform. `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV.'' As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix's most-watched original series. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority-rich ensemble cast,'' the series `` appeals more to a white audience.'' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance. See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison-- industrial complex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne, Susan (July 3, 2013). `` Danbury Women's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series'' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (September 17, 2012). `` Duo Cast in Netflix's ' Orange Is The New Black' , Don Stark Upped on VH's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 17, 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 30, 2013). `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Littleton, Cynthia (February 5, 2016). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix'' . Variety . Retrieved February 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (February 8, 2017). `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix'' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 5, 2018). `` ' Orange Is The New Black' Season 6 Gets Premiere Date & Teaser On Netflix'' . Deadline . Retrieved June 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Denham, Jess (February 5, 2016). `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (July 16, 2015). `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations'' . Vox . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Birnbaum, Debra (August 4, 2015). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way'' . Variety . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Radish, Christina (July 7, 2013). `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK, Her Research Into Prison Life, and Graphic Sex Scenes'' . Collider . Retrieved May 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange' Creator Jenji Kohan: ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR. August 13, 2013 . Retrieved May 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 22, 2011). `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2011). `` Netflix, Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan's ' Orange Is The New Black' Comedy'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 30, 2012). `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (September 12, 2012). `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix's ' Orange Is the New Black' (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12, 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung, E. Alex (July 9, 2014). `` Orange Is the New Black's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can' Scene'' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Wasn't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black' (VIDEO)'' . HuffPost . August 16, 2017 . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Down, Steve (July 5, 2015). `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black: ' I wasn't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Orley, Emily (August 13, 2014). `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black'' Cast Came To Be`` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson, Diane (July 10, 2013). `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12, 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes, Holly (December 18, 2015). `` Orange Is The New Black's Uzo Aduba: ' How would make someone think I'd be right for Crazy Eyes? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy, Tim (August 13, 2013). `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black' Prison Real? Yes, and it is Located Near Utica'' . WIBX 950 AM. January 6, 2014 . Retrieved May 23, 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico, Chris (March 7, 2013). `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black' filming in Rockland'' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14, 2013 . Retrieved March 28, 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate, Caroline (August 21, 2013). `` ' Orange is the New Black' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners'' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black'' for Second Season'' (Press release). Netflix. June 27, 2013 . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 8, 2013). `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (June 12, 2014). `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3: Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular!'' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (May 5, 2014). `` ' Orange is the New Black' renewed for 3rd season'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms, Andrew (June 12, 2014). `` ' Orange is the New Black' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular'' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (February 20, 2015). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3'' . Variety . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller, Gregory E. (July 23, 2014). `` ' Pornstache' out ahead of ' Orange' season 3'' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins, Sarah (June 13, 2015). `` Pablo Schreiber's Pornstache has an ' OITNB' Season 3 surprise in store for fans'' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 15, 2015). `` ' Orange Is The New Black' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 17, 2016). `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 28, 2014). `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson, Seth (July 26, 2013). `` How ' Orange Is the New Black' humanizes inmates'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon, Rachel (June 17, 2014). `` Has ' Orange is the New Black' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners? Former Inmates Say No, But There's Progress Ahead'' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald, Andy (July 15, 2013). `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet'' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ Rorke, Robert (June 4, 2014). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' ignites a TV revolution for women'' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ McClelland, Mac (June 18, 2015). `` Caged Heat'' . Rolling Stone (1237) . Retrieved January 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross, L.A. (March 15, 2014). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex, Women Calling the Shots, and What Red Did'' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie (July 24, 2013). `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black'' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Schroeder, Audra (August 5, 2013). `` How `` Orange Is the New Black'' changed the way we talk about TV`` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (July 25, 2013). `` Dead Tree Alert: Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV'' . Time . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1'' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 1'' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver, Hank (July 11, 2013). `` Netflix's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8, 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (July 10, 2013). `` ' Orange Is The New Black' Review: Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 2'' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2'' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland, David (June 3, 2014). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' review: Me vs. we'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 3'' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 3'' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 4'' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 4'' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (June 22, 2016). `` Orange Is The New Black: It's About Time'' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 5'' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black: Season 5'' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Orange Is The New Black'' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Orange is the New Black'' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013'' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (July 16, 2015). `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations'' . Vox . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015: Full List'' . Variety . January 25, 2015 . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List'' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30, 2016 . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners'' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards'' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards'' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics' Choice Television Awards 2014: Complete Winners List'' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19, 2014 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics' Choice Awards Winners: Full List'' . Variety . May 31, 2015 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei, `` Orange is the New Black,'' `` Concussion'' among #GLAADAwards recipients in New York City`` . GLAAD . May 3, 2014 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing'' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards: ' Orange Is the New Black' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Comedy'' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24, 2015 . Retrieved April 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black (Netflix)'' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black'' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox, David (September 9, 2013). `` Airdate: Orange is the New Black'' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014'' . Foxtel. January 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 26, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3: same time as the US'' . Foxtel. June 4, 2015 . Retrieved June 11, 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai, Georg (March 24, 2017). `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press. April 28, 2017 . Retrieved April 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth, Nicole; Haag, Matthew (April 29, 2017). `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks'' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner, Jeff (May 10, 2017). `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black' Spiked Following Hack'' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald, Andy (June 4, 2014). `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter (July 23, 2013). `` Netflix's No-Name Show Beating `` House of Cards'' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10, 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha, Anthony (October 21, 2013). `` Netflix: ' Orange Is The New Black' Is Our Most-Watched Original, But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger'' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez, Brian Anthony (October 21, 2013). `` ' Orange Is the New Black' Is Netflix's Most-Watched Original Series'' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M (February 5, 2016). `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons'' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (December 27, 2016). `` ' Duck Dynasty' vs. ' Modern Family' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide'' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette, Sarah. `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black.'' MA Thesis. George Mason University , 2015. Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014. The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . 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where does the history of piano roll come from | In most modern digital audio workstation software , the term `` piano roll '' is used to refer to a graphical display of , and means of , editing MIDI note data ; as well as entering the pitch , length and velocity of notes manually , instead of recording the output of a keyboard or other device for entering note data . Usually a means of manually editing other aspects of the MIDI data , such as pitch bend or modulation , is also present , although not strictly part of the piano roll itself . | [
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"A piano roll is a music storage medium used to operate a player piano , piano player or reproducing piano . A piano roll is a continuous roll of paper with perforations ( holes ) punched into it . The perforations represent note control data . The roll moves over a reading system known as a ' tracker bar ' and the playing cycle for each musical note is triggered when a perforation crosses the bar and is read .",
"The majority of piano rolls play on three distinct musical scales . The 65 - note ( with a playing range of A to C ♯ ) format was introduced in 1896 in the USA specifically for piano music . In 1900 an American format playing all 88 notes ( A to C ) of the standard piano scale was introduced . In 1902 a German 72 - note scale ( F , G to E ) was introduced . All of these scales were subject to being operated by piano rolls of varying dimensions . The 1908 Buffalo Convention of US manufacturers standardized the US industry to the 88 - note scale and fixed the physical dimensions for that scale .",
"Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from around 1896 to 2008 , and are still available today , with QRS Music claiming to have 45,000 titles available with `` new titles being added on a regular basis '' . Largely replacing piano rolls , which are no longer mass - produced today , MIDI files represent a modern way in which musical performance data can be stored . MIDI files accomplish digitally and electronically what piano rolls do mechanically . Software for editing a performance stored as MIDI data often has a feature to show the music in a piano roll representation .",
"The first paper rolls were used commercially by Welte & Sons in their Orchestrions beginning in 1883 .",
"A rollography is a listing of piano rolls , especially made by a single performer , analogous to a discography .",
"The Buffalo Convention of December 10 , 1908 established two future roll formats for the US - producers of piano rolls for self - playing pianos . The two formats had different punchings of 65 and 88 notes , but the same width ( 11 ⁄ inches or 286 millimetres ) ; thus 65 - note rolls would be perforated at 6 holes to the inch , and 88 - note rolls at 9 holes to the inch , leaving margins at both ends for future developments . This made it possible to play the piano rolls on any self - playing instrument built according to the convention , albeit sometimes with a loss of special functionality . This format became a loose world standard .",
"Metronomic or arranged rolls are rolls produced by positioning the music slots without real - time input . The music , when played back , is typically purely metronomical . Metronomically arranged music rolls are deliberately left metronomic so as to enable a player - pianist to create their own musical performance via the hand controls that are a feature of all player pianos .",
"Hand played rolls are created by capturing in real time the hand - played performance of one or more pianists upon a piano connected to a recording machine . The production roll reproduced the real - time performance of the original recording when played back at a constant speed . It is industry convention for recordings of music intended to be used for dancing to be regularized into strict tempo despite the original performance having the slight tempo fluctuations of all human performances .",
"Reproducing rolls are the same as hand - played rolls but have additional control codes to operate the dynamic modifying systems specific to whichever brand of reproducing piano it is designed to be played back on . The roll plays back at a fixed constant speed to preserve the inter-relationship of these control codes and the time it takes for the pianos dynamic mechanisms to operate between sequential control codes .",
"The player piano gives the opportunity to create music that is impossible for humans to play , or , more correctly , music that was not conceived in terms of performance by hand . Over one hundred composers wrote music specially for the player piano during the course of the 20th century . Many mainstream composers experimented with its possibilities , including Igor Stravinsky , Alfredo Casella , and Paul Hindemith ; others , including Conlon Nancarrow , made it their primary milieu .",
"The Duo - Art , Ampico , and Welte - Mignon brands were known as `` reproducing '' piano rolls , as they could accurately reproduce the touch and dynamics of the artist as well as the notes struck , when played back on capable pianos .",
"Rolls for the reproducing piano were generally made from the recorded performances of famous musicians . Typically , a pianist would sit at a specially designed recording piano , and the pitch and duration of any notes played would be either marked or perforated on a blank roll , together with the duration of the sustaining and soft pedal .",
"Reproducing pianos can also re-create the dynamics of a pianist 's performance by means of specially encoded control perforations placed towards the edges of a music roll , but this coding was never recorded automatically . Different companies had different ways of notating dynamics , some technically advanced ( though not necessarily more effective ) , some secret , and some dependent entirely on a recording producer 's handwritten notes , but in all cases these dynamic hieroglyphics had to be skillfully converted into the specialized perforated codes needed by the different types of instrument .",
"Recorded rolls play at a specific , marked speed , where for example , 70 signifies 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) of paper travel in one minute , at the start of the roll . On all pneumatic player pianos , the paper is pulled on to a take - up spool , and as more paper winds on , so the effective diameter of the spool increases , and with it the paper speed . Player piano engineers were well aware of this , as can be seen from many patents of the time , but since reproducing piano recordings were generally made with a similar take - up spool drive , the tempo of the recorded performance is faithfully reproduced , despite the gradually increasing paper speed .",
"The playing of many pianists and composers is preserved on reproducing piano roll . Gustav Mahler , Camille Saint - Saëns , Edvard Grieg , Teresa Carreño , Claude Debussy , Manuel de Falla , Scott Joplin , Sergei Rachmaninoff , Sergei Prokofiev , Alexander Scriabin , Jelly Roll Morton and George Gershwin are amongst the composers and pianists who have had their performances recorded in this way .",
"Duo - Art featured artists such as Ignace Jan Paderewski , George Gershwin , Maurice Ravel , Teresa Carreño , Percy Grainger , Leopold Godowsky and Ferruccio Busoni . The Ampico brand 's featured artists included Sergei Rachmaninoff , Leo Ornstein , Mischa Levitzki , Winifred MacBride , and Marguerite Volavy . For Welte - Mignon , the first reproducing system , there played artists such as Gustav Mahler , Camille Saint - Saëns , Claude Debussy , Manuel de Falla , Alexander Scriabin , Enrique Granados , Eugen d'Albert , Josef Lhévinne , Raoul Pugno , and Carl Reinecke ( who was the earliest - born pianist to record in any media format ) .",
"There were hundreds of companies worldwide producing rolls during the peak period of their popularity ( 1900 -- 1927 ) . Some other non-reproducing rolls makers of live performances are listed below together with their most memorable recording artistes .",
"QRS Company -- James P Johnson , Fats Waller , Zez Confrey , J. Lawrence Cook , Pete Wendling and Victor Arden Mastertouch Piano Roll Co Australia US Music Roll Company ; Lee Sims , Robert Billings Imperial -- Charley Straight , Roy Bargy Vocalstyle -- Jelly Roll Morton , Walter Davison , Clarence Jones , Luckey Roberts , Cow Cow Davenport Capitol / Columbia ; Jimmy Blythe , Clarence Johnson",
"QRS Company -- James P Johnson , Fats Waller , Zez Confrey , J. Lawrence Cook , Pete Wendling and Victor Arden",
"Mastertouch Piano Roll Co Australia",
"US Music Roll Company ; Lee Sims , Robert Billings",
"Imperial -- Charley Straight , Roy Bargy",
"Vocalstyle -- Jelly Roll Morton , Walter Davison , Clarence Jones , Luckey Roberts , Cow Cow Davenport",
"Capitol / Columbia ; Jimmy Blythe , Clarence Johnson",
"White - Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company , 209 U.S. 1 ( 1908 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled that manufacturers of music rolls for player pianos did not have to pay royalties to the composers . The ruling was based on a holding that the piano rolls were not copies of the plaintiffs ' copyrighted sheet music , but were instead parts of the machine that reproduced the music .",
"This case was subsequently eclipsed by Congress 's intervention in the form of an amendment to the Copyright Act of 1909 , protecting them and introducing a compulsory license for the manufacture and distribution of such `` mechanical '' embodiments of musical works .",
"In most modern digital audio workstation software , the term `` piano roll '' is used to refer to a graphical display of , and means of , editing MIDI note data ; as well as entering the pitch , length and velocity of notes manually , instead of recording the output of a keyboard or other device for entering note data . Usually a means of manually editing other aspects of the MIDI data , such as pitch bend or modulation , is also present , although not strictly part of the piano roll itself ."
] | Piano roll - wikipedia Piano roll Jump to: navigation , search A stack of piano rolls, some in boxes. A piano roll is a music storage medium used to operate a player piano , piano player or reproducing piano . A piano roll is a continuous roll of paper with perforations (holes) punched into it. The perforations represent note control data. The roll moves over a reading system known as a ' tracker bar' and the playing cycle for each musical note is triggered when a perforation crosses the bar and is read. The majority of piano rolls play on three distinct musical scales. The 65-note (with a playing range of A to C ♯ ) format was introduced in 1896 in the USA specifically for piano music. In 1900 an American format playing all 88 notes (A to C ) of the standard piano scale was introduced. In 1902 a German 72-note scale (F , G to E ) was introduced. All of these scales were subject to being operated by piano rolls of varying dimensions. The 1908 Buffalo Convention of US manufacturers standardized the US industry to the 88-note scale and fixed the physical dimensions for that scale. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from around 1896 to 2008, and are still available today, with QRS Music claiming to have 45,000 titles available with `` new titles being added on a regular basis'' . Largely replacing piano rolls, which are no longer mass-produced today, MIDI files represent a modern way in which musical performance data can be stored. MIDI files accomplish digitally and electronically what piano rolls do mechanically. Software for editing a performance stored as MIDI data often has a feature to show the music in a piano roll representation. The first paper rolls were used commercially by Welte & Sons in their Orchestrions beginning in 1883. A rollography is a listing of piano rolls, especially made by a single performer, analogous to a discography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Buffalo Convention 2 Metronomic, hand played, and reproducing rolls 3 Compositions for pianola and reproducing piano 4 Reproducing pianos 5 Legal protectability against copying 6 In digital audio workstations 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Buffalo convention ( edit ) First part of a piano roll for Welte-Mignon , about 1919, with lines for a pianolist , according to the Buffalo Convention The Buffalo Convention of December 10, 1908 established two future roll formats for the US-producers of piano rolls for self-playing pianos . The two formats had different punchings of 65 and 88 notes, but the same width ( 11 ⁄ inches or 286 millimetres); thus 65-note rolls would be perforated at 6 holes to the inch, and 88-note rolls at 9 holes to the inch, leaving margins at both ends for future developments. This made it possible to play the piano rolls on any self-playing instrument built according to the convention, albeit sometimes with a loss of special functionality. This format became a loose world standard. Metronomic, hand played, and reproducing rolls ( edit ) Metronomic or arranged rolls are rolls produced by positioning the music slots without real-time input. The music, when played back, is typically purely metronomical. Metronomically arranged music rolls are deliberately left metronomic so as to enable a player-pianist to create their own musical performance via the hand controls that are a feature of all player pianos. Hand played rolls are created by capturing in real time the hand-played performance of one or more pianists upon a piano connected to a recording machine. The production roll reproduced the real-time performance of the original recording when played back at a constant speed. It is industry convention for recordings of music intended to be used for dancing to be regularized into strict tempo despite the original performance having the slight tempo fluctuations of all human performances. Reproducing rolls are the same as hand-played rolls but have additional control codes to operate the dynamic modifying systems specific to whichever brand of reproducing piano it is designed to be played back on. The roll plays back at a fixed constant speed to preserve the inter-relationship of these control codes and the time it takes for the pianos dynamic mechanisms to operate between sequential control codes. Compositions for pianola and reproducing piano ( edit ) The player piano gives the opportunity to create music that is impossible for humans to play, or, more correctly, music that was not conceived in terms of performance by hand. Over one hundred composers wrote music specially for the player piano during the course of the 20th century. Many mainstream composers experimented with its possibilities, including Igor Stravinsky , Alfredo Casella , and Paul Hindemith ; others, including Conlon Nancarrow , made it their primary milieu. The Duo-Art , Ampico , and Welte-Mignon brands were known as `` reproducing'' piano rolls, as they could accurately reproduce the touch and dynamics of the artist as well as the notes struck, when played back on capable pianos. Reproducing pianos ( edit ) Tracker bar of a Welte-Mignon Rolls for the reproducing piano were generally made from the recorded performances of famous musicians. Typically, a pianist would sit at a specially designed recording piano, and the pitch and duration of any notes played would be either marked or perforated on a blank roll, together with the duration of the sustaining and soft pedal. Reproducing pianos can also re-create the dynamics of a pianist's performance by means of specially encoded control perforations placed towards the edges of a music roll, but this coding was never recorded automatically. Different companies had different ways of notating dynamics, some technically advanced (though not necessarily more effective), some secret, and some dependent entirely on a recording producer's handwritten notes, but in all cases these dynamic hieroglyphics had to be skillfully converted into the specialized perforated codes needed by the different types of instrument. Recorded rolls play at a specific, marked speed, where for example, 70 signifies 7 feet (2.1 m) of paper travel in one minute, at the start of the roll. On all pneumatic player pianos, the paper is pulled on to a take-up spool, and as more paper winds on, so the effective diameter of the spool increases, and with it the paper speed. Player piano engineers were well aware of this, as can be seen from many patents of the time, but since reproducing piano recordings were generally made with a similar take-up spool drive, the tempo of the recorded performance is faithfully reproduced, despite the gradually increasing paper speed. The playing of many pianists and composers is preserved on reproducing piano roll. Gustav Mahler , Camille Saint-Saëns , Edvard Grieg , Teresa Carreño , Claude Debussy , Manuel de Falla , Scott Joplin , Sergei Rachmaninoff , Sergei Prokofiev , Alexander Scriabin , Jelly Roll Morton and George Gershwin are amongst the composers and pianists who have had their performances recorded in this way. Duo-Art featured artists such as Ignace Jan Paderewski , George Gershwin , Maurice Ravel , Teresa Carreño , Percy Grainger , Leopold Godowsky and Ferruccio Busoni . The Ampico brand's featured artists included Sergei Rachmaninoff , Leo Ornstein , Mischa Levitzki , Winifred MacBride , and Marguerite Volavy . For Welte-Mignon, the first reproducing system, there played artists such as Gustav Mahler , Camille Saint-Saëns , Claude Debussy , Manuel de Falla , Alexander Scriabin , Enrique Granados , Eugen d'Albert , Josef Lhévinne , Raoul Pugno , and Carl Reinecke (who was the earliest-born pianist to record in any media format). There were hundreds of companies worldwide producing rolls during the peak period of their popularity (1900-- 1927). Some other non-reproducing rolls makers of live performances are listed below together with their most memorable recording artistes. QRS Company -- James P Johnson , Fats Waller , Zez Confrey , J. Lawrence Cook , Pete Wendling and Victor Arden Mastertouch Piano Roll Co Australia US Music Roll Company; Lee Sims , Robert Billings Imperial -- Charley Straight , Roy Bargy Vocalstyle -- Jelly Roll Morton , Walter Davison , Clarence Jones , Luckey Roberts , Cow Cow Davenport Capitol/Columbia; Jimmy Blythe , Clarence Johnson Legal protectability against copying ( edit ) White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company , 209 U.S. 1 (1908), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled that manufacturers of music rolls for player pianos did not have to pay royalties to the composers. The ruling was based on a holding that the piano rolls were not copies of the plaintiffs' copyrighted sheet music, but were instead parts of the machine that reproduced the music. This case was subsequently eclipsed by Congress's intervention in the form of an amendment to the Copyright Act of 1909 , protecting them and introducing a compulsory license for the manufacture and distribution of such `` mechanical'' embodiments of musical works. In digital audio workstations ( edit ) DAW Piano Roll In most modern digital audio workstation software, the term `` piano roll'' is used to refer to a graphical display of, and means of, editing MIDI note data; as well as entering the pitch, length and velocity of notes manually, instead of recording the output of a keyboard or other device for entering note data. Usually a means of manually editing other aspects of the MIDI data, such as pitch bend or modulation , is also present, although not strictly part of the piano roll itself. See also ( edit ) Piano portal Book music Music roll is the generic term for similar rolls used to operate fairground organs (or band organs), calliopes , hand-cranked organs, orchestrions and other types of automatically played pipe organ or mechanical organ . Scorewriter Virtual Studio Technology White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www.pianola.org Jump up ^ The day the music died . Buffalo News, August 20, 2010. From Webarchive Jump up ^ `` Music'' . QRS Music . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ US Patent 287,599, Emil Welte, New York, 30 October 1883 Jump up ^ `` Rollography'' . In L. Root, Deane. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required) Jump up ^ Music Trade Review, New York, NY, Vol. 47, No. 24, p. 31 from December 12, 1908. Sources ( edit ) Elaine Obenchain: The complete catalog of Ampico Reproducing Piano rolls . New York: American Piano Co., ca...1977. ISBN 0-9601172-1-0 ; (out of print). Charles Davis Smith: Duo-Art piano music: a complete classified catalog of music recorded for the Duo-Art reproducing piano compiled and annotated by Charles Davis Smith . Monrovia, California, ca. 1987; (out of print). Charles David Smith and Richard James Howe: The Welte-Mignon, its music and musicians; complete catalogue of Welte-Mignon reproducing piano recordings 1905-- 1932, historical overview of companies and individuals, biographical essays on the recording artists and composers . Vestal, NY: Vestal Press, 1994. ISBN 1-879511-17-7 ; (out of print). Gerhard Dangel und Hans-W. Schmitz: Welte-Mignon-Reproduktionen / Welte-Mignon Reproductions. Gesamtkatalog der Aufnahmen für das Welte-Mignon Reproduktions-Piano 1905-1932 / Complete Library Of Recordings For The Welte-Mignon Reproducing Piano 1905-1932 . Stuttgart 2006. ISBN 3-00-017110-X Barbara Bryner: The piano roll: a valuable recording medium of the twentieth century . Dept. of Music, University of Utah, 2002. OCLC 50482085 William Braid White: The player-piano up-to-date: a comprehensive treatise on the principles, construction, adjustment, regulation and use of pneumatic mechanisms for piano-playing: together with a description of the leading mechanisms now in use and some hints on the playing thereof . New York, Edward Lyman Bill, 1914 ( The date of convention is given wrongly as 1909 ). External links ( edit ) Look up piano roll in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piano rolls . The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation The Player Piano Group : the main UK society The Pianola Forum - online discussion group QRS Piano Rolls Julian Dyer Piano Rolls - new Duo-Art 100% accurate music rolls Pianola.co.nz - Listen to MIDI files created by scanning player piano rolls Information about Welte-Mignon Warren Trachtman's Piano Roll Scanning Information Page L.D. Henderson tells a modern roll-arranger's story. Maesto - Recuts of music- and piano-rolls Complete listing of all Welte-Mignon-Rolls Mechanical musical instruments Organs Barrel organ Book music Dance organ Fairground organ Brands American Piano Company Disklavier Duo-Art Polyphon Regina Company Welte-Mignon Pianos Barrel piano Player piano Piano roll Clocks Automaton clock Cuckoo clock Musical clock Other AMICA Belloneon Book music Componium Music box CPE Bach works MBSI Polyphon Music roll Orchestrion Berry-Wood A.O.W. Panharmonicon Photoplayer Paper data storage media Antiquity Writing on papyrus (c. 3000 BCE) Paper (105 CE) Modern Index card (1640s) Punched tape (mid-1800s) Punched card (1880s) Edge-notched card (1904) Optical mark recognition (1930s) Barcode (1948) Optical character recognition (1950s) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_roll&oldid=840583463 '' Categories : Piano Digital audio Audio storage Mechanical musical instruments History of Buffalo, New York 1908 in music Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Magyar 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 20:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8169269027529788157 |
when does new season of greys anatomy begin | The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on April 20 , 2018 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The season premiered on September 27 , 2018 with a special 2 - hour premiere . The episode count for the season will be 24 episodes . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . | [
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"September 27, 2018"
]
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-1
] | [
"Grey 's Anatomy ( season 15 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Giacomo Gianniotti Kim Raver Country of origin United States No. of episodes 5 Release Original network ABC Original release September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes",
"Grey 's Anatomy ( season 15 )",
"Promotional poster",
"Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Giacomo Gianniotti Kim Raver",
"Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Giacomo Gianniotti Kim Raver",
"James Pickens , Jr .",
"Country of origin United States",
"No. of episodes 5",
"Release",
"Original network ABC",
"Original release September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) -- present ( present )",
"Season chronology",
"← Previous Season 14",
"List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes",
"The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on April 20 , 2018 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The season premiered on September 27 , 2018 with a special 2 - hour premiere . The episode count for the season will be 24 episodes . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper .",
"This season is the first not to feature both Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins and Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner since their introductions in the fifth and sixth seasons respectively , following their departures at the conclusion of the previous season .",
"The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington .",
"Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Karev Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Fox Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim Chris Carmack as Dr. Atticus `` Link '' Lincoln Caroline Clay as Cece Colvin Guest ( edit ) Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Josh Radnor as John Jeff Perry as Thatcher Grey",
"Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Karev Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Fox Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim Chris Carmack as Dr. Atticus `` Link '' Lincoln Caroline Clay as Cece Colvin Guest ( edit ) Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Josh Radnor as John Jeff Perry as Thatcher Grey",
"Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Karev Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman",
"Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey",
"Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev",
"Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey",
"James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber",
"Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt",
"Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery",
"Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd",
"Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Karev",
"Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce",
"Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca",
"Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman",
"Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Fox Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim Chris Carmack as Dr. Atticus `` Link '' Lincoln Caroline Clay as Cece Colvin",
"Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Fox",
"Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren",
"Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick",
"Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca",
"Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt",
"Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker",
"Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy",
"Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm",
"Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri",
"Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson",
"Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim",
"Chris Carmack as Dr. Atticus `` Link '' Lincoln",
"Caroline Clay as Cece Colvin",
"Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Josh Radnor as John Jeff Perry as Thatcher Grey",
"Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera",
"Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller",
"Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt",
"Josh Radnor as John",
"Jeff Perry as Thatcher Grey",
"On May 21 , 2018 , it was announced that Kim Raver had once again been promoted to series regular this season after previously having a recurring role last season . On July 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Chris Carmack would be starring in a recurring role for Season 15 , being revealed that he would play the role of a new orthopedic surgeon at the hospital . On August 13 , 2018 , it was announced that Jeff Perry would be returning as Thatcher Grey , Meredith 's father , for the first time since his last appearance in the seventh season . On September 6 , 2018 , it was announced that Alex Landi had been cast in a recurring role as Dr. Nico Kim , who will be the first gay male surgeon to appear on the show . On October 10 , 2018 , it was announced that Josh Radnor had been cast as Meredith 's new love interest .",
"The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live .",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 6.81 As the doctors return to work from the post-wedding celebration , Meredith struggles to focus on work facing distractions by her sex dreams , Andrew , and her professional matchmaker patient . After learning of Owen and Amelia 's current living situation , Teddy decides she does n't really want to be interim chief , forcing Bailey to consider other candidates . On her way out , Teddy realizes she needs to see Maggie due to a suspected blood clot in her femoral vein , fearing a potential pulmonary embolism . In discussing her situation , Teddy tells her she 's pregnant with Owen 's baby . New orthopedic hires , Drs Atticus `` Link '' Lincoln and Nico Kim , are introduced when a bicyclist gets ran over and winds up tangled in her bike . Jo 's obsession with work all but derails her honeymoon plans with Alex ; however , her new idea could change the future of medicine . While Jackson admits to struggling with the idea of believing in God after surviving a near - death experience , Amelia admits to Owen that she still has feelings for him . 319 `` Broken Together '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 6.81 While Owen and Amelia struggle to reignite their sex life now that they have foster kids in the house , Maggie begins to distance herself from Jackson after he talks of marriage . As the new guy , Link makes his rounds introducing himself to colleagues , flirtatiously starting with Meredith who shuts him down . Bailey rules out Richard for interim chief , fearing that he 'll be a better chief than she or worse , that the job will be too stressful and lead him to drinking again . Finally , she decides to promote Alex to the new position . Upon Alex and Jo 's return from their honeymoon , Jo presents her new idea to Meredith asking her to create a fellowship for her . Excited by the possibilities , Meredith takes the idea to Bailey who initially denies the request ; however , once Jo talks to her she agrees to the proposal . When Jackson 's patient is diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis , he decides that the best place for her to survive is in Grey Sloan 's newest addition , the hyperbaric chamber . The tight space and condensed air takes its physical and emotional toll on the medical team when they lose . To end the day , the interns go have drinks at Joe 's , where Nico makes a move on Levi . Meredith finally confesses to her matchmaker that she does n't want to be married to her work any longer , and Jackson and Maggie profess their love for each other . 320 `` Gut Feeling '' Michael Watkins Mark Driscoll October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) 6.61 Now that Maggie knows Teddy 's secret , she desperately tries to set up Amelia with anyone other than Owen . In addition , she also struggles to understand why Jackson has taken a leave of absence . Alex gets a rude awakening as he goes about his first day as interim chief , which includes messing up the OR schedule , approving too many requisition requests , and holding Vikram responsible for his ineptitude - which ends up with him being fired for a second time . Bailey finds herself unable to relax due to Alex 's first day troubles , and since Bailey is distracted , Jo feels like she is n't holding up her end of the fellowship . As Meredith starts to become annoyed with the incessant questioning from her matchmaker patient , Richard mistakes his patient for a drunk , until he realizes that the patient actually has auto - brewery syndrome ; however , before he 's able to make the diagnosis , he crosses Link and Alex until he 's put in his place . 321 `` Momma Knows Best '' Cecilie Mosli William Harper October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 6.72 Meredith turns heads when she shows up to work done up and ready for her blind date . Alex feels used when Jo asks for a new MRI machine in bed and later they apologize to each other . Also Alex makes a questionable move to treat a patient with a preexisting condition and Qadri reports it to Webber . Amelia struggles to decide what to do with Betty when she comes home high , and takes the advice of Owen 's mom . Maggie ca n't sleep knowing Teddy 's secret and decides to tell someone . Dean asks Maggie out but does n't get an answer . Andrew loses a kid in the hospital and Carina has to go visit their father . This episode begins a crossover with Station 19 that concludes on `` Under the Surface '' . 322 5 `` Everyday Angel '' Chandra Wilson Julie Wong October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 6.54 At the hospital , while Bailey and Jo work together to help solve a mysterious case of stomach pain ; Alex learns to work with Link and not let his past with Jo upset him . Jackson returns much to Maggie 's surprise , but initially she 's less than happy with him until the matchmaker helps her realize the true problem . Levi believes he 's mistakenly taken Nico 's interactions as come - ons , and Richard teaches Andrew a lesson about being a leader . Outside the hospital , Owen and Amelia spend all day outside Betty 's school in attempt to keep her from skipping . Meredith talks Teddy through her animosity towards Owen by helping her understand that Owen is a good guy and deserves to know he 's the father of her child . 323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' Nicole Rubio Kiley Donovan November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) TBD 324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' Krista Vernoff Elisabeth R. Finch November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 ) TBD 325 8 `` The Switch '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 15 ) TBD",
"No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )",
"318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 6.81",
"As the doctors return to work from the post-wedding celebration , Meredith struggles to focus on work facing distractions by her sex dreams , Andrew , and her professional matchmaker patient . After learning of Owen and Amelia 's current living situation , Teddy decides she does n't really want to be interim chief , forcing Bailey to consider other candidates . On her way out , Teddy realizes she needs to see Maggie due to a suspected blood clot in her femoral vein , fearing a potential pulmonary embolism . In discussing her situation , Teddy tells her she 's pregnant with Owen 's baby . New orthopedic hires , Drs Atticus `` Link '' Lincoln and Nico Kim , are introduced when a bicyclist gets ran over and winds up tangled in her bike . Jo 's obsession with work all but derails her honeymoon plans with Alex ; however , her new idea could change the future of medicine . While Jackson admits to struggling with the idea of believing in God after surviving a near - death experience , Amelia admits to Owen that she still has feelings for him .",
"319 `` Broken Together '' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 6.81",
"While Owen and Amelia struggle to reignite their sex life now that they have foster kids in the house , Maggie begins to distance herself from Jackson after he talks of marriage . As the new guy , Link makes his rounds introducing himself to colleagues , flirtatiously starting with Meredith who shuts him down . Bailey rules out Richard for interim chief , fearing that he 'll be a better chief than she or worse , that the job will be too stressful and lead him to drinking again . Finally , she decides to promote Alex to the new position . Upon Alex and Jo 's return from their honeymoon , Jo presents her new idea to Meredith asking her to create a fellowship for her . Excited by the possibilities , Meredith takes the idea to Bailey who initially denies the request ; however , once Jo talks to her she agrees to the proposal . When Jackson 's patient is diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis , he decides that the best place for her to survive is in Grey Sloan 's newest addition , the hyperbaric chamber . The tight space and condensed air takes its physical and emotional toll on the medical team when they lose . To end the day , the interns go have drinks at Joe 's , where Nico makes a move on Levi . Meredith finally confesses to her matchmaker that she does n't want to be married to her work any longer , and Jackson and Maggie profess their love for each other .",
"320 `` Gut Feeling '' Michael Watkins Mark Driscoll October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) 6.61",
"Now that Maggie knows Teddy 's secret , she desperately tries to set up Amelia with anyone other than Owen . In addition , she also struggles to understand why Jackson has taken a leave of absence . Alex gets a rude awakening as he goes about his first day as interim chief , which includes messing up the OR schedule , approving too many requisition requests , and holding Vikram responsible for his ineptitude - which ends up with him being fired for a second time . Bailey finds herself unable to relax due to Alex 's first day troubles , and since Bailey is distracted , Jo feels like she is n't holding up her end of the fellowship . As Meredith starts to become annoyed with the incessant questioning from her matchmaker patient , Richard mistakes his patient for a drunk , until he realizes that the patient actually has auto - brewery syndrome ; however , before he 's able to make the diagnosis , he crosses Link and Alex until he 's put in his place .",
"321 `` Momma Knows Best '' Cecilie Mosli William Harper October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 6.72",
"Meredith turns heads when she shows up to work done up and ready for her blind date . Alex feels used when Jo asks for a new MRI machine in bed and later they apologize to each other . Also Alex makes a questionable move to treat a patient with a preexisting condition and Qadri reports it to Webber . Amelia struggles to decide what to do with Betty when she comes home high , and takes the advice of Owen 's mom . Maggie ca n't sleep knowing Teddy 's secret and decides to tell someone . Dean asks Maggie out but does n't get an answer . Andrew loses a kid in the hospital and Carina has to go visit their father . This episode begins a crossover with Station 19 that concludes on `` Under the Surface '' .",
"Meredith turns heads when she shows up to work done up and ready for her blind date . Alex feels used when Jo asks for a new MRI machine in bed and later they apologize to each other . Also Alex makes a questionable move to treat a patient with a preexisting condition and Qadri reports it to Webber . Amelia struggles to decide what to do with Betty when she comes home high , and takes the advice of Owen 's mom . Maggie ca n't sleep knowing Teddy 's secret and decides to tell someone . Dean asks Maggie out but does n't get an answer . Andrew loses a kid in the hospital and Carina has to go visit their father .",
"322 5 `` Everyday Angel '' Chandra Wilson Julie Wong October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 6.54",
"At the hospital , while Bailey and Jo work together to help solve a mysterious case of stomach pain ; Alex learns to work with Link and not let his past with Jo upset him . Jackson returns much to Maggie 's surprise , but initially she 's less than happy with him until the matchmaker helps her realize the true problem . Levi believes he 's mistakenly taken Nico 's interactions as come - ons , and Richard teaches Andrew a lesson about being a leader . Outside the hospital , Owen and Amelia spend all day outside Betty 's school in attempt to keep her from skipping . Meredith talks Teddy through her animosity towards Owen by helping her understand that Owen is a good guy and deserves to know he 's the father of her child .",
"323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' Nicole Rubio Kiley Donovan November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) TBD",
"324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' Krista Vernoff Elisabeth R. Finch November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 ) TBD",
"325 8 `` The Switch '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 15 ) TBD",
"No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire '' September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 8 6.81 13 N / A 319 `` Broken Together '' Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 8 6.81 13 N / A 320 `` Gut Feeling '' October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 7 6.61 13 N / A 321 `` Momma Knows Best '' October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 1.5 / 7 6.72 17 N / A 322 5 `` Everyday Angel '' October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 1.5 / 7 6.54 323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) 324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 )",
"No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank",
"318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire '' September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 8 6.81 13 N / A",
"319 `` Broken Together '' Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.9 / 8 6.81 13 N / A",
"320 `` Gut Feeling '' October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 / 7 6.61 13 N / A",
"321 `` Momma Knows Best '' October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 1.5 / 7 6.72 17 N / A",
"322 5 `` Everyday Angel '' October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 1.5 / 7 6.54",
"323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 )",
"324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 )",
"No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire '' September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.92 3.4 10.74 319 `` Broken Together '' Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.92 3.4 10.74 320 `` Gut Feeling '' October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 3.36 3.0 9.98 321 `` Momma Knows Best '' October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 1.4 3.58 2.9 10.29 322 5 `` Everyday Angel '' October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) 324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 )",
"No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref",
"318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire '' September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.92 3.4 10.74",
"319 `` Broken Together '' Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.92 3.4 10.74",
"320 `` Gut Feeling '' October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.4 3.36 3.0 9.98",
"321 `` Momma Knows Best '' October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 1.4 3.58 2.9 10.29",
"322 5 `` Everyday Angel '' October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 )",
"323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 )",
"324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 )"
] | Grey's Anatomy (season 15) - wikipedia Grey's Anatomy (season 15) Grey's Anatomy (season 15) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens, Jr. Kevin McKidd Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Giacomo Gianniotti Kim Raver Country of origin United States No. of episodes 5 Release Original network ABC Original release September 27, 2018 ( 2018-09-27 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of Grey's Anatomy episodes The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on April 20, 2018, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The season premiered on September 27, 2018 with a special 2-hour premiere. The episode count for the season will be 24 episodes. The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper. This season is the first not to feature both Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins and Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner since their introductions in the fifth and sixth seasons respectively, following their departures at the conclusion of the previous season. Contents 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest 2.4 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 4.1 Live + SD ratings 4.2 Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings 5 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen. It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, located in Seattle , Washington. Cast ( edit ) Main articles: List of Grey's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Karev Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Fox Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Peyton Kennedy as Betty Nelson Alex Landi as Dr. Nico Kim Chris Carmack as Dr. Atticus `` Link'' Lincoln Caroline Clay as Cece Colvin Guest ( edit ) Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy' Herrera Okieriete Onaodowan as Dean Miller Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Josh Radnor as John Jeff Perry as Thatcher Grey Casting ( edit ) On May 21, 2018, it was announced that Kim Raver had once again been promoted to series regular this season after previously having a recurring role last season. On July 31, 2018, it was announced that Chris Carmack would be starring in a recurring role for Season 15, being revealed that he would play the role of a new orthopedic surgeon at the hospital. On August 13, 2018, it was announced that Jeff Perry would be returning as Thatcher Grey, Meredith's father, for the first time since his last appearance in the seventh season. On September 6, 2018, it was announced that Alex Landi had been cast in a recurring role as Dr. Nico Kim, who will be the first gay male surgeon to appear on the show. On October 10, 2018, it was announced that Josh Radnor had been cast as Meredith's new love interest. Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of Grey's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall'' column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the `` No. in season'' column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. `` U.S. viewers in millions'' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire'' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 27, 2018 ( 2018-09-27 ) 6.81 As the doctors return to work from the post-wedding celebration, Meredith struggles to focus on work facing distractions by her sex dreams, Andrew, and her professional matchmaker patient. After learning of Owen and Amelia's current living situation, Teddy decides she doesn't really want to be interim chief, forcing Bailey to consider other candidates. On her way out, Teddy realizes she needs to see Maggie due to a suspected blood clot in her femoral vein, fearing a potential pulmonary embolism . In discussing her situation, Teddy tells her she's pregnant with Owen's baby. New orthopedic hires, Drs Atticus `` Link'' Lincoln and Nico Kim, are introduced when a bicyclist gets ran over and winds up tangled in her bike. Jo's obsession with work all but derails her honeymoon plans with Alex; however, her new idea could change the future of medicine. While Jackson admits to struggling with the idea of believing in God after surviving a near-death experience, Amelia admits to Owen that she still has feelings for him. 319 `` Broken Together'' Kevin McKidd Meg Marinis September 27, 2018 ( 2018-09-27 ) 6.81 While Owen and Amelia struggle to reignite their sex life now that they have foster kids in the house, Maggie begins to distance herself from Jackson after he talks of marriage. As the new guy, Link makes his rounds introducing himself to colleagues, flirtatiously starting with Meredith who shuts him down. Bailey rules out Richard for interim chief, fearing that he'll be a better chief than she or worse, that the job will be too stressful and lead him to drinking again. Finally, she decides to promote Alex to the new position. Upon Alex and Jo's return from their honeymoon, Jo presents her new idea to Meredith asking her to create a fellowship for her. Excited by the possibilities, Meredith takes the idea to Bailey who initially denies the request; however, once Jo talks to her she agrees to the proposal. When Jackson's patient is diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis , he decides that the best place for her to survive is in Grey Sloan's newest addition, the hyperbaric chamber . The tight space and condensed air takes its physical and emotional toll on the medical team when they lose. To end the day, the interns go have drinks at Joe's , where Nico makes a move on Levi. Meredith finally confesses to her matchmaker that she doesn't want to be married to her work any longer, and Jackson and Maggie profess their love for each other. 320 `` Gut Feeling'' Michael Watkins Mark Driscoll October 4, 2018 ( 2018-10-04 ) 6.61 Now that Maggie knows Teddy's secret, she desperately tries to set up Amelia with anyone other than Owen. In addition, she also struggles to understand why Jackson has taken a leave of absence. Alex gets a rude awakening as he goes about his first day as interim chief, which includes messing up the OR schedule, approving too many requisition requests, and holding Vikram responsible for his ineptitude-which ends up with him being fired for a second time. Bailey finds herself unable to relax due to Alex's first day troubles, and since Bailey is distracted, Jo feels like she isn't holding up her end of the fellowship. As Meredith starts to become annoyed with the incessant questioning from her matchmaker patient, Richard mistakes his patient for a drunk, until he realizes that the patient actually has auto-brewery syndrome ; however, before he's able to make the diagnosis, he crosses Link and Alex until he's put in his place. 321 `` Momma Knows Best'' Cecilie Mosli William Harper October 11, 2018 ( 2018-10-11 ) 6.72 Meredith turns heads when she shows up to work done up and ready for her blind date. Alex feels used when Jo asks for a new MRI machine in bed and later they apologize to each other. Also Alex makes a questionable move to treat a patient with a preexisting condition and Qadri reports it to Webber. Amelia struggles to decide what to do with Betty when she comes home high, and takes the advice of Owen's mom. Maggie can't sleep knowing Teddy's secret and decides to tell someone. Dean asks Maggie out but doesn't get an answer. Andrew loses a kid in the hospital and Carina has to go visit their father. This episode begins a crossover with Station 19 that concludes on `` Under the Surface '' . 322 5 `` Everyday Angel'' Chandra Wilson Julie Wong October 25, 2018 ( 2018-10-25 ) 6.54 At the hospital, while Bailey and Jo work together to help solve a mysterious case of stomach pain; Alex learns to work with Link and not let his past with Jo upset him. Jackson returns much to Maggie's surprise, but initially she's less than happy with him until the matchmaker helps her realize the true problem. Levi believes he's mistakenly taken Nico's interactions as come-ons, and Richard teaches Andrew a lesson about being a leader. Outside the hospital, Owen and Amelia spend all day outside Betty's school in attempt to keep her from skipping. Meredith talks Teddy through her animosity towards Owen by helping her understand that Owen is a good guy and deserves to know he's the father of her child. 323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave'' Nicole Rubio Kiley Donovan November 1, 2018 ( 2018-11-01 ) TBD 324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map?'' Krista Vernoff Elisabeth R. Finch November 8, 2018 ( 2018-11-08 ) TBD 325 8 `` The Switch'' TBA TBA November 15, 2018 ( 2018-11-15 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot (EST) Rating/Share (18-- 49) Viewers (m) 18-- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire'' September 27, 2018 ( 2018-09-27 ) Thursday 8:00 p.m. 1.9/8 6.81 13 N/A 319 `` Broken Together'' Thursday 9:00 p.m. 1.9/8 6.81 13 N/A 320 `` Gut Feeling'' October 4, 2018 ( 2018-10-04 ) Thursdays 8:00 p.m. 1.6/7 6.61 13 N/A 321 `` Momma Knows Best'' October 11, 2018 ( 2018-10-11 ) 1.5/7 6.72 17 N/A 322 5 `` Everyday Angel'' October 25, 2018 ( 2018-10-25 ) 1.5/7 6.54 323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave'' November 1, 2018 ( 2018-11-01 ) 324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map?'' November 8, 2018 ( 2018-11-08 ) Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot (EST) 18-- 49 increase Viewers (millions) increase Total 18-49 Total viewers (millions) Ref 318 `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire'' September 27, 2018 ( 2018-09-27 ) Thursday 8:00 p.m. 1.5 3.92 3.4 10.74 319 `` Broken Together'' Thursday 9:00 p.m. 1.5 3.92 3.4 10.74 320 `` Gut Feeling'' October 4, 2018 ( 2018-10-04 ) Thursdays 8:00 p.m. 1.4 3.36 3.0 9.98 321 `` Momma Knows Best'' October 11, 2018 ( 2018-10-11 ) 1.4 3.58 2.9 10.29 322 5 `` Everyday Angel'' October 25, 2018 ( 2018-10-25 ) 323 6 `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave'' November 1, 2018 ( 2018-11-01 ) 324 7 `` Anybody Have a Map?'' November 8, 2018 ( 2018-11-08 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 20, 2018). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' Renewed For Season 15 By ABC'' . Deadline . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (July 24, 2018). `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates: XL Grey's , Nathan Fillion's Rookie, The Conners (Minus Roseanne) and More'' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 18, 2018). `` How Many Episodes of Your Fave Shows Were Ordered for Next Season?'' . TVLine . Retrieved July 27, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey's Anatomy' Shocker: Jessica Capshaw & Sarah Drew To Exit ABC Medical Drama After Season 14'' . Deadline. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 5, 2018). `` Fall TV Spoilers 2018: Scoop on 40 Returning Favorites'' . TV Line . Retrieved September 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Petski, Denise (September 6, 2018). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' : Alex Landi Cast As Series' First Gay Male Surgeon'' . Deadline . Retrieved September 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` (#1501/1502) `` With a Wonder and a Wild Desire / Broken Together '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Rice, Lynette (October 10, 2018). `` Grey's Anatomy casts Josh Radnor as love interest for Meredith'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (August 13, 2018). `` Grey's Anatomy brings back Jeff Perry as Meredith's dad'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey's Anatomy' to Bring Back Kim Raver as Series Regular for Season 15'' . Variety. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 31, 2018). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' : Chris Carmack To Recur On ABC Medical Drama As New Surgeon'' . Deadline . Retrieved August 1, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grey's Anatomy brings back Jeff Perry as Meredith's dad'' . Entertainment Weekly. ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (September 28, 2018). `` ' Grey's Anatomy,' ' Big Bang Theory,' and ' Thursday Night Football' adjust up: Thursday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (October 5, 2018). `` ' Thursday Night Football' adjusts up: Thursday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (October 12, 2018). `` ' Big Bang Theory' and ' Thursday Night Football' adjust up, ' I Feel Bad' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (October 26, 2018). `` ' Big Bang Theory,' ' Supernatural,' and ' Thursday Night Football' adjust up, ' Will & Grace' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` (#1506) `` Flowers Grow Out of My Grave '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 15, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` (#1507) `` Anybody Have a Map? '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grey's Anatomy Episodes'' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 26, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (October 2, 2018). `` ' This is Us' and ' The Big Bang Theory' lead premiere week: Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 24-30'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (October 11, 2018). `` ' This is Us' and Sunday Night Football stay on top: Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for Oct. 1-7'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (October 16, 2018). `` ' This is Us' and ' Sunday Night Football' keep NBC on top: Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for Oct. 8-14'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Pucci, Douglas (October 11, 2018). `` Live+7 Weekly Ratings: ' Manifest' is Most-Watched NBC Drama Series Premiere in 19 Years'' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 18, 2018). `` ' A Million Little Things' and ' Manifest' score biggest viewer gains in broadcast Live +7 ratings for Oct. 1-7'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20, 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (October 23, 2018). `` Live+7 Ratings for Week of Oct. 8: ' Manifest' Doubles In Week 3'' . Variety . Retrieved October 26, 2018 . Grey's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin' and Hopin' '' `` Didn't We Almost Have It All? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody's Watchin' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going, Going, Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear (of the Unknown) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Don't Let's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Season 15 Grey's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Jo Wilson Karev Spin-offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela) A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela) Portal Wikiquote has quotations related to: Grey's Anatomy (season 15) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_15)&oldid=865908878 '' Categories : Grey's Anatomy episodes 2018 American television seasons Grey's Anatomy seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 23:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8390608922093401322 |
when was the house of burgesses first established in colonial virginia | From 1619 to 1776 , the representative branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses , which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor and his council . Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699 , when the government was moved to Williamsburg . In 1776 the colony became the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates . | [
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"1619"
]
] | [
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"The Virginia House of Burgesses Colony of Virginia Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses by Peter F. Rothermel History Established 1619 Succeeded by Virginia House of Delegates in 1776 Meeting place Reconstructed chamber in Williamsburg Jamestown , Virginia ( 1619 -- 1699 ) Williamsburg , Virginia ( 1699 -- 1776 )",
"The Virginia House of Burgesses",
"Colony of Virginia",
"Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses by Peter F. Rothermel",
"History",
"Established 1619",
"Succeeded by Virginia House of Delegates in 1776",
"Meeting place",
"Reconstructed chamber in Williamsburg Jamestown , Virginia ( 1619 -- 1699 ) Williamsburg , Virginia ( 1699 -- 1776 )",
"The Virginia House of Burgesses / ˈbɜːrdʒəsɪz / was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America . The House was established by the Virginia Company , which created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America , and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants .",
"From 1619 to 1776 , the representative branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses , which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor and his council . Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699 , when the government was moved to Williamsburg . In 1776 the colony became the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates .",
"Originally a synonym of burgher or bourgeois , the word `` burgess '' came to mean a borough representative in local or parliamentary government .",
"The Colony of Virginia was founded by an English stock company , the Virginia Company , as a private venture , though under a royal charter . Early governors provided the stern leadership and harsh judgments required for the colony to survive its early difficulties . As early crises with famine , disease , Native American attempts to keep their good land , the need to establish cash crops , insufficient skilled or committed labor , the colony needed to attract enough new and responsible settlers if it were to grow and prosper .",
"To encourage settlers to come to Virginia , in 1618 -- 1619 , the Virginia Company 's leaders drew up a great charter . Emigrants who paid their own way to Virginia would receive fifty acres of land . They would not be mere tenants . Civil authority would control the military . A council of burgesses , representatives chosen by the inhabitants of the colony for their government , would be convened as the House of Burgesses . The governor could veto their actions and the company still had overall control of the venture , but the settlers would have a say in their own government , including the right of the House of Burgesses to introduce money bills . The House of Assembly was created at the same time in Bermuda ( which had also been settled by the Virginia Company , and was by then managed by its offshoot , the Somers Isles Company ) and held its first session in 1620 .",
"A handful of Polish craftsmen , brought to the colony to supply skill in the manufacture of pitch , tar , potash , and soap ash , were initially denied the political rights of English settlers . They downed tools in protest , but returned to work after being declared free ( probably in the sense of civil liberty ) and enfranchised , apparently by agreement with the Virginia Company .",
"On July 30 , 1619 , the first European - style legislative assembly in the Americas convened for a six - day meeting at the church on Jamestown Island , Virginia . A council chosen by the Virginia Company as advisers to the governor , the Virginia Governor 's Council , met as a sort of `` upper house , '' while 22 locally elected representatives met as the House of Burgesses . Together , the House of Burgesses and the Council would be the Virginia General Assembly .",
"The House 's first session of July 30 , 1619 , accomplished little , being cut short by an outbreak of malaria . The assembly had 22 members from the following constituencies : James City ( Captain William Powell , Ensign William Spense ) , Charles City ( Sergeant Samuel Sharpe , Samuel Jordan ) , the City of Henricus ( Thomas Dowse , John Polentine or Plentine ) , Kicoughtan ( Captain William Tucker , William Capps ) , Martin - Brandon ( Captain John Martin 's Plantation ) ( Thomas Davis , Robert Stacy ) , Smythe 's Hundred ( Captain Thomas Graves , Walter Shelley ) , Martin 's Hundred ( John Boys , John Jackson ) , Argall 's Gift Plantation ( Thomas Pawlett , Edward Gourgainy ) , Flowerdew ( or Flowerdieu ) Hundred Plantation ( Ensign Edmund Rossingham , John Jefferson ) , Captain Lawne 's Plantation ( Captain Christopher Lawne , Ensign Washer ) , and Captain Ward 's Plantation ( Captain John Warde or Ward , Lieutenant John Gibbs or Gibbes ) .",
"Especially after the massacre of about 400 colonists on March 22 , 1622 by Native Americans , and epidemics in the winters before and after the massacre , the governor and council ruled arbitrarily and allowed no dissent . By 1624 , the royal government in London had heard enough about the problems of the colony and revoked the charter of the Virginia Company . Virginia became a crown colony and the governor and council would be chosen by the king . Nonetheless , the basic form of government of the colony was retained , although the right of the General Assembly to exist was not officially confirmed until 1639 .",
"In 1634 , the General Assembly divided the colony into eight shires ( later redesignated as counties ) for purposes of government , administration , and the judicial system . By 1643 , the expanding colony had 15 counties . All of the county offices , including a board of commissioners , judges , sheriff , constable and clerks , were appointed positions . Only the members of the House of Burgesses were elected by a vote of the people . Women had no right to vote . Only free and white men originally were given the right to vote , by 1670 only property owners were allowed to vote .",
"In 1652 , the parliamentary forces of Oliver Cromwell forced the colony to submit to being taken over by the English government . Again , the colonists were able to retain the General Assembly as their governing body . Only taxes agreed to by the assembly were to be levied . Still , most Virginia colonists were loyal to Prince Charles , and were pleased at his restoration as King Charles II in 1660 . He went on directly or indirectly to restrict some of the liberties of the colonists , such as requiring tobacco to be shipped only to England , only on English ships , with the price set by the English merchant buyers ; but the General Assembly remained .",
"A majority of the members of the General Assembly of 1676 were supporters of Nathaniel Bacon . They enacted legislation designed to further popular sovereignty and representative government and to equalize opportunities . Bacon took little part in the deliberations since he was busy fighting the Native Americans .",
"The statehouse in Jamestown burned down for the fourth time on October 20 , 1698 . The House of Burgesses met temporarily in Middle Plantation , 11 miles ( 18 km ) inland from Jamestown , and then in 1699 permanently moved the capital of the colony to Middle Plantation , which they renamed Williamsburg .",
"Though not a unique occurrence on the frontier , colonists remained loyal to the British crown during the French and Indian War in North America from 1754 to 1763 . The conflict , which somewhat uniquely began in the Ohio Valley and spread to Europe , resulted in local colonial losses and economic disruption . Higher taxes were to follow , and adverse local reactions to these and how they were determined would drive events well into the next decade .",
"In 1764 , desiring revenue from its North American colonies , Parliament passed the first law specifically aimed at raising colonial money for the Crown . The Sugar Act increased duties on non-British goods shipped to the colonies . The same year , the Currency Act prohibited American colonies from issuing their own currency . These angered many American colonists and began colonial opposition with protests . By the end of the year , many colonies were practicing non-importation , a refusal to use imported English goods . In 1765 the British Quartering Act , which required the colonies to provide barracks and supplies to British troops , further angered American colonists ; and to raise more money for Britain , Parliament enacted the Stamp Act on the American colonies , to tax newspapers , almanacs , pamphlets , broadsides , legal documents , dice , and playing cards . American colonists responded to Parliament 's acts with organized protest throughout the colonies . A network of secret organizations known as the Sons of Liberty was created to intimidate the stamp agents collecting the taxes , and before the Stamp Act could take effect , all the appointed stamp agents in the colonies had resigned . The Massachusetts Assembly suggested a meeting of all colonies to work for the repeal of the Stamp Act , and all but four colonies were represented . The colonists also increased their non-importation efforts , and sought to increase in local production .",
"In May 1765 , Patrick Henry presented a series of resolves that became known as the Virginia Resolves , denouncing the Stamp Act and denying the authority of the British parliament to tax the colonies , since they were not represented by elected members of parliament . Newspapers around the colonies published all his resolves , even the most radical ones which had not been passed by the assembly . The assembly also sent a 1768 Petition , Memorial , and Remonstrance to Parliament .",
"From 1769 - 1775 Thomas Jefferson represented Albemarle County as a delegate in the Virginia House of Burgesses . He pursued reforms to slavery and introduced legislation allowing masters to take control over the emancipation of slaves in 1769 , taking discretion away from the royal Governor and General Court . Jefferson persuaded his cousin Richard Bland to spearhead the legislation 's passage , but reaction was strongly negative .",
"In 1769 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed several resolutions condemning Britain 's stationing troops in Boston following the Massachusetts Circular Letter of the previous year ; these resolutions stated that only Virginia 's governor and legislature could tax its citizens . The members also drafted a formal letter to the King , completing it just before the legislature was dissolved by Virginia 's royal governor .",
"In 1774 , after Parliament passed the Boston Port Act to close Boston Harbor , the House of Burgesses adopted resolutions in support of the Boston colonists which resulted in Virginia 's royal governor , John Murray , 4th Earl of Dunmore , dissolving the assembly . The burgesses then reassembled on their own and issued calls for the first of five Virginia Conventions . These conventions were essentially meetings of the House of Burgesses without the governor and Council , Peyton Randolph the Speaker of the House would serve as the President of the Convention , and they would elect delegates to the Continental Congress . The First Continental Congress passed their Declaration and Resolves , which inter alia claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens , protested against taxation without representation , and stated that Britain could not tax the colonists since they were not represented in Parliament .",
"In 1775 the burgesses , meeting in conventions , listened to Patrick Henry deliver his `` give me liberty or give me death '' speech and raised regiments . The House of Burgesses was called back by Lord Dunmore one last time in June 1775 to address British Prime Minister Lord North 's Conciliatory Resolution . Randolph , who was a delegate to the Continental Congress , returned to Williamsburg to take his place as Speaker . Randolph indicated that the resolution had not been sent to the Congress ( it had instead been sent to each colony individually in an attempt to divide them and bypass the Continental Congress ) . The House of Burgesses rejected the proposal , which was also later rejected by the Continental Congress . The burgesses formed a Committee of Safety to take over governance in the absence of the royal governor , Dunmore , who had organized loyalists forces but after defeats he took refuge on a British warship .",
"In 1776 the House of Burgesses ended . The final entry in the Journals of the House of Burgesses is `` 6th of May . 16 Geo . III . 1776 ... FINIS . '' Edmund Pendleton , a member of the House of Burgesses ( and President of the Committee of Safety ) who was present at the final meeting , wrote in a letter to Richard Henry Lee on the following day , `` We met in assembly yesterday , and determined not to adjourn , but let that body die . '' Later on the same morning , the members of the fifth and final Virginia Revolutionary Convention met in the chamber of the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg and elected Pendleton its president . The convention voted for independence from Britain . The former colony had become the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the convention created the Constitution of Virginia with a new General Assembly , composed of an elected Senate and an elected House of Delegates . The House of Delegates acceded to the role of the former House of Burgesses .",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( January 2015 )",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( January 2015 )",
"In 1619 , the House of Burgesses first met in the church in Jamestown . Subsequent meetings continued to take place in Jamestown .",
"In 1700 , the seat of the House of Burgesses was moved from Jamestown to Middle Plantation , soon renamed Williamsburg . The Burgesses met there , first ( 1700 to 1704 ) in the Great Hall of what is now called the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary , while the Capitol was under construction . When the Capitol burned in 1747 , the legislature moved back into the College until the second Capitol was completed in 1754 . The present Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg is a reconstruction of the earlier of the two lost buildings .",
"In 1779 , and effective in April 1780 , the House of Delegates moved the capital city to Richmond during the American Revolutionary War for safety reasons .",
"The House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates in 1776 , forming the lower house of the General Assembly , the legislative branch of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Through the House of Burgesses , the Virginia House of Delegates is considered the oldest continuous legislative body in the New World .",
"In honor of the original House of Burgesses , every four years , the Virginia General Assembly traditionally leaves the current Capitol in Richmond , and meets for one day in the restored Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg . The most recent commemorative session ( the 26th ) was held in January 2016 .",
"In January 2007 , the Assembly held a special session at Jamestown to mark the 400th anniversary of its founding as part of the Jamestown 2007 celebration , including an address by then - Vice-President Dick Cheney ."
] | House of Burgesses - wikipedia House of Burgesses Jump to: navigation , search The Virginia House of Burgesses Colony of Virginia Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses by Peter F. Rothermel History Established 1619 Succeeded by Virginia House of Delegates in 1776 Meeting place Reconstructed chamber in Williamsburg Jamestown, Virginia (1619-- 1699) Williamsburg, Virginia (1699-- 1776) The Virginia House of Burgesses / ˈbɜːrdʒəsɪz / was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company , which created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America, and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants. From 1619 to 1776, the representative branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor and his council. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, when the government was moved to Williamsburg. In 1776 the colony became the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Early years 2.1 First session 2.2 Later 17th century 3 Moving toward independence 4 Meeting places 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) Main article: Burgess (title) Originally a synonym of burgher or bourgeois , the word `` burgess '' came to mean a borough representative in local or parliamentary government. Early years ( edit ) The Colony of Virginia was founded by an English stock company, the Virginia Company , as a private venture, though under a royal charter . Early governors provided the stern leadership and harsh judgments required for the colony to survive its early difficulties. As early crises with famine, disease, Native American attempts to keep their good land, the need to establish cash crops, insufficient skilled or committed labor, the colony needed to attract enough new and responsible settlers if it were to grow and prosper. To encourage settlers to come to Virginia, in 1618-- 1619, the Virginia Company's leaders drew up a great charter. Emigrants who paid their own way to Virginia would receive fifty acres of land. They would not be mere tenants. Civil authority would control the military. A council of burgesses, representatives chosen by the inhabitants of the colony for their government, would be convened as the House of Burgesses. The governor could veto their actions and the company still had overall control of the venture, but the settlers would have a say in their own government, including the right of the House of Burgesses to introduce money bills. The House of Assembly was created at the same time in Bermuda (which had also been settled by the Virginia Company, and was by then managed by its offshoot, the Somers Isles Company ) and held its first session in 1620. A handful of Polish craftsmen, brought to the colony to supply skill in the manufacture of pitch, tar, potash, and soap ash, were initially denied the political rights of English settlers. They downed tools in protest, but returned to work after being declared free (probably in the sense of civil liberty) and enfranchised, apparently by agreement with the Virginia Company. First session ( edit ) On July 30, 1619, the first European-style legislative assembly in the Americas convened for a six-day meeting at the church on Jamestown Island , Virginia. A council chosen by the Virginia Company as advisers to the governor, the Virginia Governor's Council , met as a sort of `` upper house,'' while 22 locally elected representatives met as the House of Burgesses. Together, the House of Burgesses and the Council would be the Virginia General Assembly. The House's first session of July 30, 1619, accomplished little, being cut short by an outbreak of malaria . The assembly had 22 members from the following constituencies: James City ( Captain William Powell , Ensign William Spense ), Charles City ( Sergeant Samuel Sharpe , Samuel Jordan ), the City of Henricus ( Thomas Dowse , John Polentine or Plentine), Kicoughtan ( Captain William Tucker , William Capps ), Martin-Brandon (Captain John Martin's Plantation) ( Thomas Davis , Robert Stacy ), Smythe's Hundred ( Captain Thomas Graves , Walter Shelley ), Martin's Hundred ( John Boys , John Jackson ), Argall's Gift Plantation ( Thomas Pawlett , Edward Gourgainy ), Flowerdew (or Flowerdieu) Hundred Plantation ( Ensign Edmund Rossingham , John Jefferson), Captain Lawne's Plantation ( Captain Christopher Lawne , Ensign Washer ), and Captain Ward's Plantation ( Captain John Warde or Ward, Lieutenant John Gibbs or Gibbes). Later 17th century ( edit ) Especially after the massacre of about 400 colonists on March 22, 1622 by Native Americans , and epidemics in the winters before and after the massacre, the governor and council ruled arbitrarily and allowed no dissent. By 1624, the royal government in London had heard enough about the problems of the colony and revoked the charter of the Virginia Company. Virginia became a crown colony and the governor and council would be chosen by the king. Nonetheless, the basic form of government of the colony was retained, although the right of the General Assembly to exist was not officially confirmed until 1639. In 1634, the General Assembly divided the colony into eight shires (later redesignated as counties ) for purposes of government, administration, and the judicial system. By 1643, the expanding colony had 15 counties. All of the county offices, including a board of commissioners, judges, sheriff, constable and clerks, were appointed positions. Only the members of the House of Burgesses were elected by a vote of the people. Women had no right to vote. Only free and white men originally were given the right to vote, by 1670 only property owners were allowed to vote. In 1652, the parliamentary forces of Oliver Cromwell forced the colony to submit to being taken over by the English government. Again, the colonists were able to retain the General Assembly as their governing body. Only taxes agreed to by the assembly were to be levied. Still, most Virginia colonists were loyal to Prince Charles, and were pleased at his restoration as King Charles II in 1660. He went on directly or indirectly to restrict some of the liberties of the colonists, such as requiring tobacco to be shipped only to England, only on English ships, with the price set by the English merchant buyers; but the General Assembly remained. A majority of the members of the General Assembly of 1676 were supporters of Nathaniel Bacon . They enacted legislation designed to further popular sovereignty and representative government and to equalize opportunities. Bacon took little part in the deliberations since he was busy fighting the Native Americans. The statehouse in Jamestown burned down for the fourth time on October 20, 1698. The House of Burgesses met temporarily in Middle Plantation , 11 miles (18 km) inland from Jamestown, and then in 1699 permanently moved the capital of the colony to Middle Plantation, which they renamed Williamsburg . Moving toward independence ( edit ) Second Capitol at Williamsburg (viewed from Duke of Gloucester Street) Though not a unique occurrence on the frontier, colonists remained loyal to the British crown during the French and Indian War in North America from 1754 to 1763. The conflict, which somewhat uniquely began in the Ohio Valley and spread to Europe, resulted in local colonial losses and economic disruption. Higher taxes were to follow, and adverse local reactions to these and how they were determined would drive events well into the next decade. In 1764, desiring revenue from its North American colonies, Parliament passed the first law specifically aimed at raising colonial money for the Crown. The Sugar Act increased duties on non-British goods shipped to the colonies. The same year, the Currency Act prohibited American colonies from issuing their own currency. These angered many American colonists and began colonial opposition with protests. By the end of the year, many colonies were practicing non-importation, a refusal to use imported English goods. In 1765 the British Quartering Act , which required the colonies to provide barracks and supplies to British troops, further angered American colonists; and to raise more money for Britain, Parliament enacted the Stamp Act on the American colonies, to tax newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, broadsides, legal documents, dice, and playing cards. American colonists responded to Parliament's acts with organized protest throughout the colonies. A network of secret organizations known as the Sons of Liberty was created to intimidate the stamp agents collecting the taxes, and before the Stamp Act could take effect, all the appointed stamp agents in the colonies had resigned. The Massachusetts Assembly suggested a meeting of all colonies to work for the repeal of the Stamp Act, and all but four colonies were represented. The colonists also increased their non-importation efforts, and sought to increase in local production. In May 1765, Patrick Henry presented a series of resolves that became known as the Virginia Resolves , denouncing the Stamp Act and denying the authority of the British parliament to tax the colonies, since they were not represented by elected members of parliament. Newspapers around the colonies published all his resolves, even the most radical ones which had not been passed by the assembly. The assembly also sent a 1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance to Parliament. From 1769 -1775 Thomas Jefferson represented Albemarle County as a delegate in the Virginia House of Burgesses. He pursued reforms to slavery and introduced legislation allowing masters to take control over the emancipation of slaves in 1769, taking discretion away from the royal Governor and General Court. Jefferson persuaded his cousin Richard Bland to spearhead the legislation's passage, but reaction was strongly negative. In 1769 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed several resolutions condemning Britain's stationing troops in Boston following the Massachusetts Circular Letter of the previous year; these resolutions stated that only Virginia's governor and legislature could tax its citizens. The members also drafted a formal letter to the King, completing it just before the legislature was dissolved by Virginia's royal governor. In 1774, after Parliament passed the Boston Port Act to close Boston Harbor, the House of Burgesses adopted resolutions in support of the Boston colonists which resulted in Virginia's royal governor, John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore , dissolving the assembly. The burgesses then reassembled on their own and issued calls for the first of five Virginia Conventions . These conventions were essentially meetings of the House of Burgesses without the governor and Council, Peyton Randolph the Speaker of the House would serve as the President of the Convention, and they would elect delegates to the Continental Congress . The First Continental Congress passed their Declaration and Resolves , which inter alia claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens, protested against taxation without representation, and stated that Britain could not tax the colonists since they were not represented in Parliament. In 1775 the burgesses, meeting in conventions, listened to Patrick Henry deliver his `` give me liberty or give me death'' speech and raised regiments. The House of Burgesses was called back by Lord Dunmore one last time in June 1775 to address British Prime Minister Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution . Randolph, who was a delegate to the Continental Congress, returned to Williamsburg to take his place as Speaker. Randolph indicated that the resolution had not been sent to the Congress (it had instead been sent to each colony individually in an attempt to divide them and bypass the Continental Congress). The House of Burgesses rejected the proposal, which was also later rejected by the Continental Congress. The burgesses formed a Committee of Safety to take over governance in the absence of the royal governor, Dunmore, who had organized loyalists forces but after defeats he took refuge on a British warship. In 1776 the House of Burgesses ended. The final entry in the Journals of the House of Burgesses is `` 6th of May. 16 Geo. III. 1776 ... FINIS.'' Edmund Pendleton , a member of the House of Burgesses (and President of the Committee of Safety) who was present at the final meeting, wrote in a letter to Richard Henry Lee on the following day, `` We met in assembly yesterday, and determined not to adjourn, but let that body die.'' Later on the same morning, the members of the fifth and final Virginia Revolutionary Convention met in the chamber of the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg and elected Pendleton its president. The convention voted for independence from Britain. The former colony had become the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the convention created the Constitution of Virginia with a new General Assembly , composed of an elected Senate and an elected House of Delegates . The House of Delegates acceded to the role of the former House of Burgesses. Meeting places ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . (January 2015) In 1619, the House of Burgesses first met in the church in Jamestown. Subsequent meetings continued to take place in Jamestown. In 1700, the seat of the House of Burgesses was moved from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, soon renamed Williamsburg . The Burgesses met there, first (1700 to 1704) in the Great Hall of what is now called the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary , while the Capitol was under construction. When the Capitol burned in 1747, the legislature moved back into the College until the second Capitol was completed in 1754. The present Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg is a reconstruction of the earlier of the two lost buildings. In 1779, and effective in April 1780, the House of Delegates moved the capital city to Richmond during the American Revolutionary War for safety reasons. Legacy ( edit ) The House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates in 1776, forming the lower house of the General Assembly , the legislative branch of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Through the House of Burgesses, the Virginia House of Delegates is considered the oldest continuous legislative body in the New World . In honor of the original House of Burgesses, every four years, the Virginia General Assembly traditionally leaves the current Capitol in Richmond, and meets for one day in the restored Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg . The most recent commemorative session (the 26th) was held in January 2016. In January 2007, the Assembly held a special session at Jamestown to mark the 400th anniversary of its founding as part of the Jamestown 2007 celebration, including an address by then-Vice-President Dick Cheney. See also ( edit ) List of members of the Virginia House of Burgesses List of Speakers of the Virginia House of Burgesses References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Hatch, Charles (1956). America's Oldest Legislative Assembly & Its Jamestown Statehouses, Appendix II . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Jump up ^ Bosher, Kate (1907). `` The First House of Burgesses'' . The North American Review . 184 (612): 733-- 39. ^ Jump up to: Gottlieb, Matthew S. `` House of Burgesses'' . Virginia Foundation of the Humanities . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Virginia Company of London (1957). Instructions to George Yeardley, 18 November 1618 (Sometimes called `` The Great Charter'' ) . Jamestown 350th Anniversary Historical Booklet Number 4. Introduction by Samuel M. Bemiss. Williamsburg, Virginia: Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation. pp. 95-- 108 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Fn. 4: There is no authority in these Instructions for the Governor to establish a General Assembly. There is, however, evidence in the Instructions to Wyatt (p. 123) that a `` Commission'' was given to Yeardley which granted this authority. ^ Jump up to: Rubin, Jr. Louis D. Virginia: A History. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1977. ISBN 0-393-05630-9 . pp. 3-- 27. Jump up ^ Pula, James S. (2008). `` Fact vs. Fiction: What Do We Really Know About The Polish Presence In Early Jamestown?'' . The Polish Review . 53 (4): 490-- 91. JSTOR 25779776 . Jump up ^ Stanard, William G. and Mary Newton Stanard. The Virginia Colonial Register . Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons Publishers, 1902. OCLC 253261475 , Retrieved July 15, 2011. p. 52. Jump up ^ Rubin, 1977, p. 19. Jump up ^ Rubin, 1977, p. 25. Jump up ^ Rubin, 1977, p. 26. Jump up ^ Rubin, 1977. p. 29. Jump up ^ Anderson, Fred (2005). `` The Real First World War and the Making of America'' . American Heritage . 6. 56 (75). ^ Jump up to: Johnson, Allen. `` The Passage of the Sugar Act'' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 16 (4): 507-- 14. Jump up ^ Greene, Jack; Richard Jellison (1961). `` The Currency Act of 1764 in Imperial-Colonial Relations, 1764-- 1776'' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 3. 18 (4): 485-- 518. Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution, 1764-- 1775'' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sons of Liberty'' . Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray (1975). The Stamp Act Congress . NY: Arlington House. Jump up ^ America During the Age of Revolution, 1764-- 1765 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Wood, 2002 , p.14 Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson Foundation: Timeline of Jefferson's life Jump up ^ Meacham, 2012 , pp. 47-- 49 Jump up ^ MacDonald, William (1914). Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History, 1606-- 1775 . NY: Macmillan. Jump up ^ America During the Age of Revolution, 1768-- 1769 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Macdonald, William (1916). Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606-- 1913 . NY: Macmillan. Jump up ^ `` Virginia Resolutions on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal, 10 June 1775'' . Founders Online, National Archives . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). `` Dunmore, John Murray '' . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography . New York: D. Appleton. Jump up ^ `` Final Meeting of the House of Burgesses ('' Finis'' Document), May 6, 1776`` . Encyclopedia of Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Retrieved January 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The General Assembly Adjourns (1776)'' . Shaping the Constitution . Library of Virginia . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Olmert, Michael (1985). Official Guide to Colonial Williamsburg . Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Jump up ^ `` April dates in Virginia history'' . Virginia Historical Society . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History'' . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hodges, Ty (27 January 2016). `` Colonial Williamsburg's Capitol Building to Host General Assembly on Saturday'' . Williamsburg Yorktown Daily . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` www.history.org -- Historic Sites & Buildings : Capitol of Colonial Williamsburg'' . www.history.org. Jump up ^ `` Vice President's Remarks to a Joint Session of the Virginia General Assembly'' . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Meacham, Jon (2012). Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power . Random House LLC. ISBN 978-0-679-64536-8 . `` Timeline of Jefferson's Life'' . Thomas Jefferson Foundation . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . Wood,, Gordon S. (2002). The American Revolution, A History . New York, Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7041-1 . Further reading ( edit ) Hatch, Charles E., Jr., (1956 rev). America's Oldest Legislative Assembly & Its Jamestown Statehouses , Appendix II. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Mayer, Henry (1986). A Son of Thunder, Patrick Henry and the American Republic . New York: Franklin Watts. Rubin, Jr. Louis D. Virginia: A History. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1977. ISBN 0-393-05630-9 . Salmon, Emily J. and Campbell, Jr., Edward D.C. , editors, The Hornbook of Virginia History. Richmond, Virginia: The Library of Virginia, 1994. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Burgesses . Craftsmen 1608 Historical Marker (Route 31, Jamestown, Virginia) Generall Historie of Virginia by Captaine John Smith Historic Jamestowne Library of Congress: Evolution of the Virginia Colony, 1610-- 1630 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Burgesses&oldid=810637196 '' Categories : 1619 establishments in Virginia 1776 disestablishments in Virginia Defunct unicameral legislatures House of Burgesses Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Español Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017, at 14:18. 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who was executed for opposing the act of supremacy | The Act was passed in 1559 , but is dated 1558 because until 1793 legislation was backdated to the beginning of the session of Parliament in which it was passed . | [
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"The Acts of Supremacy are two acts of the Parliament of England passed in 1534 and 1559 which established King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs as the supreme head of the Church of England . Prior to 1534 , the supreme head of the English Church was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church .",
"The first Act of Supremacy was passed on 3 November 1534 ( 26 Hen . VIII c. 1 ) by the Parliament of England . It granted King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs Royal Supremacy , such that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England . Royal Supremacy is specifically used to describe the legal sovereignty of the civil laws over the laws of the Church in England .",
"The act declared that the king was `` the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England '' and that the English crown shall enjoy `` all honours , dignities , preeminences , jurisdictions , privileges , authorities , immunities , profits , and commodities to the said dignity . '' The wording of the act made clear that Parliament was not granting the king the title ( thereby suggesting that they had the right to withdraw it later ) ; rather , it was acknowledging an established fact . In the Act of Supremacy , Henry abandoned Rome completely . He thereby asserted the independence of the Ecclesia Anglicana . He appointed himself and his successors as the supreme rulers of the English church . Henry had been declared `` Defender of the Faith '' ( Fidei Defensor ) in 1521 by Pope Leo X for his pamphlet accusing Martin Luther of heresy . Parliament later conferred this title upon Henry in 1544 .",
"The 1534 Act marks the beginning of the English Reformation . There were a number of reasons for this Act , primarily the need for a male heir to the throne . Henry tried for years to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon , and had convinced himself that God was punishing him for marrying his brother 's widow . Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment because , according to Roman Catholic teaching , a validly contracted marriage is indivisible until death , and thus the pope can not annul a marriage simply because of a canonical impediment previously dispensed . The Treasons Act was later passed : it provided that to disavow the Act of Supremacy and to deprive the King of his `` dignity , title , or name '' was to be considered treason . The most famous public figure to resist the Treason Act was Sir Thomas More .",
"In 1537 , the Irish Supremacy Act was passed by the Parliament of Ireland , establishing Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of Ireland , as had earlier been done in England .",
"Henry 's Act of Supremacy was repealed in 1554 in the reign of his staunchly Roman Catholic daughter , Queen Mary I. It was reinstated by Mary 's Protestant half - sister , Queen Elizabeth I , when she ascended the throne . Elizabeth declared herself Supreme Governor of the Church of England , and instituted an Oath of Supremacy , requiring anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state . Anyone refusing to take the oath could be charged with treason . The use of the term Supreme Governor as opposed to Supreme Head pacified some Roman Catholics and those Protestants concerned about a female leader of the Church of England . Elizabeth , who was a politique , did not prosecute layman nonconformists , or those who did not follow the established rules of the Church of England unless their actions directly undermined the authority of the English monarch , as was the case in the vestments controversy . Thus , it was through the Second Act of Supremacy that Elizabeth I officially established the now reformed Church of England .",
"Historian G.R. Elton argues that , `` in law and political theory the Elizabethan supremacy was essentially parliamentary , while Henry VIII 's had been essentially personal . '' Supremacy was extinguished under Cromwell , but restored in 1660 . The Stuart kings used it as a justification for controlling the appointment of bishops . Richard Hooker put it in a nutshell :",
"`` There is not any man of the Church of England but the same man is a member of the Commonwealth , nor a member of the Commonwealth which is not also a member of the Church of England . ''",
"`` There is not any man of the Church of England but the same man is a member of the Commonwealth , nor a member of the Commonwealth which is not also a member of the Church of England . ''",
"The Act was passed in 1559 , but is dated 1558 because until 1793 legislation was backdated to the beginning of the session of Parliament in which it was passed ."
] | Acts of Supremacy - wikipedia Acts of Supremacy Jump to: navigation , search The Acts of Supremacy are two acts of the Parliament of England passed in 1534 and 1559 which established King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs as the supreme head of the Church of England . Prior to 1534, the supreme head of the English Church was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Act of Supremacy 1534 1.1 Irish Act of Supremacy, 1537 2 Second Act of Supremacy 1559 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links First Act of Supremacy 1534 ( edit ) The first Act of Supremacy was passed on 3 November 1534 ( 26 Hen. VIII c. 1) by the Parliament of England . It granted King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs Royal Supremacy, such that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England . Royal Supremacy is specifically used to describe the legal sovereignty of the civil laws over the laws of the Church in England . The act declared that the king was `` the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England'' and that the English crown shall enjoy `` all honours, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity.'' The wording of the act made clear that Parliament was not granting the king the title (thereby suggesting that they had the right to withdraw it later); rather, it was acknowledging an established fact. In the Act of Supremacy, Henry abandoned Rome completely. He thereby asserted the independence of the Ecclesia Anglicana . He appointed himself and his successors as the supreme rulers of the English church. Henry had been declared `` Defender of the Faith'' ( Fidei Defensor ) in 1521 by Pope Leo X for his pamphlet accusing Martin Luther of heresy. Parliament later conferred this title upon Henry in 1544. The 1534 Act marks the beginning of the English Reformation . There were a number of reasons for this Act, primarily the need for a male heir to the throne. Henry tried for years to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon , and had convinced himself that God was punishing him for marrying his brother's widow. Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment because, according to Roman Catholic teaching, a validly contracted marriage is indivisible until death, and thus the pope cannot annul a marriage simply because of a canonical impediment previously dispensed . The Treasons Act was later passed: it provided that to disavow the Act of Supremacy and to deprive the King of his `` dignity, title, or name'' was to be considered treason . The most famous public figure to resist the Treason Act was Sir Thomas More . Irish Act of Supremacy, 1537 ( edit ) In 1537, the Irish Supremacy Act was passed by the Parliament of Ireland, establishing Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of Ireland, as had earlier been done in England. Second Act of Supremacy 1559 ( edit ) Main article: Act of Supremacy 1558 Henry's Act of Supremacy was repealed in 1554 in the reign of his staunchly Roman Catholic daughter, Queen Mary I. It was reinstated by Mary's Protestant half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I , when she ascended the throne. Elizabeth declared herself Supreme Governor of the Church of England , and instituted an Oath of Supremacy , requiring anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. Anyone refusing to take the oath could be charged with treason. The use of the term Supreme Governor as opposed to Supreme Head pacified some Roman Catholics and those Protestants concerned about a female leader of the Church of England . Elizabeth, who was a politique , did not prosecute layman nonconformists , or those who did not follow the established rules of the Church of England unless their actions directly undermined the authority of the English monarch, as was the case in the vestments controversy . Thus, it was through the Second Act of Supremacy that Elizabeth I officially established the now reformed Church of England. Historian G.R. Elton argues that, `` in law and political theory the Elizabethan supremacy was essentially parliamentary, while Henry VIII's had been essentially personal.'' Supremacy was extinguished under Cromwell, but restored in 1660. The Stuart kings used it as a justification for controlling the appointment of bishops. Richard Hooker put it in a nutshell: `` There is not any man of the Church of England but the same man is a member of the Commonwealth, nor a member of the Commonwealth which is not also a member of the Church of England.'' The Act was passed in 1559, but is dated 1558 because until 1793 legislation was backdated to the beginning of the session of Parliament in which it was passed. See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Supreme Governor of the Church of England State religion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kinney, Arthur F; Swain, David W; Hill, Eugene D.; Long, William A. (17 November 2000). Tudor England: An Encyclopedia . Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 9781136745300 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy (1534)- original text '' English History. David Ross and Britain Express Jump up ^ Thurston, Herbert (1913). `` Henry VIII '' . In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). `` Defender of the Faith '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 925-- 926. Jump up ^ David Loades, Henry VIII and His Queens (1994) p 179 Jump up ^ To marry Catherine in the first place, Henry had requested and received a special dispensation from Pope Julius II to allow the wedding. Jump up ^ `` Treason Act, 1534 Archived May 9, 2007, at Archive.is '' English Reformation Sources. Julie P. McFerran, 2003-2004 Jump up ^ 28 Henry VIII c. 5 (Ireland) (1537) Jump up ^ THE ACT OF SUPREMACY (1559). Jump up ^ G.R. Elton (1982). The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary . Cambridge UP 2nd ed. p. 344. Jump up ^ David M. Loades, ed. (2003). Reader's Guide to British History . Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 2:1147. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ John Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, 1646-1689 (1991) External links ( edit ) Original text of the 1534 Act of Supremacy . Text of the Acts of Supremacy as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485-- 1601 1603-- 1641 Interregnum (1642-- 1660) 1660-- 1699 1700-- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707-- 1719 1720-- 1739 1740-- 1759 1760-- 1779 1780-- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701-- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801-- 1819 1820-- 1839 1840-- 1859 1860-- 1879 1880-- 1899 1900-- 1919 1920-- 1939 1940-- 1959 1960-- 1979 1980-- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders-in-Council / Orders in Council Orders-in-Council for Northern Ireland (1972-2009) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&oldid=817840777 '' Categories : 1534 in law 1534 in England Constitutional laws of England Parliamentary Acts of the English Reformation Acts of the Parliament of England concerning religion 1534 in Christianity Hidden categories: Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017, at 22:07. 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list of presidents who did not serve in the military | President Service Rank Active Service Donald Trump None None None Barack Obama None None None George W. Bush Texas Air National Guard , United States Air Force First Lieutenant Stateside service as pilot during Vietnam War ( 1968 -- 1973 ) . ( See George W. Bush military service controversy ) Bill Clinton None None None George H.W. Bush United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant ( Junior Grade ) Naval aviator in World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) . Shot down and received the Distinguished Flying Cross . Ronald Reagan United States Army Reserve , United States Army Air Forces Captain Stateside service during World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; Army Reserve ( 1937 -- 1942 ) . Jimmy Carter United States Navy Lieutenant ( navy ) Served during World War II as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy . Sea duty and stateside service 1946 -- 1953 during the Korean War . Gerald Ford United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; combat on USS Monterey , discharged in 1946 . Richard Nixon United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; earned two battle stars for service in the Pacific . Lyndon B. Johnson United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II . Received Silver Star after observation mission in which aircraft he was on came under Japanese attack . This was Johnson 's only observation flight , and Johnson was the only individual on it to receive an award , leading many historians to conclude that Douglas MacArthur presented it to secure Johnson 's political influence . John F. Kennedy United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant ( navy ) Served in combat during World War II . Received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart . Dwight D. Eisenhower United States Army General of the Army Stateside service during World War I. Served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) . Entire active - duty career spanned from 1915 until 1969 ( excepting his two terms as president ) . Harry S. Truman Missouri Army National Guard , United States Army , United States Army Reserve Colonel Stateside National Guard service in Missouri ( 1905 -- 1911 ) ; served in combat in France during World War I ( 1917 -- 1918 ) ; transferred to Army Reserve and retired in 1953 . Franklin D. Roosevelt None None None ; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I . Herbert Hoover None None None ; helped guide US Marines in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion . Calvin Coolidge None None None Warren G. Harding None None None Woodrow Wilson None None None William Howard Taft Connecticut Home Guard None None ; United States Secretary of War 1904 -- 1908 . Enlisted in Connecticut Home Guard for World War I. Was chairman of American Red Cross executive committee during World War I. President Wilson conferred military titles on Red Cross leaders to provide them authority to carry out their wartime responsibilities , and Taft was appointed a major general . Theodore Roosevelt United States Army Colonel New York National Guard , 1882 to 1886 , captain and company commander . Spanish -- American War service as second in command and then commander of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry ( Rough Riders ) . Only U.S. President to receive the Medal of Honor ( awarded posthumously in 2001 ) . Also a Navy Civilian , as Assistant Secretary of the Navy William McKinley United States Army Brevet Major American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry under future President Rutherford B. Hayes ; fought in the Battle of South Mountain , The Battle of Antietam , and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Benjamin Harrison United States Army Brigadier General American Civil War ; Commanded an Infantry Brigade at the battles of Resaca , New Hope Church , Kennesaw Mountain , Marietta , Peachtree Creek and Atlanta ; also Commanded a brigade during Sherman 's March to the Sea . Grover Cleveland None None None . Hired a substitute to serve in his place during the American Civil War . Chester A. Arthur New York State Militia Brigadier General Judge Advocate General , Second Brigade of the New York Militia . Served as Engineer - in - Chief on the Governor 's staff , Quartermaster General and Inspector General of the New York Militia before and during the American Civil War . Declined appointment as commander of the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade when Governor requested he remain Quartermaster General . James Garfield United States Army Major General American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1863 ; commanded an Ohio Infantry Brigade at the Battles of Shiloh and Corinth ; served as Chief of Staff for General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga ; left the army to serve in the United States House of Representatives ) . Rutherford B. Hayes United States Army Major General American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry and commanded future President William McKinley ; wounded at the Battle of South Mountain ; also served at the Battle of Antietam and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ulysses S. Grant United States Army General of the Army Mexican -- American War and American Civil War ; served 1843 -- 54 and 1861 -- 68 . Andrew Johnson United States Army Brigadier General Served in Tennessee Militia in 1830s . American Civil War ; served as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862 . Abraham Lincoln Illinois State Militia Captain Black Hawk War ( served three months in 1832 ) ; see Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War . James Buchanan Pennsylvania State Militia Private War of 1812 Franklin Pierce United States Army Brigadier General New Hampshire Militia , 1831 -- 46 ; Mexican -- American War ; commanded Infantry Brigade at Battle of Contreras ( where his leg was injured ) , Battle of Churubusco , and the Assault on Mexico City . Millard Fillmore New York State Militia Major Served in New York Militia in 1820s and 1830s ; Organized Union Continentals home guard unit in Buffalo , New York during the American Civil War . Zachary Taylor United States Army Major General War of 1812 , Black Hawk War , Second Seminole War , Mexican -- American War ; entire career spanned from 1808 until 1848 . James K. Polk Tennessee State Militia Colonel Joined cavalry unit in Tennessee Militia as a Captain . Subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll . John Tyler Virginia militia Captain War of 1812 . William Henry Harrison United States Army Major General Northwest Indian War , War of 1812 . Martin Van Buren None None None . Andrew Jackson Tennessee State Militia , Continental Army , United States Army Major General American Revolutionary War , War of 1812 , Creek War , First Seminole War . John Quincy Adams None None None James Monroe Continental Army Major American Revolutionary War ; depicted holding the American flag behind General George Washington in the famous painting Washington Crossing the Delaware ; wounded at the Battle of Trenton , depicted in the painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton , December 26 , 1776 by John Trumbull . James Madison Virginia militia Colonel American Revolutionary War , did not see action , War of 1812 , was the only U.S. President to command troops in the field at the Battle of Bladensburg Thomas Jefferson Virginia militia Colonel Commander of Albemarle County Militia at start of American Revolution , did not see action . John Adams None None Adams served as chairman of the Continental Congress 's Board of War ( 1776 -- 77 ) , making him the simultaneous equivalent of today 's Secretary of Defense and Chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee ; was a semi-participant in a naval engagement between a British and US ship during the American Revolution . George Washington Virginia militia , Virginia Regiment , Continental Army , United States Army Lieutenant General French and Indian War , American Revolutionary War . | [
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"The United States Constitution names the President of the United States the commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces . Previous service in the military is not a prerequisite for the position of president . As of the 2016 presidential election , no member of the U.S. Marine Corps or U.S. Coast Guard has yet been elected President . The most frequent military experience is Army / Army Reserve with 15 presidents , followed by State Militias at 9 , Navy / Naval Reserve at 6 and the Continental Army with 2 presidents serving .",
"Eight presidents served during World War II , while seven served in the military during the American Civil War .",
"The following list outlines the military service of each president before becoming the commander in chief .",
"President Service Rank Active Service Donald Trump None None None Barack Obama None None None George W. Bush Texas Air National Guard , United States Air Force First Lieutenant Stateside service as pilot during Vietnam War ( 1968 -- 1973 ) . ( See George W. Bush military service controversy ) Bill Clinton None None None George H.W. Bush United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant ( Junior Grade ) Naval aviator in World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) . Shot down and received the Distinguished Flying Cross . Ronald Reagan United States Army Reserve , United States Army Air Forces Captain Stateside service during World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; Army Reserve ( 1937 -- 1942 ) . Jimmy Carter United States Navy Lieutenant ( navy ) Served during World War II as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy . Sea duty and stateside service 1946 -- 1953 during the Korean War . Gerald Ford United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; combat on USS Monterey , discharged in 1946 . Richard Nixon United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; earned two battle stars for service in the Pacific . Lyndon B. Johnson United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II . Received Silver Star after observation mission in which aircraft he was on came under Japanese attack . This was Johnson 's only observation flight , and Johnson was the only individual on it to receive an award , leading many historians to conclude that Douglas MacArthur presented it to secure Johnson 's political influence . John F. Kennedy United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant ( navy ) Served in combat during World War II . Received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart . Dwight D. Eisenhower United States Army General of the Army Stateside service during World War I. Served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) . Entire active - duty career spanned from 1915 until 1969 ( excepting his two terms as president ) . Harry S. Truman Missouri Army National Guard , United States Army , United States Army Reserve Colonel Stateside National Guard service in Missouri ( 1905 -- 1911 ) ; served in combat in France during World War I ( 1917 -- 1918 ) ; transferred to Army Reserve and retired in 1953 . Franklin D. Roosevelt None None None ; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I . Herbert Hoover None None None ; helped guide US Marines in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion . Calvin Coolidge None None None Warren G. Harding None None None Woodrow Wilson None None None William Howard Taft Connecticut Home Guard None None ; United States Secretary of War 1904 -- 1908 . Enlisted in Connecticut Home Guard for World War I. Was chairman of American Red Cross executive committee during World War I. President Wilson conferred military titles on Red Cross leaders to provide them authority to carry out their wartime responsibilities , and Taft was appointed a major general . Theodore Roosevelt United States Army Colonel New York National Guard , 1882 to 1886 , captain and company commander . Spanish -- American War service as second in command and then commander of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry ( Rough Riders ) . Only U.S. President to receive the Medal of Honor ( awarded posthumously in 2001 ) . Also a Navy Civilian , as Assistant Secretary of the Navy William McKinley United States Army Brevet Major American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry under future President Rutherford B. Hayes ; fought in the Battle of South Mountain , The Battle of Antietam , and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Benjamin Harrison United States Army Brigadier General American Civil War ; Commanded an Infantry Brigade at the battles of Resaca , New Hope Church , Kennesaw Mountain , Marietta , Peachtree Creek and Atlanta ; also Commanded a brigade during Sherman 's March to the Sea . Grover Cleveland None None None . Hired a substitute to serve in his place during the American Civil War . Chester A. Arthur New York State Militia Brigadier General Judge Advocate General , Second Brigade of the New York Militia . Served as Engineer - in - Chief on the Governor 's staff , Quartermaster General and Inspector General of the New York Militia before and during the American Civil War . Declined appointment as commander of the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade when Governor requested he remain Quartermaster General . James Garfield United States Army Major General American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1863 ; commanded an Ohio Infantry Brigade at the Battles of Shiloh and Corinth ; served as Chief of Staff for General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga ; left the army to serve in the United States House of Representatives ) . Rutherford B. Hayes United States Army Major General American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry and commanded future President William McKinley ; wounded at the Battle of South Mountain ; also served at the Battle of Antietam and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ulysses S. Grant United States Army General of the Army Mexican -- American War and American Civil War ; served 1843 -- 54 and 1861 -- 68 . Andrew Johnson United States Army Brigadier General Served in Tennessee Militia in 1830s . American Civil War ; served as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862 . Abraham Lincoln Illinois State Militia Captain Black Hawk War ( served three months in 1832 ) ; see Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War . James Buchanan Pennsylvania State Militia Private War of 1812 Franklin Pierce United States Army Brigadier General New Hampshire Militia , 1831 -- 46 ; Mexican -- American War ; commanded Infantry Brigade at Battle of Contreras ( where his leg was injured ) , Battle of Churubusco , and the Assault on Mexico City . Millard Fillmore New York State Militia Major Served in New York Militia in 1820s and 1830s ; Organized Union Continentals home guard unit in Buffalo , New York during the American Civil War . Zachary Taylor United States Army Major General War of 1812 , Black Hawk War , Second Seminole War , Mexican -- American War ; entire career spanned from 1808 until 1848 . James K. Polk Tennessee State Militia Colonel Joined cavalry unit in Tennessee Militia as a Captain . Subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll . John Tyler Virginia militia Captain War of 1812 . William Henry Harrison United States Army Major General Northwest Indian War , War of 1812 . Martin Van Buren None None None . Andrew Jackson Tennessee State Militia , Continental Army , United States Army Major General American Revolutionary War , War of 1812 , Creek War , First Seminole War . John Quincy Adams None None None James Monroe Continental Army Major American Revolutionary War ; depicted holding the American flag behind General George Washington in the famous painting Washington Crossing the Delaware ; wounded at the Battle of Trenton , depicted in the painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton , December 26 , 1776 by John Trumbull . James Madison Virginia militia Colonel American Revolutionary War , did not see action , War of 1812 , was the only U.S. President to command troops in the field at the Battle of Bladensburg Thomas Jefferson Virginia militia Colonel Commander of Albemarle County Militia at start of American Revolution , did not see action . John Adams None None Adams served as chairman of the Continental Congress 's Board of War ( 1776 -- 77 ) , making him the simultaneous equivalent of today 's Secretary of Defense and Chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee ; was a semi-participant in a naval engagement between a British and US ship during the American Revolution . George Washington Virginia militia , Virginia Regiment , Continental Army , United States Army Lieutenant General French and Indian War , American Revolutionary War .",
"President Service Rank Active Service",
"Donald Trump None None None",
"Barack Obama None None None",
"George W. Bush Texas Air National Guard , United States Air Force First Lieutenant Stateside service as pilot during Vietnam War ( 1968 -- 1973 ) . ( See George W. Bush military service controversy )",
"Bill Clinton None None None",
"George H.W. Bush United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant ( Junior Grade ) Naval aviator in World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) . Shot down and received the Distinguished Flying Cross .",
"Ronald Reagan United States Army Reserve , United States Army Air Forces Captain Stateside service during World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; Army Reserve ( 1937 -- 1942 ) .",
"Jimmy Carter United States Navy Lieutenant ( navy ) Served during World War II as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy . Sea duty and stateside service 1946 -- 1953 during the Korean War .",
"Gerald Ford United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; combat on USS Monterey , discharged in 1946 .",
"Richard Nixon United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) ; earned two battle stars for service in the Pacific .",
"Lyndon B. Johnson United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II . Received Silver Star after observation mission in which aircraft he was on came under Japanese attack . This was Johnson 's only observation flight , and Johnson was the only individual on it to receive an award , leading many historians to conclude that Douglas MacArthur presented it to secure Johnson 's political influence .",
"John F. Kennedy United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant ( navy ) Served in combat during World War II . Received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart .",
"Dwight D. Eisenhower United States Army General of the Army Stateside service during World War I. Served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II ( 1942 -- 1945 ) . Entire active - duty career spanned from 1915 until 1969 ( excepting his two terms as president ) .",
"Harry S. Truman Missouri Army National Guard , United States Army , United States Army Reserve Colonel Stateside National Guard service in Missouri ( 1905 -- 1911 ) ; served in combat in France during World War I ( 1917 -- 1918 ) ; transferred to Army Reserve and retired in 1953 .",
"Franklin D. Roosevelt None None None ; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I .",
"Herbert Hoover None None None ; helped guide US Marines in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion .",
"Calvin Coolidge None None None",
"Warren G. Harding None None None",
"Woodrow Wilson None None None",
"William Howard Taft Connecticut Home Guard None None ; United States Secretary of War 1904 -- 1908 . Enlisted in Connecticut Home Guard for World War I. Was chairman of American Red Cross executive committee during World War I. President Wilson conferred military titles on Red Cross leaders to provide them authority to carry out their wartime responsibilities , and Taft was appointed a major general .",
"Theodore Roosevelt United States Army Colonel New York National Guard , 1882 to 1886 , captain and company commander . Spanish -- American War service as second in command and then commander of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry ( Rough Riders ) . Only U.S. President to receive the Medal of Honor ( awarded posthumously in 2001 ) . Also a Navy Civilian , as Assistant Secretary of the Navy",
"William McKinley United States Army Brevet Major American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry under future President Rutherford B. Hayes ; fought in the Battle of South Mountain , The Battle of Antietam , and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 .",
"Benjamin Harrison United States Army Brigadier General American Civil War ; Commanded an Infantry Brigade at the battles of Resaca , New Hope Church , Kennesaw Mountain , Marietta , Peachtree Creek and Atlanta ; also Commanded a brigade during Sherman 's March to the Sea .",
"Grover Cleveland None None None . Hired a substitute to serve in his place during the American Civil War .",
"Chester A. Arthur New York State Militia Brigadier General Judge Advocate General , Second Brigade of the New York Militia . Served as Engineer - in - Chief on the Governor 's staff , Quartermaster General and Inspector General of the New York Militia before and during the American Civil War . Declined appointment as commander of the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade when Governor requested he remain Quartermaster General .",
"James Garfield United States Army Major General American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1863 ; commanded an Ohio Infantry Brigade at the Battles of Shiloh and Corinth ; served as Chief of Staff for General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga ; left the army to serve in the United States House of Representatives ) .",
"Rutherford B. Hayes United States Army Major General American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry and commanded future President William McKinley ; wounded at the Battle of South Mountain ; also served at the Battle of Antietam and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 .",
"Ulysses S. Grant United States Army General of the Army Mexican -- American War and American Civil War ; served 1843 -- 54 and 1861 -- 68 .",
"Andrew Johnson United States Army Brigadier General Served in Tennessee Militia in 1830s . American Civil War ; served as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862 .",
"Abraham Lincoln Illinois State Militia Captain Black Hawk War ( served three months in 1832 ) ; see Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War .",
"James Buchanan Pennsylvania State Militia Private War of 1812",
"Franklin Pierce United States Army Brigadier General New Hampshire Militia , 1831 -- 46 ; Mexican -- American War ; commanded Infantry Brigade at Battle of Contreras ( where his leg was injured ) , Battle of Churubusco , and the Assault on Mexico City .",
"Millard Fillmore New York State Militia Major Served in New York Militia in 1820s and 1830s ; Organized Union Continentals home guard unit in Buffalo , New York during the American Civil War .",
"Zachary Taylor United States Army Major General War of 1812 , Black Hawk War , Second Seminole War , Mexican -- American War ; entire career spanned from 1808 until 1848 .",
"James K. Polk Tennessee State Militia Colonel Joined cavalry unit in Tennessee Militia as a Captain . Subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll .",
"John Tyler Virginia militia Captain War of 1812 .",
"William Henry Harrison United States Army Major General Northwest Indian War , War of 1812 .",
"Martin Van Buren None None None .",
"Andrew Jackson Tennessee State Militia , Continental Army , United States Army Major General American Revolutionary War , War of 1812 , Creek War , First Seminole War .",
"John Quincy Adams None None None",
"James Monroe Continental Army Major American Revolutionary War ; depicted holding the American flag behind General George Washington in the famous painting Washington Crossing the Delaware ; wounded at the Battle of Trenton , depicted in the painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton , December 26 , 1776 by John Trumbull .",
"James Madison Virginia militia Colonel American Revolutionary War , did not see action , War of 1812 , was the only U.S. President to command troops in the field at the Battle of Bladensburg",
"Thomas Jefferson Virginia militia Colonel Commander of Albemarle County Militia at start of American Revolution , did not see action .",
"John Adams None None Adams served as chairman of the Continental Congress 's Board of War ( 1776 -- 77 ) , making him the simultaneous equivalent of today 's Secretary of Defense and Chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee ; was a semi-participant in a naval engagement between a British and US ship during the American Revolution .",
"George Washington Virginia militia , Virginia Regiment , Continental Army , United States Army Lieutenant General French and Indian War , American Revolutionary War ."
] | List of presidents of the United States by military service - wikipedia List of presidents of the United States by military service The United States Constitution names the President of the United States the commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces. Previous service in the military is not a prerequisite for the position of president. As of the 2016 presidential election , no member of the U.S. Marine Corps or U.S. Coast Guard has yet been elected President. The most frequent military experience is Army/Army Reserve with 15 presidents, followed by State Militias at 9, Navy/Naval Reserve at 6 and the Continental Army with 2 presidents serving. Eight presidents served during World War II , while seven served in the military during the American Civil War . The following list outlines the military service of each president before becoming the commander in chief. See also: List of presidents of the United States by military rank President Service Rank Active Service Donald Trump None None None Barack Obama None None None George W. Bush Texas Air National Guard , United States Air Force First Lieutenant Stateside service as pilot during Vietnam War (1968-- 1973). (See George W. Bush military service controversy ) Bill Clinton None None None George H.W. Bush United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Naval aviator in World War II (1942-- 1945). Shot down and received the Distinguished Flying Cross . Ronald Reagan United States Army Reserve , United States Army Air Forces Captain Stateside service during World War II (1942-- 1945); Army Reserve (1937-- 1942). Jimmy Carter United States Navy Lieutenant (navy) Served during World War II as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy . Sea duty and stateside service 1946-- 1953 during the Korean War . Gerald Ford United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander World War II (1942-- 1945); combat on USS Monterey , discharged in 1946. Richard Nixon United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II (1942-- 1945); earned two battle stars for service in the Pacific. Lyndon B. Johnson United States Naval Reserve Commander World War II. Received Silver Star after observation mission in which aircraft he was on came under Japanese attack. This was Johnson's only observation flight, and Johnson was the only individual on it to receive an award, leading many historians to conclude that Douglas MacArthur presented it to secure Johnson's political influence. John F. Kennedy United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant (navy) Served in combat during World War II. Received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and the Purple Heart . Dwight D. Eisenhower United States Army General of the Army Stateside service during World War I. Served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during World War II (1942-- 1945). Entire active-duty career spanned from 1915 until 1969 (excepting his two terms as president). Harry S. Truman Missouri Army National Guard , United States Army , United States Army Reserve Colonel Stateside National Guard service in Missouri (1905-- 1911); served in combat in France during World War I (1917-- 1918); transferred to Army Reserve and retired in 1953. Franklin D. Roosevelt None None None; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I. Herbert Hoover None None None; helped guide US Marines in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion . Calvin Coolidge None None None Warren G. Harding None None None Woodrow Wilson None None None William Howard Taft Connecticut Home Guard None None; United States Secretary of War 1904-- 1908. Enlisted in Connecticut Home Guard for World War I. Was chairman of American Red Cross executive committee during World War I. President Wilson conferred military titles on Red Cross leaders to provide them authority to carry out their wartime responsibilities, and Taft was appointed a major general . Theodore Roosevelt United States Army Colonel New York National Guard, 1882 to 1886, captain and company commander. Spanish-- American War service as second in command and then commander of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry ( Rough Riders ). Only U.S. President to receive the Medal of Honor (awarded posthumously in 2001). Also a Navy Civilian, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy William McKinley United States Army Brevet Major American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry under future President Rutherford B. Hayes ; fought in the Battle of South Mountain , The Battle of Antietam , and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Benjamin Harrison United States Army Brigadier General American Civil War ; Commanded an Infantry Brigade at the battles of Resaca , New Hope Church , Kennesaw Mountain , Marietta , Peachtree Creek and Atlanta ; also Commanded a brigade during Sherman's March to the Sea . Grover Cleveland None None None. Hired a substitute to serve in his place during the American Civil War . Chester A. Arthur New York State Militia Brigadier General Judge Advocate General , Second Brigade of the New York Militia. Served as Engineer-in-Chief on the Governor's staff, Quartermaster General and Inspector General of the New York Militia before and during the American Civil War . Declined appointment as commander of the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment and command of four New York City regiments organized as the Metropolitan Brigade when Governor requested he remain Quartermaster General. James Garfield United States Army Major General American Civil War (1861-- 1863; commanded an Ohio Infantry Brigade at the Battles of Shiloh and Corinth ; served as Chief of Staff for General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga ; left the army to serve in the United States House of Representatives ). Rutherford B. Hayes United States Army Major General American Civil War . Served in the 23rd Ohio Infantry and commanded future President William McKinley ; wounded at the Battle of South Mountain ; also served at the Battle of Antietam and in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Ulysses S. Grant United States Army General of the Army Mexican-- American War and American Civil War ; served 1843-- 54 and 1861-- 68. Andrew Johnson United States Army Brigadier General Served in Tennessee Militia in 1830s. American Civil War ; served as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862. Abraham Lincoln Illinois State Militia Captain Black Hawk War (served three months in 1832); see Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War . James Buchanan Pennsylvania State Militia Private War of 1812 Franklin Pierce United States Army Brigadier General New Hampshire Militia, 1831-- 46; Mexican-- American War ; commanded Infantry Brigade at Battle of Contreras (where his leg was injured), Battle of Churubusco , and the Assault on Mexico City . Millard Fillmore New York State Militia Major Served in New York Militia in 1820s and 1830s; Organized Union Continentals home guard unit in Buffalo, New York during the American Civil War . Zachary Taylor United States Army Major General War of 1812 , Black Hawk War , Second Seminole War , Mexican-- American War ; entire career spanned from 1808 until 1848. James K. Polk Tennessee State Militia Colonel Joined cavalry unit in Tennessee Militia as a Captain. Subsequently appointed a Colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll . John Tyler Virginia militia Captain War of 1812 . William Henry Harrison United States Army Major General Northwest Indian War , War of 1812 . Martin Van Buren None None None. Andrew Jackson Tennessee State Militia, Continental Army , United States Army Major General American Revolutionary War , War of 1812 , Creek War , First Seminole War . John Quincy Adams None None None James Monroe Continental Army Major American Revolutionary War ; depicted holding the American flag behind General George Washington in the famous painting Washington Crossing the Delaware ; wounded at the Battle of Trenton , depicted in the painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 by John Trumbull . James Madison Virginia militia Colonel American Revolutionary War , did not see action, War of 1812 , was the only U.S. President to command troops in the field at the Battle of Bladensburg Thomas Jefferson Virginia militia Colonel Commander of Albemarle County Militia at start of American Revolution , did not see action. John Adams None None Adams served as chairman of the Continental Congress's Board of War (1776-- 77), making him the simultaneous equivalent of today's Secretary of Defense and Chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee; was a semi-participant in a naval engagement between a British and US ship during the American Revolution. George Washington Virginia militia , Virginia Regiment , Continental Army , United States Army Lieutenant General French and Indian War , American Revolutionary War . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lechliter, Gerald A. (2004). `` President George W. Bush's Military Service: A Critical Analysis'' (PDF) . New York Times . New York, NY. Jump up ^ President Lyndon B. Johnson's Military Service Archived 2013-02-17 at Archive.is Lyndon Baines Johnson Library & Museum Jump up ^ Allen, Natalie (July 6, 2001). `` CNN Live Today: The Truth Behind LBJ's Silver Star'' . CNN . Atlanta, GA . Retrieved June 7, 2018 . Caro: The thing about the mission that convinces me that it was attacked is that five members of the crew are quoted saying that it is attacked. And they never denied the quotes. They had plenty of opportunity to do so. So what we have is five people on the same plane saying the same thing. Jump up ^ Langguth, A.J. Our Vietnam: The War 1954-1975 . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 129-- 130. ISBN 978-0-7432-1244-1 . Jump up ^ `` Military Personnel File of Harry S. Truman'' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl7.html Jump up ^ Posthumous promotion to General of the Armies on March 13, 1978, with effective date from July 4, 1976 Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie-breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican/Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes, honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service&oldid=850106437 '' Categories : Lists relating to the United States presidency Military careers Hidden categories: Webarchive template archiveis links Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018, at 16:58 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -2003212802597976964 |
adam and the ants dirk wears white sox songs | Jon Moss -- drums ( 18 , 19 ) | [
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"Dirk Wears White Sox Studio album by Adam and the Ants Released 30 October 1979 Recorded 24 -- 29 August 1979 at Sound Development Studios Genre Post-punk , alternative rock Length 40 : 39 Label Do It Producer Adam Ant Chris Hughes Adam and the Ants chronology Dirk Wears White Sox ( 1979 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier ( 1980 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier 1980 Alternative cover 1983 US re-release cover",
"Dirk Wears White Sox",
"Studio album by Adam and the Ants",
"Released 30 October 1979",
"Recorded 24 -- 29 August 1979 at Sound Development Studios",
"Genre Post-punk , alternative rock",
"Length 40 : 39",
"Label Do It",
"Producer Adam Ant Chris Hughes",
"Adam Ant Chris Hughes",
"Adam and the Ants chronology",
"Dirk Wears White Sox ( 1979 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier ( 1980 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier 1980",
"Dirk Wears White Sox ( 1979 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier ( 1980 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier 1980",
"Dirk Wears White Sox ( 1979 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier ( 1980 ) Kings of the Wild Frontier 1980",
"Alternative cover",
"1983 US re-release cover",
"Dirk Wears White Sox is the debut studio album by English new wave band Adam and the Ants . It was released on 30 October 1979 by record Do It . It was the first number one album on the UK Independent Albums Chart when the chart debuted in Record Week in 1980 .",
"The album was made with an early line - up of Adam and the Ants , which disbanded after the album was released . Guitarist Matthew Ashman and drummer David Barbarossa went on to form Bow Wow Wow with then - Ants bassist Leigh Gorman ( who had only played one gig with the Ants and was not involved in any studio recordings ) . Original bassist Andy Warren had departed shortly after recording the album to join former Ants guitarist Lester Square in The Monochrome Set . Many of the songs , notably `` Cleopatra '' and `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on his Face ) '' , remained a part of Adam Ant 's live repertoire throughout his career , both with the Ants and later as a solo artist .",
"The `` Dirk '' of the title refers to classic British film icon Dirk Bogarde .",
"Dirk Wears White Sox was released on 30 October 1979 .",
"The album was re-released in 1983 , featuring a different album cover taken from a December 1979 video for the song `` Zerox '' . `` Catholic Day '' and `` Day I Met God '' were dropped and `` Cartrouble '' appears in its single version . This edition also adds three songs from the same era not on the original LP : a re-recording of `` Kick ! '' ( previously on the Antmusic EP , which contained completely different lyrics and featured Jon Moss on drums , who later went on to join Culture Club ) , `` Zerox '' , and `` Whip in My Valise . '' It was re-issued again in 1995 by Sony , featuring the original black - and - white album art in somewhat cropped form . The lettering on the sleeve was recreated in the style of the original and does not feature the stroke through the letter O in the word `` Sox '' ; it also substitutes a letter `` Z '' in place of the zig - zagged `` S '' in the word `` Ants '' ( previously a common practice among unofficial merchandisers around the time of the album 's original release ) .",
"The album was remastered and reissued in 2004 with several bonus tracks .",
"A white vinyl edition was released by Ant 's own label Blueblack Hussar Records in Spring 2014 . To tie in with this , on 19 April , Ant performed the full album at the Hammersmith Apollo with a band including former Ants Dave Barbe and Lee Gorman , preceding this with several UK tour dates . A launch party gig for the white vinyl album was held at the 100 Club . Both London concerts were filmed and later released as the DVD album Dirk Live At The Apollo . Ant would subsequently perform the full album again with his regular band for four nights at the Islington Assembly Hall in November 2014 and a full UK tour in Spring 2015 .",
"Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Stylus B − Trouser Press unfavourable",
"Professional ratings",
"Review scores",
"Source Rating",
"AllMusic",
"Stylus B −",
"Trouser Press unfavourable",
"In his retrospective review , Chris Woodstra of AllMusic wrote `` while the somewhat pretentious , overly arty lyrics and inexperienced playing are a drawback , the album offers a fascinating look at the Ants ' formative years , capturing a raw energy that would be sacrificed for more polish on subsequent releases . ''",
"Chris Woodstra of AllMusic described the album 's style as a `` sometimes - awkward fusion of punk , glam and minimalist post-punk with bizarre images and disturbing tales of alienation , sex and brutality . '' Peter Parrish of Stylus wrote `` Dirk slips somewhere between The Banshee 's ( sic ) Scream and Gang of Four 's Entertainment ; all stark , angular and brittle . ''",
"All tracks written by Adam Ant .",
"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' 2 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 4 . `` Day I Met God '' 5 . `` Tabletalk ''",
"Side A",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) ''",
"2 . `` Digital Tenderness ''",
"3 . `` Nine Plan Failed ''",
"4 . `` Day I Met God ''",
"5 . `` Tabletalk ''",
"Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Cleopatra '' 2 . `` Catholic Day '' 3 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 4 . `` Animals and Men '' 5 . `` Family of Noise '' 6 . `` The Idea ''",
"Side B",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Cleopatra ''",
"2 . `` Catholic Day ''",
"3 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) ''",
"4 . `` Animals and Men ''",
"5 . `` Family of Noise ''",
"6 . `` The Idea ''",
"1983 re-release",
"( show ) Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Cartrouble '' 3 : 23 2 . `` Kick ! '' 2 : 05 3 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3 : 03 4 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 3 : 10 5 . `` Family of Noise '' 2 : 34 6 . `` Tabletalk '' 5 : 33",
"( show ) Side A",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Cartrouble '' 3 : 23",
"2 . `` Kick ! '' 2 : 05",
"3 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3 : 03",
"4 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 3 : 10",
"5 . `` Family of Noise '' 2 : 34",
"6 . `` Tabletalk '' 5 : 33",
"( show ) Side B No . Title Length 1 . `` Zerox '' 3 : 45 2 . `` Cleopatra '' 3 : 15 3 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 3 : 13 4 . `` Animals and Men '' 3 : 16 5 . `` The Idea '' 3 : 24 6 . `` Whip in My Valise '' 3 : 58",
"( show ) Side B",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Zerox '' 3 : 45",
"2 . `` Cleopatra '' 3 : 15",
"3 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 3 : 13",
"4 . `` Animals and Men '' 3 : 16",
"5 . `` The Idea '' 3 : 24",
"6 . `` Whip in My Valise '' 3 : 58",
"1995 re-release",
"( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' 6.51 2 . `` Kick ! '' 2 : 05 3 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3 : 03 4 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 3 : 10 5 . `` Family of Noise '' 2 : 34 6 . `` Tabletalk '' 5 : 33 7 . `` Zerox '' 3 : 45 8 . `` Cleopatra '' 3 : 15 9 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 3 : 13 10 . `` Animals and Men '' 3 : 16 11 . `` The Idea '' 3 : 24 12 . `` Whip in My Valise '' 3 : 58 13 . `` Catholic Day '' 3.08 14 . `` Day I Met God '' 2 : 58",
"( show ) Track listing",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' 6.51",
"2 . `` Kick ! '' 2 : 05",
"3 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3 : 03",
"4 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 3 : 10",
"5 . `` Family of Noise '' 2 : 34",
"6 . `` Tabletalk '' 5 : 33",
"7 . `` Zerox '' 3 : 45",
"8 . `` Cleopatra '' 3 : 15",
"9 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 3 : 13",
"10 . `` Animals and Men '' 3 : 16",
"11 . `` The Idea '' 3 : 24",
"12 . `` Whip in My Valise '' 3 : 58",
"13 . `` Catholic Day '' 3.08",
"14 . `` Day I Met God '' 2 : 58",
"2004 reissue",
"( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' 6.51 2 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3.03 3 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 5.18 4 . `` Day I Met God '' 2 : 58 5 . `` Tabletalk '' 5.34 6 . `` Cleopatra '' 3.15 7 . `` Catholic Day '' 3.08 8 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 3.13 9 . `` Animals and Men '' 3.20 10 . `` Family of Noise '' 2.36 11 . `` The Idea '' 3.26 12 . `` Zerøx '' 3.48 13 . `` Whip in My Valise '' 4.00 14 . `` Kick ! '' 1.36 15 . `` Physical '' 3.59 16 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) ( Hughes Mix ) '' 6.36 17 . `` Friends '' 2.40 18 . `` Cartrouble ( Single Version ) '' 3.24 19 . `` Kick ! ( Single Version ) '' 2.06",
"( show ) Track listing",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' 6.51",
"2 . `` Digital Tenderness '' 3.03",
"3 . `` Nine Plan Failed '' 5.18",
"4 . `` Day I Met God '' 2 : 58",
"5 . `` Tabletalk '' 5.34",
"6 . `` Cleopatra '' 3.15",
"7 . `` Catholic Day '' 3.08",
"8 . `` Never Trust a Man ( With Egg on His Face ) '' 3.13",
"9 . `` Animals and Men '' 3.20",
"10 . `` Family of Noise '' 2.36",
"11 . `` The Idea '' 3.26",
"12 . `` Zerøx '' 3.48",
"13 . `` Whip in My Valise '' 4.00",
"14 . `` Kick ! '' 1.36",
"15 . `` Physical '' 3.59",
"16 . `` Cartrouble ( Parts 1 & 2 ) ( Hughes Mix ) '' 6.36",
"17 . `` Friends '' 2.40",
"18 . `` Cartrouble ( Single Version ) '' 3.24",
"19 . `` Kick ! ( Single Version ) '' 2.06",
"Adam and the Ants",
"Adam and the Ants",
"Adam Ant -- electric and acoustic guitars , vocals , piano , harmonica ( bass on 18 , 19 ) Dave Barbarossa ( as Dave Barbe ) -- drums ( 1 - 17 ) Matthew Ashman -- guitar , piano ( 1 - 17 ) Andrew Warren -- bass ( 1 - 17 )",
"Adam Ant -- electric and acoustic guitars , vocals , piano , harmonica ( bass on 18 , 19 )",
"Dave Barbarossa ( as Dave Barbe ) -- drums ( 1 - 17 )",
"Matthew Ashman -- guitar , piano ( 1 - 17 )",
"Andrew Warren -- bass ( 1 - 17 )",
"Additional personnel",
"Marco Pirroni -- guitar , bass , vocals ( 18 , 19 ) Jon Moss -- drums ( 18 , 19 )",
"Marco Pirroni -- guitar , bass , vocals ( 18 , 19 )",
"Jon Moss -- drums ( 18 , 19 )"
] | Dirk Wears White Sox - wikipedia Dirk Wears White Sox Jump to: navigation , search Dirk Wears White Sox Studio album by Adam and the Ants Released 30 October 1979 Recorded 24-- 29 August 1979 at Sound Development Studios Genre Post-punk , alternative rock Length 40 : 39 Label Do It Producer Adam Ant Chris Hughes Adam and the Ants chronology Dirk Wears White Sox (1979) Kings of the Wild Frontier (1980) Kings of the Wild Frontier 1980 Alternative cover 1983 US re-release cover Dirk Wears White Sox is the debut studio album by English new wave band Adam and the Ants . It was released on 30 October 1979 by record Do It . It was the first number one album on the UK Independent Albums Chart when the chart debuted in Record Week in 1980. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Releases 3 Reception 4 Musical style 5 Track listings 6 Personnel 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The album was made with an early line-up of Adam and the Ants, which disbanded after the album was released. Guitarist Matthew Ashman and drummer David Barbarossa went on to form Bow Wow Wow with then-Ants bassist Leigh Gorman (who had only played one gig with the Ants and was not involved in any studio recordings). Original bassist Andy Warren had departed shortly after recording the album to join former Ants guitarist Lester Square in The Monochrome Set . Many of the songs, notably `` Cleopatra'' and `` Never Trust a Man (With Egg on his Face)'' , remained a part of Adam Ant's live repertoire throughout his career, both with the Ants and later as a solo artist. The `` Dirk'' of the title refers to classic British film icon Dirk Bogarde . Releases ( edit ) Dirk Wears White Sox was released on 30 October 1979. The album was re-released in 1983, featuring a different album cover taken from a December 1979 video for the song `` Zerox '' . `` Catholic Day'' and `` Day I Met God'' were dropped and `` Cartrouble '' appears in its single version. This edition also adds three songs from the same era not on the original LP: a re-recording of `` Kick!'' (previously on the Antmusic EP, which contained completely different lyrics and featured Jon Moss on drums, who later went on to join Culture Club ), `` Zerox'' , and `` Whip in My Valise.'' It was re-issued again in 1995 by Sony, featuring the original black-and-white album art in somewhat cropped form. The lettering on the sleeve was recreated in the style of the original and does not feature the stroke through the letter O in the word `` Sox'' ; it also substitutes a letter `` Z'' in place of the zig-zagged `` S'' in the word `` Ants'' (previously a common practice among unofficial merchandisers around the time of the album's original release). The album was remastered and reissued in 2004 with several bonus tracks. A white vinyl edition was released by Ant's own label Blueblack Hussar Records in Spring 2014. To tie in with this, on 19 April, Ant performed the full album at the Hammersmith Apollo with a band including former Ants Dave Barbe and Lee Gorman, preceding this with several UK tour dates. A launch party gig for the white vinyl album was held at the 100 Club . Both London concerts were filmed and later released as the DVD album Dirk Live At The Apollo . Ant would subsequently perform the full album again with his regular band for four nights at the Islington Assembly Hall in November 2014 and a full UK tour in Spring 2015. Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Stylus B− Trouser Press unfavourable In his retrospective review, Chris Woodstra of AllMusic wrote `` while the somewhat pretentious, overly arty lyrics and inexperienced playing are a drawback, the album offers a fascinating look at the Ants' formative years, capturing a raw energy that would be sacrificed for more polish on subsequent releases.'' Musical style ( edit ) Chris Woodstra of AllMusic described the album's style as a `` sometimes-awkward fusion of punk , glam and minimalist post-punk with bizarre images and disturbing tales of alienation, sex and brutality.'' Peter Parrish of Stylus wrote `` Dirk slips somewhere between The Banshee's ( sic ) Scream and Gang of Four 's Entertainment ; all stark, angular and brittle.'' Track listings ( edit ) All tracks written by Adam Ant . Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Cartrouble (Parts 1 & 2)'' 2. `` Digital Tenderness'' 3. `` Nine Plan Failed'' 4. `` Day I Met God'' 5. `` Tabletalk'' Side B No. Title Length 1. `` Cleopatra'' 2. `` Catholic Day'' 3. `` Never Trust a Man (With Egg on His Face)'' 4. `` Animals and Men'' 5. `` Family of Noise'' 6. `` The Idea'' 1983 re-release ( show ) Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Cartrouble '' 3:23 2. `` Kick!'' 2:05 3. `` Digital Tenderness'' 3:03 4. `` Nine Plan Failed'' 3:10 5. `` Family of Noise'' 2:34 6. `` Tabletalk'' 5:33 ( show ) Side B No. Title Length 1. `` Zerox '' 3:45 2. `` Cleopatra'' 3:15 3. `` Never Trust a Man (With Egg on His Face)'' 3:13 4. `` Animals and Men'' 3:16 5. `` The Idea'' 3:24 6. `` Whip in My Valise'' 3:58 1995 re-release ( show ) Track listing No. Title Length 1. `` Cartrouble (Parts 1 & 2)'' 6.51 2. `` Kick!'' 2:05 3. `` Digital Tenderness'' 3:03 4. `` Nine Plan Failed'' 3:10 5. `` Family of Noise'' 2:34 6. `` Tabletalk'' 5:33 7. `` Zerox'' 3:45 8. `` Cleopatra'' 3:15 9. `` Never Trust a Man (With Egg on His Face)'' 3:13 10. `` Animals and Men'' 3:16 11. `` The Idea'' 3:24 12. `` Whip in My Valise'' 3:58 13. `` Catholic Day'' 3.08 14. `` Day I Met God'' 2:58 2004 reissue ( show ) Track listing No. Title Length 1. `` Cartrouble (Parts 1 & 2)'' 6.51 2. `` Digital Tenderness'' 3.03 3. `` Nine Plan Failed'' 5.18 4. `` Day I Met God'' 2:58 5. `` Tabletalk'' 5.34 6. `` Cleopatra'' 3.15 7. `` Catholic Day'' 3.08 8. `` Never Trust a Man (With Egg on His Face)'' 3.13 9. `` Animals and Men'' 3.20 10. `` Family of Noise'' 2.36 11. `` The Idea'' 3.26 12. `` Zerøx '' 3.48 13. `` Whip in My Valise'' 4.00 14. `` Kick!'' 1.36 15. `` Physical'' 3.59 16. `` Cartrouble (Parts 1 & 2) (Hughes Mix)'' 6.36 17. `` Friends'' 2.40 18. `` Cartrouble (Single Version)'' 3.24 19. `` Kick! (Single Version)'' 2.06 Personnel ( edit ) Adam and the Ants Adam Ant -- electric and acoustic guitars, vocals, piano, harmonica (bass on 18, 19) Dave Barbarossa (as Dave Barbe) -- drums (1-17) Matthew Ashman -- guitar, piano (1-17) Andrew Warren -- bass (1-17) Additional personnel Marco Pirroni -- guitar, bass, vocals (18, 19) Jon Moss -- drums (18, 19) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Katagiri, Charlie (29 September 2012). `` Adam Ant'' . Encyclopedia.com. Jump up ^ `` Adam Ant: The King of Sexual Diversity Ant Lib Ønline Adam & the Ants Community Øutpost Adam Ant News & Events'' . Ant Lib Ønline. 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Woodstra, Chris. `` Dirk Wears White Sox -- Adam and the Ants Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards AllMusic'' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Parrish, Peter (28 July 2004). `` Adam & the Ants -- Dirk Wears White Sox -- Review -- Stylus Magazine'' . Stylus . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Young, Jon; Lewis, Kate; Rompers, Terry. `` TrouserPress.com :: Adam Ant'' . TrouserPress.com . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Dirk Wears White Sox at Discogs (list of releases) `` Dirk Wears White Sox'' The official Adam Ant website Adam Ant Adam and the Ants albums Dirk Wears White Sox (1979) Kings of the Wild Frontier (1980) Prince Charming (1981) Solo albums Friend or Foe (1982) Strip (1983) Vive Le Rock (1985) Manners & Physique (1990) Persuasion (1991, unreleased) Wonderful (1995) Adam Ant Is the Blueblack Hussar in Marrying the Gunner's Daughter (2013) Compilations Antics in the Forbidden Zone (1990) Antmusic: The Very Best of Adam Ant (1994) B-Side Babies (1994) Antbox (2000) Redux (2005) Adam and the Ants singles `` Young Parisians '' (1978) `` Zerox '' (1979) `` Cartrouble '' (1980) `` Kings of the Wild Frontier '' (1980) `` Dog Eat Dog '' (1980) `` Antmusic '' (1980) `` Stand and Deliver '' (1981) `` Prince Charming '' (1981) `` Ant Rap '' (1981) `` Deutscher Girls '' (1982) `` The B-Sides (EP) '' (1982) Solo singles `` Goody Two Shoes '' (1982) `` Friend or Foe '' (1982) `` Desperate But Not Serious '' (1982) `` Room at the Top '' (1990) Related Discography Bazooka Joe Bow Wow Wow Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Wears_White_Sox&oldid=800026090 '' Categories : Adam and the Ants albums 1979 debut albums Epic Records albums Hidden categories: Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Galego Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 05:28. 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"Eye Human eye Compound eye of Antarctic krill Details System Nervous Identifiers Latin oculus MeSH D005123 TA A15. 2.00. 001 A01. 1.00. 007 FMA 54448 75665 , 54448 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Eye",
"Human eye",
"Compound eye of Antarctic krill",
"Details",
"System Nervous",
"Identifiers",
"Latin oculus",
"MeSH D005123",
"TA A15. 2.00. 001 A01. 1.00. 007",
"FMA 54448 75665 , 54448",
"Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )",
"Eyes are organs of the visual system . They provide organisms with vision , the ability to receive and process visual detail , as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision . Eyes detect light and convert it into electro - chemical impulses in neurons . In higher organisms , the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment , regulates its intensity through a diaphragm , focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image , converts this image into a set of electrical signals , and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain . Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms , and 96 % of animal species possess a complex optical system . Image - resolving eyes are present in molluscs , chordates and arthropods .",
"The simplest `` eyes '' , such as those in microorganisms , do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark , which is sufficient for the entrainment of circadian rhythms . From more complex eyes , retinal photosensitive ganglion cells send signals along the retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nuclei to effect circadian adjustment and to the pretectal area to control the pupillary light reflex .",
"Complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colours . The visual fields of many organisms , especially predators , involve large areas of binocular vision to improve depth perception . In other organisms , eyes are located so as to maximise the field of view , such as in rabbits and horses , which have monocular vision .",
"The first proto - eyes evolved among animals 600 million years ago about the time of the Cambrian explosion . The last common ancestor of animals possessed the biochemical toolkit necessary for vision , and more advanced eyes have evolved in 96 % of animal species in six of the ~ 35 main phyla . In most vertebrates and some molluscs , the eye works by allowing light to enter and project onto a light - sensitive panel of cells , known as the retina , at the rear of the eye . The cone cells ( for colour ) and the rod cells ( for low - light contrasts ) in the retina detect and convert light into neural signals for vision . The visual signals are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve . Such eyes are typically roughly spherical , filled with a transparent gel - like substance called the vitreous humour , with a focusing lens and often an iris ; the relaxing or tightening of the muscles around the iris change the size of the pupil , thereby regulating the amount of light that enters the eye , and reducing aberrations when there is enough light . The eyes of most cephalopods , fish , amphibians and snakes have fixed lens shapes , and focusing vision is achieved by telescoping the lens -- similar to how a camera focuses .",
"Compound eyes are found among the arthropods and are composed of many simple facets which , depending on the details of anatomy , may give either a single pixelated image or multiple images , per eye . Each sensor has its own lens and photosensitive cell ( s ) . Some eyes have up to 28,000 such sensors , which are arranged hexagonally , and which can give a full 360 ° field of vision . Compound eyes are very sensitive to motion . Some arthropods , including many Strepsiptera , have compound eyes of only a few facets , each with a retina capable of creating an image , creating vision . With each eye viewing a different thing , a fused image from all the eyes is produced in the brain , providing very different , high - resolution images .",
"Possessing detailed hyperspectral colour vision , the Mantis shrimp has been reported to have the world 's most complex colour vision system . Trilobites , which are now extinct , had unique compound eyes . They used clear calcite crystals to form the lenses of their eyes . In this , they differ from most other arthropods , which have soft eyes . The number of lenses in such an eye varied , however : some trilobites had only one , and some had thousands of lenses in one eye .",
"In contrast to compound eyes , simple eyes are those that have a single lens . For example , jumping spiders have a large pair of simple eyes with a narrow field of view , supported by an array of other , smaller eyes for peripheral vision . Some insect larvae , like caterpillars , have a different type of simple eye ( stemmata ) which usually provides only a rough image , but ( as in sawfly larvae ) can possess resolving powers of 4 degrees of arc , be polarization sensitive and capable of increasing its absolute sensitivity at night by a factor of 1,000 or more . Some of the simplest eyes , called ocelli , can be found in animals like some of the snails , which can not actually `` see '' in the normal sense . They do have photosensitive cells , but no lens and no other means of projecting an image onto these cells . They can distinguish between light and dark , but no more . This enables snails to keep out of direct sunlight . In organisms dwelling near deep - sea vents , compound eyes have been secondarily simplified and adapted to spot the infra - red light produced by the hot vents -- in this way the bearers can spot hot springs and avoid being boiled alive .",
"There are ten different eye layouts -- indeed every technological method of capturing an optical image commonly used by human beings , with the exceptions of zoom and Fresnel lenses , occur in nature . Eye types can be categorised into `` simple eyes '' , with one concave photoreceptive surface , and `` compound eyes '' , which comprise a number of individual lenses laid out on a convex surface . Note that `` simple '' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity . Indeed , any eye type can be adapted for almost any behaviour or environment . The only limitations specific to eye types are that of resolution -- the physics of compound eyes prevents them from achieving a resolution better than 1 ° . Also , superposition eyes can achieve greater sensitivity than apposition eyes , so are better suited to dark - dwelling creatures . Eyes also fall into two groups on the basis of their photoreceptor 's cellular construction , with the photoreceptor cells either being cilliated ( as in the vertebrates ) or rhabdomeric . These two groups are not monophyletic ; the cnidaria also possess cilliated cells , and some gastropods , as well as some annelids possess both .",
"Simple eyes are rather ubiquitous , and lens - bearing eyes have evolved at least seven times in vertebrates , cephalopods , annelids , crustaceans and cubozoa .",
"Pit eyes , also known as stemma , are eye - spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot , to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light . Found in about 85 % of phyla , these basic forms were probably the precursors to more advanced types of `` simple eye '' . They are small , comprising up to about 100 cells covering about 100 μm . The directionality can be improved by reducing the size of the aperture , by incorporating a reflective layer behind the receptor cells , or by filling the pit with a refractile material .",
"Pit vipers have developed pits that function as eyes by sensing thermal infra - red radiation , in addition to their optical wavelength eyes like those of other vertebrates .",
"The resolution of pit eyes can be greatly improved by incorporating a material with a higher refractive index to form a lens , which may greatly reduce the blur radius encountered -- hence increasing the resolution obtainable . The most basic form , seen in some gastropods and annelids , consists of a lens of one refractive index . A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index , decreasing to the edges ; this decreases the focal length and thus allows a sharp image to form on the retina . This also allows a larger aperture for a given sharpness of image , allowing more light to enter the lens ; and a flatter lens , reducing spherical aberration . Such an inhomogeneous lens is necessary in order for the focal length to drop from about 4 times the lens radius , to 2.5 radii .",
"Heterogeneous eyes have evolved at least nine times : four or more times in gastropods , once in the copepods , once in the annelids , once in the cephalopods , and once in the chitons , which have aragonite lenses . No extant aquatic organisms possess homogeneous lenses ; presumably the evolutionary pressure for a heterogeneous lens is great enough for this stage to be quickly `` outgrown '' .",
"This eye creates an image that is sharp enough that motion of the eye can cause significant blurring . To minimise the effect of eye motion while the animal moves , most such eyes have stabilising eye muscles .",
"The ocelli of insects bear a simple lens , but their focal point always lies behind the retina ; consequently they can never form a sharp image . Ocelli ( pit - type eyes of arthropods ) blur the image across the whole retina , and are consequently excellent at responding to rapid changes in light intensity across the whole visual field ; this fast response is further accelerated by the large nerve bundles which rush the information to the brain . Focusing the image would also cause the sun 's image to be focused on a few receptors , with the possibility of damage under the intense light ; shielding the receptors would block out some light and thus reduce their sensitivity . This fast response has led to suggestions that the ocelli of insects are used mainly in flight , because they can be used to detect sudden changes in which way is up ( because light , especially UV light which is absorbed by vegetation , usually comes from above ) .",
"Some marine organisms bear more than one lens ; for instance the copepod Pontella has three . The outer has a parabolic surface , countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed . Another copepod , Copilia , has two lenses in each eye , arranged like those in a telescope . Such arrangements are rare and poorly understood , but represent an alternative construction . Multiple lenses are seen in some hunters such as eagles and jumping spiders , which have a refractive cornea ( discussed next ) : these have a negative lens , enlarging the observed image by up to 50 % over the receptor cells , thus increasing their optical resolution .",
"In the eyes of most mammals , birds , reptiles , and most other terrestrial vertebrates ( along with spiders and some insect larvae ) the vitreous fluid has a higher refractive index than the air . In general , the lens is not spherical . Spherical lenses produce spherical aberration . In refractive corneas , the lens tissue is corrected with inhomogeneous lens material ( see Luneburg lens ) , or with an aspheric shape . Flattening the lens has a disadvantage ; the quality of vision is diminished away from the main line of focus . Thus , animals that have evolved with a wide field - of - view often have eyes that make use of an inhomogeneous lens .",
"As mentioned above , a refractive cornea is only useful out of water ; in water , there is little difference in refractive index between the vitreous fluid and the surrounding water . Hence creatures that have returned to the water -- penguins and seals , for example -- lose their highly curved cornea and return to lens - based vision . An alternative solution , borne by some divers , is to have a very strongly focusing cornea .",
"An alternative to a lens is to line the inside of the eye with `` mirrors '' , and reflect the image to focus at a central point . The nature of these eyes means that if one were to peer into the pupil of an eye , one would see the same image that the organism would see , reflected back out .",
"Many small organisms such as rotifers , copepods and flatworms use such organs , but these are too small to produce usable images . Some larger organisms , such as scallops , also use reflector eyes . The scallop Pecten has up to 100 millimetre - scale reflector eyes fringing the edge of its shell . It detects moving objects as they pass successive lenses .",
"There is at least one vertebrate , the spookfish , whose eyes include reflective optics for focusing of light . Each of the two eyes of a spookfish collects light from both above and below ; the light coming from above is focused by a lens , while that coming from below , by a curved mirror composed of many layers of small reflective plates made of guanine crystals .",
"A compound eye may consist of thousands of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia ( ommatidium , singular ) . The image perceived is a combination of inputs from the numerous ommatidia ( individual `` eye units '' ) , which are located on a convex surface , thus pointing in slightly different directions . Compared with simple eyes , compound eyes possess a very large view angle , and can detect fast movement and , in some cases , the polarisation of light . Because the individual lenses are so small , the effects of diffraction impose a limit on the possible resolution that can be obtained ( assuming that they do not function as phased arrays ) . This can only be countered by increasing lens size and number . To see with a resolution comparable to our simple eyes , humans would require very large compound eyes , around 11 metres ( 36 ft ) in radius .",
"Compound eyes fall into two groups : apposition eyes , which form multiple inverted images , and superposition eyes , which form a single erect image . Compound eyes are common in arthropods , and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs . Compound eyes , in arthropods at least , grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia .",
"Apposition eyes are the most common form of eyes , and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eyes . They are found in all arthropod groups , although they may have evolved more than once within this phylum . Some annelids and bivalves also have apposition eyes . They are also possessed by Limulus , the horseshoe crab , and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point . ( Some caterpillars appear to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion . )",
"Apposition eyes work by gathering a number of images , one from each eye , and combining them in the brain , with each eye typically contributing a single point of information . The typical apposition eye has a lens focusing light from one direction on the rhabdom , while light from other directions is absorbed by the dark wall of the ommatidium .",
"The second type is named the superposition eye . The superposition eye is divided into three types ; the refracting , the reflecting and the parabolic superposition eye . The refracting superposition eye has a gap between the lens and the rhabdom , and no side wall . Each lens takes light at an angle to its axis and reflects it to the same angle on the other side . The result is an image at half the radius of the eye , which is where the tips of the rhabdoms are . This type of compound eye , for which a minimal size exists below which effective superposition can not occur , is normally found in nocturnal insects , because it can create images up to 1000 times brighter than equivalent apposition eyes , though at the cost of reduced resolution . In the parabolic superposition compound eye type , seen in arthropods such as mayflies , the parabolic surfaces of the inside of each facet focus light from a reflector to a sensor array . Long - bodied decapod crustaceans such as shrimp , prawns , crayfish and lobsters are alone in having reflecting superposition eyes , which also have a transparent gap but use corner mirrors instead of lenses .",
"This eye type functions by refracting light , then using a parabolic mirror to focus the image ; it combines features of superposition and apposition eyes .",
"Another kind of compound eye , found in males of Order Strepsiptera , employs a series of simple eyes -- eyes having one opening that provides light for an entire image - forming retina . Several of these eyelets together form the strepsipteran compound eye , which is similar to the ' schizochroal ' compound eyes of some trilobites . Because each eyelet is a simple eye , it produces an inverted image ; those images are combined in the brain to form one unified image . Because the aperture of an eyelet is larger than the facets of a compound eye , this arrangement allows vision under low light levels .",
"Good fliers such as flies or honey bees , or prey - catching insects such as praying mantis or dragonflies , have specialised zones of ommatidia organised into a fovea area which gives acute vision . In the acute zone , the eyes are flattened and the facets larger . The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution . The black spot that can be seen on the compound eyes of such insects , which always seems to look directly at the observer , is called a pseudopupil . This occurs because the ommatidia which one observes `` head - on '' ( along their optical axes ) absorb the incident light , while those to one side reflect it .",
"There are some exceptions from the types mentioned above . Some insects have a so - called single lens compound eye , a transitional type which is something between a superposition type of the multi-lens compound eye and the single lens eye found in animals with simple eyes . Then there is the mysid shrimp Dioptromysis paucispinosa . The shrimp has an eye of the refracting superposition type , in the rear behind this in each eye there is a single large facet that is three times in diameter the others in the eye and behind this is an enlarged crystalline cone . This projects an upright image on a specialised retina . The resulting eye is a mixture of a simple eye within a compound eye .",
"Another version is a compound eye often referred to as `` pseudofaceted '' , as seen in Scutigera . This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ommatidia on each side of the head , organised in a way that resembles a true compound eye .",
"The body of Ophiocoma wendtii , a type of brittle star , is covered with ommatidia , turning its whole skin into a compound eye . The same is true of many chitons . The tube feet of sea urchins contain photoreceptor proteins , which together act as a compound eye ; they lack screening pigments , but can detect the directionality of light by the shadow cast by its opaque body .",
"The ciliary body is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer , the ciliary epithelium . The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body , and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina . The outer layer is highly pigmented , continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium , and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle .",
"The vitreous is the transparent , colourless , gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye . It is produced by certain retinal cells . It is of rather similar composition to the cornea , but contains very few cells ( mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field , as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous , which reprocess the hyaluronic acid ) , no blood vessels , and 98 -- 99 % of its volume is water ( as opposed to 75 % in the cornea ) with salts , sugars , vitrosin ( a type of collagen ) , a network of collagen type II fibres with the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid , and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts . Amazingly , with so little solid matter , it tautly holds the eye .",
"Photoreception is phylogenetically very old , with various theories of phylogenesis . The common origin ( monophyly ) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact . This is based upon the shared genetic features of all eyes ; that is , all modern eyes , varied as they are , have their origins in a proto - eye believed to have evolved some 540 million years ago , and the PAX6 gene is considered a key factor in this . The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop , since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an `` arms race '' among all species that did not flee the photopic environment . Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce . Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel ( except those of groups , such as the vertebrates , that were only forced into the photopic environment at a late stage ) .",
"Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements . For example , the eye of a bird of prey has much greater visual acuity than a human eye , and in some cases can detect ultraviolet radiation . The different forms of eye in , for example , vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution , despite their distant common ancestry . Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging cephalopod eye , but this is not the case , as the reversed roles of their respective ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes and different lens crystallins show .",
"The very earliest `` eyes '' , called eyespots , were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals . In multicellular beings , multicellular eyespots evolved , physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell . These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness : they could distinguish light and dark , but not the direction of the light source .",
"Through gradual change , the eyespots of species living in well - lit environments depressed into a shallow `` cup '' shape , the ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source . The pit deepened over time , the opening diminished in size , and the number of photoreceptor cells increased , forming an effective pinhole camera that was capable of dimly distinguishing shapes . However , the ancestors of modern hagfish , thought to be the protovertebrate were evidently pushed to very deep , dark waters , where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators , and where it is advantageous to have a convex eye - spot , which gathers more light than a flat or concave one . This would have led to a somewhat different evolutionary trajectory for the vertebrate eye than for other animal eyes .",
"The thin overgrowth of transparent cells over the eye 's aperture , originally formed to prevent damage to the eyespot , allowed the segregated contents of the eye chamber to specialise into a transparent humour that optimised colour filtering , blocked harmful radiation , improved the eye 's refractive index , and allowed functionality outside of water . The transparent protective cells eventually split into two layers , with circulatory fluid in between that allowed wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution , and the thickness of the transparent layer gradually increased , in most species with the transparent crystallin protein .",
"The gap between tissue layers naturally formed a bioconvex shape , an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index . Independently , a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens : the cornea and iris . Separation of the forward layer again formed a humour , the aqueous humour . This increased refractive power and again eased circulatory problems . Formation of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels , more circulation , and larger eye sizes .",
"Eyes are generally adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them . For instance , the distribution of photoreceptors tends to match the area in which the highest acuity is required , with horizon - scanning organisms , such as those that live on the African plains , having a horizontal line of high - density ganglia , while tree - dwelling creatures which require good all - round vision tend to have a symmetrical distribution of ganglia , with acuity decreasing outwards from the centre .",
"Of course , for most eye types , it is impossible to diverge from a spherical form , so only the density of optical receptors can be altered . In organisms with compound eyes , it is the number of ommatidia rather than ganglia that reflects the region of highest data acquisition . Optical superposition eyes are constrained to a spherical shape , but other forms of compound eyes may deform to a shape where more ommatidia are aligned to , say , the horizon , without altering the size or density of individual ommatidia . Eyes of horizon - scanning organisms have stalks so they can be easily aligned to the horizon when this is inclined , for example if the animal is on a slope .",
"An extension of this concept is that the eyes of predators typically have a zone of very acute vision at their centre , to assist in the identification of prey . In deep water organisms , it may not be the centre of the eye that is enlarged . The hyperiid amphipods are deep water animals that feed on organisms above them . Their eyes are almost divided into two , with the upper region thought to be involved in detecting the silhouettes of potential prey -- or predators -- against the faint light of the sky above . Accordingly , deeper water hyperiids , where the light against which the silhouettes must be compared is dimmer , have larger `` upper - eyes '' , and may lose the lower portion of their eyes altogether . In the giant Antarctic isopod Glyptonotus a small ventral compound eye is physically completely separated from the much larger dorsal compound eye . Depth perception can be enhanced by having eyes which are enlarged in one direction ; distorting the eye slightly allows the distance to the object to be estimated with a high degree of accuracy .",
"Acuity is higher among male organisms that mate in mid-air , as they need to be able to spot and assess potential mates against a very large backdrop . On the other hand , the eyes of organisms which operate in low light levels , such as around dawn and dusk or in deep water , tend to be larger to increase the amount of light that can be captured .",
"It is not only the shape of the eye that may be affected by lifestyle . Eyes can be the most visible parts of organisms , and this can act as a pressure on organisms to have more transparent eyes at the cost of function .",
"Eyes may be mounted on stalks to provide better all - round vision , by lifting them above an organism 's carapace ; this also allows them to track predators or prey without moving the head .",
"Visual acuity , or resolving power , is `` the ability to distinguish fine detail '' and is the property of cone cells . It is often measured in cycles per degree ( CPD ) , which measures an angular resolution , or how much an eye can differentiate one object from another in terms of visual angles . Resolution in CPD can be measured by bar charts of different numbers of white / black stripe cycles . For example , if each pattern is 1.75 cm wide and is placed at 1 m distance from the eye , it will subtend an angle of 1 degree , so the number of white / black bar pairs on the pattern will be a measure of the cycles per degree of that pattern . The highest such number that the eye can resolve as stripes , or distinguish from a grey block , is then the measurement of visual acuity of the eye .",
"For a human eye with excellent acuity , the maximum theoretical resolution is 50 CPD ( 1.2 arcminute per line pair , or a 0.35 mm line pair , at 1 m ) . A rat can resolve only about 1 to 2 CPD . A horse has higher acuity through most of the visual field of its eyes than a human has , but does not match the high acuity of the human eye 's central fovea region .",
"Spherical aberration limits the resolution of a 7 mm pupil to about 3 arcminutes per line pair . At a pupil diameter of 3 mm , the spherical aberration is greatly reduced , resulting in an improved resolution of approximately 1.7 arcminutes per line pair . A resolution of 2 arcminutes per line pair , equivalent to a 1 arcminute gap in an optotype , corresponds to 20 / 20 ( normal vision ) in humans .",
"However , in the compound eye , the resolution is related to the size of individual ommatidia and the distance between neighbouring ommatidia . Physically these can not be reduced in size to achieve the acuity seen with single lensed eyes as in mammals . Compound eyes have a much lower acuity than vertebrate eyes .",
"`` Colour vision is the faculty of the organism to distinguish lights of different spectral qualities . '' All organisms are restricted to a small range of electromagnetic spectrum ; this varies from creature to creature , but is mainly between wavelengths of 400 and 700 nm . This is a rather small section of the electromagnetic spectrum , probably reflecting the submarine evolution of the organ : water blocks out all but two small windows of the EM spectrum , and there has been no evolutionary pressure among land animals to broaden this range .",
"The most sensitive pigment , rhodopsin , has a peak response at 500 nm . Small changes to the genes coding for this protein can tweak the peak response by a few nm ; pigments in the lens can also filter incoming light , changing the peak response . Many organisms are unable to discriminate between colours , seeing instead in shades of grey ; colour vision necessitates a range of pigment cells which are primarily sensitive to smaller ranges of the spectrum . In primates , geckos , and other organisms , these take the form of cone cells , from which the more sensitive rod cells evolved . Even if organisms are physically capable of discriminating different colours , this does not necessarily mean that they can perceive the different colours ; only with behavioural tests can this be deduced .",
"Most organisms with colour vision are able to detect ultraviolet light . This high energy light can be damaging to receptor cells . With a few exceptions ( snakes , placental mammals ) , most organisms avoid these effects by having absorbent oil droplets around their cone cells . The alternative , developed by organisms that had lost these oil droplets in the course of evolution , is to make the lens impervious to UV light -- this precludes the possibility of any UV light being detected , as it does not even reach the retina .",
"The retina contains two major types of light - sensitive photoreceptor cells used for vision : the rods and the cones .",
"Rods can not distinguish colours , but are responsible for low - light ( scotopic ) monochrome ( black - and - white ) vision ; they work well in dim light as they contain a pigment , rhodopsin ( visual purple ) , which is sensitive at low light intensity , but saturates at higher ( photopic ) intensities . Rods are distributed throughout the retina but there are none at the fovea and none at the blind spot . Rod density is greater in the peripheral retina than in the central retina .",
"Cones are responsible for colour vision . They require brighter light to function than rods require . In humans , there are three types of cones , maximally sensitive to long - wavelength , medium - wavelength , and short - wavelength light ( often referred to as red , green , and blue , respectively , though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours ) . The colour seen is the combined effect of stimuli to , and responses from , these three types of cone cells . Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea . Only a few are present at the sides of the retina . Objects are seen most sharply in focus when their images fall on the fovea , as when one looks at an object directly . Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the optic nerve . When rods and cones are stimulated by light , they connect through adjoining cells within the retina to send an electrical signal to the optic nerve fibres . The optic nerves send off impulses through these fibres to the brain .",
"The pigment molecules used in the eye are various , but can be used to define the evolutionary distance between different groups , and can also be an aid in determining which are closely related -- although problems of convergence do exist .",
"Opsins are the pigments involved in photoreception . Other pigments , such as melanin , are used to shield the photoreceptor cells from light leaking in from the sides . The opsin protein group evolved long before the last common ancestor of animals , and has continued to diversify since .",
"There are two types of opsin involved in vision ; c - opsins , which are associated with ciliary - type photoreceptor cells , and r - opsins , associated with rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells . The eyes of vertebrates usually contain cilliary cells with c - opsins , and ( bilaterian ) invertebrates have rhabdomeric cells in the eye with r - opsins . However , some ganglion cells of vertebrates express r - opsins , suggesting that their ancestors used this pigment in vision , and that remnants survive in the eyes . Likewise , c - opsins have been found to be expressed in the brain of some invertebrates . They may have been expressed in ciliary cells of larval eyes , which were subsequently resorbed into the brain on metamorphosis to the adult form . C - opsins are also found in some derived bilaterian - invertebrate eyes , such as the pallial eyes of the bivalve molluscs ; however , the lateral eyes ( which were presumably the ancestral type for this group , if eyes evolved once there ) always use r - opsins . Cnidaria , which are an outgroup to the taxa mentioned above , express c - opsins -- but r - opsins are yet to be found in this group . Incidentally , the melanin produced in the cnidaria is produced in the same fashion as that in vertebrates , suggesting the common descent of this pigment .",
"The structures of the eye labelled Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled",
"The structures of the eye labelled",
"The structures of the eye labelled",
"Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled",
"Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled"
] | Eye - wikipedia Eye Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the organ. For the human eye, see Human eye . For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation) . `` Eyeball'' , `` Eyes'' , and `` Ocular'' redirect here. For other uses, see Eyeball (disambiguation) , Eyes (disambiguation) , and Ocular (disambiguation) . Eye Human eye Compound eye of Antarctic krill Details System Nervous Identifiers Latin oculus MeSH D005123 TA A15.2.00.001 A01.1.00.007 FMA 54448 75665, 54448 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Eyes are organs of the visual system . They provide organisms with vision , the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons . In higher organisms, the eye is a complex optical system which collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a diaphragm , focuses it through an adjustable assembly of lenses to form an image, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the brain through complex neural pathways that connect the eye via the optic nerve to the visual cortex and other areas of the brain. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs , chordates and arthropods . The simplest `` eyes'' , such as those in microorganisms , do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark , which is sufficient for the entrainment of circadian rhythms . From more complex eyes, retinal photosensitive ganglion cells send signals along the retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nuclei to effect circadian adjustment and to the pretectal area to control the pupillary light reflex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Types 2.1 Non-compound eyes 2.1.1 Pit eyes 2.1.2 Spherical lensed eye 2.1.3 Multiple lenses 2.1.4 Refractive cornea 2.1.5 Reflector eyes 2.2 Compound eyes 2.2.1 Apposition eyes 2.2.2 Superposition eyes 2.2.3 Parabolic superposition 2.2.4 Other 2.2.5 Nutrients 3 Evolution 3.1 Relationship to life requirements 4 Physiology 4.1 Visual acuity 4.2 Colour perception 4.3 Rods and cones 5 Pigmentation 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 Notes 8.1 References 8.2 Bibliography 8.3 Additional reading 9 External links Overview Eye of European bison Human eye Complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colours . The visual fields of many organisms, especially predators, involve large areas of binocular vision to improve depth perception . In other organisms, eyes are located so as to maximise the field of view, such as in rabbits and horses , which have monocular vision . The first proto-eyes evolved among animals 600 million years ago about the time of the Cambrian explosion . The last common ancestor of animals possessed the biochemical toolkit necessary for vision, and more advanced eyes have evolved in 96% of animal species in six of the ~35 main phyla . In most vertebrates and some molluscs , the eye works by allowing light to enter and project onto a light-sensitive panel of cells , known as the retina , at the rear of the eye. The cone cells (for colour) and the rod cells (for low-light contrasts) in the retina detect and convert light into neural signals for vision. The visual signals are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve . Such eyes are typically roughly spherical, filled with a transparent gel-like substance called the vitreous humour , with a focusing lens and often an iris ; the relaxing or tightening of the muscles around the iris change the size of the pupil , thereby regulating the amount of light that enters the eye, and reducing aberrations when there is enough light. The eyes of most cephalopods , fish , amphibians and snakes have fixed lens shapes, and focusing vision is achieved by telescoping the lens-- similar to how a camera focuses. Compound eyes are found among the arthropods and are composed of many simple facets which, depending on the details of anatomy, may give either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. Each sensor has its own lens and photosensitive cell(s). Some eyes have up to 28,000 such sensors, which are arranged hexagonally, and which can give a full 360° field of vision. Compound eyes are very sensitive to motion. Some arthropods, including many Strepsiptera , have compound eyes of only a few facets, each with a retina capable of creating an image, creating vision. With each eye viewing a different thing, a fused image from all the eyes is produced in the brain, providing very different, high-resolution images. Possessing detailed hyperspectral colour vision, the Mantis shrimp has been reported to have the world's most complex colour vision system. Trilobites , which are now extinct, had unique compound eyes. They used clear calcite crystals to form the lenses of their eyes. In this, they differ from most other arthropods, which have soft eyes. The number of lenses in such an eye varied, however: some trilobites had only one, and some had thousands of lenses in one eye. In contrast to compound eyes, simple eyes are those that have a single lens. For example, jumping spiders have a large pair of simple eyes with a narrow field of view , supported by an array of other, smaller eyes for peripheral vision . Some insect larvae , like caterpillars , have a different type of simple eye ( stemmata ) which usually provides only a rough image, but (as in sawfly larvae ) can possess resolving powers of 4 degrees of arc, be polarization sensitive and capable of increasing its absolute sensitivity at night by a factor of 1,000 or more. Some of the simplest eyes, called ocelli , can be found in animals like some of the snails , which cannot actually `` see'' in the normal sense. They do have photosensitive cells, but no lens and no other means of projecting an image onto these cells. They can distinguish between light and dark, but no more. This enables snails to keep out of direct sunlight . In organisms dwelling near deep-sea vents , compound eyes have been secondarily simplified and adapted to spot the infra-red light produced by the hot vents-- in this way the bearers can spot hot springs and avoid being boiled alive. Types There are ten different eye layouts-- indeed every technological method of capturing an optical image commonly used by human beings, with the exceptions of zoom and Fresnel lenses , occur in nature. Eye types can be categorised into `` simple eyes'' , with one concave photoreceptive surface, and `` compound eyes'' , which comprise a number of individual lenses laid out on a convex surface. Note that `` simple'' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Indeed, any eye type can be adapted for almost any behaviour or environment. The only limitations specific to eye types are that of resolution-- the physics of compound eyes prevents them from achieving a resolution better than 1° . Also, superposition eyes can achieve greater sensitivity than apposition eyes , so are better suited to dark-dwelling creatures. Eyes also fall into two groups on the basis of their photoreceptor's cellular construction, with the photoreceptor cells either being cilliated (as in the vertebrates) or rhabdomeric . These two groups are not monophyletic; the cnidaria also possess cilliated cells, and some gastropods , as well as some annelids possess both. Non-compound eyes Simple eyes are rather ubiquitous, and lens-bearing eyes have evolved at least seven times in vertebrates , cephalopods , annelids , crustaceans and cubozoa . Pit eyes Pit eyes, also known as stemma , are eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light. Found in about 85% of phyla, these basic forms were probably the precursors to more advanced types of `` simple eye'' . They are small, comprising up to about 100 cells covering about 100 μm . The directionality can be improved by reducing the size of the aperture, by incorporating a reflective layer behind the receptor cells, or by filling the pit with a refractile material. Pit vipers have developed pits that function as eyes by sensing thermal infra-red radiation, in addition to their optical wavelength eyes like those of other vertebrates. Spherical lensed eye The resolution of pit eyes can be greatly improved by incorporating a material with a higher refractive index to form a lens, which may greatly reduce the blur radius encountered-- hence increasing the resolution obtainable. The most basic form, seen in some gastropods and annelids, consists of a lens of one refractive index. A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index, decreasing to the edges; this decreases the focal length and thus allows a sharp image to form on the retina. This also allows a larger aperture for a given sharpness of image, allowing more light to enter the lens; and a flatter lens, reducing spherical aberration . Such an inhomogeneous lens is necessary in order for the focal length to drop from about 4 times the lens radius, to 2.5 radii. Heterogeneous eyes have evolved at least nine times: four or more times in gastropods , once in the copepods , once in the annelids , once in the cephalopods , and once in the chitons , which have aragonite lenses. No extant aquatic organisms possess homogeneous lenses; presumably the evolutionary pressure for a heterogeneous lens is great enough for this stage to be quickly `` outgrown'' . This eye creates an image that is sharp enough that motion of the eye can cause significant blurring. To minimise the effect of eye motion while the animal moves, most such eyes have stabilising eye muscles. The ocelli of insects bear a simple lens, but their focal point always lies behind the retina; consequently they can never form a sharp image. Ocelli (pit-type eyes of arthropods) blur the image across the whole retina, and are consequently excellent at responding to rapid changes in light intensity across the whole visual field; this fast response is further accelerated by the large nerve bundles which rush the information to the brain. Focusing the image would also cause the sun's image to be focused on a few receptors, with the possibility of damage under the intense light; shielding the receptors would block out some light and thus reduce their sensitivity. This fast response has led to suggestions that the ocelli of insects are used mainly in flight, because they can be used to detect sudden changes in which way is up (because light, especially UV light which is absorbed by vegetation, usually comes from above). Multiple lenses Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copepod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Another copepod, Copilia , has two lenses in each eye, arranged like those in a telescope. Such arrangements are rare and poorly understood, but represent an alternative construction. Multiple lenses are seen in some hunters such as eagles and jumping spiders, which have a refractive cornea (discussed next): these have a negative lens, enlarging the observed image by up to 50% over the receptor cells, thus increasing their optical resolution. Refractive cornea In the eyes of most mammals , birds , reptiles, and most other terrestrial vertebrates (along with spiders and some insect larvae) the vitreous fluid has a higher refractive index than the air. In general, the lens is not spherical. Spherical lenses produce spherical aberration. In refractive corneas, the lens tissue is corrected with inhomogeneous lens material (see Luneburg lens ), or with an aspheric shape. Flattening the lens has a disadvantage; the quality of vision is diminished away from the main line of focus. Thus, animals that have evolved with a wide field-of-view often have eyes that make use of an inhomogeneous lens. As mentioned above, a refractive cornea is only useful out of water; in water, there is little difference in refractive index between the vitreous fluid and the surrounding water. Hence creatures that have returned to the water -- penguins and seals, for example -- lose their highly curved cornea and return to lens-based vision. An alternative solution, borne by some divers, is to have a very strongly focusing cornea. Reflector eyes An alternative to a lens is to line the inside of the eye with `` mirrors'' , and reflect the image to focus at a central point. The nature of these eyes means that if one were to peer into the pupil of an eye, one would see the same image that the organism would see, reflected back out. Many small organisms such as rotifers , copepods and flatworms use such organs, but these are too small to produce usable images. Some larger organisms, such as scallops , also use reflector eyes. The scallop Pecten has up to 100 millimetre-scale reflector eyes fringing the edge of its shell. It detects moving objects as they pass successive lenses. There is at least one vertebrate, the spookfish , whose eyes include reflective optics for focusing of light. Each of the two eyes of a spookfish collects light from both above and below; the light coming from above is focused by a lens, while that coming from below, by a curved mirror composed of many layers of small reflective plates made of guanine crystals . Compound eyes An image of a house fly compound eye surface by using scanning electron microscope Anatomy of the compound eye of an insect Arthropods such as this Calliphora vomitoria fly have compound eyes Further information: arthropod eye A compound eye may consist of thousands of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia ( ommatidium , singular). The image perceived is a combination of inputs from the numerous ommatidia (individual `` eye units'' ), which are located on a convex surface, thus pointing in slightly different directions. Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a very large view angle, and can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarisation of light. Because the individual lenses are so small, the effects of diffraction impose a limit on the possible resolution that can be obtained (assuming that they do not function as phased arrays ). This can only be countered by increasing lens size and number. To see with a resolution comparable to our simple eyes, humans would require very large compound eyes, around 11 metres (36 ft) in radius. Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs. Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia. Apposition eyes Apposition eyes are the most common form of eyes, and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eyes. They are found in all arthropod groups, although they may have evolved more than once within this phylum. Some annelids and bivalves also have apposition eyes. They are also possessed by Limulus , the horseshoe crab, and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point. (Some caterpillars appear to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion.) Apposition eyes work by gathering a number of images, one from each eye, and combining them in the brain, with each eye typically contributing a single point of information. The typical apposition eye has a lens focusing light from one direction on the rhabdom, while light from other directions is absorbed by the dark wall of the ommatidium . Superposition eyes The second type is named the superposition eye. The superposition eye is divided into three types; the refracting, the reflecting and the parabolic superposition eye. The refracting superposition eye has a gap between the lens and the rhabdom, and no side wall. Each lens takes light at an angle to its axis and reflects it to the same angle on the other side. The result is an image at half the radius of the eye, which is where the tips of the rhabdoms are. This type of compound eye, for which a minimal size exists below which effective superposition cannot occur, is normally found in nocturnal insects, because it can create images up to 1000 times brighter than equivalent apposition eyes, though at the cost of reduced resolution. In the parabolic superposition compound eye type, seen in arthropods such as mayflies , the parabolic surfaces of the inside of each facet focus light from a reflector to a sensor array. Long-bodied decapod crustaceans such as shrimp , prawns , crayfish and lobsters are alone in having reflecting superposition eyes, which also have a transparent gap but use corner mirrors instead of lenses. Parabolic superposition This eye type functions by refracting light, then using a parabolic mirror to focus the image; it combines features of superposition and apposition eyes. Other Another kind of compound eye, found in males of Order Strepsiptera , employs a series of simple eyes-- eyes having one opening that provides light for an entire image-forming retina. Several of these eyelets together form the strepsipteran compound eye, which is similar to the ' schizochroal' compound eyes of some trilobites . Because each eyelet is a simple eye, it produces an inverted image; those images are combined in the brain to form one unified image. Because the aperture of an eyelet is larger than the facets of a compound eye, this arrangement allows vision under low light levels. Good fliers such as flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects such as praying mantis or dragonflies , have specialised zones of ommatidia organised into a fovea area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone, the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution. The black spot that can be seen on the compound eyes of such insects, which always seems to look directly at the observer, is called a pseudopupil . This occurs because the ommatidia which one observes `` head-on'' (along their optical axes ) absorb the incident light , while those to one side reflect it. There are some exceptions from the types mentioned above. Some insects have a so-called single lens compound eye, a transitional type which is something between a superposition type of the multi-lens compound eye and the single lens eye found in animals with simple eyes. Then there is the mysid shrimp Dioptromysis paucispinosa . The shrimp has an eye of the refracting superposition type, in the rear behind this in each eye there is a single large facet that is three times in diameter the others in the eye and behind this is an enlarged crystalline cone. This projects an upright image on a specialised retina. The resulting eye is a mixture of a simple eye within a compound eye. Another version is a compound eye often referred to as `` pseudofaceted'' , as seen in Scutigera . This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ommatidia on each side of the head, organised in a way that resembles a true compound eye. The body of Ophiocoma wendtii , a type of brittle star , is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons . The tube feet of sea urchins contain photoreceptor proteins, which together act as a compound eye; they lack screening pigments, but can detect the directionality of light by the shadow cast by its opaque body. Nutrients The ciliary body is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer, the ciliary epithelium. The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina. The outer layer is highly pigmented, continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye. It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98-- 99% of its volume is water (as opposed to 75% in the cornea) with salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibres with the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts. Amazingly, with so little solid matter, it tautly holds the eye. Evolution Main article: Evolution of the eye Evolution of the mollusc eye Photoreception is phylogenetically very old, with various theories of phylogenesis. The common origin ( monophyly ) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact. This is based upon the shared genetic features of all eyes; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some 540 million years ago, and the PAX6 gene is considered a key factor in this. The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an `` arms race'' among all species that did not flee the photopic environment. Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel (except those of groups, such as the vertebrates, that were only forced into the photopic environment at a late stage). Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements. For example, the eye of a bird of prey has much greater visual acuity than a human eye , and in some cases can detect ultraviolet radiation. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution , despite their distant common ancestry. Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging cephalopod eye , but this is not the case, as the reversed roles of their respective ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes and different lens crystallins show. The very earliest `` eyes'' , called eyespots, were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals. In multicellular beings, multicellular eyespots evolved, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness: they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the light source. Through gradual change, the eyespots of species living in well-lit environments depressed into a shallow `` cup'' shape, the ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source. The pit deepened over time, the opening diminished in size, and the number of photoreceptor cells increased, forming an effective pinhole camera that was capable of dimly distinguishing shapes. However, the ancestors of modern hagfish , thought to be the protovertebrate were evidently pushed to very deep, dark waters, where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators, and where it is advantageous to have a convex eye-spot, which gathers more light than a flat or concave one. This would have led to a somewhat different evolutionary trajectory for the vertebrate eye than for other animal eyes. The thin overgrowth of transparent cells over the eye's aperture, originally formed to prevent damage to the eyespot, allowed the segregated contents of the eye chamber to specialise into a transparent humour that optimised colour filtering, blocked harmful radiation, improved the eye's refractive index , and allowed functionality outside of water. The transparent protective cells eventually split into two layers, with circulatory fluid in between that allowed wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution, and the thickness of the transparent layer gradually increased, in most species with the transparent crystallin protein. The gap between tissue layers naturally formed a bioconvex shape, an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index. Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens: the cornea and iris . Separation of the forward layer again formed a humour, the aqueous humour . This increased refractive power and again eased circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes. Relationship to life requirements Eyes are generally adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them. For instance, the distribution of photoreceptors tends to match the area in which the highest acuity is required, with horizon-scanning organisms, such as those that live on the African plains, having a horizontal line of high-density ganglia, while tree-dwelling creatures which require good all-round vision tend to have a symmetrical distribution of ganglia, with acuity decreasing outwards from the centre. Of course, for most eye types, it is impossible to diverge from a spherical form, so only the density of optical receptors can be altered. In organisms with compound eyes, it is the number of ommatidia rather than ganglia that reflects the region of highest data acquisition. Optical superposition eyes are constrained to a spherical shape, but other forms of compound eyes may deform to a shape where more ommatidia are aligned to, say, the horizon, without altering the size or density of individual ommatidia. Eyes of horizon-scanning organisms have stalks so they can be easily aligned to the horizon when this is inclined, for example if the animal is on a slope. An extension of this concept is that the eyes of predators typically have a zone of very acute vision at their centre, to assist in the identification of prey. In deep water organisms, it may not be the centre of the eye that is enlarged. The hyperiid amphipods are deep water animals that feed on organisms above them. Their eyes are almost divided into two, with the upper region thought to be involved in detecting the silhouettes of potential prey-- or predators-- against the faint light of the sky above. Accordingly, deeper water hyperiids, where the light against which the silhouettes must be compared is dimmer, have larger `` upper-eyes'' , and may lose the lower portion of their eyes altogether. In the giant Antarctic isopod Glyptonotus a small ventral compound eye is physically completely separated from the much larger dorsal compound eye. Depth perception can be enhanced by having eyes which are enlarged in one direction; distorting the eye slightly allows the distance to the object to be estimated with a high degree of accuracy. Acuity is higher among male organisms that mate in mid-air, as they need to be able to spot and assess potential mates against a very large backdrop. On the other hand, the eyes of organisms which operate in low light levels, such as around dawn and dusk or in deep water, tend to be larger to increase the amount of light that can be captured. It is not only the shape of the eye that may be affected by lifestyle. Eyes can be the most visible parts of organisms, and this can act as a pressure on organisms to have more transparent eyes at the cost of function. Eyes may be mounted on stalks to provide better all-round vision, by lifting them above an organism's carapace; this also allows them to track predators or prey without moving the head. Physiology Visual acuity The eye of a red-tailed hawk Visual acuity , or resolving power, is `` the ability to distinguish fine detail'' and is the property of cone cells . It is often measured in cycles per degree (CPD), which measures an angular resolution , or how much an eye can differentiate one object from another in terms of visual angles. Resolution in CPD can be measured by bar charts of different numbers of white/black stripe cycles. For example, if each pattern is 1.75 cm wide and is placed at 1 m distance from the eye, it will subtend an angle of 1 degree, so the number of white/black bar pairs on the pattern will be a measure of the cycles per degree of that pattern. The highest such number that the eye can resolve as stripes, or distinguish from a grey block, is then the measurement of visual acuity of the eye. For a human eye with excellent acuity, the maximum theoretical resolution is 50 CPD (1.2 arcminute per line pair, or a 0.35 mm line pair, at 1 m). A rat can resolve only about 1 to 2 CPD. A horse has higher acuity through most of the visual field of its eyes than a human has, but does not match the high acuity of the human eye's central fovea region. Spherical aberration limits the resolution of a 7 mm pupil to about 3 arcminutes per line pair. At a pupil diameter of 3 mm, the spherical aberration is greatly reduced, resulting in an improved resolution of approximately 1.7 arcminutes per line pair. A resolution of 2 arcminutes per line pair, equivalent to a 1 arcminute gap in an optotype , corresponds to 20/20 ( normal vision ) in humans. However, in the compound eye, the resolution is related to the size of individual ommatidia and the distance between neighbouring ommatidia. Physically these cannot be reduced in size to achieve the acuity seen with single lensed eyes as in mammals. Compound eyes have a much lower acuity than vertebrate eyes. Colour perception Main article: Colour vision `` Colour vision is the faculty of the organism to distinguish lights of different spectral qualities.'' All organisms are restricted to a small range of electromagnetic spectrum; this varies from creature to creature, but is mainly between wavelengths of 400 and 700 nm. This is a rather small section of the electromagnetic spectrum, probably reflecting the submarine evolution of the organ: water blocks out all but two small windows of the EM spectrum, and there has been no evolutionary pressure among land animals to broaden this range. The most sensitive pigment, rhodopsin , has a peak response at 500 nm. Small changes to the genes coding for this protein can tweak the peak response by a few nm; pigments in the lens can also filter incoming light, changing the peak response. Many organisms are unable to discriminate between colours, seeing instead in shades of grey; colour vision necessitates a range of pigment cells which are primarily sensitive to smaller ranges of the spectrum. In primates, geckos, and other organisms, these take the form of cone cells , from which the more sensitive rod cells evolved. Even if organisms are physically capable of discriminating different colours, this does not necessarily mean that they can perceive the different colours; only with behavioural tests can this be deduced. Most organisms with colour vision are able to detect ultraviolet light. This high energy light can be damaging to receptor cells. With a few exceptions (snakes, placental mammals), most organisms avoid these effects by having absorbent oil droplets around their cone cells. The alternative, developed by organisms that had lost these oil droplets in the course of evolution, is to make the lens impervious to UV light -- this precludes the possibility of any UV light being detected, as it does not even reach the retina. Rods and cones The retina contains two major types of light-sensitive photoreceptor cells used for vision: the rods and the cones . Rods cannot distinguish colours, but are responsible for low-light ( scotopic ) monochrome ( black-and-white ) vision; they work well in dim light as they contain a pigment, rhodopsin (visual purple), which is sensitive at low light intensity, but saturates at higher ( photopic ) intensities. Rods are distributed throughout the retina but there are none at the fovea and none at the blind spot . Rod density is greater in the peripheral retina than in the central retina. Cones are responsible for colour vision . They require brighter light to function than rods require. In humans, there are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long-wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength light (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours). The colour seen is the combined effect of stimuli to, and responses from, these three types of cone cells. Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea. Only a few are present at the sides of the retina. Objects are seen most sharply in focus when their images fall on the fovea, as when one looks at an object directly. Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the optic nerve . When rods and cones are stimulated by light, they connect through adjoining cells within the retina to send an electrical signal to the optic nerve fibres. The optic nerves send off impulses through these fibres to the brain. Pigmentation The pigment molecules used in the eye are various, but can be used to define the evolutionary distance between different groups, and can also be an aid in determining which are closely related -- although problems of convergence do exist. Opsins are the pigments involved in photoreception. Other pigments, such as melanin, are used to shield the photoreceptor cells from light leaking in from the sides. The opsin protein group evolved long before the last common ancestor of animals, and has continued to diversify since. There are two types of opsin involved in vision; c-opsins, which are associated with ciliary-type photoreceptor cells, and r-opsins, associated with rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells. The eyes of vertebrates usually contain cilliary cells with c-opsins, and (bilaterian) invertebrates have rhabdomeric cells in the eye with r-opsins. However, some ganglion cells of vertebrates express r-opsins, suggesting that their ancestors used this pigment in vision, and that remnants survive in the eyes. Likewise, c-opsins have been found to be expressed in the brain of some invertebrates. They may have been expressed in ciliary cells of larval eyes, which were subsequently resorbed into the brain on metamorphosis to the adult form. C-opsins are also found in some derived bilaterian-invertebrate eyes, such as the pallial eyes of the bivalve molluscs; however, the lateral eyes (which were presumably the ancestral type for this group, if eyes evolved once there) always use r-opsins. Cnidaria , which are an outgroup to the taxa mentioned above, express c-opsins -- but r-opsins are yet to be found in this group. Incidentally, the melanin produced in the cnidaria is produced in the same fashion as that in vertebrates, suggesting the common descent of this pigment. Additional images The structures of the eye labelled Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled See also Book: Eye Adaptation (eye) (Night vision) Arthropod eye Cephalopod eye Emission theory (vision) Eye colour Eye development Eye disease Eye injury Eye movement Eyelid Human eye Mammalian eye Mollusc eye Nictitating membrane Simple eye in invertebrates Tapetum lucidum Tears Notes Jump up ^ There is no universal consensus on the precise total number of phyla Animalia; the stated figure varies slightly from author to author. References ^ Jump up to: Land, M.F. ; Fernald, R.D. (1992). `` The evolution of eyes'' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 15 : 1-- 29. doi : 10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 . PMID 1575438 . ^ Jump up to: Frentiu, Francesca D.; Adriana D. Briscoe (2008). `` A butterfly eye's view of birds'' . BioEssays. 30 (11-- 12): 1151-- 62. doi : 10.1002/bies.20828 . PMID 18937365 . Jump up ^ `` Circadian Rhythms Fact Sheet'' . National Institute of General Medical Sciences . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Breitmeyer, Bruno (2010). Blindspots: The Many Ways We Cannot See . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-539426-9 . Jump up ^ Nairne, James (2005). Psychology . Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-495-03150-X . OCLC 61361417 . Jump up ^ Bruce, Vicki; Green, Patrick R.; Georgeson, Mark A. (1996). Visual Perception: Physiology, Psychology and Ecology . Psychology Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-86377-450-4 . Jump up ^ BioMedia Associates Educational Biology Site: What animal has a more sophisticated eye, Octopus or Insect? Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Who You Callin' `` Shrimp'' ? -- National Wildlife Magazine`` . Nwf.org. 2010-10-01 . Retrieved 2014-04-03 . Jump up ^ Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1974). `` Structure and function of the larval eye of the sawfly larva Perga '' . Journal of Insect Physiology. 20 (8): 1565-- 1591. doi : 10.1016/0022-1910(74)90087-0 . PMID 4854430 . ^ Jump up to: Cronin, T.W. ; Porter, M.L. (2008). `` Exceptional Variation on a Common Theme: the Evolution of Crustacean Compound Eyes'' . Evolution Education and Outreach. 1 (4): 463-- 475. doi : 10.1007/s12052-008-0085-0 . Jump up ^ Kozmik, Z.; Ruzickova, J.; Jonasova, K.; Matsumoto, Y.; Vopalensky, P.; Kozmikova, I.; Strnad, H.; Kawamura, S.; Piatigorsky, J.; et al. (2008). `` Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components'' (Free full text) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 (26): 8989-- 8993. Bibcode : 2008PNAS..105.8989K . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0800388105 . PMC 2449352 . PMID 18577593 . Jump up ^ Zhukov, ZH; Borisseko, SL; Zieger, MV; Vakoliuk, IA; Meyer-Rochow, VB (2006). `` The eye of the freshwater prosobranch gastropod Viviparus viviparus: ultrastructure, electrophysiology and behaviour'' . Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) . 87 : 13-- 24. doi : 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00216.x . Jump up ^ Fernald, Russell D. (2006). `` Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes'' (PDF) . Science . 313 (5795): 1914-- 1918. Bibcode : 2006Sci...313.1914F . doi : 10.1126/science.1127889 . PMID 17008522 . Jump up ^ Nilsson, Dan-E. (1989). `` Vision optics and evolution'' . BioScience. 39 (5): 298-- 307. doi : 10.2307/1311112 . JSTOR 1311112 . Jump up ^ Speiser, D.I. ; Eernisse, D.J. ; Johnsen, S.N. (2011). `` A Chiton Uses Aragonite Lenses to Form Images'' . Current Biology . 21 (8): 665-- 670. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.033 . PMID 21497091 . ^ Jump up to: Wilson, M. (1978). `` The functional organisation of locust ocelli'' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 124 (4): 297-- 316. doi : 10.1007/BF00661380 . Jump up ^ Wagner, H.J.; Douglas, R.H.; Frank, T.M.; Roberts, N.W. & Partridge, J.C. (Jan 27, 2009). `` A Novel Vertebrate Eye Using Both Refractive and Reflective Optics'' . Current Biology . 19 (2): 108-- 114. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.061 . PMID 19110427 . Jump up ^ Völkel , R; Eisner, M; Weible, K. J (June 2003). `` Miniaturized imaging systems'' (PDF) . Microelectronic Engineering . 67-- 68 (1): 461-- 472. doi : 10.1016/S0167-9317(03)00102-3 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-01. Jump up ^ Land, Michael (1997). `` Visual Acuity in Insects'' (PDF) . Annual Review of Entomology. 42 : 147-- 77. doi : 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.147 . PMID 15012311 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2004 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaten, Edward (1998). `` Optics and phylogeny: is there an insight? The evolution of superposition eyes in the Decapoda (Crustacea)'' . Contributions to Zoology. 67 (4): 223-- 236. Jump up ^ Ritchie, Alexander (1985). `` Ainiktozoon loganense Scourfield, a protochordate? from the Silurian of Scotland'' . Alcheringa. 9 (2): 137. doi : 10.1080/03115518508618961 . Jump up ^ Mayer, G. (2006). `` Structure and development of onychophoran eyes: What is the ancestral visual organ in arthropods?'' . Arthropod Structure and Development . 35 (4): 231-- 245. doi : 10.1016/j.asd.2006.06.003 . PMID 18089073 . Jump up ^ Meyer-Rochow, VB; Gal, J (2004). `` Dimensional limits for arthropod eyes with superposition optics'' . Vision Research . 44 : 2213-- 2223. doi : 10.1016/j.visres.2004.04.009 . Jump up ^ Greiner, Birgit (16 December 2005). Adaptations for nocturnal vision in insect apposition eyes (PDF) (PhD). Lund University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Horváth , Gábor ; Clarkson, Euan N.K. (1997). `` Survey of modern counterparts of schizochroal trilobite eyes: Structural and functional similarities and differences'' . Historical Biology . 12 : 229-- 263. doi : 10.1080/08912969709386565 . ^ Jump up to: Jochen Zeil; Maha M. Al-Mutairi (1996). `` Variations in the optical properties of the compound eyes of Uca lactea annulipes '' (PDF) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 199 (7): 1569-- 1577. PMID 9319471 . Jump up ^ Müller , CHG; Rosenberg, J; Richter, S; Meyer-Rochow, VB (2003). `` The compound eye of Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chilopoda; Notostigmophora): an ultrastructural re-investigation that adds support to the Mandibulata concept'' . Zoomorphology. 122 : 191-- 209. doi : 10.1007/s00435-003-0085-0 . Jump up ^ Ullrich-Luter, E.M. ; Dupont, S.; Arboleda, E.; Hausen, H.; Arnone, M.I. (2011). `` Unique system of photoreceptors in sea urchin tube feet'' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 (20): 8367-- 8372. Bibcode : 2011PNAS..108.8367U . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1018495108 . PMC 3100952 . PMID 21536888 . Jump up ^ Ali & Klyne 1985 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Autrum, H (1979). `` Introduction'' . In H. Autrum. Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates- A: Invertebrate Photoreceptors . Handbook of Sensory Physiology. VII/6A. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 4, 8-- 9. ISBN 3-540-08837-7 . Jump up ^ Halder, G.; Callaerts, P.; Gehring, W.J. (1995). `` New perspectives on eye evolution'' . Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5 (5): 602-- 609. doi : 10.1016/0959-437X(95)80029-8 . PMID 8664548 . Jump up ^ Halder, G.; Callaerts, P.; Gehring, W.J. (1995). `` Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila '' . Science . 267 (5205): 1788-- 1792. Bibcode : 1995Sci...267.1788H . doi : 10.1126/science.7892602 . PMID 7892602 . Jump up ^ Tomarev, S.I.; Callaerts, P.; Kos, L.; Zinovieva, R.; Halder, G.; Gehring, W.; Piatigorsky, J. (1997). `` Squid Pax-6 and eye development'' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 94 (6): 2421-- 2426. Bibcode : 1997PNAS...94.2421T . doi : 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2421 . PMC 20103 . PMID 9122210 . Jump up ^ Conway-Morris, S. (1998). The Crucible of Creation . Oxford: Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to: Trevor D. Lamb; Shaun P. Collin; Edward N. Pugh Jr. (2007). `` Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup'' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 8 (12): 960-- 976. doi : 10.1038/nrn2283 . PMC 3143066 . PMID 18026166 . Jump up ^ Staaislav I. Tomarev; Rina D. Zinovieva (1988). `` Squid major lens polypeptides are homologous to glutathione S-transferases subunits'' . Nature . 336 (6194): 86-- 88. Bibcode : 1988Natur.336...86T . doi : 10.1038/336086a0 . PMID 3185725 . Jump up ^ `` Eye-Evolution?'' . Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15 . Retrieved 2012-09-01 . ^ Jump up to: Fernald, Russell D. (2001). The Evolution of Eyes: Where Do Lenses Come From? Archived 2006-03-19 at the Wayback Machine . Karger Gazette 64: `` The Eye in Focus'' . ^ Jump up to: Land, M.F. (1989). `` The eyes of hyperiid amphipods: relations of optical structure to depth'' . Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 164 (6): 751-- 762. doi : 10.1007/BF00616747 . Jump up ^ Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (1982). `` The divided eye of the isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus: effects of unilateral dark adaptation and temperature elevation'' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . B 215: 433-- 450. Jump up ^ Ali & Klyne 1985 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Russ, John C. (2006). The Image Processing Handbook . CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-7254-2 . OCLC 156223054 . The upper limit (finest detail) visible with the human eye is about 50 cycles per degree,... (Fifth Edition, 2007, Page 94) Jump up ^ Klaassen, Curtis D. (2001). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons . McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-134721-6 . OCLC 47965382 . Jump up ^ The Retina Jump up ^ Fischer, Robert E.; Tadic-Galeb, Biljana; Plympton, Rick (2000). Steve Chapman, ed. Optical System Design . McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-134916-2 . OCLC 247851267 . Jump up ^ Barlow, H.B. (1952). `` The size of ommatidia in apposition eyes'' . J Exp Biol. 29 (4): 667-- 674. Jump up ^ Ali & Klyne 1985 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Barlow, Horace Basil; Mollon, J. D (1982). The Senses . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-521-24474-9 . Jump up ^ Fernald, Russell D. (1997). `` The Evolution of Eyes'' (PDF) . Brain, Behaviour and Evolution. 50 (4): 253-- 259. doi : 10.1159/000113339 . PMID 9310200 . ^ Jump up to: Goldsmith, T.H. (1990). `` Optimization, Constraint, and History in the Evolution of Eyes'' . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 65 (3): 281-- 322. doi : 10.1086/416840 . JSTOR 2832368 . PMID 2146698 . ^ Jump up to: Nilsson, E.; Arendt, D. (Dec 2008). `` Eye Evolution: the Blurry Beginning'' . Current Biology . 18 (23): R1096-- R1098. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.025 . PMID 19081043 . Bibliography Ali, Mohamed Ather; Klyne, M.A. (1985). Vision in Vertebrates . New York: Plenum Press . ISBN 0-306-42065-1 . Additional reading Yong, Ed (14 January 2016). `` Inside the Eye: Nature's Most Exquisite Creation'' . National Geographic . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eyes . Evolution of the eye Webvision. The organisation of the retina and visual system. An in-depth treatment of retinal function, open to all but geared most towards graduate students. Eye strips images of all but bare essentials before sending visual information to brain, UC Berkeley research shows ( hide ) Anatomy of the globe of the eye Fibrous tunic (outer) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Dua's layer Descemet's Endothelium Uvea/vascular tunic (middle) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina (inner) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Tapetum lucidum Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception LCCN : sh85046642 GND : 4122841-8 BNF : cb11938400h (data) NDL : 00567549 BNE : XX525876 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye&oldid=835531966 '' Categories : Eye Sensory organs Visual system Hidden categories: Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from October 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân -lâm -gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ /inuktitut Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай -малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La .lojban. 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who plays princess amber in the shannara chronicles | Poppy Gabriella Drayton ( born 7 June 1991 ) is a British actress . She is known for playing Elizabeth Thatcher in the feature - length Hallmark Channel television pilot of When Calls the Heart , and for playing Amberle Elessedil in the MTV fantasy drama series The Shannara Chronicles . | [
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"Poppy Drayton Poppy Gabriella Drayton ( 1991 - 06 - 07 ) 7 June 1991 ( age 26 ) Surrey , England , UK Occupation Actress Years active 2012 -- present",
"Poppy Drayton",
"Poppy Gabriella Drayton ( 1991 - 06 - 07 ) 7 June 1991 ( age 26 ) Surrey , England , UK",
"Occupation Actress",
"Years active 2012 -- present",
"Poppy Gabriella Drayton ( born 7 June 1991 ) is a British actress . She is known for playing Elizabeth Thatcher in the feature - length Hallmark Channel television pilot of When Calls the Heart , and for playing Amberle Elessedil in the MTV fantasy drama series The Shannara Chronicles .",
"Drayton graduated from the Arts Educational School in Chiswick .",
"In 2013 Drayton was cast in her first major role in the Hallmark Channel television movie pilot for When Calls the Heart , in which she played Elizabeth Thatcher ( a role that was taken over by Erin Krakow in the subsequent television series ) . This was followed by a role in the 2013 Downton Abbey Christmas special .",
"The following year Drayton was cast as Amberle Elessedil , one of the lead roles in the MTV fantasy drama series The Shannara Chronicles ; the series premiered on 5 January 2016 . In February 2016 Drayton was cast in the titular role in newly launched MVP Studios ' film The Little Mermaid ( originally titled A Little Mermaid ) , an adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen story .",
"Drayton has also done stage work , appearing in The Green Bay Tree at the Jermyn Street Theatre in London in 2014 .",
"Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2012 Emily Emily Short film 2014 Down Dog Amy 2015 Unhallowed Ground Verity Wickes 2015 Writers Retreat Jo 2018 The Little Mermaid Elizabeth",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2012 Emily Emily Short film",
"2014 Down Dog Amy",
"2015 Unhallowed Ground Verity Wickes",
"2015 Writers Retreat Jo",
"2018 The Little Mermaid Elizabeth",
"Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2013 When Calls the Heart Elizabeth Thatcher Television movie ( Hallmark ) 2013 Downton Abbey Madeleine Allsopp Episode : `` The London Season '' 2014 Father Brown Selina McKinley Episode : `` The Ghost in the Machine '' 2014 Midsomer Murders Summer Haleston Episode : `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' 2014 Plebs Cordelia Episode : `` The Phallus '' 2016 -- 2017 The Shannara Chronicles Amberle Elessedil Main role ( season 1 ) ; guest role ( season 2 ) 2018 Home by Spring Loretta Johnson Television movie ( Hallmark )",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2013 When Calls the Heart Elizabeth Thatcher Television movie ( Hallmark )",
"2013 Downton Abbey Madeleine Allsopp Episode : `` The London Season ''",
"2014 Father Brown Selina McKinley Episode : `` The Ghost in the Machine ''",
"2014 Midsomer Murders Summer Haleston Episode : `` The Killings of Copenhagen ''",
"2014 Plebs Cordelia Episode : `` The Phallus ''",
"2016 -- 2017 The Shannara Chronicles Amberle Elessedil Main role ( season 1 ) ; guest role ( season 2 )",
"2018 Home by Spring Loretta Johnson Television movie ( Hallmark )",
"Video game roles Year Title Role Notes 2017 Dark Souls III Shira , Knight of Filianore",
"Year Title Role Notes",
"2017 Dark Souls III Shira , Knight of Filianore"
] | Poppy Drayton - wikipedia Poppy Drayton Jump to: navigation , search Poppy Drayton Poppy Gabriella Drayton ( 1991-06-07 ) 7 June 1991 (age 26) Surrey , England , UK Occupation Actress Years active 2012-- present Poppy Gabriella Drayton (born 7 June 1991 ) is a British actress . She is known for playing Elizabeth Thatcher in the feature-length Hallmark Channel television pilot of When Calls the Heart , and for playing Amberle Elessedil in the MTV fantasy drama series The Shannara Chronicles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Drayton graduated from the Arts Educational School in Chiswick . In 2013 Drayton was cast in her first major role in the Hallmark Channel television movie pilot for When Calls the Heart , in which she played Elizabeth Thatcher (a role that was taken over by Erin Krakow in the subsequent television series). This was followed by a role in the 2013 Downton Abbey Christmas special. The following year Drayton was cast as Amberle Elessedil , one of the lead roles in the MTV fantasy drama series The Shannara Chronicles ; the series premiered on 5 January 2016. In February 2016 Drayton was cast in the titular role in newly launched MVP Studios' film The Little Mermaid (originally titled A Little Mermaid ), an adaptation of the Hans Christian Andersen story . Drayton has also done stage work, appearing in The Green Bay Tree at the Jermyn Street Theatre in London in 2014. Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2012 Emily Emily Short film 2014 Down Dog Amy 2015 Unhallowed Ground Verity Wickes 2015 Writers Retreat Jo 2018 The Little Mermaid Elizabeth Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2013 When Calls the Heart Elizabeth Thatcher Television movie ( Hallmark ) 2013 Downton Abbey Madeleine Allsopp Episode: `` The London Season '' 2014 Father Brown Selina McKinley Episode: `` The Ghost in the Machine'' 2014 Midsomer Murders Summer Haleston Episode: `` The Killings of Copenhagen'' 2014 Plebs Cordelia Episode: `` The Phallus'' 2016-- 2017 The Shannara Chronicles Amberle Elessedil Main role (season 1); guest role (season 2) 2018 Home by Spring Loretta Johnson Television movie (Hallmark) Video game roles Year Title Role Notes 2017 Dark Souls III Shira, Knight of Filianore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birthday from: Poppy Drayton (@PoppyDrayton) (8 January 2016). `` @amberlestan @wilohmsfrd June 7th'' (Tweet) . Retrieved 2016-01-18 -- via Twitter . , in response to @amberlestan (8 January 2016). `` @PoppyDrayton whens your bday we want to know'' (Tweet) . Retrieved 2016-01-18 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to: Jess Denham (25 December 2013). `` Downton Abbey Christmas special: Poppy Drayton talks life on set playing new girl Madeleine Allsop'' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016-01-18 ... Drayton, as the 22-year-old confesses not to have been a `` Downton addict'' ... ^ Jump up to: Jon Coates (11 August 2013). `` Downton Abbey set to make Poppy Drayton a household name'' . Daily Express . Retrieved 2016-01-11 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Adds Second Original Series ' When Calls The Heart' , Renews ' Home & Family ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 2016-01-11 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart,'' Hallmark Channel's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2-Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5'' (Press release). Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016-01-11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva (13 November 2014). `` Poppy Drayton To Star In MTV ' Shannara' Series Based On Terry Brooks' Books'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2016-01-11 . Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan (4 January 2016). `` TV Review: ' The Shannara Chronicles ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016-01-11 . Jump up ^ Lindsay MacDonald (February 23, 2016). `` Poppy Drayton is the second live-action ' Little Mermaid ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved 2016-06-01 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary (February 23, 2016). `` Shirley MacLaine Starring in ' A Little Mermaid' Movie'' . Variety . Retrieved 2016-06-01 . ^ Jump up to: AJ Caulfield (10 March 2017). `` The Little Mermaid live-action film trailer unveiled'' . Looper . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Wolf (3 December 2014). `` In Sondheim Musical, a Clamorous Portrait of Psychosis'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016-01-11 ... the comely Leonora (Poppy Drayton, giving the best performance of the night). External links ( edit ) Poppy Drayton on IMDb Poppy Drayton on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppy_Drayton&oldid=835652264 '' Categories : Living people 1991 births 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Surrey English television actresses Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 23:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | -8471454569257360288 |
when was the last time eagles were in the superbowl | The Patriots and Eagles faced each other 13 years later in Super Bowl LII . The Eagles went on to avenge their loss when they defeated the Patriots 41 -- 33 . | [
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"Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL →",
"New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21",
"New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21",
"New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC )",
"24 21",
"Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21",
"Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21",
"Total",
"NE 0 7 7 10 24",
"PHI 0 7 7 7 21",
"Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 )",
"Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida",
"MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver",
"Favorite Patriots by 7",
"Referee Terry McAulay",
"Attendance 78,125",
"Future Hall of Famers",
"Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens",
"Ceremonies",
"National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets .",
"Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson",
"Halftime show Paul McCartney",
"TV in the United States",
"Network Fox",
"Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers",
"Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers )",
"Market share 62",
"Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million",
"← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL →",
"← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL →",
"Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium ( now known as TIAA Bank Field ) in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city .",
"The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls ; they are also the last back - to - back Super Bowl winners as of the end of the 2017 NFL season . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record .",
"The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . Because he recorded 10 catches during the previous year 's Super Bowl , he also set the record for the most combined receptions in 2 consecutive Super Bowls ( 21 ) . Branch was the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI .",
"To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers .",
"The Patriots and Eagles faced each other 13 years later in Super Bowl LII . The Eagles went on to avenge their loss when they defeated the Patriots 41 -- 33 .",
"NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta .",
"New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) .",
"The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick .",
"Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football .",
"Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns .",
"Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points )",
"On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters :",
"Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well .",
"Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week .",
"Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations .",
"Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career .",
"Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well .",
"With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions .",
"Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions .",
"The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns .",
"The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl .",
"Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns .",
"McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards .",
"Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley .",
"Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack .",
"The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs .",
"Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game .",
"Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards .",
"The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards .",
"Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate .",
"The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) .",
"Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant .",
"With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 .",
"The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were .",
"The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season .",
"James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter .",
"Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour .",
"Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 .",
"The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber .",
"The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss .",
"For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles .",
"Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs :",
"`` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude ''",
"`` Drive My Car ''",
"`` Get Back ''",
"`` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings .",
"`` Hey Jude ''",
"Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation .",
"Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . ''",
"On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season .",
"The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 .",
"The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied .",
"On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter .",
"Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter .",
"The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points .",
"The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . ''",
"The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty .",
"Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 )",
"Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game",
"Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game",
"An Eagles offensive play",
"An Eagles offensive play",
"Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown",
"Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown",
"Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 )",
"Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 )",
"Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 )",
"Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 )",
"Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21",
"Total",
"Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24",
"Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21",
"at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida",
"Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear",
"Date : February 6 , 2005",
"Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST",
"Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear",
"( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21",
"( hide ) Scoring summary",
"Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21",
"Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21",
"Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score",
"Plays Yards TOP NE PHI",
"9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7",
"1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7",
"11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7",
"3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14",
"13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14",
"8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14",
"1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21",
"`` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21",
"McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown .",
"Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards .",
"Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls .",
"With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII .",
"The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years .",
"The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 .",
"For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs .",
"The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 - 33 .",
"As of 2018 , this is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII .",
"Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi",
"New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers",
"New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles",
"First downs 21 24",
"First downs rushing 6",
"First downs passing 14 18",
"First downs penalty",
"Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16",
"Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0",
"Net yards rushing 112 45",
"Rushing attempts 28 17",
"Yards per rush 4.0 2.6",
"Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51",
"Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33",
"Interceptions thrown 0",
"Net yards passing 219 324",
"Total net yards 331 369",
"Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19",
"Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114",
"Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0",
"Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8",
"Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1",
"Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35",
"Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23",
"Turnovers",
"Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0",
"Patriots Passing",
"C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating",
"Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2",
"Patriots Rushing",
"Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car",
"Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17",
"Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75",
"Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00",
"Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00",
"Patriots Receiving",
"Rec Yds TD LG Target",
"Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12",
"Corey Dillon 31 0 16",
"David Givens 19 13 7",
"Kevin Faulk 27 0 14",
"Troy Brown 17 0 12",
"Daniel Graham 7 0 7",
"Mike Vrabel 2t",
"David Patten 0 0 0 0",
"Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0",
"Eagles Passing",
"C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating",
"Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4",
"Eagles Rushing",
"Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car",
"Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93",
"Dorsey Levens 0 1.00",
"Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00",
"Eagles Receiving",
"Rec Yds TD LG Target",
"Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14",
"Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11",
"Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7",
"Greg Lewis 53 30t 5",
"L.J. Smith 27 9 8",
"Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11",
"Josh Parry 0",
"Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0",
"Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted",
"Hall of Fame ‡",
"New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡",
"New England Position Position Philadelphia",
"Offense",
"David Givens WR Todd Pinkston",
"Matt Light LT Tra Thomas",
"Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks",
"Dan Koppen Hank Fraley",
"Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry",
"Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan",
"Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith",
"Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡",
"Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb",
"Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook",
"Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry",
"Defense",
"Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess",
"Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon",
"Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker",
"Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse",
"Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams",
"Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter",
"Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones",
"Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard",
"Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown",
"Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis",
"Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡",
"As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) .",
"One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad .",
"Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season .",
"The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . ''",
"For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX .",
"Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 .",
"Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128",
"Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl",
"Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl",
"Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl",
"Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII )",
"Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII )",
"Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV )",
"Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl",
"Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII )",
"Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53",
"Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128",
"Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 .",
"Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 .",
"^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 .",
"Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 .",
"Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons .",
"Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 .",
"Jump up ^ Brinson , Will . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 .",
"Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 .",
"Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 .",
"^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing .",
"Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help )",
"Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 .",
"^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 .",
"^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 .",
"Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 .",
"^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says",
"Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 .",
"Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) .",
"Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 .",
"Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 .",
"Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 ."
] | Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to: navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6, 2005 ( 2005-02-06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville, Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots: None Eagles: Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets. Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville: Tyler Callahan, Tyler Deal, Lawrence McCauley, and Jacob Santana; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 (est. 86 million viewers) Market share 62 Cost of 30-second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24-- 21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium (now known as TIAA Bank Field) in Jacksonville, Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city. The Patriots, who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14-- 2 regular season record, became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls ; they are also the last back-to-back Super Bowl winners as of the end of the 2017 NFL season. New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years. The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13-- 3 regular season record. The game was close throughout, with the teams battling to a 14-- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter. The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2-yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22-yard field goal. The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24-- 21, with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30-yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1:48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback. Overall, New England forced four turnovers, while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches. Because he recorded 10 catches during the previous year's Super Bowl , he also set the record for the most combined receptions in 2 consecutive Super Bowls (21). Branch was the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass. The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year, the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe'' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX's halftime. The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers. The Patriots and Eagles faced each other 13 years later in Super Bowl LII . The Eagles went on to avenge their loss when they defeated the Patriots 41-- 33. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1, 2000 meeting held in Atlanta. Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article: 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14-- 2, bested only by the Steelers' 15-- 1 mark, and ranking 7th in yards gained (5,773) and fourth in points scored (437). The Patriots' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league, Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year, including setting a single-game rushing record (278 yards, but has since been broken) against the Denver Broncos on October 22, 2000. In 2003, however, injuries, conflicts with the Bengals' management and coaching staff, and other off-field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season. By the end of the 2003 season, Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded. Although many observers questioned how effective the 30-year-old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment, the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second-round draft pick. Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots, recording 1,635 rushing yards (franchise record) and 12 touchdowns, both career highs, and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career. He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown. His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories (18), the record for the most consecutive overall victories (21) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14-- 2. The team's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league's best regular season record at 15-- 1, and a 29-- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards, recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards, returned 20 punts for 113 yards, returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards, and scored 3 total touchdowns. Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor, rushing for 141 yards, catching 28 passes for 215 yards, and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns. Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense, completing 288 out of 474 (60.8 percent) of his passes for 3,692 yards, 28 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions. Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England's major deep threat, missed most of the season because of injuries, he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns. Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns. Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns, and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns. On special teams, pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career, leading the NFL in field goals made (31), field goal percentage (93.9) and scoring (141 points) On defense, the Patriots were plagued by injuries, especially in their secondary. Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season-ending injuries, while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions, missed several games. In order to compensate for the losses, the following players were promoted to starters: Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season, and did not start until the 6th week. Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations. Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5-year NFL career. Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp, gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well. With their patchwork secondary, the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed (3,400) and 22nd in completions allowed (315). However, they did rank 7th in interceptions (20) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed (18). Most importantly, New England continued to win despite the injuries. Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back, ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions. Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player, leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions. Up front, the Patriots' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery. New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers: Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi (122 tackles, 3.5 sacks, 3 interceptions, and 70 return yards), Willie McGinest (9.5 sacks, 1 fumble recovery, and 1 interception), and Mike Vrabel (71 tackles and 5.5 sacks), along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent's goal line, recording 2 touchdown receptions. Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article: 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers (who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year), and Carolina Panthers , respectively. The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons. That same year, they used their first-round pick in the NFL draft (the second overall) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5-- 11 record, they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns. The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games, but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years. Prior to the 2004 season, the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl. Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league, but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews. Nevertheless, Owens became the Eagles' deep-ball threat, finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns. McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004, completing 300 out of 469 (64 percent) passes for 3,875 yards, 31 touchdowns, and 8 interceptions, making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season. He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns. Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target, recording 36 catches for 676 yards. Philadelphia's running game was not as strong as their passing attack, ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards (1,639). Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns, however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns. Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards. The Eagles' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl: Cornerback Lito Sheppard (1 sack, 5 interceptions, 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns), safety Michael Lewis (88 tackles, 2 forced fumbles, 1 sack, and 1 interception) and safety Brian Dawkins (3 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards), while their fourth starter, cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year (89 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 forced fumble, and 2 interceptions). Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon (5.5 sacks) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse (7.5 sacks, Pro Bowl) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games, recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack. The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15-1 Steelers. After that, they finished the season with a 13-- 3 record. Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season, when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC #1 seed, and thus home-field advantage in the playoffs. However, during a December 19, 12-- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse-collar tackle'' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs. Playoffs ( edit ) Main article: 2004-- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens, the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27-- 14, and the Atlanta Falcons , 27-- 10, in the playoffs with relative ease. McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns, while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings. Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards, the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions, 2 sacks, and a forced fumble. McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons. The Eagles defense held dual-threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards, 26 rushing yards, and no touchdowns, while also recording an interception, 4 sacks, and a forced fumble on Vick. McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games, with 466 passing yards, 35 rushing yards, 4 touchdowns, and no turnovers. Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player, recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings, followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile, the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20-- 3, holding the league's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal, Indianapolis' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season. Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season, and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season (49) and highest quarterback rating (121.4). Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns. Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns. However, the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns, and James to just 39 rushing yards. The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37:43, including 21:26 in the second half, and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock. One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon's rushing. He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards. The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41-- 27. Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England, 34-- 20, during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed, they could not stop the Patriots. Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown; and Branch, who was coming off of his injuries, recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown, along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries. Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger (who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times, and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh's leading rusher, was held to just 64 yards. Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX, defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate. The other major story was the Patriots' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season, and how it might affect the team in 2005. On December 12, 2004, about a month and a half before the game, New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season. Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns (which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl). Due to injuries at the tight end spot, the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time, to a one-game contract for the Super Bowl. Thomason saw time during several plays, although never had a ball thrown his way. This was his third Super Bowl, playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid's days as a Packer assistant. With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time. They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo' , fi' , fo' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship. With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January, the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak-- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years, beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981. 1989 was not included in that streak, but 1977, 1981, 1985 (Flyers), 1993 (Phillies), 1997 (Flyers), and 2001 (76ers) were. Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play-by-play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters. This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before (although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst). This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team, as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off-season. James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter. Following the game, Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons (`` Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad! (`` Pilot '' ), except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour. Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game, performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff, Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful ,'' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004. The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy (including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets. This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together-- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973. The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F/A-18 Super Hornets from VFA-106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters, the F-22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor. The earlier military flyby during the veterans' salute was conducted by 2 T-6 Texan trainers and a B-25 Mitchell bomber. The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville: Tyler Callahan, Tyler Deal, Lawrence McCauley, and Jacob Santana; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson. They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss. For the third straight year, each team took the field en masse, following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments, Andover, Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots, and Philadelphia -born Will Smith introduced the Eagles. Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show; his selection by the NFL, the show's producers, Don Mischer Productions , and the show's sponsor, Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe'' choice, as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year. McCartney's set consisted of these songs: `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further, for the first time, a theme was tied to the event: Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo, represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city, and according to the League, symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella. The theme was also used by Jacksonville-area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace,'' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26, 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics.'' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game, Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia's 34-yard line. Fortunately for the Eagles, coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands. Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice, McNabb completed a 30-yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards, moving the ball inside the Patriots 20-yard line. However, linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16-yard loss on the next play. On the following play, the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over: McNabb's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down. However, McNabb's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play. This was Donovan McNabb's first red zone interception of the season. The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three-and-out on their ensuing possession, and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45-yard line. But once again, they gave up another turnover: tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38. Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt, and got the ball back at their own 19-yard line. Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards, the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb's six-yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith, taking a 7-- 0 lead with 9:55 left in the second quarter. It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason. On their ensuing drive, the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four-yard line, mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25. But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play-action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it. However, the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays. Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards, giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia's 37-yard line. The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady's 4-yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1:10 remaining in the period, tying the game 7-- 7 by halftime. It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game's first two quarters ended tied. Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half, Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady's 2-yard touchdown pass to Vrabel, who lined up at the tight end spot on the play. The Eagles later tied the game with 3:39 left in the third period with a 74-yard, 10-play drive that was capped by McNabb's 10-yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history, the game was tied going into the fourth quarter. Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period, the Patriots put together a 9-play, 66-yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12. Dillon capped off the drive with a 2-yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21-- 14 lead. Then after forcing another Eagles punt, Branch made a spectacular catch, taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain, and a roughing-the-passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play, set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22-yard field goal with 8:43 left in the game to increase the score 24-- 14 in favor of New England. In all three Patriots' Super Bowl wins in the decade, they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter. The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens. However, after reaching the New England 36-yard line, McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24-yard line. At this point, there was only 7:20 to play in the game, with the Patriots still up by 10 points. The Eagles did force New England to punt, and got the ball back at their own 21-yard line, but with 5:40 left in the game. The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays, however they used a full huddle for the entire drive. McNabb's 30-yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24-21. Because the Eagles used a full huddle, the drive consumed 3:52 of the clock, and only 1:48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored. Because of this, many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no-huddle offense at the start of the possession. Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry-heaves, and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry-heaves or vomiting, though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed. Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking'' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back-to-back plays. McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry-heaving during the final drive, and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing.'' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt, with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England. The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts. New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4-yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game. Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game. But on first down, McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage. Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock, Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain, keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle. On second down, McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens. Finally on third down, McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left. Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock, clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots, and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty. Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook's touchdown catch (photo 1 of 2) Brian Westbrook's touchdown catch (photo 2 of 2) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX: New England Patriots 24, Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots (AFC) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles (NFC) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville, Florida Date : February 6, 2005 Game time : 6:38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F (15 ° C), clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9:55 9 81 4:36 PHI L.J. Smith 6-yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1:10 7 37 3:15 NE David Givens 4-yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11:04 9 69 3:56 NE Mike Vrabel 2-yard touchdown reception from Brady, Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3:35 10 74 4:17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10-yard touchdown reception from McNabb, Akers kick good 14 14 13:44 9 66 4:51 NE Corey Dillon 2-yard touchdown run, Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8:40 8 43 3:49 NE 22-yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1:48 13 79 3:52 PHI Greg Lewis 30-yard touchdown reception from McNabb, Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP'' = time of possession . For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns, but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times. McNabb's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback, as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots. Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards, while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards. Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards, while Owens was the Eagles' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards, however neither of them scored a touchdown. Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns. Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown, and had 3 catches for 31 yards. Branch's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally, all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks: Ross in 1985, Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006. Branch's 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back-to-back Super Bowls. Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards. Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving, marking the third time in Super Bowl history, one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl. Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back-to-back Super Bowls, joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also, Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls. Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense. They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls. With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years. Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston-area sports teams in 12 months, following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier. This marked the first time since 1989-- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months. The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28-- 24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002. For the Eagles, with the loss, the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city's teams played for a championship, when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13-3 record, and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 - 33. As of 2018, this is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls, with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then, for the next eight years, every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether. The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl, only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand. The next year, the Patriots, having faltered down the stretch, entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later, the Patriots, defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII. Final statistics ( edit ) Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4/12 9/16 Fourth down efficiency 0/0 0/0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions-- attempts 23/33 30/51 Times sacked-- total yards 2-- 17 4-- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns-- total yards 4-- 26 3-- 19 Kickoff returns-- total yards 4-- 63 5-- 114 Interceptions-- total return yards 3-- 5 0-- 0 Punts-- average yardage 7-- 45.1 5-- 42.8 Fumbles-- lost 1-- 1 2-- 1 Penalties-- yards 7-- 47 3-- 35 Time of possession 31:37 28:23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C/ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23/33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds/Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 -1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C/ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30/51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds/Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source: Hall of Fame‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual, the television coverage of this year's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television-- both to produce and to buy airtime (at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds). One ad that drew the ire of many-- including the NFL-- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman, Nikki Cappelli (played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ), having a `` wardrobe malfunction'' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad, scheduled for the two-minute warning of the fourth quarter, along with a five-second plug, and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale, Arizona -based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad. Another popular ad was made by the NFL. It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl, headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort, depressed he did not make it in. Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger, and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off-key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow'' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline: `` Tomorrow, we're all undefeated again.'' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season. The top ad, as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser-Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six-pack of the product. This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser-Busch's `` Applause.'' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I'm going to Disney World! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX. Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game. The Eagles each received $36,500. When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967. That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005. Officials ( edit ) Referee: Terry McAulay #77 first Super Bowl Umpire: Carl Paganelli #124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman: Gary Slaughter #30 first Super Bowl Line Judge: Mark Steinkerchner #84 second Super Bowl (XXXVII) Field Judge: Tom Sifferman #118 third Super Bowl (XXXVII, XXXVIII) Side Judge: Rick Patterson #15 second Super Bowl (XXXV) Back Judge: Tony Steratore #112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee: Ed Hochuli #85 (referee for XXXII, XXXVIII) Alternate Umpire: Garth DeFelice #53 Alternate Field Judge: Larry Rose #128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto, Marcus (January 25, 2015). `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll'' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History'' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score: New England 24, Philadelphia 21'' . NFL.com . National Football League. February 7, 2005 . Retrieved March 10, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967-- 2009 -- Ratings'' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9, 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack, Damon (February 7, 2005). `` The Dynasty Is Official'' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25, 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992, ' 93 and ' 95 seasons. Jump up ^ Player Bio, Patriots. `` Deion Branch'' . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved March 25, 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinson, Will. `` 2018 Super Bowl odds, line: Eagles are big underdogs again, this time against Patriots'' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 21, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History:1991-2000'' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych, Frank (February 18, 2005). `` Position Breakdown: Running Backs'' . Retrieved March 26, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano, John. Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing. Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era, Version 1.0'' . Retrieved March 25, 2008 . first1= missing last1= in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS, CBS Sports. `` Donovan McNabb, QB'' . Retrieved March 25, 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Shapiro, Leonard (February 7, 2005). `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History'' . Washington Post . p. A1. ^ Jump up to: Warren, Ken (June 2, 2010). `` Two cities that could use a CUP'' . Ottawa Citizen . p. B3. Jump up ^ Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). `` Super Bowl goes super blue'' . Air Force Print News . af.mil. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012 . Retrieved January 4, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX'' . Air Force Print News . af.mil. January 25, 2005. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012 . Retrieved January 4, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Mucha, Peter (August 8, 2014), Yes, McNabb puked at Super Bowl, ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio, Mike (July 8, 2013). `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl'' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier, Mike (2015). `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS: DONOVAN MCNABB'S SUPER PUKE'' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (published August 5, 2015). Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game-Time Temperatures'' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX-- National Football League Game Summary'' (PDF) . National Football League. February 6, 2005 . Retrieved July 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com. Accessed September 27, 2007. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 1-933405-32-5 . 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when was the television introduced to the public | The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2 , 1928 , fifteen months before the United Kingdom . The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland , a suburb of Washington , D.C. For at least the first eighteen months , 48 - line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast , although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones . | [
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"The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century . Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology . Many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit , while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology .",
"Facsimile transmission systems pioneered methods of mechanically scanning graphics in the early 19th century . The Scottish inventor Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846 . The English physicist Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851 . The first practical facsimile system , working on telegraph lines , was developed and put into service by the Italian priest Giovanni Caselli from 1856 onward .",
"Willoughby Smith , an English electrical engineer , discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873 .",
"As a 23 - year - old German university student , Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884 . This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it , so each hole scanned a line of the image . Although he never built a working model of the system , variations of Nipkow 's spinning - disk `` image rasterizer '' became exceedingly common . Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 24 , 1900 . Perskyi 's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies , mentioning the work of Nipkow and others . However , it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology , by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others , made the design practical .",
"The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909 . A matrix of 64 selenium cells , individually wired to a mechanical commutator , served as an electronic retina . In the receiver , a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen . A separate circuit regulated synchronization . The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof - of - concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet . An updated image was transmitted `` several times '' each second .",
"In 1911 , Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror - drum scanner to transmit , in Zworykin 's words , `` very crude images '' over wires to the `` Braun tube '' ( cathode ray tube or `` CRT '' ) in the receiver . Moving images were not possible because , in the scanner , `` the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy '' .",
"By the 1920s , when amplification made television practical , Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems . He created his prototype in a little village called Santa Cruz on the island of Trinidad where he was recovering from an illness . He had also started work on the first color television . On March 25 , 1925 , Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion , at Selfridge 's Department Store in London . Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system , he televised a talking , moving ventriloquist 's dummy named `` Stooky Bill '' , whose painted face had higher contrast . By January 26 , 1926 he demonstrated the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio . This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration in history . The subject was Baird 's business partner Oliver Hutchinson . Baird 's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it . A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light that swept across the subject . A selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal . This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit , where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first . The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image . As each hole in the disk passed by , one scan line of the image was reproduced . Baird 's disk had 30 holes , producing an image with only 30 scan lines , just enough to recognize a human face .",
"In 1927 , Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles ( 705 km ) of telephone line between London and Glasgow . In 1928 , Baird 's company ( Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television ) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal , between London and New York , and the first shore - to - ship transmission . In 1929 , he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany . In November of the same year , Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . In 1931 , he made the first outdoor remote broadcast , of The Derby . In 1932 , he demonstrated ultra-short wave television . Baird 's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936 , though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly . Instead , a 17.5 mm film was shot , rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet .",
"An American inventor , Charles Francis Jenkins , also pioneered the television . He published an article on `` Motion Pictures by Wireless '' in 1913 , but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses . On June 13 , 1925 , Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures . In 1925 , Jenkins used a Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion , over a distance of five miles ( from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington , D.C. ) , using a lensed disk scanner with a 48 - line resolution . He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 ( Transmitting Pictures over Wireless ) on June 30 , 1925 ( filed March 13 , 1922 ) .",
"On December 25 , 1925 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu Campus . By 1927 , Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines , which was unrivaled until 1931 . By 1928 , he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones . His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin . By 1935 , Takayanagi had invented the first all - electronic television . His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II .",
"Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7 , 1927 . The reflected - light television system included both small and large viewing screens . The small receiver had a two - inch - wide by 2.5 - inch - high screen . The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high . Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate , monochromatic moving images . Along with the pictures , the sets also received synchronized sound . The system transmitted images over two paths : first , a copper wire link from Washington to New York City , then a radio link from Whippany , New Jersey . Comparing the two transmission methods , viewers noted no difference in quality . Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . A flying - spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects . The scanner that produced the beam had a 50 - aperture disk . The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second , capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds . ( Today 's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second , or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively . ) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration : `` It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time . It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality . ''",
"In 1928 , WRGB ( then W2XB ) was started as the world 's first television station . It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady , NY . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' .",
"Meanwhile , in the Soviet Union , Léon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum - based television , starting with 16 - line resolution in 1925 , then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926 . As part of his thesis on May 7 , 1926 , Theremin electrically transmitted and then projected near - simultaneous moving images on a five - foot square screen . By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines , a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA , with 120 lines .",
"Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks , and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical , image resolution in mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low , ranging from about 30 lines up to about 120 . Nevertheless , the image quality of 30 - line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances , and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear . A few systems ranging into the 200 - line region also went on the air . Two of these were the 180 - line system that Compagnie des Compteurs ( CDC ) installed in Paris in 1935 , and the 180 - line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal .",
"Anton Codelli ( 22nd . March , † 28 . April 1954 ) , a Slovenian nobleman , was a passionate inventor . Among other things , he had devised a miniature refrigerator for cars and a new rotary engine design . Intrigued by television , he decided to apply his technical skills to the new medium . At the time , the biggest challenge in television technology was to transmit images with sufficient resolution to reproduce recognizable figures . As recounted by media historian Melita Zajc , most inventors were determined to increase the number of lines used by their systems -- some were approaching what was then the magic number of 100 lines . But Baron Codelli had a different idea . In 1929 , he developed a television device with a single line -- but one that formed a continuous spiral on the screen . Codelli based his ingenious design on his understanding of the human eye . He knew that objects seen in peripheral vision do n't need to be as sharp as those in the center . The baron 's mechanical television system , whose image was sharpest in the middle , worked well , and he was soon able to transmit images of his wife , Ilona von Drasche - Lazar , over the air . Despite the backing of the German electronics giant Telefunken , however , Codelli 's television system never became a commercial reality . Electronic television ultimately emerged as the dominant system , and Codelli moved on to other projects . His invention was largely forgotten .",
"The advancement of all - electronic television ( including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode ray tubes for the reproducer ) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television . Mechanical TV usually only produced small images . It was the main type of TV until the 1930s . The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States .",
"In 1897 , J.J. Thomson , an English physicist , in his three famous experiments was able to deflect cathode rays , a fundamental function of the modern Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) . The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the Braun tube . It was a cold - cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor - coated screen. A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906 , his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909 . In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society ( UK ) , published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how `` distant electric vision '' could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube ( or `` Braun '' tube ) as both a transmitting and receiving device . He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society . In a letter to Nature published in October 1926 , Campbell - Swinton also announced the results of some `` not very successful experiments '' he had conducted with G.M. Minchin and J.C.M. Stanton . They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium - coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam . These experiments were conducted before March 1914 , when Minchin died . They were later repeated in 1937 by two different teams , H. Miller and J.W. Strange from EMI , and H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting `` very faint '' images with the original Campbell - Swinton 's selenium - coated plate . Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver , the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel . The first cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson ( who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922 .",
"In 1926 , Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of `` charge storage '' within the scanning ( or `` camera '' ) tube . The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or `` camera '' tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge - storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924 . His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ( `` photoelectrons '' ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle . The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed `` Radioskop '' . After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application , Tihanyi 's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930 , and so he applied for patents in the United States . Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA 's `` iconoscope '' in 1931 , the U.S. patent for Tihanyi 's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939 . The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October . Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval . Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day .",
"On December 25 , 1926 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver . Takayanagi did not apply for a patent .",
"On September 7 , 1927 , Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image , a simple straight line , at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco . By September 3 , 1928 , Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press . This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration . In 1929 , the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator , so that his television system now had no mechanical parts . That year , Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system , including a three and a half - inch image of his wife Elma ( `` Pem '' ) with her eyes closed ( possibly due to the bright lighting required ) .",
"Meanwhile , Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images . While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923 , he began to develop an electronic camera tube . But in a 1925 demonstration , the image was dim , had low contrast and poor definition , and was stationary . Zworykin 's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage . But RCA , which acquired the Westinghouse patent , asserted that the patent for Farnsworth 's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device . Thus RCA , on the basis of Zworykin 's 1923 patent application , filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth . The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision , finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin . Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin 's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent . Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application , he also divided his original application in 1931 . Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application . In September 1939 , after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment , RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US $1 million over a ten - year period , in addition to license payments , to use Farnsworth 's patents .",
"In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi 's charge storage principle . Dubbed the Iconoscope by Zworykin , the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux , and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth 's image dissector . However , Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique `` multipactor '' device that he began work on in 1930 , and demonstrated in 1931 . This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics . A problem with the multipactor , unfortunately , was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate .",
"At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931 , Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception . However , Ardenne had not developed a camera tube , using the CRT instead as a flying - spot scanner to scan slides and film . Philo Farnsworth gave the world 's first public demonstration of an all - electronic television system , using a live camera , at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25 , 1934 , and for ten days afterwards .",
"In Britain the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed `` the Emitron '' , which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC . On November 2 , 1936 , a 405 - line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building 's towers . It alternated for a short time with Baird 's mechanical system in adjoining studios , but was more reliable and visibly superior . This was the world 's first regular high - definition television service .",
"The original American iconoscope was noisy , had a high ratio of interference to signal , and ultimately gave disappointing results , especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available . The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the iconoscope ( or Emitron ) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5 % of the theoretical maximum . They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron . The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and , in some cases , this ratio was considerably greater . It was used for an outside broadcasting by the BBC , for the first time , on Armistice Day 1937 , when the general public could watch in a television set how the King lay a wreath at the Cenotaph . This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbor buildings , because neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the 1939 New York World 's Fair .",
"On the other hand , in 1934 , Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken . The `` image iconoscope '' ( `` Superikonoskop '' in Germany ) was produced as a result of the collaboration . This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron . The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth , because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector , having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925 , two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States . The image iconoscope ( Superikonoskop ) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960 , when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes . Indeed , it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon . The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games , later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955 , finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958 .",
"American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes , each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology , until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941 . RCA , for example , used only Iconoscopes in the New York area , but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco . In September 1939 , RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth 's patents . With this historic agreement in place , RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems . In 1941 , the United States implemented 525 - line television .",
"The world 's first 625 - line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 , and became a national standard in 1946 . The first broadcast in 625 - line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow . The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard .",
"In 1936 , Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display , the first flat panel display system .",
"In 1978 , James P Mitchell described , prototyped and demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display LED Display targeted at replacing the CRT .",
"The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black - and - white televisions had first been built . Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system , including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning , although he gave no practical details . Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897 , using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver . But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end , and could not have worked as he described it . Another inventor , Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907 . The first color television project is claimed by him , and was patented in Germany on March 31 , 1908 , patent No 197183 , then in Britain , on April 1 , 1908 , patent No 7219 , in France ( patent No 390326 ) and in Russia in 1910 ( patent No 17912 ) .",
"Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color transmission on July 3 , 1928 , using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures , each spiral with filters of a different primary color ; and three light sources at the receiving end , with a commutator to alternate their illumination . Baird also made the world 's first color broadcast on February 4 , 1938 , sending a mechanically scanned 120 - line image from Baird 's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre .",
"Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers , glow - tubes and color filters , with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red , green and blue images into one full color image .",
"The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird . In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black - and - white display with a rotating colored disc . This device was very `` deep '' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console . However , Baird was not happy with the design , and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better .",
"Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early TV . His experiments with TV ( known as telectroescopía at first ) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the `` trichromatic field sequential system '' color television in 1940 .",
"In 1939 , Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro - mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor . The CBS field - sequential color system was partly mechanical , with a disc made of red , blue , and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm , and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set . The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) on August 29 , 1940 , and shown to the press on September 4 .",
"CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28 , 1940 , and live cameras by November 12 . NBC ( owned by RCA ) made its first field test of color television on February 20 , 1941 . CBS began daily color field tests on June 1 , 1941 . These color systems were not compatible with existing black - and - white television sets , and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time , viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press . The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22 , 1942 , to August 20 , 1945 , limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public .",
"As early as 1940 , Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the `` Telechrome '' . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate . The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other . Using cyan and magenta phosphors , a reasonable limited - color image could be obtained . He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image ( called `` stereoscopic '' at the time ) . A demonstration on August 16 , 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system . Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three - gun version for full color . However , Baird 's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system .",
"Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s , differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns . The Geer tube was similar to Baird 's concept , but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces , instead of Baird 's 3D patterning on a flat surface . The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors . The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube .",
"One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black - and - white standards , and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States , after considerable research , the National Television Systems Committee approved an all - electronic Compatible color system developed by RCA , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth . The brightness image remained compatible with existing black - and - white television sets at slightly reduced resolution , while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited - resolution color display . The higher resolution black - and - white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high - resolution color image . The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement .",
"Although all - electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953 , high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace . The first national color broadcast ( the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1 , 1954 , but during the following ten years most network broadcasts , and nearly all local programming , continued to be in black - and - white . It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers , due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime - time programming would be broadcast in color that fall . The first all - color prime - time season came just one year later . In 1972 , the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color , resulting in the first completely all - color network season .",
"Early color sets were either floor - standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy , so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place . The introduction of GE 's relatively compact and lightweight Porta - Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition . In 1972 , sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black - and - white sets .",
"Color broadcasting in Europe was also not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s .",
"By the mid-1970s , the only stations broadcasting in black - and - white were a few high - numbered UHF stations in small markets , and a handful of low - power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots . By 1979 , even the last of these had converted to color , and by the early 1980s black - and - white sets had been pushed into niche markets , notably low - power uses , small portable sets , or use as video monitor screens in lower - cost consumer equipment . By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets .",
"Digital television ( DTV ) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal , in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television . Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth . It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s .",
"Digital TV 's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive , high performance computers . It was n't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility .",
"In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology , and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK , a Japanese company , was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies . Until June 1990 , the Japanese MUSE standard -- based on an analog system -- was the front - runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration . Then , an American company , General Instrument , demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal . This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed .",
"In March 1990 , when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible , the FCC made a number of critical decisions . First , the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal , but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. ( 7 ) Then , to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts , it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being `` simulcast '' on different channels. ( 8 ) The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles . Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard , the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements .",
"The final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats , aspect ratios , or lines of resolution . This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry ( joined by some broadcasters ) and the computer industry ( joined by the film industry and some public interest groups ) over which of the two scanning processes -- interlaced or progressive -- is superior . Interlaced scanning , which is used in televisions worldwide , scans even - numbered lines first , then odd - numbered ones . Progressive scanning , which is the format used in computers , scans lines in sequences , from top to bottom . The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not `` flicker '' in the manner of interlaced scanning . It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet , and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa . The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats . For their part , the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible , that is , 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line . William F. Schreiber , who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990 , thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology .",
"Digital television transition started in the late 2000s . All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s . Initially the adoption rate was low . But soon , more and more households were converting to digital televisions . The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s .",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )",
"Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs . A smart television , sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid television , is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features , and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set - top boxes . Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set - top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media , these devices can also provide Internet TV , online interactive media , over-the - top content , as well as on - demand streaming media , and home networking access . These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system .",
"Smart TV should not to be confused with Internet TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Internet television refers to the receiving television content over internet instead of traditional systems ( terrestrial , cable and satellite ) ( although internet itself is received by these methods ) . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television ( WebTV ) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV .",
"A first patent was filed in 1994 ( and extended the following year ) for an `` intelligent '' television system , linked with data processing systems , by means of a digital or analog network . Apart from being linked to data networks , one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines , according to a user 's demand , and process their needs .",
"Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only , for middle - end and high - end TVs in 2015 .",
"Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10 , 1928 , by John Logie Baird in his company 's premises at 133 Long Acre , London . Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro - mechanical and cathode - ray tube techniques . The first 3D TV was produced in 1935 . The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs .",
"Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu - ray discs , 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public . Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s .",
"Programming is broadcast by television stations , sometimes called `` channels '' , as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band . At first , terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed , and because bandwidth was limited , i.e. , there were only a small number of channels available , government regulation was the norm .",
"In the U.S. , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 , but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license . By contrast , the United Kingdom chose a different route , imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , which had public service as part of its Royal Charter .",
"WRGB claims to be the world 's oldest television station , tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13 , 1928 , broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady , NY , under the call letters W2XB . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' after its sister radio station . Later in 1928 , General Electric started a second facility , this one in New York City , which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC . The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming , as receivers were operated by engineers within the company . The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers .",
"On November 2 , 1936 , the BBC began transmitting the world 's first public regular high - definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London . It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today .",
"With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s , terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline ; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to swichover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer pristine image quality over very large areas , and offered an alternate to CATV for cord cutters .",
"The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) adopted the American NTSC 525 - line B / W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard . It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952 . The first broadcast was on September 6 , 1952 from its Montreal station CBFT . The premiere broadcast was bilingual , spoken in English and French . Two days later , on September 8 , 1952 , the Toronto station CBLT went on the air . This became the English - speaking flagship station for the country , while CBFT became the French - language flagship after a second English - language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade . The CBC 's first privately owned affiliate television station , CKSO in Sudbury , Ontario , launched in October 1953 ( at the time , all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC , a condition that was relaxed in 1960 -- 61 when CTV , Canada 's second national English - language network , was formed ) .",
"In former Czechoslovakia ( now Slovakia and the Czech Republic ) the first experimental television sets were produced in 1948 . In the same year the first TV - transmission was performed . The first regular TV public transmission started on May 1 , 1953 . The state - owned TV - centers were in Prague , Bratislava , Brno and Ostrava . In 1961 more than a million citizens had a television set . In 1970 , Czechoslovak television had three channels : Czech , Slovak and a bilingual Federal Channel . In 1973 , color broadcasting started .",
"The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s , although the French did not immediately employ the new technology .",
"In November 1929 , Bernard Natan established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . On April 14 , 1931 , there took place the first transmission with a thirty - line standard by René Barthélemy . On December 6 , 1931 , Henri de France created the Compagnie Générale de Télévision ( CGT ) . In December 1932 , Barthélemy carried out an experimental program in black and white ( definition : 60 lines ) one hour per week , `` Paris Télévision '' , which gradually became daily from early 1933 .",
"The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13 , 1935 , the date of the official inauguration of television in France , which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8 : 15 to 8 : 30 pm . The program showed the actress Béatrice Bretty in the studio of Radio - PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle in Paris . The broadcast had a range of 100 km ( 62 mi ) . On November 10 , George Mandel , Minister of Posts , inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower . On the 18th , Susy Wincker , the first announcer since the previous June , carried out a demonstration for the press from 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm . Broadcasts became regular from January 4 , 1937 from 11 : 00 to 11 : 30 am and 8 : 00 to 8 : 30 pm during the week , and from 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 pm on Sundays . In July 1938 , a decree defined for three years a standard of 455 lines VHF ( whereas three standards were used for the experiments : 441 lines for Gramont , 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson ) . In 1939 , there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets , some of which were also available in a few public places .",
"With the entry of France into World War II the same year , broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was sabotaged . On September 3 , 1940 , French television was seized by the German occupation forces . A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and Telefunken , and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale ( Vichy 's radio ) . On May 7 , 1943 at 3 : 00 evening broadcasts . The first broadcast of Fernsehsender Paris ( Paris Télévision ) was transmitted from rue Cognac - Jay . These regular broadcasts ( 5 ⁄ hours a day ) lasted until August 16 , 1944 . One thousand 441 - line sets , most of which were installed in soldiers ' hospitals , picked up the broadcasts . These Nazi - controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by R.A.F. and BBC engineers , who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen .",
"In 1944 , René Barthélemy developed an 819 - line television standard . During the years of occupation , Barthélemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines . On October 1 , 1944 , television service resumed after the liberation of Paris . The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq - Jay studios . In October 1945 , after repairs , the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service . On November 20 , 1948 , François Mitterrand decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines ; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition . Besides France , this standard was later adopted by Algeria , Monaco , and Morocco . Belgium and Luxembourg used a modified version of this standard with bandwidth narrowed to 7 MHz .",
"Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929 , but were without sound until 1934 . Network electronic service started on March 22 , 1935 , on 180 lines using telecine transmission of film , intermediate film system , or cameras using the Nipkow Disk . Transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15 , 1936 . The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised , using both all - electronic iconoscope - based cameras and intermediate film cameras , to Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936 . Twenty - eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set . The Germans had a 441 - line system on the air in February 1937 , and during World War II brought it to France , where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower .",
"After the end of World War II , the victorious Allies imposed a general ban on all radio and television broadcasting in Germany . Radio broadcasts for information purposes were soon permitted again , but television broadcasting was allowed to resume only in 1948 .",
"In East Germany , the head of broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone , Hans Mahler , predicted in 1948 that in the near future ' a new and important technical step forward in the field of broadcasting in Germany will begin its triumphant march : television . ' In 1950 , the plans for a nationwide television service got off the ground , and a Television Centre in Berlin was approved . Transmissions began on December 21 , 1952 using the 625 - line standard developed in the Soviet Union in 1944 , although at that time there were probably no more than 75 television receivers capable of receiving the programming .",
"In West Germany , the British occupation forces as well as NWDR ( Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk ) , which had started work in the British zone straight after the war , agreed to the launch of a television station . Even before this , German television specialists had agreed on 625 lines as the future standard . This standard had narrower channel bandwidth ( 7 MHz ) compared to the Soviet specification ( 8 MHz ) , allowing three television channels to fit into the VHF I band .",
"When color was introduced , West Germany chose a variant of the NTSC color system , modified by Walter Bruch and called PAL . East Germany accepted the French SECAM system , which was used in Eastern European countries . With the reunification of Germany , it was decided to switch to the PAL color system . The system was changed in December 1990 .",
"In Italy , the first experimental tests on television broadcasts were made in Turin since 1934 . The city already hosted the Center for Management of the EIAR ( lately renamed as RAI ) at the premises of the Theatre of Turin . Subsequently , the EAIR established offices in Rome and Milan . On July 22 , 1939 comes into operation in Rome the first television transmitter at the EIAR station , which performed a regular broadcast for about a year using a 441 - line system that was developed in Germany . In September of the same year , a second television transmitter was installed in Milan , making experimental broadcasts during major events in the city .",
"The broadcasts were suddenly ended on May 31 , 1940 , by order of the government , allegedly because of interferences encountered in the first air navigation systems . Also , the imminent participation in the war is believed to have played a role in this decision . EIAR transmitting equipment was relocated to Germany by the German troops . Lately , it was returned to Italy .",
"The first official television broadcast began on January 3 , 1954 by the RAI .",
"Television broadcasting in Japan started in August 28 , 1953 , making the country one of the first in the world with an experimental television service . The first television tests were conducted as early as 1926 using a combined mechanical Nipkow disk and electronic Braun tube system , later switching to an all - electronic system in the 1935 using a domestically developed iconoscope system . In spite of that , because of the beginning of World War II in the Pacific region , this first full - fledged TV broadcast experimentation lasted only a few months . Regular television broadcasts would eventually start in 1953 .",
"In 1979 , NHK first developed a consumer high - definition television with a 5 : 3 display aspect ratio . The system , known as Hi - Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal , required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution ( 1080i / 1125 lines ) . Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989 , with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS - 9ch commenced on November 25 , 1994 , which featured commercial and NHK television programming .",
"Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high - definition television system HDTV capable video camera , monitor and video tape recorder ( VTR ) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers . The HDVS range was launched in April 1984 , with the HDC - 100 camera , HDV - 100 video recorder and HDS - 100 video switcher all working in the 1125 - line component video format with interlaced video and a 5 : 3 aspect ratio .",
"The first testing television station in Mexico signed on in 1935 . When KFMB - TV in San Diego signed on in 1949 , Baja California became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air . Within a year , the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525 - line B / W 60 - field - per - second system as the country 's broadcast standard . In 1950 , the first commercial television station within Mexico , XHTV in Mexico City , signed on the air , followed by XEW - TV in 1951 and XHGC in 1952 . Those three were not only the first television stations in the country , but also the flagship stations of Telesistema Mexicano , which was formed in 1955 . That year , Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta , who had signed on XEW - TV , entered into a partnership with Rómulo O'Farrill who had signed on XHTV , and Guillermo González Camarena , who had signed on XHGC . The earliest 3D television broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954 . Color television was introduced in 1962 , also over XHGC - TV . One of Telesistema Mexicano 's earliest broadcasts as a network , over XEW - TV , on June 25 , 1955 , was the first international North American broadcast in the medium 's history , and was jointly aired with NBC in the United States , where it aired as the premiere episode of Wide Wide World , and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Except for a brief period between 1969 -- 1973 , nearly every commercial television station in Mexico , with exceptions in the border cities , was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor , Televisa ( formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and Television Independiente de Mexico ) . This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993 , when Imevision was privatized to become TV Azteca .",
"The Soviet Union began offering 30 - line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31 , 1931 , and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932 .",
"First electronic television system on 180 lines at 25 fps was created in the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad ( St. Petersburg ) . In September 1937 the experimental Leningrad TV Center ( OLTC ) was put in action . OLTC worked with 240 lines at 25 fps progressive scan .",
"In Moscow , experimental transmissions of electronic television took place on March 9 , 1937 , using equipment manufactured by RCA . Regular broadcasting began on December 31 , 1938 . It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run , thus a specification for 441 - line format at 25 fps interlaced was developed in 1940 .",
"Television broadcasts were suspended during Great Patriotic War . In 1944 , while the war was still raging , a new standard , offering 625 lines of vertical resolution was prepared . This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard .",
"The transmissions in 625 - line format started in Moscow on November 4 , 1948 . Regular broadcasting began on June 16 , 1949 . Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called GOST 7845 - 55 , basic parameters for black - and - white television broadcast . In particular , frame size was set to 625 lines , frame rate to 25 frames / s interlaced , and video bandwidth to 6 MHz . These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM .",
"Starting in 1951 , broadcasting in the 625 - line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union .",
"Color television broadcast started in 1967 , using SECAM color system .",
"The first Turkish television channel , ITU TV , was launched in 1952 . The first national television is TRT 1 and was launched in 1964 . Color television was introduced in 1981 . Before 1989 there was the only channel , the state broadcasting company TRT , and it broadcast in several times of the dateline . Turkey 's first private television channel Star started it broadcast on 26 May 1989 . Until then there was only one television channel controlled by the state , but with the wave of liberalization , privately owned broadcasting began . Turkey 's television market is defined by a handful of big channels , led by Kanal D , ATV and Show , with 14 % , 10 % and 9.6 % market share , respectively . The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite , with almost 50 % of homes using satellite ( of these 15 % were pay services ) at the end of 2009 . Three services dominate the multi-channel market : the satellite platforms Digitürk and D - Smart and the cable TV service Türksat .",
"The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television 's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929 . Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930 . During this time , Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first - ever live television interview , which featured Peggy O'Neil , an actress and singer from Buffalo , New York . On August 22 , 1932 , BBC launched its own regular service using Baird 's 30 - line electromechanical system , continuing until September 11 , 1935 . On November 2 , 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual - system service , alternating between Marconi - EMI 's 405 - line standard and Baird 's improved 240 - line standard , from Alexandra Palace in London , making the BBC Television Service ( now BBC One ) the UK 's first regular high - definition television service . The government , on advice from a special advisory committee , decided that Marconi - EMI 's electronic system gave the superior picture , and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937 . TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939 . There were 12,000 to 15,000 receivers . Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events ( Dunlap , p56 ) . The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1 , 1939 , at 12 : 35 pm , after a Mickey Mouse cartoon and test signals were broadcast , so that transmissions could not be used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London . It resumed , again from Alexandra Palace on June 7 , 1946 after the end of the war , began with a live programme that opened with the line `` Good afternoon everybody . How are you ? Do you remember me , Jasmine Bligh ? '' '' and was followed by the same Mickey Mouse cartoon broadcast on the last day before the war . At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers , compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time .",
"The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television , although this signal was not broadcast to the public . The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23 , 1962 .",
"The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27 , 1950 .",
"The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2 , 1928 , fifteen months before the United Kingdom . The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland , a suburb of Washington , D.C. For at least the first eighteen months , 48 - line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast , although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones .",
"Hugo Gernsback 's New York City radio station began a regular , if limited , schedule of live television broadcasts on August 14 , 1928 , using 48 - line images . Working with only one transmitter , the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station 's call sign , faces in motion , and wind - up toys in motion . Speaking later that month , Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts , intended for amateur experimenters . `` In six months we may have television for the public , but so far we have not got it . '' Gernsback also published Television , the world 's first magazine about the medium .",
"General Electric 's experimental station in Schenectady , New York , on the air sporadically since January 13 , 1928 , was able to broadcast reflected - light , 48 - line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles , and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly . It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station WRGB . The Queen 's Messenger , a one - act play broadcast on September 11 , 1928 , was the world 's first live drama on television .",
"Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station W2XBS , the predecessor of current television station WNBC . The 60 - line transmissions consisted of pictures , signs , and views of persons and objects . Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931 .",
"General Broadcasting System 's WGBS radio and W2XCR television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26 , 1931 , with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty - fourth Street . Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the six - inch ( 15 cm ) square image , in an evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the four - hour daily broadcasts . Appearing were boxer Primo Carnera , actors Gertrude Lawrence , Louis Calhern , Frances Upton and Lionel Atwill , WHN announcer Nils Granlund , the Forman Sisters , and a host of others .",
"CBS 's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven - day - a-week television schedule on July 21 , 1931 , with a 60 - line electromechanical system . The first broadcast included Mayor Jimmy Walker , the Boswell Sisters , Kate Smith , and George Gershwin . The service ended in February 1933 . Don Lee Broadcasting 's station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931 . Using the UHF spectrum , it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years .",
"By 1935 , low - definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939 . The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards , hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses , hampering television 's economic development . Just as importantly , Philo Farnsworth 's August 1934 demonstration of an all - electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television 's future .",
"On June 15 , 1936 , Don Lee Broadcasting began a one - month - long demonstration of high definition ( 240 + line ) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO ( later KTSL , now KCBS - TV ) with a 300 - line image from motion picture film . By October , W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films . By 1934 RCA increased the definition to 343 interlaced lines and the frame rate to 30 per second . On July 7 , 1936 RCA and its subsidiary NBC demonstrated in New York City a 343 - line electronic television broadcast with live and film segments to its licensees , and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6 . Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938 . Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York ( to the second week of June , and resuming in August ) and Los Angeles . NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30 , 1939 , with a broadcast of the opening of the 1939 New York World 's Fair .",
"In 1937 RCA raised the frame definition to 441 lines , and its executives petitioned the FCC for approval of the standard . By June 1939 , regularly scheduled 441 - line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles , and by November on General Electric 's station in Schenectady . From May through December 1939 , the New York City NBC station ( W2XBS ) of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty - eight hours of programming per month , Wednesday through Sunday of each week . The programming was 33 % news , 29 % drama , and 17 % educational programming , with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year , and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand . A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles ( 16 km ) away from the transmitter , which was located atop the Empire State Building . Coaxial cable was used to cover events at Madison Square Garden . The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the Empire State Building , an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people ( Lohr , 1940 ) .",
"The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2 , 1941 , calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution , 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning , 60 fields per second , and sound carried by frequency modulation . Sets sold since 1939 that were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard . ( Dunlap , p31 ) . The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing , and the first such licenses were issued to NBC - and CBS - owned stations in New York on July 1 , 1941 , followed by Philco 's station WPTZ in Philadelphia .",
"The first official , paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1 , 1941 , over New York station WNBT ( now WNBC ) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . The announcement for Bulova watches , for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 ( reports vary ) , displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time . The Bulova logo , with the phrase `` Bulova Watch Time '' , was shown in the lower right - hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute .",
"After the U.S. entry into World War II , the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours . Most TV stations suspended broadcasting ; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war . On the few that remained , programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays , events at Madison Square Garden , and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers . In 1942 , there were 5,000 sets in operation , but production of new TVs , radios , and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 ( Dunlap ) .",
"By 1947 , when there were 40 million radios in the U.S. , there were about 44,000 television sets ( with probably 30,000 in the New York area ) . Regular network television broadcasts began on NBC on a three - station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944 ; on the DuMont Television Network in 1946 , and on CBS and ABC in 1948 .",
"Following the rapid rise of television after the war , the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses . With more applications than available television channels , the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in effect until April 14 , 1952 .",
"By 1949 , the networks stretched from New York to the Mississippi River , and by 1951 to the West Coast . Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951 with a field - sequential color system that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons . The television industry 's National Television System Committee ( NTSC ) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers , and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953 .",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )",
"Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency ( RF ) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber - optic cables . This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television , in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television . FM radio programming , high - speed Internet , telephone service , and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables .",
"The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television . It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television , from cable television 's origins in 1948 : in areas where over-the - air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain , large `` community antennas '' were constructed , and cable was run from them to individual homes . The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924 .",
"Early cable television was analog , but since the 2000s all cable operators have switched to , or are in the process of switching to , digital cable television .",
"Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low - noise block downconverter ( LNB ) . A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set - top boxes , or a built - in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services , especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television .",
"The most common method of reception is direct - broadcast satellite television ( DBSTV ) , also known as `` direct to home '' ( DTH ) . In DBSTV systems , signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K wavelength and are completely digital . Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive - only . These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C - band spectrum from FSS type satellites , and required the use of large dishes . Consequently , these systems were nicknamed `` big dish '' systems , and were more expensive and less popular .",
"The direct - broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals , both of which require a compatible receiver . Digital signals may include high - definition television ( HDTV ) . Some transmissions and channels are free - to - air or free - to - view , while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription . In 1945 British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit . This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute 's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963 .",
"The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on July 23 , 1962 . The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million . Launched in 1962 , the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan . The first geosynchronous communication satellite , Syncom 2 , was launched on July 26 , 1963 .",
"The world 's first commercial communications satellite , called Intelsat I and nicknamed `` Early Bird '' , was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6 , 1965 . The first national network of television satellites , called Orbita , was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967 , and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to a network of twenty ground downlink stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna 39 feet ( 12 m ) in diameter . The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada 's geostationary Anik 1 , which was launched on 9 November 1972 . ATS - 6 , the world 's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite ( DBS ) , was launched on May 30 , 1974 . It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels . The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use .",
"In the Soviet Union , the Moskva ( or Moscow ) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites was launched in 1979 . Stationary and mobile downlink stations with parabolic antennas 13.1 and 8.2 feet ( 4 and 2.5 m ) in diameter were receiving signal from Gorizont communication satellites deployed to geostationary orbits . The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct - To - Home television , Ekran 1 , was launched on October 26 , 1976 . It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology .",
"In the United States , the satellite television industry developed from the cable television industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote cable television headends . Home Box Office ( HBO ) , Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , and Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN , later The Family Channel ) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming . Taylor Howard of San Andreas , California became the first person to receive C - band satellite signals with his home - built system in 1976 . PBS , a non-profit public broadcasting service , began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978 . On October 18 , 1979 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license . The front cover of the 1979 Neiman - Marcus Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500 . The dishes were nearly 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in diameter and were remote - controlled . The price went down by half soon after that , but there were only eight more channels . The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations ( SPACE ) , an organisation that represented consumers and satellite TV system owners was established in 1980 .",
"Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size . The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet ( 3.0 to 4.9 m ) in diameter , made of fibreglass or solid aluminum or steel , and in the United States cost more than $5,000 , sometimes as much as $10,000 . Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in geostationary orbit located 22,300 miles ( 35,900 km ) above the Earth .",
"By 1980 , satellite television was well established in the USA and Europe . On April 26 , 1982 , the first satellite channel in the UK , Satellite Television Ltd. ( later Sky1 ) , was launched . Its signals were transmitted from the ESA 's Orbital Test Satellites . Between 1981 and 1985 , TVRO systems ' sales rates increased as prices fell . Advances in receiver technology and the use of Gallium Arsenide FET technology enabled the use of smaller dishes . 500,000 systems , some costing as little as $2000 , were sold in the US in 1984 . Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper . People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good - quality reception with no monthly fees . The large dishes were a subject of much consternation , as many people considered them eyesores , and in the US most condominiums , neighborhoods , and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use , except in areas where such restrictions were illegal . These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal . A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions , such as a setback requirement , but could not outlaw their use . The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller .",
"Originally , all channels were broadcast in the clear ( ITC ) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers . With the growing number of TVRO systems , the program providers and broadcasters had to scramble their signal and develop subscription systems .",
"In October 1984 , the U.S. Congress passed the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 , which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled , and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee . Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes , other companies had an incentive to offer competition . In January 1986 , HBO began using the now - obsolete VideoCipher II system to encrypt their channels . Other channels uses less secure television encryption systems . The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big - dish systems , most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels , claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive . Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service for $12.95 per month , a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying , and required a descrambler to be purchased for $395 . This led to the attack on HBO 's transponder Galaxy 1 by John R. MacDougall in April 1986 . One by one , all commercial channels followed HBO 's lead and began scrambling their channels . The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association SBCA was founded on December 2 , 1986 as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association ( DBSA ) .",
"Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and Data Encryption Standard based encryption on its audio signal . VideoCipher II was defeated , and there was a black market for descrambler devices , which were initially sold as `` test '' devices .",
"By 1987 , nine channels were scrambled , but 99 others were available free - to - air . While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $19.95 , soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $200 a year . Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986 , but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service , and the industry was starting to recover as a result . Scrambling also led to the development of pay - per - view events . On November 1 , 1988 , NBC began scrambling its C - band signal but left its K band signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising . Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C - band . ABC and CBS were considering scrambling , though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local network affiliates . The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 . This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison . A repeat offender can be fined up to $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years .",
"Satellite television had also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) . On December 11 , 1988 Luxembourg launched Astra 1A , the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe . This was one of the first medium - powered satellites , transmitting signals in K band and allowing reception with small dishes ( 90 cm ) . The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK 's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder , British Satellite Broadcasting , to the market .",
"In the US in the early 1990s , four large cable companies launched PrimeStar , a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellite . The relatively strong transissions allowed the use of smaller ( 90 cm ) dishes . Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the Hughes DirecTV and Dish Network satellite television systems .",
"On March 4 , 1996 EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway ( Dish Network ) using the EchoStar 1 satellite . EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170 . These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150 - 200 video and audio channels , and allowed small dishes to be used . This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems . In the mid-1990s , channels began moving their broadcasts to digital television transmission using the DigiCipher conditional access system .",
"In addition to encryption , the widespread availability , in the US , of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s . Signals from DBS satellites ( operating in the more recent K band ) are higher in both frequency and power ( due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites ) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C - band , and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods . Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K band , but only 24 in the C band , and several digital subchannels can be multiplexed ( MCPC ) or carried separately ( SCPC ) on a single transponder . Advances in noise reduction due to improved microwave technology and semiconductor materials have also had an effect . However , one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is rain fade where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C - band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade .",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )",
"This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 )",
"Internet television ( Internet TV ) , ( online television ) or IPTV ( Internet Protocol Television ) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial , cable and satellite , although internet itself is received by terrestrial , cable or satellite methods . Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology , typically by major traditional television broadcasters .",
"Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Smart television refers to the TV set that has an inbuilt operating system . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV .",
"A television set , also called a television receiver , television , TV set , TV , or telly , is a device that combines a tuner , display , and speakers for the purpose of viewing television . Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form , television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form , using cathode ray tubes . The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s , and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes . The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s , such as VHS and later DVD . In the late 2000s flat panel television incorporating liquid - crystal displays largely replaced cathode ray tubes . Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high - definition display ( 720p , 1080p or 2160p ) and can also play content from a USB device .",
"Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom , United States , and Soviet Union . The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk ( patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884 ) with a spiral of apertures first mass - produced television set , selling about a thousand units .",
"The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934 , followed by other makers in France ( 1936 ) , Britain ( 1936 ) , and America ( 1938 ) . The cheapest model with a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) screen was $445 ( equivalent to $7,736 in 2017 ) . An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain , and about 1,600 in Germany , before World War II . About 7,000 -- 8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942 , production resuming in August 1945 . Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze , war - related technological advances , the drop in television prices caused by mass production , increased leisure time , and additional disposable income . While only 0.5 % of U.S. households had a television in 1946 , 55.7 % had one in 1954 , and 90 % by 1962 . In Britain , there were 15,000 television households in 1947 , 1.4 million in 1952 , and 15.1 million by 1968 . By the late 1960s and early 1970s , color television had come into wide use . In Britain , BBC1 , BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in color by 1969 .",
"By the late 2000s , CRT display technology was largely supplanted worldwide by flat - panel displays such as LCD . Flat - panel television , especially LCD , has become the dominant form of television since the early 2010s .",
"The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4 , 1951 when President Harry Truman 's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco was transmitted over AT&T 's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets .",
"The first live coast - to - coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S. took place on November 18 , 1951 during the premiere of CBS 's See It Now , which showed a split - screen view of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco .",
"In 1958 , the CBC completed the longest television network in the world , from Sydney , Nova Scotia to Victoria , British Columbia .",
"Reportedly , the first continuous live broadcast of a `` breaking '' news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill mining disaster , which began on October 23 of that year .",
"The development of cable television and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged businessmen to target programming toward specific audiences . It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels , such as Home Box Office ( HBO ) and Showtime in the U.S. , and Sky Television in the U.K.",
"Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries .",
"Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton Alan Blumlein Allen B. DuMont Antonio Quirino Assis Chateaubriand Boris Grabovsky Boris Rosing Charles Francis Jenkins Constantin Perskyi David Sarnoff Guillermo González Camarena John Logie Baird Kálmán Tihanyi Kenjiro Takayanagi Léon Theremin Lubo Micic Earl Muntz Manfred von Ardenne Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Philo T. Farnsworth Siegmund and David Loewe , founders of Loewe AG in 1923 Ulises Armand Sanabria Vladimir Zworykin Walter Bruch ( PAL television )",
"Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton",
"Allen B. DuMont",
"Charles Francis Jenkins",
"Guillermo González Camarena",
"John Logie Baird",
"Manfred von Ardenne",
"Paul Gottlieb Nipkow",
"Philo T. Farnsworth",
"Siegmund and David Loewe , founders of Loewe AG in 1923",
"Ulises Armand Sanabria",
"Walter Bruch ( PAL television )",
"Paley Center for Media ( formerly the Museum of Television & Radio ) Early Television Museum Museum of Broadcast Communications National Media Museum National Australia Film and Archives Museum",
"Paley Center for Media ( formerly the Museum of Television & Radio )",
"Early Television Museum",
"Museum of Broadcast Communications",
"National Media Museum",
"National Australia Film and Archives Museum"
] | History of television - wikipedia History of television Jump to: navigation , search The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology. Many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit, while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology. Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanical television 2 Electronic television 3 Color television 4 Digital television 5 Smart television 6 3D television 7 Terrestrial television 7.1 Overview 7.2 Canada 7.3 Czechoslovakia 7.4 France 7.5 Germany 7.6 Italy 7.7 Japan 7.8 Mexico 7.9 Soviet Union (USSR) 7.10 Turkey 7.11 United Kingdom 7.12 United States 8 Cable television 9 Satellite television 9.1 Overview 9.2 Beginning of the satellite TV industry 9.3 TVRO/C-band satellite era 9.4 Late 1980s and 1990s to present 10 Internet television 11 Television sets 12 Technological innovations 13 Television pioneers 14 Television museums 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Mechanical television ( edit ) Main article: Mechanical television Facsimile transmission systems pioneered methods of mechanically scanning graphics in the early 19th century. The Scottish inventor Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846. The English physicist Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851. The first practical facsimile system, working on telegraph lines, was developed and put into service by the Italian priest Giovanni Caselli from 1856 onward. Willoughby Smith , an English electrical engineer, discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873. The Nipkow disk . This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes, which may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned. As a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884. This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it, so each hole scanned a line of the image. Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk `` image rasterizer '' became exceedingly common. Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 24, 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others, made the design practical. The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 selenium cells, individually wired to a mechanical commutator , served as an electronic retina . In the receiver, a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. A separate circuit regulated synchronization. The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof-of-concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted `` several times'' each second. In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, `` very crude images'' over wires to the `` Braun tube'' ( cathode ray tube or `` CRT'' ) in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, `` the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy'' . Baird in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies `` James'' and `` Stooky Bill'' (right) . By the 1920s, when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems. He created his prototype in a little village called Santa Cruz on the island of Trinidad where he was recovering from an illness. He had also started work on the first color television. On March 25, 1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridge's Department Store in London. Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system, he televised a talking, moving ventriloquist's dummy named `` Stooky Bill'' , whose painted face had higher contrast. By January 26, 1926 he demonstrated the transmission of an image of a face in motion by radio. This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration in history. The subject was Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson. Baird's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it. A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light that swept across the subject. A selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal. This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit, where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first. The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image. As each hole in the disk passed by, one scan line of the image was reproduced. Baird's disk had 30 holes, producing an image with only 30 scan lines, just enough to recognize a human face. In 1927, Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles (705 km) of telephone line between London and Glasgow . In 1928, Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore-to-ship transmission. In 1929, he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany. In November of the same year, Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France's first television company, Télévision - Baird -Natan. In 1931, he made the first outdoor remote broadcast, of The Derby . In 1932, he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Baird's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936, though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly. Instead, a 17.5mm film was shot, rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet. An American inventor, Charles Francis Jenkins , also pioneered the television. He published an article on `` Motion Pictures by Wireless'' in 1913, but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses. On June 13, 1925, Jenkins publicly demonstrated the synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures. In 1925, Jenkins used a Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles (from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, D.C.), using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. He was granted U.S. patent 1,544,156 (Transmitting Pictures over Wireless) on June 30, 1925 (filed March 13, 1922). On December 25, 1925, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum at Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu Campus. By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931. By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones. His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin . By 1935, Takayanagi had invented the first all-electronic television. His research toward creating a production model was halted by the US after Japan lost World War II . Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on April 7, 1927. The reflected-light television system included both small and large viewing screens. The small receiver had a two-inch-wide by 2.5-inch-high screen. The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high. Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate, monochromatic moving images. Along with the pictures, the sets also received synchronized sound. The system transmitted images over two paths: first, a copper wire link from Washington to New York City, then a radio link from Whippany, New Jersey . Comparing the two transmission methods, viewers noted no difference in quality. Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . A flying-spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects. The scanner that produced the beam had a 50-aperture disk. The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second, capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds . (Today's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second, or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively.) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration: `` It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time. It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality.'' In 1928, WRGB (then W2XB ) was started as the world's first television station. It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady, NY . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television'' . Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union , Léon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum-based television, starting with 16-line resolution in 1925, then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926. As part of his thesis on May 7, 1926, Theremin electrically transmitted and then projected near-simultaneous moving images on a five-foot square screen. By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines, a resolution that was not surpassed until 1931 by RCA, with 120 lines. Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks, and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical, image resolution in mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low, ranging from about 30 lines up to about 120. Nevertheless, the image quality of 30-line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances, and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear. A few systems ranging into the 200-line region also went on the air. Two of these were the 180-line system that Compagnie des Compteurs (CDC) installed in Paris in 1935, and the 180-line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal . Anton Codelli ( 22nd. March, † 28. April 1954), a Slovenian nobleman, was a passionate inventor. Among other things, he had devised a miniature refrigerator for cars and a new rotary engine design. Intrigued by television, he decided to apply his technical skills to the new medium. At the time, the biggest challenge in television technology was to transmit images with sufficient resolution to reproduce recognizable figures. As recounted by media historian Melita Zajc, most inventors were determined to increase the number of lines used by their systems -- some were approaching what was then the magic number of 100 lines. But Baron Codelli had a different idea. In 1929, he developed a television device with a single line -- but one that formed a continuous spiral on the screen. Codelli based his ingenious design on his understanding of the human eye. He knew that objects seen in peripheral vision don't need to be as sharp as those in the center. The baron's mechanical television system, whose image was sharpest in the middle, worked well, and he was soon able to transmit images of his wife, Ilona von Drasche-Lazar, over the air. Despite the backing of the German electronics giant Telefunken, however, Codelli's television system never became a commercial reality. Electronic television ultimately emerged as the dominant system, and Codelli moved on to other projects. His invention was largely forgotten. The advancement of all-electronic television (including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode ray tubes for the reproducer) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television. Mechanical TV usually only produced small images. It was the main type of TV until the 1930s. The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States. Electronic television ( edit ) Main article: Video camera tube In 1897, J.J. Thomson , an English physicist , in his three famous experiments was able to deflect cathode rays, a fundamental function of the modern Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the Braun tube . It was a cold-cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor -coated screen.A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906, his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909. In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how `` distant electric vision'' could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube (or `` Braun'' tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device. He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society. In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some `` not very successful experiments'' he had conducted with G.M. Minchin and J.C.M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam . These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died. They were later repeated in 1937 by two different teams, H. Miller and J.W. Strange from EMI , and H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting `` very faint'' images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate. Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver, the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel. The first cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922. In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of `` charge storage'' within the scanning (or `` camera'' ) tube. The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or `` camera'' tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924. His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges (`` photoelectrons'' ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed `` Radioskop'' . After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in the United States. Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA 's `` iconoscope '' in 1931, the U.S. patent for Tihanyi's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939. The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October. Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval. Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. On December 25, 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40-line resolution that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver. Takayanagi did not apply for a patent. On September 7, 1927, Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco . By September 3, 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma (`` Pem'' ) with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required). Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929) Meanwhile, Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images. While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923, he began to develop an electronic camera tube. But in a 1925 demonstration, the image was dim, had low contrast and poor definition, and was stationary. Zworykin's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage. But RCA, which acquired the Westinghouse patent, asserted that the patent for Farnsworth's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device. Thus RCA, on the basis of Zworykin's 1923 patent application, filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth. The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision, finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin. Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent. Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application, he also divided his original application in 1931. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application. In September 1939, after losing an appeal in the courts and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment, RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US$1 million over a ten-year period, in addition to license payments, to use Farnsworth's patents. In 1933 RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi's charge storage principle. Dubbed the Iconoscope by Zworykin, the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux, and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth's image dissector. However, Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique `` multipactor'' device that he began work on in 1930, and demonstrated in 1931. This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics. A problem with the multipactor, unfortunately, was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate. At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film. Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25, 1934, and for ten days afterwards. In Britain the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed `` the Emitron'' , which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC. On November 2, 1936, a 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building's towers. It alternated for a short time with Baird's mechanical system in adjoining studios, but was more reliable and visibly superior. This was the world's first regular high-definition television service. The original American iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the iconoscope (or Emitron) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. They solved this problem by developing and patenting in 1934 two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron . The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for an outside broadcasting by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch in a television set how the King lay a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighbor buildings, because neither Farnsworth nor RCA could do the same before the 1939 New York World's Fair . Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939 On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. The `` image iconoscope'' (`` Superikonoskop'' in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron. The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925, two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958. American television broadcasting at the time consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes, each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology, until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941. RCA, for example, used only Iconoscopes in the New York area, but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco. In September 1939, RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth's patents. With this historic agreement in place, RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems. In 1941, the United States implemented 525-line television. The world's first 625-line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944, and became a national standard in 1946. The first broadcast in 625-line standard occurred in 1948 in Moscow. The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard. In 1936, Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display , the first flat panel display system. In 1978, James P Mitchell described, prototyped and demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED television display LED Display targeted at replacing the CRT. Color television ( edit ) Main article: Color television The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details. Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897, using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. Another inventor, Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him, and was patented in Germany on March 31, 1908, patent No 197183, then in Britain , on April 1, 1908, patent No 7219, in France (patent No 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent No 17912). Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission on July 3, 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination. Baird also made the world's first color broadcast on February 4, 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre . Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers, glow-tubes and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green and blue images into one full color image. The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disc. This device was very `` deep'' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console. However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better. Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early TV. His experiments with TV (known as telectroescopía at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the `` trichromatic field sequential system'' color television in 1940. In 1939, Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro-mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 29, 1940, and shown to the press on September 4. CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28, 1940, and live cameras by November 12. NBC (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on February 20, 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on June 1, 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22, 1942, to August 20, 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public. As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the `` Telechrome'' . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image (called `` stereoscopic'' at the time). A demonstration on August 16, 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system. Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The Geer tube was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black-and-white standards, and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee approved an all-electronic Compatible color system developed by RCA , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement. Color bars used in a test pattern , sometimes used when no program material is available. Although all-electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953, high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1, 1954, but during the following ten years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that fall. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season. Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of GE's relatively compact and lightweight Porta-Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets. Color broadcasting in Europe was also not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s. By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color, and by the early 1980s black-and-white sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets. Digital television ( edit ) Main article: Digital television See also: Digital television transition Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television . Digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth. It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Digital TV's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive, high performance computers. It wasn't until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. In the mid-1980s Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, and the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK, a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard-- based on an analog system-- was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible, the FCC made a number of critical decisions. First, the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal, but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images.(7) Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being `` simulcast'' on different channels.(8)The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements. The final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry (joined by some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the film industry and some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processes-- interlaced or progressive-- is superior. Interlaced scanning, which is used in televisions worldwide, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Progressive scanning, which is the format used in computers, scans lines in sequences, from top to bottom. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not `` flicker'' in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet, and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then feasible, that is, 1080 lines per picture and 1920 pixels per line. William F. Schreiber, who was a director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990, thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology. Digital television transition started in the late 2000s. All the governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by the 2010s. Initially the adoption rate was low. But soon, more and more households were converting to digital televisions. The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s. Smart television ( edit ) Main article: Smart television Not to be confused with Internet television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2014) Advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs. A smart television, sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid television , is a television set with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features, and is an example of technological convergence between computers and television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media , these devices can also provide Internet TV, online interactive media , over-the-top content , as well as on-demand streaming media , and home networking access. These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system. Smart TV should not to be confused with Internet TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Internet television refers to the receiving television content over internet instead of traditional systems (terrestrial, cable and satellite) (although internet itself is received by these methods). Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. Web television (WebTV) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. A first patent was filed in 1994 (and extended the following year) for an `` intelligent'' television system, linked with data processing systems, by means of a digital or analog network. Apart from being linked to data networks, one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines, according to a user's demand, and process their needs. Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only, for middle-end and high-end TVs in 2015. 3D television ( edit ) Main article: 3D television Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on August 10, 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935. The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs. Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu-ray discs, 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads among the public. Many 3D television channels that started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s. Terrestrial television ( edit ) Main article: Terrestrial television See also: Timeline of the introduction of television in countries Overview ( edit ) Programming is broadcast by television stations , sometimes called `` channels'' , as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band . At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed, and because bandwidth was limited, i.e., there were only a small number of channels available, government regulation was the norm. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941, but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which had public service as part of its Royal Charter . WRGB claims to be the world's oldest television station , tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928, broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady, NY , under the call letters W2XB . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television'' after its sister radio station. Later in 1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC . The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers. On November 2, 1936, the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London. It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today. With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s, terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7% of US households used an antenna. A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to swichover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts, which offer pristine image quality over very large areas, and offered an alternate to CATV for cord cutters . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) adopted the American NTSC 525-line B/W 60 field per second system as its broadcast standard. It began television broadcasting in Canada in September 1952. The first broadcast was on September 6, 1952 from its Montreal station CBFT . The premiere broadcast was bilingual, spoken in English and French. Two days later, on September 8, 1952, the Toronto station CBLT went on the air. This became the English-speaking flagship station for the country, while CBFT became the French-language flagship after a second English-language station was licensed to CBC in Montreal later in the decade. The CBC's first privately owned affiliate television station, CKSO in Sudbury, Ontario , launched in October 1953 (at the time, all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC, a condition that was relaxed in 1960-- 61 when CTV, Canada's second national English-language network, was formed). Czechoslovakia ( edit ) The first mass-produced Czechoslovak TV-set Tesla 4001A (1953-57). In former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia and the Czech Republic ) the first experimental television sets were produced in 1948. In the same year the first TV- transmission was performed. The first regular TV public transmission started on May 1, 1953. The state-owned TV-centers were in Prague , Bratislava , Brno and Ostrava . In 1961 more than a million citizens had a television set. In 1970, Czechoslovak television had three channels: Czech, Slovak and a bilingual Federal Channel. In 1973, color broadcasting started. France ( edit ) The first experiments in television broadcasting began in France in the 1930s, although the French did not immediately employ the new technology. In November 1929, Bernard Natan established France's first television company, Télévision - Baird -Natan. On April 14, 1931, there took place the first transmission with a thirty-line standard by René Barthélemy . On December 6, 1931, Henri de France created the Compagnie Générale de Télévision (CGT). In December 1932, Barthélemy carried out an experimental program in black and white (definition: 60 lines) one hour per week, `` Paris Télévision '' , which gradually became daily from early 1933. The first official channel of French television appeared on February 13, 1935, the date of the official inauguration of television in France, which was broadcast in 60 lines from 8:15 to 8:30 pm. The program showed the actress Béatrice Bretty in the studio of Radio-PTT Vision at 103 rue de Grenelle in Paris. The broadcast had a range of 100 km (62 mi). On November 10, George Mandel , Minister of Posts, inaugurated the first broadcast in 180 lines from the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower . On the 18th, Susy Wincker, the first announcer since the previous June, carried out a demonstration for the press from 5:30 to 7:30 pm. Broadcasts became regular from January 4, 1937 from 11:00 to 11:30 am and 8:00 to 8:30 pm during the week, and from 5:30 to 7:30 pm on Sundays. In July 1938, a decree defined for three years a standard of 455 lines VHF (whereas three standards were used for the experiments: 441 lines for Gramont, 450 lines for the Compagnie des Compteurs and 455 for Thomson). In 1939, there were about only 200 to 300 individual television sets, some of which were also available in a few public places. With the entry of France into World War II the same year, broadcasts ceased and the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was sabotaged. On September 3, 1940, French television was seized by the German occupation forces. A technical agreement was signed by the Compagnie des Compteurs and Telefunken , and a financing agreement for the resuming of the service is signed by German Ministry of Post and Radiodiffusion Nationale ( Vichy 's radio). On May 7, 1943 at 3:00 evening broadcasts. The first broadcast of Fernsehsender Paris (Paris Télévision ) was transmitted from rue Cognac-Jay. These regular broadcasts (5 ⁄ hours a day) lasted until August 16, 1944. One thousand 441-line sets, most of which were installed in soldiers' hospitals, picked up the broadcasts. These Nazi-controlled television broadcasts from the Eiffel Tower in Paris were able to be received on the south coast of England by R.A.F. and BBC engineers, who photographed the station identification image direct from the screen. In 1944, René Barthélemy developed an 819-line television standard. During the years of occupation, Barthélemy reached 1015 and even 1042 lines. On October 1, 1944, television service resumed after the liberation of Paris . The broadcasts were transmitted from the Cognacq-Jay studios. In October 1945, after repairs, the transmitter of the Eiffel Tower was back in service. On November 20, 1948, François Mitterrand decreed a broadcast standard of 819 lines; broadcasting began at the end of 1949 in this definition. Besides France, this standard was later adopted by Algeria, Monaco, and Morocco. Belgium and Luxembourg used a modified version of this standard with bandwidth narrowed to 7 MHz. Germany ( edit ) Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929, but were without sound until 1934. Network electronic service started on March 22, 1935, on 180 lines using telecine transmission of film, intermediate film system , or cameras using the Nipkow Disk. Transmissions using cameras based on the iconoscope began on January 15, 1936. The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both all-electronic iconoscope-based cameras and intermediate film cameras, to Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936. Twenty-eight public television rooms were opened for anybody who did not own a television set. The Germans had a 441-line system on the air in February 1937, and during World War II brought it to France, where they broadcast from the Eiffel Tower. After the end of World War II, the victorious Allies imposed a general ban on all radio and television broadcasting in Germany. Radio broadcasts for information purposes were soon permitted again, but television broadcasting was allowed to resume only in 1948. In East Germany, the head of broadcasting in the Soviet occupation zone, Hans Mahler, predicted in 1948 that in the near future ' a new and important technical step forward in the field of broadcasting in Germany will begin its triumphant march: television.' In 1950, the plans for a nationwide television service got off the ground, and a Television Centre in Berlin was approved. Transmissions began on December 21, 1952 using the 625-line standard developed in the Soviet Union in 1944, although at that time there were probably no more than 75 television receivers capable of receiving the programming. In West Germany, the British occupation forces as well as NWDR (Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk), which had started work in the British zone straight after the war, agreed to the launch of a television station. Even before this, German television specialists had agreed on 625 lines as the future standard. This standard had narrower channel bandwidth (7 MHz) compared to the Soviet specification (8 MHz), allowing three television channels to fit into the VHF I band. When color was introduced, West Germany chose a variant of the NTSC color system, modified by Walter Bruch and called PAL . East Germany accepted the French SECAM system, which was used in Eastern European countries. With the reunification of Germany, it was decided to switch to the PAL color system. The system was changed in December 1990. Italy ( edit ) In Italy, the first experimental tests on television broadcasts were made in Turin since 1934. The city already hosted the Center for Management of the EIAR (lately renamed as RAI ) at the premises of the Theatre of Turin. Subsequently, the EAIR established offices in Rome and Milan . On July 22, 1939 comes into operation in Rome the first television transmitter at the EIAR station, which performed a regular broadcast for about a year using a 441-line system that was developed in Germany. In September of the same year, a second television transmitter was installed in Milan, making experimental broadcasts during major events in the city. The broadcasts were suddenly ended on May 31, 1940, by order of the government, allegedly because of interferences encountered in the first air navigation systems. Also, the imminent participation in the war is believed to have played a role in this decision. EIAR transmitting equipment was relocated to Germany by the German troops. Lately, it was returned to Italy. The first official television broadcast began on January 3, 1954 by the RAI. Japan ( edit ) Television broadcasting in Japan started in August 28, 1953, making the country one of the first in the world with an experimental television service. The first television tests were conducted as early as 1926 using a combined mechanical Nipkow disk and electronic Braun tube system, later switching to an all-electronic system in the 1935 using a domestically developed iconoscope system. In spite of that, because of the beginning of World War II in the Pacific region, this first full-fledged TV broadcast experimentation lasted only a few months. Regular television broadcasts would eventually start in 1953. In 1979, NHK first developed a consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS -9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK television programming . Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high-definition television system HDTV capable video camera, monitor and video tape recorder (VTR) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers . The HDVS range was launched in April 1984, with the HDC-100 camera, HDV-100 video recorder and HDS-100 video switcher all working in the 1125-line component video format with interlaced video and a 5:3 aspect ratio. Mexico ( edit ) The first testing television station in Mexico signed on in 1935. When KFMB-TV in San Diego signed on in 1949, Baja California became the first state to receive a commercial television station over the air. Within a year, the Mexican government would adopt the U.S. NTSC 525-line B/W 60-field-per-second system as the country's broadcast standard. In 1950, the first commercial television station within Mexico, XHTV in Mexico City, signed on the air, followed by XEW-TV in 1951 and XHGC in 1952. Those three were not only the first television stations in the country, but also the flagship stations of Telesistema Mexicano , which was formed in 1955. That year, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta , who had signed on XEW-TV, entered into a partnership with Rómulo O'Farrill who had signed on XHTV, and Guillermo González Camarena , who had signed on XHGC. The earliest 3D television broadcasts in the world were broadcast over XHGC in 1954. Color television was introduced in 1962, also over XHGC-TV. One of Telesistema Mexicano's earliest broadcasts as a network, over XEW-TV, on June 25, 1955, was the first international North American broadcast in the medium's history, and was jointly aired with NBC in the United States, where it aired as the premiere episode of Wide Wide World , and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Except for a brief period between 1969-- 1973, nearly every commercial television station in Mexico, with exceptions in the border cities, was expected to affiliate with a subnetwork of Telesistema Mexicano or its successor, Televisa (formed by the 1973 merger of Telesistema Mexicano and Television Independiente de Mexico ). This condition would not be relaxed for good until 1993, when Imevision was privatized to become TV Azteca . Soviet Union (ussr) ( edit ) The Soviet Union began offering 30-line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31, 1931, and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932. First electronic television system on 180 lines at 25 fps was created in the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). In September 1937 the experimental Leningrad TV Center (OLTC) was put in action. OLTC worked with 240 lines at 25 fps progressive scan. In Moscow, experimental transmissions of electronic television took place on March 9, 1937, using equipment manufactured by RCA . Regular broadcasting began on December 31, 1938. It was quickly realized that 343 lines of resolution offered by this format would have become insufficient in the long run, thus a specification for 441-line format at 25 fps interlaced was developed in 1940. Television broadcasts were suspended during Great Patriotic War . In 1944, while the war was still raging, a new standard, offering 625 lines of vertical resolution was prepared. This format was ultimately accepted as a national standard. The transmissions in 625-line format started in Moscow on November 4, 1948. Regular broadcasting began on June 16, 1949. Details for this standard were formalized in 1955 specification called GOST 7845-55, basic parameters for black-and-white television broadcast . In particular, frame size was set to 625 lines, frame rate to 25 frames/s interlaced, and video bandwidth to 6 MHz. These basic parameters were accepted by most countries having 50 Hz mains frequency and became the foundation of television systems presently known as PAL and SECAM. Starting in 1951, broadcasting in the 625-line standard was introduced in other major cities of the Soviet Union. Color television broadcast started in 1967, using SECAM color system. Turkey ( edit ) The first Turkish television channel, ITU TV , was launched in 1952. The first national television is TRT 1 and was launched in 1964. Color television was introduced in 1981. Before 1989 there was the only channel, the state broadcasting company TRT, and it broadcast in several times of the dateline. Turkey 's first private television channel Star started it broadcast on 26 May 1989. Until then there was only one television channel controlled by the state, but with the wave of liberalization, privately owned broadcasting began. Turkey's television market is defined by a handful of big channels, led by Kanal D , ATV and Show , with 14%, 10% and 9.6% market share, respectively. The most important reception platforms are terrestrial and satellite, with almost 50% of homes using satellite (of these 15% were pay services) at the end of 2009. Three services dominate the multi-channel market: the satellite platforms Digitürk and D-Smart and the cable TV service Türksat . United Kingdom ( edit ) The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929. Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930. During this time, Southampton earned the distinction of broadcasting the first-ever live television interview, which featured Peggy O'Neil , an actress and singer from Buffalo, New York . On August 22, 1932, BBC launched its own regular service using Baird's 30-line electromechanical system, continuing until September 11, 1935. On November 2, 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual-system service, alternating between Marconi-EMI's 405-line standard and Baird's improved 240-line standard, from Alexandra Palace in London, making the BBC Television Service (now BBC One ) the UK's first regular high-definition television service. The government, on advice from a special advisory committee, decided that Marconi-EMI's electronic system gave the superior picture, and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937. TV broadcasts in London were on the air an average of four hours daily from 1936 to 1939. There were 12,000 to 15,000 receivers. Some sets in restaurants or bars might have 100 viewers for sport events (Dunlap, p56). The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be abruptly suspended on September 1, 1939, at 12:35 pm, after a Mickey Mouse cartoon and test signals were broadcast, so that transmissions could not be used as a beacon to guide enemy aircraft to London. It resumed, again from Alexandra Palace on June 7, 1946 after the end of the war, began with a live programme that opened with the line `` Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'' '' and was followed by the same Mickey Mouse cartoon broadcast on the last day before the war. At the end of 1947 there were 54,000 licensed television receivers, compared with 44,000 television sets in the United States at that time. The first transatlantic television signal was sent in 1928 from London to New York by the Baird Television Development Company/Cinema Television, although this signal was not broadcast to the public. The first live satellite signal to Britain from the United States was broadcast via the Telstar satellite on July 23, 1962. The first live broadcast from the European continent was made on August 27, 1950. United States ( edit ) WNBT (later WNBC ) schedule for first week of commercial TV programming in the United States, July 1941 American family watching TV, 1958 The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2, 1928, fifteen months before the United Kingdom. The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in Wheaton Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C. For at least the first eighteen months, 48-line silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast, although beginning in the summer of 1929 he occasionally broadcast in halftones. Hugo Gernsback 's New York City radio station began a regular, if limited, schedule of live television broadcasts on August 14, 1928, using 48-line images. Working with only one transmitter, the station alternated radio broadcasts with silent television images of the station's call sign , faces in motion, and wind-up toys in motion. Speaking later that month, Gernsback downplayed the broadcasts, intended for amateur experimenters. `` In six months we may have television for the public, but so far we have not got it.'' Gernsback also published Television , the world's first magazine about the medium. General Electric 's experimental station in Schenectady, New York , on the air sporadically since January 13, 1928, was able to broadcast reflected-light, 48-line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles , and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly. It is considered to be the direct predecessor of current television station WRGB . The Queen's Messenger , a one-act play broadcast on September 11, 1928, was the world's first live drama on television. Radio giant RCA began daily experimental television broadcasts in New York City in March 1929 over station W2XBS , the predecessor of current television station WNBC . The 60-line transmissions consisted of pictures, signs, and views of persons and objects. Experimental broadcasts continued to 1931. General Broadcasting System 's WGBS radio and W2XCR television aired their regular broadcasting debut in New York City on April 26, 1931, with a special demonstration set up in Aeolian Hall at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-fourth Street. Thousands waited to catch a glimpse of the Broadway stars who appeared on the six-inch (15 cm) square image, in an evening event to publicize a weekday programming schedule offering films and live entertainers during the four-hour daily broadcasts. Appearing were boxer Primo Carnera , actors Gertrude Lawrence , Louis Calhern , Frances Upton and Lionel Atwill , WHN announcer Nils Granlund , the Forman Sisters , and a host of others. CBS 's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting their first regular seven-day-a-week television schedule on July 21, 1931, with a 60-line electromechanical system. The first broadcast included Mayor Jimmy Walker , the Boswell Sisters , Kate Smith , and George Gershwin . The service ended in February 1933. Don Lee Broadcasting 's station W6XAO in Los Angeles went on the air in December 1931. Using the UHF spectrum, it broadcast a regular schedule of filmed images every day except Sundays and holidays for several years. By 1935, low-definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards, hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses, hampering television's economic development. Just as importantly, Philo Farnsworth's August 1934 demonstration of an all-electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television's future. On June 15, 1936, Don Lee Broadcasting began a one-month-long demonstration of high definition (240+ line) television in Los Angeles on W6XAO (later KTSL, now KCBS-TV ) with a 300-line image from motion picture film. By October, W6XAO was making daily television broadcasts of films. By 1934 RCA increased the definition to 343 interlaced lines and the frame rate to 30 per second. On July 7, 1936 RCA and its subsidiary NBC demonstrated in New York City a 343-line electronic television broadcast with live and film segments to its licensees, and made its first public demonstration to the press on November 6. Irregularly scheduled broadcasts continued through 1937 and 1938. Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York (to the second week of June, and resuming in August) and Los Angeles. NBC officially began regularly scheduled television broadcasts in New York on April 30, 1939, with a broadcast of the opening of the 1939 New York World's Fair . In 1937 RCA raised the frame definition to 441 lines, and its executives petitioned the FCC for approval of the standard. By June 1939, regularly scheduled 441-line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles, and by November on General Electric's station in Schenectady. From May through December 1939, the New York City NBC station (W2XBS) of RCA broadcast twenty to fifty-eight hours of programming per month, Wednesday through Sunday of each week. The programming was 33% news, 29% drama, and 17% educational programming, with an estimated 2,000 receiving sets by the end of the year, and an estimated audience of five to eight thousand. A remote truck could cover outdoor events from up to 10 miles (16 km) away from the transmitter, which was located atop the Empire State Building . Coaxial cable was used to cover events at Madison Square Garden . The coverage area for reliable reception was a radius of 40 to 50 miles (80 km) from the Empire State Building, an area populated by more than 10,000,000 people (Lohr, 1940). The FCC adopted NTSC television engineering standards on May 2, 1941, calling for 525 lines of vertical resolution, 30 frames per second with interlaced scanning , 60 fields per second, and sound carried by frequency modulation . Sets sold since 1939 that were built for slightly lower resolution could still be adjusted to receive the new standard. (Dunlap, p31). The FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, and the first such licenses were issued to NBC- and CBS-owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by Philco 's station WPTZ in Philadelphia . The first official, paid advertising to appear on American commercial television occurred on the afternoon of July 1, 1941, over New York station WNBT (now WNBC ) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase `` Bulova Watch Time'' , was shown in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. After the U.S. entry into World War II, the FCC reduced the required minimum air time for commercial television stations from 15 hours per week to 4 hours. Most TV stations suspended broadcasting; of the ten original television stations only six continued through the war. On the few that remained, programs included entertainment such as boxing and plays, events at Madison Square Garden, and illustrated war news as well as training for air raid wardens and first aid providers. In 1942, there were 5,000 sets in operation, but production of new TVs, radios, and other broadcasting equipment for civilian purposes was suspended from April 1942 to August 1945 (Dunlap). The Philco Predicta , 1958. In the collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis By 1947, when there were 40 million radios in the U.S., there were about 44,000 television sets (with probably 30,000 in the New York area). Regular network television broadcasts began on NBC on a three-station network linking New York with the Capital District and Philadelphia in 1944; on the DuMont Television Network in 1946, and on CBS and ABC in 1948. Following the rapid rise of television after the war, the Federal Communications Commission was flooded with applications for television station licenses. With more applications than available television channels, the FCC ordered a freeze on processing station applications in 1948 that remained in effect until April 14, 1952. By 1949, the networks stretched from New York to the Mississippi River , and by 1951 to the West Coast. Commercial color television broadcasts began on CBS in 1951 with a field-sequential color system that was suspended four months later for technical and economic reasons. The television industry's National Television System Committee (NTSC) developed a color television system based on RCA technology that was compatible with existing black and white receivers, and commercial color broadcasts reappeared in 1953. Cable television ( edit ) Main article: Cable television See also: Cable television by region This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2014) Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables. The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large `` community antennas'' were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924. Early cable television was analog, but since the 2000s all cable operators have switched to, or are in the process of switching to, digital cable television. Satellite television ( edit ) Main article: Satellite television Overview ( edit ) Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter (LNB). A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set-top boxes , or a built-in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television . The most common method of reception is direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV), also known as `` direct to home'' (DTH). In DBSTV systems, signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K wavelength and are completely digital. Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive-only . These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C-band spectrum from FSS type satellites, and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed `` big dish'' systems, and were more expensive and less popular. The direct-broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals, both of which require a compatible receiver. Digital signals may include high-definition television (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are free-to-air or free-to-view , while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription. In 1945 British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system that would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute 's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963. The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on July 23, 1962. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first geosynchronous communication satellite , Syncom 2 , was launched on July 26, 1963. The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed `` Early Bird'' , was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita , was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to a network of twenty ground downlink stations each equipped with a parabolic antenna 39 feet (12 m) in diameter. The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada 's geostationary Anik 1 , which was launched on 9 November 1972. ATS-6 , the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), was launched on May 30, 1974. It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels. The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use. In the Soviet Union, the Moskva (or Moscow ) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites was launched in 1979. Stationary and mobile downlink stations with parabolic antennas 13.1 and 8.2 feet (4 and 2.5 m) in diameter were receiving signal from Gorizont communication satellites deployed to geostationary orbits . The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct-To-Home television, Ekran 1, was launched on October 26, 1976. It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology. Beginning of the satellite TV industry ( edit ) In the United States, the satellite television industry developed from the cable television industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote cable television headends . Home Box Office (HBO), Turner Broadcasting System (TBS), and Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN, later The Family Channel ) were among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. Taylor Howard of San Andreas , California became the first person to receive C-band satellite signals with his home-built system in 1976. PBS , a non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in 1978. On October 18, 1979, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The front cover of the 1979 Neiman-Marcus Christmas catalogue featured the first home satellite TV stations on sale for $36,500. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and were remote-controlled. The price went down by half soon after that, but there were only eight more channels. The Society for Private and Commercial Earth Stations (SPACE), an organisation that represented consumers and satellite TV system owners was established in 1980. Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size. The satellite television dishes of the systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s were 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m) in diameter, made of fibreglass or solid aluminum or steel , and in the United States cost more than $5,000, sometimes as much as $10,000. Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from eighteen satellites in geostationary orbit located 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the Earth. TVRO/C-band satellite ERA ( edit ) Further information: Television receive-only By 1980, satellite television was well established in the USA and Europe. On April 26, 1982, the first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. (later Sky1 ), was launched. Its signals were transmitted from the ESA 's Orbital Test Satellites . Between 1981 and 1985, TVRO systems' sales rates increased as prices fell. Advances in receiver technology and the use of Gallium Arsenide FET technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. 500,000 systems, some costing as little as $2000, were sold in the US in 1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. People in areas without local broadcast stations or cable television service could obtain good-quality reception with no monthly fees. The large dishes were a subject of much consternation, as many people considered them eyesores , and in the US most condominiums, neighborhoods, and other homeowner associations tightly restricted their use, except in areas where such restrictions were illegal. These restrictions were altered in 1986 when the Federal Communications Commission ruled all of them illegal. A municipality could require a property owner to relocate the dish if it violated other zoning restrictions, such as a setback requirement, but could not outlaw their use. The necessity of these restrictions would slowly decline as the dishes got smaller. Originally, all channels were broadcast in the clear (ITC) because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers. With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to scramble their signal and develop subscription systems. In October 1984, the U.S. Congress passed the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 , which gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive signals for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. Since cable channels could prevent reception by big dishes, other companies had an incentive to offer competition. In January 1986, HBO began using the now-obsolete VideoCipher II system to encrypt their channels . Other channels uses less secure television encryption systems. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive. Eventually HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service for $12.95 per month, a price equal to or higher than what cable subscribers were paying, and required a descrambler to be purchased for $395. This led to the attack on HBO's transponder Galaxy 1 by John R. MacDougall in April 1986. One by one, all commercial channels followed HBO's lead and began scrambling their channels. The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association SBCA was founded on December 2, 1986 as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA). Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and Data Encryption Standard based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a black market for descrambler devices, which were initially sold as `` test'' devices. Late 1980s and 1990s to present ( edit ) DBS satellite dishes. By 1987, nine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. While HBO initially charged a monthly fee of $19.95, soon it became possible to unscramble all channels for $200 a year. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Scrambling also led to the development of pay-per-view events. On November 1, 1988, NBC began scrambling its C-band signal but left its K band signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C-band. ABC and CBS were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local network affiliates . The piracy on satellite television networks in the US led to the introduction of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 . This legislation enabled anyone caught engaging in signal theft to be fined up to $50,000 and to be sentenced to a maximum of two years in prison. A repeat offender can be fined up to $100,000 and be imprisoned for up to five years. Satellite television had also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). On December 11, 1988 Luxembourg launched Astra 1A , the first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. This was one of the first medium-powered satellites, transmitting signals in K band and allowing reception with small dishes (90 cm). The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder, British Satellite Broadcasting , to the market. In the US in the early 1990s, four large cable companies launched PrimeStar , a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellite. The relatively strong transissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. Its popularity declined with the 1994 launch of the Hughes DirecTV and Dish Network satellite television systems. On March 4, 1996 EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using the EchoStar 1 satellite. EchoStar launched a second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels available on Dish Network to 170. These systems provided better pictures and stereo sound on 150-200 video and audio channels, and allowed small dishes to be used. This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mid-1990s, channels began moving their broadcasts to digital television transmission using the DigiCipher conditional access system. In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent K band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K band, but only 24 in the C band, and several digital subchannels can be multiplexed (MCPC) or carried separately ( SCPC ) on a single transponder. Advances in noise reduction due to improved microwave technology and semiconductor materials have also had an effect. However, one consequence of the higher frequencies used for DBS services is rain fade where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C-band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade. Internet television ( edit ) Main article: Internet television Not to be confused with Smart television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2014) Internet television (Internet TV), (online television) or IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable and satellite, although internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable or satellite methods. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Smart television refers to the TV set that has an inbuilt operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV. Television sets ( edit ) Main article: Television set A television set, also called a television receiver, television, TV set, TV, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and speakers for the purpose of viewing television . Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tubes . The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as VHS and later DVD . In the late 2000s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays largely replaced cathode ray tubes . Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of high-definition display (720p, 1080p or 2160p) and can also play content from a USB device. RCA 630-TS, the first mass-produced television set, which sold in 1946-- 1947 Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, United States, and Soviet Union. The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird called Televisors in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk (patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884) with a spiral of apertures first mass-produced television set, selling about a thousand units. The first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934, followed by other makers in France (1936), Britain (1936), and America (1938). The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 (equivalent to $7,736 in 2017). An estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,000-- 8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. Television usage in the western world skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the drop in television prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962. In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, color television had come into wide use. In Britain, BBC1 , BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in color by 1969. By the late 2000s, CRT display technology was largely supplanted worldwide by flat-panel displays such as LCD . Flat-panel television, especially LCD, has become the dominant form of television since the early 2010s. Technological innovations ( edit ) The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place on September 4, 1951 when President Harry Truman 's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco was transmitted over AT&T 's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets. The first live coast-to-coast commercial television broadcast in the U.S. took place on November 18, 1951 during the premiere of CBS 's See It Now , which showed a split-screen view of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1958, the CBC completed the longest television network in the world, from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Victoria, British Columbia . Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast of a `` breaking'' news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill mining disaster , which began on October 23 of that year. The development of cable television and satellite television in the 1970s allowed for more channels and encouraged businessmen to target programming toward specific audiences. It also enabled the rise of subscription television channels, such as Home Box Office (HBO) and Showtime in the U.S., and Sky Television in the U.K. Television pioneers ( edit ) Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton Alan Blumlein Allen B. DuMont Antonio Quirino Assis Chateaubriand Boris Grabovsky Boris Rosing Charles Francis Jenkins Constantin Perskyi David Sarnoff Guillermo González Camarena John Logie Baird Kálmán Tihanyi Kenjiro Takayanagi Léon Theremin Lubo Micic Earl Muntz Manfred von Ardenne Paul Gottlieb Nipkow Philo T. Farnsworth Siegmund and David Loewe, founders of Loewe AG in 1923 Ulises Armand Sanabria Vladimir Zworykin Walter Bruch (PAL television) Television museums ( edit ) Paley Center for Media (formerly the Museum of Television & Radio) Early Television Museum Museum of Broadcast Communications National Media Museum National Australia Film and Archives Museum See also ( edit ) Archive of American Television BBC Archives Geographical usage of television Golden Age of Television , c. 1949-- 1960 in the US Golden Age of Television (2000s-- present) History of broadcasting History of radio History of telecommunication History of videotelephony List of experimental television stations List of years in television Muntzing Oldest television station Television Hall of Fame Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries Timeline of the introduction of television in countries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephens, Mitchell (February 6, 2015). `` History of Television'' . www.nyu.edu . 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(15 November 2002). `` Taylor Howard, 70, Pioneer In Satellite TV for the Home'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization, Editors: Indrajit Banerjee, Kalinga Seneviratne. ISBN 9789814136013 Jump up ^ The `` Glory Days'' of Satellite Archived March 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Browne, Ray (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture . Madison, Wisconsin : Popular Press. p. 706. ISBN 9780879728212 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Giarrusso, Michael (28 July 1996). `` Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas'' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Keating, Stephen (1999). `` Stealing Free TV, Part 2'' . The Denver Post . Denver, CO : The Denver Post . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein, Joe (1989-01-24). `` Whatta dish : Home satellite reception a TV turn-on'' . Evening Tribune . p. C-8. 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Jump up ^ Telefunken , Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation. Jump up ^ 1934-- 35 Telefunken , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ 1936 French Television , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ 1936 Baird T5 , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Communicating Systems, Inc. , Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation. Jump up ^ America's First Electronic Television Set , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ American TV Prices , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Annual Television Sales in USA , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ Number of TV Households in America , Television History: The First 75 Years. Jump up ^ `` Britain's oldest colour telly ' still going strong' 42 years on, says 69-year-old owner'' . Daily Mail . London. November 11, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook-Up'' , The New York Times , September 4, 1951, p. 2. Jump up ^ `` Television Highlights'' , The Washington Post , September 4, 1951, p. B13. Jump up ^ `` Coast to Coast Television'' (CBS advertisement), The Wall Street Journal , September 4, 1951, p. 9. Jump up ^ Lachenbruch, David (1984), `` New digital receivers deliver ultimate TV'' . Popular Science , June 1984, p. 56. Further reading ( edit ) Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1880 to 1941 . (1987). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-89950-284-9 . Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 . (2003). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-1220-8 . Beyer, Rick, The Greatest Stories Never Told : 100 tales from history to astonish, bewilder, & stupefy , A&E Television Networks, 2003, ISBN 0-06-001401-6 . Burns, R.W. Television: An international history of the formative years. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE . ISBN 0-85296-914-7 . Cavendish, Marshall (Corp), Inventors and Inventions , Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7763-2 . Dunlap, Orrin E. The Future of Television . New York and London: Harper Brothers, 1942. Everson, George (1949), The Story of Television, The Life of Philo T. Farnsworth New York: W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0-405-06042-7 , 266 pages. Fisher, David E. and Marshall Jon Fisher. Tube: the Invention of Television. (1996). Washington: Counterpoint. ISBN 1-887178-17-1 . Hart, Jeffrey A. , Television, technology, and competition: HDTV and digital TV in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan , New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-82624-1 Huurdeman, Anton A., The worldwide history of telecommunications , Wiley-IEEE, 2003, ISBN 0-471-20505-2 . Lohr, Lenox, Television Broadcasting . New York: McGraw Hill, 1940. Meyrowitz, Joshua (1985). No Sense of Place , Oxford University Press, New York. Shiers, George. Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940 . (1997). Garland Reference Library of Social Science. ISBN 0-8240-7782-2 . External links ( edit ) Links related to the development or history of television NAB: How It All Got Started Mechanical TV and Illusion Generators including a description of what mechanical TV viewing was like History of television -- Includes a systematic collection of early texts on `` seeing at a distance by electricity'' History of European Television -- online exhibition Journal of European Television History and Culture Television history -- inventors including a timeline Technology Review -- Who Really Invented Television? Who Invented Television -- Reconciling The Historical Origins of Electronic Video Photos of early TV receivers Early television museum (extensive online presence) Ed Reitan's Color Television History Erics Vintage Television Sets Detailed timeline of communications media (including the TV) The History of Australian Television EUscreen: Discover Europe's television heritage A Visit to Our Studios: a television program exploring the studios at Johns Hopkins University in 1951 Archive of American Television (information and links to videotaped oral history interviews with TV legends and pioneers) Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archives History of West Australian Television MZTV Museum of Television & Archive Television Early Patents and Inventions Littleton, Cynthia. `` Happy 70th Birthday, TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Variety calls it ' corney' '' , Variety , July 1, 2011. WebCitation archive . Booknotes interview with Daniel Stashower on The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television , July 21, 2002. History of TV Infographic Broadcast video formats ( hide ) Television Analog 525 lines System M NTSC NTSC-J PAL-M 625 lines PAL System B System D System G System H System I System K PAL-N PALplus SECAM System B System D System G System K System L (SECAM-L) Audio BTSC (MTS) EIAJ NICAM SAP Sound-in-Syncs Zweikanalton (A2/IGR) Hidden signals Captioning CGMS-A EPG GCR PDC Teletext VBI VEIL VIT VITC WSS XDS Historical Pre-1940 Mechanical television 180-line 405-line System A 441-line 819-line MAC MUSE Digital Interlaced SDTV 480i 576i HDTV 1080i Progressive LDTV 1seg 240p 288p EDTV 480p 576p HDTV 720p 1080p UHDTV 2160p 4320p MPEG-2 standards ATSC DVB ISDB DTMB DVB 3D-TV MPEG-4 AVC standards ATSC A/72 DMB DTMB DVB SBTVD 1seg HEVC standards ATSC 3.0 Audio AC-3 ( 5.1 ) DTS MPEG-1 Audio Layer II MPEG Multichannel PCM LPCM AAC HE-AAC Hidden signals AFD Broadcast flag Captioning CPCM EPG Teletext Technical issues 14:9 compromise Broadcast-safe Digital cinema ( DCI ) Display motion blur Moving image formats MPEG transport stream Reverse Standards Conversion Standards conversion Television transmitter Video on demand Video processing Widescreen signaling Templates ( Analogue TV Topics ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication Optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_television&oldid=836133356 '' Categories : History of television Television pioneers Experimental television stations Hidden categories: CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Use mdy dates from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands ភាសា ខ្មែរ Română සිංහල Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018, at 21:20. 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"This article is part of a series on the Culture of the Dominican Republic Society History Language People Cuisine Religion Literature Sport Symbols Anthem Flag Coat of arms World Heritage Sites Dominican Republic portal",
"This article is part of a series on the",
"Culture of the Dominican Republic",
"Society",
"History Language People Cuisine Religion Literature Sport",
"History Language People Cuisine Religion Literature Sport",
"Symbols",
"Anthem Flag Coat of arms World Heritage Sites",
"Anthem Flag Coat of arms World Heritage Sites",
"Coat of arms",
"World Heritage Sites",
"Dominican Republic portal",
"",
"",
"The culture of the Dominican Republic is a diverse mixture of different influences from around the world . The Dominican people and their customs have origins consisting predominately in a European cultural basis , with both African and native Taíno influences .",
"The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European settlement in the Western Hemisphere , namely Santo Domingo founded in 1493 . As a result of three centuries of colonization by the Spanish empire , the core of Dominican culture is derived from the culture of Spain . The European inheritances include ancestry , language , traditions , law , the predominant religion and the colonial architectural styles . Soon after the arrival of Europeans , African people were imported to the island to serve as slave labor . The fusion of European , native Taino , and African traditions and customs contributed to the development of present - day Dominican culture .",
"Spanish is the predominant language in the Dominican Republic . The country has a variety of accents most of which derive from the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands and western Andalusia of southern Spain . The accent spoken in the Cibao region is a mixture of two dialects : that of the 16th - and 17th - century Portuguese colonists in the Cibao valley , and that of the 18th - century Canarian settlers . Dominican Spanish also has borrowed vocabularies from the Arawak language . Some common words derived from the Taino natives include : barbecue , canoe , caribbean , hammock , hurricane , iguana , manatee , mangrove , savannah , and tobacco among others .",
"Schools in the Dominican Republic are based on a Spanish educational model . Both English and French are taught as secondary languages on private and public schools . Haitian Creole is spoken by the population of Haitian origin . There is a community of about 8,000 speakers of Samaná English in the Samaná Peninsula . They are the descendants of formerly enslaved Africans who arrived in the nineteenth century . Tourism , American pop culture , the influence of Dominican Americans , and the country 's economic ties with the United States motivates other Dominicans to learn English .",
"The Dominican Republic is 68.9 % Roman Catholic , 18.2 % Evangelical , 10.6 % with no religion , and 2.3 % other . Recent immigration , as well as proselytizing , has brought other religions , with the following shares of the population : Spiritist : 2.2 % , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints : 1.1 % , Buddhist : 0.1 % , Bahá'í : 0.1 % , Chinese Folk Religion : 0.1 % , Islam : 0.02 % , Judaism : 0.01 % . The nation has two patroness saints : Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia ( Our Lady Of High Grace ) and Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes ( Our Lady Of Mercy ) .",
"The Catholic Church began to lose popularity in the late 19th century . This was due to a lack of funding , of priests , and of support programs . During the same time , the Protestant evangelical movement began to gain support . Religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in the country has been rare .",
"There has always been religious freedom throughout the entire country . Not until the 1950s were restrictions placed upon churches by Trujillo . Letters of protest were sent against the mass arrests of government adversaries . Trujillo began a campaign against the church and planned to arrest priests and bishops who preached against the government . This campaign ended before it was even put into place , with his assassination .",
"During World War II , a group of Jews escaping Nazi Germany fled to the Dominican Republic and founded the city of Sosúa . It has remained the center of the Jewish population since .",
"Musically , the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of multiple musical styles and genres but is mostly recognized for merengue , a type of lively , fast - paced rhythm and dance music consisting of a tempo of about 120 to 160 beats per minute ( though it varies ) based on musical elements like African drums , brass , piano , chorded instruments , and traditionally the accordion , as well as some elements unique to the Dominican Republic , such as the tambora and güira . Its syncopated beats use Latin percussion , brass instruments , bass , and piano or keyboard . Between 1937 and 1950 merengue music was promoted internationally by Dominican groups like Chapuseaux and Damiron `` Los Reyes del Merengue '' , Joseito Mateo , and others . Radio , television , and international media popularized it further . Some well - known merengue performers include Johnny Ventura , singer / songwriter Juan Luis Guerra , Fernando Villalona , Eddy Herrera , Sergio Vargas , Toño Rosario , Milly Quezada , and Chichí Peralta . Merengue became popular in the United States , mostly on the East Coast , during the 1980s and 1990s , when many Dominican artists , among them Victor Roque y La Gran Manzana , Henry Hierro , Zacarias Ferreira , Aventura , and Milly Jocelyn Y Los Vecinos , residing in the U.S. ( particularly New York ) started performing in the Latin club scene and gained radio airplay . The emergence of bachata , along with an increase in the number of Dominicans living among other Latino groups in New York , New Jersey , Florida and Massachusetts contributed to Dominican music 's overall growth in popularity .",
"Bachata , a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of the Dominican Republic , has become quite popular in recent years . Its subjects are often romantic ; especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness . In fact , the original name for the genre was amargue ( `` bitterness '' , or `` bitter music '' , or blues music ) , until the rather ambiguous ( and mood - neutral ) term bachata became popular . Bachata grew out of , and is still closely related to , the pan-Latin American romantic style called bolero . Over time , it has been influenced by merengue and by a variety of Latin American guitar styles .",
"Palo is an Afro - Dominican sacred music that can be found through the island . The drum and human voice are the principal instruments . Palo is played at religious ceremonies - usually coinciding with saint 's days - as well as for secular parties and special occasions . Its roots are in the Congo region of central - west Africa , but it is mixed with European influences in the melodies . Palos are related to Dominican folk Catholicism , which includes a pantheon of deities / saints ( here termed misterios ) much like those found in the African derived syncretic religious traditions of Cuba , Brazil , Haiti , and elsewhere . Palos are usually associated with the lower class , black and mixed populations . They can be seen in different regions of Dominican Republic , but with variations .",
"Salsa music has had a great deal of popularity in the country . During the late 1960s Dominican native Johnny Pacheco , creator of the famed Fania All Stars , played a significant role in the music 's development and popularization , and is also credited for coining the term `` Salsa '' to denote the genre .",
"Dominican rock is also popular among younger and not so younger crowds of the Dominican Republic . Dominican rock is influenced by British and American rock , but also has its own sense of unique style . The rock scene in the Dominican Republic has been very vibrant in recent years , spanning genres of rock such as pop rock , reggae / rock , and punk . There are also several underground Metal concerts occurring occasionally mainly in the cities of Santo Domingo and Santiago , where teenagers and young adults usually not satisfied with the other genres express themselves .",
"Dominican Republic cuisine is predominantly made up of a combination of Spanish , indigenous Taíno , and African influences . Many Middle - Eastern dishes have been adopted into Dominican cuisine , such as the `` Quipe '' that comes from the Lebanese kibbeh . Dominican cuisine resembles that of other countries in Latin America , those of the nearby islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba , most of all , though the dish names differ sometimes .",
"A traditional breakfast would consist of mangú , sauteed onions , fried eggs , fried salami , fried cheese and sometimes avocado . This is called `` Los Tres Golpes '' or `` The Three Hits '' . As in Spain , the largest , most important meal of the day is lunch . Its most typical form , nicknamed La Bandera ( `` The Flag '' ) , consists of rice , red beans and meat ( beef , chicken , pork , or fish ) , sometimes accompanied by a side of salad .",
"Meals tend to favor meats and starches over dairy products and vegetables . Many dishes are made with sofrito , which is a mix of local herbs used as a wet rub for meats and sautéed to bring out all of a dish 's flavors . Throughout the south - central coast , bulgur , or whole wheat , is a main ingredient in quipes or tipili ( bulgur salad ) .",
"Other favorite Dominican foods are chicharrón , yuca , casabe , pastelitos ( empanadas ) , batata , yam , chaca ( also called maiz caqueao / casqueado , maiz con dulce and maiz con leche ) , chimichurris , tostones . Some treats Dominicans enjoy are arroz con leche ( or arroz con dulce ) , bizcocho dominicano ( lit . Dominican cake ) , habichuelas con dulce , flan , frío frío ( snow cones ) , dulce de leche , and caña ( sugarcane ) . The beverages Dominicans enjoy include Morir Soñando , rum , beer , Mama Juana , batida ( smoothie ) , jugos naturales ( freshly squeezed fruit juices ) , mabí , and coffee .",
"Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican Republic . The country has a baseball league of six teams . The Milwaukee Brewers have a summer league here called the baseball academy . The baseball season usually begins during October and ends in January . After the United States , the Dominican Republic has the second - highest number of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) players . Ozzie Virgil , Sr. became the first Dominican - born player in the MLB on September 23 , 1956 . Juan Marichal is the first Dominican - born player in the Baseball Hall of Fame .",
"The three highest paid baseball players of all time Alex Rodriguez , Albert Pujols , and Robinson Canó are of Dominican descent . Other notable baseball players from the Dominican Republic are : Julian Javier , Pedro Martínez , Francisco Liriano , Manny Ramírez , José Bautista , Hanley Ramírez , David Ortiz , Ubaldo Jiménez , José Reyes , Alcides Escobar , Plácido Polanco and Sammy Sosa . Felipe Alou has also enjoyed success as a manager , and Omar Minaya as a general manager . In 2013 , the Dominican team went undefeated en route to winning the World Baseball Classic .",
"In boxing , the Dominican Republic has produced scores of world - class fighters and several world champions . Basketball also enjoys a relatively high level of popularity . Al Horford , Felipe Lopez , and Francisco Garcia are among the Dominican - born players currently or formerly in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Olympic gold medalist and world champion hurdler Félix Sánchez hails from the Dominican Republic , as does NFL defensive end Luis Castillo .",
"Other important sports include , Volleyball , which was introduced in 1916 by US Marines , is controlled by the Dominican Volleyball Federation . Other sports include taekwondo , in which Gabriel Mercedes is an Olympic silver medalist , and judo .",
"The architecture in the Dominican Republic represents a complex blend of diverse cultures . The deep influence of the European colonists is the most evident throughout the country . Characterized by ornate designs and baroque structures , the style can best be seen in the capital city of Santo Domingo , which is home to the first cathedral , castle , monastery , and fortress in all of the Americas , located in the city 's Colonial Zone , an area declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . The designs carry over into the villas and buildings throughout the country . It can also be observed on buildings that contain stucco exteriors , arched doors and windows , and red tiled roofs .",
"The indigenous peoples of the Dominican Republic have also had a significant influence on the architecture of the country . The Taino people relied heavily on the mahogany and guano ( dried palm tree leaf ) to put together crafts , artwork , furniture , and houses . Utilizing mud , thatched roofs , and mahogany trees give buildings and the furniture inside a natural look , seamlessly blending in with the island 's surroundings .",
"Lately , with the rise in tourism and increasing popularity as a Caribbean vacation destination , architects in the Dominican Republic have now began to incorporate cutting - edge designs that emphasized luxury . In many ways an architectural playground , villas and hotels implemented new styles , while still offering new takes on the old .",
"This new style , though diverse , is characterized by simplified , angular corners , and large windows that blend outdoor and indoor spaces . As with the culture as a whole , contemporary architects embrace the Dominican Republic 's rich history and various cultures to create something new . Surveying modern villas , one can find any combination of the three major styles : a villa may contain angular , modernist building construction , Spanish Colonial - style arched windows , and a traditional Taino hammock in the bedroom balcony .",
"Dominican art is perhaps most commonly associated with the bright , vibrant colors and images that are sold in every tourist gift shop across the country . However , the country has a long history of fine art that goes back to the middle of the 1800s when the country became independent and the beginnings of a national art scene emerged .",
"Historically , the painting of this time were centered around images connected to national independence , historical scenes , portraits but also landscapes and images of still life . Styles of painting ranged between neoclassicism and romanticism . Between 1920 and 1940 the art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism . Dominican artists were focused on breaking from previous , academic styles in order to develop more independent and individual styles . The artists of the times were Celeste Woss y Gil ( 1890 - 1985 ) , Jaime Colson ( 1901 - 1975 ) , Yoryi O. Morel ( 1906 - 1979 ) and Darío Suro ( 1917 - 1997 ) .",
"The 1940s represent an important period in Dominican art . President Rafael Leónidas Trujillo provided asylum for Spanish Civil War refugees and a group of Europeans ( including famous artists ) subsequently arrived to the DR . They became an inspiration to young Dominican artists who were given a more international perspective on art . The art school Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes was founded as the first official center for teaching art . The country went through a renaissance heavily inspired by the trends happening in Europe .",
"Between 1950 and 1970 Dominican art expressed the social and political conditions of the time . A need for a renewal of the image language emerged and as a result paintings were created in non-figurative , abstract , geometric and cubistic styles . The most notable artists included Paul Giudicelli ( 1921 - 1965 ) , Clara Ledesma ( 1924 - 1999 ) , Gilberto Hernandez Ortega ( 1924 - 1979 ) , Gaspar Mario Cruz ( 1925 - 2006 ) , Luichy M. Richiez ( 1928 - 2000 ) , Eligio Pichardo ( 1929 - 1984 ) , Domingo Liz ( 1931 - ) , Silvano Lora ( 1934 - 2003 ) , Cándido Bidó ( 1936 - 2011 ) and José Ramírez Conde ( 1940 - 1987 ) .",
"During the 1970s and 1980s artists were experimenting again with new styles , forms , concepts and themes . Artists such as Ada Balcácer ( 1930 - ) , Fernando Peña Defilló ( 1928 - ) and Ramón Oviedo ( 1927 - ) count as the most influential of the decade .",
"Dominican cinema is an emerging film industry , being one of the first countries in Latin America where the Lumière brothers first brought the Curiel theater in San Felipe de Puerto Plata at the beginning of the century in the year 1900 , with the industry 's beginnings dating back to 1915 in which the first film is produced in Dominican territory .",
"The Dominican Film Market is officially the first film market in the history of the Caribbean Region , DFM was created and produced by filmmakers Roddy Pérez and Nurgul Shayakhmetova , executives of Audiovisual Dominicana . In its first edition , DFM had the support of important international brands such as Panasonic , Nikon and Blackmagic Design , as well as the co-sponsorship of the Directorate General of Cinema DGCINE , the Center for Export and Investment of the Dominican Republic CEI - RD and the Ministry of Tourism of the Dominican Republic .",
"In only seven years , the Dominican Republic 's fashion week has become the most important event of its kind in all of the Caribbean and one of the fastest growing fashion events in the entire Latin American fashion world . The country boasts one of the ten most important design schools in the region , La Escuela de Diseño de Altos de Chavón , which is making the country a key player in the world of fashion and design .",
"World famous fashion designer Oscar de la Renta was born in the Dominican Republic in 1932 and became a US citizen in 1971 . He studied under the leading Spaniard designer Cristóbal Balenciaga and then worked with the house of Lanvin in Paris . Then by 1963 , de la Renta had designs carrying his own label . After establishing himself in the US , de la Renta opened boutiques across the country . His work blends French and Spaniard fashion with American styles .",
"Although he settled in New York , de la Renta also marketed his work in Latin America where it became very popular . He remained active in his native Dominican Republic , where his charitable activities and personal achievements earned him the Juan Pablo Duarte Order of Merit and the Order of Cristóbal Colón .",
"Carnival celebrations are held in the Dominican Republic each February with parades , street dancing , food festivals , and music . Festivities also take place in the week leading up to Easter Sunday . Parades , beauty pageants , and different festivals in each town throughout the country fill the week . In June the country celebrates Espíritu Santo to honor the island 's African heritage with nationwide festivals featuring African music .",
"Concerts , dance troupes , arts and crafts booths , and chefs also celebrate Dominican heritage with an annual cultural festival in Puerto Plata each June . Fiesta Patria de la Restauración , or Restoration Day , celebrates the Dominican Republic 's day of independence from Spain , which occurred in 1863 . Nationwide events include parades , music festivals , street festivals , and food festivals .",
"Three days each June are set aside for the Latin Music Festival in Santo Domingo . Both local and international Latin musicians and bands take the stage . During the last week of July and first week of August Santo Domingo hosts some of the world 's top merengue bands at the Festival del Merengue . Other events during the two - week - long party include and food festival and an arts and crafts festival .",
"The merengue festival takes place in July in both Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata . This week - long bacchanal raises the ' ' merengue ' ' and the costumes worn by the dancers to an art form . The dancers dance in the street and on open stages and compete for an array of honors that recoqnize originality , fluidity , and beauty of the chorography . Posters that are designed to advertise the festival compete for originality and beauty . The crowds who come to watch the dancing and the parades that take place in the evening also dance .",
"October 's Puerto Plata Festival brings musicians from around the country together to perform live music in a variety of genres . Blues , jazz , folk , salsa , and merengue are the most common . Another musical event takes place in October during Columbus Day Weekend : the Dominican Republic Jazz Festival . Concerts are held in Puerto Plata , Sosua , and Cabarete , and feature some of the country 's top jazz musicians and bands .",
"Other festivals include the Festivales del Santo Cristo de Bayaguana on New Years Day . Events leading up to Mass include a parade , music , and dance . Each January the Dominican Republic honors Juan Pablo Duarte with gun salutes in Santo Domingo and numerous carnivals throughout the country . Duarte is celebrated as the man who gained independence from Haiti for the Dominican Republic . The premier culinary event in all of the Caribbean is Taste SD , which takes place in October of each year .",
"During the event , hundreds of restaurants , food vendors , chefs , and others on the culinary scene host a series of presentations , tastings , and more . The event stretches out over several days and venues and is known to attract several thousand guests . The main event , unveiled in 2012 , is the Culinary Cup of the Americas in which chefs participate in several cooking and baking events hoping to win the top prize . Another event is the Dominican Republic International Film Festival . During four days each December , independent films , shorts , and documentaries are screened .",
"Date Name January 1 New Year 's Day Non-working day . January 6 Catholic day of the Epiphany Movable . January 21 Día de la Altagracia Non-working day . Patroness Day ( Catholic ) . January 26 Duarte 's Day Movable . Founding Father . February 27 Independence Day Non-working day . National Day . ( Variable date ) Holy Week Working days , except Good Friday . A Catholic holiday . May 1 International Workers ' Day Movable . Last Sunday of May Mother 's Day ( Variable date ) Catholic Corpus Christi Non-working day . A Thursday in May or June ( 60 days after Easter Sunday ) . August 16 Restoration Day Non-working day . September 24 Virgen de las Mercedes Non-working day . A Patroness Day ( Catholic ) November 6 Constitution Day Movable . December 25 Christmas Day Non-working day .",
"Date Name",
"January 1 New Year 's Day Non-working day .",
"January 6 Catholic day of the Epiphany Movable .",
"January 21 Día de la Altagracia Non-working day . Patroness Day ( Catholic ) .",
"January 26 Duarte 's Day Movable . Founding Father .",
"February 27 Independence Day Non-working day . National Day .",
"( Variable date ) Holy Week Working days , except Good Friday . A Catholic holiday .",
"May 1 International Workers ' Day Movable .",
"Last Sunday of May Mother 's Day",
"( Variable date ) Catholic Corpus Christi Non-working day . A Thursday in May or June ( 60 days after Easter Sunday ) .",
"August 16 Restoration Day Non-working day .",
"September 24 Virgen de las Mercedes Non-working day . A Patroness Day ( Catholic )",
"November 6 Constitution Day Movable .",
"December 25 Christmas Day Non-working day .",
"Non-working holidays are not moved to another day . If a movable holiday falls on Saturday , Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day . If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday , the holiday is moved to the previous Monday . If it falls on Thursday or Friday , the holiday is moved to the next Monday . Roman Catholic religious holidays are not moved to another day .",
"Non-working holidays are not moved to another day .",
"If a movable holiday falls on Saturday , Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day . If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday , the holiday is moved to the previous Monday . If it falls on Thursday or Friday , the holiday is moved to the next Monday .",
"Roman Catholic religious holidays are not moved to another day ."
] | Culture of the Dominican Republic - wikipedia Culture of the Dominican Republic This article is part of a series on the Culture of the Dominican Republic Society History Language People Cuisine Religion Literature Sport Symbols Anthem Flag Coat of arms World Heritage Sites Dominican Republic portal Parque Colón 1960 (Christopher Columbus) in Santo Domingo . The culture of the Dominican Republic is a diverse mixture of different influences from around the world. The Dominican people and their customs have origins consisting predominately in a European cultural basis , with both African and native Taíno influences. The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European settlement in the Western Hemisphere, namely Santo Domingo founded in 1493. As a result of three centuries of colonization by the Spanish empire, the core of Dominican culture is derived from the culture of Spain . The European inheritances include ancestry, language, traditions, law, the predominant religion and the colonial architectural styles. Soon after the arrival of Europeans, African people were imported to the island to serve as slave labor. The fusion of European, native Taino , and African traditions and customs contributed to the development of present-day Dominican culture. Contents ( hide ) 1 Language 2 Religion 3 Music 4 Cuisine 5 Sports 6 Architecture 7 Visual arts 8 Cinema 9 Fashion 10 Festivals 11 Holidays 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Language ( edit ) Main article: Dominican Spanish Spanish is the predominant language in the Dominican Republic . The country has a variety of accents most of which derive from the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands and western Andalusia of southern Spain . The accent spoken in the Cibao region is a mixture of two dialects: that of the 16th- and 17th-century Portuguese colonists in the Cibao valley, and that of the 18th-century Canarian settlers. Dominican Spanish also has borrowed vocabularies from the Arawak language. Some common words derived from the Taino natives include: barbecue , canoe , caribbean , hammock , hurricane , iguana , manatee , mangrove , savannah , and tobacco among others. Schools in the Dominican Republic are based on a Spanish educational model. Both English and French are taught as secondary languages on private and public schools. Haitian Creole is spoken by the population of Haitian origin. There is a community of about 8,000 speakers of Samaná English in the Samaná Peninsula. They are the descendants of formerly enslaved Africans who arrived in the nineteenth century. Tourism, American pop culture, the influence of Dominican Americans, and the country's economic ties with the United States motivates other Dominicans to learn English. Religion ( edit ) Main article: Religion in the Dominican Republic The Cathedral of Santa María la Menor , Santo Domingo, the first cathedral in the Americas, built 1512-- 1540. The Dominican Republic is 68.9% Roman Catholic , 18.2% Evangelical , 10.6% with no religion, and 2.3% other. Recent immigration, as well as proselytizing, has brought other religions, with the following shares of the population: Spiritist : 2.2%, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints : 1.1%, Buddhist : 0.1%, Bahá'í : 0.1%, Chinese Folk Religion : 0.1%, Islam: 0.02%, Judaism: 0.01%. The nation has two patroness saints: Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (Our Lady Of High Grace) and Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady Of Mercy). The Catholic Church began to lose popularity in the late 19th century. This was due to a lack of funding, of priests, and of support programs. During the same time, the Protestant evangelical movement began to gain support. Religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in the country has been rare. There has always been religious freedom throughout the entire country. Not until the 1950s were restrictions placed upon churches by Trujillo. Letters of protest were sent against the mass arrests of government adversaries. Trujillo began a campaign against the church and planned to arrest priests and bishops who preached against the government. This campaign ended before it was even put into place, with his assassination. During World War II, a group of Jews escaping Nazi Germany fled to the Dominican Republic and founded the city of Sosúa . It has remained the center of the Jewish population since. Music ( edit ) Main articles: Music of the Dominican Republic and List of Dominican singers Dominican singer/songwriter Juan Luis Guerra in concert, 2005 Musically, the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of multiple musical styles and genres but is mostly recognized for merengue , a type of lively, fast-paced rhythm and dance music consisting of a tempo of about 120 to 160 beats per minute (though it varies) based on musical elements like African drums, brass, piano, chorded instruments, and traditionally the accordion, as well as some elements unique to the Dominican Republic , such as the tambora and güira . Its syncopated beats use Latin percussion , brass instruments , bass, and piano or keyboard. Between 1937 and 1950 merengue music was promoted internationally by Dominican groups like Chapuseaux and Damiron `` Los Reyes del Merengue'' , Joseito Mateo, and others. Radio, television, and international media popularized it further. Some well-known merengue performers include Johnny Ventura , singer/songwriter Juan Luis Guerra , Fernando Villalona , Eddy Herrera , Sergio Vargas , Toño Rosario , Milly Quezada , and Chichí Peralta . Merengue became popular in the United States, mostly on the East Coast , during the 1980s and 1990s, when many Dominican artists, among them Victor Roque y La Gran Manzana, Henry Hierro, Zacarias Ferreira, Aventura, and Milly Jocelyn Y Los Vecinos, residing in the U.S. (particularly New York) started performing in the Latin club scene and gained radio airplay. The emergence of bachata , along with an increase in the number of Dominicans living among other Latino groups in New York, New Jersey , Florida and Massachusetts contributed to Dominican music's overall growth in popularity. Bachata , a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of the Dominican Republic, has become quite popular in recent years. Its subjects are often romantic; especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness. In fact, the original name for the genre was amargue (`` bitterness'' , or `` bitter music'' , or blues music), until the rather ambiguous (and mood-neutral) term bachata became popular. Bachata grew out of, and is still closely related to, the pan-Latin American romantic style called bolero . Over time, it has been influenced by merengue and by a variety of Latin American guitar styles. Merengue dance. Palo is an Afro-Dominican sacred music that can be found through the island. The drum and human voice are the principal instruments. Palo is played at religious ceremonies - usually coinciding with saint's days - as well as for secular parties and special occasions. Its roots are in the Congo region of central-west Africa, but it is mixed with European influences in the melodies. Palos are related to Dominican folk Catholicism, which includes a pantheon of deities/saints (here termed misterios) much like those found in the African derived syncretic religious traditions of Cuba, Brazil, Haiti, and elsewhere. Palos are usually associated with the lower class, black and mixed populations. They can be seen in different regions of Dominican Republic, but with variations. Salsa music has had a great deal of popularity in the country. During the late 1960s Dominican native Johnny Pacheco , creator of the famed Fania All Stars , played a significant role in the music's development and popularization, and is also credited for coining the term `` Salsa'' to denote the genre. Dominican rock is also popular among younger and not so younger crowds of the Dominican Republic. Dominican rock is influenced by British and American rock, but also has its own sense of unique style. The rock scene in the Dominican Republic has been very vibrant in recent years, spanning genres of rock such as pop rock , reggae/rock, and punk . There are also several underground Metal concerts occurring occasionally mainly in the cities of Santo Domingo and Santiago, where teenagers and young adults usually not satisfied with the other genres express themselves. Cuisine ( edit ) Main article: Cuisine of the Dominican Republic Chicharrón mixto, common dish in the country derived from Andalusia in southern Spain. Dominican Republic cuisine is predominantly made up of a combination of Spanish, indigenous Taíno , and African influences. Many Middle-Eastern dishes have been adopted into Dominican cuisine, such as the `` Quipe'' that comes from the Lebanese kibbeh. Dominican cuisine resembles that of other countries in Latin America, those of the nearby islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba, most of all, though the dish names differ sometimes. A traditional breakfast would consist of mangú , sauteed onions, fried eggs, fried salami, fried cheese and sometimes avocado. This is called `` Los Tres Golpes'' or `` The Three Hits'' . As in Spain, the largest, most important meal of the day is lunch. Its most typical form, nicknamed La Bandera (`` The Flag'' ), consists of rice, red beans and meat (beef, chicken, pork, or fish), sometimes accompanied by a side of salad. Meals tend to favor meats and starches over dairy products and vegetables. Many dishes are made with sofrito , which is a mix of local herbs used as a wet rub for meats and sautéed to bring out all of a dish's flavors. Throughout the south-central coast, bulgur , or whole wheat, is a main ingredient in quipes or tipili (bulgur salad). Other favorite Dominican foods are chicharrón , yuca , casabe , pastelitos ( empanadas ), batata , yam , chaca (also called maiz caqueao/casqueado , maiz con dulce and maiz con leche ), chimichurris , tostones . Some treats Dominicans enjoy are arroz con leche (or arroz con dulce ), bizcocho dominicano (lit. Dominican cake), habichuelas con dulce , flan , frío frío (snow cones), dulce de leche , and caña ( sugarcane ). The beverages Dominicans enjoy include Morir Soñando , rum , beer, Mama Juana , batida (smoothie), jugos naturales (freshly squeezed fruit juices), mabí , and coffee. Sports ( edit ) Main article: Sports in the Dominican Republic Dominican native and Major League Baseball player Albert Pujols . Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican Republic. The country has a baseball league of six teams. The Milwaukee Brewers have a summer league here called the baseball academy. The baseball season usually begins during October and ends in January. After the United States, the Dominican Republic has the second-highest number of Major League Baseball (MLB) players. Ozzie Virgil, Sr. became the first Dominican-born player in the MLB on September 23, 1956. Juan Marichal is the first Dominican-born player in the Baseball Hall of Fame . The three highest paid baseball players of all time Alex Rodriguez , Albert Pujols , and Robinson Canó are of Dominican descent. Other notable baseball players from the Dominican Republic are: Julian Javier , Pedro Martínez , Francisco Liriano , Manny Ramírez , José Bautista , Hanley Ramírez , David Ortiz , Ubaldo Jiménez , José Reyes , Alcides Escobar , Plácido Polanco and Sammy Sosa . Felipe Alou has also enjoyed success as a manager, and Omar Minaya as a general manager. In 2013, the Dominican team went undefeated en route to winning the World Baseball Classic . In boxing, the Dominican Republic has produced scores of world-class fighters and several world champions. Basketball also enjoys a relatively high level of popularity. Al Horford , Felipe Lopez , and Francisco Garcia are among the Dominican-born players currently or formerly in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Olympic gold medalist and world champion hurdler Félix Sánchez hails from the Dominican Republic, as does NFL defensive end Luis Castillo . Other important sports include, Volleyball, which was introduced in 1916 by US Marines, is controlled by the Dominican Volleyball Federation . Other sports include taekwondo , in which Gabriel Mercedes is an Olympic silver medalist, and judo . Architecture ( edit ) National pantheon in Santo Domingo . The architecture in the Dominican Republic represents a complex blend of diverse cultures. The deep influence of the European colonists is the most evident throughout the country. Characterized by ornate designs and baroque structures, the style can best be seen in the capital city of Santo Domingo , which is home to the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in all of the Americas , located in the city's Colonial Zone , an area declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . The designs carry over into the villas and buildings throughout the country. It can also be observed on buildings that contain stucco exteriors, arched doors and windows, and red tiled roofs. A bohío near Santo Domingo. Many Dominicans -- especially those in rural areas-- used to live in bohíos until well into the mid-20th century, like the native Taínos . The indigenous peoples of the Dominican Republic have also had a significant influence on the architecture of the country. The Taino people relied heavily on the mahogany and guano (dried palm tree leaf) to put together crafts, artwork, furniture, and houses. Utilizing mud, thatched roofs, and mahogany trees give buildings and the furniture inside a natural look, seamlessly blending in with the island's surroundings. Lately, with the rise in tourism and increasing popularity as a Caribbean vacation destination, architects in the Dominican Republic have now began to incorporate cutting-edge designs that emphasized luxury. In many ways an architectural playground, villas and hotels implemented new styles, while still offering new takes on the old. Mastrolilli residence interior by Dominican architect Rafael Calventi . This new style, though diverse, is characterized by simplified, angular corners, and large windows that blend outdoor and indoor spaces. As with the culture as a whole, contemporary architects embrace the Dominican Republic's rich history and various cultures to create something new. Surveying modern villas, one can find any combination of the three major styles: a villa may contain angular, modernist building construction, Spanish Colonial-style arched windows, and a traditional Taino hammock in the bedroom balcony. Visual arts ( edit ) Lluvia en el mercado (English: Rain in the Market), 1942 (Museo de Arte Moderno, Santo Domingo). Dominican art is perhaps most commonly associated with the bright, vibrant colors and images that are sold in every tourist gift shop across the country. However, the country has a long history of fine art that goes back to the middle of the 1800s when the country became independent and the beginnings of a national art scene emerged. Historically, the painting of this time were centered around images connected to national independence, historical scenes, portraits but also landscapes and images of still life. Styles of painting ranged between neoclassicism and romanticism . Between 1920 and 1940 the art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism . Dominican artists were focused on breaking from previous, academic styles in order to develop more independent and individual styles. The artists of the times were Celeste Woss y Gil (1890-1985), Jaime Colson (1901-1975), Yoryi O. Morel (1906-1979) and Darío Suro (1917-1997). The 1940s represent an important period in Dominican art. President Rafael Leónidas Trujillo provided asylum for Spanish Civil War refugees and a group of Europeans (including famous artists) subsequently arrived to the DR. They became an inspiration to young Dominican artists who were given a more international perspective on art. The art school Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes was founded as the first official center for teaching art. The country went through a renaissance heavily inspired by the trends happening in Europe. Between 1950 and 1970 Dominican art expressed the social and political conditions of the time. A need for a renewal of the image language emerged and as a result paintings were created in non-figurative, abstract, geometric and cubistic styles. The most notable artists included Paul Giudicelli (1921-1965), Clara Ledesma (1924-1999), Gilberto Hernandez Ortega (1924-1979), Gaspar Mario Cruz (1925-2006), Luichy M. Richiez (1928-2000), Eligio Pichardo (1929-1984), Domingo Liz (1931-), Silvano Lora (1934-2003), Cándido Bidó (1936-2011) and José Ramírez Conde (1940-1987). During the 1970s and 1980s artists were experimenting again with new styles, forms, concepts and themes. Artists such as Ada Balcácer (1930-), Fernando Peña Defilló (1928-) and Ramón Oviedo (1927-) count as the most influential of the decade. Cinema ( edit ) Dominican cinema is an emerging film industry, being one of the first countries in Latin America where the Lumière brothers first brought the Curiel theater in San Felipe de Puerto Plata at the beginning of the century in the year 1900, with the industry's beginnings dating back to 1915 in which the first film is produced in Dominican territory. The Dominican Film Market is officially the first film market in the history of the Caribbean Region, DFM was created and produced by filmmakers Roddy Pérez and Nurgul Shayakhmetova, executives of Audiovisual Dominicana. In its first edition, DFM had the support of important international brands such as Panasonic, Nikon and Blackmagic Design, as well as the co-sponsorship of the Directorate General of Cinema DGCINE, the Center for Export and Investment of the Dominican Republic CEI-RD and the Ministry of Tourism of the Dominican Republic. Fashion ( edit ) Dominican native, fashion designer and perfume maker Oscar de la Renta . In only seven years, the Dominican Republic 's fashion week has become the most important event of its kind in all of the Caribbean and one of the fastest growing fashion events in the entire Latin American fashion world. The country boasts one of the ten most important design schools in the region, La Escuela de Diseño de Altos de Chavón , which is making the country a key player in the world of fashion and design. World famous fashion designer Oscar de la Renta was born in the Dominican Republic in 1932 and became a US citizen in 1971. He studied under the leading Spaniard designer Cristóbal Balenciaga and then worked with the house of Lanvin in Paris. Then by 1963, de la Renta had designs carrying his own label. After establishing himself in the US, de la Renta opened boutiques across the country. His work blends French and Spaniard fashion with American styles. Although he settled in New York, de la Renta also marketed his work in Latin America where it became very popular. He remained active in his native Dominican Republic, where his charitable activities and personal achievements earned him the Juan Pablo Duarte Order of Merit and the Order of Cristóbal Colón . Festivals ( edit ) Traditional cojuelo mask of the Dominican carnaval. Carnival celebrations are held in the Dominican Republic each February with parades, street dancing, food festivals, and music. Festivities also take place in the week leading up to Easter Sunday . Parades, beauty pageants, and different festivals in each town throughout the country fill the week. In June the country celebrates Espíritu Santo to honor the island's African heritage with nationwide festivals featuring African music. Concerts, dance troupes, arts and crafts booths, and chefs also celebrate Dominican heritage with an annual cultural festival in Puerto Plata each June. Fiesta Patria de la Restauración , or Restoration Day, celebrates the Dominican Republic's day of independence from Spain, which occurred in 1863. Nationwide events include parades, music festivals, street festivals, and food festivals. Grito de Mujer poetry and art festival. Three days each June are set aside for the Latin Music Festival in Santo Domingo . Both local and international Latin musicians and bands take the stage. During the last week of July and first week of August Santo Domingo hosts some of the world's top merengue bands at the Festival del Merengue. Other events during the two-week-long party include and food festival and an arts and crafts festival. The merengue festival takes place in July in both Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata. This week-long bacchanal raises the ' ' merengue' ' and the costumes worn by the dancers to an art form. The dancers dance in the street and on open stages and compete for an array of honors that recoqnize originality, fluidity, and beauty of the chorography. Posters that are designed to advertise the festival compete for originality and beauty. The crowds who come to watch the dancing and the parades that take place in the evening also dance. October's Puerto Plata Festival brings musicians from around the country together to perform live music in a variety of genres. Blues, jazz, folk, salsa, and merengue are the most common. Another musical event takes place in October during Columbus Day Weekend: the Dominican Republic Jazz Festival. Concerts are held in Puerto Plata, Sosua, and Cabarete, and feature some of the country's top jazz musicians and bands. Other festivals include the Festivales del Santo Cristo de Bayaguana on New Years Day . Events leading up to Mass include a parade, music, and dance. Each January the Dominican Republic honors Juan Pablo Duarte with gun salutes in Santo Domingo and numerous carnivals throughout the country. Duarte is celebrated as the man who gained independence from Haiti for the Dominican Republic. The premier culinary event in all of the Caribbean is Taste SD, which takes place in October of each year. During the event, hundreds of restaurants, food vendors, chefs, and others on the culinary scene host a series of presentations, tastings, and more. The event stretches out over several days and venues and is known to attract several thousand guests. The main event, unveiled in 2012, is the Culinary Cup of the Americas in which chefs participate in several cooking and baking events hoping to win the top prize. Another event is the Dominican Republic International Film Festival. During four days each December, independent films, shorts, and documentaries are screened. Holidays ( edit ) Further information: Public holidays in the Dominican Republic Date Name January 1 New Year's Day Non-working day. January 6 Catholic day of the Epiphany Movable. January 21 Día de la Altagracia Non-working day. Patroness Day (Catholic). January 26 Duarte 's Day Movable. Founding Father. February 27 Independence Day Non-working day. National Day . (Variable date) Holy Week Working days, except Good Friday . A Catholic holiday. May 1 International Workers' Day Movable. Last Sunday of May Mother's Day (Variable date) Catholic Corpus Christi Non-working day. A Thursday in May or June (60 days after Easter Sunday). August 16 Restoration Day Non-working day. September 24 Virgen de las Mercedes Non-working day. A Patroness Day (Catholic) November 6 Constitution Day Movable. December 25 Christmas Day Non-working day. Notes : Non-working holidays are not moved to another day. If a movable holiday falls on Saturday, Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day. If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday, the holiday is moved to the previous Monday. If it falls on Thursday or Friday, the holiday is moved to the next Monday. Roman Catholic religious holidays are not moved to another day. See also ( edit ) List of museums in the Dominican Republic Dominican people White Dominicans Afro-Dominicans Demographics of the Dominican Republic Dominican Carnival Latin American culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Esteva Fabregat , Claudio `` La hispanización del mestizaje cultural en América '' Revista Complutense de Historia de América , Universidad Complutense de Madrid . pp. 133 (1981) Jump up ^ `` 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom -- Dominican Republic'' . Retrieved March 30, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Religious Freedom Page'' . religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu . Archived from the original on June 17, 2008 . Retrieved February 27, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profiles > Dominican Republic'' . newsroom.lds.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-03-09 . Retrieved January 9, 2010 . Jump up ^ Haggerty, Richard (1989). `` Dominican Republic -- Religion'' . Dominican Republic: A Country Study . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved May 21, 2006 . ^ Jump up to: Harvey, Sean (2006). The Rough Guide to The Dominican Republic . Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-497-5 . Jump up ^ Palo Drum: Afro-Dominican Tradition Jump up ^ `` Liga de Béisbol Profesional de la República Dominicana'' (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2008-06-10 . Retrieved January 20, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marichal, Juan'' . Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 29, 2010 . Jump up ^ Puesan, Antonio (March 2, 2009). `` Dominicana busca corona en el clásico mundial'' . Sobre el Diamante . Archived from the original on January 16, 2013 . Retrieved October 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleischer, Nat; Sam Andre; Don Rafael (2002). An Illustrated History of Boxing . Citadel Press. pp. 324, 362, 428. ISBN 0-8065-2201-1 . Jump up ^ Shanahan, Tom (March 24, 2007). `` San Diego Hall of Champions -- Sports at Lunch, Luis Castillo and Felix Sanchez'' . San Diego Hall of Champions. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007 . Retrieved May 29, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fedujudo comparte con dirigentes provinciales'' . Federación Dominicana de Judo. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010 . Retrieved September 15, 2010 . Jump up ^ Colonial City of Santo Domingo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Jump up ^ Comisiones Nacionales: UNESCO Jump up ^ Cordero, Walter (January-- June 2003). Arthur, Víctor , ed. `` El Bohío Dominicano: de lo Real a lo Simbólico '' . Clío (in Spanish). Imprenta J.R. vda. García , sucs.: Academia Dominicana de la Historia. 71 (165): 105, 126-- 127 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashion: Oscar de la Renta (Dominican Republic) Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine . WCAX.com -- Retrieved October 31, 2012. ^ Jump up to: Oscar de la Renta . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 31, 2012. Jump up ^ Brown, Isabel Zakrzewski (1999). Culture and Customs of the Dominican Republic . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-313-30314-2 . External links ( edit ) Island Thresholds , Peabody Essex Museum's interactive feature, showcases the work of contemporary Caribbean artists and their exploration of identity, culture, and social justice. (requires Macromedia Flash ) Dominican People and Culture Dominican Republic articles History Cacicazgo Santo Domingo Colonial governors Slave trade Maroons Era de Francia Spanish Haiti Spanish reconquest España Boba Unification of Hispaniola La Trinitaria War of Independence Dominican Restoration War U.S. occupation 1916-- 24 Trujillo Era ( Rafael and Héctor Trujillo ) Parsley Massacre Dominican Civil War Geography Cities Ciudad Colonial Hispaniola Islands Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Cabinet Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Politics Political parties President Economy Peso (currency) Banks Central Bank Companies Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Language Religion Water and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music People Sports Outline Index Portal Latin American culture Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago North America Mexico Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies not included. Defined as a semi-autonomous territory. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic&oldid=849071249 '' Categories : Dominican Republic culture Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018, at 09:28 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 4706910930368853428 |
who invented the first 100 solar powered house | Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries . | [
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"Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , indirectly using concentrated solar power , or a combination . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect .",
"Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium - sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off - grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California .",
"As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid - connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility - scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low - carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China .",
"The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently , as of 2016 , solar power provides just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33 % per annum .",
"Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels ( see solar power by country ) . Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption . Solar power plants use one of two technologies :",
"Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power . Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine .",
"Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power .",
"Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine .",
"A solar cell , or photovoltaic cell ( PV ) , is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s . The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery . In 1931 , the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide , although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity . Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954 . These early solar cells cost 286 USD / watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5 -- 6 % .",
"The array of a photovoltaic power system , or PV system , produces direct current ( DC ) power which fluctuates with the sunlight 's intensity . For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current ( AC ) , through the use of inverters . Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules . Modules are wired together to form arrays , then tied to an inverter , which produces power at the desired voltage , and for AC , the desired frequency / phase .",
"Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available , especially in developed countries with large markets . In these grid - connected PV systems , use of energy storage is optional . In certain applications such as satellites , lighthouses , or in developing countries , batteries or additional power generators are often added as back - ups . Such stand - alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight .",
"Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) , also called `` concentrated solar thermal '' , uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Contrary to photovoltaics -- which converts light directly into electricity -- CSP uses the heat of the sun 's radiation to generate electricity from conventional steam - driven turbines .",
"A wide range of concentrating technologies exists : among the best known are the parabolic trough , the compact linear Fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24 - hour electricity generation .",
"A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector 's focal line . The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid . The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis . Parabolic trough systems provide the best land - use factor of any solar technology . The SEGS plants in California and Acciona 's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City , Nevada are representatives of this technology .",
"Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP - plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid . This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors , and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space , allowing more of the available sunlight to be used . Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants .",
"The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator . The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime . Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies . The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra , Australia is an example of this technology .",
"A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower . Power towers are more cost effective , offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies . The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology .",
"A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands .",
"A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands .",
"CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .",
"CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .",
"CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .",
"CPV / CSP system",
"A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal .",
"The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran .",
"Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way .",
"A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector .",
"PV diesel system",
"It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines .",
"PV - thermoelectric system",
"Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity .",
"Solar PV CSP - Solar thermal",
"Solar Electricity Generation Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total 2.6 0.01 % 2005 3.7 0.02 % 2006 5.0 0.03 % 2007 6.8 0.03 % 2008 11.4 0.06 % 2009 19.3 0.10 % 31.4 0.15 % 2011 60.6 0.27 % 2012 96.7 0.43 % 2013 134.5 0.58 % 2014 185.9 0.79 % 2015 253.0 1.05 % Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016",
"Solar Electricity Generation",
"Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total",
"2.6 0.01 %",
"2005 3.7 0.02 %",
"2006 5.0 0.03 %",
"2007 6.8 0.03 %",
"2008 11.4 0.06 %",
"2009 19.3 0.10 %",
"31.4 0.15 %",
"2011 60.6 0.27 %",
"2012 96.7 0.43 %",
"2013 134.5 0.58 %",
"2014 185.9 0.79 %",
"2015 253.0 1.05 %",
"Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016",
"The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . Charles Fritts installed the world 's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array , using 1 % - efficient selenium cells , on a New York City roof in 1884 . However , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems . The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan . Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States ( SERI , now NREL ) , Japan ( NEDO ) , and Germany ( Fraunhofer -- ISE ) . Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly , but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996 .",
"In the mid-1990s , development of both , residential and commercial rooftop solar as well as utility - scale photovoltaic power stations , began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas , global warming concerns , and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies . In the early 2000s , the adoption of feed - in tariffs -- a policy mechanism , that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity -- lead to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe .",
"For several years , worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment , but has since shifted to Asia , especially China and Japan , and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world , including , but not limited to , Australia , Canada , Chile , India , Israel , Mexico , South Africa , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States .",
"Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has averaged 40 % per year from 2000 to 2013 and total installed capacity reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the most cumulative installations ( 78 GW ) and Honduras having the highest theoretical percentage of annual electricity usage which could be generated by solar PV ( 12.5 % ) . The largest manufacturers are located in China .",
"Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) also started to grow rapidly , increasing its capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013 , albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV . As of the end of 2013 , worldwide cumulative CSP - capacity reached 3,425 MW .",
"In 2010 , the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11 % of projected global electricity generation by 2050 -- enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity . Four years later , in 2014 , the agency projected that , under its `` high renewables '' scenario , solar power could supply 27 % of global electricity generation by 2050 ( 16 % from PV and 11 % from CSP ) . In 2015 , analysts predicted that one million homes in the U.S. will have solar power by the end of 2016 .",
"The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW power plant in Riverside County , California , that uses thin - film CdTe - modules made by First Solar . As of November 2014 , the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm was the largest photovoltaic power plant in the world . This was surpassed by the 579 MW Solar Star complex . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Gonghe County , Qinghai , China .",
"World 's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2015 Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015 Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015 Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015 Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014 Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015 California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013 Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014 Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014 Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012 Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW ) Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011 Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013 Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013 Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article .",
"Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info",
"Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015",
"Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015",
"Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015",
"Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014",
"Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015",
"California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013",
"Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014",
"Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014",
"Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending",
"Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012",
"Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW )",
"Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011",
"Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013",
"Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013",
"Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article .",
"Commercial concentrating solar power ( CSP ) plants , also called `` solar thermal power stations '' , were first developed in the 1980s . The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California 's Mojave Desert , is the world 's largest solar thermal power plant project . Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , the Andasol solar power station ( 150 MW ) , and Extresol Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , all in Spain . The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage , allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24 - hour period . Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm , many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage .",
"Largest operational solar thermal power stations Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas . Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units . Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014 Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014 Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013 Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016 Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010 Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage . Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article .",
"Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes",
"Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas .",
"Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units .",
"Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014",
"Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage",
"Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014",
"Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013",
"Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016",
"Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010",
"Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage .",
"Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage",
"For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article .",
"Adjusting for inflation , it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s . Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down to 68 cents per watt in February 2016 , according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance . Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar power for 3.7 cents per kilowatt - hour . And in sunny Dubai large - scale solar generated electricity sold in 2016 for just 2.99 cents per kilowatt - hour -- `` competitive with any form of fossil - based electricity -- and cheaper than most . ''",
"Photovoltaic systems use no fuel , and modules typically last 25 to 40 years . Thus , capital costs make up most of the cost of solar power . Operations and maintenance costs for new utility - scale solar plants in the US are estimated to be 9 percent of the cost of photovoltaic electricity , and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity . Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power , such as feed - in tariff programs . Also , Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs . In most states , RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar , wind , biomass , landfill gas , ocean , geothermal , municipal solid waste , hydroelectric , hydrogen , or fuel cell technologies .",
"The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of electricity ( LCOE ) as the unit of cost . The electrical energy generated is sold in units of kilowatt - hours ( kWh ) . As a rule of thumb , and depending on the local insolation , 1 watt - peak of installed solar PV capacity generates about 1 to 2 kWh of electricity per year . This corresponds to a capacity factor of around 10 -- 20 % . The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power . The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments , organized by EPIA , has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years . As a result , since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement . Fifty percent of commercial systems in the United States were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90 % by 2009 .",
"Shi Zhengrong has said that , as of 2012 , unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India , Hawaii , Italy and Spain . He said `` We are at a tipping point . No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich . They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies '' . `` Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015 '' .",
"In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) published prices for residential , commercial and utility - scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 ( see table below ) . However , DOE 's SunShot Initiative has reported much lower U.S. installation prices . In 2014 , prices continued to decline . The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt . Other sources identify similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S. , and in the highly penetrated German market , prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt ( € 1.24 / W ) by the end of 2014 . In 2015 , Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt . Costs for utility - scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt .",
"Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries ( USD ) USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5 Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3 Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends",
"USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States",
"Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9",
"Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5",
"Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3",
"Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends",
"Grid parity , the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power , is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan . In 2008 , The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25 / kWh or less in most of the OECD countries . By late 2011 , the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15 / kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $0.10 / kWh in sunnier regions . These cost levels are driving three emerging trends : vertical integration of the supply chain , origination of power purchase agreements ( PPAs ) by solar power companies , and unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies , grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers .",
"Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013 , Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel ( diesel fuel ) to produce electricity , and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015 .",
"In 2007 , General Electric 's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015 ; other companies predicted an earlier date : the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10 % of commercial customers in the OECD , as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010 .",
"The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance , which varies through the day and is influenced by latitude and climate .",
"The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics . Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds , and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day . These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world . This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in Northern Africa , Southern Africa , Southwest Asia , Middle East , and Australia , as well as the much smaller deserts of North and South America . Africa 's eastern Sahara Desert , also known as the Libyan Desert , has been observed to be the sunniest place on Earth according to NASA .",
"Different measurements of solar irradiance ( direct normal irradiance , global horizontal irradiance ) are mapped below :",
"North America South America Europe Africa and Middle East South and South - East Asia Australia World",
"North America",
"South America",
"Europe",
"Africa and Middle East",
"Africa and Middle East",
"South and South - East Asia",
"South and South - East Asia",
"Australia",
"World",
"In cases of self consumption of the solar energy , the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid . For example , in Germany , with electricity prices of 0.25 € / kWh and insolation of 900 kWh / kW , one kWp will save € 225 per year , and with an installation cost of 1700 € / KWp the system cost will be returned in less than seven years . However , in many cases , the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide , and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid . The electricity is sold , and at other times when energy is taken from the grid , electricity is bought . The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics . In many markets , the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity , which incentivizes self consumption . Moreover , separate self consumption incentives have been used in e.g. Germany and Italy . Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed - in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity . By increasing self consumption , the grid feed - in can be limited without curtailment , which wastes electricity .",
"A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self consumption , and should be considered when deciding where to install solar power and how to dimension the installation . The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption . However , batteries are expensive and profitability may require provision of other services from them besides self consumption increase . Hot water storage tanks with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low - cost storage for self consumption of solar power . Shiftable loads , such as dishwashers , tumble dryers and washing machines , can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users , but their effect on self consumption of solar power may be limited .",
"The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small - scale deployment to begin to grow the industry , even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity , to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity . The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence , high tech job creation and reduction of CO emissions . Three incentive mechanisms are often used in combination as investment subsidies : the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system , the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate , and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates ( SRECs )",
"With investment subsidies , the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer , while with feed - in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities ' customer bases . While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer , the main argument in favour of feed - in tariffs is the encouragement of quality . Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time , thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance . Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers , such as Austin Energy in Texas , which offers $2.50 / watt installed up to $15,000 .",
"In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer , and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption . Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters , which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference , and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption , effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery . With net metering , deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month . Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits . Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost , or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above , as can be excess annual credits . In New Jersey , annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate , as are left over credits when a customer terminates service .",
"With feed - in tariffs , the financial burden falls upon the consumer . They reward the number of kilowatt - hours produced over a long period of time , but because the rate is set by the authorities , it may result in perceived overpayment . The price paid per kilowatt - hour under a feed - in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity . Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged .",
"The complexity of approvals in California , Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better . In some countries , additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV .",
"France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone ) Italy + EUR 0.04 - 0.09 kWh Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only )",
"France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone )",
"Italy + EUR 0.04 - 0.09 kWh",
"Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only )",
"Alternatively , SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity . In this mechanism , a renewable energy production or consumption target is set , and the utility ( more technically the Load Serving Entity ) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine ( Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP ) . The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced . If the utility buys this SREC and retires it , they avoid paying the ACP . In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy , since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations . Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long - term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits .",
"Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries , including Australia , China , Germany , Israel , Japan , and the United States and even across states within the US .",
"The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003 . By the end of 2004 , Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW .",
"In 2004 , the German government introduced the first large - scale feed - in tariff system , under the German Renewable Energy Act , which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany . At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price . The principle behind the German system is a 20 - year flat rate contract . The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year , in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users . The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006 , and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers .",
"Subsequently , Spain , Italy , Greece -- that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar - thermal installations for hot water needs -- and France introduced feed - in tariffs . None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though , making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries . The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium ( EUR 0.55 / kWh ) for building integrated systems . California , Greece , France and Italy have 30 - 50 % more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive . The Greek domestic `` solar roof '' programme ( adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW ) has internal rates of return of 10 - 15 % at current commercial installation costs , which , furthermore , is tax free .",
"In 2006 California approved the ' California Solar Initiative ' , offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems . The small - system FIT of $0.39 per kWh ( far less than EU countries ) expires in just 5 years , and the alternate `` EPBB '' residential investment incentive is modest , averaging perhaps 20 % of cost . All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed .",
"At the end of 2006 , the Ontario Power Authority ( OPA , Canada ) began its Standard Offer Program , a precursor to the Green Energy Act , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW . The feed - in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years . Unlike net metering , all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate .",
"The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately , since storage is usually more expensive and because traditional generators can adapt to demand . However both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy , meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now . Since solar energy is not available at night , storing its energy is potentially an important issue particularly in off - grid and for future 100 % renewable energy scenarios to have continuous electricity availability .",
"Solar electricity is inherently variable and predictable by time of day , location , and seasons . In addition solar is intermittent due to day / night cycles and unpredictable weather . How much of a special challenge solar power is in any given electric utility varies significantly . In a summer peak utility , solar is well matched to daytime cooling demands . In winter peak utilities , solar displaces other forms of generation , reducing their capacity factors .",
"In an electricity system without grid energy storage , generation from stored fuels ( coal , biomass , natural gas , nuclear ) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity ( see load following power plant ) . While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather , coal , biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation . Depending on local circumstances , beyond about 20 -- 40 % of total generation , grid - connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections , energy storage or demand side management . Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases . For example , in Germany , California and Hawaii , electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power , displacing existing baseload generation contracts .",
"Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with solar power , water can be held back or released from a reservoir behind a dam as required . Where a suitable river is not available , pumped - storage hydroelectricity uses solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again . However , this cycle can lose 20 % of the energy to round trip inefficiencies , this plus the construction costs add to the expense of implementing high levels of solar power .",
"Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy , such as in high - temperature molten salts . These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity , and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . This method of energy storage is used , for example , by the Solar Two power station , allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank , enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours , with an efficiency of about 99 % .",
"In stand alone PV systems batteries are traditionally used to store excess electricity . With grid - connected photovoltaic power system , excess electricity can be sent to the electrical grid . Net metering and feed - in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce . This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system can not meet demand , effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity . Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually . When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power , other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately , but as these forms of variable power grow , additional balance on the grid is needed . As prices are rapidly declining , PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night . Batteries used for grid - storage stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads usually for several minutes , and in rare cases for hours . In the future , less expensive batteries could play an important role on the electrical grid , as they can charge during periods when generation exceeds demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is higher than generation .",
"Although not permitted under the US National Electric Code , it is technically possible to have a `` plug and play '' PV microinverter . A recent review article found that careful system design would enable such systems to meet all technical , though not all safety requirements . There are several companies selling plug and play solar systems available on the web , but there is a concern that if people install their own it will reduce the enormous employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels .",
"Common battery technologies used in today 's home PV systems include , the valve regulated lead - acid battery -- a modified version of the conventional lead -- acid battery , nickel -- cadmium and lithium - ion batteries . Lead - acid batteries are currently the predominant technology used in small - scale , residential PV systems , due to their high reliability , low self discharge and investment and maintenance costs , despite shorter lifetime and lower energy density . However , lithium - ion batteries have the potential to replace lead - acid batteries in the near future , as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to economies of scale provided by large production facilities such as the Gigafactory 1 . In addition , the Li - ion batteries of plug - in electric cars may serve as a future storage devices in a vehicle - to - grid system . Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time , their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back . Other rechargeable batteries used for distributed PV systems include , sodium -- sulfur and vanadium redox batteries , two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery , respectively .",
"The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year . The power generation of such solar hybrid power systems is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems . Solar power is seasonal , particularly in northern / southern climates , away from the equator , suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric . The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot - tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load - following power from renewable sources .",
"Research is also undertaken in this field of artificial photosynthesis . It involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds , by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol . Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture , quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions . Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues .",
"Unlike fossil fuel based technologies , solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation , but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution .",
"The life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram ( g ) per kilowatt - hour ( kWh ) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed , respectively . With this potentially being decreased to 15 g / kWh in the future . For comparison ( of weighted averages ) , a combined cycle gas - fired power plant emits some 400 -- 599 g / kWh , an oil - fired power plant 893 g / kWh , a coal - fired power plant 915 -- 994 g / kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g / kWh , and a geothermal high - temp . power plant 91 -- 122 g / kWh . The life cycle emission intensity of hydro , wind and nuclear power are lower than solar 's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC , and discussed in the article Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase , the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions . BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex ( one in Maryland , the other in Virginia ) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels . A 1 - kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal , 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere , and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly .",
"The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) , in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life - cycle GHG emissions for solar PV , found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site : GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation . For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh / m2 / year , typical of southern Europe , NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO e / kWh . Using the same assumptions , at Phoenix , USA , with insolation of 2400 kWh / m2 / year , the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO e / kWh .",
"The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment found that the solar PV would have little impact on the country 's greenhouse gas emissions . The country already generates 80 percent of its electricity from renewable resources ( primarily hydroelectricity and geothermal ) and national electricity usage peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons , meaning a large uptake of solar PV would end up displacing other renewable generators before fossil - fueled power plants .",
"The energy payback time ( EPBT ) of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as is consumed during production and lifetime operation of the system . Due to improving production technologies the payback time has been decreasing constantly since the introduction of PV systems in the energy market . In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon silicon PV systems and 1 -- 1.5 years for thin film technologies ( S. Europe ) . These figures fell to 0.75 -- 3.5 years in 2013 , with an average of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems .",
"Another economic measure , closely related to the energy payback time , is the energy returned on energy invested ( EROEI ) or energy return on investment ( EROI ) , which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment . ( This is not the same as the economic return on investment ( ROI ) , which varies according to local energy prices , subsidies available and metering techniques . ) With expected lifetimes of 30 years , the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30 , thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times ( 6 - 31 reproductions ) depending on what type of material , balance of system ( BOS ) , and the geographic location of the system .",
"One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium ( Cd ) , a toxic heavy metal that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains . It is used as semiconductor component in CdTe solar cells and as buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of CdS . The amount of cadmium used in thin - film PV modules is relatively small ( 5 -- 10 g / m2 ) and with proper recycling and emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero . Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3 -- 0.9 microgram / kWh over the whole life - cycle . Most of these emissions arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules , and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium . Life - cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram / kWh , lignite 6.2 , and natural gas 0.2 microgram / kWh .",
"In a life - cycle analysis it has been noted , that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal , cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated .",
"In the case of crystalline silicon modules , the solder material , that joins together the copper strings of the cells , contains about 36 percent of lead ( Pb ) . Moreover , the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well . It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c - Si solar modules . However , there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy .",
"Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays . This adverse effect does not apply to PV solar power plants , and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated .",
"A 2014 - published life - cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large - scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution - related environmental impacts . The study found that the land - use footprint , given in square meter - years per megawatt - hour ( m a / MWh ) , was lowest for wind , natural gas and rooftop PV , with 0.26 , 0.49 and 0.59 , respectively , and followed by utility - scale solar PV with 7.9 . For CSP , the footprint was 9 and 14 , using parabolic troughs and solar towers , respectively . The largest footprint had coal - fired power plants with 18 m a / MWh .",
"Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically .",
"Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically .",
"In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System .",
"In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System .",
"Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries .",
"Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries ."
] | Solar power - wikipedia Solar power Jump to: navigation , search This article is about generation of electricity using solar energy. For other uses of solar energy, see Solar energy . Not to be confused with Solar luminosity . A solar photovoltaic system array on a rooftop in Hong Kong The first three concentrated solar power (CSP) units of Spain's Solnova Solar Power Station in the foreground, with the PS10 and PS20 solar power towers in the background Average insolation. Note that this is for a horizontal surface, whereas solar panels are normally propped up at an angle and receive more energy per unit area, especially at high latitudes. Potential of solar energy . The small black dots show land area required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar power. Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power , or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect . Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California . As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built. Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park, in Qinghai , China . The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables'' scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world's largest source of electricity. Most solar installations would be in China and India . Currently, as of 2016, solar power provides just 1% of total worldwide electricity production but growing 33% per annum. Contents ( hide ) 1 Mainstream technologies 1.1 Photovoltaics 1.1.1 Conventional PV systems 1.2 Concentrated solar power 1.2.1 Hybrid systems 2 Development and deployment 2.1 Early days 2.2 Mid-1990s to early 2010s 2.3 Current status 2.4 Forecasts 2.5 Photovoltaic power stations 2.6 Concentrating solar power stations 3 Economics 3.1 Cost 3.1.1 Levelized cost of electricity 3.1.2 Current installation prices 3.2 Grid parity 3.3 Productivity by location 3.4 Self consumption 3.5 Energy pricing and incentives 3.5.1 Rebates 3.5.2 Net metering 3.5.3 Feed-in tariffs (FIT) 3.5.4 Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) 4 Grid integration 5 Environmental impacts 5.1 Greenhouse gases 5.2 Energy payback 5.3 Other issues 6 Emerging technologies 6.1 Concentrator photovoltaics 6.2 Floatovoltaics 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading Mainstream technologies Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels (see solar power by country ) . Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies: Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power. Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as `` concentrated solar thermal'' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine. Photovoltaics Main article: Photovoltaics Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system A solar cell , or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery. In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide , although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5-- 6%. Conventional PV systems The array of a photovoltaic power system , or PV system, produces direct current (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters . Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase. Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available, especially in developed countries with large markets. In these grid-connected PV systems , use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight. Concentrated solar power Main article: Concentrated solar power A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. Concentrated solar power (CSP), also called `` concentrated solar thermal'' , uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Contrary to photovoltaics -- which converts light directly into electricity -- CSP uses the heat of the sun's radiation to generate electricity from conventional steam-driven turbines. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists: among the best known are the parabolic trough , the compact linear Fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24-hour electricity generation. A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid. The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Parabolic trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology. The SEGS plants in California and Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada are representatives of this technology. Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP-plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid. This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors, and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space, allowing more of the available sunlight to be used. Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants. The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator. The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime. Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies. The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra , Australia is an example of this technology. A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower. Power towers are more cost effective, offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies. The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology. Hybrid systems A hybrid system combines (C)PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel, wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel. Hybrid systems are most often found on islands. CPV/CSP system A novel solar CPV/CSP hybrid system has been proposed, combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power, or also known as concentrated solar thermal. ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria, is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine, where a 25-megawatt CSP- parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran. PVT system Hybrid PV/T), also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy. Such a system combines a solar (PV) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way. CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid (CPVT) system is similar to a PVT system. It uses concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) instead of conventional PV technology, and combines it with a solar thermal collector. PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV- thermoelectric system Thermoelectric, or `` thermovoltaic'' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current. Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation, while the low frequency heat energy is wasted. Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed. The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar/thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity. Development and deployment See also: Timeline of solar cells , Solar power by country , and Concentrated solar power § Deployment around the world Deployment of Solar Power Capacity in MW by Technology 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 2007 2013 Worldwide deployment of solar power by technology since 2006 Solar PV CSP - Solar thermal Solar Electricity Generation Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total 2.6 0.01% 2005 3.7 0.02% 2006 5.0 0.03% 2007 6.8 0.03% 2008 11.4 0.06% 2009 19.3 0.10% 31.4 0.15% 2011 60.6 0.27% 2012 96.7 0.43% 2013 134.5 0.58% 2014 185.9 0.79% 2015 253.0 1.05% Source : BP -Statistical Review of World Energy, 2016 Early days The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. Charles Fritts installed the world's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array, using 1%-efficient selenium cells, on a New York City roof in 1884. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum . In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States (SERI, now NREL ), Japan ( NEDO ), and Germany ( Fraunhofer-- ISE ). Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly, but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996. Mid-1990s to early 2010s In the mid-1990s, development of both, residential and commercial rooftop solar as well as utility-scale photovoltaic power stations , began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas, global warming concerns , and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies. In the early 2000s, the adoption of feed-in tariffs -- a policy mechanism, that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity-- lead to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe. Current Status Further information: Growth of photovoltaics For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment , but has since shifted to Asia, especially China and Japan , and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world, including, but not limited to, Australia , Canada , Chile , India , Israel , Mexico , South Africa , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States . Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has averaged 40% per year from 2000 to 2013 and total installed capacity reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the most cumulative installations (78 GW) and Honduras having the highest theoretical percentage of annual electricity usage which could be generated by solar PV (12.5%). The largest manufacturers are located in China. Concentrated solar power (CSP) also started to grow rapidly, increasing its capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013, albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV. As of the end of 2013, worldwide cumulative CSP-capacity reached 3,425 MW. Forecasts In 2010, the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11% of projected global electricity generation by 2050-- enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity. Four years later, in 2014, the agency projected that, under its `` high renewables'' scenario, solar power could supply 27% of global electricity generation by 2050 (16% from PV and 11% from CSP). In 2015, analysts predicted that one million homes in the U.S. will have solar power by the end of 2016. Photovoltaic power stations Main article: List of photovoltaic power stations The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW power plant in Riverside County, California , that uses thin-film CdTe-modules made by First Solar . As of November 2014, the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm was the largest photovoltaic power plant in the world. This was surpassed by the 579 MW Solar Star complex. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is Longyangxia Dam Solar Park, in Gonghe County , Qinghai , China . World's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2015 Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013, 2015 Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi, India 2015 Solar Star I and II 579 California, USA 2015 Topaz Solar Farm 550 California, USA 2014 Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California, USA 2015 California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California, USA 2013 Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona, USA 2014 Mount Signal Solar 266 California, USA 2014 Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California, USA pending Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012 Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona, USA pending (planned 700 MW) Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai, China 2011 Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013 Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California, USA 2013 Note : figures rounded. List may change frequently. For more detailed and up to date information see: List of world's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article. Concentrating solar power stations Main article: List of solar thermal power stations Commercial concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, also called `` solar thermal power stations'' , were first developed in the 1980s. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar thermal power plant project. Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW), the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), and Extresol Solar Power Station (150 MW), all in Spain. The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage, allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24-hour period. Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm, many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage. Largest operational solar thermal power stations Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014. Located southwest of Las Vegas . Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991. Collection of 9 units. Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow, California , USA Completed December 2014 Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend, Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe, California , USA Completed April 2014 Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012-- 2013 Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016 Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010 Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011. Includes a 7.5h thermal energy storage. Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010-- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5h thermal energy storage For a more detailed, sourced and complete list, see: List of solar thermal power stations#Operational or corresponding article. Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load during February 2014, with the Clark Mountain Range seen in the distance Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California Economics Cost Swanson's law -- the PV learning curve Solar PV -- LCOE for Europe until 2020 (in euro-cts. per kWh ) Economic photovoltaic capacity vs installation cost, in the United States Adjusting for inflation, it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s. Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down to 68 cents per watt in February 2016, according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar power for 3.7 cents per kilowatt-hour. And in sunny Dubai large-scale solar generated electricity sold in 2016 for just 2.99 cents per kilowatt-hour -- `` competitive with any form of fossil-based electricity -- and cheaper than most.'' Photovoltaic systems use no fuel, and modules typically last 25 to 40 years. Thus, capital costs make up most of the cost of solar power. Operations and maintenance costs for new utility-scale solar plants in the US are estimated to be 9 percent of the cost of photovoltaic electricity, and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity. Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power, such as feed-in tariff programs . Also, Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs. In most states, RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas , ocean, geothermal, municipal solid waste , hydroelectric, hydrogen, or fuel cell technologies. Levelized cost of electricity The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) as the unit of cost. The electrical energy generated is sold in units of kilowatt-hours (kWh). As a rule of thumb, and depending on the local insolation , 1 watt-peak of installed solar PV capacity generates about 1 to 2 kWh of electricity per year. This corresponds to a capacity factor of around 10-- 20%. The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power. The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments, organized by EPIA , has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years. As a result, since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement . Fifty percent of commercial systems in the United States were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90% by 2009. Shi Zhengrong has said that, as of 2012, unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He said `` We are at a tipping point. No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich. They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies'' . `` Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015'' . Current installation prices In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published prices for residential, commercial and utility-scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 (see table below) . However, DOE's SunShot Initiative has reported much lower U.S. installation prices. In 2014, prices continued to decline. The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt. Other sources identify similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S., and in the highly penetrated German market, prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt (€ 1.24/W) by the end of 2014. In 2015, Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt. Costs for utility-scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt. Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries (USD) USD/W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5 Utility-scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3 Source: IEA -- Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, September 2014' U.S figures are lower in DOE's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends Grid parity Main article: Grid parity Grid parity, the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power , is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan . In 2008, The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25/kWh or less in most of the OECD countries. By late 2011, the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15/kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $0.10/kWh in sunnier regions. These cost levels are driving three emerging trends: vertical integration of the supply chain, origination of power purchase agreements (PPAs) by solar power companies, and unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies, grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers . Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013, Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel ( diesel fuel ) to produce electricity, and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015. In 2007, General Electric 's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015; other companies predicted an earlier date: the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10% of commercial customers in the OECD , as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010. Productivity by location See also: Solar irradiance The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance , which varies through the day and is influenced by latitude and climate . The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics. Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds, and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day. These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world. This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in Northern Africa , Southern Africa , Southwest Asia , Middle East , and Australia , as well as the much smaller deserts of North and South America . Africa's eastern Sahara Desert , also known as the Libyan Desert , has been observed to be the sunniest place on Earth according to NASA. Different measurements of solar irradiance (direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance) are mapped below : North America South America Europe Africa and Middle East South and South-East Asia Australia World Self consumption In cases of self consumption of the solar energy, the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid. For example, in Germany, with electricity prices of 0.25 € /kWh and insolation of 900 kWh/kW, one kWp will save € 225 per year, and with an installation cost of 1700 € /KWp the system cost will be returned in less than seven years. However, in many cases, the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide, and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid. The electricity is sold, and at other times when energy is taken from the grid, electricity is bought. The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics. In many markets, the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity, which incentivizes self consumption. Moreover, separate self consumption incentives have been used in e.g. Germany and Italy. Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed-in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity. By increasing self consumption, the grid feed-in can be limited without curtailment, which wastes electricity. A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self consumption, and should be considered when deciding where to install solar power and how to dimension the installation. The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption. However, batteries are expensive and profitability may require provision of other services from them besides self consumption increase. Hot water storage tanks with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low-cost storage for self consumption of solar power. Shiftable loads, such as dishwashers, tumble dryers and washing machines, can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users, but their effect on self consumption of solar power may be limited. Energy Pricing and incentives Main article: PV financial incentives The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small-scale deployment to begin to grow the industry, even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity, to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity. The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence, high tech job creation and reduction of CO emissions. Three incentive mechanisms are often used in combination as investment subsidies: the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system, the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate, and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SRECs) Rebates With investment subsidies, the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer, while with feed-in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities' customer bases. While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer, the main argument in favour of feed-in tariffs is the encouragement of quality. Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time, thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance. Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers, such as Austin Energy in Texas , which offers $2.50/watt installed up to $15,000. Net metering Net metering , unlike a feed-in tariff , requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional. In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer, and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption. Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters , which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference, and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption, effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery. With net metering, deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month. Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits. Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost, or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above, as can be excess annual credits. In New Jersey, annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate, as are left over credits when a customer terminates service. Feed-in tariffs (FIT) With feed-in tariffs , the financial burden falls upon the consumer. They reward the number of kilowatt-hours produced over a long period of time, but because the rate is set by the authorities, it may result in perceived overpayment. The price paid per kilowatt-hour under a feed-in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity. Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged. The complexity of approvals in California, Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better. In some countries, additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV. France + EUR 0.16 /kWh (compared to semi-integrated) or + EUR 0.27/kWh (compared to stand alone) Italy + EUR 0.04-0.09 kWh Germany + EUR 0.05/kWh (facades only) Solar renewable energy credits (SRECs) Alternatively, SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity. In this mechanism, a renewable energy production or consumption target is set, and the utility (more technically the Load Serving Entity) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine (Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP). The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced. If the utility buys this SREC and retires it, they avoid paying the ACP. In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy, since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations. Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long-term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits. Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries, including Australia , China , Germany , Israel , Japan , and the United States and even across states within the US. The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003. By the end of 2004, Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW . In 2004, the German government introduced the first large-scale feed-in tariff system, under the German Renewable Energy Act , which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany. At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price. The principle behind the German system is a 20-year flat rate contract. The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year, in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users. The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006, and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers. Subsequently, Spain , Italy , Greece -- that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar-thermal installations for hot water needs-- and France introduced feed-in tariffs. None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though, making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries. The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium (EUR 0.55/kWh) for building integrated systems. California, Greece, France and Italy have 30-50% more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive. The Greek domestic `` solar roof'' programme (adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW) has internal rates of return of 10-15% at current commercial installation costs, which, furthermore, is tax free. In 2006 California approved the ' California Solar Initiative ' , offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems. The small-system FIT of $0.39 per kWh (far less than EU countries) expires in just 5 years, and the alternate `` EPBB'' residential investment incentive is modest, averaging perhaps 20% of cost. All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed. At the end of 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA, Canada) began its Standard Offer Program, a precursor to the Green Energy Act , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW. The feed-in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years. Unlike net metering, all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate. Grid integration Main articles: Energy storage and Grid energy storage Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year. Thermal energy storage . The Andasol CSP plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH). This facility in Geesthacht , Germany, also includes a solar array. The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately, since storage is usually more expensive and because traditional generators can adapt to demand. However both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy , meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now . Since solar energy is not available at night, storing its energy is potentially an important issue particularly in off-grid and for future 100% renewable energy scenarios to have continuous electricity availability. Solar electricity is inherently variable and predictable by time of day, location, and seasons. In addition solar is intermittent due to day/night cycles and unpredictable weather. How much of a special challenge solar power is in any given electric utility varies significantly. In a summer peak utility, solar is well matched to daytime cooling demands. In winter peak utilities, solar displaces other forms of generation, reducing their capacity factors . In an electricity system without grid energy storage , generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant ). While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather, coal, biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation. Depending on local circumstances, beyond about 20-- 40% of total generation, grid-connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections , energy storage or demand side management . Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases. For example, in Germany, California and Hawaii, electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power, displacing existing baseload generation contracts. Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with solar power, water can be held back or released from a reservoir behind a dam as required. Where a suitable river is not available, pumped-storage hydroelectricity uses solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again. However, this cycle can lose 20% of the energy to round trip inefficiencies, this plus the construction costs add to the expense of implementing high levels of solar power. Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts. These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity, and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. This method of energy storage is used, for example, by the Solar Two power station, allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank, enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours, with an efficiency of about 99%. In stand alone PV systems batteries are traditionally used to store excess electricity. With grid-connected photovoltaic power system , excess electricity can be sent to the electrical grid . Net metering and feed-in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity. Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually. When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power, other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately, but as these forms of variable power grow, additional balance on the grid is needed. As prices are rapidly declining, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads usually for several minutes, and in rare cases for hours. In the future, less expensive batteries could play an important role on the electrical grid, as they can charge during periods when generation exceeds demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is higher than generation. Although not permitted under the US National Electric Code, it is technically possible to have a `` plug and play '' PV microinverter. A recent review article found that careful system design would enable such systems to meet all technical, though not all safety requirements. There are several companies selling plug and play solar systems available on the web, but there is a concern that if people install their own it will reduce the enormous employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels . Common battery technologies used in today's home PV systems include, the valve regulated lead-acid battery -- a modified version of the conventional lead-- acid battery , nickel-- cadmium and lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries are currently the predominant technology used in small-scale, residential PV systems, due to their high reliability, low self discharge and investment and maintenance costs, despite shorter lifetime and lower energy density. However, lithium-ion batteries have the potential to replace lead-acid batteries in the near future, as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to economies of scale provided by large production facilities such as the Gigafactory 1 . In addition, the Li-ion batteries of plug-in electric cars may serve as a future storage devices in a vehicle-to-grid system. Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time, their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back. Other rechargeable batteries used for distributed PV systems include, sodium-- sulfur and vanadium redox batteries, two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery, respectively. The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year. The power generation of such solar hybrid power systems is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems. Solar power is seasonal, particularly in northern/southern climates, away from the equator, suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric. The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot-tested a combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydrostorage to provide load-following power from renewable sources. Research is also undertaken in this field of artificial photosynthesis . It involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds, by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol . Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture, quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions. Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues. Environmental impacts Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark , a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg , in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. Unlike fossil fuel based technologies, solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation, but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution. Greenhouse gases The life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram (g) per kilowatt-hour (kWh) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed, respectively. With this potentially being decreased to 15 g/kWh in the future. For comparison (of weighted averages), a combined cycle gas-fired power plant emits some 400-- 599 g/kWh, an oil-fired power plant 893 g/kWh, a coal-fired power plant 915-- 994 g/kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g/kWh, and a geothermal high-temp. power plant 91-- 122 g/kWh. The life cycle emission intensity of hydro , wind and nuclear power are lower than solar's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC, and discussed in the article Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase, the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions. BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex (one in Maryland, the other in Virginia) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels. A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ), in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life-cycle GHG emissions for solar PV, found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site: GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation. For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh/m2/year, typical of southern Europe, NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO e/kWh. Using the same assumptions, at Phoenix, USA, with insolation of 2400 kWh/m2/year, the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO e/kWh. The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment found that the solar PV would have little impact on the country's greenhouse gas emissions. The country already generates 80 percent of its electricity from renewable resources (primarily hydroelectricity and geothermal) and national electricity usage peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons, meaning a large uptake of solar PV would end up displacing other renewable generators before fossil-fueled power plants. Energy payback The energy payback time (EPBT) of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as is consumed during production and lifetime operation of the system. Due to improving production technologies the payback time has been decreasing constantly since the introduction of PV systems in the energy market. In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon silicon PV systems and 1-- 1.5 years for thin film technologies (S. Europe). These figures fell to 0.75-- 3.5 years in 2013, with an average of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems. Another economic measure, closely related to the energy payback time, is the energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) or energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment. (This is not the same as the economic return on investment (ROI), which varies according to local energy prices, subsidies available and metering techniques.) With expected lifetimes of 30 years, the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30, thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times (6-31 reproductions) depending on what type of material, balance of system (BOS), and the geographic location of the system. Other issues One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains . It is used as semiconductor component in CdTe solar cells and as buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of CdS . The amount of cadmium used in thin-film PV modules is relatively small (5-- 10 g/m2 ) and with proper recycling and emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero. Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3-- 0.9 microgram /kWh over the whole life-cycle. Most of these emissions arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules, and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium. Life-cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram/kWh, lignite 6.2, and natural gas 0.2 microgram/kWh. In a life-cycle analysis it has been noted, that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal, cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated. In the case of crystalline silicon modules, the solder material, that joins together the copper strings of the cells, contains about 36 percent of lead (Pb). Moreover, the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well. It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c-Si solar modules. However, there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy. Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays. This adverse effect does not apply to PV solar power plants, and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated. A 2014-published life-cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large-scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution-related environmental impacts. The study found that the land-use footprint, given in square meter-years per megawatt-hour (m a/MWh), was lowest for wind, natural gas and rooftop PV, with 0.26, 0.49 and 0.59, respectively, and followed by utility-scale solar PV with 7.9. For CSP, the footprint was 9 and 14, using parabolic troughs and solar towers, respectively. The largest footprint had coal-fired power plants with 18 m a/MWh. Emerging technologies Concentrator photovoltaics CPV modules on dual axis solar trackers in Golmud, China Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems, it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, but highly efficient, multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used, and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky. Luminescent solar concentrators (when combined with a PV-solar cell) can also be regarded as a CPV system. Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV-solar panels drastically. In addition, most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System . Floatovoltaics Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals, water reservoirs, quarry lakes, and tailing ponds. Several systems exist in France, India, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. These systems reduce the need of valuable land area, save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation, and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land. Although not floating, other dual-use facilities with solar power include fisheries . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power . Energy portal Sustainable development portal Environment portal Cost of electricity by source List of cities by sunshine duration List of energy storage projects List of renewable energy organizations List of solar energy topics List of solar thermal power stations Renewable energy Renewable energy by country Renewable energy commercialization Solar energy Solar lamp Solar vehicle Sustainable energy Thin-film cell Timeline of solar cells References Jump up ^ `` Energy Sources: Solar'' . Department of Energy . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: International Energy Agency (2014). `` Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy'' (PDF) . IEA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain, Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Section10.2. 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a(n) ____ is not a type of fluorescent ballast | Early tube - based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500 , as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage , to keep the CRT 's deflection factor constant . | [
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"An electrical ballast is a device placed in line with the load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit . It may be a fixed or variable resistor .",
"A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube , which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative differential resistance of the tube 's voltage - current characteristic .",
"Ballasts vary greatly in complexity . They may be as simple as a resistor , inductor or capacitor ( or a combination of these ) wired in series with the lamp ; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in compact fluorescent lamps and high - intensity discharge lamps .",
"An electrical ballast is a device which limits the current through an electrical load . These are most often used when a load ( such as an arc discharge ) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases . If such a device were connected to a constant - voltage power supply , it would draw an increasing amount of current until it will be destroyed or caused the power supply to fail . To prevent this , a ballast provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the current . The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative - resistance device by limiting current .",
"Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary , positive - resistance circuit . Prior to the advent of solid - state ignition , automobile ignition systems commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system .",
"Series resistors are used as ballasts to control the current through LEDs .",
"For simple , low - powered loads such as a neon lamp or a LED , a fixed resistor is commonly used . Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit , even in the face of negative resistance introduced by the neon lamp .",
"Ballast was also a component used in early model automobiles engine that lowered the supply voltage to the ignition system after the engine had been started . Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the battery , resulting in an equally significant voltage drop . To allow the engine to start , the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage . But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged , the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system . To avoid this problem , a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system , resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems .",
"Occasionally , this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked ( while the resistor was bypassed ) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased ( and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch ) . Modern electronic ignition systems ( those used since the 1980s or late ' 70s ) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage .",
"Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed . The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps , and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast : all of them for full speed , and none for the low speed setting . A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next - to - full speed setting ( usually 3 out of 4 ) . This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current ( up to 10 A ) , eventually burning it out . This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings .",
"In some consumer electronic equipment , notably in television sets in the era of valves ( vacuum tubes ) , but also in some low - cost record players , the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series . Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage , it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage . A resistor was often used for this purpose , as it was cheap and worked with both AC and DC .",
"Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in resistance as current through them increases , and decreasing in resistance as current decreases . Physically , some such devices are often built quite like incandescent lamps . Like the tungsten filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp , if current increases , the ballast resistor gets hotter , its resistance goes up , and its voltage drop increases . If current decreases , the ballast resistor gets colder , its resistance drops , and the voltage drop decreases . Therefore , the ballast resistor reduces variations in current , despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit . These devices are sometimes called `` barretters '' and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s AC / DC radio and TV home receivers .",
"This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor . The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor .",
"Earlier , household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp ; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp . A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220 -- 240 V countries was a circleline tube ballasted by an under - run regular mains filament lamp . Self ballasted mercury - vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast , and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced .",
"Because of the power that would be lost , resistors are not used as ballasts for lamps of more than about two watts . Instead , a reactance is used . Losses in the ballast due to its resistance and losses in its magnetic core may be significant , on the order of 5 to 25 % of the lamp input electric power . Practical lighting design calculations must allow for ballast loss in estimating the running cost of a lighting installation .",
"An inductor is very common in line - frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp , neon lamp , or high intensity discharge ( HID ) lamp . ( Because of the use of the inductor , such ballasts are usually called magnetic ballasts . ) The inductor has two benefits :",
"Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp .",
"Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor",
"The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp .",
"A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage , producing a poor power factor . In more expensive ballasts , a capacitor is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor . In ballasts that control two or more lamps , line - frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps . This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps , it also helps maintain a high power factor . These ballasts are often called lead - lag ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase .",
"In Europe , and most 220 - 240 V territories , the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 20W with a series inductor . In North America and Japan however , the line voltage ( 120 V or 100 V respectively ) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 20 W with a series inductor , so an autotransformer winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage . The autotransformer is designed with enough leakage inductance ( short - circuit inductance ) so that the current is appropriately limited .",
"Because of the large inductors and capacitors that must be used , reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy . They commonly also produce acoustic noise ( line - frequency hum ) .",
"Prior to 1980 in the United States , PCB - based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation ( see transformer oil ) .",
"An electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuitry to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps . An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably - rated magnetic one . An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one , which produces a line - frequency hum by vibration of the transformer laminations .",
"Electronic ballasts are often based on SMPS topology , first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency . Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via pulse - width modulation or via changing the frequency to a higher value . Ballasts incorporating a microcontroller ( digital ballasts ) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as LonWorks , DALI , DMX512 , DSI or simple analog control using a 0 - 10 V DC brightness control signal . Systems with remote control of light level via a wireless mesh network have been introduced .",
"Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher , rather than the mains frequency of 50 -- 60 Hz ; this substantially eliminates the stroboscopic effect of flicker , a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting ( see photosensitive epilepsy ) . The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker . The flicker index , used for measuring perceptible light modulation , has a range from 0.00 to 1.00 , with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest . Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04 -- 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01 .",
"Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream , the lamp operates at about 9 % higher efficacy above approximately 10 kHz . Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz . Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some Canadian provinces circa 2012 ; since then LED retrofits have become more common .",
"With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency , electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp . For HID lamps , there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency , but for these lamps the ballast losses are lower at higher frequencies and also the light depreciation is lower , meaning the lamp produces more light over its entire lifespan . Some HID lamp types like the ceramic discharge metal halide lamp have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of 20 -- 200 kHz ; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of 100 -- 400 Hz , with the same advantage of lower light depreciation .",
"Application of electronic ballasts to HID lighting is growing in popularity . Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both high pressure sodium ( HPS ) lamps as well as metal - halide lamps , reducing costs for building managers who use both types of lamps . The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc , supplying a high - voltage impulse and , later , it works as a limiter / regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit . Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts .",
"This technique uses a combination filament -- cathode at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic ( bi-metallic or electronic ) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them . When filaments are disconnected , an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp . This system is described as `` Preheat '' in North America and `` Switch Start '' in the UK , and have no specific name in the rest part of the world . This systems is common in 200 -- 240 V countries ( and for 100 -- 120 V lamps up to about 30 watts ) .",
"Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens , it is not actually necessary . The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor . A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the 1960s . Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts . The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base . The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast ( though the consumed current was the same ) , but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment .",
"Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC . Such fittings used the thermal type of starter ( mostly because they had gone out use long before the glow starter was invented ) , but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting . DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started . Failure to do so vastly shortened the life of the tube .",
"An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes , instead using a relatively high voltage ( ~ 600 V ) to initiate the discharge arc . It is the most energy efficient type , but yields the fewest lamp - start cycles , as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the lamp is turned on . Instant - start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles , where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off . Although these were mostly used in countries with 100 - 120 volt mains supplies ( for lamps of 40 W or above ) , they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems . The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life .",
"A rapid start ballast applies voltage and heats the cathodes simultaneously . It provides superior lamp life and more cycle life , but uses slightly more energy as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates . Again , although popular in 100 - 120 volt countries for lamps of 40 W and above , rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable .",
"A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast , but usually has a capacitor incorporated to give a power factor nearer to unity than a standard rapid start ballast . A quadrac type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast , which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled . A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels .",
"Used in high end electronic fluorescent ballasts . This ballast applies power to the filaments first , it allows the cathodes to preheat and then applies voltage to the lamps to strike an arc . Lamp life typically operates up to 100,000 on / off cycles when using programmed start ballasts . Once started , filament voltage is reduced to increase operating efficiency . This ballast gives the best life and most starts from lamps , and so is preferred for applications with very frequent power cycling such as vision examination rooms and restrooms with a motion detector switch .",
"A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core - and - coil transformer and an electronic switch for the electrode - heating circuit . Like a magnetic ballast , a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency -- 50 Hz in Europe , for example . These types of ballasts , which are also referred to as cathode - disconnect ballasts , disconnect the electrode - heating circuit after they start the lamps .",
"For a lighting ballast , the ANSI ballast factor is used in North America to compare the light output ( in lumens ) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast . Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating . The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be considered in lighting design ; a low ballast factor may save energy , but will produce less light . With fluorescent lamps , ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0 .",
"Early tube - based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500 , as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage , to keep the CRT 's deflection factor constant ."
] | Electrical ballast - wikipedia Electrical ballast For other uses, see Ballast (disambiguation) . A modern ballast for powering four F32T8 office lamps. An electrical ballast is a device placed in line with the load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit . It may be a fixed or variable resistor. A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube, which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative differential resistance of the tube's voltage-current characteristic. Ballasts vary greatly in complexity. They may be as simple as a resistor , inductor or capacitor (or a combination of these) wired in series with the lamp; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in compact fluorescent lamps and high-intensity discharge lamps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current limiting 2 Resistors 2.1 Fixed resistors 2.2 Self-variable resistors 3 Reactive ballasts 4 Electronic and magnetic ballasts 5 Fluorescent lamp ballasts 5.1 Preheating 5.2 Instant start 5.3 Rapid start 5.4 Dimmable ballast 5.5 Programmed start 5.6 Hybrid 6 ANSI Ballast factor 7 Ballast triode 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Current limiting ( edit ) A choke ballast (inductor) used in older lighting. This example is from a tanning bed. It requires a lamp starter (below) and a capacitor. A lamp starter , required with some inductor type ballasts. It connects the two ends of the lamp to preheat them for one second before lighting. An electrical ballast is a device which limits the current through an electrical load . These are most often used when a load (such as an arc discharge) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases. If such a device were connected to a constant-voltage power supply, it would draw an increasing amount of current until it will be destroyed or caused the power supply to fail. To prevent this, a ballast provides a positive resistance or reactance that limits the current. The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative-resistance device by limiting current. Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary, positive-resistance circuit. Prior to the advent of solid-state ignition, automobile ignition systems commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system. Series resistors are used as ballasts to control the current through LEDs. Resistors ( edit ) Fixed resistors ( edit ) For simple, low-powered loads such as a neon lamp or a LED, a fixed resistor is commonly used. Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit, even in the face of negative resistance introduced by the neon lamp. Ballast was also a component used in early model automobiles engine that lowered the supply voltage to the ignition system after the engine had been started. Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the battery , resulting in an equally significant voltage drop. To allow the engine to start, the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage. But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged, the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system. To avoid this problem, a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system, resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems. Occasionally, this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked (while the resistor was bypassed) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased (and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch). Modern electronic ignition systems (those used since the 1980s or late ' 70s) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage. Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed. The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps, and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast: all of them for full speed, and none for the low speed setting. A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next-to-full speed setting (usually 3 out of 4). This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current (up to 10 A), eventually burning it out. This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings. In some consumer electronic equipment, notably in television sets in the era of valves (vacuum tubes), but also in some low-cost record players, the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series. Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage, it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage. A resistor was often used for this purpose, as it was cheap and worked with both AC and DC. Self-variable resistors ( edit ) Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in resistance as current through them increases, and decreasing in resistance as current decreases. Physically, some such devices are often built quite like incandescent lamps . Like the tungsten filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp, if current increases, the ballast resistor gets hotter, its resistance goes up, and its voltage drop increases. If current decreases, the ballast resistor gets colder, its resistance drops, and the voltage drop decreases. Therefore, the ballast resistor reduces variations in current, despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit. These devices are sometimes called `` barretters '' and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s AC/DC radio and TV home receivers. This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor. The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor. Earlier, household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp. A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220-- 240 V countries was a circleline tube ballasted by an under-run regular mains filament lamp. Self ballasted mercury-vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast, and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced. Reactive ballasts ( edit ) A fluorescent lamp , a device with negative differential resistance. In operation, an increase in current through the fluorescent tube causes a drop in voltage across it. If the tube were connected directly to the power line, the falling tube voltage would cause more and more current to flow, until it destroyed itself. To prevent this, fluorescent tubes are connected to the power line through a ballast . The ballast adds positive impedance (AC resistance) to the circuit to counteract the negative resistance of the tube, limiting the current. Several typical magnetic ballasts for fluorescent lamps . The top is a high-power factor rapid start series ballast for two 30-- 40 W lamps. The middle is a low power factor preheat ballast for a single 30-- 40 W lamp while the bottom ballast is a simple inductor used with a 15 W preheat lamp. Because of the power that would be lost, resistors are not used as ballasts for lamps of more than about two watts. Instead, a reactance is used. Losses in the ballast due to its resistance and losses in its magnetic core may be significant, on the order of 5 to 25% of the lamp input electric power. Practical lighting design calculations must allow for ballast loss in estimating the running cost of a lighting installation. An inductor is very common in line-frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp , neon lamp , or high intensity discharge (HID) lamp . (Because of the use of the inductor, such ballasts are usually called magnetic ballasts .) The inductor has two benefits: Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp. A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage, producing a poor power factor . In more expensive ballasts, a capacitor is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor. In ballasts that control two or more lamps, line-frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps. This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps, it also helps maintain a high power factor. These ballasts are often called lead-lag ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase. In Europe, and most 220-240 V territories, the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 20W with a series inductor. In North America and Japan however, the line voltage (120 V or 100 V respectively) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 20 W with a series inductor, so an autotransformer winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage. The autotransformer is designed with enough leakage inductance ( short-circuit inductance ) so that the current is appropriately limited. Because of the large inductors and capacitors that must be used, reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy. They commonly also produce acoustic noise (line-frequency hum ). Prior to 1980 in the United States, PCB -based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation (see transformer oil ). Electronic and magnetic ballasts ( edit ) An electronic ballast uses solid state electronic circuitry to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps. An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably-rated magnetic one. An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one, which produces a line-frequency hum by vibration of the transformer laminations. Electronic ballasts are often based on SMPS topology, first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency. Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via pulse-width modulation or via changing the frequency to a higher value. Ballasts incorporating a microcontroller (digital ballasts) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as LonWorks , DALI , DMX512 , DSI or simple analog control using a 0-10 V DC brightness control signal. Systems with remote control of light level via a wireless mesh network have been introduced. Electronic ballast of a compact fluorescent lamp Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher, rather than the mains frequency of 50 -- 60 Hz ; this substantially eliminates the stroboscopic effect of flicker, a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting (see photosensitive epilepsy ). The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker. The flicker index, used for measuring perceptible light modulation, has a range from 0.00 to 1.00, with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest. Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04-- 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01. Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream, the lamp operates at about 9% higher efficacy above approximately 10 kHz. Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz. Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some Canadian provinces circa 2012 ; since then LED retrofits have become more common. With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency, electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp . For HID lamps , there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency, but for these lamps the ballast losses are lower at higher frequencies and also the light depreciation is lower, meaning the lamp produces more light over its entire lifespan. Some HID lamp types like the ceramic discharge metal halide lamp have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of 20 -- 200 kHz ; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of 100 -- 400 Hz , with the same advantage of lower light depreciation. Application of electronic ballasts to HID lighting is growing in popularity. Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps as well as metal-halide lamps , reducing costs for building managers who use both types of lamps. The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc, supplying a high-voltage impulse and, later, it works as a limiter/regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit. Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts. Fluorescent lamp ballasts ( edit ) Main article: Fluorescent lamp Preheating ( edit ) This technique uses a combination filament -- cathode at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic (bi-metallic or electronic) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them. When filaments are disconnected, an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp. This system is described as `` Preheat'' in North America and `` Switch Start'' in the UK, and have no specific name in the rest part of the world. This systems is common in 200-- 240 V countries (and for 100-- 120 V lamps up to about 30 watts). Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens, it is not actually necessary. The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor. A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the 1960s. Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts. The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base. The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast (though the consumed current was the same), but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment. Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC. Such fittings used the thermal type of starter (mostly because they had gone out use long before the glow starter was invented), but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting. DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started. Failure to do so vastly shortened the life of the tube. Instant start ( edit ) An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes, instead using a relatively high voltage (~600 V) to initiate the discharge arc. It is the most energy efficient type, but yields the fewest lamp-start cycles, as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the lamp is turned on. Instant-start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles, where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off. Although these were mostly used in countries with 100-120 volt mains supplies (for lamps of 40 W or above), they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems. The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life. Rapid start ( edit ) A rapid start ballast applies voltage and heats the cathodes simultaneously. It provides superior lamp life and more cycle life, but uses slightly more energy as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates. Again, although popular in 100-120 volt countries for lamps of 40 W and above, rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable. Dimmable ballast ( edit ) A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast, but usually has a capacitor incorporated to give a power factor nearer to unity than a standard rapid start ballast. A quadrac type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast, which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled. A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels. Programmed start ( edit ) Used in high end electronic fluorescent ballasts. This ballast applies power to the filaments first, it allows the cathodes to preheat and then applies voltage to the lamps to strike an arc. Lamp life typically operates up to 100,000 on/off cycles when using programmed start ballasts. Once started, filament voltage is reduced to increase operating efficiency. This ballast gives the best life and most starts from lamps, and so is preferred for applications with very frequent power cycling such as vision examination rooms and restrooms with a motion detector switch. Hybrid ( edit ) A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core-and-coil transformer and an electronic switch for the electrode -heating circuit. Like a magnetic ballast, a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency-- 50 Hz in Europe, for example. These types of ballasts, which are also referred to as cathode -disconnect ballasts , disconnect the electrode -heating circuit after they start the lamps. ANSI ballast factor ( edit ) For a lighting ballast, the ANSI ballast factor is used in North America to compare the light output (in lumens ) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast. Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating. The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be considered in lighting design ; a low ballast factor may save energy, but will produce less light. With fluorescent lamps, ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0. Ballast triode ( edit ) Early tube-based color TV sets used a ballast triode , such as the PD500, as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the CRT acceleration voltage, to keep the CRT's deflection factor constant. See also ( edit ) Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) Fluorescent lamp High-intensity discharge lamp (HID) Iron-hydrogen resistor Mercury-vapor lamp Neon lamp Sodium lamp References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2001). Sensors and transducers, 3rd Ed . Newnes. pp. 69-- 70. ISBN 0750649321 . Jump up ^ Kularatna, Nihal (1998). Power Electronics Design Handbook . Newnes. pp. 232-- 233. ISBN 0750670738 . Jump up ^ Aluf, Ofer (2012). Optoisolation Circuits: Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering . World Scientific. pp. 8-- 11. ISBN 9814317004 . This source uses the term `` absolute negative differential resistance'' to refer to active resistance Jump up ^ `` Understanding Transformer Noise'' (PDF) . federalpacific.com . Federal Pacific . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` infiNET dimmer datasheet'' (PDF) . Crestron Electronics, Inc. 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Specifier Reports: Electronic Ballasts p.18 , National Lighting Product Information Program, Volume 8 Number 1, May 2000. Retrieved 13 May 2013. Jump up ^ IES Lighting Handbook 1984 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2013-07-29 . Retrieved 2012-06-23 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Fluorescent Ballast Starting Methods?'' . Bulbsdepot.com. 2014-02-14 . Retrieved 2014-03-11 . Jump up ^ IEEE Std. 100 `` Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Standard 100'' , ISBN 0-7381-2601-2 , page 83 Jump up ^ ANSI standard C82.13-2002 Definitions for Flurorescent Lamp Ballasts`` , page 1 Jump up ^ `` Ballast factor'' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013 . Retrieved April 12, 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electrical ballasts . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Starters . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescent lamp power supplies (includes electronic ballasts) . NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark-ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse-flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal-type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram-air intake Scroll-type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin-turbo Variable-geometry turbocharger Variable-length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean-burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air-- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead-- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan (fan clutch) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_ballast&oldid=832229630 '' Categories : Gas discharge lamps Analog circuits Resistive components Electrical power control Electric power systems components Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018, at 17:05 (UTC) . 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who scored the most goals in 2014 world cup | The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez . | [
[
"James Rodríguez"
]
] | [
-1
] | [
"The following article outlines the statistics for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July .",
"Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .",
"The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez .",
"6 goals",
"James Rodríguez",
"5 goals",
"Thomas Müller",
"4 goals",
"Lionel Messi Neymar Robin van Persie",
"Robin van Persie",
"3 goals",
"Enner Valencia Karim Benzema André Schürrle Arjen Robben Xherdan Shaqiri",
"2 goals",
"Abdelmoumene Djabou Islam Slimani Tim Cahill David Luiz Oscar Alexis Sánchez Jackson Martínez Bryan Ruiz Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Mario Götze Mats Hummels Miroslav Klose Toni Kroos André Ayew Asamoah Gyan Wilfried Bony Gervinho Memphis Depay Ahmed Musa Clint Dempsey Luis Suárez",
"1 goal",
"Yacine Brahimi Sofiane Feghouli Rafik Halliche Ángel Di María Gonzalo Higuaín Marcos Rojo Mile Jedinak Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Divock Origi Jan Vertonghen Edin Džeko Vedad Ibišević Miralem Pjanić Avdija Vršajević Fernandinho Fred Thiago Silva Joël Matip Charles Aránguiz Jean Beausejour Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Pablo Armero Juan Cuadrado Teófilo Gutiérrez Juan Quintero Joel Campbell Óscar Duarte Marco Ureña Ivica Olić Wayne Rooney Daniel Sturridge Olivier Giroud Blaise Matuidi Paul Pogba Moussa Sissoko Mathieu Valbuena Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Sokratis Papastathopoulos Georgios Samaras Andreas Samaris Carlo Costly Reza Ghoochannejhad Mario Balotelli Claudio Marchisio Keisuke Honda Shinji Okazaki Giovani dos Santos Andrés Guardado Javier Hernández Rafael Márquez Oribe Peralta Daley Blind Stefan de Vrij Leroy Fer Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Wesley Sneijder Georginio Wijnaldum Peter Odemwingie Cristiano Ronaldo Nani Silvestre Varela Aleksandr Kerzhakov Aleksandr Kokorin Koo Ja - cheol Lee Keun - ho Son Heung - min Xabi Alonso Juan Mata Fernando Torres David Villa Blerim Džemaili Admir Mehmedi Haris Seferović Granit Xhaka John Brooks Julian Green Jermaine Jones Edinson Cavani Diego Godín",
"Ángel Di María",
"Kevin De Bruyne",
"Giovani dos Santos",
"Stefan de Vrij",
"Klaas - Jan Huntelaar",
"Koo Ja - cheol",
"Lee Keun - ho",
"Son Heung - min",
"Own goals",
"Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina ) Marcelo ( against Croatia ) John Boye ( against Portugal ) Noel Valladares ( against France ) Joseph Yobo ( against France )",
"Sead Kolašinac ( against Argentina )",
"Marcelo ( against Croatia )",
"John Boye ( against Portugal )",
"Noel Valladares ( against France )",
"Joseph Yobo ( against France )",
"Source : FIFA",
"Juan Cuadrado and Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists each during the tournament .",
"4 assists",
"Toni Kroos",
"3 assists",
"André Schürrle Juan Cuadrado Karim Benzema",
"2 assists",
"Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Alexis Sánchez Abel Aguilar James Rodríguez Christian Bolaños Walter Ayoví Mathieu Valbuena Philipp Lahm Thomas Müller Mesut Özil Serge Aurier Daley Blind Daryl Janmaat Josip Drmić Graham Zusi",
"Kevin De Bruyne",
"1 assist",
"Yacine Brahimi Abdelmoumene Djabou Sofiane Feghouli Carl Medjani Islam Slimani Ángel Di María Ezequiel Garay Gonzalo Higuaín Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Ryan McGowan Tommy Oar Romelu Lukaku Divock Origi Edin Džeko Senad Lulić Miralem Pjanić Tino - Sven Sušić Dante David Luiz Luiz Gustavo Marcelo Neymar Oscar Thiago Silva Allan Nyom Charles Aránguiz Mauricio Pinilla Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Teófilo Gutiérrez Adrián Ramos Joel Campbell Júnior Díaz Cristian Gamboa Eduardo Nikica Jelavić Ivan Perišić Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Juan Carlos Paredes Glen Johnson Wayne Rooney Mathieu Debuchy Paul Pogba Benedikt Höwedes Sami Khedira Kwadwo Asamoah John Boye Asamoah Gyan Sulley Muntari Theofanis Gekas Georgios Samaras Brayan Beckeles Javad Nekounam Antonio Candreva Andrea Pirlo Gervinho Keisuke Honda Yuto Nagatomo Giovani dos Santos Héctor Herrera Rafael Márquez Memphis Depay Klaas - Jan Huntelaar Arjen Robben Wesley Sneijder Michel Babatunde Emmanuel Emenike Cristiano Ronaldo Miguel Veloso Dmitri Kombarov Lee Keun - ho Yun Suk - young Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Juanfran Gökhan Inler Admir Mehmedi Ricardo Rodríguez Michael Bradley Edinson Cavani Fernando Muslera Gastón Ramírez",
"Ángel Di María",
"Tino - Sven Sušić",
"Juan Carlos Paredes",
"Giovani dos Santos",
"Klaas - Jan Huntelaar",
"Lee Keun - ho",
"Yun Suk - young",
"Source : UEFA",
"Overall",
"Total number of goals scored : 171 Average goals per match : 2.67 Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar ( 2 ) , Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 13 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas - Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 1 Karim Benzema Penalty kick success rate : 7001923100000000000 ♠ 92.31 % Own goals scored : 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo",
"Total number of goals scored : 171",
"Average goals per match : 2.67",
"Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar ( 2 ) , Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia",
"Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri",
"Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 13",
"Total number of penalty kicks scored : 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas - Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras",
"Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 1 Karim Benzema",
"Penalty kick success rate : 7001923100000000000 ♠ 92.31 %",
"Own goals scored : 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo",
"Timing",
"First goal of the tournament : Marcelo ( own goal ) for Croatia against Brazil First brace of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First hat - trick of the tournament : Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal Last goal of the tournament : Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina Last brace of the tournament : André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil Last hat - trick of the tournament : Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute ( 0 : 30 ) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay ( introduced in the 83rd minute ) , Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador ( introduced in the 46th minute ) , Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana ( introduced in the 69th minute ) , Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile ( introduced in the 75th minute ) , Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium ( introduced in the 105 + 2nd minute ) Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS Latest goal in a match with extra time : 120 + 1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Klaas - Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 2 minutes ( 1 : 06 ) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland",
"First goal of the tournament : Marcelo ( own goal ) for Croatia against Brazil",
"First brace of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia",
"First hat - trick of the tournament : Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal",
"Last goal of the tournament : Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina",
"Last brace of the tournament : André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil",
"Last hat - trick of the tournament : Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras",
"Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute ( 0 : 30 ) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana",
"Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay ( introduced in the 83rd minute ) , Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador ( introduced in the 46th minute ) , Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana ( introduced in the 69th minute ) , Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile ( introduced in the 75th minute ) , Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium ( introduced in the 105 + 2nd minute )",
"Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS",
"Latest goal in a match with extra time : 120 + 1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany",
"Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Klaas - Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico",
"Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland",
"Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 2 minutes ( 1 : 06 ) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland",
"Teams",
"Most goals scored by a team : 18 Germany Fewest goals scored by a team : 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran Most goals conceded by a team : 14 Brazil Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Costa Rica Best goal difference : + 14 Germany Worst goal difference : - 8 Cameroon Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 8 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Most goals scored in a match by one team : 7 Germany against Brazil Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina Biggest margin of victory : 6 goals Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Argentina , Netherlands Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands",
"Most goals scored by a team : 18 Germany",
"Fewest goals scored by a team : 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran",
"Most goals conceded by a team : 14 Brazil",
"Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Costa Rica",
"Best goal difference : + 14 Germany",
"Worst goal difference : - 8 Cameroon",
"Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 8 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany",
"Most goals scored in a match by one team : 7 Germany against Brazil",
"Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina",
"Biggest margin of victory : 6 goals Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany",
"Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands",
"Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States",
"Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria",
"Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast",
"Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Argentina , Netherlands",
"Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands",
"Individual",
"Most goals scored by an individual : 6 James Rodríguez Most assists given by an individual : 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 8 James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) , Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung - ryong , Kim Seung - gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Oldest goal scorer : 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares ( own goal ) for France against Honduras Youngest goal scorer : 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium",
"Most goals scored by an individual : 6 James Rodríguez",
"Most assists given by an individual : 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos",
"Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 8 James Rodríguez ( 6 goals , 2 assists ) , Thomas Müller ( 5 goals , 3 assists )",
"Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero",
"Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung - ryong , Kim Seung - gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares",
"Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero",
"Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras",
"Oldest goal scorer : 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares ( own goal ) for France against Honduras",
"Youngest goal scorer : 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium",
"Most wins : 6 -- Germany Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea Most losses : 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Fewest losses : 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands Most draws : 3 -- Costa Rica Fewest draws : 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras",
"Most wins : 6 -- Germany",
"Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea",
"Most losses : 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras",
"Fewest losses : 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands",
"Most draws : 3 -- Costa Rica",
"Fewest draws : 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay",
"Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands",
"Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras",
"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) , Iran ( GS ) , Nigeria ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England ( GS ) , Greece ( R16 ) , Netherlands ( QF ) Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia ( GS ) , Chile ( GS ) , Brazil ( TP ) Rodriguez , James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 ) 5 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras ( GS ) , Switzerland ( GS ) Gotze , Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana ( GS ) , Argentina ( F ) Howard , Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal ( GS ) , Belgium ( R16 ) Muller , Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) Neymar , Neymar Brazil Croatia ( GS ) , Cameroon ( GS ) Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil ( GS ) , Netherlands ( R16 ) Shaqiri , Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador ( GS ) , Honduras ( GS ) Slimani , Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 13 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England ( GS ) Buffon , Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay ( GS ) Campbell , Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay ( GS ) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile ( R16 ) De Bruyne , Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria ( GS ) Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana ( GS ) Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana ( GS ) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS ) Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran ( GS ) Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia ( GS ) Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium ( QF ) Honda , Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece ( GS ) Hummels , Mats Mats Hummels Germany France ( QF ) Kroos , Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil ( SF ) David Luiz , David Luiz Brazil Colombia ( QF ) M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany ( R16 ) Mandzukic , Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon ( GS ) Marquez , Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia ( GS ) Martinez , Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan ( GS ) Mikel , John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran ( GS ) Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain ( GS ) Pogba , Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria ( R16 ) Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands ( SF ) Ruiz , Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) Samaras , Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast ( GS ) Sanchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia ( GS ) Santos , Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) Son , Heung - min Son Heung - min South Korea Russia ( GS ) Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England ( GS ) Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan ( GS ) Valencia , Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras ( GS ) Vargas , Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain ( GS ) Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea ( GS ) Villa , David David Villa Spain Australia ( GS )",
"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards",
"Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) , Iran ( GS ) , Nigeria ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 )",
"Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England ( GS ) , Greece ( R16 ) , Netherlands ( QF )",
"Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia ( GS ) , Chile ( GS ) , Brazil ( TP )",
"Rodriguez , James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 )",
"5 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras ( GS ) , Switzerland ( GS )",
"Gotze , Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana ( GS ) , Argentina ( F )",
"Howard , Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal ( GS ) , Belgium ( R16 )",
"Muller , Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS )",
"Neymar , Neymar Brazil Croatia ( GS ) , Cameroon ( GS )",
"Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil ( GS ) , Netherlands ( R16 )",
"Shaqiri , Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador ( GS ) , Honduras ( GS )",
"Slimani , Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea ( GS ) , Russia ( GS )",
"13 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England ( GS )",
"Buffon , Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay ( GS )",
"Campbell , Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay ( GS )",
"Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile ( R16 )",
"De Bruyne , Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria ( GS )",
"Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana ( GS )",
"Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana ( GS )",
"Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS )",
"Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran ( GS )",
"Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia ( GS )",
"Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium ( QF )",
"Honda , Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece ( GS )",
"Hummels , Mats Mats Hummels Germany France ( QF )",
"Kroos , Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil ( SF )",
"David Luiz , David Luiz Brazil Colombia ( QF )",
"M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany ( R16 )",
"Mandzukic , Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon ( GS )",
"Marquez , Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia ( GS )",
"Martinez , Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan ( GS )",
"Mikel , John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran ( GS )",
"Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS )",
"Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain ( GS )",
"Pogba , Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria ( R16 )",
"Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands ( SF )",
"Ruiz , Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy ( GS )",
"Samaras , Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast ( GS )",
"Sanchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia ( GS )",
"Santos , Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon ( GS )",
"Son , Heung - min Son Heung - min South Korea Russia ( GS )",
"Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England ( GS )",
"Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan ( GS )",
"Valencia , Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras ( GS )",
"Vargas , Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain ( GS )",
"Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea ( GS )",
"Villa , David David Villa Spain Australia ( GS )",
"The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer .",
"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Cillessen , Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( QF ) , Argentina ( SF ) , Brazil ( TP ) Neuer , Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) , France ( QF ) , Argentina ( F ) Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) , Belgium ( QF ) , Netherlands ( SF ) Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras ( GS ) , Ecuador ( GS ) , Nigeria ( R16 ) Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , Netherlands ( QF ) 6 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia ( GS ) , South Korea ( GS ) Enyeama , Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran ( GS ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS ) Karnezis , Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS ) Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) , Brazil ( GS ) Ospina , David David Ospina Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 ) 11 Benaglio , Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras ( GS ) Bravo , Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain ( GS ) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico ( GS ) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS ) Eduardo , Eduardo Portugal Ghana ( GS ) Foster , Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica ( GS ) Haghighi , Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria ( GS ) Kawashima , Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece ( GS ) Krul , Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica ( QF ) Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan ( GS ) Muslera , Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy ( GS ) Pletikosa , Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon ( GS ) Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia ( GS ) Vorm , Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil ( TP )",
"Rank Name Team Opponent Awards",
"Cillessen , Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( QF ) , Argentina ( SF ) , Brazil ( TP )",
"Neuer , Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal ( GS ) , United States ( GS ) , France ( QF ) , Argentina ( F )",
"Romero , Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) , Belgium ( QF ) , Netherlands ( SF )",
"Lloris , Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras ( GS ) , Ecuador ( GS ) , Nigeria ( R16 )",
"Navas , Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , Netherlands ( QF )",
"6 Courtois , Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia ( GS ) , South Korea ( GS )",
"Enyeama , Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran ( GS ) , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( GS )",
"Karnezis , Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan ( GS ) , Ivory Coast ( GS )",
"Ochoa , Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon ( GS ) , Brazil ( GS )",
"Ospina , David David Ospina Colombia Greece ( GS ) , Uruguay ( R16 )",
"11 Benaglio , Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras ( GS )",
"Bravo , Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain ( GS )",
"Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico ( GS )",
"Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France ( GS )",
"Eduardo , Eduardo Portugal Ghana ( GS )",
"Foster , Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica ( GS )",
"Haghighi , Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria ( GS )",
"Kawashima , Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece ( GS )",
"Krul , Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica ( QF )",
"Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan ( GS )",
"Muslera , Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy ( GS )",
"Pletikosa , Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon ( GS )",
"Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia ( GS )",
"Vorm , Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil ( TP )",
"Total number of yellow cards : 187 Average yellow cards per match : 2.92 Total number of red cards : 10 Average red cards per match : 0.16 First yellow card of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First red card of the tournament : Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Fastest yellow card from kick off : 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy ( introduced in the 68th minute ) Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 120 + 4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland Fastest dismissal from kick off : 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany Fastest dismissal of a substitute : 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico ( introduced in the 69th minute ) Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 14 Brazil Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 2 Portugal Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Thiago Silva Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Costa Rica vs Greece Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany Most cards in one match : 1 red card , 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece",
"Total number of yellow cards : 187",
"Average yellow cards per match : 2.92",
"Total number of red cards : 10",
"Average red cards per match : 0.16",
"First yellow card of the tournament : Neymar for Brazil against Croatia",
"First red card of the tournament : Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica",
"Fastest yellow card from kick off : 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands",
"Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy ( introduced in the 68th minute )",
"Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana",
"Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 120 + 4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland",
"Fastest dismissal from kick off : 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany",
"Fastest dismissal of a substitute : 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico ( introduced in the 69th minute )",
"Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica",
"Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute )",
"Most yellow cards ( team ) : 14 Brazil",
"Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay",
"Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 2 Portugal",
"Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Thiago Silva",
"Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia",
"Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Costa Rica vs Greece",
"Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece",
"Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany",
"Most cards in one match : 1 red card , 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece",
"Scoring at three or more World Cups",
"Scoring at three or more World Cups",
"Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cahill , Tim ! Tim Cahill N / A JPN ( 2 ) SRB CHI , NED 5 Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N / A IRN PRK GHA Dempsey , Clint ! Clint Dempsey N / A GHA ENG GHA , POR Gyan , Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N / A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6 Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA ( 3 ) , IRL , CMR 5 CRC ( 2 ) , ECU ( 2 ) , ARG AUS , ENG , ARG ( 2 ) GHA , BRA 16 Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N / A ARG RSA CRO Persie , Robin van ! Robin van Persie N / A CIV CMR ESP ( 2 ) , AUS , BRA 6 Robben , Arjen ! Arjen Robben N / A SCG SVK , URU ESP ( 2 ) , AUS 6 Villa , David ! David Villa N / A UKR ( 2 ) , FRA 5 HON ( 2 ) , CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9",
"Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals",
"Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against",
"Cahill , Tim ! Tim Cahill N / A JPN ( 2 ) SRB CHI , NED 5",
"Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N / A IRN PRK GHA",
"Dempsey , Clint ! Clint Dempsey N / A GHA ENG GHA , POR",
"Gyan , Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N / A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6",
"Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA ( 3 ) , IRL , CMR 5 CRC ( 2 ) , ECU ( 2 ) , ARG AUS , ENG , ARG ( 2 ) GHA , BRA 16",
"Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N / A ARG RSA CRO",
"Persie , Robin van ! Robin van Persie N / A CIV CMR ESP ( 2 ) , AUS , BRA 6",
"Robben , Arjen ! Arjen Robben N / A SCG SVK , URU ESP ( 2 ) , AUS 6",
"Villa , David ! David Villa N / A UKR ( 2 ) , FRA 5 HON ( 2 ) , CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9",
"Appearing in four World Cups",
"Appearing in four World Cups",
"Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Beasley , Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N / A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11 Buffon , Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N / A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14 Casillas , Iker ! Iker Casillas N / A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17 Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N / A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8 Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N / A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24 Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N / A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16 Xavi ! Xavi N / A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14",
"Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total",
"Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against",
"Beasley , Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N / A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11",
"Buffon , Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N / A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14",
"Casillas , Iker ! Iker Casillas N / A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17",
"Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N / A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8",
"Klose , Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N / A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24",
"Marquez , Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N / A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16",
"Xavi ! Xavi N / A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14",
"Notes",
"Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute . In 2014 , Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups .",
"Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute .",
"In 2014 , Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups .",
"Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column .",
"The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament , making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players .",
"Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00 Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 + 4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00 Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 - 6 - 2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 + 3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20 Bosnia & Herz . 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 - 3 - 0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00 Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 - 8 - 2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33 Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 + 2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 + 8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00 Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 + 3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20 Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33 Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33 England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 + 7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00 Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 + 14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00 Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 - 7 - 2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33 Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33 Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 + 2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00 Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 + 11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00 Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00 Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00 United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08",
"Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC",
"Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00",
"Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 + 4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00",
"Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 - 6 - 2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00",
"Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 + 3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20",
"Bosnia & Herz . 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00",
"Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 - 3 - 0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00",
"Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 - 8 - 2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33",
"Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 + 2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00",
"Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 + 8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00",
"Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 + 3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20",
"Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33",
"Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33",
"England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00",
"France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 + 7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00",
"Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 + 14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00",
"Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00",
"Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25",
"Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 - 7 - 2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33",
"Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00",
"Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33",
"Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00",
"Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00",
"Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 + 2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00",
"Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 + 11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00",
"Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 - 2 - 0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00",
"Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33",
"Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 - 1 - 0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00",
"South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00",
"Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00",
"Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00",
"United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00",
"Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 - 2 - 0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25",
"Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08",
"Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .",
"Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75 CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40 CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00 CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33 UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59",
"Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T",
"AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75",
"CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40",
"CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00",
"CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33",
"UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77",
"Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59",
"Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws .",
"Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79 % 14 3.50 Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03 % 8 2.00 Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93 % 5 1.25 Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86 % 11 1.83 Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56 % 24 4.00 Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52 % 12 3.00 Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17 % 11 2.20 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08 % 22 4.40 Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58 % 17 2.83 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24 % 10 1.43 Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95 % 17 2.13 Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51 % 20 2.86",
"Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match",
"Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79 % 14 3.50",
"Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03 % 8 2.00",
"Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93 % 5 1.25",
"Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86 % 11 1.83",
"Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56 % 24 4.00",
"Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52 % 12 3.00",
"Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17 % 11 2.20",
"Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08 % 22 4.40",
"Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58 % 17 2.83",
"Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24 % 10 1.43",
"Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95 % 17 2.13",
"Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51 % 20 2.86"
] | 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2014 FIFA World Cup statistics Jump to: navigation , search The following article outlines the statistics for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July. Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Contents ( hide ) 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Discipline 7 Multiple World Cups 8 Overall results 8.1 By team 8.2 By confederation 9 Stadiums 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez . 6 goals James Rodríguez 5 goals Thomas Müller 4 goals Lionel Messi Neymar Robin van Persie 3 goals Enner Valencia Karim Benzema André Schürrle Arjen Robben Xherdan Shaqiri 2 goals Abdelmoumene Djabou Islam Slimani Tim Cahill David Luiz Oscar Alexis Sánchez Jackson Martínez Bryan Ruiz Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Mario Götze Mats Hummels Miroslav Klose Toni Kroos André Ayew Asamoah Gyan Wilfried Bony Gervinho Memphis Depay Ahmed Musa Clint Dempsey Luis Suárez 1 goal Yacine Brahimi Sofiane Feghouli Rafik Halliche Ángel Di María Gonzalo Higuaín Marcos Rojo Mile Jedinak Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Divock Origi Jan Vertonghen Edin Džeko Vedad Ibišević Miralem Pjanić Avdija Vršajević Fernandinho Fred Thiago Silva Joël Matip Charles Aránguiz Jean Beausejour Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Pablo Armero Juan Cuadrado Teófilo Gutiérrez Juan Quintero Joel Campbell Óscar Duarte Marco Ureña Ivica Olić Wayne Rooney Daniel Sturridge Olivier Giroud Blaise Matuidi Paul Pogba Moussa Sissoko Mathieu Valbuena Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Sokratis Papastathopoulos Georgios Samaras Andreas Samaris Carlo Costly Reza Ghoochannejhad Mario Balotelli Claudio Marchisio Keisuke Honda Shinji Okazaki Giovani dos Santos Andrés Guardado Javier Hernández Rafael Márquez Oribe Peralta Daley Blind Stefan de Vrij Leroy Fer Klaas-Jan Huntelaar Wesley Sneijder Georginio Wijnaldum Peter Odemwingie Cristiano Ronaldo Nani Silvestre Varela Aleksandr Kerzhakov Aleksandr Kokorin Koo Ja-cheol Lee Keun-ho Son Heung-min Xabi Alonso Juan Mata Fernando Torres David Villa Blerim Džemaili Admir Mehmedi Haris Seferović Granit Xhaka John Brooks Julian Green Jermaine Jones Edinson Cavani Diego Godín Own goals Sead Kolašinac (against Argentina) Marcelo (against Croatia) John Boye (against Portugal) Noel Valladares (against France) Joseph Yobo (against France) Source: FIFA Assists ( edit ) Juan Cuadrado and Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists each during the tournament. 4 assists Toni Kroos 3 assists André Schürrle Juan Cuadrado Karim Benzema 2 assists Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Alexis Sánchez Abel Aguilar James Rodríguez Christian Bolaños Walter Ayoví Mathieu Valbuena Philipp Lahm Thomas Müller Mesut Özil Serge Aurier Daley Blind Daryl Janmaat Josip Drmić Graham Zusi 1 assist Yacine Brahimi Abdelmoumene Djabou Sofiane Feghouli Carl Medjani Islam Slimani Ángel Di María Ezequiel Garay Gonzalo Higuaín Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Ryan McGowan Tommy Oar Romelu Lukaku Divock Origi Edin Džeko Senad Lulić Miralem Pjanić Tino-Sven Sušić Dante David Luiz Luiz Gustavo Marcelo Neymar Oscar Thiago Silva Allan Nyom Charles Aránguiz Mauricio Pinilla Jorge Valdivia Eduardo Vargas Teófilo Gutiérrez Adrián Ramos Joel Campbell Júnior Díaz Cristian Gamboa Eduardo Nikica Jelavić Ivan Perišić Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Juan Carlos Paredes Glen Johnson Wayne Rooney Mathieu Debuchy Paul Pogba Benedikt Höwedes Sami Khedira Kwadwo Asamoah John Boye Asamoah Gyan Sulley Muntari Theofanis Gekas Georgios Samaras Brayan Beckeles Javad Nekounam Antonio Candreva Andrea Pirlo Gervinho Keisuke Honda Yuto Nagatomo Giovani dos Santos Héctor Herrera Rafael Márquez Memphis Depay Klaas-Jan Huntelaar Arjen Robben Wesley Sneijder Michel Babatunde Emmanuel Emenike Cristiano Ronaldo Miguel Veloso Dmitri Kombarov Lee Keun-ho Yun Suk-young Cesc Fàbregas Andrés Iniesta Juanfran Gökhan Inler Admir Mehmedi Ricardo Rodríguez Michael Bradley Edinson Cavani Fernando Muslera Gastón Ramírez Source: UEFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall Total number of goals scored: 171 Average goals per match: 2.67 Total number of braces : 14 Karim Benzema , Toni Kroos , Mario Mandžukić , Jackson Martínez , Lionel Messi , Ahmed Musa , Neymar (2), Robin van Persie , Arjen Robben , James Rodríguez , André Schürrle , Luis Suárez , Enner Valencia Total number of hat-tricks : 2 Thomas Müller , Xherdan Shaqiri Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 13 Total number of penalty kicks scored: 12 Xabi Alonso , Karim Benzema , Edinson Cavani , Juan Cuadrado , Sofiane Feghouli , Klaas-Jan Huntelaar , Mile Jedinak , Thomas Müller , Neymar , Robin van Persie , James Rodríguez , Georgios Samaras Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 1 Karim Benzema Penalty kick success rate: 7001923100000000000♠ 92.31% Own goals scored: 5 John Boye , Sead Kolašinac , Marcelo , Noel Valladares , Joseph Yobo Timing First goal of the tournament: Marcelo (own goal) for Croatia against Brazil First brace of the tournament: Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First hat-trick of the tournament: Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal Last goal of the tournament: Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina Last brace of the tournament: André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil Last hat-trick of the tournament: Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute (0:30) Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 2 minutes Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay (introduced in the 83rd minute), Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador (introduced in the 46th minute), Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana (introduced in the 69th minute), Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile (introduced in the 75th minute), Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium (introduced in the 105+2nd minute) Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS Latest goal in a match with extra time: 120+1st minute Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute Klaas-Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 118th minute Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 2 minutes (1:06) Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland Teams Most goals scored by a team: 18 Germany Fewest goals scored by a team: 1 Cameroon , Honduras , Iran Most goals conceded by a team: 14 Brazil Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Costa Rica Best goal difference: +14 Germany Worst goal difference: -8 Cameroon Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 8 Brazil 1-- 7 Germany Most goals scored in a match by one team: 7 Germany against Brazil Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 2 Australia against Netherlands , Switzerland against France , South Korea against Algeria , Nigeria against Argentina Biggest margin of victory: 6 goals Brazil 1-- 7 Germany Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 Argentina , Germany , Netherlands Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Algeria , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Ghana , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Portugal , Russia , South Korea , United States Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Argentina , Brazil , Cameroon , Costa Rica , France , Greece , Honduras , Iran , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Algeria , Colombia , Croatia , Germany , Ghana , Ivory Coast Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Argentina , Netherlands Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Argentina , Cameroon , Greece , Iran , Italy , Netherlands Individual Most goals scored by an individual: 6 James Rodríguez Most assists given by an individual: 4 Juan Cuadrado , Toni Kroos Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 8 James Rodríguez (6 goals, 2 assists), Thomas Müller (5 goals, 3 assists) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 4 Jasper Cillessen , Manuel Neuer , Sergio Romero Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 0 Igor Akinfeev , Boubacar Barry , Asmir Begović , Beto , Gianluigi Buffon , Iker Casillas , Fatau Dauda , Panagiotis Glykos , Joe Hart , Tim Howard , Charles Itandje , Jung Sung-ryong , Kim Seung-gyu , Adam Kwarasey , Raïs M'Bolhi , Rui Patrício , Mathew Ryan , Salvatore Sirigu , Noel Valladares Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Jasper Cillessen , Sergio Romero Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3 Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal , Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras Oldest goal scorer: 37 years and 43 days Noel Valladares (own goal) for France against Honduras Youngest goal scorer: 19 years and 25 days Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins: 6 -- Germany Fewest wins: 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , England , Ghana , Honduras , Iran , Japan , Russia , South Korea Most losses: 3 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Fewest losses: 0 -- Costa Rica , Germany , Netherlands Most draws: 3 -- Costa Rica Fewest draws: 0 -- Australia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Cameroon , Colombia , Croatia , Honduras , Italy , Ivory Coast , Spain , Switzerland , Uruguay Most points in the group stage: 9 -- Argentina , Belgium , Colombia , Netherlands Fewest points in the group stage: 0 -- Australia , Cameroon , Honduras Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup awards § Man of the Match Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Messi, Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS) , Iran (GS) , Nigeria (GS) , Switzerland (R16) Navas, Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica England (GS) , Greece (R16) , Netherlands (QF) Robben, Arjen Arjen Robben Netherlands Australia (GS) , Chile (GS) , Brazil (TP) Rodriguez, James James Rodríguez Colombia Greece (GS) , Ivory Coast (GS) , Uruguay (R16) 5 Benzema, Karim Karim Benzema France Honduras (GS) , Switzerland (GS) Gotze, Mario Mario Götze Germany Ghana (GS) , Argentina (F) Howard, Tim Tim Howard United States Portugal (GS) , Belgium (R16) Muller, Thomas Thomas Müller Germany Portugal (GS) , United States (GS) Neymar, Neymar Brazil Croatia (GS) , Cameroon (GS) Ochoa, Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil (GS) , Netherlands (R16) Shaqiri, Xherdan Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador (GS) , Honduras (GS) Slimani, Islam Islam Slimani Algeria South Korea (GS) , Russia (GS) 13 Balotelli, Mario Mario Balotelli Italy England (GS) Buffon, Gianluigi Gianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay (GS) Campbell, Joel Joel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay (GS) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile (R16) De Bruyne, Kevin Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria (GS) Dempsey, Clint Clint Dempsey United States Ghana (GS) Cristiano Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana (GS) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France (GS) Dzeko, Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran (GS) Hazard, Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Russia (GS) Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium (QF) Honda, Keisuke Keisuke Honda Japan Greece (GS) Hummels, Mats Mats Hummels Germany France (QF) Kroos, Toni Toni Kroos Germany Brazil (SF) David Luiz, David Luiz Brazil Colombia (QF) M'Bolhi , Raïs Raïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany (R16) Mandzukic, Mario Mario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon (GS) Marquez, Rafael Rafael Márquez Mexico Croatia (GS) Martinez, Jackson Jackson Martínez Colombia Japan (GS) Mikel, John Obi John Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran (GS) Odemwingie, Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS) Persie, Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Spain (GS) Pogba, Paul Paul Pogba France Nigeria (R16) Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Netherlands (SF) Ruiz, Bryan Bryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy (GS) Samaras, Georgios Georgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast (GS) Sanchez, Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Australia (GS) Santos, Giovani dos Giovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon (GS) Son, Heung-min Son Heung-min South Korea Russia (GS) Suarez, Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay England (GS) Toure, Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan (GS) Valencia, Enner Enner Valencia Ecuador Honduras (GS) Vargas, Eduardo Eduardo Vargas Chile Spain (GS) Vertonghen, Jan Jan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea (GS) Villa, David David Villa Spain Australia (GS) Clean sheets ( edit ) The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer . Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Cillessen, Jasper Jasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile (GS) , Costa Rica (QF) , Argentina (SF) , Brazil (TP) Neuer, Manuel Manuel Neuer Germany Portugal (GS) , United States (GS) , France (QF) , Argentina (F) Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Argentina Iran (GS) , Switzerland (R16) , Belgium (QF) , Netherlands (SF) Lloris, Hugo Hugo Lloris France Honduras (GS) , Ecuador (GS) , Nigeria (R16) Navas, Keylor Keylor Navas Costa Rica Italy (GS) , England (GS) , Netherlands (QF) 6 Courtois, Thibaut Thibaut Courtois Belgium Russia (GS) , South Korea (GS) Enyeama, Vincent Vincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran (GS) , Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS) Karnezis, Orestis Orestis Karnezis Greece Japan (GS) , Ivory Coast (GS) Ochoa, Guillermo Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon (GS) , Brazil (GS) Ospina, David David Ospina Colombia Greece (GS) , Uruguay (R16) 11 Benaglio, Diego Diego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras (GS) Bravo, Claudio Claudio Bravo Chile Spain (GS) Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico (GS) Domínguez , Alexander Alexander Domínguez Ecuador France (GS) Eduardo, Eduardo Portugal Ghana (GS) Foster, Ben Ben Foster England Costa Rica (GS) Haghighi, Alireza Alireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria (GS) Kawashima, Eiji Eiji Kawashima Japan Greece (GS) Krul, Tim Tim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica (QF) Mondragón , Faryd Faryd Mondragón Colombia Japan (GS) Muslera, Fernando Fernando Muslera Uruguay Italy (GS) Pletikosa, Stipe Stipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon (GS) Reina, Pepe Pepe Reina Spain Australia (GS) Vorm, Michel Michel Vorm Netherlands Brazil (TP) Discipline ( edit ) Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards: 187 Average yellow cards per match: 2.92 Total number of red cards: 10 Average red cards per match: 0.16 First yellow card of the tournament: Neymar for Brazil against Croatia First red card of the tournament: Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Fastest yellow card from kick off: 2 minutes Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 3 minutes José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy (introduced in the 68th minute) Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 120+4 minutes Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland Fastest dismissal from kick off: 37 minutes Pepe for Portugal against Germany Fastest dismissal of a substitute: 20 minutes Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico (introduced in the 69th minute) Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 11 minutes Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute) Most yellow cards (team): 14 Brazil Most red cards (team): 1 Belgium , Cameroon , Costa Rica , Croatia , Ecuador , Greece , Honduras , Italy , Portugal , Uruguay Fewest yellow cards (team): 2 Portugal Most yellow cards (player): 3 Thiago Silva Most red cards (player): 1 Steven Defour , Óscar Duarte , Kostas Katsouranis , Claudio Marchisio , Wilson Palacios , Pepe , Maxi Pereira , Ante Rebić , Alex Song , Antonio Valencia Most yellow cards (match): 8 Costa Rica vs Greece Most red cards (match): 1 Uruguay vs Costa Rica , France vs Honduras , Germany vs Portugal , Cameroon vs Croatia , Japan vs Greece , Croatia vs Mexico , Italy vs Uruguay , Ecuador vs France , South Korea vs Belgium , Costa Rica vs Greece Fewest yellow cards (match): 1 England vs Italy , Iran vs Nigeria , Switzerland vs France , Germany vs Ghana , United States vs Portugal , Honduras vs Switzerland , Ecuador vs France , France vs Nigeria , Brazil vs Germany Most cards in one match: 1 red card, 8 yellow cards Costa Rica vs Greece Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at three or more World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cahill, Tim ! Tim Cahill N/A JPN (2) SRB CHI , NED 5 Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N/A IRN PRK GHA Dempsey, Clint ! Clint Dempsey N/A GHA ENG GHA , POR Gyan, Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N/A CZE SRB , AUS , USA GER , POR 6 Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA (3), IRL , CMR 5 CRC (2), ECU (2), ARG AUS , ENG , ARG (2) GHA , BRA 16 Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N/A ARG RSA CRO Persie, Robin van ! Robin van Persie N/A CIV CMR ESP (2), AUS , BRA 6 Robben, Arjen ! Arjen Robben N/A SCG SVK , URU ESP (2), AUS 6 Villa, David ! David Villa N/A UKR (2), FRA 5 HON (2), CHI , POR , PAR AUS 9 Appearing in four World Cups Name 1998 2002 2006 2014 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Beasley, Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N/A POR , KOR , POL CZE , ITA , GHA ALG GHA , POR , GER , BEL 11 Buffon, Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N/A ECU , CRO , MEX , KOR 7 GHA , USA , CZE , AUS , UKR , GER , FRA PAR CRC , URU 14 Casillas, Iker ! Iker Casillas N/A 5 SVN , PAR , RSA , IRL , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI 17 Eto'o , Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o ITA IRL , KSA , GER N/A JPN , DEN , NED MEX 8 Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N/A 7 KSA , IRL , CMR , PAR , USA , KOR , BRA 7 CRC , POL , ECU , SWE , ARG , ITA , POR 5 AUS , SRB , ENG , ARG , ESP 5 GHA , USA , FRA , BRA , ARG 24 Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N/A CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED 16 Xavi ! Xavi N/A PAR , RSA , KOR UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED 14 Notes Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute. In 2014, Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups. Overall results ( edit ) See also: List of 2014 FIFA World Cup matches Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column. By team ( edit ) The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament, making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players. Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Algeria 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00 Argentina 7 5 16 2.29 8 1.14 0.57 +4 0.57 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00 Australia 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 9 3.00 -6 -2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Belgium 5 0 12 2.40 6 1.20 0.60 +3 0.60 0.40 7 1.40 0.20 Bosnia & Herz. 0 1.00 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Brazil 7 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 -3 -0.43 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00 Cameroon 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 9 3.00 -8 -2.67 0 0.00 1.33 0.33 Chile 7 1.75 6 1.50 1.00 +2 0.50 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Colombia 5 0 12 2.40 12 2.40 0.80 +8 1.60 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00 Costa Rica 5 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 0.40 +3 0.60 0.60 12 2.40 0.20 Croatia 0 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 0.33 1.33 0.33 Ecuador 1.33 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0.33 England 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 -2 -0.67 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 France 5 10 2.00 10 2.00 0.60 +7 1.40 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00 Germany 7 6 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 0.57 +14 2.00 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00 Ghana 0 0.33 1.33 6 2.00 -2 -0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Greece 5 1.25 0.75 5 1.25 -2 -0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Honduras 0 0 0 0.00 0.33 8 2.67 -7 -2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0.33 Iran 0 0.33 0.33 1.33 -3 -1.00 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Italy 0 1.00 0.67 1.00 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 1.00 0.33 Ivory Coast 0 1.00 1.33 5 1.67 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 0 0.33 0.67 6 2.00 -4 -1.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Mexico 7 1.75 5 1.25 0.75 +2 0.50 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00 Netherlands 7 5 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 0.57 +11 1.57 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00 Nigeria 1.00 0.75 5 1.25 -2 -0.50 0.50 0.75 0 0.00 Portugal 1.33 1.33 7 2.33 -3 -1.00 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Russia 0 0.67 0.67 1.00 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 South Korea 0 0.33 1.00 6 2.00 -3 -1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Spain 0 1.00 1.33 7 2.33 -3 -1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Switzerland 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0.25 0.75 0 0.00 United States 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 -1 -0.25 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Uruguay 0 6 1.50 1.00 6 1.50 -2 -0.50 0.25 8 2.00 0.25 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 171 1.34 171 1.34 0 0.00 37 0.29 187 1.46 10 0.08 Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won) -- Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved) -- As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts/T AFC 12 0 9 0.25 0.75 CAF 5 17 11 12 0.71 2.40 CONCACAF 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00 CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33 UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won) -- Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved) -- As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Stadiums ( edit ) See also: 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and List of 2014 FIFA World Cup matches Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Total attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Total goals scored Average goals scored per match Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549 0072 ! 72 m 160,227 40,057 98.79% 14 3.50 Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631 0920 ! 920 m 156,991 39,248 99.03% 8 2.00 Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971 0045 ! 45 m 158,167 39,542 98.93% 5 1.25 Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321 0792 ! 792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86% 11 1.83 Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900 0 ! 0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56% 24 4.00 Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112 0165 ! 165 m 158,717 39,679 96.52% 12 3.00 Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610 0 ! 0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17% 11 2.20 Estádio Beira-Rio Porto Alegre 43,394 0047 ! 47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08% 22 4.40 Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342 0 ! 0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58% 17 2.83 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738 0 ! 0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24% 10 1.43 Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170 0800 ! 800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95% 17 2.13 Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349 1172 ! 1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51% 20 2.86 See also ( edit ) 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Boot'' . FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics -- Assists'' . UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players'' (PDF) . FIFA. 11 June 2014. p. 19 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ 3 Michel Vorm And Two Minutes Of Glory sbnation.com Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup: Where are the 12 host stadiums in Brazil?'' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Amazonia, Manaus'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena da Baixada, Curitiba'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio das Dunas, Natal'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Pantanal, Cuiaba'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arena Pernambuco, Recife'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Castelao, Fortaleza'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Do Maracana, Rio de Janeiro'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Mineirao, Belo Horizonte'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio Nacional de Brasilia, Brasilia'' . FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official Brazil government website (in Portuguese) (in English) (in Spanish) 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil (video game) Adidas Brazuca (ball) Caxirola (musical instrument) Fuleco (mascot) One Love, One Rhythm (album) We Are One (Ole Ola) (song) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners-up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter-finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup_statistics&oldid=825713809 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories: Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hCards Articles with Portuguese-language external links Articles with Spanish-language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Nederlands Norsk Português Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 23:51. 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which attribute of the characters in morality plays reflects | The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual 's faith and the grace of God . They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation , the marriage of clergymen , and the cleansing of sin only through Christ 's sacrifice ; at the same time , they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation . | [
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] | [
-1
] | [
"The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment . In their own time , these plays were known as interludes , a broader term for dramas with or without a moral . Morality plays are a type of allegory in which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a Godly life over one of evil . The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries . Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages , they represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre . The earliest known morality play is Hildegard von Bingen 's Ordo Virtutum ( English : `` Order of the Virtues '' ) composed c. 1151 . It is the earliest morality play by more than a century , and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music .",
"Morality plays typically contain a protagonist who represents either humanity as a whole or a smaller social structure . Supporting characters are personifications of good and evil . This alignment of characters provides the play 's audience with moral guidance . Morality plays are the result of the dominant belief of the time period , that humans had a certain amount of control over their post-death fate while they were on earth .",
"In Everyman , perhaps the archetypal morality play , the characters take on the common pattern , representing broader ideas . Some of the characters in Everyman are God , Death , Everyman , Good - Deeds , Angel , Knowledge , Beauty , Discretion , and Strength . The personified meanings of these characters are hardly hidden . The premise of Everyman is that God , believing that the people on earth are too focused on wealth and worldly possessions , sends Death to Everyman to remind him of God 's power and the importance of upholding values . The emphasis put on morality , the seemingly vast difference between good and evil , and the strong presence of God makes Everyman one of the most concrete examples of a morality play . At the same time , most morality plays focus more on evil , while Everyman focuses more on good , highlighting sin in contrast .",
"Other plays that take on the typical traits of morality plays , but are rarely given the title of `` morality play '' are Hickscorner and The Second Shepherds ' Play . The characters in Hickscorner are Pity , Perseverance , Imagination , Contemplation , Freewill , and Hickscorner . They blatantly represent moral ideals . In The Second Shepherds ' Play , the characters are less obviously representative of good and evil , being primarily a trio of shepherds . But other characters such as Mary , The Child Christ , and An Angel show a strong moral presence and the importance of God in the play .",
"In early English dramas Justice was personified as an entity which exercised `` theological virtue or grace , and was concerned with the divine pronouncement of judgment on man '' . However , as time progressed , more moralities began to emerge ; it is during this transitional period where one begins to see Justice begin to assume more and more the qualities of a judge . The Justice in Respublica begins to concern himself with administering justice on `` the criminal element '' , rather than with the divine pronouncement on a generic representative of mankind . This is the first instance where one may observe a direct divergence from the theological virtues and concerns that were previously exerted by Justice in the morality plays of the fifteenth century . The Justice in Respublica is personified as a `` civil force rather than a theological one '' . An evolution of sorts takes place within the morals and agendas of Justice , he begins to don on the Judicial Robe of prosecutor and executioner .",
"Another change envelops in the character of Justice during the sixteenth century in morality plays ; Equity replaces Justice and assumes the judiciary duties previously performed by Justice . This changing of rulers , or preceding justices , is done when Equity declares that his brother Justice has been banished from the country and that he ( Equity ) will from now on take on the duties of the former monarch , Justice . This change of ruling heads is portrayed in the morality play , Liberality and Prodigality , where Equity serves Virtue in the detection , arrest , and punishment of Prodigality for the robbery and murder of Tenacity , a yeoman in the country of Middlesex . Virtue states ,",
"So horrible a fact can hardly pleaded for favour : Therefore go you , Equity , examine more diligently The manner of this outrageous robbery : And as the same by examination shall appear , Due justice may be done in presence here . ( Liberality and Prodigality 377 )",
"The meta phases that Justice undergoes during the sixteenth century in morality plays , from `` Justice '' to `` Equity '' further illustrates the evolution of Justice ; not only did Justice change from a `` theological abstraction to a civil servant '' , but he experienced a corporeal change as well .",
"One may readily observe the evolutionary progression of Justice as portrayed in the plays of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . One encounters Justice in the early - fifteenth - century moralities as a performer playing the role of a theological virtue or grace , and then one sees him develop to a more serious figure , occupying the position of an arbiter of justice during the sixteenth century . It is a journey of discovery and great change on which Justice welcomes one to embark as one leafs through the pages of morality plays .",
"Although the purpose of all morality plays is to instruct listeners on the means of receiving redemption , morality plays after the Protestant Reformation are of a distinctly different didacticism than the morality plays before the Reformation .",
"Morality plays before the Reformation teach a Catholic approach to redemption , with an emphasis on works and the sacraments , a view originating with Tertullian ( c. 155 -- c. 240 AD ) and Cyprian ( d . 258 ) . The emphasis on works can be seen in the final speech in one of the most well - known of medieval morality plays , Everyman , in which there is a clear statement about the necessity of good works for the one who desires heaven :",
"Doctor : This moral men may have in mind ; Ye hearers , take it of worth , old and young , And forsake pride , for he deceiveth you in the end , And remember Beauty , Five - wits , Strength , and Discretion , They all at last do Everyman forsake , Save his Good - Deeds , there doth he take . But beware , and they be small Before God , he hath no help at all . None excuse may be there for Everyman .",
"The importance of the sacraments is seen in the morality tale entitled Mankind ( play ) . In this play , the sacrament of penance is emphasized when the allegorical character Mercy speaks to Mankind : `` Come let us go to this cloister and incline your mind towards God . Do n't sin thinking that you are assured mercy , that itself is a sin . It 's not a good idea to take advantage of the Lord . ''",
"Pre-Reformation plays emphasized the importance of the sacraments of the Catholic Church ( such as partaking in mass and baptism ) , the church clergy , the church hierarchy , the church establishment in general , and the abstinence from the Seven Deadly Sins . Many of the morality tales were allegories and involved characters with names of Vices ( e.g. , Gluttony ) and Virtues ( e.g. , Goodness ) . Their purpose was to direct the playgoers to pursue virtue and renounce vice .",
"Frequently a character representing a Vice would state , upon his first appearance , that he was evil . For example , in The Castle of Perseverance , a character called Lust - Liking states :",
"Lo , me ! here ready Lord , to fare and to flee To seek thee a servant valued and dear ! Whoso will by Folly ruled be , He is worthy to be a servant here , Who slips into the Sins Seven .",
"Even after this initial introduction , however , the Vice will continually reiterate to the audience that his nature is diabolic . Very often , the Vice presented will bring his character into criticism by the manner in which he presents himself to his audience , thus further demonstrating his wickedness . For example , the Vices in the earlier morality plays often spoke using vulgar language and by blasphemous swearing . Often , these curses were spoken in Latin , which being considered the holy language , made these curses even more offensive to the audience . Moreover , the Vices often made a mockery of religious practices sacred to the audience , thereby castigating themselves in the eyes of their audience . Deceit is another means by which the Vice exposes his wickedness to the audience and serves as an example to them of what to avoid in a righteous life . Furthermore , in the pre-Reformation play , the Vices denounce their own characters by acting violently toward each other , and toward the Virtues .",
"Whereas the pre-Reformation morality plays sought to reinforce the establishment of the Catholic Church and Catholic doctrine , the post-Reformation morality plays worked to destroy Catholic credibility and demonise the Catholic Church . Although post-Reformation morality plays were like its predecessor in that it also was concerned with the salvation of its audience , it differed in that it believed that the theology promoted by pre-Reformation plays was antithetical to salvation . Thus , a major shift in focus , from concern for the individual 's moral behaviour to concern for the individual 's theological practices , occurred with the post-Reformation morality plays . The wave of Protestantism which fuelled the content of these plays dictated that more attention should be given to warning people against the Catholic Church than of their sinful nature . The means of redemption , according to the philosophy embedded in post-Reformation morality plays , is dependent upon the audience understanding the truthfulness of Protestant theology and verses and also the deceptiveness and wickedness of Catholic theology , whose best example is the secular play of Calderón .",
"The Vices in post-Reformation morality plays are almost always depicted as being Catholic . At times this depiction is achieved through their physical appearance . For example , Vices in post-Reformation morality plays would be dressed as cardinals , friars , monks , or the pope . Other times , the Vice comes out and states he is a Catholic , or elucidates that he is Catholic by swearing a Catholic pledge . Oftentimes , the Vice in post-Reformation plays admits that Catholic theology is flawed , and that by being Catholic the Vice is committing treason . Moreover , Vices often appear ignorant and naive , especially when it comes to their biblical understanding and knowledge of the New Testament . Often , morality plays coming out the post-Reformation period , ridicule ritualistic Catholic practices . Furthermore , these plays postulated that Catholics were opposed to moral behaviour and truthfulness , and that the Catholic Church warped the text of the bible to justify sinning . To deceive the victim of post-Reformation morality plays , the vice typically assumes a new name to disguise what actual vice he is .",
"Because the Vice is aggressively tied to Catholicism from the outset of the play , when the Vice is reprimanded and damned , so are his Catholic beliefs . Therefore , the Vice served as a central component to discrediting the Catholic Church in post-Reformation morality plays .",
"The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual 's faith and the grace of God . They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation , the marriage of clergymen , and the cleansing of sin only through Christ 's sacrifice ; at the same time , they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation ."
] | Morality play - wikipedia Morality play For the book by Barry Unsworth, see Morality Play (novel) . The 1522 cover of Mundus et Infans , a morality play The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment. In their own time, these plays were known as interludes , a broader term for dramas with or without a moral . Morality plays are a type of allegory in which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a Godly life over one of evil. The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages, they represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre. The earliest known morality play is Hildegard von Bingen 's Ordo Virtutum (English: `` Order of the Virtues'' ) composed c. 1151. It is the earliest morality play by more than a century, and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music. Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Justice and Equity as characters 3 Pre-Reformation versus post-Reformation 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Morality plays typically contain a protagonist who represents either humanity as a whole or a smaller social structure. Supporting characters are personifications of good and evil. This alignment of characters provides the play's audience with moral guidance. Morality plays are the result of the dominant belief of the time period, that humans had a certain amount of control over their post-death fate while they were on earth. In Everyman , perhaps the archetypal morality play, the characters take on the common pattern, representing broader ideas. Some of the characters in Everyman are God, Death, Everyman, Good-Deeds, Angel, Knowledge, Beauty, Discretion, and Strength. The personified meanings of these characters are hardly hidden. The premise of Everyman is that God, believing that the people on earth are too focused on wealth and worldly possessions, sends Death to Everyman to remind him of God's power and the importance of upholding values. The emphasis put on morality, the seemingly vast difference between good and evil, and the strong presence of God makes Everyman one of the most concrete examples of a morality play. At the same time, most morality plays focus more on evil, while Everyman focuses more on good, highlighting sin in contrast. Other plays that take on the typical traits of morality plays, but are rarely given the title of `` morality play'' are Hickscorner and The Second Shepherds' Play. The characters in Hickscorner are Pity, Perseverance, Imagination, Contemplation, Freewill, and Hickscorner. They blatantly represent moral ideals. In The Second Shepherds' Play , the characters are less obviously representative of good and evil, being primarily a trio of shepherds. But other characters such as Mary, The Child Christ, and An Angel show a strong moral presence and the importance of God in the play. Justice and Equity as characters ( edit ) In early English dramas Justice was personified as an entity which exercised `` theological virtue or grace, and was concerned with the divine pronouncement of judgment on man'' . However, as time progressed, more moralities began to emerge; it is during this transitional period where one begins to see Justice begin to assume more and more the qualities of a judge. The Justice in Respublica begins to concern himself with administering justice on `` the criminal element'' , rather than with the divine pronouncement on a generic representative of mankind. This is the first instance where one may observe a direct divergence from the theological virtues and concerns that were previously exerted by Justice in the morality plays of the fifteenth century. The Justice in Respublica is personified as a `` civil force rather than a theological one'' . An evolution of sorts takes place within the morals and agendas of Justice, he begins to don on the Judicial Robe of prosecutor and executioner. Another change envelops in the character of Justice during the sixteenth century in morality plays; Equity replaces Justice and assumes the judiciary duties previously performed by Justice. This changing of rulers, or preceding justices, is done when Equity declares that his brother Justice has been banished from the country and that he (Equity) will from now on take on the duties of the former monarch, Justice. This change of ruling heads is portrayed in the morality play, Liberality and Prodigality , where Equity serves Virtue in the detection, arrest, and punishment of Prodigality for the robbery and murder of Tenacity, a yeoman in the country of Middlesex. Virtue states, So horrible a fact can hardly pleaded for favour: Therefore go you, Equity, examine more diligently The manner of this outrageous robbery: And as the same by examination shall appear, Due justice may be done in presence here. ( Liberality and Prodigality 377) The meta phases that Justice undergoes during the sixteenth century in morality plays, from `` Justice'' to `` Equity'' further illustrates the evolution of Justice; not only did Justice change from a `` theological abstraction to a civil servant'' , but he experienced a corporeal change as well. One may readily observe the evolutionary progression of Justice as portrayed in the plays of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. One encounters Justice in the early-fifteenth-century moralities as a performer playing the role of a theological virtue or grace, and then one sees him develop to a more serious figure, occupying the position of an arbiter of justice during the sixteenth century. It is a journey of discovery and great change on which Justice welcomes one to embark as one leafs through the pages of morality plays. Pre-Reformation versus post-Reformation ( edit ) Although the purpose of all morality plays is to instruct listeners on the means of receiving redemption, morality plays after the Protestant Reformation are of a distinctly different didacticism than the morality plays before the Reformation. Morality plays before the Reformation teach a Catholic approach to redemption, with an emphasis on works and the sacraments, a view originating with Tertullian (c. 155 -- c. 240 AD) and Cyprian (d. 258). The emphasis on works can be seen in the final speech in one of the most well-known of medieval morality plays, Everyman , in which there is a clear statement about the necessity of good works for the one who desires heaven: Doctor: This moral men may have in mind; Ye hearers, take it of worth, old and young, And forsake pride, for he deceiveth you in the end, And remember Beauty, Five-wits, Strength, and Discretion, They all at last do Everyman forsake, Save his Good-Deeds, there doth he take. But beware, and they be small Before God, he hath no help at all. None excuse may be there for Everyman. The importance of the sacraments is seen in the morality tale entitled Mankind (play) . In this play, the sacrament of penance is emphasized when the allegorical character Mercy speaks to Mankind: `` Come let us go to this cloister and incline your mind towards God. Don't sin thinking that you are assured mercy, that itself is a sin. It's not a good idea to take advantage of the Lord.'' Pre-Reformation plays emphasized the importance of the sacraments of the Catholic Church (such as partaking in mass and baptism), the church clergy, the church hierarchy, the church establishment in general, and the abstinence from the Seven Deadly Sins . Many of the morality tales were allegories and involved characters with names of Vices (e.g., Gluttony) and Virtues (e.g., Goodness). Their purpose was to direct the playgoers to pursue virtue and renounce vice. Frequently a character representing a Vice would state, upon his first appearance, that he was evil. For example, in The Castle of Perseverance , a character called Lust-Liking states: Lo, me! here ready Lord, to fare and to flee To seek thee a servant valued and dear! Whoso will by Folly ruled be, He is worthy to be a servant here, Who slips into the Sins Seven. Even after this initial introduction, however, the Vice will continually reiterate to the audience that his nature is diabolic. Very often, the Vice presented will bring his character into criticism by the manner in which he presents himself to his audience, thus further demonstrating his wickedness. For example, the Vices in the earlier morality plays often spoke using vulgar language and by blasphemous swearing. Often, these curses were spoken in Latin , which being considered the holy language, made these curses even more offensive to the audience. Moreover, the Vices often made a mockery of religious practices sacred to the audience, thereby castigating themselves in the eyes of their audience. Deceit is another means by which the Vice exposes his wickedness to the audience and serves as an example to them of what to avoid in a righteous life. Furthermore, in the pre-Reformation play, the Vices denounce their own characters by acting violently toward each other, and toward the Virtues. Whereas the pre-Reformation morality plays sought to reinforce the establishment of the Catholic Church and Catholic doctrine, the post-Reformation morality plays worked to destroy Catholic credibility and demonise the Catholic Church. Although post-Reformation morality plays were like its predecessor in that it also was concerned with the salvation of its audience, it differed in that it believed that the theology promoted by pre-Reformation plays was antithetical to salvation. Thus, a major shift in focus, from concern for the individual's moral behaviour to concern for the individual's theological practices, occurred with the post-Reformation morality plays. The wave of Protestantism which fuelled the content of these plays dictated that more attention should be given to warning people against the Catholic Church than of their sinful nature. The means of redemption, according to the philosophy embedded in post-Reformation morality plays, is dependent upon the audience understanding the truthfulness of Protestant theology and verses and also the deceptiveness and wickedness of Catholic theology, whose best example is the secular play of Calderón . The Vices in post-Reformation morality plays are almost always depicted as being Catholic. At times this depiction is achieved through their physical appearance. For example, Vices in post-Reformation morality plays would be dressed as cardinals, friars, monks, or the pope. Other times, the Vice comes out and states he is a Catholic, or elucidates that he is Catholic by swearing a Catholic pledge. Oftentimes, the Vice in post-Reformation plays admits that Catholic theology is flawed, and that by being Catholic the Vice is committing treason. Moreover, Vices often appear ignorant and naive, especially when it comes to their biblical understanding and knowledge of the New Testament . Often, morality plays coming out the post-Reformation period, ridicule ritualistic Catholic practices. Furthermore, these plays postulated that Catholics were opposed to moral behaviour and truthfulness, and that the Catholic Church warped the text of the bible to justify sinning. To deceive the victim of post-Reformation morality plays, the vice typically assumes a new name to disguise what actual vice he is. Because the Vice is aggressively tied to Catholicism from the outset of the play, when the Vice is reprimanded and damned, so are his Catholic beliefs. Therefore, the Vice served as a central component to discrediting the Catholic Church in post-Reformation morality plays. The role of the Virtues in post-Reformation morality plays was to preach a message of salvation based upon an individual's faith and the grace of God. They promoted Protestant beliefs of original sin , the importance of bible reading and meditation, the marriage of clergymen, and the cleansing of sin only through Christ's sacrifice; at the same time, they discredited the Catholic belief in transubstantiation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richardson and Johnston (1991, 97-98). Jump up ^ King, Pamela M. `` Morality Plays'' . The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre . Ed. Richard Beadle. Cambridge: Cambridge UP , 1994. 235. Print. Jump up ^ Everyman and Other Miracle and Morality Plays . Ed. Stanley Appelbaum and Candace Ward. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. 36-59. Print. Jump up ^ King, Pamela M. `` Morality Plays'' . The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre . Ed. Richard Beadle. Cambridge: Cambridge UP , 1994. 257. Print. Jump up ^ Everyman and Other Miracle and Morality Plays. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum and Candace Ward. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. 60. Print. Jump up ^ Everyman and Other Miracle and Morality Plays. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum and Candace Ward. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. 12-35. Print. Jump up ^ McCutchan, J. Wilson. `` Justice and Equity in the English Morality Play.'' Journal of the History of Ideas. 19.3 (1958): 406. ^ Jump up to: Respublica , ed. by Leonard A. Magnus (London, 1905), Extra Series XCIV. Jump up ^ McCutchan, J. Wilson . `` Justice and Equity in the English Morality Play.'' Journal of the History of Ideas. 19.3 (1958): 408. Jump up ^ Liberality and Prodigality , in A Select Collection of Old English Plays . ed. by W. Carew Hazlitt (London, 1874), VIII, 329-83. Jump up ^ McCutchan, J. Wilson . `` Justice and Equity in the English Morality Play.'' Journal of the History of Ideas. 19.3 (1958): 409. Jump up ^ Cawley, A.C. (1974). Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays . London: Dent. p. 225. ISBN 978-0460872805 . Jump up ^ McDonald, Rick. `` Modern English Translation of Mankind'' . Utah Valley University . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston, Alexandra F. `` The Castle of Perseverance: A Modernization'' . Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences . University of Toronto . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Pineas, Rainer. `` The English Morality Play as a Weapon of Religious Controversy.'' Studies in English Literature 2.2 (1962): 157-180. JSTOR. Web. 28 September 2009. Jump up ^ Muratta Bunsen, Eduardo. `` Leidenschaft des Zweifelns: Skepsis und Probabilismus in den Säkulardramen von Pedro Calderón de la Barca.'' http://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/we05/forschung/dissertationen/ . Sources ( edit ) Cummings, James (2004-07-13). `` The Pride of Life'' . The Literary Encyclopedia . The Literary Dictionary Company Limited . Retrieved 2008-08-06 . Owen, Siam The modern God of our era Medieval Drama. English Dramatists ser. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-45477-4 . Gilligan, Festus Michael External links ( edit ) NewPlays.org.uk - A brief history of Morality Plays. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). `` Moralities '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. The Pride of Life hide Morality plays of the Tudor period Interludes The Castle of Perseverance Mankind Everyman The World and the Child Interlude of Youth The Disobedient Child Liberality and Prodigality Horestes The Seven Deadly Sins The Play of the Weather Related works Medieval theatre Psychomachia Autos sacramentales Ordo Virtutum Elckerlijc A Satire of the Three Estates A Looking Glass for London Four Plays in One Pathomachia The Sun's Darling The Three Ladies of London Characters Vice Folly Death Personification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morality_play&oldid=841807873 '' Categories : Christian plays Medieval drama Medieval literature Morality Religious vernacular drama Theatrical genres Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 05:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia | 7660012549020794285 |
what does the song closer by nine inch nails mean | Lyrically , `` Closer '' is a meditation on self - hatred and obsession , but to Reznor 's dismay , the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus , which included the line `` I wan na fuck you like an animal '' . In 2003 , VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years . '' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time , '' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus . `` Come on dude : ' I wan na fuck you like an animal ' ? '' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That 's the all - time fuck song . Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing . You can fuck to it , you can dance to it and you can break shit to it . Since I 'm engaged now ( to Mayte Garcia ) , I 'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer ' took place on a swing . '' | [
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"a meditation on self-hatred and obsession"
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"`` Closer '' US CD single cover Single by Nine Inch Nails from the album The Downward Spiral B - side `` March of the Fuckheads '' `` Memorabilia '' Released May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 ) Format CD 12 '' cassette Recorded 1993 -- 94 Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon , Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Industrial rock Length 6 : 13 Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Trent Reznor Producer ( s ) Flood Trent Reznor Nine Inch Nails singles chronology `` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 ) `` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 ) Halo numbers chronology `` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995 Audio sample file help",
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"Songwriter ( s ) Trent Reznor",
"Producer ( s ) Flood Trent Reznor",
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"Nine Inch Nails singles chronology",
"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )",
"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )",
"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )",
"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )",
"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )",
"`` March of the Pigs '' ( 1994 ) `` Closer '' ( 1994 ) `` The Perfect Drug '' ( 1997 )",
"Halo numbers chronology",
"`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995",
"`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995",
"`` Halo 8 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' ( 1994 ) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' ( 1995 ) Halo 10 1995",
"Audio sample",
"file help",
"file help",
"`` Closer '' is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album , The Downward Spiral ( 1994 ) . It was released on May 30 , 1994 as the album 's second single . Most versions of the single are titled `` Closer to God '' , a rare example in music of a single 's title differing from the title of its A-side . ( `` Closer to God '' is also the title of an alternate version of `` Closer '' featured on the single . ) Labeled `` Halo 9 '' , the single is the ninth official NIN release .",
"A promotional single provided by the label to radio stations included both long and short vocal - censored - i.e. : silenced profanity - versions . In spite of misinterpretations of the song as a lust anthem , `` Closer '' became Nine Inch Nails ' most successful single up to that time , cemented Reznor 's status as an industrial rock icon , and remains arguably his best - known song . Censored versions of the song and its Mark Romanek - directed music video received substantial airplay on radio and MTV .",
"`` Closer '' has been described as industrial rock , techno , and alternative rock . `` Closer '' uses elements of funk , avant - garde , and electronic music . The drum track of `` Closer '' features a heavily modified bass drum sample from the Iggy Pop song `` Nightclubbing '' from his album The Idiot . The bass drum in `` Nightclubbing '' was from a Roland drum machine , which is sampled in `` Closer '' . Trent Reznor also sampled a Roland TR - 808 drum machine , utilizing its `` low end '' kick . The samples were produced using two Akai S1100 samplers , each with an expander ( essentially four samplers ) . The samples were then combined with beats produced by a Roland R - 70 drum machine . The production features sound effects such as a bass squelch , synth echo , and feedback growl .",
"Radio edits of `` Closer '' were created by muting the vocal track for the duration of each deleted obscenity .",
"Lyrically , `` Closer '' is a meditation on self - hatred and obsession , but to Reznor 's dismay , the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus , which included the line `` I wan na fuck you like an animal '' . In 2003 , VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years . '' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time , '' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus . `` Come on dude : ' I wan na fuck you like an animal ' ? '' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That 's the all - time fuck song . Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing . You can fuck to it , you can dance to it and you can break shit to it . Since I 'm engaged now ( to Mayte Garcia ) , I 'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer ' took place on a swing . ''",
"In July 2009 , the song was voted in at number 62 on Triple J 's Hottest 100 of all time , and in 2010 it was number 42 on Pitchfork Media 's Top 200 Tracks of the 90s .",
"This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )",
"The music video was directed by Mark Romanek and first aired on May 12 , 1994 , having been filmed in April of that year . It was cut down from its original length to 4 : 36 . The video was popular and helped bolster the success of the band . Set in what appears to be a 19th - century mad scientist 's laboratory , the video 's imagery involves religion , sexuality , animal cruelty , politics , and terror , including :",
"A heart connected to some sort of device ; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song A nude , bald woman with a crucifix mask . A monkey tied to a cross . A severed pig 's head spinning on some type of machine . A diagram of the vulva / vagina . Reznor wearing various fetish gear , such as an S&M mask , ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles .",
"A heart connected to some sort of device ; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song",
"A nude , bald woman with a crucifix mask .",
"A monkey tied to a cross .",
"A severed pig 's head spinning on some type of machine .",
"A diagram of the vulva / vagina .",
"Reznor wearing various fetish gear , such as an S&M mask , ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles .",
"Several times , Reznor , wearing leather pants , floats and rotates through the air , suspended by invisible wires . There are also scenes of Reznor being blown back by a wind machine while wearing aviator goggles .",
"These images seem to be inspired by the art of Joel - Peter Witkin , as well as Francis Bacon and George Tooker . The video is also very heavily inspired by the Brothers Quay 's animated short film Street of Crocodiles . For the television version , certain removed scenes were replaced with a title card that read `` Scene Missing , '' and the instances of the word fuck being edited out were accompanied by a stop in the video motion , making it appear as if the stop was a result of defective film ( this was supposedly done to make sure the flow of the song was not affected ) . According to director Mark Romanek , the video was filmed using `` a slightly out of date film stock but it was still a contemporary film stock . ''",
"They had stopped making it three years before and we found some of it . All the new color film stocks have this T - Grain , like little Ts that are interlocking . The film stock we used had the original old granular grain . The new stocks are just really modern looking , really sharp , really contrasty , very fine grain . We did n't want that . Normally you do n't want to use that kind of stock because the colors will be off . It does have a shelf life but in this case we did n't care , the more fucked up it was the happier we were .",
"The unedited version of the video was shown on Playboy TV 's music video show Hot Rocks in 1994 . In mid-2002 , the unedited version aired on MTV2 as part of a special countdown showcasing the most controversial videos ever to air on MTV . This countdown was only shown late at night due to the graphic imagery of `` Closer '' and several other videos .",
"In 2006 , `` Closer '' was voted number one in a VH1 Classic poll titled `` 20 Greatest Music Videos of All Time . ''",
"In retrospect , Reznor said of the video that `` The rarest of things occurred : where the song sounded better to me , seeing it with the video . And it 's my song . ''",
"The unedited video is included in Closure , The Downward Spiral ( DualDisc ) , Directors Label Volume 4 : The Work Of Director Mark Romanek and VEVO , and it is available for download from the United States iTunes Store under the band 's page . Behind - the - scenes footage with commentary by Romanek is included in Closure ( DVD ) and Directors Label .",
"`` Closer '' had some radio airplay before it was released as a single . This factor increased within weeks , leading Interscope to release the song in May 1994 .",
"When it premiered , the single charted on several Billboard magazine music charts ; debuting near the bottom spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , it missed the Top 40 spot ( peaking at No. 41 ) . It crawled to No. 11 on the Modern Rock Tracks , and went on to reach No. 35 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , No. 29 on the Dance Music / Club Play Singles , and No. 29 Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales , this is the band 's first crossover hit and remains their most popular song to date . The single 's highest peak is the Top 5 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Closer '' did not top any of these charts , and failed to reach No. 1 . However , while it did not gain enough success in the US , it was a massive success in Canada on the Canadian pop charts and the Alternative 30 charts both hitting No. 5 .",
"The version of `` Closer '' on the single is 13 seconds longer than the album version ; on the album , the piano tune at the end of the song is abruptly cut off in order to segue into the next track , `` Ruiner '' . On the single , the piano and background sounds of `` Closer '' are allowed to play out longer .",
"In addition , the U.S. CD single contains five guest remixes of `` Closer '' , a remix of its fellow The Downward Spiral track `` Heresy '' , an instrumental track `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( unrelated to `` March of the Pigs '' ) , and a cover version of Soft Cell 's song `` Memorabilia '' , from their 1982 EP Non-stop Ecstatic Dancing . The UK single releases contain the same tracks split between two discs ( each sold separately ) . A cassette single was issued in the U.S. and Australia , pairing `` Closer '' with a live - performance version of NIN 's previous single , `` March of the Pigs '' .",
"The album art was done by photographer Joseph Cultice .",
"TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905 -- 2 TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 ( Reissue )",
"TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905 -- 2",
"TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 ( Reissue )",
"No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' ( Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5 : 05 2 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' ( Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7 : 16 3 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' ( Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey ) 6 : 15 4 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' ( Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5 : 32 5 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21 6 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' ( Remixed by Bill Kennedy , Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus '' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4 : 15 7 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4 : 43 8 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' ( Remixed by Kennedy , Humphrey , Aguto , Decarli , Claudiex ) 5 : 45 9 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Closer to God '' ( Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5 : 05",
"2 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' ( Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7 : 16",
"3 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' ( Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey ) 6 : 15",
"4 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' ( Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5 : 32",
"5 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21",
"6 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' ( Remixed by Bill Kennedy , Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus '' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4 : 15",
"7 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' ( Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4 : 43",
"8 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' ( Remixed by Kennedy , Humphrey , Aguto , Decarli , Claudiex ) 5 : 45",
"9 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26",
"Island Records CID 596 854 059 -- 2 ( Disc 1 ) Island Records CIDX 596 854 061 -- 2 ( Disc 2 )",
"Island Records CID 596 854 059 -- 2 ( Disc 1 )",
"Island Records CIDX 596 854 061 -- 2 ( Disc 2 )",
"Disc 1 : Further Away No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26 2 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 6 : 15 3 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 5 : 45 4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 7 : 16 5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' 4 : 15",
"Disc 1 : Further Away",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 26",
"2 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 6 : 15",
"3 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 5 : 45",
"4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' 7 : 16",
"5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) '' 4 : 15",
"Disc 2 : Closer to God No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' 5 : 05 2 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 5 : 32 3 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21 4 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' 4 : 43",
"Disc 2 : Closer to God",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Closer to God '' 5 : 05",
"2 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 5 : 32",
"3 . `` Memorabilia '' 7 : 21",
"4 . `` March of the Fuckheads '' 4 : 43",
"Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263 - 4",
"Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263 - 4",
"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 25",
"Side A",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Closer '' 6 : 25",
"Side B No . Title Length 2 . `` March of the Pigs ( Live ) '' ( appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3 : 12",
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"No . Title Length",
"2 . `` March of the Pigs ( Live ) '' ( appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3 : 12",
"Island Records 12IS 596 854 059 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 1",
"Island Records 12IS 596 854 059 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 1",
"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer ( Deviation ) '' 2 . `` Closer ( Further Away ) '' 3 . `` Closer ''",
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"4 . `` Closer ( Precursor ) ''",
"5 . `` Closer ( Internal ) ''",
"Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 2",
"Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061 -- 1 -- UK 12 '' Vinyl 2",
"Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Closer to God '' 2 . `` March of the Fuckheads ''",
"Side A",
"No . Title Length",
"1 . `` Closer to God ''",
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"Side B No . Title Length 3 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) '' 4 . `` Memorabilia ''",
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"No . Title Length",
"3 . `` Heresy ( Blind ) ''",
"4 . `` Memorabilia ''",
"Other versions in other formats and countries have the same track listing as the U.S. CD release .",
"Trent Reznor -- vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming Chris Vrenna -- drum samples ( drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' ) Flood -- hi - hat",
"Trent Reznor -- vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizers , programming",
"Chris Vrenna -- drum samples ( drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' )",
"Flood -- hi - hat",
"Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position Australia ARIA Charts Canada RPM Alternative 30 5 Canadian Singles Chart 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 25 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41",
"Chart ( 1994 -- 95 ) Peak position",
"Australia ARIA Charts",
"Canada RPM Alternative 30 5",
"Canadian Singles Chart 5",
"UK Singles ( OCC ) 25",
"U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11",
"U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41",
"During the Self Destruct and Fragility tours , bassist Danny Lohner and guitarist Robin Finck joined Reznor on keyboards for the song , with Reznor performing an extended synth solo .",
"There are performance videos of `` Closer '' on And All that Could Have Been and Beside You in Time .",
"In the tours following the release of With Teeth , Nine Inch Nails performed a shorter version of `` Closer '' with the keyboard solo played as a guitar solo and a breakdown incorporating a portion of `` The Only Time , '' a track from Pretty Hate Machine . Two performances of this version of the song appear on Beside You in Time .",
"`` Closer '' has been covered by many musical acts , including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor , Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs . Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer '' when they perform `` The Fantasy . '' Toronto - based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer '' in the song `` House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls . '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer '' twice : in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck '' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects . `` Germs '' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs . The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version , available at the Live Music Archive . In 1995 , the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs '' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor 's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples , humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at # 51 in Australia . In 2008 , Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour '' . In August 2010 , Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza '' . In 2013 , a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi . While many other covers alter the song , this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live . In 2014 , from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90 's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria . In 2016 , singer - songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances . Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer '' ( as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes , `` You wan na fuck me like an animal , You 'd like to burn me on the inside , You like to think that I 'm a perfect drug , Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me . '' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails , who inspired his music . However , reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative .",
"`` Closer '' has been covered by many musical acts , including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor , Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs .",
"Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer '' when they perform `` The Fantasy . ''",
"Toronto - based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer '' in the song `` House of Balloons / Glass Table Girls . ''",
"`` Weird Al '' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer '' twice : in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck '' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects . `` Germs '' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs .",
"The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version , available at the Live Music Archive .",
"In 1995 , the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs '' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor 's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples , humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at # 51 in Australia .",
"In 2008 , Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour '' . In August 2010 , Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza '' .",
"In 2013 , a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi . While many other covers alter the song , this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live .",
"In 2014 , from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90 's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria .",
"In 2016 , singer - songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances .",
"Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer '' ( as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes , `` You wan na fuck me like an animal , You 'd like to burn me on the inside , You like to think that I 'm a perfect drug , Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me . '' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails , who inspired his music . However , reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative ."
] | Closer (Nine Inch Nails song) - wikipedia Closer (Nine Inch Nails song) Jump to: navigation , search `` Closer'' US CD single cover Single by Nine Inch Nails from the album The Downward Spiral B-side `` March of the Fuckheads'' `` Memorabilia'' Released May 30, 1994 ( 1994-05-30 ) Format CD 12'' cassette Recorded 1993-- 94 Studio Le Pig ( Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles ) The Record Plant , A&M Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Industrial rock Length 6 : 13 Label Nothing TVT Interscope Atlantic Songwriter(s) Trent Reznor Producer(s) Flood Trent Reznor Nine Inch Nails singles chronology `` March of the Pigs '' (1994) `` Closer '' (1994) `` The Perfect Drug '' (1997) `` March of the Pigs '' (1994) `` Closer '' (1994) `` The Perfect Drug '' (1997) Halo numbers chronology `` Halo 8 '' (1994) Halo 8 1994 `` Halo 9 '' (1994) Halo 91994 `` Halo 10 '' (1995) Halo 10 1995 Audio sample file help `` Closer '' is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album, The Downward Spiral (1994). It was released on May 30, 1994 as the album's second single. Most versions of the single are titled `` Closer to God '' , a rare example in music of a single's title differing from the title of its A-side . (`` Closer to God'' is also the title of an alternate version of `` Closer'' featured on the single.) Labeled `` Halo 9'' , the single is the ninth official NIN release . A promotional single provided by the label to radio stations included both long and short vocal-censored-i.e.: silenced profanity-versions. In spite of misinterpretations of the song as a lust anthem, `` Closer'' became Nine Inch Nails' most successful single up to that time, cemented Reznor's status as an industrial rock icon, and remains arguably his best-known song. Censored versions of the song and its Mark Romanek -directed music video received substantial airplay on radio and MTV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Formats and track listings 4.1 U.S. CD 4.2 U.K. CD 4.3 U.S. cassette 4.4 U.K. 12'' vinyl -- Part 1: Further Away 4.5 U.K. 12'' vinyl -- Part 2: Closer to God 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Live performances 8 Cover versions 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Closer'' has been described as industrial rock , techno , and alternative rock . `` Closer'' uses elements of funk , avant-garde , and electronic music . The drum track of `` Closer'' features a heavily modified bass drum sample from the Iggy Pop song `` Nightclubbing '' from his album The Idiot . The bass drum in `` Nightclubbing'' was from a Roland drum machine , which is sampled in `` Closer'' . Trent Reznor also sampled a Roland TR-808 drum machine, utilizing its `` low end'' kick. The samples were produced using two Akai S1100 samplers , each with an expander (essentially four samplers). The samples were then combined with beats produced by a Roland R-70 drum machine. The production features sound effects such as a bass squelch, synth echo, and feedback growl. Radio edits of `` Closer'' were created by muting the vocal track for the duration of each deleted obscenity. Lyrically, `` Closer'' is a meditation on self-hatred and obsession , but to Reznor's dismay, the song was widely misinterpreted as a lust anthem due to its chorus, which included the line `` I wanna fuck you like an animal'' . In 2003, VH1 ranked the song at number 93 in its countdown of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years.'' The song was ranked at the number 2 position on AOL 's `` 69 Sexiest Songs of All Time,'' mostly due to the explicit frankness of the chorus. `` Come on dude: ' I wanna fuck you like an animal' ?'' remarked Mötley Crüe drummer and The Downward Spiral contributor Tommy Lee . `` That's the all-time fuck song. Those are pure fuck beats -- Trent Reznor knew what he was doing. You can fuck to it, you can dance to it and you can break shit to it. Since I'm engaged now (to Mayte Garcia ) , I'll just say that the most memorable episode that I remember with ' Closer' took place on a swing .'' In July 2009, the song was voted in at number 62 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of all time, and in 2010 it was number 42 on Pitchfork Media 's Top 200 Tracks of the 90s . Music video ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the many controversial images from the `` Closer'' music video. The music video was directed by Mark Romanek and first aired on May 12, 1994, having been filmed in April of that year. It was cut down from its original length to 4:36. The video was popular and helped bolster the success of the band. Set in what appears to be a 19th-century mad scientist 's laboratory, the video's imagery involves religion, sexuality, animal cruelty, politics, and terror, including: A heart connected to some sort of device; the beat of the heart corresponds to the beat of the song A nude, bald woman with a crucifix mask. A monkey tied to a cross . A severed pig's head spinning on some type of machine. A diagram of the vulva / vagina . Reznor wearing various fetish gear, such as an S&M mask, ball gag , and long leather gloves while swinging in shackles. Several times, Reznor, wearing leather pants, floats and rotates through the air, suspended by invisible wires. There are also scenes of Reznor being blown back by a wind machine while wearing aviator goggles. These images seem to be inspired by the art of Joel-Peter Witkin , as well as Francis Bacon and George Tooker . The video is also very heavily inspired by the Brothers Quay 's animated short film Street of Crocodiles . For the television version, certain removed scenes were replaced with a title card that read `` Scene Missing,'' and the instances of the word fuck being edited out were accompanied by a stop in the video motion, making it appear as if the stop was a result of defective film (this was supposedly done to make sure the flow of the song was not affected). According to director Mark Romanek, the video was filmed using `` a slightly out of date film stock but it was still a contemporary film stock.'' They had stopped making it three years before and we found some of it. All the new color film stocks have this T-Grain, like little Ts that are interlocking. The film stock we used had the original old granular grain. The new stocks are just really modern looking, really sharp, really contrasty, very fine grain. We didn't want that. Normally you don't want to use that kind of stock because the colors will be off. It does have a shelf life but in this case we didn't care, the more fucked up it was the happier we were. The unedited version of the video was shown on Playboy TV 's music video show Hot Rocks in 1994. In mid-2002, the unedited version aired on MTV2 as part of a special countdown showcasing the most controversial videos ever to air on MTV. This countdown was only shown late at night due to the graphic imagery of `` Closer'' and several other videos. In 2006, `` Closer'' was voted number one in a VH1 Classic poll titled `` 20 Greatest Music Videos of All Time.'' In retrospect, Reznor said of the video that `` The rarest of things occurred: where the song sounded better to me, seeing it with the video. And it's my song.'' The unedited video is included in Closure , The Downward Spiral (DualDisc), Directors Label Volume 4: The Work Of Director Mark Romanek and VEVO , and it is available for download from the United States iTunes Store under the band's page. Behind-the-scenes footage with commentary by Romanek is included in Closure (DVD) and Directors Label . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Closer'' had some radio airplay before it was released as a single. This factor increased within weeks, leading Interscope to release the song in May 1994. When it premiered, the single charted on several Billboard magazine music charts; debuting near the bottom spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , it missed the Top 40 spot (peaking at No. 41). It crawled to No. 11 on the Modern Rock Tracks , and went on to reach No. 35 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , No. 29 on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles, and No. 29 Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales , this is the band's first crossover hit and remains their most popular song to date. The single's highest peak is the Top 5 on the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Closer'' did not top any of these charts, and failed to reach No. 1. However, while it did not gain enough success in the US, it was a massive success in Canada on the Canadian pop charts and the Alternative 30 charts both hitting No. 5. Formats and track listings ( edit ) The version of `` Closer'' on the single is 13 seconds longer than the album version; on the album, the piano tune at the end of the song is abruptly cut off in order to segue into the next track, `` Ruiner'' . On the single, the piano and background sounds of `` Closer'' are allowed to play out longer. In addition, the U.S. CD single contains five guest remixes of `` Closer'' , a remix of its fellow The Downward Spiral track `` Heresy'' , an instrumental track `` March of the Fuckheads'' (unrelated to `` March of the Pigs'' ), and a cover version of Soft Cell 's song `` Memorabilia'' , from their 1982 EP Non-stop Ecstatic Dancing . The UK single releases contain the same tracks split between two discs (each sold separately). A cassette single was issued in the U.S. and Australia, pairing `` Closer'' with a live-performance version of NIN's previous single, `` March of the Pigs '' . The album art was done by photographer Joseph Cultice. U.S. CD ( edit ) TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 95905-- 2 TVT Records / Interscope Records 0694959052 (Reissue) No. Title Length 1. `` Closer to God'' (Remixed by Trent Reznor , Sean Beavan , Brian Pollack ) 5:05 2. `` Closer (Precursor)'' (Remixed by Coil , Danny Hyde ) 7:16 3. `` Closer (Deviation)'' (Remixed by Jack Dangers , Craig Silvey) 6:15 4. `` Heresy (Blind)'' (Remixed by Dave Ogilvie , Anthony Valcic , Joe Bisara ) 5:32 5. `` Memorabilia'' 7:21 6. `` Closer (Internal)'' (Remixed by Bill Kennedy, Scott Humphrey , John `` Geetus'' Aguto , Paul Decarli , Eric Claudiex ) 4:15 7. `` March of the Fuckheads'' (Remixed by Adrian Sherwood ) 4:43 8. `` Closer (Further Away)'' (Remixed by Kennedy, Humphrey, Aguto, Decarli, Claudiex) 5:45 9. `` Closer'' 6:26 U.K. CD ( edit ) Island Records CID 596 854 059-- 2 (Disc 1) Island Records CIDX 596 854 061-- 2 (Disc 2) Disc 1: Further Away No. Title Length 1. `` Closer'' 6:26 2. `` Closer (Deviation)'' 6:15 3. `` Closer (Further Away)'' 5:45 4. `` Closer (Precursor)'' 7:16 5. `` Closer (Internal)'' 4:15 Disc 2: Closer to God No. Title Length 1. `` Closer to God'' 5:05 2. `` Heresy (Blind)'' 5:32 3. `` Memorabilia'' 7:21 4. `` March of the Fuckheads'' 4:43 U.S. cassette ( edit ) Nothing Records / TVT Records / Interscope Records / Atlantic Records 98263-4 Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Closer'' 6:25 Side B No. Title Length 2. `` March of the Pigs (Live)'' (appears to be the live rerecording from the music video ) 3:12 U.K. 12'' vinyl -- Part 1: Further Away ( edit ) Island Records 12IS 596 854 059-- 1 -- UK 12'' Vinyl 1 Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Closer (Deviation)'' 2. `` Closer (Further Away)'' 3. `` Closer'' Side B No. Title Length 4. `` Closer (Precursor)'' 5. `` Closer (Internal)'' UK 12'' vinyl -- part 2: Closer to God ( edit ) Island Records 12ISX 596 854 061-- 1 -- UK 12'' Vinyl 2 Side A No. Title Length 1. `` Closer to God'' 2. `` March of the Fuckheads'' Side B No. Title Length 3. `` Heresy (Blind)'' 4. `` Memorabilia'' Other versions in other formats and countries have the same track listing as the U.S. CD release. Personnel ( edit ) Trent Reznor -- vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, programming Chris Vrenna -- drum samples (drum sample taken from Iggy Pop 's `` Nightclubbing '' ) Flood -- hi-hat Charts ( edit ) Chart (1994-- 95) Peak position Australia ARIA Charts Canada RPM Alternative 30 5 Canadian Singles Chart 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 25 U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41 Live performances ( edit ) During the Self Destruct and Fragility tours, bassist Danny Lohner and guitarist Robin Finck joined Reznor on keyboards for the song, with Reznor performing an extended synth solo. There are performance videos of `` Closer'' on And All that Could Have Been and Beside You in Time . In the tours following the release of With Teeth , Nine Inch Nails performed a shorter version of `` Closer'' with the keyboard solo played as a guitar solo and a breakdown incorporating a portion of `` The Only Time,'' a track from Pretty Hate Machine . Two performances of this version of the song appear on Beside You in Time . Cover versions ( edit ) `` Closer'' has been covered by many musical acts, including MGMT , Blood on the Dance Floor, Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine , Eric Gorfain , Maroon 5 , Maxwell , The Asylum Street Spankers , Asking Alexandria , Rosetta Stone , In This Moment and Japanese Voyeurs . Thirty Seconds to Mars uses samples from `` Closer'' when they perform `` The Fantasy.'' Toronto-based Alternative R&B act The Weeknd samples `` Closer'' in the song `` House of Balloons/Glass Table Girls.'' `` Weird Al'' Yankovic has paid tribute to `` Closer'' twice: in `` The Alternative Polka '' on his album Bad Hair Day , a section of the song was used in which the word `` fuck'' is replaced with a cartoon sound effects. `` Germs'' on his Running with Scissors album is a style parody of several Nine Inch Nails songs. The Asylum Street Spankers occasionally perform a bluegrass version, available at the Live Music Archive. In 1995, the Australian novelty act Nine Inch Richards covered the song under the title `` Closer To Hogs'' . Sung in a southern drawl , it combined Trent Reznor's sexually charged lyrics with barnyard animal samples, humorously implying that the song is about bestiality . A video clip of the parody was taken at the Sydney Royal Easter Show . This single peaked at #51 in Australia. In 2008, Sy Smith performed the song as part of her `` Conflict Tour'' . In August 2010, Smith performed the song again at `` Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Heights Plaza'' . In 2013, a cover was done by an independent artist named Kawehi. While many other covers alter the song, this cover follows the original very closely in structure though she appears to improvise many of her own effects through the aid of Ableton Live . In 2014, from the compilation album in the Punk Goes 90's 2 has been covered by British metalcore Asking Alexandria . In 2016, singer-songwriter Father John Misty covered the song live in Chicago during two separate performances. Fellow Interscope act Limp Bizkit parodied `` Closer'' (as well `` The Perfect Drug '' and `` Burn '' ) in their song `` Hot Dog '' . The chorus goes, `` You wanna fuck me like an animal, You'd like to burn me on the inside, You like to think that I'm a perfect drug, Just know that nothing you do will bring you closer to me.'' Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said he was a big fan of Nine Inch Nails, who inspired his music. However, reviewers and even Reznor have often interpreted the lyrics as negative. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2012-07-01 . Retrieved 2011-06-26 . Jump up ^ Dyer, Richard (1999). Seven -- BFI Modern Classics . British Film Institute . p. 12. ISBN 0-85170-723-8 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ May 6, 1995. `` Song Of The Week: Filter's `` Hey Man Nice Shot '' `` . MTV . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson, Tim. `` Top 10 Essential Rock Songs'' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 13, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Buskin (September 2012). `` CLASSIC TRACKS: Nine Inch Nails ' Closer ' '' . Sound on Sound . Retrieved January 23, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Downward Spiral (Deluxe Edition) by Nine Inch Nails on Apple Music'' . iTunes . Retrieved January 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ McGovern, Kyle. `` The 100 Best Alternative Rock Songs of 1994: #1 (Nine Inch Nails -- Closer)'' . Spin . Retrieved September 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Childers, Chad. `` 23 Years Ago: Nine Inch Nails Unleash ' The Downward Spiral ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails and Coil: Recoiled'' . PopMatters. April 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Dan, Jen (September 24, 2007). `` Nine Inch Nails -- Year Zero'' . Delusions of Adequacy . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Rule (April 1994). `` Trent Reznor'' . Keyboard . access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ McGovern, Kyle (August 14, 2014). `` The 100 Best Alternative Rock Songs of 1994'' . Spin Magazine . Retrieved September 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Huxley, Martin (September 1997). Nine Inch Nails: Self Destruct . St. Martin's Press . ISBN 0-312-15612-X . Jump up ^ Blender , November 2002 Jump up ^ `` Pitchfork Top 200 Tracks of the 90s'' . Pitchfork.com. 2010-09-02 . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Robert Epstein (2005-09-06). `` Mark Romanek'' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved 2012-08-27 . Jump up ^ `` 70's , 80's & 90's Classic Rock, Soul & Pop Music Videos VH1'' . VH1 Classic. Archived from the original on 2010-09-23 . Retrieved 2012-02-09 . Jump up ^ The Work of Director Mark Romanek DVD Jump up ^ `` The Downward Spiral > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved on 2009-09-13. Jump up ^ `` Closer to God album art'' . Pop Is Personal . 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query'' . Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009 . Retrieved 2012-12-04 . Jump up ^ http://www.morganic.com/Sounds/Cartoons/Bonk.aif Jump up ^ `` Music Review: Running With Scissors, by Weird Al Yankovic'' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails -- Pretty Hate Machine Review'' . sputnikmusic. 2005-01-14 . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive: Details: Asylum Street Spankers Live at Milestones, on 2005-05-14'' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012-05-12 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Richards `` Closer To Hogs '' `` . YouTube. 2010-06-29 . Retrieved 2012-02-09 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 21 May 1995'' . Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017-04-25 . Jump up ^ Renshaw, David (15 April 2016). `` Father John Misty covers Nine Inch Nails' ' Closer ' '' . NME . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Alona Wartofsky (2000-10-18). `` Limp Bizkit, Stuck in Orbit Around Its Star'' (fee required) . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-03-23 . `` Hot Dog'' ... takes on Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor in what Durst has described as a parody of NIN... Jump up ^ Interview with Fred Durst by K-Rock New York . 2000. Jump up ^ Hector Saldana (2000-11-30). `` Raw rules with Limp Bizkit'' (fee required) . San Antonio Express-News . pp. 4F . Retrieved 2008-03-23 . Jump up ^ `` This tour needs some new anger'' (fee required) . Telegram & Gazette. 2000-10-24 . Retrieved 2008-03-23 . Jump up ^ `` CD Reviews New Releases'' (fee required) . The Hartford Courant. 2000-10-19. External links ( edit ) `` Closer'' Official music video on YouTube Halo 9 at NINCollector discogs.com: Closer to God (US CD5`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (US CD5'' Re-release) discogs.com: Closer to God (US 2x12`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 1) (UK CD5`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 2) (UK CD5`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 1) (UK 12`` ) discogs.com: Closer to God (disc 2) (UK 12`` ) discogs.com: Closer (UK 2x12`` ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Nine Inch Nails Trent Reznor Atticus Ross Robin Finck Alessandro Cortini Ilan Rubin Chris Vrenna Richard Patrick James Woolley Jeff Ward Danny Lohner Charlie Clouser Jerome Dillon Jeordie White Aaron North Josh Freese Alex Carapetis Rich Fownes Justin Meldal-Johnsen Eric Avery Adrian Belew Joshua Eustis Pino Palladino Lisa Fischer Studio albums Pretty Hate Machine The Downward Spiral The Fragile With Teeth Year Zero Ghosts I-- IV The Slip Hesitation Marks Live releases Closure And All That Could Have Been Beside You in Time Another Version of the Truth Remix albums Further Down the Spiral Things Falling Apart Year Zero Remixed Box sets Halo I-- IV Extended plays Broken Fixed Live 2013 EP Remix 2014 EP Not the Actual Events Add Violence Singles `` Down in It '' `` Head Like a Hole '' `` Sin '' `` March of the Pigs '' `` Closer '' `` The Perfect Drug '' `` The Day the World Went Away '' `` We're in This Together '' `` Into the Void '' `` The Hand That Feeds '' `` Only '' `` Every Day Is Exactly the Same '' `` Survivalism '' `` Capital G '' `` Discipline '' `` Came Back Haunted '' `` Copy of a '' `` Everything '' `` Less Than '' Promotional singles `` Happiness in Slavery '' `` Wish '' `` Burn '' `` Piggy '' `` Hurt '' `` Starfuckers, Inc. '' `` Deep '' Other songs `` Something I Can Never Have '' `` Gave Up '' `` Mr. Self Destruct '' `` Just Like You Imagined '' `` All the Love in the World '' Compilations Lights in the Sky: Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler The Fragile: Deviations 1 Games Quake Year Zero Nine Inch Nails Revenge Tours Pretty Hate Machine Tour Series Self-Destruct Dissonance Fragility Live: With Teeth Performance 2007 Wave Goodbye Twenty Thirteen Tour Related Bands Option 30 The Innocent Exotic Birds Lucky Pierre Prick Pigface Tapeworm Marilyn Manson How to Destroy Angels Filter Jane's Addiction Queens of the Stone Age People Mariqueen Maandig John Malm Jr. Marilyn Manson Kevin McMahon Rob Sheridan Gary Talpas Albums Natural Born Killers Lost Highway The Social Network The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Gone Girl Before the Flood Pretty Eight Machine Radiant Decay Recoiled Articles Discography Trent Reznor discography Awards and nominations Band members Live performances Concert tours Nothing Records The Null Corporation Broken (film) Beats Music `` I'm Afraid of Americans '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closer_(Nine_Inch_Nails_song)&oldid=826491541 '' Categories : Nine Inch Nails songs 1994 singles 1994 songs Music videos directed by Mark Romanek Songs written by Trent Reznor Song recordings produced by Flood (producer) TVT Records singles Nothing Records singles Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs about sexuality Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories: Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles that may contain original research from January 2010 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Latviešu Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 12:40. 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